title: Carl Frampton

text: On 1 May 2018, promoter Frank Warren announced that Windsor Park in Belfast had been booked for Frampton's next fight on 18 August. Although a big name was targeted, Frampton confirmed it would be unlikely. He also stated it would not be a world title fight. After former heavyweight world champion Tyson Fury defeated Sefer Seferi in his comeback fight on 9 June, Warren announced that Fury would also appear on the undercard. On 18 June, Frampton's opponent was confirmed to be unbeaten 33-year-old Australian boxer Luke Jackson (16-0, 7 KOs), in a bout which would see Frampton defend his WBO interim belt. A professional since 2013, Jackson was undefeated in 16 fights going into the fight. Jackson came in light at 124.7 pounds. Frampton had to lose his shorts to make the featherweight limit of 126 pounds. In front of 24,000 fans, Frampton dominated Jackson in stopping him in round 9 after his corner threw in the towel. The fight was stopped at 1 minute and 21 seconds of the round. Frampton controlled the fight from the start and eventually put Jackson down with a body shot late in round 8. Jackson got up but continued to take shots. Jackson had little success. After the fight, Frampton said, “This was unreal. The atmosphere was special, the crowd was fantastic and they made my dream come true. It was unbelievable from start to finish.” With the win, Frampton retained the WBO interim title. It was also Frampton's first stoppage win in seven fights, since 2015. It was revealed a few days later that Jackson had ruptured his left ear drum in round 3 and his right ear drum in round 6. In a picture posted by Jackson, his right eye was swollen shut. Although he wanted to finish the fight, he respected his team's decision to stop the fight.


title: Carl Frampton

text: Immediately after Frampton's win over Jackson, Warren announced that Frampton would be challenging IBF featherweight champion Josh Warrington, who was also in attendance and entered the ring. Warren announced the fight would take place in December 2018 and shown live and exclusive on BT Sport Box Office, BT's new pay-per-view platform. On 28 August, Boxing Scene reported a press conference would take place in the coming weeks with the fight likely to take place at the Manchester Arena. Warren wanted the fight to take place in a stadium, however did not want any mandatories to get in the way as a stadium fight would likely take place in Spring 2019. It was reported that Frampton would earn around £2 million for the fight. On 15 September, the fight was officially announced to take place at the Manchester Arena on 22 December 2018. Warrington weighed 125.6 pounds and Frampton came in slightly heavier at 125.9 pounds, both successfully making the featherweight limit. Frampton lost the fight by unanimous decision. The judges scored the fight 116–112, 116-112 and 116–113 in favor of Warrington.


title: Carl Frampton

text: His first fight following the loss to Warrington was scheduled for 10 August 2019, against Emmanuel Dominguez. However, Frampton was forced to withdraw from the fight after a large concrete ornament accidentally struck his left hand, fracturing his metacarpal.


title: Carl Frampton

text: After his hand healed, he moved up in weight, facing Tyler McCreary on 30 November at the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas. Frampton came out as the aggressor from the opening bell, forcing McCreary on the defensive. In the sixth round, Frampton scored a knockdown with a left-right combination to the body of his opponent, forcing him to go down to the canvas on one knee. McCreary was back on his feet at the count of nine to continue the fight. In the ninth, Frampton landed two left hooks to the body, forcing McCreary to again take a knee. He again beat the referee's count to see out the remainder of the fight on his feet. After the ten-round contest was complete, Frampton was announced as the winner by unanimous decision, with all three judges scoring the bout 100–88. In the post-fight interview, when asked about a potential match up with WBO junior-lightweight champion Jamel Herring, who was sitting ringside, Frampton said, "I know he's a champ. I just want to fight for a world title next. I want to be involved in big fights. I would love the opportunity to fight Jamel. I'm not the champion. He's the champion."


title: Carl Frampton

text: His next fight was scheduled to take place in Belfast on 13 June 2020, against WBO champion Jamel Herring. The bout was subsequently postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. With no immediate date in sight, both fighters opted for a stay-busy fight.


title: Carl Frampton

text: Frampton's stay-busy fight was scheduled for 15 August 2020, against Armenian opponent Vahram Vardanyan at the York Hall. After Vardanyan was unable to secure a visa to enter the UK, former British featherweight title challenger Darren Traynor was brought in as a late replacement. Frampton dropped his much bigger opponent to the canvas with a left hook to the body in round six. In the seventh, Frampton continued his attack to the body, causing Traynor to quit on his feet after another left hook landed. With the win, Frampton moved one step closer to a proposed fight with Herring, with the last remaining obstacle being Herrings upcoming fight against Jonathan Oquendo.


