title: Mitch Rapp

text: The movie filmed between the months of September and December 2016, with shooting taking place in London, Rome, Valletta, Phuket, and Birmingham. The action film follows the rise of Rapp (O’Brien), a CIA black ops recruit under the instruction of Cold War veteran Stan Hurley (Michael Keaton). The pair is then enlisted by CIA Deputy Director Irene Kennedy (Sanaa Lathan) to investigate a wave of apparently random attacks on both military and civilian targets. Together, the three discover a pattern in the violence leading them to a joint mission with a lethal Iranian agent (Shiva Negar) to stop a mysterious operative (Taylor Kitsch) intent on starting a World War in the Middle East.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Five-Year Plans () are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949, the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national congresses. The party plays a leading role in establishing the foundations and principles of Chinese communism, mapping strategies for economic development, setting growth targets, and launching reforms.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Planning is a key characteristic of the nominally socialist economies, and one plan established for the entire country normally contains detailed economic development guidelines for all its regions. In order to more accurately reflect China's transition from a Soviet-style command economy to a socialist market economy (socialism with Chinese characteristics), the plans since the 11th Five-Year Plan for 2006 to 2010 have been referred to in Chinese as "guidelines" () instead of as "plans" ().


title: Five-year plans of China

text: China's Five-Year Plans have been praised for their efficiency, capabilities and their importance to rapid economic growth, development, corporate finance and industrial policies.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Having restored a viable economic base, the leadership under Chairman Mao Zedong, Premier Zhou Enlai, and other revolutionary veterans were prepared to embark on an intensive program of industrial growth and socialization. For this purpose, the administration adopted the Soviet economic model, based on state ownership in the modern sector, large collective units in agriculture, and centralized economic planning. The Soviet approach to economic development was manifested in the First Five-Year Plan (1953–1957).


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Accumulated investment in capital construction was 55 billion yuan and fixed asset increments reached 46.05 billion yuan, 1.9 times higher than at the end of 1952. About 595 large and medium-sized projects were completed and put into production, laying the framework of China's industrialization. The gross value of industrial products in 1957 increased 128.6% from 1952.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Agricultural production couldn't keep pace with industrial production. The Plan regarded gross industrial output value accounting for 70% of the gross output value of industry and agriculture and means of production accounting for 60% of the gross industrial output value as indicators of industrial modernization, which ignored the development agriculture in some sense.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In addition, investments in capital construction in 1956 totaled 14.735 billion yuan, increasing 70% over the previous year. Fiscal expenditure in the form of infrastructure loans rose to 48% from 30% from 1955, putting a strain on the national budget as a result.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: As in the Soviet economy, the main objective was a high rate of economic growth, with primary emphasis on industrial development at the expense of agriculture and particular concentration on heavy industry and capital-intensive technology. Soviet planners helped their Chinese counterparts formulate the plan. Large numbers of Soviet engineers, technicians, and scientists assisted in developing and installing new heavy industrial facilities, including entire plants and pieces of equipment purchased from the Soviet Union.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Government control over industry was increased during this period by applying financial pressures and inducements to convince owners of private, modern firms to sell them to the state or convert them into joint public-private enterprises under state control. By 1956, approximately 67.5% of all modern industrial enterprises were state owned, and 32.5% were under joint public-private ownership, with no privately owned firms remaining. During the same period, the handicraft industries were organized into cooperatives, which accounted for 91.7% of all handicraft workers by 1956.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Agriculture also underwent extensive organizational changes. To facilitate the mobilization of agricultural resources, improve the efficiency of farming, and increase government access to agricultural products, the authorities encouraged farmers to organize cooperative farming, starting in 1953. Since traditional family farming practices were not sufficient to bankroll the country's ambitious industrialization projects, party officials encouraged families to pool their farms into small cooperatives in order to increase farm yields. Unlike the large scale collective farming policies which began in 1958, the cooperatives were successful and popular. Local parties representatives, such as Geng Xiufeng, largely met support from local farmers By the end of 1955 almost 2/3, about 60%, of all Chinese farmers were engaged in cooperative farming. Farming families, who previously engaged largely in subsistence farming, now began raising and selling livestock based on the increase in grain surpluses, which was directly responsible for the practices popularity and rapid rate of enrollment. Central committee planning dictated that from the loosely structured, tiny mutual aid teams, villages were to advance first to lower-stage, agricultural producers' cooperatives, in which families still received some income on the basis of the amount of land they contributed, and eventually to advanced cooperatives, or collectives beginning in 1958 with the second Five Year Plan. In the agricultural producers' cooperatives, income shares were designed to be based only on the amount of labor contributed. In reality, small farming markets that revolved around cooperative surpluses, sprang up across the nation. The land reforms from 1949 to 1951 increased private land ownership, with typical results increasing land ownership of farmers from just under one acre to approximately three acres. The cooperative process, began in 1953, accelerated quickly, slowly from 1955 to 1956. By 1957 about 93.5% of all farm households had joined producers' cooperatives.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In terms of economic growth, the First Five-Year Plan was quite successful, especially in those areas emphasized by the Soviet-style development strategy. A solid foundation was created in heavy industry. Key industries, including iron and steel manufacturing, coal mining, cement production, electricity generation, and machine building were greatly expanded and were put on a firm, modern technological footing. Thousands of industrial and mining enterprises were constructed, including 156 major facilities. Industrial production increased at an average annual rate of 19% between 1952 and 1957, and national income grew at a rate of 9% a year.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Despite the lack of state investment in agriculture, agricultural output increased substantially, averaging increases of about 4% a year. This growth resulted primarily from gains in efficiency brought about by the reorganization and cooperation achieved through cooperative farming. As the First Five-Year Plan wore on, however, Chinese leaders became increasingly concerned over the relatively sluggish performance of agriculture and the inability of state trading companies to increase significantly the amount of grain procured from rural units for urban consumption, and for funding the many large urban industrialization projects.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Political Bureau of the CPC had determined that gross value of agricultural products should increase 270%; in fact, the gain was a considerably more modest 35%. The country saw increases in capital construction over those observed during the first Five-Year Plan and also saw significant increases in industry (doubling output value) and income (workers and farmers, increase by as much as 30%).


title: Five-year plans of China

text: However, the Great Leap Forward, which diverted millions of agricultural workers into industry, and the great sparrow campaign, which led to an infestation of locusts, as well as unprecedented natural and weather based issues, caused a huge decrease in food production. Simultaneously, rural officials, under huge pressure to meet their quotas, vastly overstated how much grain was available. Thus, a massive nationwide famine ensued.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In 1960–61, attempts were made to redirect twenty million workers into agricultural production and to reallocate investment into those industrial sectors that could further support agriculture. This shift was in sharp contrast to the rapid industrialization seen in the first five-year plan.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Third Plan was originally due early in 1963, but at that time China's economy was too dislocated, as a result of the failure of the Great Leap Forward and four poor harvests to permit any planned operations. Research and study into the elements of this Plan started in early 1964. The Plan contained two comparatively detailed schemes: one was the Preliminary Tentative Plan of the 3rd Five-year Plan (1966–1970) proposed by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the Central Government Work Meeting in May 1964; the other was the Report Syllabus about the Arrangement of the 3rd Five-year Plan drawn out by the State Planning Commission and agreed by the central government in September 1965.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Plan also called for the prioritization of national defense in the light of a possible big war, actively preparing for conflicts and speeding up construction in three key areas; national defense, science and technology, and industry and transport infrastructure.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The outputs of other newly added major products were 68.06 million tons of coal; 8.60 million kilowatts of electricity; 27.77 million tons of petroleum; 6.53 million tons of steels; 35.90 million tons of iron ore; 2.44 million tons of synthesized ammonia; 2.04 million tons of fertilizers; 15.33 million tons of cement; 187,000 tons of plastics; 3.22 million tons of cotton spindles; 12,300 tons of chemical fibers; 3,894 kilometers of newly constructed railways and 31,223 kilometers of newly constructed highways were put into operation; and handling capacity of the coastal harbors were over 11.91 million tons.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: This plan was more successful than anticipated, with the industrial and agricultural goals exceed by 14.1% and industrial gross output value goals by 21.1%. Agricultural gains also exceeded goals, but more moderately, with a 2.2% rise above expectations. According to the Official Portal of the Chinese Government, however, the focus on accumulation and rapid development in this and preceding plans were impediments to long-term economic development.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In July 1973, the State Planning Commission amended the draft, lowering some of the targets initially set. Steel output was reduced to between 32 and 35 million tons and later further reduced to 30 million tons. The national economy took a favorable turn in 1972 and 1973. By 1973, all major economic indices had been fulfilled or exceeded, making it the year with the fastest economic growth.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The central government stipulated the 1976–1985 Ten Year Plan Outline of Developing National Economy (Draft) in 1975, which included the 5th Five-Year Plan.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In March 1978, the Ten Year Development Outline was amended because the original version in 1975 stipulated that by 1985, steel and petroleum outputs should reach 60 and 250 million tons respectively, and 120 large projects, including 10 steel production bases, nine non-ferrous metal bases, eight coal bases and 10 oil and gas fields, should be built. To achieve these goals, the government would invest 70 billion yuan in infrastructure construction, equaling total national investment over the previous 28 years. These were impossible targets and ran counter to economic development rules.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Plan put forward suggestions to set up an independent and comparatively complete industrial system and national economic system from 1978 to 1980.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: With the implementation of the Plan, considerable success was achieved. In 1977, the gross output value of industry and agriculture reached 505.5 billion yuan, 4.4% above-target and representing an increase of 10.4% compared with the previous year. Gross domestic product for 1978 reached 301 billion yuan, an increase of 12.3% compared with 1977, and an increase of 19.4% compared with 1976.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: However, during this period, the Chinese economy developed too quickly, and the very high goals triggered the onset of yet another round of mistakes. In December 1978, the Third Plenary Session of the 11th Communist Party Central Committee shifted the work focus of the Communist Party to modernization. The Session emphasized that the development should follow economic rules and proposed readjustment and reform measures, which indicated that national economic development had entered a new phase, one of exploration and development. In April 1979, the central government formally put forward new principles of readjustment, reform, rectification and improvement.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Note: This Summary was prepared by the China Daily newspaper, owned directly by the Chinese Communist Party


title: Five-year plans of China

text: This Plan took some time to draft. It was first planned as part of the "Ten Year National Economic Development Plan Outline for 1976–1985." In February 1980, the State Council decided to redraft the country's mid- and long-term plans. It convened a seminar to discuss the compilation of the 6th Five-Year Plan. To that end, the State Planning Commission and related departments also carried out extensive research and calculation work on the compilation of the Plan, and organized related experts to conduct scientific appraisals. The 1982 national planning meeting was again mainly focused on the drafting of the Plan. It was only in December that year that the fifth meeting of the Fifth National People's Congress officially ratified the Plan.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: It was a more comprehensive plan compared to its predecessors since it adjusted and set national economic development onto a more stable and healthy track, with general objectives to:


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Alternatively, several negative results included a disproportionately high fixed asset ratio, rapid growth in consumption and fiscal over-supply. All of this negatively impacted the economy's stability and growth.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In March 1986, the State Council submitted "The 7th Five Year Plan for National Economic and Social Development of the People's Republic of China, 1986–1990" to the Fourth Session of the Sixth National People's Congress for review and ratification. It was the first time in China's history that an all-round plan for social and economic development was created at the start of a new five-year plan.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: In March 1991, the fourth session of the Seventh National People's Congress (NPC) approved the State Council's Report entitled "The Ten-year Layout for National Economy and Social Development and 8th Five-Year Plan". Under Deng Xiaoping's leadership, this Plan marked the start of a new phase in China's development.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The national economy maintained its growth momentum during this time. Gross national product in 1995 reached 5.76 trillion yuan ($730 billion), 4.3 times higher than that in 1980.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Outputs of coal, cement, TV, foodstuff, cotton and cotton dresses were the highest in the world, with steel and chemical fiber outputs second, and electricity supply third.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: China's economy experienced an annual growth of 11%, 4 percentage points higher than that during the 7th Five-Year planning period.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Total investment in fixed assets during this time hit 3.89 trillion yuan, with an annual growth rate of 17.9%, 13.6 percentage points higher than the previous planning period. Of these, state-owned units’ investments saw an annual growth of 22.9%, much higher than the average growth of 4.1% previously.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: 845 large and medium-sized infrastructure projects were completed and put into production, as were 374 technical innovation projects. In terms of transportation infrastructure, 5,800 kilometers of trunk railway, 3,400 kilometers of double-track lines, and 2,600 kilometers of electrified railway were built. Road lengths were increased by 105,000 kilometers, including 1,600 kilometers of highway.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The throughput of ports increased by 138 million tons and 12 new airports were built. 100,000 kilometers of long-distance trunk cable were finished, and the number of telephone switchboards increased to 58.95 million sets. Total installed generation capacity was increased to 75 million kilowatts, and annual electricity supply grew by 9%.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Output value of the primary industry increased at an annual growth rate of 4.1%, the secondary industry at a rate of 17.3%, and the tertiary industry at a rate of 9.5%. Output composition of the three sectors stood at 20.3: 47.7:32.0; it was 28.4:43.1:28.5 at the end of the 6th, and 27.1:41.6:31.3 at the end of the 7th Five-Year Program periods respectively.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Significant achievements were also made in the reform of the economic system. The new financial system with tax decentralization at its core, and the new tax system with value-added tax as its main component, were set up. Policy finance and commercial finance were gradually separated. A macro regulating system emerged, and the market started to play a more major role in resource allocation. Also mapped out were the beginnings of a dominant public sector.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: More than 1,100 cities at county level were opened to the outside world, and 13 bonded zones and other a lot of economic development zones were set up.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Foreign trade developed at an astonishing pace with total trade volume reaching US$1.0145 trillion, at an annual growth rate of 19.5%, higher than the 12.8% and 10.6% growth rates during the 6th and 7th Five-Year periods respectively. The value of annual export volume was 100 billion yuan, accounting for 3% of the world's commodity trade.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Foreign exchange reserves reached US$73.6 billion, 5.6 times higher than that at the end of the 7th Five-Year period.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Major improvements were also made to people's lives. Per capita income was 1,578 yuan in 1995 ($230). Retail sales reached 6.7275 trillion yuan, representing an annual growth rate of 10.6% as compared to 3.3% during the 7th Five-Year period. Savings deposit balances in urban and rural areas reached 3 trillion yuan, 2 trillion higher than at the end of the previous planning period.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Per capita floor space of newly built houses in urban and rural areas reached 4.3 billion square meters. At the end of 1994, rural residents' per capita living space was 20.5 square meters, and 7.7 square meters for urban residents.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: China registered an increase of 50 million in terms of social labor forces, including 37.4 million in the urban areas. The population of the extreme poor decreased from 85 million at the end of the 1980s to 65 million in 1995.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Population control was achieved during this period, with growth rates dropping from 14.4% in 1990 to 10.6% in 1995. Rates of radio and TV population coverage reached 78.7% and 84.8% respectively, 4 and 5% respectively higher than in 1990.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Fifth Plenary Session of the 14th CPC Central Committee adopted the Proposal on the Ninth Five-Year Plan on National Economy and Social Development and Long-Range Objectives to the Year 2010 on 28 September 1995. It was the first medium-length plan made under a socialist market economy, and a cross-century development strategy.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The basic tasks stipulated in the Plan were to complete the second phase in the modernization drive; to cap population growth at 300 million by 2000; to quadruple per capita GNP as compared to 1980; to eliminate poverty; and to speed up the establishment of a modern enterprise system.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Long-range objectives to the year 2010 were to double 2000's GNP; and to continue to build the socialist market economic system.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: On the environmental front, to increase forest coverage to 18.2%, and the urban green rate to 35%. The total amount of major urban and rural pollutants discharged will be reduced by 10% as compared with 2000, and more measures would be taken to protect and save natural resources.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Plan also set out to increase the growth rates of disposable income of urban residents and the net income of rural residents to five percent each. In addition, objectives were set to increase housing floor space per urban resident to 22 sq m by 2005, and to install 40% of all households in China with cable TV.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: According to draft guidelines submitted to the 2006 National People's Congress session, the goals of the Eleventh Five-Year Guideline were:


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Twelfth Five-Year Guideline was debated in mid-October 2010 at the fifth plenary session of the 17th Central Committee of the Chinese Communist Party, the same session in which Xi Jinping was selected as Vice Chairman of the Central Military Commission. A full proposal for the plan was released following the plenum and approved by the National People's Congress on 14 March 2011, with the goals of addressing rising inequality and creating an environment for more sustainable growth by prioritizing more equitable wealth distribution, increased domestic consumption, and improved social infrastructure and social safety nets.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The plan is representative of China's efforts to rebalance its economy, shifting emphasis from investment towards consumption and development from urban and coastal areas toward rural and inland areas – initially by developing small cities and greenfield districts to absorb coastal migration. The plan also continues to advocate objectives set out in the Eleventh Five-Year Plan to enhance environmental protection, accelerate the process of opening and reform, and emphasize Hong Kong's role as a center of international finance.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The targets for the Twelfth Five-Year Guideline in 2011 were to grow of GDP by around 8%, 7% annual growth of per capita income, spend 2.2% of GDP on research and development by 2015, bring the population below 1.39 billion by 2015, readjust income distribution to stop the yawning gap, firmly curb excessive rise of housing prices, implement prudent monetary policy, intensify anti-corruption efforts, accelerate economic restructuring, and deal with the complex situations in development in 2011.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Among the other highlights of draft plan distributed to the media prior to the opening of the Fourth Session of the 11th NPC are:


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The 14th Five-Year Plan was drafted during the fifth plenum of the 19th Central Committee held from 26 to 29 October 2020. Han Wenxiu, the deputy director of the Office of the Central Finance and Economic Commission, said Chinese leader Xi Jinping had personally led the drafting process through multiple meetings of the Politburo, its standing committee, and the drafting panel that he headed.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The plan was drafted against the backdrop of worsening China–United States relations and the COVID-19 pandemic, which caused China's economy to shrink in the first quarter of 2020 – the first time in 44 years. The plan includes:


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Broadly outlined in late October 2020, the new plan aims at China becoming a "moderately developed" economy by 2035 with a per capita GDP of about US$30,000, nearly three times the 2020 level. It anticipates future growth as largely based on domestic consumption of goods and services, and aims to reduce disparities between urban and rural living standards. The plan includes the "peaceful development" of relations with Taiwan, considered "a rebel province and part of Chinese territory." The Chinese Government also wishes to expand its role in the economy by implementing market restrictions, furthering the implementation of the Belt and Road Initiative.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Economists expect the plan's target growth rate for the period to exceed five percent annually. The 2021–2025 plan is anticipated to have aggressive goals on sustainable energy in order to reach China's announced goals of carbon neutrality by no later than 2060.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: Recommendations regarding the development of up to 60 gigawatts hydropower capacity on the Yarlung Tsangbo.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The plan aims to increase China's scientific and technical capabilities. China aims to make "major breakthroughs in core technologies".


