title: Julie Payne (actress, born 1940)

text: Shortly after Julie Payne retired from her acting career, another actress named Julie Payne, born in 1946, who, in a 1976 interview, gave her birthplace as Sweet Home, Oregon, but has also been erroneously listed as being born in 1940 in Terre Haute, Indiana, began her own acting career, with an appearance in the 1970 film "The Strawberry Statement". Subsequent references have frequently combined the credits of the two actresses.


title: Julie Payne (actress, born 1940)

text: Another Julie Payne (1951–2016) was a producer and miscellaneous crew, who often worked with director Ridley Scott. She died on 15 June 2016, and was mentioned in the ending credits of Scott's "" (2017).


title: Edward Platt

text: Edward Cuthbert Platt (February 14, 1916 – March 19, 1974) was an American actor best known for his portrayal of the Chief in the 1965–70 NBC/CBS television series: "Get Smart". With his deep voice and mature appearance, he played an eclectic mix of characters over the span of his career.


title: Edward Platt

text: Platt was born in Staten Island, New York. He spent a part of his childhood in Kentucky and upstate New York, where he attended the Northwood School, a private school in Lake Placid, and was a member of the ski jump team. He also studied at the Juilliard School. He attended Princeton University, but left after his freshman year. He served in the United States Army during World War II.


title: Edward Platt

text: An operatically trained bass-baritone with a powerful voice, he debuted on Broadway in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "Allegro". José Ferrer, who performed with Platt in the Broadway play "The Shrike", helped him land his first film role in the 1955 film version. Also in 1955, Platt appeared in "Rebel Without a Cause" starring James Dean, Natalie Wood and Sal Mineo. He returned to Broadway in 1958 with the musical "Oh, Captain!", in a romantic role. In 1959, he played Cary Grant's attorney in "North by Northwest", and he starred in the movie "The Rebel Set."


title: Edward Platt

text: Platt also appeared in episodes of the original "Perry Mason" ("The Case of the Slandered Submarine" and "The Case of the Larcenous Lady"); "77 Sunset Strip", "Trackdown", "State Trooper" (in the episode "Who Killed Doc Robbins"), "Men into Space" ("From Another World"), "Ripcord" ("Million Dollar Drop"), "Gunsmoke", "Bonanza", "", "The Rifleman", "Rawhide", "Whispering Smith", "The Outer Limits" ("The Man with the Power" and "Keeper of the Purple Twilight"), "The Dick Van Dyke Show" ("A Nice Friendly Game Of Cards"), "Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea", "Bat Masterson" (in the 1959 episode "Incident in Leadville"), "Tales of Wells Fargo", "The Twilight Zone", and "Wagon Train"


title: Edward Platt

text: His most famous role was the regular role of The Chief in the espionage parody television series "Get Smart" (1965–1970). After it ended, he had a recurring role in the situation comedy series "The Governor & J.J." in 1970. He had guest roles in several other television series of the era, mostly comedies, including "Temperatures Rising", "Bewitched", "", "Love, American Style", and "The Odd Couple" as Oscar Madison's boss in the episode "Oscar's New Life".


title: Edward Platt

text: Platt appeared as Sotto Voce in the 1969 KCET television reading of Norman Corwin's 1938 radio play "The Plot to Overthrow Christmas".


title: Edward Platt

text: In 1973, Platt raised the money to produce one of the first independent feature films shot entirely on videotape: "Santee", starring Glenn Ford. His crew shot the production with electronic TV cameras and portable video tape recorders, then had the images transferred to film for theatrical release. The movie was not commercially successful.


title: Edward Platt

text: On March 19, 1974, Platt was found dead in his Santa Monica apartment, at the age of 58. Initial reports indicated the cause of death was a heart attack, but Platt's son later said that his father died from suicide, after a long struggle with untreated depression.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Leopold Ritter von Sacher-Masoch (; 27 January 1836 – 9 March 1895) was an Austrian nobleman, writer and journalist, who gained renown for his romantic stories of Galician life. The term "masochism" is derived from his name, invented by his contemporary, the Austrian psychiatrist Richard von Krafft-Ebing. Masoch did not approve of this use of his name.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: During his lifetime, Sacher-Masoch was well known as a man of letters, in particular a utopian thinker who espoused socialist and humanist ideals in his fiction and non-fiction. Most of his works remain untranslated into English.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Von Sacher-Masoch was born in the city of Lemberg, the capital of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, at the time a province of the Austrian Empire, into the Roman Catholic family of an Austrian civil servant, Leopold Johann Nepomuk Ritter von Sacher (1797–1874), and Charlotte Josepha von Masoch (1802–1870), a Ukrainian noblewoman. The father later combined his surname with his wife's "von Masoch", at the request of her family (she was the last of the line). Von Sacher served as a Commissioner of the Imperial Police Forces in Lemberg, and he was recognised with a new title of nobility as Sacher-Masoch awarded by the Austrian Emperor.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Leopold studied law, history and mathematics at Graz University (where he obtained a doctorate in history in 1856), and after graduating he became a lecturer there.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: His early, non-fictional publications dealt mostly with Austrian history. At the same time, Masoch turned to the folklore and culture of his homeland, Galicia. Soon he abandoned lecturing and became a free man of letters. Within a decade his short stories and novels prevailed over his historical non-fiction works, though historical themes continued to imbue his fiction.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Panslavist ideas were prevalent in Masoch's literary work, and he found a particular interest in depicting picturesque types among the various ethnicities that inhabited Galicia. From the 1860s to the 1880s he published a number of volumes of "Jewish Short Stories", "Polish Short Stories", "Galician Short Stories", "German Court Stories" and "Russian Court Stories".


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: In 1869, Sacher-Masoch conceived a grandiose series of short stories under the collective title "Legacy of Cain" that would represent the author's aesthetic "Weltanschauung". The cycle opened with the manifesto "The Wanderer" that brought out misogynist themes that became peculiar to Masoch's writings. Of the six planned volumes, only the first two were ever completed. By the middle of the 1880s, Masoch abandoned the "Legacy of Cain". Nevertheless, the published volumes of the series included Masoch's best-known stories, and of them, "Venus in Furs" (published 1870) is the most famous today. The novella expressed Sacher-Masoch's fantasies and fetishes (especially for dominant women wearing fur). He did his best to live out his fantasies with his mistresses and wives. In 1873 he married Angelika Aurora von Rümelin.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Sacher-Masoch edited the Leipzig-based monthly literary magazine "Auf der Höhe. Internationale Review" (At the pinnacle. International review), which was published from October 1881 to September 1885.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: In his later years, he worked against local antisemitism through an association for adult education called the "Oberhessischer Verein für Volksbildung" (OVV), founded in 1893 with his second wife, Hulda Meister, who had also been his assistant for some years.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Fanny Pistor was an emerging literary writer. She met Sacher-Masoch after she contacted him, under the assumed name and fictitious title of Baroness Bogdanoff, for suggestions on improving her writing to make it suitable for publication. She was the inspiration for "Venus im Pelz".


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: In 1874, Masoch wrote the novel "Die Ideale unserer Zeit" ("The Ideals of Our Time"), an attempt to give a portrait of German society during its Gründerzeit period.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: In his late fifties, his mental health began to deteriorate, and he spent the last years of his life under psychiatric care. According to official reports, he died in Lindheim near Altenstadt, in 1895. It is also claimed that he died in an asylum in Mannheim in 1905.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Sacher-Masoch is the great-uncle of Eva von Sacher-Masoch, Baroness Erisso, mother of British singer and actress Marianne Faithfull.


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: The term "masochism" was coined in 1886 by the Austrian psychiatrist Richard Freiherr von Krafft-Ebing (1840–1902) in his book "Psychopathia Sexualis":