title: Carl Frampton

text: After Herring defeated Oquendo in September, the WBO ordered Herring to face his mandatory challenger Shakur Stevenson before January 2021, putting the long-proposed fight with Frampton in jeopardy. The following month, the WBO gave Herring an exception to face Frampton in a voluntary defence. In January 2021, it was announced that the bout would finally take place in London on 27 February. However, after Frampton suffered a hand injury the bout was again postponed to 4 April, with the location changing to Dubai. Frampton was ranked #3 by the WBO at super featherweight. On the night, Frampton caused a cut to open above Herrings right eye in the fourth round. In the fifth, Frampton was knocked to the canvas by a straight left hand. Frampton was knocked down for a second time in the sixth round, this time from a left uppercut. Frampton made it back to his feet on unsteady legs before the referee's count of ten, only to be met with a flurry of punches from Herring, prompting Frampton's trainer to throw in the towel to hand Frampton a sixth-round technical knockout loss.


title: Carl Frampton

text: In the post-fight interview, Frampton announced his retirement, saying, "I said before the fight that I'd retire if I lost. That's exactly what I'm going to do. I've been away too long. I missed them growing up, my own kids. I want to give my life to my family. Boxing's been good to me, it's also been bad to me in recent years. I've enjoyed the best years of my career and now I just want to go home to my beautiful wife and kids."


title: Carl Frampton

text: Hailing from Belfast, a city known for its troubled history, Frampton wanted to be remembered like Barry McGuigan, his former manager, who was seen as a symbol of peace during his fighting days: "There I was, a Catholic guy from the south boxing right in the heart of loyalist Belfast with the Troubles at their worst. We beat the East Germans, my dad got up and sang and it was a brilliant night. Boxing was the one thing then that could unify people." "I want to be a legend," Frampton said in 2015. "Honestly, that's what I want to be, a legend in Irish sport. I think it's coming up to 30 years since Barry won his world title in Loftus Road against Pedroza and people are still talking about it. I want to be like that 30 years from now – people are talking about my fights with guys like Chris Avalos and Kiko Martinez in the pubs all over Ireland. That's what I intend to do. I want to create a legacy. I want to keep beating big names. I want to get big fights, bring them back to Belfast as much as possible, and keep winning." Speaking to the BBC, McGuigan said "Carl is doing what I did. He's a beacon for peace and reconciliation and represents the future of Northern Ireland."


title: Carl Frampton

text: In 2014, he claimed Frampton "could end up as the best Irish fighter there has ever been. He can go to featherweight and super-featherweight. I don't know who the greatest Irish fighter is but if he gets the right fights he can really go as far as he wants to go." As a fighter, McGuigan was known for wearing a Dove on his shorts, as a representation of peace. He also had no national anthem played at his fights, he took up dual Irish-British citizenship which allowed him to fight for British Domestic titles, and he married a Protestant woman, all of which had huge significance at the time. It is hard to not draw comparisons, with Frampton following down an almost identical path. He too has married a Catholic woman despite being Protestant, and he too has a large following of die-hard fans from both Catholic and Protestant backgrounds who attend his fights in large numbers.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: I Am... is the third studio album by American rapper Nas, released on April 6, 1999, by Columbia Records. Following the commercial and critical success of 1996's "It Was Written", Nas put to work on a double album that merged the styles of his first two albums and detailed entire aspects of his life. Although he was able to use most songs, other songs that would have made "I Am…" a double album leaked onto the internet in MP3 format, forcing him to record new material for two separate single-disc releases (hence, the release of "Nastradamus" in the same year).


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: The album debuted at number 1 on the "Billboard" 200, selling over 470,000 copies in its first week of sales. "I Am…" would later be certified double platinum in the United States, making it Nas' second best-selling release behind "It Was Written". Upon its release, "I Am..." received generally positive reviews from critics.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: This album was originally to have been a double album titled "I Am...The Autobiography". However, most of the original sessions were bootlegged forcing Nas to discard many songs and adjust the release to one disc. "I Am..."became one of the first major label releases to be widely leaked using MP3 technology. Some of the leaked songs were later released on the compilation LP "The Lost Tapes" in 2002. The concept of this album as can be seen by tracks such as "Fetus" from "The Lost Tapes" was to be an autobiography of sorts for Nas. Although several bootleg versions have appeared on the internet over the years, an official version of the intended double album has never leaked and it remains unclear whether or not it was ever completed.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: Other leaked songs include Find Ya Wealth (later on QB's Finest), U Gotta Love It (later on The Lost Tapes), My Worst Enemy, Amongst Kings and The Rise & Fall.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: The two singles from "I Am..." were "Hate Me Now" and "Nas Is Like". "Hate Me Now" features Puff Daddy and is produced by D-Moet, Pretty Boy and The Trackmasters. It was a "Billboard" Hot 100 hit, and had a controversial music video directed by Hype Williams. The song had a version of the O Fortuna from Carl Orff's "Carmina Burana." "Nas Is Like" is one of two tracks produced by DJ Premier who scratches vocal samples from Nas' "It Ain't Hard To Tell" into the chorus. The "Nas Is Like" music video was directed by Nick Quested and is still very popular in underground circles and continued a long list of popular Nas/DJ Premier collaborations.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: The album also contained the song "We Will Survive", a tribute to Tupac Shakur and The Notorious B.I.G. The song criticized his peers, most notably Jay-Z, who "claimed to be New York's king" following B.I.G.'s death, the record has been cited as potentially encouraging the Nas vs. Jay-Z feud.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: Famed photographer Danny Hastings has shot iconic cover images for Big Pun’s "Capital Punishment" and Raekwon’s "Only Built 4 Cuban Linx", but his album art shoot for "I Am..." almost ended in disaster. In order to make the iconic mask featured on the cover, Hastings and his crew put a clay mold on his face and poked air holes so he could breathe, but he almost suffocated after clay got lodged in his nose.