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The plan aims to increase R&D spending every year by 7%, with the proportion of that going to basic research increasing from 6% to more than 8%. and aid the development of real-world applications by fostering closer links between business, industry, and academia – historically such links have been weak. Businesses will be encouraged to invest in R&D through tax incentives.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The plan aims to boost quantum information and computing, brain science, semiconductors, seed industry, genetic research, regenerative medicine, biotechnology, clinical medicine and health, and deep space, deep sea and polar exploration.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: The Chinese government added that it would increase spending on basic research (that is, studies of potential breakthroughs) by 10.6 percent in 2021, and would create a 10-year research strategy.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: China still is unable to independently develop advanced semiconductors that match the performance of those made in Taiwan or South Korea. Acknowledging the challenges that lay ahead, influential officials, entrepreneurs, and academics have evoked the “patriotic spirit of scientists” and called on Chinese students and entrepreneurs to “gnaw on the hard bones” to help China build an independent, controllable semiconductor supply chain.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: China has more than 7,200 licensed seed companies but few have the capability for innovation. Tang Renjian, Minister of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, said the ministry is studying a plan to help its animal and plant breeding sector close the gap with foreign countries.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: About a trillion dollars of government funding have been set aside under the technology initiative, part of which will be used by central and local governments to jointly invest in a series of third-generation chip projects, according to people with knowledge of the matter.


title: Five-year plans of China

text: “For our country, technology and innovation is not just a matter of growth,” Liu He told a three-story auditorium packed with China's top scientists in a separate meeting in May 2021. “It's also a matter of survival.”


title: Maria (given name)

text: It has its origin as the feminine form of the Roman name "Marius" (see Maria gens), and, after Christianity has spread across the Roman empire, it became the Latinised form of the name of Miriam: Mary, mother of Jesus.


title: Maria (given name)

text: "Maria" (Greek: Μαρία) is a form of the name used in the New Testament, standing alongside "Mariam" (Μαριάμ). It reflects the Syro-Aramaic name "Maryam", which is in turn derived from the Biblical Hebrew name "Miriam". As a result of their similarity and syncretism, the Latin original name "Maria" and the Hebrew-derived "Maria" combined to form a single name.


title: Maria (given name)

text: The name is also sometimes used as a male (middle) name. This was historically the case in many Central Europe countries and still is the case in countries with strong Catholic traditions, where it signified patronage of the Virgin Mary (French-speakers often did the same with "Marie").


title: Maria (given name)

text: "Maria" was a frequently given name in southern Europe even in the medieval period. In addition to the simple name, there arose a tradition of naming girls after specific titles of Mary, feast days associated with Mary and specific Marian apparitions (such as "Maria de los Dolores", "Maria del Pilar", "Maria del Carmen" etc., whence the derived given names of "Dolores", "Pilar", "Carmen" etc.). By contrast, in northern Europe the name only rose to popularity after the Reformation.


title: Maria (given name)

text: Because the name is so frequent in Christian tradition, a tradition of giving compound names has developed, with a number of such compounds themselves becoming very popular. Examples, among numerous others, include:


title: Maria (given name)

text: As a feminine given name, "Maria" ranked 109th in the United States as of 2015, down from rank 31 held during 1973–1975.


title: Maria (given name)

text: Spelling variants of "Maria" include: "Mária" (Hungarian, Slovakian), "María" (Greek, Icelandic, Spanish), "Máire" and "Muire" (Irish), "Marya" and "Marija" (transliterated from Cyrillic), "Maria" (Polish). Due to a very strong devotion of Irish and Polish Catholics to the Blessed Virgin Mary, a special exception is made for two other forms of her name – "Muire" and "Maryja": no one else may take that name, similar to the way the name "Jesus" is not used in most languages. The English form "Mary" is derived via French "Marie".


title: Maria (given name)

text: A great number of hypocoristic forms are in use in numerous languages. Cyrillic "Maryam" and "Miriam" have numerous variants, such as


title: Maria (given name)

text: Cyrillic has Марыя ("Marýja") (Belarusian), Марија ("Marija") (Serbian, Macedonian), and Мария ("Maríja") (Russian, Bulgarian).


title: Maria (given name)

text: The variant "Mariah" (usually pronounced ) was rarely given in the United States prior to the 1990s, when it bounced in popularity, from rank 562 in 1989 to rank 62 in 1998, in imitation of the name of singer Mariah Carey (whose "Vision of Love" topped the charts in 1990).


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Raveena Aurora (born September 30, 1993) mononymously known as Raveena, is an American singer-songwriter. She gained a following after her first debut EP, "Shanti", was released independently in 2017. Her first album, "Lucid", was released independently in 2019 and distributed through Empire Distribution which rose to critical acclaim. In 2020, she released her second EP, "Moonstone". After signing to Warner Records, she released her second album, "Asha's Awakening", on February 11, 2022 and was met with positive reviews from critics.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Raveena Aurora was born on September 30, 1993 in Massachusetts to Indian Punjabi immigrants and grew up in both Queens, Stamford, Connecticut and moved and grew up in New York when she was 17. Her family immigrated to Queens from Punjab, India, after the 1984 anti-Sikh riots in which her maternal uncle was killed, and her family's business was burned down. She was raised in a traditional Sikh household. As a child, she started writing poetry. She became exposed to R&B, Soul, Jazz and Folk music in middle school, which piqued her interest in music and influenced her musical style later in life.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: At the age of 11, she started singing and would sing in the bathroom for hours a day, also studying on how to use her voice and use it as an instrument. Her first performance was at sixth grade in a talent show where she performed "Colors of the Wind" from "Pocahontas". Soon her passion eventually became a decision to pursue music professionally. She said, "I was pretty set on it, honestly. Since I was really young, I knew that there weren’t any other options for me." Although her parents were initially "very hesitant" that she wanted to purse a music career, they were always supportive of her developing her skills in music. She has stated that her father was interested in Indian Instruments such the harmonium and tabla and kept that in their house. At the age of 12, she wrote her first song and at age of 13, Aurora began songwriting and consequently started experimenting music with different genres. She studied at New York University Tisch School of the Arts.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Aurora mentioned that she would always audition for Broadway musicals but she said that "there were no roles for little Indian girls". She also mentioned that people told her many times that she can't be expected to sign a record deal if she was an Indian woman and them saying that "It's not gonna work", but she said that "It never became about signing a deal at that point. I was just like, 'I don't need to rely on these things, it's gonna work if it's meant to happen.'" She would also sing for church services. When she was 18, Aurora independently released her first single and music video, "Grey Eyes" on December 4, 2012 in YouTube. Along with her old EP, "Where We Wander" which was released independently on February 19, 2013 but she later made them private.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: During her beginning of her career, she was denied by multiple record labels. She said, "I would have label meetings and people would be like 'we can't sign you, you’re brown', to my face they would tell me 'there's no space for you.' I was forced to build the infrastructure myself. I hope that the people who have control over that infrastructure start to support marginalized artists really early on. It's such a hard phase when you're in it, and it breaks a lot of people."


title: Raveena Aurora

text: She worked many full-time jobs, like nannying or even had worked at her first job in American Apparel as a sales associate and saved to spend her money to self-fund her music projects. When she was 21, she met and started working with record producer Everett Orr in 2015. She and Orr continued releasing singles "You Give Me That", "Johnny It's the Last Time" and "Something's Gotta Give" on SoundCloud in 2016. She amassed a sizable online following after the release of her first EP, "Shanti" in December 2017. "Shanti" explored themes of self-love and healing, and blended R&B, soul, and jazz music. Her debut EP drew praise from Sidney Madden of NPR for her "cool delivery and chill-inducing falsetto runs" and "astute songwriting chops". She directed several of her own music videos where she displayed her Indian heritage and "rich interiority of women of color like herself". The third track of the EP, "No Better" is included as a soundtrack for the 2020 romantic drama film, "All My Life".


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Aurora performed her 2018 single "If Only" on the global music platform, COLORS, in January 2018 in which her popularity rapidly increased. On June 6, 2018, Aurora announced in social media her first headling tour, "Woman is Holy Tour", a reference to her own lyric from the 2018 single "If Only".