title: Leopold von Sacher-Masoch

text: Sacher-Masoch was not pleased with Krafft-Ebing's assertions. Nevertheless, details of Masoch's private life were obscure until Aurora von Rümelin's memoirs, "Meine Lebensbeichte" (My Life Confession; 1906), were published in Berlin under the pseudonym Wanda v. Dunajew (the name of a leading character in his "Venus in Furs"). The following year, a French translation, "Confession de ma vie" (1907) by "Wanda von Sacher-Masoch", was printed in Paris by Mercure de France. An English translation of the French edition was published as "The Confessions of Wanda von Sacher-Masoch" (1991) by RE/Search Publications.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: The Champ is a 1979 American neo noir drama sports film directed by Franco Zeffirelli and a remake of the 1931 Academy Award-winning film of the same name directed by King Vidor. It stars Jon Voight as Billy Flynn, a former boxer who attempts to support his son (Ricky Schroder) and reconcile with his ex-wife (Faye Dunaway) by fighting in the ring again.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Ex-boxing champion Billy Flynn lives in the city of Hialeah, Florida, where he is trying to settle down as a horse trainer after giving up his boxing title. A boxer propositions that Billy enter a match with him in the future. Billy shows up at the gym with his son T.J., who calls his father Champ. When he learns the man has not arrived, Billy angrily storms out of the gym, leaving his son behind. T.J. later finds him drunk inside a bar. When he takes him home, neighbor Josie asks about his drunken state on the street, and T.J. tells her that Charlie and his friends bought him four beers as a celebration.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: The next morning, Billy announces that he won $6,400 gambling and uses it to buy T.J. his own horse named She’s a Lady. Lady is entered in a race, but suddenly collapses, scraping her leg. Annie, Billy's wife from whom he had separated seven years ago, had placed a bet on the horse and arrives after Lady's fall. Billy explains that he told T.J. that Annie was dead and that she had deserted them. Annie invites T.J. to her cruise ship.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Annie's current husband confronts Billy to convince him to tell T.J. that Annie is his mother. Billy tells him that because she was not there for T.J., he has no mother. Billy loses a gamble on T.J.'s horse and is told by Whitey to either give him Lady or $2,000 in cash. Annie gives Billy the money, but Whitey takes the horse instead. After assaulting Whitey in response and attacking anyone who tries to stop him, including a police officer, Billy is arrested and taken into custody, where he tells T.J. that he is to live with Annie. T.J. refuses to leave, and Billy slaps him in a fit of rage. At her home, Annie tries to comfort T.J., but accidentally tells him that she is indeed his mother. T.J. refuses to accept her as his mother, and Annie is distraught.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: When Billy is released, he hugs T.J. at a stadium and promises to never leave him ever again. Annie visits Billy and says that she wants him to explain why she wasn't there for T.J. After a fight, Billy allows her back into his life as a friend. To make amends with his son, Billy explains his promise to fight in the ring after Jackie warns him about his age and constant headaches, which could be fatal when boxing. Jackie reluctantly agrees to train Billy to fight again.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: The night of the fight arrives. From his dressing room, T.J. sees that Billy's opponent is much stronger than Billy, but Billy wins the first two rounds. He later receives many blows to the head and is weakened. The doctor examines Billy during a break and explains that if Billy suffers more damage, the fight will have to be stopped. Billy continues to receive sharp blows but finds enough stamina to knock out his opponent. Billy faints on the way back to his dressing room, and he calls for T.J. to ask him if he is happy that his father won. T.J. replies that "the champ always comes through." Billy then dies from his injuries. T.J., unaware that his father is dead, tries frantically to rouse him. Jackie tells T.J. that his father is dead. T.J. says goodbye to Billy and is embraced by Annie.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Robert Redford turned down the lead role. Ryan O'Neal signed to play the lead but wanted his son Griffin as T.J. After the director refused, claiming that Griffin was too old, O'Neal withdrew from the project. The filmmakers conducted a six-month talent search with thousands of applicants to cast the role of T.J., and Schroder was chosen immediately after his audition.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Director Franco Zeffirelli said that he was inspired to remake the original film after seeing it again on television. It had first made an impression on him as a child because of the parallels between his own troubled youth and that of the boy in the story.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: At review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds has an approval rating of 40% based on 25 reviews, with an average rating of 5.2/10. At Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 38 out of 100 based on eight critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Michael Booth of "The Denver Post" wrote positively of the film: "Director Franco Zeffirelli makes beautiful pictures; from Shakespeare to the life of St. Francis. In 'The Champ,; he imbues Florida with some oldtime movie magic, retelling the tale of a washed-up former boxer trying to shed booze and gambling to win back his son."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: "Time Out London" was critical of the film, calling it "a pointless update of King Vidor's '30s weepie."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: In "The New York Times", critic Vincent Canby strongly panned the film, stating that "the most offputting thing about such canny, tear-stained movies as 'The Champ' is not their naïveté but their unholy sophistication. These movies don't mean to deal with the world as it really is, but as it should be, a place where there's no pile-up of emotional garbage too big that it can't be washed clean by a good cry. My problem with 'The Champ' is that I didn't cry. The garbage accumulated."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: In a positive review, "Variety"'s Dale Pollock wrote: "Hardly anyone can resist a cute kid, and with Ricky Schroder, 'The Champ' has the most irresistible moppet seen on the screen in decades. Franco Zeffirelli makes an auspicious debut on these shores with his first American film, bolstered by earnest performances from Jon Voight and Faye Dunaway."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" awarded the film two and a half stars out of four and questioned the point of remaking the original, adding: "Of course that question would be of secondary importance if 'The Champ' were an effective tearjerker. But it's not. For no apparent reason, the original simple story has been lengthened a full 35 minutes. With catastrophe now piled upon catastrophe, 'The Champ' seems to be begging us to cry."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote in a generally positive review that "Zeffirelli has made 'The Champ' work again, on his and its extravagant terms. It requires, makes no mistake, a willing surrender to those terms of sentimental romance and is less piquantly seasoned with wry worldliness than 'Heaven Can Wait,' for example, whose romantic idealism it shares. But, with due allowances, 'The Champ' is a strongly affecting experience for those who want to be moved."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" opined that the film "slogs on for about two reels too many, concluding on a note of utterly contrived tragedy that should make just about everyone feel wretchedly deceived."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Clyde Jeavons of "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote: "Whether the unabashed sentimentality of Zeffirelli's remake of King Vidor's 1931 was deliberate or a misinterpretation of mood, one thing is certain; rarely has the screen been quite so awash with tears for so little apparent reason."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Film historian Leonard Maltin awarded the picture 1.5 out of a possible 4 stars, calling it "Hopeless...Voight acts too smart for us to believe he's a dumb pug, while Dunaway acts as if she wants to bed down with their kid; Schroeder cries (and cries) convincingly, but this still isn't exactly Zeffirelli's finest hour."


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: "The Champ" has been listed among the most depressing films, and the final scene has been used in psychology experiments to elicit strong emotional responses. In 1988, psychologists conducted a study involving more than 250 film clips shown to 500 people. The study concluded that the last three minutes of "The Champ", in which T.J. sees his father win his comeback fight and then die, elicited the saddest response from a majority of the subjects.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: At the American box office, the film performed modestly at first but went on to become MGM's greatest international hit in 14 years, grossing $30.4 million in the U.S. and Canada and more than $35 million elsewhere, including more than $10 million in Japan. By September 1979, "The Champ" had registered as MGM's fourth-greatest success in its history.


title: The Champ (1979 film)

text: Ricky Schroder won the Golden Globe Award for Best New Male Star of the Year in a Motion Picture. Jon Voight was nominated for Drama at the Golden Globes, but lost to Dustin Hoffman for his role in "Kramer vs. Kramer". Dave Grusin's score was also nominated for an Academy Award.


title: Chris Mulkey

text: Mulkey played the supporting role of husband to Annie Potts's character in "Any Day Now" from 1998 to 2002. He has also appeared in "Captain Phillips", "Against the Wall", "Cloverfield", the NBC TV movie "Knight Rider", "24", "Boardwalk Empire", "Friday Night Lights", "Boomtown", "Justified", "Baretta", and "Twin Peaks".


title: Chris Mulkey

text: He played the main character in the controversial 1985 Supertramp music video "Brother Where You Bound". He appeared in the "Wing Commander" franchise as Jacob "Hawk" Manley. He costarred with John Jenkins and Karen Landry in the 1988 indie film "Patti Rocks". He appeared in the science fiction action film "The Hidden", and the 1989 sci-fi cop film "K-9000". He has appeared in more recent films as "The Purge", "Slow Burn", "Sanitarium", "The Identical" and "On the Basis of Sex". In 2014, he had a cameo role in "Whiplash".


title: Chris Mulkey

text: Mulkey was born in Viroqua, Wisconsin. He was married to actress Karen Landry until her death in 2015.


title: Space food

text: Space food is a type of food product created and processed for consumption by astronauts during missions to outer space. The food has specific requirements of providing balanced nutrition for individuals working in space while being easy and safe to store, prepare and consume in the machinery-filled weightless environments of crewed spacecraft. Most space food is freeze-dried to ensure long shelf life.


title: Space food

text: In recent years, space food has been used by various nations engaging in space programs as a way to share and show off their cultural identity and facilitate intercultural communication. Although astronauts consume a wide variety of foods and beverages in space, the initial idea from The Man in Space Committee of the Space Science Board in 1963 was to supply astronauts with a formula diet that would provide all the needed vitamins and nutrients.


title: Space food

text: More common staples and condiments do not have a classification and are known simply by the item name.


title: Space food

text: Designing food for consumption in space is an often difficult process. Foods must meet a number of criteria to be considered fit for space. Firstly, the food must be physiologically appropriate. Specifically, it must be nutritious, easily digestible, and palatable. Secondly, the food must be engineered for consumption in a zero-gravity environment. As such, the food must be light, well packaged, fast to serve, and require minimal cleaning up. Finally, foods require a minimum of energy expenditure throughout their use; they must store well, open easily, and leave little waste behind (foods that tend to leave crumbs, for example, are ill-suited for space).


title: Space food

text: Carbonated drinks have been tried in space but are not favored due to changes in belching caused by microgravity. Without gravity to separate the liquid and gas in the stomach, burping results in a kind of vomiting called "wet burping". Coca-Cola and Pepsi were first carried on STS-51-F in 1985. Coca-Cola has flown on subsequent missions in a specially designed dispenser that utilizes BioServe Space Technologies hardware used for biochemical experiments. Space Station Mir carried cans of Pepsi in 1996.


title: Space food

text: Beer has also been developed that counteracts the reduction of taste and smell reception in space and reduces the possibility of wet burps in microgravity. Produced by Vostok 4-Pines Stout, a parabolic flight experiment validated that the reduced carbonation recipe met the criteria intended for space. Barley harvested from crops grown for several generations in space has also been brought back to Earth to produce beer. While not a space food (it used the same high carbonation 'Earth' recipe), the study did demonstrate that ingredients grown in space are safe for production.


title: Space food

text: Space bread has proved elusive because of a variety of challenges. By 2012 a method was suggested where the dough is leavened by dissolved (as opposed to yeast) and cooked by a low-temperature process, which could allow for fresh bread to be baked from bulk ingredients on future spaceflights.


title: Space food

text: The primary purpose of packaging space food is preserving and containing the food. However, the packaging must also be light-weight, easy to dispose of and useful in the preparation of the food for consumption. The packaging also includes a bar-coded label, which allows for the tracking of an astronaut's diet. The labels also specify the food's preparation instructions in both English and Russian.


title: Space food

text: Many foods from the Russian space program are packaged in cans and tins. These are heated through electro-resistive (ohmic) methods, opened with a can-opener, and the food inside consumed directly. Russian soups are hydrated and consumed directly from their packages.


