title: Cuban peso

text: This complicated system of multi-track exchange rates and markets, and the inequalities and rent-seeking it spawned, had long been a source of frustration alike to government bureaucrats and to a disgruntled public. In October 2013, the government announced its intention to abolish this multiple exchange rate system and to phase out the CUC. While detailed preparations and new rules were underway, many businesses started to accept both CUPs and CUCs at the rate of CUC 1 = CUP 25, and higher-value banknotes of CUP 200, 500 and 1000 were introduced. Fears over its financial fallout on state companies, however, delayed the "Day Zero" implementation of monetary unification by several years, until the drying up of foreign exchange reserves in 2020 due to the absence of tourists during the Covid-19 pandemic lockdowns made the further sale of subsidized dollars and goods unaffordable to the state.


title: Cuban peso

text: On 10 December 2020, it was announced that "Day Zero" of monetary unification would occur on 1 January 2021, with a single official exchange rate of 24 CUP/USD applying to state companies and private individuals alike, and with the Cuban Convertible Peso to be retired and exchanged at the rate of 24 CUP/CUC until the end of 2021.


title: Cuban peso

text: While technically described as a devaluation from the official 1 CUP/USD used in government and state business books, for the public it was viewed as state enterprises merely catching up to the reality of 24 CUP/USD that had always existed in the private sector.


title: Cuban peso

text: During 2021 it became difficult or impossible for private individuals and businesses to exchange CUP for hard currency at the official exchange rate of 24 CUP/USD. Demand for hard currency drove a black market in currency exchange, with US$1 being worth around 100 CUP by January 2022. By September 2022 the price of one U.S. dollar had risen to 190 CUP.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1897 and 1898, pesos were issued by revolutionary forces promoting independence. In 1915, cupro-nickel 1, 2 and 5 centavos, silver 10, 20 and 40 centavos and 1 peso, and gold 1, 2, 4, 5, 10 and 20 peso coins were introduced. These coins were designed by Charles E. Barber, who also designed the Barber dimes, quarters, half-dollars for the US. The coins were minted at the US mint at Philadelphia. The gold coins and 2 centavos were not produced after 1916, with the large star design 1 peso ceasing production in 1934. A new silver peso showing a woman, representing the Cuban Republic, beneath a star (the "ABC peso") was issued from 1934 to 1939. Finally, a centennial of Jose Marti commemorative peso (also minted in 50, 25, and 1 centavos denominations) was produced in 1953.


title: Cuban peso

text: Brass 1 and 5 centavos were issued in 1943, and with copper nickel composition sporadically from 1915 to 1958. Beginning in 1915, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 40 centavos coins were occasionally minted. The last 10, 20, and 40 centavo coins were produced in 1952; these were commemorative issues celebrating the fiftieth year of the republic. As mentioned above, in 1953, silver 25 and 50 centavos commemorative coins were also issued. These were the last silver coins issued for circulation. The last US produced coin was the 1961 five centavo piece.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1962, cupro-nickel 20 and 40 centavos were introduced, followed, in 1963, by aluminium 1 and 5 centavos. In 1969, aluminium 20 centavos were introduced, followed by aluminium 2 centavos and brass 1 peso in 1983. Cupro-nickel 3 peso coins were introduced in 1990, with brass-plated-steel 1 peso and nickel-clad-steel 3 peso coins following in 1992. 40 centavo coins were withdrawn from circulation around July 2004 and are no longer accepted as payment. In 2017, the Banco Central de Cuba introduced bi-metallic 5 pesos coin (the difference is the denomination and composition (with a cupronickel ring and a brass center plug). Coins currently in common circulation are 5 and 20 centavos and 1, 3 and 5 pesos; 1 and 2 centavo coins are rarely seen (due to their tiny value) but are still valid.


title: Cuban peso

text: Between 1988 and 1989, the National Institute of Tourism (, "INTUR") issued "Visitors' Coinage" for use by tourists. In 1981, cupro-nickel 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos and 1 peso were introduced, followed in 1988 by aluminium 1, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavos. The INTUR coins were demonetized on October 15, 2001 and were replaced by convertible pesos (CUC).


title: Cuban peso

text: The convertible peso was also divided into 100 centavos. In 1994, coins were introduced in denominations of 5, 10, 25, and 50 centavos and 1 peso in nickel-plated steel. The rare bimetallic 5-peso coin was introduced in 1999, followed by the 1-centavo coin in 2000. These CUC coins co-circulated with CUP coins, with both types of coin distinguishable by differences in their color (mostly nickel-plated steel for CUCs, versus aluminum or brass for CUPs) as well as the octagonal shape visible in the outer round rim of all CUC coins.


title: Cuban peso

text: Under the Spanish Administration, the introduced Cuba's first issue of banknotes in 1857 in denominations of 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1,000 dollars. The 25 peso denomination was introduced in 1867, and the 5 and 10 peso denominations in 1869. During the Ten Years' War, notes were issued dated 1869 in the name of the Republic of Cuba in denominations of 50 centavos, 1, 5, 10, 50, 500 and 1000 pesos.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1872, 5, 10, 25 and 50 centavo, and 1 and 3 peso notes were introduced by the Banco Español de la Habana. In 1891, the Treasury issued notes for 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 and 200 pesos. In 1896, the name of the bank was changed to the , and it issued notes in denominations of 5 and 50 centavos and 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 500 and 1000 pesos, followed by 10 and 20 centavos in 1897.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1905, the "National Bank of Cuba" () issued notes for 1, 2, 5 and 50 pesos. However, the 1905 banknotes were not issued (source: Pick's catalog) In 1934, the Government introduced silver certificates () in denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20 and 50 pesos, followed by 100 pesos in 1936 and 500 and 1000 pesos in 1944.


title: Cuban peso

text: During the latter half of 1933, Cuba passed a series of laws to enact the production of Silver certificates (Certificado De Plata). Cuban silver certificates were designed, engraved, and printed by the US Treasury's Bureau of Engraving and Printing from 1934 to 1949 and circulated in Cuba between 1935 and the early 1950s. The eight series of notes were dated 1934, 1936, 1936A, 1938, 1943, 1945, 1948, and 1949 and ranged from one peso to 100 pesos. A Cuban representative was on-site in Washington DC to consult and approve designs.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1949, the Banco Nacional de Cuba resumed paper money production, introducing notes in denominations of 1, 5, 10 and 20 pesos that year, followed by notes in denominations of 50, 100, 500, 1000 and 10,000 pesos in 1950. Denominations above 100 pesos were not continued.


title: Cuban peso

text: In January 1961, after introduction of the socialist planned economy, all previous bank notes were demonetized, with new banknotes, printed in Czechoslovakia, placed into circulation. Three-peso notes were added in 1983.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1997, the functions of Banco Nacional as a central bank, including issuing notes and coins, were transferred to a newly created entity, the Central Bank of Cuba. This is the Cuban centre of economics.


title: Cuban peso

text: The 1961 bank notes were demonetized on May 1, 2002. 200-, 500-, and 1000-peso notes were (re-)introduced in 2015. Banknotes currently in circulation are 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500, and 1000 pesos. This banknote series is the only valid currency after the 2021 monetary unification when the convertible peso was retired.


title: Cuban peso

text: In 1985, the Banco Nacional de Cuba issued foreign exchange certificates in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos (not equivalent to the CUP). After 1994 these were replaced by the CUC or the convertible peso.


title: Cuban peso

text: From 1994 to 2020 the Banco Nacional de Cuba and Banco Central de Cuba issued CUC banknotes in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 pesos. These CUC banknotes co-circulated with CUP banknotes, but despite the huge 25:1 ratio in their values, they were distinguishable by the fact that CUC notes featured monuments, while CUP notes featured portraits.


title: Cuban peso

text: Commercial bank exchange rates are published on their Facebook page by the Cuban bank, Banco Metropolitano.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: "" (; "Risen from Ruins"; ) is a German patriotic song that was the national anthem of East Germany during its existence from 1949 to 1990.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: In 1949, the Soviet occupation zone of Allied-occupied Germany became a socialist state under the name of the "German Democratic Republic" (GDR). For the nascent state's national anthem, the poet Johannes Becher, who later became the East German Minister of Culture, wrote the lyrics. Two musicians, Ottmar Gerster and Hanns Eisler, proposed music to Becher's lyrics, and Eisler's version was selected.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: Written in 1949, the East German national anthem reflects the early stages of German separation, in which continuing progress towards reunification of the occupation zones was seen by most Germans as appropriate and natural. Consequently, Becher's lyrics develop several connotations of "unity" and combine them with "fatherland" (""), meaning Germany as a whole. However, this concept soon would not conform to an increasingly icy Cold War context, especially after the Berlin Wall had been erected in 1961 by the East German government.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: In September 1973, East and West Germany were admitted to the United Nations simultaneously, following talks between the two governments that conferred a degree of mutual recognition. The term "Germany" was later removed from the East German constitution, and only the national anthem's tune was played on official occasions. No new lyrics were ever written to replace Becher's, which continued to be used unofficially, especially after "" in late 1989: once it became clear that the countries were actually moving towards reunification, East German television Deutscher Fernsehfunk reinstated the work and signed off every night with a joyous symphonic rendition of the vocal arrangement, with accompanying picturesque footage of East Germany's main tourist attractions.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: "" ceased to be a national anthem when the German Democratic Republic dissolved and its states joined the Federal Republic of Germany as a result of German reunification in 1990. "Deutschlandlied", composed in 1841, became the national anthem of a united Germany again. East German Premier Lothar de Maizière had proposed that Becher's lyrics be added to the united German national anthem, but this was rejected by his West German counterpart, chancellor Helmut Kohl.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: At the end of its last broadcast on 2 October 1990, the East German international radio broadcaster Radio Berlin International signed off with a vocal version of the East German national anthem.