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: “The funny part was that the first attempt, Nas was getting asphyxiated. We almost killed Nas," Hastings told MTV.com. “We cleaned him up, and he was like, 'Let's do it again!' […] Nas was a true sport."


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: He also explained the meaning behind the cover, and how it built off of previous album art for "Illmatic" and "It Was Written". "The first one, you have him being a boy, very young. The second was a little bit older. And the third one, he was a king," he continued. "He already conquered the world. He was on top of the world. He was doing a lot of big things. We came with the concept of making a King Tut sarcophagus piece."


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: Yahoo! Music's Billy Johnson Jr. described the album's production as "somber" and described its songs as "thought-provoking, though average quality". Jeff Stark of "Salon" noted "distinct identities" for each song and wrote that it does not sound "coherent", but "as if it belongs to a scattershot demographic of subway riders". Franklin Soults of "The Village Voice" viewed that its music attempts to meet "halfway" with consumer demographics, noting that Nas' "most salient talent is finding and exploiting the middle ground". In his consumer guide for "The Village Voice", critic Robert Christgau gave "I Am..." a B− rating and named it "dud of the month", indicating "a bad record whose details rarely merit further thought". Christgau criticized Nas' "ethos" and stated, "The question is how convincing he is, and only two themes ring true: the bad ones, revenge and money. His idea of narrative detail is to drop brand names like Bret Easton Ellis; his idea of morality is everybody dies". Craig Seymour of "The Washington Post" attributed its thematic inconsistency to the replacement of tracks that leaked to the Internet prior to the album's release, concluding that "Anyone with a good Web connection might wonder what a profound personal opus "I Am" could have been". Miles Marshall Lewis of "LA Weekly" viewed that Nas "tightrope[s] the line between order and chaos, gangsterism and enlightenment" on the album, which he found to be "not a horrendous album. But Nas has now established a pattern of declining album quality, and that makes "I Am..." Nas' worst album".


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: "Chicago Sun-Times" writer Rebecca Little gave the album two-a-and-half out of four stars and stated, "if you get past the torrent of [profanity] and a few terms referring to women as dogs and garden tools, [...] "I Am" is a notable effort", adding that "The finer moments lie in the rapper's trademark ability to spin a compelling tale about ghetto life". Kris Ex of "Rolling Stone" gave it three-and-a-half out of five stars and stated, "Nas is still a diamond in the rough — perhaps the rawest lyrical talent of his day but lacking the guidance and vision to create a complete album [...] But what "I Am..." lacks in content, it makes up for in lyrical acumen; the album doesn't deliver the introspection its title implies, but it compensates for it in storytelling and craftsmanship. "I Am..." offers tantalizing hints of promise tethered by a need for pop acceptance". Christopher John Farley of "Time" complimented Nas' lyrics and themes and the album's musical approach, noting "grander, more aggressive, more cinematic" songs. "Entertainment Weekly"s Tom Sinclair compared the album to "a bona fide hip-hopera", noting string and keyboard-laden songs and "universal themes". "Los Angeles Times" writer Soren Baker commended Nas for "adroitly balancing hard-core subject matter with production that should easily find its way onto urban radio". Steve Jones of "USA Today" gave it four out of four stars and complimented Nas' "dense and deft rhymes" and "nimble, cinematic descriptions", writing that the album "nestles nicely between the underground grittiness of 1994's "Illmatic" and the high gloss of 1996's "It Was Written"".


title: I Am... (Nas album)

text: In a retrospective review, AllMusic editor M.F. DiBella gave the album three out of five stars and noted "blandness" in its production, writing that "Musically, "I Am" is somewhat unimaginative by Nas' stratospheric standards. [...] some of these tracks lack the sonic depth to do justice to the prophecies of the pharaoh, Nas". However, DeBella added that Nas "still shines as the old soul storyteller and crime rhyme chronicler" on some tracks and cited "Nas Is Like" and "N.Y. State of Mind, Pt. 2" as highlights, adding that they "are nothing short of "Illmatic" perfection". Steve Juon of RapReviews gave "I Am..." an eight-and-a-half out of 10 rating and viewed it as an improvement over "It Was Written", praising Nas' "power of description" and "much improved" lyrics. Writing in "The New Rolling Stone Album Guide" (2004), music journalist Chris Ryan gave the album two-and-a-half out of five stars and wrote that it has "[its] share of solid material, but ultimately fail[s] in the face of Nas' inability to navigate the divide between the street reporting that made him a legend and the commercial hits that made him a star".