title: Raveena Aurora

text: In the summer of 2018, she was included in ModCloth's "Say It Louder" campaign, which aimed to celebrate individuality and strong female icons in music. She was featured alongside other outspoken female musicians like Lizzo, Awkwafina and Hayley Kiyoko. In November 2018, she performed at Tyler, The Creator's Camp Flog Gnaw Carnival.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: In March 2019, Aurora co-headlined the Java Jazz Festival in Jakarta, Indonesia, with H.E.R and Toto.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: On May 31, 2019, she released her debut album "Lucid", distributed through Empire Distribution. Lyrically, she explored sensuality, healing from trauma, and spirituality; through tracks like "Stronger" and "Salt Water", she opened up about her experience as a sexual assault and abuse survivor between the age of 17 and 22. "Lucid" was met with very positive reviews. Sidney Madden of NPR described "Lucid" as "comforting but nuanced, balancing cultures old and new by mashing up contemporary R&B with traditions from the South Asian diaspora". In a track review for the penultimate track, "Petal", Vrinda Jagota from Pitchfork wrote: "over the course of 12 songs, her sound becomes bolder and clearer, finding strength in everything from sun showers to her mother’s resilience to her own femininity and womanhood". To support her album, Aurora announced in social media that she embarked on her second headlined tour, "Lucid Tour", in June 14, 2019. "Lucid" was named one of the "Best Albums of 2019" by NPR. Aurora's 2019 single "Stronger" was named one of the "100 Best Songs of 2019" by Noisey.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: On February 7, 2020, Aurora released her second four-track EP, "Moonstone" through Empire Distribution and Moonstone Recordings LLC, her own label. It was released after a week of her single, "Headaches". The EP blends psychedelic indie pop with soul, she explores past relationships and her own identity.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: In 2022, she signed to Warner Records and she announced her sophomore album, "Asha's Awakening", in January 2022. The record was created as a concept album from the perspective of a Punjabi space princess. The release was preceded by the singles "Rush" and "Secret," with the latter featuring American rapper Vince Staples. "Asha's Awakening" was released on February 11, 2022 and received acclaim from music critics. Eric Torres from "Pitchfork" said that it is "a throat-clearing moment for the singer, drawing on both Western and South Asian inspirations and collaborations for a blend of dance-friendly R&B songs and soothing ballads, each of which stands on her distinctive, quiet strength." "Asha's Awakening" was included as the "Best Albums of 2022 So Far" by Rolling Stone and also by Clash and NPR. "Rush" was included as the "The Best Songs of 2022 So Far" by "Rolling Stone". On December 1, 2022, "Asha's Awakening" was included in "Rolling Stone"'s "The 100 Best Albums of 2022" and ranked in 84.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: To promote "Asha's Awakening", Aurora embarked on an "Asha's Awakening" national tour that lasted from 15 April 2022 to May 28, 2022. She headlined of the 2022 Coachella Music Festival. She became the first woman of Indian descent to perform as a solo artist at Coachella Music Festival.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: On November 5, 2022, she announced that she embarked a Latin America Tour where she performed at Primavera in Brazil, Buenos Aires and Chile. She also performed at Corona Capital in Mexico City and would perform at Lollapalooza India in Mumbai, India in January 2023.


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Aurora cites Asha Puthli as one of her greatest inspiration and influence, she grew up listening to Bollywood soundtracks.When she was 8 years old, she was first introduced to the music of singers Ella Fitzgerald and Billie Holiday. Her other influences that she drew heavy inspirations are Nina Simone, Minnie Riperton, Corinne Bailey Rae, Sade, rock band Fleetwood Mac, Stevie Wonder, D'Angelo. and Björk. She also grew up listening to Indian musicians Asha Bhosle, Lata Mangeshkar and Ravi Shankar. When writing for "Lucid", Feist, Sade, Kadhja Bonet, Asha Puthli and Björk were her influences for her album. She cited the British-Sri Lankan rapper M.I.A. as an influence as during her teenage years, she only had M.I.A. that represent "some version of herself". She focused and watched her go to mainstream music, M.I.A. showed and proven Aurora that it was possible for her to go to mainstream as well. Speaking to NME, she said that "When I saw someone like M.I.A. go mainstream, I thought this is a path I could potentially take." When she started listening to Billie Holiday and Ella Fitzgerald, they inspired her to be a singer, saying, "Once I heard their voices, I was hooked, there was no turning back. I really fell in love with the voice and how to use it and study it and be as expressive with it as possible."


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Aurora has been described as a R&B, soul, jazz, experimental, contemporary R&B and pop singer. She stated that she had always found songwriting to be a form of catharsis. Her lyrics refer to heartbreaks, hardships, and mental struggles. Before making "Shanti", she said, "I wrote hundreds and hundreds and hundreds of songs before my first project. Good songwriting is the heart of any person’s success, so I felt like the only thing I could do is write good songs to prove myself."


title: Raveena Aurora

text: Aurora is Indian American. She is openly bisexual. She is spiritual as she regularly reads Buddhist, Sikh and Hindu texts. She also focuses on meditation and mindfulness.


title: German name

text: Personal names in German-speaking Europe consist of one or several given names ("Vorname", plural "Vornamen") and a surname ("Nachname, Familienname").


title: German name

text: The "Vorname" is usually gender-specific. A name is usually cited in the "Western order" of "given name, surname", unless it occurs in an alphabetized list of surnames, e.g. "Bach, Johann Sebastian".


title: German name

text: In this, the German conventions parallel the naming conventions in most of Western and Central Europe, including English, Dutch, Italian, and French. There are some vestiges of a patronymic system as they survive in parts of Eastern Europe and Scandinavia, but these do not form part of the official name.


title: German name

text: Women traditionally adopted their husband's name upon marriage and would occasionally retain their maiden name by hyphenation, in a so-called "Doppelname", e.g. "Else Lasker-Schüler". Recent legislation motivated by gender equality now allows a married couple to choose the surname they want to use, including an option for men to keep their birthname hyphenated to the common family name in the same way. It is also possible for the spouses to do without a common surname altogether and to keep their birthnames.


title: German name

text: The most common given names are either Biblical ("Christian", derived from names of Biblical characters or saints; "Johann/Hans" "John", "Georg/Jörg" "George", "Jakob" "Jacob" and "James"; "Anna", "Maria", "Barbara", "Christina") or from Germanic names ("Friedrich" "Frederick", "Ludwig" "Louis", etc.) Since the 1990s, there has however been a trend of parents picking non-German forms of names, either for originality, or influenced by international celebrities, e.g. "Liam" (Gaelic form of "William") rather than the German equivalent "Wilhelm."


title: German name

text: Most surnames are derived either from occupations, or from geographical origin, less often from bodily attributes. They became heritable with the beginning of central demographic records in the early modern period.


title: German name

text: The "Vorname" (in English "forename") is usually given to a child by the parents shortly after birth. It is common to give a child several "Vornamen" (forenames), one of them intended for everyday use and known as the "Rufname" ("appellation name" or "call name").


title: German name

text: This "Rufname" is often underlined on official documents, as it is sometimes the second or third name in the sequence of given names on official record, even though it is the given name in daily use from childhood. For example, in the resume submitted by mathematician Emmy Noether to Erlangen University in 1907,


title: German name

text: the underlining of "Emmy" communicates that this is the "Rufname", even though it is the second of two official given names.


title: German name

text: In Germany, the chosen name must be approved by the local Standesamt (civil registry office). Although a 1980 law previously stated that the name must indicate the gender of the child, a 2008 court ruling unanimously upheld the right of parents to decide their child's name, stating that the only legal limitation is that the name does not negatively affect the well-being of the child.


title: German name

text: Among German nobility, a fashion arose in the early modern period to give a large number of forenames, often six or more. This fashion was to some extent copied by the bourgeois class, but subsided again after the end of the 19th century, so that while two or three forenames remain common, a larger number is now rare.


title: German name

text: Johann Friedrich "Konrad" Carl Eduard Horst Arnold Matthias, Prince of Saxe-Meiningen, Duke of Saxony (b. 1952), "Ernst August" Albert Paul Otto Rupprecht Oskar Berthold Friedrich-Ferdinand Christian-Ludwig, Prince of Hanover (b. 1954), "Christian" Heinrich Clemens Paul Frank Peter Welf Wilhelm-Ernst Friedrich Franz Prince of Hanover and Dukelin, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg (b. 1985).


title: German name

text: Traditionally, there are dialectal differences between the regions of German-speaking Europe, especially visible in the forms of hypocorisms.


title: German name

text: These differences are still perceptible in the list of most popular names, even though they are marginalized by super-regional fashionable trends:


title: German name

text: As of 2012, the top ten given names of Baden-Württemberg (Southern Germany) and of Schleswig-Holstein (Northern Germany) share the entries "Ben, Paul, Finn, Luca, Max" (male), "Mia, Emma, Lea, Leonie, Anna, Lena, Hanna", while Schleswig-Holstein retains the traditionally northern (Low German) forms "Lasse" (male) and "Neele" (female) in the top ten.


title: German name

text: Surnames ("family name"; "Nachname", "Familienname") were gradually introduced in German-speaking Europe during the Late Middle Ages. Many of such surnames are derived from nicknames. They are generally classified into four groups by derivation:


title: German name

text: given names, occupational designations, bodily attributes, and toponyms (including references to named buildings). Also, many family names display characteristic features of the dialect of the region they originated in.


title: German name

text: The preposition "von" ("of") was used to distinguish nobility; for example, if someone was baron of the village of Veltheim, his family name would be "von Veltheim". In modern times, people who were elevated to nobility often had a 'von' added to their name. For example, Johann Wolfgang Goethe had his name changed to "Johann Wolfgang von Goethe". This practice ended with the abolition of the monarchy in Germany and Austria in 1919. Sometimes "von" is also used in geographical names that are not noble, as in "von Däniken".


title: German name

text: With family names originating locally, many names display particular characteristics of the local dialects, such as the south German, Austrian and Swiss diminutive endings "-l" "-el", "-erl", "-le" or "-li" as in "Kleibl", "Schäuble" or "Nägeli" (from 'Nagel', nail). The same is true for regional variants in the naming of professions. While a barrel-maker from Hamburg may have been called "Böttcher", a Bavarian could easily have been called "Schäffler".


title: German name

text: The surnames of the German Jews are a special case, as they were introduced later, in the late 18th to early 19th century, per "fiat". The Prussian authorities imposed made-up and sometimes derogatory names. For instance, the name "Waldlieferant" (lit.: forest supplier) was "created" to ridicule a Jewish timber trader. Even way more offensive expressions ("Afterduft"; lit.: anus odor) were in use. This is by no means the rule, though; on the contrary, those surnames most quickly recognized as probably Jewish in origin are distinctly poetical ones, probably as they were made-up choices by the people themselves (e.g. "Rosenzweig").