title: Auferstanden aus Ruinen

text: In November 1995, "" was played again when German President Roman Herzog visited Brazil. This was the first event at which the anthem had been played since the German reunification.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole, sold under the brand name Aciphex, among others, is a medication that decreases stomach acid. It is used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and excess stomach acid production such as in Zollinger–Ellison syndrome. It may also be used in combination with other medications to treat "Helicobacter pylori". Effectiveness is similar to other proton pump inhibitors (PPIs). It is taken by mouth.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Common side effects include constipation, feeling weak, and throat inflammation. Serious side effects may include osteoporosis, low blood magnesium, "Clostridium difficile" infection, and pneumonia. Use in pregnancy and breastfeeding is of unclear safety. It works by blocking H/K-ATPase in the parietal cells of the stomach.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole was patented in 1986, and approved for medical use in 1997. It is available as a generic medication. In 2017, it was the 288th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole, like other proton pump inhibitors such as omeprazole, is used for the purposes of gastric acid suppression. This effect is beneficial for the treatment and prevention of conditions in which gastric acid directly worsens symptoms, such as duodenal and gastric ulcers. In the setting of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), whose pathophysiology is characterized by prolonged exposure to gastric acid in the esophagus (often due to changes in stomach and/or esophagus anatomy, such as those induced by abdominal obesity), acid suppression can provide symptomatic relief. Acid suppression is also useful when gastric production of acid is increased, including conditions with excess gastric acid secretion (hypersecretory conditions) like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome, multiple endocrine adenomas, and systemic mastocytosis.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is also useful alongside antibiotic therapy for the treatment of the pathogen "Helicobacter pylori", which otherwise thrives in acidic environments. Notably, "H. pylori" eradication with antibiotics and rabeprazole was also shown to prevent development of second gastric cancer in a randomized trial in high-risk South Korean patients with early stomach cancer treated by endoscopy.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Thus, rabeprazole is US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved for the treatment of symptomatic GERD in adolescents and adults, healing duodenal ulcers in adults, eradication of "Helicobacter pylori", and pathologic hypersecretory conditions.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is available in 10 and 20 mg, delayed-release tablets (pictured below). Rabeprazole-based products, like other proton pump inhibitor products, have to be formulated in delayed-release tablets to protect the active medication from being degraded by the acid of the stomach before being absorbed.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole's only pediatric indication is for the treatment of symptomatic GERD in adolescents (12 years-old and up).


title: Rabeprazole

text: Studies using animals models to investigate the likelihood for rabeprazole to cause harm to fetuses have not yet shown evidence of harm, though avoidance of rabeprazole during pregnancy (especially during the critical development period of the first trimester) is considered to be the safest possible route until human studies clarify the exact risk.


title: Rabeprazole

text: It is expected that rabeprazole will be secreted into human breast milk, though the clinical impact of this is still unknown. Avoiding rabeprazole during breastfeeding confers to lowest possible risk.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Advanced age does not appear to clinically impact rabeprazole's metabolism. However, elevations in the maximum plasma concentration and the total drug exposure (area under the curve, AUC) have occurred.


title: Rabeprazole

text: In a study on rabeprazole's pharmacokinetics, the AUC was elevated by approximately 50–60% in men of Japanese ancestry compared to men in the United States. See the pharmacogenetics section below for a pharmacogenetic explanation of these findings.


title: Rabeprazole

text: In people that have kidney or liver problems, these problems do not appear to affect rabeprazole's metabolism in a clinically meaningful way. This includes individuals on dialysis for kidney problems. Severe liver problems like cirrhosis of the liver do affect rabeprazole's elimination half-life, but not to a degree of dangerous accumulation. In a review of patients taking rabeprazole while having end-stage kidney disease and mild-to-moderate severity, chronic compensated cirrhosis of the liver, the alteration in rabeprazole's metabolism was not clinically meaningful.


title: Rabeprazole

text: An allergy to a PPI like rabeprazole may take the form of type I hypersensitivity or delayed hypersensitivity reactions. A selective (pattern C—see below for a discussion of cross-reactivity patterns) type I hypersensitivity reaction to rabeprazole resulting in anaphylaxis has been reported, as well as several whole group hypersentivities.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Hypersensitivity to PPIs can take the form of whole group hypersensitivity, pattern A, B, or C. Whole group hypersentivity occurs when a person is cross-reactive to all PPIs; that is, all PPIs will induce the allergy. In pattern A, a person may be allergic to omeprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole, but not to lansoprazole and rabeprazole. This is thought to be due to the structural similarities between omeprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole, contrasted with lansoprazole and rabeprazole. Pattern B is the opposite, reflecting people that are allergic to lansoprazole and rabeprazole, but not to omeprazole, esomeprazole, and pantoprazole. Pattern C, in the context of rabeprazole, would reflect a person that is allergic to only rabeprazole, but not to other PPIs (omeprazole, esomeprazole, pantoprazole, and lansoprazole).


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rilpivirine, a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor used in the treatment of HIV, is contraindicated with all PPIs because of their acid-suppressing effect. PPIs suppress acid, thereby raising the pH of (alkalizing) the stomach's contents. Rilpivirine is best absorbed under acidic conditions. Therefore, rabeprazole would be expected to decrease the absorption of rilpivirine, decrease the concentration of rilpivirine in the blood, and possibly lead to therapeutic failure and resistance to the medication/class.


title: Rabeprazole

text: In general, rabeprazole is fairly well tolerated, even up to five years after clinical trial follow-up. The side effect profile is similar to that of omeprazole. The most common side effects include headache, nausea, and diarrhea. Rare side effects include rashes, flu-like symptoms, and infections (including by the gastrointestinal pathogen "Clostridium difficile"). Rare instances of rabeprazole-induced liver injury (also known as hepatotoxicity) have been reported. Characteristic proton-pump inhibitor hepatoxicity usually occurs within the first four weeks of starting the medication.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is associated with elevated serum gastrin levels, which are thought to be dependent upon the degree of CYP2C19 metabolism the drug undergoes. In comparison, rabeprazole is not as significantly metabolized by this enzyme compared to other medications in the same class, like omeprazole. Elevated serum gastrin may be associated with gastric cancer.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Acid suppression via rabeprazole can decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 and magnesium, leading to deficiency.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Very serious side effects have been reported in people taking rabeprazole, but these effects have not been "correlated directly" with the use of rabeprazole. These include Stevens–Johnson syndrome, serious hematological abnormalities, coma, and death. Other possible side effects, common to other PPIs medications in the same class, include bone fractures due to osteoporosis and serious infections with "Clostridium difficile".


title: Rabeprazole

text: No signs and symptoms have been reported in overdoses of rabeprazole up to 80 mg, but case examples are limited. Notably, rabeprazole has been used in higher doses for the treatment of hypersecretory conditions like Zollinger-Ellison syndrome (up to 120 mg daily).


title: Rabeprazole

text: Animal experiments with ultra-high doses of rabeprazole have demonstrated lethality through unknown mechanisms. The lethal overdose syndrome in animals is characterized by convulsion and coma.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole does not interfere with the plasma concentration of drugs that are also metabolized by the same enzymes (i.e. CYP2C19) that it is metabolized by. Therefore, it is not expected to react with CYP2C19 substrates like theophylline, warfarin, diazepam, and phenytoin. However, the acid-suppression effects of rabeprazole, like other PPIs, may interfere with the absorption of drugs that require acid, such as ketoconazole and digoxin.


title: Rabeprazole

text: There is some evidence that omeprazole and esomeprazole, two medications in the same class as rabeprazole, can disturb the conversion of an anticoagulant medication called clopidogrel to its active metabolite. However, because this is thought to be mediated by the effect of omeprazole and esomeprazole on CYP2C19, the enzyme that activates clopidogrel, this drug interaction is not expected to occur as strongly with rabeprazole. However, whether the effect of omeprazole and esomeprazole on clopidogrel's metabolism actually leads to poor clinical outcomes is still a matter of intense debate among healthcare professionals.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Clinically serious drug-drug interactions may involve the acid-suppression effects of rabeprazole. For example, rabeprazole should not be used concomitantly with rilpivirine, an anti-HIV therapy, which requires acid for absorption. Lowered plasma concentrations of rilpivirine could lead to progression of HIV infection. Other drugs that require acid for absorption include antifungal drugs like ketoconazole and itraconazole, digoxin, iron, mycophenolate, and tyrosine kinase inhibitors like erlotinib, dasatinib, and nilotinib. There is no clinically relevant drug interaction between rabeprazole and antacids.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Food does not affect the amount of rabeprazole that enters the body, but it does delay its onset of effect by about 1.7 hours.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole's mechanism of action first involves getting absorbed into the parietal cells of the stomach, which are the cells that are responsible for secreting hydrochloric acid (HCl). At this point, rabeprazole is inactive. However, rabeprazole is then secreted into the secretory canaliculus of the parietal cells, which is the space from which acid secretion occurs. Here, acid secretion is mediated by the energy-dependent acid pumps, called hydrogen potassium adenosine triphosphatase (H/K ATPase) pumps. These enzymatic pumps have cysteine amino acid residues. After being activated by gastric (stomach) acid to a reactive sulfenamide intermediate, rabeprazole permanently binds the cysteine residues, forming covalent, disulfide bonds. This action fundamentally alters the configuration of the acid pump, thereby inhibiting its activity. Thus, acid can no longer be secreted into the gastric lumen (the empty space of the stomach), and the pH of the stomach increases (decrease in the concentration of hydrogen ions, H). Due to the permanent inhibition of the individual proton pump that each molecule of rabeprazole has bound to, acid secretion is effectively suppressed until new proton pumps are produced by the parietal cells.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole, like other medications in the same class, cannot inhibit the H/K ATPase pumps found in lysosomes, a cellular organelle that degrades biological molecules, because the pumps found in these organelles lack the cysteine residues involved in rabeprazole's mechanism of action.


title: Rabeprazole

text: A unique feature of rabeprazole's mechanism of action in inhibiting acid secretion involves its activation. The pKa (the pH at which 50% of the drug becomes positively charged) of rabeprazole is around 5.0, meaning that it doesn't take a lot of acid to activate it. While this theoretically translates into a faster onset of action for rabeprazole's acid-inhibiting effect, the clinical implications of this fact have yet to be elucidated.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole's bioavailability is approximately 52%, meaning that 52% of orally administered dose is expected to enter systemic circulation (the bloodstream). Once in the blood, rabeprazole is approximately 96.3%-97% bound to plasma proteins. The biological half-life of rabeprazole in humans is approximately one hour. It takes about 3.5 hours for rabeprazole to reach the maximum concentration in human plasma after a single orally administered dose. Oral absorption is independent of the dose administered.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is extensively metabolized by the liver. 90% of the drug is rendered into metabolites by the liver, which are then excreted by the kidneys. 10% of the dose is excreted in the feces. The drug metabolizing enzymes primarily responsible for rabeprazole's metabolism are CYP2C19 and CYP3A4. However, rabeprazole is mainly metabolized through non-enzymatic reduction to a thioether metabolite. Some of rabeprazole's metabolites include the following: a thioether carboxylic acid metabolite, a thioether glucuronide metabolite, and a sulfone metabolite. The most common metabolites excreted in the urine are the mercapturic acid conjugate and carboxylic acid. A diagram of rabeprazole's phase I metabolism is shown below.