title: Space food

text: NASA space foods are packaged in retort pouches or employ freeze drying. They are also packaged in sealed containers which fit into trays to keep them in place. The trays include straps on the underside, allowing astronauts to attach the tray to an anchor point such as their legs or a wall surface and include clips for retaining a beverage pouch or utensils in the microgravity environment.


title: Space food

text: The International Space Station is fitted with rehydration chambers and food warmers to prepare the packaged food before consumption. The first and only kitchen on ISS was located in the Russian Orbital Segment (ROS), containing a hydration system for reheating food, and a food warmer for canned food. The United States developed the second food warmer system in a briefcase-like shape to provide the reheating function for packet-style food items. A second galley was added to the "Unity" module due to the crew size increase. Combined dinners were rare, as Russian, Space Shuttle, and other ISS astronauts were often eating in their own segments with different schedules.


title: Space food

text: On Tiangong Space Station, the kitchen is located in the "Tianhe" core module, along with living quarters and entertainment systems. Huang Weifen, the chief astronaut trainer of China Manned Space Agency (CMSA), explained that the station is equipped with a small kitchen table for food preparation and the first-ever microwave oven in spaceflight so that astronauts can "always have hot food whenever they need."


title: Space food

text: Early space food was primarily composed of bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and thick liquids stuffed in aluminum tubes. Eventually, the tubes were discontinued, the powders made easier to re-freeze, and the cubes were coated in gelatin to prevent crumbling on the equipment. With the introduction of the "spoon bowl," astronauts were able to open the contents of the package and eat the simple meal with a spoon.


title: Space food

text: For lunch on Vostok 1 (1961), Yuri Gagarin ate from three toothpaste-type tubes, two of which contained servings of puréed meat and one which contained chocolate sauce.


title: Space food

text: In August 1961, Soviet Cosmonaut Gherman Titov became the first human to experience space sickness on Vostok 2; he holds the record for being the first person to vomit in space. This event "heralded the need for space flight nutrition."


title: Space food

text: John Glenn, as the first American to orbit Earth in 1962, was to experiment with eating in weightless conditions. Some experts had been concerned that weightlessness would impair swallowing. Glenn experienced no such difficulties, and it was determined that microgravity did not affect the natural swallowing process, which is enabled by the peristalsis of the esophagus.


title: Space food

text: Astronauts in later Mercury missions (1959–1963) disliked the food that was provided. They ate bite-sized cubes, freeze-dried powders, and tubes of semiliquids. The astronauts found it unappetizing, experienced difficulties in rehydrating the freeze-dried foods, and did not like having to squeeze tubes or collect crumbs. Prior to the mission, the astronauts were also fed "low residual" launch-day breakfasts to reduce the chances that they would defecate in flight.


title: Space food

text: Several of the food issues from the Mercury missions were addressed for the later Gemini missions (1965–1966). Tubes (often heavier than the foods they contained) were abandoned, gelatin coatings helped to prevent bite-sized cubes from crumbling, and simpler rehydration methods were developed. The menus were also expanded to include items such as shrimp cocktail, chicken and vegetables, toast squares, butterscotch pudding, and apple juice.


title: Space food

text: The crew of Gemini 3 sneaked a corned beef sandwich on their spaceflight. Mission Commander Gus Grissom loved corned beef sandwiches, so Pilot John Young brought one along, having been encouraged by fellow astronaut Walter Schirra. However, Young was supposed to eat only approved food, and Grissom was not supposed to eat anything. Floating pieces of bread posed a potential problem, causing Grissom to put the sandwich away (although he did enjoy it) and the astronauts were mildly rebuked by NASA for the act. A congressional hearing was called, forcing NASA deputy administrator George Mueller to promise no repeats. NASA employed renewed vigilance regarding what astronauts brought along on future missions.


title: Space food

text: Prior to the Apollo program (1968–1975), early space food development was conducted at the US Air Force School of Aerospace Medicine and the Natick Army Labs. The variety of food options continued to expand for the Apollo missions. The new availability of hot water made rehydrating freeze-dried foods simpler and produced a more appetizing result. The "spoon-bowl" allowed more normal eating practices. Food could be kept in special plastic zip-closure containers, and moisture allowed the food to stick to a spoon. However, the lack of taste was an issue at that time. In order not to over-stimulate the intestinal system, the food was prepared using few spices. Thus astronauts were always looking for something that had a little more taste. Apollo 17 moonwalker Harrison Schmitts favorites were the bacon squares. Buzz Aldrin enjoyed the shrimps. Paul Weitz went for the ice cream.


title: Space food

text: Buzz Aldrin partook of the Presbyterian Christian sacrament of Holy Communion on the Moon. It had been consecrated by his pastor, the Rev. Dean Woodruff, two weeks prior to the space mission.


title: Space food

text: Aldrin received the Eucharist in the same hour that his local church did on that Sunday Sabbath and he later stated that "I sensed especially strongly my unity with our church back home, and with the Church everywhere".


title: Space food

text: Larger living areas on the Skylab space station (1973–1974) allowed for an on-board refrigerator and freezer. This allowed perishable and frozen items to be stored, making microgravity the primary obstacle of future missions. When Skylab's solar panels were damaged during its launch and the station had to rely on minimal power from the Apollo Telescope Mount until Skylab 2 crewmembers performed repairs, the refrigerator and freezer were among the systems that Mission Control kept operational. The OWS module had a specially designed wardroom dedicated for food preparation and dining (see image on the right). The table was designed to avoid hierarchical positions through its triangular layout and to support social cohesion. It could accommodate all three crew members at the same time using a variety of microgravity restraints.


title: Space food

text: Menus included 72 items; for the first time about 15% was frozen. Shrimp cocktail and butter cookies were consistent favorites; Lobster Newberg, fresh bread, processed meat products, and ice cream were among other choices. A dining room table and chairs, fastened to the floor and fitted with foot and thigh restraints, allowed for a more normal eating experience. The trays used could warm the food, and had magnets to hold eating utensils and scissors used for opening food containers. The food was similar to that used for Apollo, but canned for preservation. The crew found it to be better than that of Apollo but still unsatisfying, partially due to food tasting different in space than on Earth. The frozen foods were the most popular, and they enjoyed spicy foods due to sinus congestion from weightlessness dulling their senses of taste and smell. Weightlessness also complicated both eating and cleaning up; crews spent up to 90 minutes a day on housekeeping.


title: Space food

text: After astronaut requests, NASA bought cream sherry for one Skylab mission and packaged some for testing on a reduced-gravity aircraft. In microgravity smells quickly permeate the environment and the agency found that the sherry triggered the gag reflex. Concern over public reaction to taking alcohol into space led NASA to abandon its plans. The astronauts instead drank the purchased supply while consuming their pre-mission special diet.


title: Space food

text: The astronauts of the Apollo–Soyuz Test Project (1975) received samples of Soviet space food when the combined crew dined together. Among the foods provided by Soyuz 19 were canned beef tongue, packaged Riga bread, tubes of borscht (beet soup), and caviar. The borscht was labeled "vodka".


title: Space food

text: The Soviet Union's Salyut stations were the first to be structured in zones for different activities, including a table for work and having dinner together. By the mid-1970s, cosmonauts and astronauts on the Russian Salyut space research stations were able to eat fresh food such as tomatoes, coriander and cucumbers from their orbital space gardens, and some even had the possibility of a sip of wine or vodka with their food. The pioneering Oasis greenhouse on Salyut 1 (launched in April 1971) led to the implementation of plant-growing facilities on the later Salyut stations, on Mir and on the International Space Station, and the first space-grown vegetables were reportedly eaten in 1975 onboard Salyut 4.


title: Space food

text: As part of the Interkosmos space program, allies of the Soviet Union, including the People's Republic of Bulgaria, actively participated in the research and deployment of space technologies from the 1960s until the end of communism in 1989-1990 in the Eastern Bloc. The Institute of Cryobiology and Lyophilization (now the Institute of Cryobiology and Food Technology), founded in 1973 as a part of the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, produced space food for the purposes of the program. The menu includes traditional Bulgarian dishes such as tarator, sarma, musaka, lyutenitza, kiselo mlyako, dried vegetables and fruits, etc.


title: Space food

text: Modern astronauts have a greater variety of main courses to choose from and many astronauts request personalized menus from lists of available foods including items like fruit salad and spaghetti. Fresh fruits and vegetables that can be safely stored at room temperature are eaten on space flights. Astronauts sometimes request beef jerky for flights, as it has an extended shelf life and a strong flavor.


title: Space food

text: Since 2002, the small LADA Greenhouse system (the leaf chamber is just 16 x 20 x 26 cm/6 x 8 x 10 inches) has been used onboard the International Space Station to study how plants grow in microgravity and to grow edible vegetables for the astronauts. LADA includes a control module and was sent to the station already equipped with the root media for the plants to be grown and eaten in space.


title: Space food

text: NASA's Advanced Food Technology Project (AFT) is researching ways to ensure an adequate food supply for long-duration space exploration missions.


title: Space food

text: In October 2003, the People's Republic of China commenced its first crewed spaceflight, Shenzhou 5. The astronaut, Yang Liwei, brought along with him and ate specially processed yuxiang pork (), Kung Pao chicken (), and Eight Treasures rice (), along with Chinese herbal tea. Food made for this flight and the subsequent crewed flight in 2007 has been commercialized for sale to the mass market.


title: Space food

text: At Tiangong space station, meals consisting of 120 different types of food, selected based on astronauts' preferences, are stored aboard. Staples including shredded pork in garlic sauce, kung pao chicken, black pepper beef, yuxiang shredded pork, pickled cabbage, and beverages, including a variety of teas and juices, are resupplied by trips of the Tianzhou-class robotic cargo spacecraft. Fresh fruits and vegetables are stored in coolers. Huang Weifen, the chief astronaut trainer of CMSA, explains that most of the food is prepared to be solid, boneless, small-piece. Condiments such as pork sauce and Sichuan pepper sauce are used to compensate for the changes in the sense of taste in microgravity. Food items are often adjusted according to astronauts' feedback, such as when larger supplies of vegetables were included in Tianzhou 4.