title: German name

text: Immigration, often sponsored by local authorities, also brought foreign family names into the German-speaking regions. Depending on regional history, geography and economics, many family names have French, Dutch, Italian, Hungarian or Slavic (e.g. Polish) origins. Sometimes they survived in their original form; in other cases, the spelling would be adapted to German (the Slavic ending "ic" becoming the German or or Baltic "-kis" becoming "-ke"). Over time, the spelling often changed to reflect native German pronunciation ("Sloothaak" for the Dutch "Sloothaag"); but some names, such as those of French Huguenots settling in Prussia, retained their spelling but with the pronunciation that would come naturally to a German reading the name: "Marquard", pronounced in French, ended up being pronounced much like the German "Markwart" from which it was originally derived.


title: German name

text: Traditionally, the wife adopts her husband's "Nachname" on marriage and drops her own. However, due to the legal equality of sexes, the opposite is possible as well, though rare.


title: German name

text: A few examples of the practice under German law, if "Herr (Mr) Schmidt" and "Fräulein (Miss) Meyer" marry:


title: German name

text: All children of a family have to receive the same non-hyphenated "Nachname" at birth, which may be either the mother's or the father's "Nachname" (traditionally it was the father’s). If the parents adopted an "Ehename" this is the "Nachname" of the child. It is strictly forbidden to give children "Doppelnamen" if it is not the "Ehename". The latter case can arise with traditional aristocratic "Doppelnamen" (e.g. Faber-Castell).


title: German name

text: In Austria (§ 93 ABGB), a couple can choose either of their surnames as married name. In the default case, this is the surname of the groom. The partner who is changing surnames (usually the bride) has the possibility to use their unmarried name alongside the married name with hyphenation.


title: German name

text: In Switzerland (Art. 160 ZGB), the couple can opt to both retain their unmarried name, or the couple can choose to use either surname as their married name. If both retain their name, they need to declare which will be the surname of any future children.


title: German name

text: Titles of former aristocrats (like "Graf" for "Count") have become parts of the "Nachname" in Germany, giving longer names of several words, usually including the nobiliary particle "von" (meaning "of") or "zu" (meaning "to", sometimes "at"), often "von und zu" are also found together (meaning "of and to/at"). The legal rules for these names are the same as those for other "Nachnamen", which gives rise to a number of cases where people legally bear such names but are not recognized by the associations of formerly noble families in Germany, which continue to apply the old rules of the German Empire in their publications. Most of these cases come about when a woman of noble descent marries a man with no title, and the two adopt the woman's name as their common "Nachname", which was impossible under imperial law.


title: German name

text: In Austria, titles of nobility including certain other orders and honours held by Austrian citizens have since 3 April 1919 been abolished, including nobiliary particles such as "von", the use of such titles by Austrian citizens is an offence punishable with a financial enforcement penalty. For example, Otto von Habsburg, Austria-Hungary's last crown prince, was referred to as Otto Habsburg(-Lothringen) in Austria. In Switzerland, where titles of nobility have been rare for several centuries, they can be used in private conversation, but are not officially recognised.


title: German name

text: These are all occupational names, designating common occupations around 1600 when surnames became heritable, so that these names arose independently across Germany.


title: German name

text: Traditionally, there was a differentiation of surnames of women from those of their male siblings (as is still a rule in Czech, Eastern Slavic, or Polish female surnames), widespread in Germany until the 18th century. Thus, in old records, especially church registers on rites de passage, such as baptisms, deaths and marriages etc., women may appear bearing regionally typical female surname variants (like, in South Germany: Peter Huber, but Anna Huberin). With the establishment of general official registration of legal names, this practice was abolished in the 18th and the 19th centuries, depending on the legislation of the respective states.


title: German name

text: Also, the spelling of given and surnames, varying previously from author to author, or even entry to entry, was then mostly fixed according to the official recorded form. Former noble titles appearing in male and female variants were transformed by the Weimar Constitution, article 109, into parts of the surnames in Germany, but a new tradition of gender-specific variants, for official registration, was established for these surnames. This practice was confirmed in a judgement by the Reichsgericht on 10 March 1926.


title: German name

text: Colloquially, surname variants for women continue to appear in some German dialects. In Bavarian dialect surnames of women sometimes are formed by adding the ending "-in", used in standard High German to indicate noun variants for women or items of grammatical feminine gender, such as Näherin (seamstress), with Näher (seamster) being the male form. In West Low German parlance the ending "…sch(e)" is sometimes added to surnames of women, related to the standard High German adjective ending "…isch" (cognitive to English "…ish"), suffixed to nouns or adjectives indicating belonging / pertaining to, being of the kind described by the suffixed word: for example, "de Smidtsche", is Ms Schmidt (Smith), but literally about "the Smithian" (the woman pertaining to a man/family named Schmidt).


title: German name

text: Another form, indicating a female bearer of a surname, was the addition of a genitive "s" (like the Saxon genitive), the daughter or wife of Mr. Bäcker (literally Baker) would appear as Ms Bäckers (in German without an apostrophe), as being Bäcker's daughter or wife.


title: German name

text: Pseudonyms can be used by artists ("Künstlername", "artist's name") and members of religious orders ("Ordensname"); If a pseudonym is widely known in public it can be added to the passport of that person (under the weaker legal status of "Künstlername") and be used instead of the original name in most situations. The same field in the passport also serves to show religious names, i.e. the new name somebody takes on when becoming a monk or nun.


title: German name

text: The academic degree of "Doktor" ("Dr.") and the academic title of "Professor" ("Prof.") are not part of the name in Germany but can be entered into an identity card or passport and are frequently used in documents and addresses.


title: German name

text: They are, however, often used in a written address (e.g., Dr. Meier, Prof. Dr. Müller), and will often be used in formal speech or sometimes by lower-ranked persons such as students, though many academics prefer being addressed just like anyone else, i.e. by "Herr" or "Frau" alone (see below).


title: German name

text: In rural areas it is common that farmers are known by the traditional name of their "Hof" (farm or estate). Because of the long-standing tradition of impartible inheritance in German-speaking Europe, ownership of a "Hof" had often been tied to direct patrilineal descent over centuries.


title: German name

text: Thus, farmers were traditionally known by their "Hofname" even before the development of the "Nachname" in the early modern period, and the two systems came to overlap. Many "Nachnamen" are in fact derived from such "Hofnamen", but in some instances, the "Hofname" tradition survived alongside the official "Nachname".


title: German name

text: Historically, the "Hofname" was the first type of commoners' family name to become heritable. This process began still in the Late Middle Ages (14th to 15th century); e.g. Ulrich Zwingli (b. 1484) inherited his father's surname, in origin a "Hofname" (from the term "Twing", denoting a type of walled-in estate) even though he did not inherit his estate.


title: German name

text: In cases where "Nachname" and "Hofname" are not identical (usually because there was no male heir at some point in the family history) they are joined in official documents by "genannt" (abbr. "gen."), e.g. "Amann gen. Behmann". In Austria the term "vulgo" (abbr. "vlg.") is used instead of "genannt". This is called a or vulgo name.


title: German name

text: Historically, other forms can be found as well, including Amann "sonst" Behmann "genannt", Amann "oder" Behmann, "an", "auf", "zu", "alias", "modo", "vel", "dictus", "dicti", "vero", "qui et", or "de". In some cases the form "genannt" changed into "von" over time, in other cases it was changed into a hyphenated surname (like Amann-Behmann), but these examples are not the only origins for these latter types of names.


title: German name

text: Though the "Namensänderungsgesetz" (Law concerning the changing of names) allows changing because of any "important reason", in practice this will very rarely be allowed.


title: German name

text: Adding "Doktor" (Ph.D.) in Germany, and adding any academic degree in Austria, into one's identity card or passport is not considered a name change.


title: German name

text: The "Nachname" is put after the "Vorname". In the rural use of several regions where heavy dialect is spoken (i.e. Bavaria, Saxony, the Palatinate or the Saarland), the order is reversed, e.g. "der Mühlbach Klaus" instead of "Klaus Mühlbach". The definite article is always added in this style of naming. Especially in these regions, it is also the usual administrative way, but with a comma; the said person would appear in documents as "Mühlbach, Klaus" or even, with a title or profession "Mühlbach, Klaus, Dr./OLt/Bäcker".


title: German name

text: Except for Southern Germany, usage of the definite article with the name outside of dialect is uncommon, and considered a mistake in Standard German. It is considered familiar language, but not as a mark of rough, rural manners as in French. It is used especially when talking of and/or with children, but also in some other situations. E.g., "Ich bin der Nils" ('I am the Nils').


title: German name

text: In Austria, the definite article is always used in informal spoken language, but most of the time not in very formal or written language.


title: German name

text: In some dialects (such as those spoken in the Western Palatinate, the Saarland and parts of the Rhineland), the article used with women's and girls' names is not the feminine, but the neuter article. This is because the German word for "girl", "Mädchen", is a neuter noun, due to the diminutive suffix "-chen".