title: Rabeprazole

text: The effect of rabeprazole may vary based upon the genetics of the individual taking the medication. People may have differences in their capacity to metabolize rabeprazole to an inactive metabolite. This may be mediated through genetic differences in the gene that encodes for the metabolic enzyme CYP2C19. For example, people that are poor CYP2C19 metabolizers (i.e. their version of CYP2C19 is less effective than average) will have trouble metabolizing rabeprazole, allowing the active rabeprazole to stay in the body, where it can exert its effect, longer than intended. Conversely, extensive CYP2C19 metabolizers (i.e. the average metabolic capacity of CYP2C19) will extensively metabolize rabeprazole, as expected. The poor metabolizing CYP2C19 phenotype is found in roughly 3–5% of Caucasian people, and in 17–20% of people of Asian ancestry. In a study on men of Japanese ancestry, this has translated to an average increase of total drug exposure by 50–60% compared to men in the United States.


title: Rabeprazole

text: However, rabeprazole's metabolism is primarily non-enzymatic (it is often inactivated chemically, without the participation of the body's natural drug metabolizing enzymes). Therefore, while a person's CYP2C19 phenotype will affect rabeprazole's metabolism, it is not expected to dramatically affect the efficacy of the medication.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is classified as a substituted benzimidazole, like omeprazole, lansoprazole, and pantoprazole. Rabeprazole possess properties of both acids and bases, making it an amphotere. The acid dissociation constant (pK) of the pyridine nitrogen is about equal to 5.


title: Rabeprazole

text: The above synthesis pathway begins with 2,3-dimethypyridine "N"-oxide (1). Nitration of 2,3-dimethylpyridine "N"-oxide affords the nitro derivative (the addition of NO) (2) The newly introduced nitro group is then displaced by the alkoxide from 3-methoxypropanol to yield the corresponding ether (3). Treatment with acetic anhydride results in the Polonovski reaction. Saponification followed by treatment with thionyl chloride then chlorinates the primary alcohol (5). Reaction with benzimidazole-2-thiol (6) followed by oxidation of the resulting thioether to the sulfoxide yields the final product: rabeprazole (8).


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is characterized as a white to yellowish-white solid in its pure form. It is soluble in a number of solvents. Rabeprazole is very soluble in water and methanol, freely soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and ethyl acetate, and is insoluble in ether and n-hexane. It is unstable under humid conditions.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole was first marketed in Europe in 1998. In 1999, one year later, rabeprazole was approved for use in the United States.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Developed by Eisai Medical Research by the research names E3810 and LY307640, the pre-investigational new drug application was submitted on October 28, 1998. The final investigational new drug application was submitted August 6, 1999. On August 19, 1999, rabeprazole was approved in the US for multiple gastrointestinal indications. The approval for the treatment of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux disease was on February 12, 2002.


title: Rabeprazole

text: Rabeprazole is approved in the United States and the United Kingdom for prescription use only. Rabeprazole was approved in India in December 2001. It was approved in Japan in 1997, and in all European Union member countries since.


title: Rabeprazole

text: An alternative formulation of rabeprazole, termed "rabeprazole-ER" (extended release) has been developed. The purpose of the formulation was to increase the half-life of rabeprazole, which normally is very short in humans. Rabeprazole-ER was a 50 mg capsule composed of five non-identical 10 mg tablets that were designed to release rabeprazole at differing intervals throughout the gastrointestinal system. However, because two high quality clinical trials failed to demonstrate a benefit of rabeprazole-ER versus esomeprazole (another common PPI) for healing grade C or D erosive esophagitis, the development of rabeprazole-ER ceased.


title: Ugetsu

text: , is a 1953 Japanese historical drama and fantasy film directed by Kenji Mizoguchi starring Masayuki Mori and Machiko Kyō. It is based on two stories in Ueda Akinari's 1776 book of the same name, combining elements of the "jidaigeki" (period drama) genre with a ghost story.


title: Ugetsu

text: Drawing from Ueda's tales "The House in the Thicket" and "The Lust of the White Serpent", the film is set in Japan's civil war torn Azuchi–Momoyama period (1568–1600). In a small rural community, a potter leaves his wife and young son behind to make money selling pottery and ends up being seduced by a spirit that makes him forget all about his family. A subplot, inspired by Guy de Maupassant's 1883 short story "How He Got the Legion of Honor" ("Décoré !"), involves his brother-in-law, who dreams of becoming a samurai and chases this goal at the unintended expense of his wife.


title: Ugetsu

text: The film won the Silver Lion Award at the 1953 Venice Film Festival and other honours. "Ugetsu" is one of Mizoguchi's most celebrated films, regarded by critics as a masterpiece of Japanese cinema, credited with simultaneously helping to popularize Japanese cinema in the West and influencing later Japanese film.


title: Ugetsu

text: In the farming village Nakanogō, on the shore of Lake Biwa in Ōmi Province in the Sengoku period, Genjūrō, a potter, takes his wares to nearby Ōmizo. He is accompanied by his brother-in-law Tōbei, who dreams of becoming a samurai. A respected sage tells Genjūrō's wife Miyagi to warn him about seeking profit in times of upheaval, and to prepare for an attack on the village. Returning with profits, Miyagi asks him to stop but Genjūrō nevertheless works to finish his pottery. That night, Shibata Katsuie's army sweeps through Nakanogō, uprooting Genjūrō, Tōbei and their wives; Genjūrō decides to take his pots to a different marketplace. As the couples travel across Lake Biwa, a boat appears out of the thick fog. The sole passenger tells them he was attacked by pirates, warns them, and dies. The men decide to return their wives to the shore but Tōbei's wife Ohama refuses to go. Miyagi begs Genjūrō not to leave her, but is left on the shore with their young son Genichi clasped to her back. At market, Genjūrō's pottery sells well. After taking his share of the profits, Tōbei buys samurai armor and sneaks into a samurai clan. Lost from her companions, Ohama wanders beyond Nagahama searching for Tōbei and gets raped by soldiers.


title: Ugetsu

text: Noblewoman Lady Wakasa and her female servant visit Genjurō, ordering several pieces of pottery and telling him to take them to the Kutsuki mansion. There, Genjūrō learns that Nobunaga's soldiers attacked the manor and killed all who lived there, except Wakasa and her servant. He also learns that Wakasa's father haunts the manor. Genjūrō is seduced by Lady Wakasa and she convinces him to marry her. Meanwhile, Nakanogō is under attack. In the woods, several soldiers desperately search Miyagi for food. She fights them and is stabbed, collapsing with her son clutching her back.


title: Ugetsu

text: Tōbei presents the severed head of a general that he stole to the commander of the victor, receiving armor, a mount, and a retinue. Tōbei later rides into the marketplace on his new horse, eager to return home to show his wife. However, he visits a brothel and finds her working there as a prostitute. Tōbei promises to buy back her honor.


title: Ugetsu

text: Genjūrō meets a priest who tells him to return to his loved ones or accept death. When Genjūrō mentions Wakasa, the priest reveals that she is dead and must be exorcised and invites Genjūrō to his home, painting Buddhist symbols on his body. Genjūrō returns to the Kutsuki mansion. He admits that he is married, has a child, and wishes to return home. Wakasa refuses to let him go. She and her servant admit they are spirits, returned to this world so that Wakasa, slain before she knew love, could experience it. They tell him to wash away the symbols. Genjūrō reaches for a sword, throws himself out of the manor, and passes out. The next day, he is awakened by soldiers accusing him of stealing the sword, but he denies it, saying it is from the Kutsuki mansion. The soldiers laugh at him, saying the Kutsuki mansion was burned down over a month ago. Genjūrō arises and finds the mansion nothing more than a pile of burnt wood. The soldiers confiscate his money, but because Shibata's army burned down the prison, they leave him in the rubble. He returns home by foot, searching for his wife.


title: Ugetsu

text: Miyagi, delighted to see him, will not let him tell of his terrible mistake. Genjūrō holds his sleeping son in his arms, and eventually falls asleep. The next morning, Genjūrō wakes to the village chief knocking on his door. He is surprised to see Genjūrō home and says that he has been caring for Genjūrō's son. Genjūrō calls for Miyagi; the neighbor asks if Genjūrō is dreaming as Miyagi was killed after she was stabbed. The next morning, as Tōbei bought back Ohama's honor, they return to Nakanogō. Tōbei reflects on his mistakes, both resolving to work hard from now on. Genjūrō continues looking after Genichi and working on his pottery. Ohama gives Genichi a plate of food, which he takes and puts on his mother’s grave.


title: Ugetsu

text: After the success of his previous film "The Life of Oharu" (1952), Mizoguchi was offered to make a film by his old friend Masaichi Nagata at Daiei Film studios. The deal promised Mizoguchi complete artistic control and a large budget. Despite this, Mizoguchi was eventually pressured to make a less pessimistic ending for the film. Mizoguchi's screenwriter and long-time collaborator Yoshikata Yoda said that originally, Mizoguchi did not envision making an anti-war film, instead wishing to capture the sensations and lucidity of Ueda's book "Ugetsu Monogatari".


title: Ugetsu

text: Mizoguchi based his film on two stories from Ueda's book, "The House in the Thicket" (Asaji ga Yado) and "The Lust of the White Serpent" (Jasei no In). "The Lust of the White Serpent" is about a demon who appears as a princess and attempts to seduce a man. It was the basis of the plot in which Lady Wakasa seduces Genjūrō. "The House in the Thicket" gave the film its ending, in which the protagonist returns home after a long absence, only to meet the spirit of his lost wife. The film is set in the 16th century, though "The House in the Thicket" is set in the 15th century and "The Lust of the White Serpent" is set in an earlier time frame. Other inspirations for the film's script include Guy de Maupassant's "Décoré!" ("How He Got the Legion of Honour"). This story provided a basis for Tōbei's subplot. In the short story, the protagonist receives the French Legion of Honour by ignoring his wife's adultery with a member of the Legion. Similarly, Tōbei becomes a samurai while his wife becomes a prostitute.