title: Space food

text: Capitalizing on the popularity of the Apollo space missions in the early 1970s, Pillsbury marketed "Food Sticks" (also known as "Space Food Sticks") for the consumer market. Fourteen individually packaged sticks were included in a box, and came in six flavors such as peanut butter, caramel, and chocolate. Food Sticks were marketed as a "nutritionally balanced between meal snack".


title: Space food

text: Examples of derivative products can be found in NASA Space Center gift shops, general sweets and novelty shops, online retailers, or at Army Surplus stores. A popular example is freeze-dried ice cream. Tang, originally marketed in 1959, saw an increase in popularity in the 1960s due to its inclusion on American human space flights.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: Hunting High and Low is the debut studio album by Norwegian new wave band A-ha, released on 1 June 1985 in the United States and 28 October 1985 in the United Kingdom by Warner Bros. Records. The album was a huge commercial success, reaching high positions on charts worldwide and peaking at number 15 on the US "Billboard" 200. The album was recorded at Eel Pie Studios in Twickenham, London, and produced by Tony Mansfield, John Ratcliff and Alan Tarney.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: In all, five singles from the album were released, though not all were released internationally: "Take On Me", "Love Is Reason", "The Sun Always Shines on T.V.", "Train of Thought" and "Hunting High and Low". The group was nominated for Best New Artist at the Grammy Awards in 1986, making A-ha the first Norwegian band to be nominated for a Grammy.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: As part of a re-release of their first two albums, "Hunting High and Low" was expanded and remastered in 2010.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: "Take On Me" was the first single released by the band. An early version was recorded and released in late 1984 with an early music video. The song became a No. 3 hit in A-ha's native Norway but failed to chart in the United Kingdom. The band went back into the studio to re-record the song for the "Hunting High and Low" album, but a second UK release in early 1985 was again ignored. Before releasing their single in the United States, the band undertook the production of a new music video for the song, working with director Steve Barron. Barron had previously created hit videos for Toto, Thomas Dolby, Culture Club and Michael Jackson, but the A-ha video was unlike any of his earlier work. A plot-driven amalgamation of live-action and rotoscope-style animation by husband-and-wife team Michael Patterson and Candace Reckinger, it drew inspiration from Patterson's animated film "Commuter" and the film "Altered States". The innovative video for "Take On Me" was first broadcast on local Boston music video station V-66, and soon after given heavy rotation on MTV.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: The single debuted in "Billboard" the week of 13 July 1985, and was heading into the U.S. top twenty when it was given an international release, including a second release in Norway and a third shot at the UK market. It hit number one on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States, spending 27 weeks on the charts and becoming the tenth-biggest single of 1985, and this time going to number two in the United Kingdom and number one in Norway.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: The second single for most of the world was "The Sun Always Shines on TV" ("Love Is Reason" had failed to hit the Norwegian Top 40 earlier in the year), and the band followed its massively successful music video with another critically acclaimed clip for the song. Starting off as a sequel of sorts, Harket breaks away from his happy ending to join his band in performance amidst mannequins at a rural church, Saint Albans in Teddington, which has since become an art gallery. "The Sun Always Shines on T.V." improved upon the first single's success in the United Kingdom, hitting number one and remaining there for two weeks in January 1986. It was a top-10 hit nearly everywhere it was released except in the United States, where it peaked at No. 20 and would be the band's last major hit to date in that country. The track was remixed as a dance version, which was a top-5 hit on the U.S. Dance chart, and B-side to the single and remix was the otherwise unreleased "Driftwood."


title: Hunting High and Low

text: "Train of Thought" saw limited release as the third single in Europe. It was not released as a 7″ in the United States but received rock radio play and a set of remixes again made the dance charts. Waaktaar based the lyrics for this song on existentialist authors and poets Gunvor Hofmo, Knut Hamsun and Fyodor Dostoevsky, his favourites at the time. It was A-ha's third consecutive Top 10 single in the United Kingdom and Ireland, reaching Nos. 8 and 5 respectively, and charting well in Germany and Sweden. World sales hit 500,000 copies.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: The last single from the album was "Hunting High and Low", released in June 1986. The single saw its highest chartings in France, where it peaked at number four, and the United Kingdom, where it was number five. The single was released in the United States but did not make the Hot 100. An extended version was available on 12″ vinyl, but the midtempo track did not see dance chart success.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: The "Take On Me" video was nominated for eight 1986 MTV Video Music Awards, and at the third annual ceremony 5 September 1986, the video won six awards, including Best New Artist and Viewer's Choice. "The Sun Always Shines on T.V." was nominated for an additional three awards, winning two, for a total of eight wins. Even as the total number of categories has nearly doubled, only one other artist to date has won as many MTV Awards in a single year. Peter Gabriel won nine the following year for "Sledgehammer" and "Big Time," two videos which progressed further down the roads A-ha ventured in groundbreaking use of animation in music video.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: In 2002, "Take On Me" was ranked at number eight on "VH1's 100 Greatest One Hit Wonders", although this status is slightly misleading as it reflects A-ha's lack of mainstream success in the United States; the group was by no means a one-hit wonder elsewhere or in career terms. In 2006, "Take On Me" was ranked number 24 on "VH1's Greatest Songs of the 1980s".


title: Hunting High and Low

text: On February 17, 2020, the music video for "Take On Me" reached one billion views on YouTube. At the time, only four songs from the entire 20th century had reached the mark—"November Rain" and "Sweet Child o' Mine" by Guns N' Roses, "Smells Like Teen Spirit" by Nirvana, and Queen's "Bohemian Rhapsody"—making "Take On Me" the fifth video from that time period to ever do so. A-ha also became the first European act to accomplish this achievement.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: The cover photograph was taken by Just Loomis and was nominated in 1986 for a Grammy as "Album Cover of the Year."


title: Hunting High and Low

text: "Hunting High and Low" was A-ha's breakout album. Upon its release in October 1985, "Hunting High and Low" peaked at number 15 on the "Billboard" Top 200 album chart. The album granted A-ha international recognition. "Hunting High and Low" got 3× platinum status in the UK and Platinum status in the United States and Germany, and Gold status in Brazil, and the Netherlands. The album reached No. 11 in the European top-100 albums sales chart.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: The album peaked at number 15 in the U.S., according to "Billboard" music charts. It peaked at number 2 on the UK Albums Chart (re-entered at number 83 in 2015), and hit 1 in Norway. The album has been certified platinum in the United States and 3× platinum in UK. On the "Billboard" 200, "Hunting High and Low" held the record for the highest-charting album by a Norwegian artist until "Do It Again" by Norwegian duo Röyksopp and Swedish singer Robyn (which peaked at number 14).


title: Hunting High and Low

text: Beginning with the single "Take On Me", A-ha's debut album sold spawned two number one hits. In the fall of 1986, "Take On Me" and "The Sun Always Shines on TV" were nominated for 11 MTV Video Awards combined, and A-ha won eight of these.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: Tim DiGravina of AllMusic Guide said "It's a cohesive album with smart pace changeups, and it rarely fails to delight or satisfy a listener's need for a synth pop fix... One can't escape the feeling that Hunting High and Low is a product of the 1980s, but with highs like 'Take On Me' and 'The Sun Always Shines on TV,' and no lows in sight, A-ha's debut is a treat worth relishing."


title: Hunting High and Low

text: In June 1986, A-ha began a world tour which went through to February 1987. The band had never played a single concert when "Take On Me" shot to No. 1 in America; soon it could boast a 16-country, 113-city tour under its belt along with countless interviews and television appearances.


title: Hunting High and Low

text: On 6 May 2010, the band announced that a remastered and expanded two-disc deluxe edition of the album would be released, featuring the original album and four 12″ tracks on the first disc and 19 rare demos and unreleased songs from the era on the second. The deluxe editions of both "Hunting High and Low" and its follow-up, "Scoundrel Days", were released on 6 July 2010 in the United States through Rhino Records. Both albums debuted in the Top 40 on the "Billboard" Top Internet Sales Chart; "Hunting High and Low" at No. 34 and "Scoundrel Days" at No. 36. The "Hunting High and Low" reissue also charted in Germany (39), Norway (32), Hungary (27) and the UK (165).