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: Even in the Quietest Moments... is the fifth album by the English rock band Supertramp, released in April 1977. It was recorded mainly at Caribou Ranch Studios in Colorado with overdubs, vocals, and mixing completed at The Record Plant in Los Angeles. This was Supertramp's first album to use engineer Peter Henderson, who would work with the band for their next three albums as well.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: "Even in the Quietest Moments…" reached number 16 on the "Billboard" Pop Albums Chart in 1977 and within a few months of release became Supertramp's first Gold (500,000 copies or more) selling album in the US. In addition, "Give a Little Bit" became a US Top 20 single and reached number 29 on the UK Singles Chart. While "Give a Little Bit" was the big hit, both "Fool's Overture" and the title track also got a fair amount of FM album-rock play.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: In 1978, "Even in the Quietest Moments…" was ranked 63rd in "The World Critic Lists", which recognised the 200 greatest albums of all time as voted for by notable rock critics and DJs.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: Though all the songs are credited as being written jointly by Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson, Davies wrote "Lover Boy", "Downstream", and "From Now On" by himself, and Hodgson in turn wrote "Give a Little Bit", "Even in the Quietest Moments", "Babaji", and "Fool's Overture" unaided.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: Davies said of "Lover Boy" that "I was inspired by advertisements in men's magazines telling you how to pick up women. You know, you send away for it and it's guaranteed not to fail. If you haven't slept with at least five women in two weeks, you can get your money back." Bob Siebenberg recounted that "Rick had been working on 'Lover Boy' for quite a while and finally came up with the long middle section. I just heard that as a really slow, really solid sort of beat, just to give the song dynamics underneath it all, because the song itself is really powerful and it needed something really solid underneath it."


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: Most of "Even in the Quietest Moments" was written during the sound check for a show at the Tivoli Gardens (in Copenhagen). Davies and Hodgson worked out the various parts of the song with Hodgson using an Oberheim and a Solina string synthesiser and Davies at the drum kit. Davies commented on the music: "It starts off in a very standard melody thing and then it notches onto a sort of one chord progression or perhaps we should call it a digression. It's a thing where there's hundreds of sounds coming in and going out, a whole collage thing." Hodgson said of the lyrics: "It's kind of a dual love song – it could be to a girl or it could be to God." Gary Graff of "Billboard" rated "Even in the Quietest Moments" as Supertramp's 4th best song.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: "Downstream" is performed solely by Davies on vocal and piano, which were recorded together in one take. Siebenberg has described the song as his favourite on the album "because it's so personal and so pure."


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: Graff rated "From Now On" as Supertramp's 8th best song, highlighting John Helliwell’s saxophone solo and the call-and-response singalong at the end.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: "Fool's Overture" had the working title of "The String Machine Epic", and according to John Helliwell: "It came primarily from a few melodies Roger worked out on the string machine thing we use on stage." Hodgson stated the song's lyrics are essentially meaningless, explaining: "I like being vague and yet saying enough to set people's imaginations running riot." Written and sung by guitarist/keyboardist Roger Hodgson - who took five years to compose it - the song is a collage of progressive instrumentation and sound samples. First are excerpts of Winston Churchill's famous 4 June 1940 House of Commons speech regarding Britain's involvement in World War II ("Never Surrender"), followed by sounds of police cars and bells from London's Big Ben clock tower. The flageolet-sounding instrument plays an excerpt from Gustav Holst's "Venus", from his orchestral suite "The Planets". There is also a reading of the first verse of William Blake's poem "And did those feet in ancient time" (more commonly known as "Jerusalem"), ended by a short sample of the band's song "Dreamer". "Ultimate Classic Rock" critic Nick DeRiso rated it as Supertramp's 7th best song."


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: The front cover is a photo of an actual snow-covered piano and bench with a scenic mountain peak backdrop—an actual, but gutted, grand piano was brought to the Eldora Mountain Resort (a ski area near Caribou Ranch Studios)—which was left overnight and photographed after a fresh snow. The sheet music on the piano, though titled "Fool's Overture", is actually "The Star-Spangled Banner".


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: A remastered CD version of the album with full original artwork, lyrics, and credits restored (including the inner sleeve picture of the band absent from the original CD) was released on 11 June 2002 on A&M Records in the US.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: In "" (1981), Robert Christgau remarked that, unlike most progressive rock, which is "pretentious background schlock that's all too hard to ignore", the album is "modest background schlock that sounds good when it slips into the ear."


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: AllMusic gave a mixed retrospective review of the album, calling it "elegant yet mildly absurd, witty but kind of obscure," but adding that it "places a greater emphasis on melody and gentle textures than any previous Supertramp release." They criticised the album as not being "full formed," but marked "Give a Little Bit," "Lover Boy," "Fool's Overture," and "From Now On" as worthy of praise.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: All songs credited to Rick Davies and Roger Hodgson. Listed below are the actual writers, also lead singers of their songs.


title: Even in the Quietest Moments...

text: The 1997 and 2002 A&M Records reissues were mastered from the original master tapes by Greg Calbi and Jay Messina at Sterling Sound, New York, in 1997 and 2002. The reissues were supervised by Bill Levenson with art direction by Vartan and design by Mike Diehl, with production coordination by Beth Stempel.


title: David Rainey

text: David "Puck" Rainey (born 1968) is an American reality television personality who gained fame as a cast member on "" in 1994. A bicycle messenger during the show's shooting, he became notorious as the second "Real World" cast member ever to be evicted from the house, due to his increasingly antagonistic relationship with his housemates, especially with Pedro Zamora, an HIV-positive AIDS educator. Rainey's conflict with Zamora is credited with helping make "The Real World" a hit show, for which "Time" ranked it #7 on their list of "32 Epic Moments in Reality-TV History". "TV Guide" included him in their 2013 list of The 60 Nastiest Villains of All Time.


title: David Rainey

text: Rainey was born in Oakland, California and raised in the San Francisco Bay Area. He has characterized his mother as a "hippie". He and his sister are of partial Swedish descent through their grandfather.


title: David Rainey

text: Rainey was a cast member on the MTV reality TV series "" in 1994. He and his castmates moved into the house at 953 Lombard Street on Russian Hill on February 12 of that year. Among the cast, Rainey was an eccentric center of attention. In the season premiere he arrived at the house last because he was detained by police for a traffic incident. He incurred many minor injuries while bike riding, and kept photos of them, which he showed to his housemates. Although the producers informed the housemates that they would be living with someone who was HIV-positive, they did not reveal who it was, and as a result of these injuries, which included scabs on his face, some of the other castmates incorrectly assumed the HIV-positive cast member was Rainey. Rainey clashed with his roommates over his hygiene, as when Pedro Zamora complained that he used his finger to scoop peanut butter from a jar after he had used that finger to pick his nose. His roommate Mohammed Bilal complained Rainey tended to not change his socks, but instead covered his feet with more socks to mask the smell, which Bilal contended did not work. His housemates also complained of his lack of consideration for others, and his need to monopolize conversation. Rainey's housemate, Judd Winick, who is Jewish, was also offended at Rainey's wearing of a T-shirt that depicted four guns arranged in the shape of a swastika, and his refusal to accede to Winick's request not to wear the shirt (though this confrontation was only revealed in "The Real World Diaries", a book published by MTV, and depicted in the 2009 film "Pedro", not the series itself).


title: David Rainey

text: One of Rainey's closest relationships in the house was with Rachel Campos. Although their relationship became romantic when they kissed on three occasions, it eventually dissolved when, during a heated argument, he revealed this to the other housemates, despite having promised her he would not. Although the others were not surprised at this revelation, Campos saw this as a betrayal of trust.


title: David Rainey

text: Rainey's most contentious relationship was with Zamora. Rainey denigrated Zamora's career as an AIDS educator and mocked his Cuban accent. Winick described Rainey as "obnoxious and homophobic." Zamora, who had AIDS, distanced himself from Rainey, and thereby from the other housemates, fearing the stress of his relationship with Rainey was affecting his health. When Zamora threatened to move out, the other housemates voted to evict Rainey instead. Rainey later appeared in subsequent episodes in which he encountered former housemates Cory Murphy, Campos, and Winick, but their meetings typically ended in conflict. In the season finale, he phoned Campos just before she left the house and accused his ex-roommates of harboring ill feelings towards him, calling them "judases'".


title: David Rainey

text: During "The Real World Reunion" in 1995, which assembled the casts of the first four seasons of "The Real World", Rainey resumed his conflict with his former housemates, including Bilal and Winick, as well as cast members from other seasons. Following Winick's encouragement to the audience to get involved in fighting the AIDS epidemic, and his statement that Zamora's recent death made his decision to attend the reunion difficult, Rainey claimed that he too used his time to help AIDS patients. Winick countered by stating that Rainey had reacted to Zamora's death with the remark "Good riddance". Rainey denied this, and cast various aspersions on Winick and cast members present before temporarily leaving the taping.


title: David Rainey

text: At the 2008 "The Real World Awards Bash", Pedro and Puck received a nomination for "Best Fight", Rainey was also nominated in the "Roommate You Love to Hate" and in the "Gone Baby Gone" categories.


title: David Rainey

text: Rainey made a cameo appearance in 1998 on "", Celebrity Death match, and competed in 2003 on "", during which he came into conflict with David Edwards of "", and married (on-camera) Betty Garcia, his fiancee and mother of his son, Bogart. He also made an appearance in Eminem's video for "Without Me".


title: David Rainey

text: Rainey had been cast to appear on the 2008 season of "Celebrity Rehab with Dr. Drew", but left before filming began.


title: David Rainey

text: Rainey met his future wife, Betty, at a farmers market in 1998. They had a son, and later married on "". They later had a second son, Rocco. In 2008, he, his wife and their two children were living in the Los Angeles area, where Rainey worked as a truck driver. By 2009, he and his family were living in Alabama, where Rainey made a living through public appearances and miscellaneous jobs. In his spare time he was gardening and modeling, with his partner working behind the camera. As of 2013 he had a third child with his wife. He also stated that he had fathered four other children with lesbian women. As of that year, he was living on a farm in Neenach, California, raising chickens and vegetables, racing four-wheeled ATVs, and living "off-the-grid".