title: Ugetsu

text: Despite initial intentions, as the film developed, Yoda said anti-war messages, particularly about how war makes women suffer, kept surfacing and soon became the most prominent theme. While writing the script, Mizoguchi told Yoda "Whether war originates in the ruler's personal motives, or in some public concern, how violence, disguised as war, oppresses and torments the populace both physically and spiritually ... I want to emphasise this as the main theme of the film". During the shooting Yoda was constantly rewriting and revising scenes due to Mizoguchi's perfectionism.


title: Ugetsu

text: The film was Machiko Kyō's second collaboration with Mizoguchi, as she had a small role in "The Three Danjuros" (1944). She had collaborated much more frequently with Masayuki Mori. As Lady Wakasa, Kyō's costume was modeled after fashion before the Edo period and her face was designed to appear similar to a mask common in Noh theatre. As such, her eyebrows were styled using a practice known as "hikimayu".


title: Ugetsu

text: Kinuyo Tanaka, who played Miyagi, found the scene where she is a ghost to be the most stressful, as she had to play a ghost and appear to be an actual wife at the same time. After rehearsals and the shooting, Mizoguchi lit a cigarette for Mori, indicating his rare degree of satisfaction with the scene. Eitaro Ozawa, who played Tōbei, said the actors frequently rehearsed alone, or with the cinematographer, while Mizoguchi was willingly absent during these preparations.


title: Ugetsu

text: Mizoguchi told his cinematographer Kazuo Miyagawa that he wanted the film "to unroll seamlessly like a scroll-painting". The Southern School of Chinese painting was particularly an inspiration the filmmakers aspired to. The film has been praised for its cinematography, such as the opening shot and the scene where Genjūrō and Lady Wakasa have sex by a stream and the camera follows the flow of the water instead of lingering on the two lovers. Mizoguchi never personally handled the camera and did not participate in planning the lighting of his film. To achieve the appearance the filmmakers wanted, Miyagawa kept lighting low and filmed as near to sunset as circumstances would allow. Many of the shots were taken from cranes, with Miyagawa claiming in 1992 that these shots made up 70% of the film. Miyagawa also stated that this film was the only occasion in which Mizoguchi complimented him for his camera work.


title: Ugetsu

text: The set depicting Kutsuki Manor was based on the Katsura Imperial Villa in Kyoto. These sets are decorated with props evocative of feudal-era aristocrats, such as kimono and armor, personally chosen by Mizoguchi. The scene where the protagonists travel through Lake Biwa on a boat was in fact shot on a pool in the studio, with added smoke. The assistant directors had to push the boat through the cold waters. Miyagawa identified this as one of the scenes shot from a crane.


title: Ugetsu

text: For the film score, Mizoguchi relied on composer Fumio Hayasaka and the assistant directors, and was not involved in their creative process. Fumio Hayasaka was a strong proponent of using Japanese music in Japanese films, though he incorporated several elements of Western music as well. For "Ugetsu", he employed geza music, common in Kabuki theatre. Additional, uncredited composers were Ichirō Saitō and Tamekichi Mochizuki, whose music was blended with Hayasaka's, and could provide accurate music reflective of the period.


title: Ugetsu

text: The score employs drums, flutes and chanting. The film's sounds also include bells heard in improbable places. There is significant use of the harp, restricted to the presence of the supernatural.


title: Ugetsu

text: According to Professor Martha P. Nochimson, a common interpretation of the film is that Mizoguchi refashioned the stories of "Ugetsu Monogatari" to express regret about the pro-war extremism leading to World War II, with Mizoguchi personally having made the pro-war propaganda film "The 47 Ronin" in 1941. These reflections on militarism, greed and arrogance connected with audiences not only in Japan but around the world in the wake of the war. The subplot of Tōbei and Ohama particularly reflects the comfort women, who were made into prostitutes by the Imperial Japanese Army. Mizoguchi struggled with Daiei to give the subplot an unhappier ending than what appears in the film, in line with real comfort women's experiences after the war. Tōbei's subplot reveals the mistake of war can also be a "tragicomedy".


title: Ugetsu

text: According to British critic Tony Rayns the film's presentation of the vanity of a man, neglecting his family, is a critique of historic men in feudal Japanese culture. In his relationship with Wakasa, Genjūrō is insignificant and is seduced by something greater, that he can never comprehend. However, by neglecting his family, Genjūrō failed to appreciate he has already been blessed with a good life, and in the process, loses it.


title: Ugetsu

text: As a ghost story, the film delves into a relationship between a spirit and a living person, which runs contrary to nature and will lead to the death of the person. Although ghosts are not mentioned in the initial parts of the film, Japanese writer Kazushi Hosaka stated Mizoguchi foreshadowed it using the scenery, which suggests a detachment from real life. The scene where the protagonists cross Lake Biwa is an example, given the fogs that turn the film away from the "jidaigeki" genre. Professor Robin Wood argues that the film's depiction of the main ghost character evolves from the mere demon of "The Lust of the White Serpent" into the more humane and tragic Lady Wakasa, and this makes the story more complex. Wood further opines the combination of the story with "The House in the Thicket," combining the male protagonist of each tale into one character, Genjūrō, also connects the demon character and the ghost wife. Both Lady Wakasa and Miyagi are killed by a male-dominated society, and both are wronged by Genjūrō. Wood believes "Ugetsu" can be considered a feminist film for its exploration of the negative impact of a patriarchy.


title: Ugetsu

text: Genjūrō's pottery is also a major theme in the film. Professor Wood argues his pottery evolves in three phases, reflecting Mizoguchi's changing approach to filmmaking. Genjūrō begins making the pottery for commercial reasons, shifts to pure aesthetics while isolated with Lady Wakasa, and finally moves on to a style that reflects life and strives to understand it.


title: Ugetsu

text: "Ugetsu" was released in Japan on 26 March 1953. It was shown at the 1953 Venice Film Festival. Accompanied by Yoda and Kinuyo Tanaka, Mizoguchi made his first trip outside Japan to attend the festival. He spent much of his time in Italy in his hotel room praying to a scroll with a portrait of Kannon for victory. While in Venice he met director William Wyler, whose film "Roman Holiday" was also screening in competition at the festival and was rumoured to be the winner of the Silver Lion for best director. The film opened in New York City on 7 September 1954, with the English title "Ugetsu" being a truncation of "Ugetsu Monogatari", the Japanese title, from Ueda's book. It was distributed elsewhere in the United States by Harrison Pictures under the title "Tales of Ugetsu" on 20 September 1954.


title: Ugetsu

text: In September 2006, Film Forum screened the film in New York City over six days, opening a Mizoguchi tribute. A 4K digital restoration also screened as part of the Cannes Classics section at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, Il Cinema Ritrovato in Bologna, and the 2016 New York Film Festival. The restoration "was undertaken by The Film Foundation and Kadokawa Corporation at Cineric Laboratories in New York".


title: Ugetsu

text: "Ugetsu" was released on VHS by Home Vision Entertainment, with English subtitles. On 8 November 2005, the film became available for the first time on Region 1 DVD when the Criterion Collection released a two-disc edition of the film, which includes numerous special features such as a 150-minute documentary on Mizoguchi, "", directed by Kaneto Shindo. The box-set also includes a booklet with an essay by Keiko I. McDonald, the author of "Mizoguchi" and editor of "Ugetsu", and the three short stories from which the film draws inspiration. The film was released on Blu-Ray through the Criterion Collection years later, with all the features included.


title: Ugetsu

text: In April 2008, "Ugetsu Monogatari" was released in the U.K. on Region 2 DVD by Eureka Entertainment as part of their Masters of Cinema series. The two-disc special edition containing new transfers is released in a double pack which twins it with Mizoguchi's film "Miss Oyu" (1951). This U.K. set was released on Blu-ray on 23 April 2012.


title: Ugetsu

text: "Ugetsu" is often regarded as a masterwork of Japanese cinema and a definitive piece during Japan's Golden Age of Film. It is one of a number of films arguably more popular in western countries than in Japan. Japanese film historian Tadao Satō remarked that while this film, along with Mizoguchi's other works of the period "The Crucified Lovers" and "Sansho the Bailiff", was probably not meant specifically to be sold to westerners as an "exotic" piece, it was perceived by studio executives as the kind of film that would not necessarily make a profit in Japanese theaters but would win awards at international film festivals.


title: Ugetsu

text: The film was immediately popular in western countries and praised by such film critics as Lindsay Anderson and Donald Richie. Richie called it "one of the most perfect movies in the history of Japanese cinema" and especially praised the beauty and morality of the film's opening and closing shots. Richie analyzed how the film starts with "a long panorama" and shots spanning from a lake to the shore and the village. He judged the ending's "upward tilting panorama" from the grave to above to reflect the beginning. Bosley Crowther, in "The New York Times", wrote that the film had "a strangely obscure, inferential, almost studiedly perplexing quality". "Variety" staff praised the film's visuals for reminiscence to Japanese prints, costumes and set design, and the performances of Masayuki Mori and Machiko Kyō.


title: Ugetsu

text: The film appeared in "Sight & Sound" magazine's top 10 critics poll of the greatest films ever made, which is held once every decade, in 1962 and 1972. In the 2012 "Sight & Sound" poll, it was voted the 50th greatest film of all time. "Ugetsu" currently holds a 100% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 30 reviews, with a weighted average of 9.40/10. The site's critical consensus states, "With its thought-provoking themes, rich atmosphere, and brilliant direction, Kenji Mizoguchi's is a towering classic of world cinema". Roger Ebert added "Ugetsu" to his Great Movies list in 2004, calling it "one of the greatest of all films", and said that "At the end of "Ugetsu", aware we have seen a fable, we also feel curiously as if we have witnessed true lives and fates". Director Martin Scorsese has also listed it as one of his favourite films of all time and included it on a list of "39 Essential Foreign Films for a Young Filmmaker." It was also listed by Russian filmmaker Andrei Tarkovsky as one of his top ten favorite films.


title: Ugetsu

text: In "5001 Nights at the Movies", film critic Pauline Kael found it to be "subtle, violent yet magical", and termed "Ugetsu" as "one of the most amazing of the Japanese movies that played American art houses". In 2000, "The Village Voice" newspaper ranked "Ugetsu" 29th on their list of the 100 best films of the 20th century.


title: Ugetsu

text: "Ugetsu" won the Silver Lion Award for Best Direction at the Venice Film Festival in 1953. The night before, Mizoguchi, believing that if the film did not win an award the shame would prevent him from returning to Japan, stayed in his hotel room and prayed. In Japan it was named third in Kinema Junpo's Best Ten for Japanese films of 1953. and won two awards at the 8th Mainichi Film Awards.


title: Ugetsu

text: Along with Akira Kurosawa's film "Rashomon" (1950), "Ugetsu" is credited with having popularised Japanese cinema in the West. The film, and Yasujirō Ozu's "Tokyo Story", released the same year, particularly created awareness of other Japanese filmmakers. Mizoguchi cemented his reputation among film aficionados in Europe with his film "Sansho the Bailiff" (1954). "Ugetsu" and "Sansho the Bailiff" made an impact on French New Wave directors Jean-Luc Godard and François Truffaut, and U.S. director Paul Schrader, who sought Kazuo Miyagawa for advice on the film "" (1985).