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Dandy–Walker malformation (DWM), also known as Dandy–Walker syndrome (DWS), is a rare congenital brain malformation in which the part joining the two hemispheres of the cerebellum (the cerebellar vermis) does not fully form, and the fourth ventricle and space behind the cerebellum (the posterior fossa) are enlarged with cerebrospinal fluid. Most of those affected develop hydrocephalus within the first year of life, which can present as increasing head size, vomiting, excessive sleepiness, irritability, downward deviation of the eyes and seizures. Other, less common symptoms are generally associated with comorbid genetic conditions and can include congenital heart defects, eye abnormalities, intellectual disability, congenital tumours, other brain defects such as agenesis of the corpus callosum, skeletal abnormalities, an occipital encephalocele or underdeveloped genitalia or kidneys. It is sometimes discovered in adolescents or adults due to mental health problems.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: DWM is usually caused by a ciliopathic or chromosomal genetic condition, though the causative condition is only identified in around half of those diagnosed before birth and a third of those diagnosed after birth. The mechanism involves impaired cell migration and division affecting the long period of development of the cerebellar vermis. The mechanism by which hydrocephalus occurs in DWM is not yet fully understood. The condition is diagnosed by MRI or, less commonly, prenatal ultrasound. There are other malformations that can strongly resemble DWM, and disagreement exists around the criteria and classifications used for the malformation.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Treatment for most involves the implantation of a cerebral shunt in infancy. This is usually inserted in the posterior fossa, but a shunt in the lateral ventricles may be used instead or in conjunction. Endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) is a less invasive option for patients older than 1 year. Posterior fossa shunts are most effective (80% of the time) but carry the highest risk of complications, while ETV is least effective but has the least risk of complications. The mortality rate is roughly 15%, mostly due to complications from hydrocephalus or its treatment, which can include subdural haematomas or infection. The prognosis after successful hydrocephalus treatment is usually good but depends on any associated condition and its symptoms. Those without hydrocephalus are treated based on any associated symptoms or condition.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The prevalence of DWM is estimated at between 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 50,000. DWM is the cause of around 4.3% of cases of congenital hydrocephalus and 2.5% of all cases of hydrocephalus. At least 21% of those with DWM have a sibling with the malformation, and at least 16% have a parent with the malformation. The malformation was first described by English surgeon John Bland-Sutton in 1887, though it was named by German psychiatrist in 1954 after American neurosurgeons Walter Dandy and Arthur Earl Walker, who described it in 1914 and 1942, respectively.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The most frequent and prominent symptoms of DWM are those associated with hydrocephalus in the postnatal period. Hydrocephalus occurs in an estimated 80% of patients with classic DWM. This usually presents within the first year of life (85% of the time), most often within the first 3 months. Signs of hydrocephalus in infants include increasing head size, vomiting, excessive sleepiness, irritability, downward deviation of the eyes (known as "sunsetting eyes") and seizures. In contrast to classic DWM, only around 30% of those with Dandy–Walker variant (DWV), in which the posterior fossa is not enlarged, have hydrocephalus.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Despite the hypoplastic cerebellar vermis, just over half of individuals with DWM (between 27% and 84%) do not appear to have significant intellectual disability or developmental delay. However, many of the genetic conditions associated with DWM can present with developmental delay and other brain anomalies. Agenesis of the corpus callosum has been found in between 5% and 17% of those with DWM. This does not seem to result in intellectual disability on its own, however. Other brain abnormalities known to be sometimes associated with DWM include grey matter heterotopia, pachygyria (fewer ridges in the brain), lissencephaly (shallower ridges), polymicrogyria, holoprosencephaly and schizencephaly. Individuals with these features tend to have developmental delay or seizures. Those without any other central nervous system abnormalities tend to have normal or close-to-normal intellectual development. A 2003 review found that moderate-to-severe intellectual disability and non-DWM brain abnormalities were only present in those with the most severe cerebellar vermis malformations (less than two fissures/three lobules in the vermis), and these comprised 16% of their sample. Hydrocephalus also affected all of these patients.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In Dandy–Walker variant (DWV) and mega cisterna magna specifically, which are less severe malformations, there appears to be an increased rate of psychotic spectrum disorders such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, mania or catatonia.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: A 2017 review found the following associations in patients with DWS (usually from an associated genetic condition or abnormality):


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Occipital encephalocele may occur in DWM. This has generally been found at rates between 6 and 8%. It has been suggested to occur to compensate for the increased pressure in the posterior fossa during foetal life.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Syringomyelia occasionally occurs with DWM, though it is not certain how often. One review reported an occurrence of 4.3% in a sample. This may be due to herniation of the bottom of the cyst through the foramen magnum (a similar mechanism to Chiari malformation). Alternatively, it may be a result of hydrocephalus, in which it forms as a "fifth ventricle" due to an enlarged central canal.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Rarely, spina bifida has been found with DWM. When it is present, it is usually spina bifida occulta.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: DWM is caused by any disruption to embryonic development that affects the formation of the cerebellar vermis. This is usually a genetic mutation that results in impaired cell migration and division. A large number of genetic conditions can result in the anomaly. In a large portion of DWM cases, the condition is identified in the person affected, however in most cases the cause is not identified. At least 21% of those with DWM have a sibling with the malformation, and at least 16% have a parent with the malformation.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: A genetic condition is identified in around 33% of those diagnosed with DWM after birth. In a 2017 review, 4.3% were found to have PHACE syndrome, a condition involving brain, cardiovascular and eye abnormalities, while 2.3% had Joubert syndrome, a condition involving neurological and sometimes eye and kidney abnormalities. Anywhere from 21% to 81% of those with PHACE syndrome have DWM. Other comorbid genetic conditions that were found included oculocerebrocutaneous syndrome, oral-facial-digital syndrome, Coffin–Siris syndrome, Meckel–Gruber syndrome type 7 and Kallmann syndrome, among many others. DWM has also been associated with 3C syndrome, Rubinstein–Taybi syndrome, Marden–Walker syndrome, Sheldon–Hall syndrome, Shah–Waardenburg syndrome, Fryns syndrome, Walker–Warburg syndrome, Fukuyama congenital muscular dystrophy, Ellis–van Creveld syndrome, Fraser syndrome, Aicardi syndrome, Cornelia de Lange syndrome, Klippel–Feil syndrome and acrocallosal syndrome, among others. Many of these disorders are classified as ciliopathies, genetic disorders that affect the cellular primary cilia, thin cell projections made from microtubules that are believed to be crucial in signalling embryonic cell division and migration. DWM is one of the single largest predictors of a ciliopathic genetic disease.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Other genes that have been linked to DWM include "ZIC1", "ZIC4", "FOXC1", "FGF17", "LAMC1" and "NID1".


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In those who are diagnosed with DWM before birth on ultrasound, up to half are found to have a chromosomal abnormality, with the most common being Edwards syndrome (trisomy 18), at roughly 26% of prenatal DWM cases. 6.5% of those diagnosed with DWM after birth also have Edwards syndrome. Other chromosomal abnormalities that can lead to DWM include triploidy, Patau syndrome (trisomy 13), trisomy 9 and partial 3q deletion or duplication. The 3q24 region contains the "ZIC1" and "ZIC4" genes, known to be associated with DWM.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Warfarin use during pregnancy has been known to lead to systemic defects in the fetus, including ocular dysgenesis, microcephaly, agenesis of the corpus callosum, skeletal abnormalities and heart defects. In 1985, it was also linked to DWM.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The cerebellum begins forming at the fifth week of embryonic development. It differentiates at the top of the metencephalon, while the pons (in the brainstem) differentiates at the bottom, separated by the fourth ventricle. The cerebellar hemispheres form from the rhombic lips on the forward surface of the fourth ventricle, which expand and roll over to fuse in the midline to form the cerebellar vermis by the 15th week. If this process does not complete, the cerebellar vermis will not form fully. This long period of development of the cerebellar vermis makes it particularly vulnerable to disruptions.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In DWM, the fourth ventricle opens up into and is continuous with almost the entire posterior fossa subarachnoid space.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The reason why hydrocephalus occurs in DWM is not yet fully understood. The earliest authors had put it down it to blockage or narrowing of the foramina of Magendie and Luschka, the two apertures in the fourth ventricle that allow cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) to escape into the subarachnoid space of the posterior fossa. However, later studies found that these foramina are usually open in DWM. Hydrocephalus is also usually (80% of the time) not present at birth in those with DWM.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The impairment to CSF flow may lie beyond the outlets of the fourth ventricle. Theories of abnormal development or inflammation of the arachnoid mater in the posterior fossa have been put forward. The arachnoid mater contains granulations necessary to return CSF from the subarachnoid spaces to the dural veins and circulation. Excisions of the cyst in DWM have not been able to show whether impaired arachnoid absorption is involved, since the subarachnoid space always takes days to weeks to fill up following excision.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Aqueductal stenosis (narrowing of the passage between the third and fourth ventricles) does not seem to be a factor in DWM. It is usually open, and shunts placed in the posterior fossa cyst almost always drain all above ventricles. When it is present, it may be the result of compression from a herniated vermis or cyst or an associated developmental abnormality.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: It is known that once hydrocephalus has started, the compression by the posterior fossa cyst against the venous passages in the arachnoid mater is involved in the worsening pathology.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Dandy–Walker malformation is diagnosed based on the characteristic neuroimaging findings. It can be diagnosed prenatally on ultrasound as early as 14 weeks of gestation, although it is usually diagnosed postnatally by MRI. It is diagnosed within the first year of life 41% of the time, normally due to increasing signs of hydrocephalus, but 28% of the time it is discovered in adolescence or adulthood due to mental health problems, such as psychosis or mood disorder.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The precise diagnostic criteria and classification systems of DWM are not agreed upon, and significant dispute exists as to which terms or criteria should be used. The core criteria of DWM are hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis and an enlarged fourth ventricle and posterior fossa (the space behind the cerebellum), though the specific degree of hypoplasia or cystic enlargement for diagnosis of DWM is not agreed upon. Additionally, there are several similar conditions which have at various times been grouped with DWM on a continuum by some authors and separated as distinct by others, further complicating diagnosis.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In 1976, Harwood-Nash and Fitz proposed the term Dandy–Walker variant (DWV) for a malformation in which the posterior fossa is not enlarged but the cerebellar vermis is hypoplastic. In 1989, Barkovich et al. proposed the term Dandy–Walker complex (DWC) to include classic DWM and DWV (under type A) plus a third malformation (under type B) in which the cerebellar vermis remains large enough to sit between the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna beneath it, and instead it is mostly the cisterna magna that is enlarged. In this type, the hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis does not reach past the horizontal midline of the fourth ventricle, and the posterior fossa is also not as large. The authors noted that this form would previously have been classified as simply mega–cisterna magna. In 1999, Calabró et al. first used the phrase Dandy–Walker continuum when referring to proposals that a condition known as Blake's pouch cyst falls under the umbrella of the Dandy–Walker complex proposed by Barkovich. Later authors would put these terms and systems under intense scrutiny and state that they added considerable confusion to the diagnosis of DWM. However, they remain commonly used.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In 2011, Spennato et al. came up with a set of criteria based on Klein et al. (2003) that they considered necessary for diagnosis of DWM:


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Due to the inconsistency of the presence of hydrocephalus in DWM, Spennato and Klein suggested that it should not be considered a criterion for DWM. Klein's criteria differed from Spennato's mainly in that it required no apparent cerebellar hemisphere hypoplasia, but it may also have required the vermis to touch the tentorium or an absence of brainstem abnormalities.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: DWM can be observed prenatally on ultrasound as early as 14 weeks of gestation, though an MRI scan is the most useful method for diagnosis. MRI can delineate the shape and extent of the malformation as well as assessing additional areas for malformations such as the cerebellar hemispheres, cerebral aqueduct or corpus callosum. Cardiac-gated phase-contrast MRI can observe the flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) during systole and diastole of the heart. In true DWM, this will find a flow from the cerebral aqueduct to the posterior fossa and no flow between the cisterna magna and the space behind the cervical spinal cord.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: CT may also be used if MRI is unavailable, but it provides less detail. Klein et al. (2003) suggested that a suspected diagnosis based on CT or ultrasound should not be confirmed until an MRI is performed, due to the large number of conditions that can present highly similarly and confound diagnosis.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: DWM has a large number of conditions that can present highly similarly on imaging and confound diagnosis.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Blake's pouch cyst (BPC), or persistent Blake's pouch, is a condition that arises when Blake's pouch, an invagination in the fourth ventricle that ruptures at around 4 months of gestation to form the foramen of Magendie (medial aperture), fails to rupture. This can lead to a dilated fourth ventricle and subsequent hydrocephalus of all four ventricles.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Some authors, however, consider Blake's pouch cyst part of a continuum with DWM (the "Dandy–Walker continuum").


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Mega cisterna magna is a condition in which the cisterna magna, the subarachnoid cistern below the fourth ventricle, is enlarged. It has been proposed to be due to a delayed rupture of Blake's pouch rather than a failed rupture.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: There is debate as to whether this malformation is distinct from DWM or forms part of the "Dandy–Walker continuum".


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: An arachnoid cyst is a collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the arachnoid mater. 10% of these occur in the posterior fossa.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The main immediate goal of treatment is the control of hydrocephalus and the enlarged posterior fossa cyst, as these can lead to increased intracranial pressure and brain damage. A minority of those affected do not develop hydrocephalus and are treated based on any associated symptoms or condition.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: For hydrocephalus or the posterior fossa cyst, shunts are the mainstay of treatment. However, those with DWM have a higher rate of shunt-related complications than other patients with hydrocephalus (mainly due to the unconventional anatomy). One explanation for a failure of a shunt to reduce intracranial pressure in DWM has been that the cyst may herniate into the foramen magnum and form a scarring adhesion at the cervical junction, preventing it from shrinking again. If this occurs, a suboccipital decompression with duraplasty may be attempted.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In DWM, it is not agreed whether a shunt should be placed in the fourth ventricle (a cystoperitoneal shunt, or CP shunt), the lateral ventricles (a ventriculoperitoneal shunt, or VP shunt) or both, due to conflicting studies on whether the cerebral aqueduct is affected by the malformation. However, a CP shunt almost always drains both the fourth and lateral ventricles in DWM, and according to strict definitions of the malformation, the aqueduct should be assumed open, though imaging is important to confirm this. Many authors therefore recommend the CP shunt as the logical option. However, it is associated with a high rate of complications, including shifting and overdrainage. Overdrainage can lead to subdural haematomas, a tethered spinal cord, due to scarring, or downward herniation of the cerebral hemispheres. Spennato et al. therefore recommend a flow-regulating or anti-syphon valve. On the other hand, VP shunts have a lower rate of complications than CP shunts and are recommended initially by some. However, they are less effective in DWM, and the elevated position of the tentorium should be considered before installing a VP shunt.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: In patients older than 1 year, endoscopic third ventriculostomy (ETV) may be considered as the first-line treatment. This less invasive procedure creates an artificial hole in the third ventricle to allow CSF to bypass any obstruction. It cannot be used on those with brain abnormalities such as agenesis of the corpus callosum, due to the risk of CSF escaping to other brain areas. A compressed brainstem is not a contraindication, however. ETV has a more modest success rate than shunts, as the hole often closes over. It is more likely to fail in younger patients (below 1 year), and its effects on the developing brain are not yet known. Cysts posterior to the cerebellum, presenting in children younger than 5 years, have been labeled developmental retrocerebellar cysts under a new classification in relation to the proposed neuroendoscopic management.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Previously, craniotomy of the posterior fossa and excision of the cystic membrane was used, which was often unsuccessful in preventing cyst reformation and carried a degree of mortality. This may still be reserved for patients with repeated shunt failures/infections.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Treatments for any other symptoms are generally focussed on the specific condition involved and may include supported education, physical therapy or other services. Genetic counselling may be offered to parents for future conceptions.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The prognosis is first and foremost dependent on the early and successful treatment of hydrocephalus, if present. The other significant factor affecting prognosis is the presence of a comorbid genetic condition or brain anomaly.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Mortality rates from DWM are roughly 15%. In a study of Dandy–Walker variant (DWV), a mortality rate of 12.5% was observed. The most common cause of death is complications from hydrocephalus or its treatment. Untreated hydrocephalus can lead to increased intracranial pressure and brain damage. Shunts used to treat DWM have a moderate-to-good success rate, but they have a higher-than-average failure rate, which can result in failure to reduce the intracranial pressure or infection, such as meningitis. Complications from overdrainage such as subdural haematomas are also possible and can lead to mortality. Shunts in the fourth ventricle (cystoperitoneal shunts, or CP shunts) have a generally high rate of successful cyst and ventricle size reduction, especially in the cyst (at least 80%). With a shunt in the lateral ventricles (ventriculoperitoneal shunt, or VP shunt), studies have generally found a roughly 50% successful cyst size reduction rate, with successful ventricle size reduction roughly two thirds of the time.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: Other systemic or genetic conditions are often present with DWM, and each have their own significant effect on prognosis.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The prevalence of DWM is estimated at between 1 in 25,000 to 1 in 50,000. DWM is the cause of around 4.3% of cases of congenital hydrocephalus and 2.5% of all cases of hydrocephalus.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: A 2017 review found that most patients (65%) were diagnosed with either "Dandy–Walker malformation" or "Dandy–Walker syndrome", while 20% were diagnosed with "Dandy–Walker variant" and 1.1% with "mega cisterna magna".


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The malformation was first described in 1887 by English surgeon John Bland-Sutton as hypoplasia of the cerebellar vermis, an enlarged posterior fossa and hydrocephalus. In 1914, American neurosurgeon Walter Dandy and American paediatrician Kenneth Blackfan described the malformation as partial or complete absence of the cerebellar vermis, an enlarged fourth ventricle and hydrocephalus. In 1942, American physician John K. Taggart and Canadian–American neurosurgeon Arthur Earl Walker detailed the phenomenon extensively, ascribing the potential cause as underdevelopment of the foramina of Luschka and Magendie, now no longer believed to be significant.


title: Dandy–Walker malformation

text: The term Dandy–Walker syndrome (DWS) was introduced by German psychiatrist in 1954; he also used the term "Dandy–Walker malformation" once. In 1976, Harwood-Nash and Fitz proposed the term Dandy–Walker variant (DWV) for a malformation in which the posterior fossa is not enlarged but the cerebellar vermis is hypoplastic. In 1989, Barkovich et al. proposed the term Dandy–Walker complex (DWC) to include classic DWM and DWV (under type A) plus a third malformation (under type B) in which the cerebellar vermis remains large enough to sit between the fourth ventricle and the cisterna magna, and instead it is mostly the cisterna magna that is enlarged (sometimes diagnosed as "mega cisterna magna"). In 1999, Calabró et al. first used the phrase Dandy–Walker continuum when referring to proposals that a condition known as Blake's pouch cyst falls under the umbrella of the Dandy–Walker complex proposed by Barkovich. These additional terms are mostly discouraged by modern authors due to additional confusion and complexity to the diagnosis of DWM.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Andrew Kim (born July 12, 1982) is an American politician and former diplomat serving as the U.S. representative from New Jersey's 3rd congressional district. The district encompasses Philadelphia's eastern suburbs along southern and central New Jersey.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim is the first Democratic member of Congress of Korean descent, and the second overall after Jay Kim.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim was born on July 12, 1982, in Boston to Korean immigrant parents. He was raised in the Marlton section of Evesham Township, New Jersey and attended Rice Elementary School before moving to Cherry Hill and graduating from Cherry Hill High School East in 2000. After two years at Deep Springs College, Kim transferred to the University of Chicago, where he graduated Phi Beta Kappa in 2004 with a degree in political science.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: During college, Kim was an intern at the United States Agency for International Development. He later received a Rhodes Scholarship and a Harry S. Truman Scholarship to study international relations at Magdalen College, Oxford. At Oxford, Kim became friends with fellow Rhodes scholar Pete Buttigieg, now the U.S. Secretary of Transportation.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim worked at the U.S. State Department. He served in Afghanistan as a civilian adviser to Generals David Petraeus and John R. Allen before working as a national security adviser under President Barack Obama. Kim served as a United States National Security Council official.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: A resident of Bordentown Township, New Jersey, Kim ran against two-term incumbent Republican Tom MacArthur in the November 6, 2018, United States House of Representatives election in New Jersey after advancing from the June Democratic primary.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim was endorsed by Barack Obama, former U.S. Vice President Joe Biden, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy, and actress Piper Perabo. Kim said he was inspired to run in reaction to MacArthur's efforts to repeal the Affordable Care Act.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: During the campaign, MacArthur sought to portray Kim as a D.C. elitist and outsider. In an ad run by the New Jersey Republican Party, Kim was described as "Real Fishy" in Wonton font on a picture of dead fish. The ad was criticized for its racial undertones.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: The race was considered too close to call on election night, but the next night, an influx of absentee ballots in Burlington County, home to the majority of the district's voters, gave Kim a 2,500-vote lead, prompting him to declare victory. MacArthur conceded eight days later. With a margin of victory of fewer than 4,000 votes, or slightly over 1% of votes cast, this was New Jersey's closest congressional race. Kim became the first Asian American U.S. representative from New Jersey, despite running in a predominantly white district that supported Trump in 2016.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim ran for reelection in 2020. In the general election, he faced Republican nominee David Richter, a businessman. Richter originally planned to run against then-Democrat Jeff Van Drew in the second district, but after Van Drew switched parties, Richter decided to run against Kim in the third district. Once again, Kim's district voted for Trump.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Although the race was projected to be close, Kim won by 30,000 votes, even though he had voted to impeach Trump in 2019.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim ran for reelection in the district for the 2022 elections. On November 8th, 2022, the Associated Press called Kim as the winner of the NJ-3 House election.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim's first official action during his tenure was to vote for Nancy Pelosi as United States Speaker of the House, but he voted against her nomination during a November 2018 Democratic caucus meeting. He cited the need to reopen the government amid the ongoing government shutdown for his decision to back Pelosi.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: In February 2019, Kim introduced his first bill, the Strengthening Health Care and Lowering Prescription Drug Costs Act (SAVE Act). In May, the SAVE Act passed the House, 234–183. The bill, designed to lower prescription drug costs and included a provision to prohibit brands from stopping generic versions of drugs from being sold on the market, was not expected to pass the Senate.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: In April 2020, House leadership appointed Kim to the House Select Subcommittee on the Coronavirus crisis.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: As of November 2021, Kim had voted in line with Joe Biden's stated position 100% of the time according to "FiveThirtyEight".