title: David Rainey

text: In 2003, Rainey was arrested for domestic violence but the charges were dropped. In 2009, Rainey was sentenced to a year in a Los Angeles County jail after pleading no contest to charges of committing battery upon his girlfriend. That same year, he also pleaded no contest to felony possession of ammunition and was placed on three years’ probation.


title: David Rainey

text: On March 19, 2010, Rainey and his 8-year-old son were involved in a car accident on Route 79 in San Diego. His son bruised several internal organs, but was released from the hospital by March 24. Rainey, however, sustained fractures to both feet, right hand, neck, sternum and clavicle, and was expected to remain hospitalized for another week. The California Highway Patrol reported that Rainey was intoxicated at the time of the crash, and would be facing charges of DUI, child endangerment, and driving without a license.


title: David Rainey

text: On June 19, 2011, Rainey was arrested on suspicion of felony corporal injury on a spouse or cohabitant, and was held at Los Angeles County Men’s Central Jail on $30,000 bail until his July 6 appearance in a San Fernando court.


title: David Rainey

text: On November 8, 2012, Rainey pleaded no contest to stalking an unidentified woman on February 22 of that year, and on November 8 was sentenced to two years in Wasco State Prison. Having received credit for 401 days already served, he was expected to be released in a little under a year.


title: David Rainey

text: As of 2013, Rainey was on felony probation and forbidden from leaving Los Angeles County, California.


title: Dobara (TV series)

text: Dobara () is a Pakistani television series produced by Momina Duraid under banner MD Productions, directed by Danish Nawaz and written by Sarwat Nazir. It first aired on 20 October 2021 on Hum TV. It features Hadiqa Kiani as Mehrunisa who gets a chance to change her life after the death of her dominating husband Hidayatullah. It also features Bilal Abbas Khan, Usama Khan, Nabeel Zuberi and Sabeena Syed in pivotal roles.


title: Dobara (TV series)

text: On the occasion of death of her husband Hidayatullah in his early seventies, Mehrunissa feels as a free spirit and recalls the bitter memories of her past when her dying father decided to marry her off at 16 years of age to Hidayatullah, who was 36 at the time. At the time of the funeral notices the strange behaviour of Mehrunissa who is not emotionally affected by her husband's death. On the other hand, Mahir is a next-door care free boy who is a tennis player and in search of a job.


title: Dobara (TV series)

text: The project was first announced on 8 July 2021. Osman Khalid Butt was first approached to portray the leading role of Mahir, however due to his other commitments he could not do it. Later Bilal Abbas Khan was cast in the role. With Khan, singer-turned-actress Hadiqa Kiani was selected to portray the other leading role. It marked her second series after her debut in poetic-romamce "Raqeeb Se". She revealed in an interview that Mehru [Dobara] is her attempt to break some norms as an actor regarding age.


title: Dobara (TV series)

text: It led the rating charts for its 6th episode with 6.2 trps. It again led the slot in 11th episode by achieving 6.5 trps. The 13th episode of the serial received ratings of 7.2 TRPs. 15th episode received 6.7 TRPs. The 16th episode saw a boost and it led the slot with 7.6 TRPs. The 17th episode saw another boost and the serial achieved the whopping 8.8 TRPs. 25th episode received 6.1 TRPs. In the month of Ramadan, "Dobara" was continuously leading its slot with 5-6 TRPs and became No 1 drama of the week. After Ramadan, it received tough competition from rivals but still managed to received decent ratings of 4-5 TRPs and ended on 6.5.


title: Dobara (TV series)

text: Critically, the series received acclaim and received praise for storyline and performances especially for the performance of lead cast. "DAWN Images" lauded its diversified and plot and strong narrative against the societal stereotypes. Maliha Rehman of "Dawn" gave mixed review to its narrative stating, "Most of the time, "Dobara" is narrated with great sensitivity and attention to detail."


title: Dobara (TV series)

text: With the introduction of false allegations of sexual harassment, social media users criticised the script. Due to weak characterization of the male lead, the series' conclusion received mixed reviews from social media users.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern University (GS or Georgia Southern) is a public research university in the U.S. state of Georgia. The flagship campus is in Statesboro, and other locations include the Armstrong Campus in Savannah and the Liberty Campus in Hinesville. Founded back in 1906 as a land grant college, Georgia Southern is the fifth largest institution in the University System of Georgia and is the largest center of higher education within the southern half of Georgia. The institution offers over 140 different academic majors in a comprehensive array of baccalaureate, masters, and doctoral programs. The university has a combined enrollment of approximately 27,000 students from all 50 states and approximately 85 nations. Georgia Southern is classified among "R2: Doctoral Universities – High research activity" and a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: On the Statesboro Campus is the Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball Jr. Raptor Center, an educational and research facility that is home to Georgia Southern's bald eagle mascot as well as 85 other birds, 67 reptiles, 70 amphibians, and eight mammals. The university also manages the Effingham Wetlands, some 1,400 acres donated by the Southeastern Trust for Parks and Land (STPAL).


title: Georgia Southern University

text: "The George-Anne", the university's main publication, is published twice a week during academic terms. There is also magazines published by students, such as "The Reflector", a student interest news magazine of Georgia Southern University and, until 2016, "The Miscellany", a literary arts magazine composed of submissions from the student body and university community.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern University's intercollegiate sports teams, known as the "Eagles", compete in the Sun Belt Conference.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern University began as First District Agricultural & Mechanical School, a land grant college under federal legislation and support. It opened in 1908 with four faculty members and 15 students.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Founded as a school for teaching modern agricultural production techniques and homemaking skills to rural school children, First District A&M within two decades shifted its emphasis to meet the growing need for teachers within the state. Its name and mission were changed in 1924 to Georgia Normal School, as a training ground for teachers. Five years later in 1929, after development of a four-year curriculum, it was granted full-fledged senior college status by the state, and the school was renamed as South Georgia Teachers College.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Ensuing decades found more name and mission changes: to Georgia Teachers College in 1939 and Georgia Southern College in 1959.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The university finally integrated its student body in 1965, eleven years after the United States Supreme Court's ruling in "Brown v. Board of Education" (1954). College President Marvin Pittman had been fired in 1941 by Georgia governor Eugene Talmadge for supporting racial integration; he was eventually rehired.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern has continued its program and physical expansion. With the development of graduate programs in numerous fields and associated research, the institution was granted university status in 1990 as Georgia Southern University.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Since then, the university has embarked on a massive upgrade of facilities, adding more than $300 million in new construction. Georgia Southern was named a Doctoral/Research University by Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching in 2006. The university is recognized in publications including "U.S. News & World Report"s "America's Best Colleges" and "Best Graduate Schools", "Forbes'" "America's Best Colleges" and, most recently, by "Kiplinger" for being one of the "Top 100 Best Values among Public Colleges and Universities." Additionally, Georgia Southern's MBA program was named one of the "Best 301" in the country by "The Princeton Review."


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Since 1999, two new colleges have been established: the College of Information Technology in 2001, and the Jiann-Ping Hsu College of Public Health in 2004. Additional undergraduate and graduate programs were formed, including doctorate degrees in psychology, public health and nursing. In 2011, the university established the Allen E. Paulson College of Engineering and Computing, formerly known as College of Engineering and Information Technology, which combines the previous College of IT with its engineering programs. In addition, at the same time it created the College of Science and Mathematics, previously known as the Allen E. Paulson College of Science and Technology.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Online bachelor's degrees are available in nursing, general studies, and information technology. Master's programs are offered in kinesiology, instructional technology, accomplished teaching, instructional improvement, higher education administration, reading education, middle grades education, secondary education, special education, and educational leadership. Additionally, the university offers master's degrees in business administration, applied economics, accounting, computer science and sport management. Georgia Southern also offers online endorsements in online teaching and learning, K-5 math, and reading.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Since 1999, the university has had its most significant growth in its more than 100-year history. It has grown in enrollment and physical facilities. Under a Campus Master Plan, the university added the new 1,001-bed residence hall Centennial Place. It has completely renovated and significantly expanded the Zach S. Henderson Library. Completed in 2009, the Eugene M. Bishop Alumni Center is a gathering place for alumni and friends of the university. The Center for Wildlife Education and the Botanical Garden have also been expanded. Currently, the university is concluding construction on a new Engineering and Research Building. The building's primary focus is aimed at manufacturing engineering.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: On January 11, 2017, the Regents of the University System of Georgia announced that the university would merge with Armstrong State University in Savannah as part of the ongoing campus consolidations recommended by the University System of Georgia (USG). Since 2011, in an attempt to improve efficiency and lower costs, the USG has consolidated several colleges and universities within its system, merging some and closing others while altering or transforming curriculums. In January 2018, both Armstrong State and its smaller Liberty Campus, located in Hinesville, formally merged with Georgia Southern.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern's flagship campus is located in the city of Statesboro, Georgia and is accessible by Interstate 16 from the cities of Macon and Savannah. By car, Statesboro is approximately one hour from Savannah, two hours from Macon, and three hours from Atlanta. Georgia Southern has smaller campuses in Savannah and Hinesville.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Center for Wildlife Education and the Lamar Q Ball Jr. Raptor Center is an educational and research facility located on . In addition to undergraduate and graduate research, the center hosts over 165,500 annual visitors through general admission and off-site outreach programs. The center is home to "Freedom", Georgia Southern's American bald eagle mascot, as well as 85 other birds, 67 reptiles, 70 amphibians, and eight mammals. Species of birds of prey include hawks, owls, falcons, kestrels, vultures. The center also contains an amphitheater and an indoor classroom. Inside the center, exhibitions of reptiles and amphibians such as alligators, painted turtles, box turtles, and gopher tortoises, rattlesnakes, corn snakes, king snakes, boa constrictors, pythons, are held. The staff perform demonstrations of raptors in flight. In 2009, the center added a expansion known as the Wetland Preserve, featuring various species of water fowl in their native habitats. The center is the only one of its kind to be located within the campus of a major university campus.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Recreation Activity Center (the RAC) is a complex that includes areas for weight lifting, cardio, and basketball. It includes an indoor track, two dance studios, a studio for yoga and pilates, five racquetball courts, and a indoor climbing wall.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: In 2006, the RAC was expanded, adding additional basketball and multi-purpose courts, weight and fitness rooms, an Olympic-size swimming pool, a rehabilitation pool, and more space for CRI (Campus Recreation and Intramural) personnel. The expansion also brought a bandshell area that has hosted several national touring artists.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Georgia Southern Botanical Garden is centered on an early 20th-century farmstead and offers visitors a view of the cultural and natural heritage of the southeastern coastal plain, an area rich in endangered plants. The garden's nearly site includes woodland trails, the Bland Cottage Visitor Center and Gift Shop, Heritage Garden, Rose Arbor, Children's Vegetable Garden, Camellia Garden, Native Plant Landscape Garden, Native Azalea Collection and Bog Garden.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern currently has seven housing facilities, Centennial Place, Kennedy Hall, Watson Hall, Eagle Village, Freedom's Landing, Southern Courtyard, and Southern Pines offering mostly suite and apartment configurations. In the fall of 2008, Centennial Place, a residential complex with four buildings, was constructed. It contains 1,001 beds and retail space. Eagle Village is a housing facility reserved for freshmen only and houses roughly 775 freshman residents each year. First-year Georgia Southern students, with some exceptions, are required to live on campus.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern University purchased Campus Club during May 2012 and began offering campus housing under the name of Freedom's Landing for the fall 2012 semester. Located near the stadium, Freedom's Landing contains 978 beds and is dedicated housing for upperclassmen.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Eagle Dining Services (part of Auxiliary Services at Georgia Southern University) manages all dining locations on campus. Eagle Dining completed two new dining commons (named Landrum and Lakeside, after the former facilities) that opened in the fall of 2013.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Retail dining locations by Eagle Dining Services include an on-campus Starbucks and Chick-fil-A, that are managed by EDS staff. They also have their own concepts of Zach's Brews (located in the Zach Henderson Library), Market Street Deli (located in the IT Building), Sushi with Gusto (located in the Nursing/Chemistry Building), and Oasis Smoothie & Juice Bar (located in the Recreation and Activities Center). Eagle Dining Services also manages concessions for many Georgia Southern Athletics events, vending all across campus, Catering Services and two convenience stores known as Gus Marts (located in the Russell Union and IT Building).