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The Indonesian National Police (, lit. "The State Police of the Republic of Indonesia", abbreviated as POLRI) is the national law enforcement and police force of the Republic of Indonesia. Founded on 1 July 1946, it was formerly a part of the country's military since 1962. The police were formally separated from the armed forces on 1 April 1999 in a process which was formally completed on 1 July 1999.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The organization is now independent and is under the direct auspices of the President of Indonesia. The Indonesian National Police is responsible for law enforcement and policing duties all over Indonesia. The organization is widely known for its corruption, violence and incompetence.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The Indonesian National Police also takes part in international United Nations missions, and, after special training, provided security for the UNAMID mission to protect internally-displaced people in Darfur.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In total, per 2020 the total personnel that the Indonesian National Police possesses is 440,000, and the number is increasing every year, it includes 34,000 Brimob personnel, with up-to 7,000 water and aviation police personnel. Polri is also assisted by an estimated 1 million members of Senkom Mitra Polri volunteers throughout the country which are civilians that assist the police.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The headquarters of the Indonesian National Police is located in Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta and the Indonesian National Police hotline-emergency number is 110 which serves all over Indonesia 24 hours.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: While Indonesia was under Dutch colonial rule, police duties were performed either by military establishments or the colonial police known as the "veldpolitie," or "field police". Japanese occupation during WW II brought changes when the Japanese formed various armed organisations to support their war effort. This led to militarily trained youths being armed with confiscated Dutch arms to perform police duties.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: After the Japanese occupation, the national police became an armed organization. The Indonesian police was established on 19 August 1945 (under the title of the National Police Agency ("Badan Kepolisian Negara")) and its units fought in the Indonesian National Revolution against the invading Dutch forces. The police also participated in suppressing the 1948 communist revolt in Madiun. In 1962, the police was brought under the control of the Commander of the National Armed Forces and the Ministry of Defence, becoming the Indonesian Police Forces ("Angkatan Kepolisian"). Following the proclamation of independence, the police played a vital role when they actively supported the people's movement to dismantle the Japanese army, and to strengthen the defence of the newly created Republic of Indonesia. The police were not combatants who were required to surrender their weapons to the Allied Forces. During the revolution of independence, the police gradually formed into what is now known as "Kepolisian Negara Republik Indonesia" (Polri) or the Indonesian National Police. In April 1999, the police force officially regained its independence and now is separate from the armed forces proper.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: 1 July, which is marked as National Police Day ("Hari Bhayangkara"), honours the anniversary of the 1946 Cabinet resolution placing the INP as a national agency subordinated directly to the government of the Republic and thus responsible to the President (formerly the Prime Minister).


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The organization of the Indonesian National Police is hierarchical, headed by the POLRI general headquarters in Kebayoran Baru. There is no differentiation between the central organization with its regional components.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Until 2010, there was also a police force division called Territorial Police Force (, Polwil) positioned between Polda and Polres. Polwils' divisions were based on Dutch East Indian residencies. The legacy of Polwils remain on the vehicle code on Indonesian vehicle registration plates.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The leadership elements headed not only the Police Force General Headquarters (, abbreviated Mabes Polri) in Jakarta, but also the entire Indonesian National Police Force.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The Advisory Staff to the Chief of Police (") advises the Chief of Police regarding strategic matters. The advisory staff consists of:


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Each Regional Police headquarters ("Polda") which covers a province oversees the following directorates:


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In the early years, the Indonesian Police used European police style ranks like "inspector" and "commissioner". When the police were amalgamated with the military structure during the 1960s, the ranks changed to a military style such as "Captain", "Major" and "Colonel".


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In the year 2000, when the Indonesian Police conducted the transition to a fully independent force out of the armed forces, they used British style police ranks like "Inspector" and "Superintendent". In 2001, the Indonesian Police have returned to Dutch style ranks like "Brigadier" and "Inspecteur" just like in the early years with some "Indonesianized" elements within the ranking system. The ranks are comparable with the armed forces' rank system.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The following ranks are only used by personnel serving in the Mobile Brigade Corps and Water police units:


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In the eyes of the people, the National Police force is "corrupt, brutal, and inept". Even becoming a police officer can be expensive, with applicants having to pay up to Rp90 million, according to Indonesia Police Watch head, Neta Saputra Pane.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In April 2009, angry that the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) had tapped his phone while investigating a corruption case, Indonesian Police chief detective Susno Duadji compared the KPK to a gecko () fighting a crocodile () meaning the police. Susno's comment, as it turned out, quickly backfired because the image of a "cicak" standing up to a "buaya" (similar to David and Goliath imagery) immediately had wide appeal in Indonesia. A noisy popular movement in support of the "cicak" quickly emerged. Students staged pro-"cicak" demonstrations, many newspapers ran cartoons with "cicaks" lining up against an ugly "buaya", and numerous TV talk shows took up the "cicak" versus "buaya" topic with enthusiasm. As a result, references to "cicaks" fighting a "buaya" have become a well-known part of the political imagery of Indonesia.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In June 2010, the Indonesian news magazine Tempo published a report on "fat bank accounts" held by senior police officers containing billions of rupiah. When the magazine went on sale in the evening groups of men said by witnesses to be police officers, went to newsstands with piles of cash to try to buy all the copies before they could be sold.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: When KPK investigators tried to search Polri headquarters in 2010 as part of an investigation into Djoko Susilo, then the head of Korlantas (police corps of traffic), they were detained, and only released following the intervention of the president, Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. Following a trial, Djoko was jailed for 18 years. Two years later, the KPK began investigating another senior police officer, Budi Gunawan, who was subsequently nominated for the post of National Police Chief. The KPK then named Budi a suspect and his nomination was withdrawn. However, he was later sworn in as deputy police chief. The police subsequently took revenge by charging three KPK commissioners with criminal offenses.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Amnesty International has accused Polri of "widespread" torture and other abuses of arrested individuals. According to the organization, "Police in Indonesia shoot, beat and even kill people without fear of prosecution, leaving their victims with little hope of justice".


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In 2014 the Human Rights Watch reported that a physical virginity test is routinely performed on female applicants to the police force.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: An official admission of violence by police officers came in 2016 when Chief Gen. Badrodin Haiti admitted that officers of the Detachment 88 anti-terror unit were responsible for the death in custody of terrorist suspect Siyono, who died of heart failure after being kicked hard enough in the chest to fracture his ribs. The Indonesian National Commission on Human Rights stated in March 2016 that at least 121 terror suspects had died in custody since 2007


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Amnesty International called in June 2019 for an investigation of "credible evidence" of a range of grave violations by police, who it alleged were responsible for 10 unlawful killings in the aftermath of the re-election of president Joko Widodo.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In July 2020, the Indonesian Commission for Missing Persons and Victims of Violence (KontraS) issued a report detailing police brutality over the preceding year that resulted in 304 deaths and 1,627 injuries in 921 violent incidents. The report also mentioned arbitrary arrests of people demonstrating legally, and acts of discrimination towards ethnic Papuans. The following year, the same organization reported 651 acts of violence against civilians resulting in 13 deaths and 98 injuries. Most of the deaths were caused by excessive violence and arbitrary shootings.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: In the summer of 2022, an investigation into the killing of Brigadier Nofriansyah Yosua Hutabarat, an Indonesian police officer, overcame an alleged cover-up by police generals to conceal an alleged premeditated murder committed by Inspector General Ferdy Sambo, head of internal affairs of the Indonesian National Police, and four others, including Sambo's wife. The chair of Indonesia Police Watch called the affair "the worst scandal in the police's history".