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: Kim supports banning members of Congress from trading stock, saying in December 2021 that he "disagree[d] strongly" with speaker Nancy Pelosi, who defended the practice.


title: Andy Kim (politician)

text: On January 7, 2021, after voting to certify the 2020 presidential election, Kim gained widespread media attention for a photograph of him cleaning up personal belongings left behind by the January 6th demonstrators. He donated the blue suit he wore in the photo to the Smithsonian Institution, which was collecting items from the riot.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak is a city in Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. An inner-ring suburb of Detroit, Royal Oak is about north of Detroit's city limits. As of the 2010 census, the city had a population of 57,236.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak is located along the Woodward Corridor, and is served by Interstate 75 and Interstate 696. The city has one of the largest downtowns in Detroit's suburbs, and is also home to much of the Detroit Zoo, with portions extending into neighboring Huntington Woods.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Early Europeans in this area near Fort Detroit in the 18th century were mostly French. Some traded with the Sauk, Huron, and other Native Americans in the area. After defeating France in the French and Indian War/Seven Years' War, Great Britain obtained New France, including Fort Detroit and environs. Initially part of British Indian Territory, the area became part of the reorganized Province of Quebec in 1774. After the American Revolutionary War, Michigan was transferred to the United States in three phases: 1796, Lower Peninsula; 1818, Upper Peninsula; 1827, Drummond Island, becoming the Northwest Territory, and later, Indiana Territory.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak was named in 1819, during one of the surveying expeditions led by Territorial Governor Lewis Cass. A large oak tree at this small settlement reminded Cass of the story of the Royal Oak, where King Charles II of England, Scotland and Ireland hid to escape capture by the Roundheads after the Battle of Worcester, so he chose that name for the settlement.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak developed as a suburb of Detroit in the early 20th century, following Detroit's booming growth as a result of industrialization and its auto industry.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The Royal Oak Farmers Market opened as a truck market, at the corner of 4th and Troy streets, on October 14, 1925, as a cooperative venture between the then-new City of Royal Oak and Oakland County, Michigan. There were still numerous farmers in the county. The present structure, at the corner of 11 Mile Road and Troy Street, is adjacent to the 44th District Court. It was erected in the spring of 1927 and dedicated July 1 of that year.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: In the 1920s, Father Charles Coughlin, a Canadian Catholic priest who relocated to Detroit, became the founding pastor of the Shrine of the Little Flower, now a prominent landmark in the city. Through his ministry, he raised funds to build the present limestone church complex and tower. Initially he broadcast religious speeches from this site.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: During the 1930s, his broadcasts became more political. He initially supported President Franklin D. Roosevelt, then opposed him and promoted the causes of the fascist leaders of Germany and Italy. The Roosevelt administration closed down his radio operation after the outbreak of World War II, with support from the Catholic hierarchy. Coughlin had developed national political influence and had an increasingly anti-semitic message, at a time when Jewish people were being severely persecuted in Germany.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The downtown originally had a typical mixture of small-scale retail and trade to serve the city of Royal Oak. With the development of the highway system in the postwar period, it lost business to suburban malls. Since the late 1990s and early 2000s, however, Royal Oak's downtown has developed as an entertainment and nightlife destination. A number of large condominiums and lofts have been built in the area, increasing the density of the downtown population. In 2022, the Royal Oak City Council approved the demolition of the historic Main Art Theater, once a symbol of moviegoers in the area.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and (0.08%) is water.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak developed around a river, the Red Run. Vinsetta Boulevard was built skirting a source branch of the Red Run for its median. In the 1930s, Vinsetta's entire median, along with the river and all but the tops of the bridges for the crossing streets were filled in as part of a WPA project during the Great Depression. During 1967–8, the rest of the river in Oakland County was buried within a six-foot drain pipe.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Extensive tree-planting has taken place since the 1930s, leading to the town being nicknamed "The City of Trees", although recent increased developments have caused controversy about the maintenance of the city's urban forest.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 57,236 people, 28,063 households, and 13,394 families living in the city. The population density was . There were 30,207 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.7% White, 4.3% African American, 0.3% Native American, 2.4% Asian American, 0.4% from other races, and 1.9% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 2.3% of the population.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: There were 28,063 households, of which 20.0% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 36.7% were married couples living together, 8.1% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 52.3% were non-families. 41.4% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.7% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.03 and the average family size was 2.82.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The median age in the city was 37.8 years. 16.7% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.6% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 35.9% were from 25 to 44; 26.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 49.0% male and 51.0% female.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 60,062 people, 28,880 households, and 14,440 families living in the city. The population density was 5,083.0 people per square mile (1,961.9/km). There were 29,942 housing units at an average density of 2,534.0 per square mile (978.1/km). The racial makeup of the city was 94.80% White, 1.54% African American, 0.26% Native American, 1.56% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.38% from other races, and 1.40% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.30% of the population.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: There were 28,880 households, out of which 20.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 7.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 50.0% were non-families. 40.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.06 and the average family size was 2.86.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 17.8% under the age of 18, 7.5% from 18 to 24, 38.8% from 25 to 44, 21.0% from 45 to 64, and 14.9% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 37 years. For every 100 females, there were 95.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 92.6 males.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The median income for a household in the city was $52,252, and the median income for a family was $68,109. Males had a median income of $50,562 versus $36,392 for females. The per capita income for the city was $30,990. About 2.0% of families and 4.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 3.4% of those under age 18 and 5.5% of those age 65 or over.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak has a Council–manager government. It is governed by a city commission consisting of a mayor and six commission members. The city commission appoints a city manager, who manages the day-to-day operations of the city.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak has a below-average crime rate, similar to that of nearby middle-class communities, such as Berkley and Madison Heights. Larceny-theft was the most common crime, making up 66.7% of all crimes in the city. Five known murders have been committed since 2000, one in 2004, one in 2005, one in 2010, and two in 2011.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: In 1991, Thomas McIlvane, a postal worker, killed five people in Royal Oak's post office, after being fired from the Postal Service for "insubordination." This incident helped to popularize the term "going postal."


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak's police department has 79 sworn officers and 25 civilian personnel. The department employs community policing techniques.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak has a full-time fire department that operates three stations strategically located around the city to minimize response time to incidents. The ROFD staffs three engines, a ladder truck, and two ALS ambulances daily and is a member of the OAKWAY mutual aid consortium.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak developed initially as a suburb after Detroit boomed as a major industrial city. The predominantly white residents of Detroit began to move to the suburbs for newer housing, and to separate themselves from a burgeoning African American population, in a process referred to as white flight. It had a compact, traditional street-side shopping district, which runs along Main Street and Washington Avenue downtown. During the 2000s, this area was redeveloped with numerous new businesses, and is now considered a trendy, upscale, urban-chic district, featuring restaurants, shopping, and entertainment. A number of mixed-use high-rise developments have been constructed — mostly condo "lofts" with retail and office space on the lower levels.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Points of interest include the Detroit Zoo, a major regional tourist attraction, the William Beaumont Hospital, the Royal Oak Music Theatre, the Baldwin Theatre, Mark Ridley's Comedy Castle, a location of Emagine Entertainment, and shops, cafes, and restaurants.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The National Arbor Day Foundation has awarded Royal Oak the distinction of "Tree City USA" every year since 1976 as a result of the city's commitment to tree planting and preservation.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The Gilda Radner Hereditary Cancer Program is a foundation set up by Detroit-area native Gilda Radner, who is known for her work as a comedian of "Saturday Night Live". In 1998 the Program created a free cancer support community for people with cancer, their families, and friends. Gilda's Club Metro Detroit operates a three-story non-residential house in Royal Oak. It has served more than 3,000 members for social and emotional support through a variety of activities.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Major employers in Royal Oak include William Beaumont Hospital with 7,147 employees, The City of Royal Oak with 465 employees, Royal Oak Public Schools with 482 employees, Oakland Community College with 448 employees, Consumers Energy with 351 employees, Flex-N-Gate with 350 employees, the Detroit Zoo with 301 employees, Holiday Market with 300 employees, and HHI- Form Tech with 290 employees.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The city is served by Royal Oak Neighborhood Schools. Private K-12 education is also offered by Shrine of the Little Flower Catholic Church while nearby St. Mary's offers K-8 instruction. A branch of Oakland Community College is located in the city and a new location of Baker College is nearing the end of construction.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: In recent years Royal Oak has begun to consolidate its public schools in response to a decline in enrollment levels compared to the baby boom era. In 2006, the city's two public high schools, George A. Dondero High School and Clarence M. Kimball High School, were combined into a new Royal Oak High School. Beginning in 2007, the city's two middle schools were combined into one school, Royal Oak Middle School, in the former Dondero building. The number of elementary schools was reduced to six. Some parents protested the planned closure and demolition of Longfellow and Whittier elementary schools. They were seeking to have them considered for historic district recognition by way of signed petition. Despite their efforts, both schools and a number of other former elementary schools were demolished in the fall of 2007.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: The Royal Oak school system gained brief notoriety for an incident following the Trump election. Some middle schoolers chanted "build that wall". A student video of the incident was widely shared on Facebook, attracting more than 4 million views within 24 hours. A week later a noose was found in the 8th grade boys bathroom at the middle school. The student who had placed the noose in the bathroom was removed from the school shortly afterward.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: St. Dennis School of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Detroit was formerly in Royal Oak. It closed in 2011.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Downtown Royal Oak features a wide assortment of nightlife venues, including the Royal Oak Music Theatre and the Baldwin Theatre. Mark Ridley's Comedy Castle, a comedy club, was an early venue for performers such as Tim Allen and Dave Coulier. Allen's connections to Royal Oak would later in his career be alluded to in the sitcom "Home Improvement" as the protagonist's (played by Allen) place of residence.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak encompasses a major span of the Woodward Dream Cruise. The city sponsors ancillary events around the Cruise. It is the site of the Detroit Zoo, one of the region's leading tourist attractions.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: In December 2009 it was announced that the Arts, Beats and Eats festival would be moved from Pontiac to Royal Oak.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: In addition to "The Detroit News" and "Detroit Free Press", regional newspapers serving all of southeast Michigan, the city is served by the "Daily Tribune", "The Oakland Press", the "Royal Oak Review", and "The Mirror".