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern University is one of the first to implement a biometric iris recognition system to gain entry to the dining halls in lieu of a swipe card. This system was added to the RAC in the fall of 2015.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: For more than two decades, the University Museum has showcased artifacts of the natural and cultural history of the region, as well as offered visiting exhibits from U.S. and international museums. It holds both permanent and traveling educational programs which include interactive and hands-on programs. Permanent collections and exhibits focus on preserving the natural and cultural history of the Coastal Plain.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Center for Art & Theatre opened on February 29, 2008. One of its three galleries is the permanent home of the Georgia Artists Collection, a continuously expanding gift of pieces established and curated by Betty Foy Sanders, Bulloch County native and wife of former Georgia Governor Carl Sanders. Other galleries feature scheduled exhibitions of private, student, and faculty works. The center also hosts a 150-seat Black Box Theatre for student performances.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Performing Arts Center is home to touring shows, lecturers, and programs for cultural outreach. The 825-seat theatre features an orchestra pit and shell, a full-sized stage, and technology for lighting, sound, and production.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Southern Express is Georgia Southern's bus transportation system. In the fall of 2010, adjustments were made and two new routes with a total of eight buses were introduced. The Gold Route runs from the University Store and makes two stops on Forest Drive before proceeding to the RAC and the park-ride lot at Paulson Stadium. The Gold Route Buses then return to the store making the same stops as before. The Blue Route makes one large circle. The Blue route starts at the University Store and makes two stops on Forest Drive and two stops on Lanier Drive before returning to the University Store. The buses change their routes on days of football games to accommodate fans. During the 2009–2010 school year the buses carried almost 1.6 million passengers.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern's Armstrong Campus is located in Savannah, accessible by Interstate 16 and Interstate 95. Prior to consolidation with Georgia Southern, the Armstrong Campus was founded as Armstrong Junior College in 1935 by Mayor Thomas Gamble to help Savannah's youth and the community at large in stimulating the local economy during the height of the Great Depression. Originally housed in the historic Armstrong House downtown, Armstrong moved to its current location in January 1966.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Armstrong campus is located in a suburban setting near the Savannah Mall, with direct access to downtown Savannah via Abercorn Expressway. The landscaped campus includes subtropical ferns and flowers, southern magnolias, oak trees draped with Spanish moss, and a wide variety of native plants scattered throughout the arboretum-style grounds.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The campus is home to the Georgia Southern's Colleges of Education, Health Professions, and Public Health.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Lane Library is the main academic and research library on the Armstrong campus. Its collection comprises more than 200,000 books and printed materials as well as 18,000 audiovisual works. The university recently invested $5 million in a renovation and expansion of the facility.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Science Center complex is a two-building complex connected by an enclosed glass walkway. It is home to the Biology, Chemistry, Computer Science, Physics, and Psychology departments. It includes classroom and lecture space, faculty offices, and labs. The facility opened in 2001 as the largest single increase in instructional space on campus since the campus opened.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: A , $24 million student union opened in 2010. It was the Armstrong State University's first green building, built with rapidly renewable and recycled materials and featuring a high-efficiency chilled water cooling system. The union houses a 300-seat food court, 200-seat movie theatre, ballroom, bookstore, coffeehouse, convenience store, and expansive porches and lounges. Next to the Student Union is the Memorial College Center. Commonly known as the MCC, it houses the Student Affairs and Student Activities offices for the campus.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Armstrong's athletic facilities are located in the southeast area of campus. The Student Recreation and Aquatic Center is a athletic facility that includes a fitness center, and two basketball courts. The Alumni Arena is located adjacent to the Rec Center and includes an indoor running track, weight room, coaches offices, classroom space, and a 4,000-seat arena home to the men's and women's basketball teams.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Since consolidation with Georgia Southern, the Armstrong Campus has not maintained a separate athletics program, with the future of these athletic facilities uncertain. Near the end of the 2017–2018 academic year, there were talks of renovating the campus' current athletic facilities to allow for the university's tennis and soccer teams to practice and play at the Armstrong Campus, in addition to creating new recreational and general purpose fields. Such a proposal, if approved, could take up to a decade to complete, with the entire project having a low-end cost of forty million dollars to upgrade the campus's current athletic facilities, including infrastructure needs as mandated by division standards.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: More than 1,400 students live on campus in the four residential communities located in the southwest portion of the campus. Windward Commons, which opened in 2010, is Armstrong's suite-style freshmen residential community and is home to nearly 600 students. It features private and semi-private suites, music practice rooms, multipurpose classrooms, lounge/social areas, laundry facilities, courtyards with outdoor sitting space and barbecue areas, and two classrooms. Compass Point, University Terrace, and University Crossings are apartment-style residence halls for upperclassmen and graduate students.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: On April 24, 2013, Armstrong completed renovations to the Memorial College Center, opening the Learning Commons. The space was developed as an extension to the campus's Lane Library. Features include Mac and PC labs, three multi-touch tables, and group study rooms.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Liberty Campus in Hinesville first began operations as a satellite campus of Armstrong State University in 1997, moving to its current facilities in January 2016. It offers select programs to residents of Liberty County and surrounding areas. The Liberty Campus provides special services to Fort Stewart military personnel and their families. A variety of programs are offered or supported, including associate’s degrees in arts and applied sciences, and bachelor's degrees in criminal justice, nursing, early childhood education, middle grades education, and liberal studies, with plans to develop consortium programs with Savannah State University in the years post-consolidation.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern is classified as a comprehensive university by the University System of Georgia. Georgia Southern University is accredited by Southern Association of Colleges and Schools and is overseen by the Georgia Board of Regents.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern University consists of eight primary colleges: the College of Business Administration, the College of Education, the College of Health Professions, the College of Engineering and Computing, the College of Behavioral and Social Sciences, the College of Science and Mathematics, the College of Public Health, and the College of Arts and Humanities.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern offers a selective honors college for high-achieving undergraduate students. The honors college provides special learning opportunities and privileges to admitted students.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The university offers more than 140 bachelor's degree, master's degree, and doctorate programs in eight colleges.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: In 2010, Georgia Southern received approval to offer three new engineering degrees: Bachelor of Science in Civil Engineering, Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineering, and the Bachelor of Science in Mechanical Engineering. Classes for the engineering school began in the fall of 2011.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Parker College of Business houses the only School of Economic Development in the southeastern United States. The School of Accountancy in the Parker College of Business is the only AACSB certified school in the United States to offer forensic accounting courses to both undergraduate and graduate students.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern has significantly expanded its online degree offerings after launching the program on January 9, 2008.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: Georgia Southern's Department of Writing and Linguistics is the only freestanding writing department in the State of Georgia.


title: Georgia Southern University

text: The Ph.D. in Logistics/Supply Chain Management is the first of its kind to be offered in the state of Georgia through the university's Parker College of Business. Classes began in the fall of 2010.