title: Indonesian National Police

text: On the 1st of October 2022, Indonesian riot police deployed tear gas inside Kanjuruhan Stadium in response to a pitch invasion and clashes with football supporters, which triggered a stampede of people in the stadium trying to escape from the effects of the gas. A crush formed at an exit, resulting in fans being asphyxiated. As a result, 134 people died, and more than 500 were injured. The National Commission on Human Rights in Indonesia (KOMNAS HAM) investigated the use of tear gas by police, and found that the Indonesian National Police were one of 6 parties responsible for the tragedy due to excessive use of tear gas inside the stadium. Other visual investigations, such as one by Narasi, also highlighted the force's abusive and excessive use of tear gas. As of the 21st October 2022, 9 Brimob officers along with the Head of Malang Police were removed from their posts, along with 3 other officers being formally declared as suspects for their alleged role in the tragedy by ordering the firing of tear gas to their subordinates.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The standard issue sidearm to all Indonesian National Police officers is the Taurus Model 82 revolver in .38 Special. While police personnel attached to special units such as Detachment 88, Gegana and BRIMOB are issued with the Glock 17 semi-automatic pistol.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Heavy arms are always available to Indonesian police personnel, such as the Heckler & Koch MP5 sub-machine gun, Remington 870 shotgun, Steyr AUG assault rifle, AK-101, M4 carbine, SIG MCX, SIG MPX, M1 Carbine. and other weapons. The standard rifle for the Indonesian National Police are the Pindad SS1 and the M16 rifle. Units are also issued the "Sabhara"/Police V1-V2 Pindad SS1 special law enforcement assault rifle.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The police vehicles that are usually operated by the Indonesian Police ("Polri") for patrol and law enforcement activities are mainly Ford Focus sedan, Mitsubishi Lancer, Hyundai Elantra (for some police regions), Mitsubishi Strada/Triton, Isuzu D-Max, Nissan Almera and Ford Ranger. Such vehicles are usually operated by the "Sabhara" police unit and other units which the vehicles are mainly colored dark-grey. In some areas, usually in rural places, the vehicles are not up-to date compared to the ones in the major urban areas in the country, so some police vehicles still use older versions such as the Toyota Kijang and Mitsubishi Kuda.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Special Investigation units usually operate in black Toyota Avanzas and some are unmarked vehicles. Police laboratory and forensics ("Puslabfor") units are issued dark-grey police Suzuki APV, Isuzu D-Max, Ford Ranger, Toyota Fortuner or Mitsubishi Fuso Canter vehicles.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The Traffic Police Corps ("Korlantas") usually uses vehicles such as the Mazda 6, Mitsubishi Lancer, Mitsubishi Galant, Toyota Vios, Ford Focus sedan, Hyundai Elantra, Tesla Model 3 (mostly in Jakarta), Ford Ranger and Hino Dutro coloured white and blue. Some vehicles for traffic patrol are also used such as the Toyota Rush and Daihatsu Terios. Sedan types are usually used for highway and road patrolling and escort. Double-Cab types are usually used for Traffic incidents and traffic management law enforcement activities.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Police vehicles coloured orange usually Ford Focus and Mitsubishi Lancer sedans and white-orange Chevrolet Captivas are operated by the Vital Object Protection unit ("Pam Obvit") and usually parked outside and operated for international embassies, airports, and other special specified locations. It is also used by the Tourist police for patrol.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: For the special police, counter-terrorism and anti-riot units such as the Mobile Brigade or "Brimob", Detachment 88 and "Gegana" units usually use special costumed vehicles for special operations such as the Pindad Komodo, Barracuda APC, and modified armored Mitsubishi Stradas, 2002 Nissan Terrano Spirits' and other special double-cabin and SUV vehicle types. Vehicles are coloured dark-grey with the bumper coloured orange identifying vehicles of the special police units. Some special operational "Gegana" and "Densus 88" vehicles are coloured black also with orange bumpers.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Other customised vehicles used for mobilisation of police personnel are usually modified Suzuki Mega Carrys, Isuzu Elfs and Toyota Dynas with horizontal side sitting facilities inside of the trunk covered by dark colored canvas for canopy. Costumed patrol pick-ups with mounted sitting facilities on the trunk covered with canopy are also operated by the police to carry police personnel during patrol, the pick-ups are usually Isuzu Panther pick-ups and usually operate in rural areas.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: For high-ranking officers (usually generals), issued cars are usually grey (some black) full to compact sedans and Mid to Full-sized SUVs. Such cars are mainly chauffeured Toyota Camry, Hyundai Sonata, Toyota Land Cruiser, Suzuki Grand Vitara and Toyota Prado. Some use black Toyota Innova.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The National Police Force of Indonesia had changes for uniform colours about 3 times, the periods are:


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Based on the regulation of the Chief of the Indonesian National Police, there are four types of uniform worn by police personnel which are:


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Ceremonial and service uniform are equipped with gorget paches (officially called "Monogram"). Higher officers (Brigadier General above) wear red while the rest wear dark brown.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: Field and service uniform are equipped with office badge on left sleeve, and corps badge on the right sleeve. Officer with command held wears his/her office badge (Lencana Tanda Jabatan) on the right pocket and usually carries baton (called tongkat komando) while others don't.


title: Indonesian National Police

text: The National Police Pledge is a pledge of loyalty and fidelity of all sworn personnel and constables to the government and people of Indonesia, the principles of nationhood and the Constitution.


title: Karen Mulder

text: Karen Mulder (born 1 June 1970) is a Dutch model and singer. She is well known for her work with Versace, Dior, and Chanel as a supermodel during the 1990s. Mulder repeatedly was featured on the cover of "Vogue" and was also a Victoria's Secret model, making her one of the original "Angels" and the first from both the brand and from her country. In the early 2000s, she began to speak out about the dark side of the modeling industry and the dangers faced by underage girls and young women.


title: Karen Mulder

text: In 2002, her cover single "I Am What I Am" which achieved some success in the French charts in 2002., reached No. 13 in France.


title: Karen Mulder

text: Mulder was born in 1970 in Vlaardingen, South Holland, Netherlands. She was raised in The Hague and Voorburg. Her father, Ben Mulder, is a tax inspector and her mother, Marijke (née de Jong), is a secretary. Mulder has a younger sister, Saskia, who became an actress after a stint studying economics. In 1985, at age 15, Mulder and her family went on a camping trip in the south of France. She saw an ad for Elite Model Management's "Look of the Year" contest in a newspaper. Mulder was wearing braces at the time and dismissed the idea of applying. A friend took some photographs she had of her and sent them to Elite without her knowledge. She won the preliminary contest in Amsterdam, and was sent to the finals of the contest, placing second.


title: Karen Mulder

text: By her second year on the runway, Mulder was modeling for Valentino, Yves Saint Laurent, Lanvin, Christian Lacroix, Versace, and Giorgio Armani. In 1991, she made the first of many appearances on the cover of "Vogue" and also landed a contract with Guess. A "New York Times" article from 1991 described Mulder's relentless schedule at age 21, detailing a typical thirteen hour day packed with obligations to Ralph Lauren, a French film crew, Anna Sui and Giorgio Sant'Angelo.


title: Karen Mulder

text: Mulder appeared on the cover of British and Spanish "Vogue" in 1991–1992 and became the face of a Nivea advertising campaign. In 1992, Mulder signed a contract with Victoria's Secret. In 1993, she was featured on the cover of" Vogue" in January and again in March.


title: Karen Mulder

text: Other campaigns she appeared in included Calvin Klein, Claude Montana, Ralph Lauren, Yves Saint-Laurent's Rive Gauche fragrance, as well as Guerlain, Chloé, Revlon, Jacques Fath, Gianfranco Ferré, Gianni Versace, Chanel, and Hervé Léger. Mulder has worked with some of the most well known fashion photographers, including Javier Vallhonrat, Peter Lindbergh, Patrick Demarchelier, Bruce Weber, Helmut Newton, Max Vadukul, Gilles Bensimon, Fabrizio Ferri, Steven Meisel, Irving Penn, Robert Erdmann, and Arthur Elgort.


title: Karen Mulder

text: In the mid-1990s, Mulder's off-the-runway career was managed by her then-partner, Jean-Yves Le Fur. In 1995, he collaborated with Hasbro on a Karen Mulder doll, which spurred development of a line of dolls modeled on the supermodels of the time. Le Fur and Mulder also made an infomercial and video. Mulder released a beauty and fashion CD-ROM, in which she presented makeup, beauty, and exercise tips.


title: Karen Mulder

text: One of the first issues of "Top Model" magazine was entirely devoted to Mulder along with an entire issue of "Italian Vogue". Her two appearances in the "Sports Illustrated Swimsuit Issue" in 1997 and 1998 and her poses for the Victoria's Secret catalogue increased Mulder's profile. In 1997 she released her own calendar.


title: Karen Mulder

text: For many years, Mulder was among the ten best-paid models in the world. At one point in her career, she was reportedly earning up to £10,000 a day.


title: Karen Mulder

text: In 2000, Mulder retired from modeling for several years. She made her acting debut in the French short film "A Theft, One Night" in 2001.


title: Karen Mulder

text: Mulder also pursued music, and released an album including the single "I Am What I Am" which achieved some success in the French charts in 2002. The single reached No. 13 in France, No. 22 in Belgium's Wallonia region, and No. 81 in Switzerland. In 2004, she worked with Daniel Chenevez of Niagara to create the self-titled CD "Karen Mulder".


title: Karen Mulder

text: On 1 July 2007, Mulder returned to the catwalk at the Dior Autumn/Winter 07/08 Couture Collection in Paris, modelling alongside Naomi Campbell, Linda Evangelista, Helena Christensen, Amber Valletta, Shalom Harlow, and Stella Tennant.


title: Karen Mulder

text: In 1988, at the age of 18, Mulder married French photographer René Bosne. They later divorced in 1993. Mulder stated that her life changed in 1993 when she was shuttling from airport to airport with almost no time at home. She then met real estate developer Jean-Yves Le Fur in the waiting lounge of a Paris airport. They soon became engaged. The relationship with Le Fur ended in 1997.


title: Karen Mulder

text: In 1995, she bought a château in France and set up a programme to provide holidays there for underprivileged children.


title: Karen Mulder

text: On 31 October 2001, Mulder was interviewed on the France 2 show "Tout le monde en parle" (Everyone is Talking About It) hosted by Thierry Ardisson in front of a live studio audience.


title: Karen Mulder

text: During the shows taping, Mulder claimed that various people had raped her, including police officers, politicians, members of her former agency Elite Model Management, and Prince Albert of Monaco.


title: Karen Mulder

text: The producers of the show did not broadcast the interview, and the recording was erased. Her parents blamed her troubles on drugs.


title: Karen Mulder

text: Days later, Mulder repeated her allegations, this time to a weekly magazine in an interview conducted in her Paris apartment. Within hours of the interview, her sister Saskia arrived and took her to Villa Montsouris, a psychiatric hospital specializing in such disorders as depression, anxiety, and delirium, where she stayed for five months. The stay reportedly was paid for by Elite models president Gérald Marie, her employer and one of the accused. (It came after the BBC caught Marie on hidden camera trying to give a 15-year-old model £300 for sex, and bragging about Elite Model Look competitors he would sleep with that year.)


title: Karen Mulder

text: On 10 December 2002, after suffering for years from chronic depression, Mulder went into a coma after she overdosed on sleeping pills in an apparent suicide attempt. She left no note. She was rushed to the American Hospital in Neuilly after neighbors found her passed out on the floor of the Paris apartment on exclusive Avenue Montaigne where she was staying with friends. Mulder's parents flew from the Netherlands to be by her side along with former fiancé Jean-Yves Le Fur. Le Fur was reportedly one of the people who found Mulder unconscious after arriving at the apartment after Mulder had not answered several of his telephone calls. She awoke from her coma the next day.


title: Karen Mulder

text: On 1 July 2009, it was reported that Mulder was arrested in Paris for threatening to attack her plastic surgeon.


title: Keung To

text: Keung To (, ; born 30 April 1999) is a Hong Kong singer and actor, and a member of the Hong Kong boy band group Mirror. He rose to fame after winning ViuTV's reality talent competition "Good Night Show - King Maker" in 2018. Keung made his solo debut in June 2019 with the single "No. 1 Seed" ().