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Previously Royal Oak had St. Dennis Catholic Church of the Detroit Archdiocese; in 2012 it was in the process of merging into St. Vincent Ferrer Church in Madison Heights. This real estate was later redeveloped as a location of regional grocery story chain Meijer.


title: Royal Oak, Michigan

text: Royal Oak is home to the National Shrine of the Little Flower Basilica, which was declared a national shrine in 1998 by the United States Conference of Catholic Bishops. Later in 2014, Pope Francis granted the National Shrine of the Little Flower the honorary title of ‘Minor Basilica’.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: Googly is a 2013 Indian Kannada language romantic comedy film directed by Pavan Wadeyar and produced by Jayanna Combines, starring Yash and Kriti Kharbanda in the lead roles, while Ananth Nag and Sadhu Kokila play the primary supporting roles. The film released on 19 July 2013. The film was a box office success by receiving highly positive reviews.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: The film won multiple nominations at the 3rd South Indian International Movie Awards. Having been nominated in 11 categories, the film won SIIMA awards for Best Director (Pavan Wadeyar), Best Cinematographer (Vaidi S.), Best Lyricist (Pavan Wadeyar) and Best Fight Choreographer (Ravi Varma). The copyrights for the Bengali remake was sold to Eskay Movies.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: Sharath is a fun-loving engineering student who seldom has any friends because of his unusual attitude, and also hates girls, but likes love and always lives his life as he wishes. One day he is selected to represent his college at the "Global Business Seminar", as he is the topper of his university. When Sharath enters the crowded auditorium, he gets bored with the seminar and falls asleep. When his name is called upon, he is woken up by Swathi who is an MBBS student. Sharath gives his hilarious speech and thanks Swathi for waking him up. By this meet, both of them become close friends and start to love each other. Over a period of time, Sharath starts to suspect every act of Swathi.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: One day, Swathi is injured and things become more complicated when he misunderstands Swathi's friend to be her boyfriend at a hospital where she is undergoing treatment. As a result, Sharath gets annoyed and slaps Swathi. Unlike any guy who'll normally brood over his past girlfriend, Sharath takes this as a challenge and devotes his time to his career, and becomes a huge business tycoon within couple of years. After few years, Sharath realises his mistake of hurting Swathi and tries to reconcile with her by apologizing to her through a phone call on her birthday, but is hurt to hear that Swathi is getting engaged to someone and she never had such feeling for him. Later, he returns to India to attend his friend's wedding in Mangalore, and is surprised to see Swathi and he learns that they both will attend the same wedding.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: Upon further conversation with Swathi, he discovers that Swathi had lied to him regarding her engagement to get rid of him, because she didn't have the strength to be heartbroken again if Sharath would leave her for the second time. Thus, he tries to win her heart again. Swathi later decides to reciprocate it but on their way back home, A North Indian gang, who were thrashed by Sharath for separating two lovers, attacks him. After admitting Sharath in the hospital, Swathi donates her blood to Sharath where Sharath's mother Kousalya scolds Swathi and she leaves without informing anyone. Sharath manages to find her in train station with the support of the media. When she replies she had lost her accessories and ticket in the station, where Sharath tells her that in spite of going through so much pain to find her she is lamenting the loss of something trivial. They reconcile with each other.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: Palaniraj and Ravi Verma choreographed the action scenes, with dance choreography done by Murali. Joshua Sridhar composed the score and soundtrack while ace Kannada music composer and state awardee Anoop Seelin scored the background music. Lyrics were written by Yogaraj Bhat, Jayanth Kaikini, Pavan Wadeyar and Kaviraj.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: Filming took place in the cities of Bengaluru and Mangaluru with the climax scene shot at the railway station in Sakleshpura in Hassan district.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: The soundtrack music for the film was composed by Joshua Sridhar and the background music for the film was scored by Anoop Seelin. The lyrics for the soundtracks were penned by Jayant Kaikini, Yogaraj Bhat, Kaviraj and Pavan Wadeyar. The album consisting of six soundtracks was released on 3 June 2013, in Bangalore.


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: The film opened to generally positive reviews from critics upon release. G. S. Kumar of "The Times of India" reviewed the film and gave a 3.5/5 rating writing, "Armed with a good script, director Pavan Wadeyar has done a good job of a romantic story with neat narration and screenplay capturing the trauma of a young industrialist..." He concludes crediting the performances of Yash, Kharbanda, and the film's music and cinematography. "Bangalore Mirror" in its review wrote, "Wadeyar is in complete control of the proceedings. Though most part of the film focuses on the leading pair, there is hardly a dull moment. His dialogues are brimming with wit and humour." and added, " Yash is at his best and truly establishes himself as a star material in Sandalwood. Kriti’s charm continues and she is sure to 'wound more hearts' in the gallery in this film as well." Writing of "Deccan Herald", B. S. Srivani rated the film 3/5 and praised the performances of the actors and gave a special mention to the film's music. Of the music, she wrote, "the film’s music plays an important part in shoving the aberration aside. Both Anoop Seelin and Joshua Sridhar come up with scintillating scores. That the tunes are catchy and are a rage is not surprising at all. Seelin’s background score is refreshing and complements Joshua’s work nicely."


title: Googly (2013 film)

text: Released on 19 July 2013, "Googly", according to box office reports earned more than a crore on the first day and within the first four days of its release. According to the producer, the film collected gross at the box office in its first week. The film completed a 100-day run in theaters, and grossed at the box office. Satellite rights were sold for .


title: Faustin-Archange Touadéra

text: Faustin-Archange Touadéra (; born 21 April 1957) is a Central African politician and academic who has been President of the Central African Republic since March 2016. He previously was Prime Minister of the Central African Republic from January 2008 to January 2013. In the December 2015 – February 2016 presidential election, he was elected to the presidency in a second round of voting against former Prime Minister Anicet Georges Dologuélé. He was re-elected for a second term on 27 December 2020.


title: Faustin-Archange Touadéra

text: Touadéra was born in Bangui; the son of a driver and a farmer, his family was originally from Damara, to the north of Bangui. He received his secondary education at the Barthelemy Boganda College in Bangui and obtained a baccalaureate in 1976, before attending the University of Bangui and the University of Abidjan. He earned a mathematics doctorate in 1986, supervised by Daniel Gourdin at the Lille University of Science and Technology (Lille I) in France and another doctorate, also in mathematics, which was supervised by Marcel Dossa at the University of Yaoundé I in Cameroon in 2004.


title: Faustin-Archange Touadéra

text: In 1987, he became assistant lecturer of mathematics at the University of Bangui and was vice-dean of the University's Faculty of Science from 1989 to 1992. In the latter year he became director of the teachers' training college. He joined the Inter-State Committee for the Standardisation of Mathematics Programs in the French-speaking countries and the Indian Ocean (CIEHPM) in 1999, serving as the president of the Committee from 2001 to 2003. He became vice chancellor of the University of Bangui in May 2004. Touadéra subsequently served as rector of the university from 2005 to 2008, during which time he launched several key initiatives, such as the entrepreneurship training program and the creation of the Euclid Consortium.


title: Faustin-Archange Touadéra

text: Touadéra was appointed as Prime Minister by President François Bozizé on 22 January 2008, following the resignation of Élie Doté. His government, composed of 29 members—four ministers of state, 17 ministers, and seven minister delegates, along with himself—was appointed on 28 January.


title: Faustin-Archange Touadéra

text: A national dialogue was held in December 2008, and Bozizé then dissolved Touadéra's government on 18 January 2009 in preparation for the formation of a government of national unity. Touadéra was reappointed as Prime Minister on 19 January. Later on the same day, his new 31-minister government was appointed, with only 10 ministers retaining their posts; many former rebels were included in the new lineup to prepare the country for the 2009 local elections and the 2010 presidential and parliamentary polls.