title: Keung To

text: Keung To was born at Queen Mary Hospital on 30 April 1999. He is an only child. He attended Oi Kwan Road Baptist Church Lui Kwok Pat Fong Kindergarten, Hennessy Road Government Primary School (Causeway Bay), Tang Shiu Kin Victoria Government Secondary School, and graduated with a diploma from Yeo Chei Man Senior Secondary School.


title: Keung To

text: In 2017, Keung participated in the Mainland Chinese talent show "Super Boy". He was victorious in the regional trials, becoming one of the four representatives of the region of Hong Kong, Macau and Taiwan. He finished in the top 30.


title: Keung To

text: In 2018, Keung participated in the television reality talent show, "Good Night Show - King Maker" () created by ViuTV as contestant #99. On 14 October, he won the competition, finishing with a combined score of 21.4%, determined by a professional judging panel and public votes.


title: Keung To

text: On 3 November 2018, Keung made his debut as a member of boy music group, Mirror, at a press conference with their debut single "In a Second" (一秒間).


title: Keung To

text: In June 2019, Keung made his solo debut with the release of "Seed No.1" (), quickly climbing the mainstream pop music charts, topping at third place.


title: Keung To

text: In July, he held a solo concert, for which tickets quickly sold out. His following two singles, "Atlantis" (), released in September, and "A Little More A Day" (), in December, both charted on Hong Kong pop music charts.


title: Keung To

text: In 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic interrupted his plans to South Korea to film a music video for a new song that had already been produced. In response to the pandemic, Keung released the single "The Love Without Words" (also known as "Saying I Love You With My Mouth Covered"; ). The music video, directed by Fen Yuen, emphasised the pandemic's effects on the lifestyle of Hongkongers. "The Love Without Words" won Most Popular Song at the 2020 Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation. Keung also won Most Popular Male Singer at the same award show.


title: Keung To

text: On 2 September 2020, Keung released his fifth single "Disease of Loneliness" (). In contrast with the styles of his previous songs, the lyrics for this single evokes a deep sadness, revolving around Keung's personal experiences with loneliness, and the melody is more delicate. Keung created and directed the concept of the song's music video, shot in one continuous take. On 15 November, Keung released his sixth single "Love Visa Application" (). The song and music video were recorded and produced during Keung's trip to Taiwan. Keung participated in writing the lyrics of the song and the story of the music video.


title: Keung To

text: On 19 March 2021, Keung released "Master Class", a Reggaeton and Blues song, receiving widespread positive feedback. On 29 May 2021, "Master Class" became Keung's first single to top four Hong Kong mainstream music charts. His eighth single, "Dear My Friend," was released on 5 August 2021. The ballad details his grief for his late friend Kin Lam who died unexpectedly in March 2021. The single topped the weekly local streaming charts on KKBOX, Moov and Joox for four weeks. The song also won Most Popular Song at the 2021 Ultimate Song Chart Awards Presentation, making him the only winner to have won both Most Popular Song and Most Popular Male Singer in consecutive years. On 27 August, Error member Fatboy and Keung released the single "Agent Fat Keung 2.0" (), as a continuation from their first performance together (特務肥姜), in "Good Night Show - King Maker."


title: Keung To

text: Keung, along with Mirror members Ian Chan, Anson Lo, Anson Kong, Jer Lau, and Edan Lui headlined concert "MOOV LIVE Music on the Road" on 7 and 8 December. He collaborated with singer-songwriter AGA on the single "I Know", released on December 16.


title: Keung To

text: His ninth solo single "Spiegel im Spiegel" (German for "Mirror in Mirror"; ) was released on 2 January 2022. He first performed the song live at MOOV Live Music on the Road on 7 December 2021. Keung's tenth single "What the Work Says" (作品的說話) was released on 30 April 2022. The song spreads a message on world peace.


title: Keung To

text: Keung made his acting debut on the ViuTV television series . Keung made a cameo appearance in the youth drama series , which aired in December 2020. He starred in the drama series , which aired in January 2021. In August 2020, Keung began filming for Taiwanese drama . Filming concluded on 15 November. The series began airing in August 2021. He made his film debut in the Kearen Pang film "Mama's Affair", in which he co-stars with Teresa Mo and Jer Lau.


title: Surface (2022 TV series)

text: Surface is an American psychological thriller television series created by Veronica West for Apple TV+. It premiered on July 29, 2022.


title: Surface (2022 TV series)

text: After surviving a suicide attempt, Sophie has lost her recent memories, including the reason why she decided to jump, and she tries to piece together the reasons for her attempted suicide.


title: Surface (2022 TV series)

text: The project was given a straight to series order in November 2020, with Gugu Mbatha-Raw set to star as well as co-executive produce.


title: Surface (2022 TV series)

text: In June 2021, Oliver Jackson-Cohen, Stephan James, Ari Graynor, Marianne Jean-Baptiste, François Arnaud and Millie Brady were added to the cast.


title: Surface (2022 TV series)

text: The series premiered on July 29, 2022, with the first three episodes available immediately and the rest debuting on a weekly basis.


title: Surface (2022 TV series)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 53% approval rating with an average rating of 6.3/10, based on 17 critic reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, "Gugu Mbatha-Raw's captivating performance gives "Surface" some depth, but this overheated potboiler only gets murkier the more it tries to spice up a derivative amnesia mystery." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 47 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: M. M. Keeravani discography

text: This is a discography of M. M. Keeravani, who is an Indian film composer, record producer and playback singer best known for his works in Telugu, Hindi, Tamil, Kannada, and Malayalam cinema. His latest release PellisandaD was his 188th film as a composer (not counting the dubbed films).


title: M. M. Keeravani discography

text: This is a listing of the songs and tracks Keeravani has contributed as a lyricist to various feature films.


title: Lady Gaga videography

text: American singer Lady Gaga has released three video albums and has been featured in over thirty music videos. From her debut album "The Fame" (2008), she released music videos for the singles "Just Dance", "Poker Face", "Eh, Eh", "LoveGame", and "Paparazzi". In the latter, she portrays a doomed starlet taking revenge on her lover. She also shot a video for the album's promotional single "Beautiful, Dirty, Rich". She reissued her first album as "The Fame Monster" (2009), preceded by a music video for the lead single "Bad Romance", which won a Grammy Award for Best Music Video and seven MTV Video Music Awards, including Video of the Year in 2010. The following year, Jonas Åkerlund directed the music video for "Telephone"—a continuation of "Paparazzi"—which was shot as a short film. The video received an MTV Video Music Award for Video of the Year nomination, and was named the Best Music Video of the Decade by "Billboard" in January 2015. For her 2010 video "Alejandro", Gaga received positive reviews from critics, though she was criticized by the Catholic League that alleged blasphemy.


title: Lady Gaga videography

text: Gaga's second studio album "Born This Way" (2011) released the music video for the eponymous lead single, in which she gives birth to a new race. The music video won the Best Female Video and Best Video with a Social Message awards at the 2011 MTV Video Music Awards. In the following video, "Judas", she portrays Mary Magdalene, and Norman Reedus plays the title role. The video for "The Edge of Glory" consists mostly of interchanging shots of Gaga dancing and singing on the street and was considered the simplest of her career. In the same year, she released "You and I", which focuses on her trying to get her boyfriend back in Nebraska. She also introduces her male alter ego Jo Calderone in the video. Gaga directed her 14-minute video for the final single "Marry the Night", which narrates her story to find success in the music industry, but she ultimately suffers setback.


title: Lady Gaga videography

text: In 2013, Gaga released her third album "Artpop", with "Applause" as its lead single, whose music video includes artistic and complex scenes. The 11-minute video for "G.U.Y." was filmed at the Hearst Castle, and features cameos from Andy Cohen and "The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" stars. In 2014, Gaga released a jazz album with Tony Bennett called "Cheek to Cheek", which generated four studio videos showing the album's recording process. In 2015, she released the music video for "Til It Happens to You", a song about campus rape in the United States. Her fifth studio album, "Joanne", was released in 2016, and the music video for its lead single, "Perfect Illusion", was shot in the desert with a story that continues in her subsequent videos "Million Reasons", "John Wayne", and "Joanne". Gaga's sixth studio album "Chromatica" (2020) spawned the music video for the lead single "Stupid Love", followed by "Rain on Me", which features Ariana Grande. She also released a short film for "911", which focuses on a variety of surreal hallucination she has after getting involved in a serious car accident. As part of "Love for Sale"s (2021) promotion, Gaga and Bennett released many studio videos shot during recording sessions of each song.


title: Lady Gaga videography

text: Gaga has appeared in television shows, including in guest judging roles in "American Idol" and "So You Think You Can Dance", as well as starring in an episode of "The Simpsons". She is also featured in several movies and commercials, and has held two Thanksgiving television specials—"A Very Gaga Thanksgiving" (2011) and "Lady Gaga and the Muppets Holiday Spectacular" (2013). Gaga starred in the fifth season of the horror anthology series "American Horror Story", entitled "" (2015–2016), for which she won a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Miniseries or Television Film. She also appeared in its sixth season, entitled "" (2016). Gaga was later the focus of the 2017 documentary "", which explored the creation of "Joanne" and her preparation for the Super Bowl LI halftime show. She went onto star as a singer named Ally in the successful musical romantic drama "A Star Is Born" (2018) alongside Bradley Cooper. For her work, Gaga was nominated for an Academy Award, a BAFTA Award, a Golden Globe Award and a Screen Actors Guild Award for Best Actress, while winning the Critics' Choice and National Board of Review awards. Her second leading role was in the biographical crime film "House of Gucci", released in 2021. Gaga will co-star in "", which is scheduled for release on October 4, 2024.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Clerical celibacy is the requirement in certain religions that some or all members of the clergy be unmarried. Clerical celibacy also requires abstention from deliberately indulging in sexual thoughts and behavior outside of marriage, because these impulses are regarded as sinful.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Within the Catholic Church, clerical celibacy is mandated for all clergy in the Latin Church except in the permanent diaconate. Exceptions are sometimes admitted for ordination to transitional diaconate and priesthood on a case-by-case basis for married clergymen of other churches or communities who become Catholics, but ordination of married men to the episcopacy is excluded (see Personal ordinariate). Clerical marriage is not allowed and therefore, if those for whom in some particular Church celibacy is optional (such as permanent deacons in the Latin Church) wish to marry, they must do so before ordination. Eastern Catholic Churches either follow the same rules as the Latin Church or require celibacy for bishops while allowing priestly ordination of married men.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In the Eastern Orthodox Church and Oriental Orthodoxy, celibacy is the norm for bishops; married men may be ordained to the priesthood, but even married priests whose wives pre-decease them are not allowed to remarry after ordination. Similarly, celibacy is not a requirement for ordination as a deacon and in some Oriental Orthodox churches deacons may marry after ordination. For a period in the 5th and early 6th centuries the Church of the East did not apply the rule of celibacy even for ordination to the episcopate. Lutheranism, Anglicanism and Nonconformist Protestantism in general do not require celibacy of its clergy and allow—or even encourage—clerical marriage. In the past, Lutheran deaconesses in the Church of Sweden took vows of celibacy, poverty and ties to a motherhouse; the vow of celibacy was made optional in the 1960s and in the present-day, Lutheran deacons/deaconesses (both male and female) may marry.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: The word "celibacy" can mean either the state of being unmarried or sexual abstinence, especially because of religious vows, from sexual intercourse.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In the canon law of the Latin Church, the word "celibacy" is used specifically in the sense of being unmarried. However, for its clergy this state of being unmarried is considered to be a consequence of the obligation to be completely and perpetually continent:


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Permanent deacons, namely those deacons who are not intended to become priests, are, in general, exempted from this rule. But married permanent deacons are not allowed to remarry after the death of their spouse.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: On the granting of permission, by exception, for the priestly ordination of married men in the Latin Church, see Rules, below.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In some Christian churches, such as the western and some eastern sections of the Catholic Church, priests and bishops must as a rule be unmarried men. In others, such as the Eastern Orthodox Church, the churches of Oriental Orthodoxy and some of the Eastern Catholic Churches, married men may be ordained as deacons or priests, but may not remarry if their wife dies, and celibacy is required only of bishops. Since celibacy is seen as a consequence of the obligation of continence, it implies abstinence from sexual relationships. The Code of Canon Law prescribes:


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Clerics are to behave with due prudence towards persons whose company can endanger their obligation to observe continence or give rise to scandal among the faithful.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In some Christian churches, a vow of chastity is made by members of religious orders or monastic communities, along with vows of poverty and obedience, in order to imitate the life of Jesus of Nazareth (see also Evangelical counsels). This vow of chastity, made by people not all of whom are clergy, is different from what is the obligation, not a vow, of clerical continence and celibacy


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Celibacy for religious and monastics (monks and sisters/nuns) and for bishops is upheld by the Catholic Church and the traditions of both Eastern Orthodoxy and Oriental Orthodoxy. Bishops must be unmarried men or widowers; a married man cannot become a bishop. In Latin Church Catholicism and in some Eastern Catholic Churches, most priests are celibate men. Exceptions are admitted, with there being several Catholic priests who were received into the Catholic Church from the Lutheran Church, Anglican Communion and other Protestant faiths. In most Orthodox traditions and in some Eastern Catholic Churches men who are already married may be ordained priests, but priests may not marry after ordination.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Neither the Catholic nor the Orthodox tradition considers the rule of clerical celibacy to be an unchangeable dogma, but instead as a rule that could be adjusted if the Church thought it appropriate and to which exceptions are admitted.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: From the time of the first ecumenical council the Christian church forbids voluntary physical castration, and the alleged self-castration of the theologian Origen was used to discredit him.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: According to the Bible, there at least two prominent facts of priesthood, in absence of celibacy: the Jewish High Priest Zechariah, and Peter the Apostle in respect of Mark named in 1 Peter 5:13.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: If Jesus rejected the priesthood of Aaron in favor of the priesthood of Melchizedek (Hebrews 7:11), then the case of Zechariah is far more relevant than the possible son of the first Pope, by effect of the direct intervention of God and the existing links between Elizabeth and Mary.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Jewish High Priests, who weekly alternated in the service of the First and the Second Temple of Jerusalem, were married and their priesthood was inherited by father to son. A similar succession was also imperative for the Levites.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: More particularly, Zechariah was married to Elizabeth who was a relative of the Virgin Mary (Luke 1:36). By a miracle of God, he became the father of John the Baptist when the couple was "well advanced in years" (Luke 1:5–7). He was also High Priest of the Second Temple of Jerusalem, belonging to the Jewish priestly family of Abijah, direct descendant of Aaron (Luke 1:67–79).


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Elizabeth was told to be a relative of the Blessed Virgin Mary, the spouse of Joseph. The celebrating priest of their marriage is unnamed in the Gospels. However, while Zechariah was a direct descendant of Aaron through the class of Abijah who was called to serve in the Second Temple of Jerusalem, the Virgin visited the house of Elizabeth and stayed there for three months.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: 1 Peter 5:13 refers to a Mark, son of Peter, which was named Cefa as the first pope of the early Christian Church. It is not yet acclared if Peter had a marriage and a son named Mark. The Byzantine tradition believes that Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist was an idolater born in Pentapolis, converted to Christianity by Peter who followed in Rome.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: It is not known if the Mark of 1 Peter 5:13 can be identified with Mark the Apostle and the Evangelist. Mark is linked to Babylon through the lion's iconography and the prophet Ezekiel:


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In such a way, Peter and Mark had a common spiritual brotherhood as son of Christ. Peter might also have had a special spiritual paternity with the Evangelist as his Christian converter and baptizer. However, the presence of Mark in Babylon is unreferenced in the Bible and, in the same manner, the Gospel of Mark does not mention the lion's symbolism nor the Ezekiel's prophecy.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Some of the earliest Christian leaders were married men. The mention in Mark 1:30, Luke 4:38, and Matthew 8:14–15 of Saint Peter's mother-in-law indicates that he had at some time been married (Matthew 8:14–15: "when Jesus was come into Peter's house, he saw his wife's mother laid, and sick of a fever.") According to Clement of Alexandria, "Peter and Philip begat children", and Peter's wife suffered martyrdom (Stromata, III, vi, ed. Dindorf, II, 276).


title: Clerical celibacy

text: On the other hand, in Luke 18:28–30, Jesus responds to Peter's statement that he and the other disciples had left all and followed him by saying there is "no one who has left house or wife or brothers or parents or children for the sake of the kingdom of God who will not receive back an overabundant return in this present age and eternal life in the age to come".


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In 1 Corinthians 7:8, Paul the Apostle indicates that he was unmarried: either single or a widower. In 1 Corinthians 9:5, he contrasts his situation with that of the other apostles, including Peter, who were accompanied by believing wives. Paul, says Laurent Cleenewerck, a priest of the Orthodox Church in America and professor of theology at Euclid University, clearly favored celibacy, which he understood as "a gift". Cleenewerck supports this statement by quoting 1 Corinthians 7:5–8:


title: Clerical celibacy

text: In the same chapter Paul, who wrote that a pastor is to be "the husband of one wife", forbids prolonged abstinence of marital relations and states that celibacy is a gift.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: A "locus classicus" used in favour of sacerdotal celibacy is 1 Corinthians 7:32–33 ("The unmarried man is anxious about the things of the Lord, how to please the Lord. But the married man is anxious about worldly things, how to please his wife") and a "locus classicus" used against sacerdotal celibacy is the statement in 1 Timothy 3:2–4 that a bishop should be "the husband of one wife" and "one who ruleth well his own house, having his children in subjection".


title: Clerical celibacy

text: One interpretation of "the husband of one wife" is that the man to be ordained could not have been married more than once and that perfect continence, total abstinence, was expected from him starting on the day of his ordination. Usually these also conclude that, because of the exclusion of sexual relations, the members of the clergy were not entitled to marry after ordination.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Another interpretation of "the husband of one wife" was a prohibition of polygamy, which was not uncommon in the Old Testament (King David and King Solomon, for example, were polygamists).


title: Clerical celibacy

text: On the other hand, George T. Dennis SJ of Catholic University of America says: "There is simply no clear evidence of a general tradition or practice, much less of an obligation, of priestly celibacy-continence before the beginning of the fourth century." Peter Fink SJ agrees, saying that underlying premises used in the book, "Apostolic Origins of Priestly Celibacy", "would not stand up so comfortably to historical scrutiny". Dennis says this book provides no evidence that celibacy had apostolic origins.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Similarly, Philippe Delhaye wrote: "During the first three or four centuries, no law was promulgated prohibiting clerical marriage. Celibacy was a matter of choice for bishops, priests, and deacons. ... The apostolic constitutions ("c". 400) excommunicated a priest or bishop who left his wife 'under pretense of piety' ("Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio" 1:51)."


title: Clerical celibacy

text: However, the 19th-century Protestant historian Philip Schaff evidences that by the early 4th century, priestly celibacy-continence was not a novelty, stating that all marriages contracted by clerics in Holy Orders were declared null and void in 530 by Emperor Justinian I, who also declared the children of such marriages illegitimate.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: Tertullian (), writing of the apostles, indicated that he was obliged to believe that apart from Peter, who was certainly married, the apostles were continent. In his , Tertullian mentioned continence as one of the customs in Mithraism that he claimed were imitated from Christianity, but does not associate it specifically with the clergy.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: The , written in Greek in the first half of the 3rd century, mentions the requirements of chastity on the part of both the bishop and his wife, and of the children being already brought up, when it quotes 1 Timothy 3:2–4 as requiring that, before someone is ordained a bishop, enquiry be made "whether he be chaste, and whether his wife also be a believer and chaste; and whether he has brought up his children in the fear of God".


title: Clerical celibacy

text: There is record of a number of 3rd-century married bishops in good standing, even in the West. They included: Passivus, bishop of Fermo; Cassius, bishop of Narni; Aetherius, bishop of Vienne; Aquilinus, bishop of Évreux; Faron, bishop of Meaux; Magnus, bishop of Avignon. Filibaud, bishop of Aire-sur-l'Adour, was the father of St. Philibert de Jumièges, and Sigilaicus, bishop of Tours, was the father of St. Cyran of Brenne. No statement is made about whether they had children after becoming bishops or only before.


title: Clerical celibacy

text: "A famous letter of Synesius of Cyrene (d. c. 414) is evidence both for the respecting of personal decision in the matter and for contemporary appreciation of celibacy. For priests and deacons clerical marriage continued to be in vogue".