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The Mysterious Stranger is a novel attempted by the American author Mark Twain. He worked on it intermittently from 1897 through 1908. Twain wrote multiple versions of the story; each involves a supernatural character called "Satan" or "No. 44". All the versions remained unfinished (with the debatable exception of the last one, "No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger").


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The three stories differ in length: "The Chronicle of Young Satan" has about 55,000 words, "Schoolhouse Hill" 15,300 words and "No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger" 65,000 words.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: Mark Twain wrote the "St. Petersburg Fragment" in September 1897. It was set in the fictional town of St. Petersburg, a name Twain often used for Hannibal, Missouri. Twain then revised this version, removing references to St. Petersburg, and used the text for "The Chronicle of Young Satan".


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The first substantial version is entitled "The Chronicle of Young Satan" (also referred to as "Eseldorf" version) and relates the adventures of Satan, the sinless nephew of the biblical Satan, in Eseldorf, an Austrian village in the year 1702. Twain wrote this version between November 1897 and September 1900. "Eseldorf" is German for "Assville" or "Donkeytown".


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The second substantial text Twain attempted to write is known as "Schoolhouse Hill" (or "Hannibal") version. It is set in the US and involves the familiar characters Huckleberry Finn and Tom Sawyer and their adventures with Satan, referred to in this version as "No. 44, New Series 864962". Twain began writing it in November 1898 and, like the "St. Petersburg Fragment", set it in the fictional town of St. Petersburg.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The third text, called "No. 44, the Mysterious Stranger: Being an Ancient Tale Found in a Jug and Freely Translated from the Jug", also known as the "Print Shop" version, returns to Austria, this time in the year 1490, not long after the invention of printing. It tells of No. 44's mysterious appearance at the door of a print shop and his use of heavenly powers to expose the futility of mankind's existence. This version also introduces an idea Twain was toying with at the end of his life involving a duality of the "self", composed of the "Waking Self" and the "Dream Self". Twain explores these ideas through the use of "Duplicates", copies of the print shop workers made by No. 44.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: This version contains an actual ending; however, the text still has many flaws and it is debatable whether it can be considered finished.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The edition published in 1916 (in seven parts in Harper's Magazine, and separately as a book published by Harpers) is composed mainly of a heavily edited "Chronicle of Young Satan", with a slightly altered version of the ending from "No. 44" tacked on. Albert Bigelow Paine, who had sole possession of Twain's unfinished works after Twain's death and kept them private, claimed that he had searched through Twain's manuscripts and had found the proper intended ending for "The Mysterious Stranger". After Paine's death in 1937, Bernard DeVoto became the possessor of Twain's manuscripts and released them to the public. In the 1960s, critics studied the original copies of the story and found that the ending Paine chose for "The Mysterious Stranger" referred to the characters from different versions of the story (such as No. 44 instead of Satan) and the original names had been crossed out and written over in Paine's handwriting.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In 1963, scholars led by researcher John S. Tuckey carefully examined Twain's papers and manuscripts and discovered that Paine had not only tampered with and patched together three previously unfinished manuscripts but also had with assistance from Frederick Duneka added passages not written by Twain in order to complete "The Mysterious Stranger". The book version that was published nonetheless maintains Twain's criticisms of what he believed to be the hypocrisy of conventional religion.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: According to editor W. M. Gibson, Paine's volume was a literary fraud that went undetected for more than 40 years. Nevertheless, Gibson also admits that "the cut, cobbled-together, partially falsified text has the power to move and to satisfy esthetically despite its flaws."


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In 1590, three boys, Theodor, Seppi, and Nikolaus, live relatively happy simple lives in a remote Austrian village called Eseldorf (German for "Assville" or "Donkeytown"). The story is narrated by Theodor, the village organist's son. Other local characters include Father Peter, his niece Marget, and the astrologer.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: One day, a handsome teenage boy named Satan appears in the village. He explains that he is an angel and the nephew of the fallen angel whose name he shares. Young Satan performs several magical feats. He claims to be able to foresee the future and informs the group of unfortunate events that will soon befall those they care about. The boys do not believe Satan's claims until one of his predictions comes true. Satan proceeds to describe further tragedies that will befall their friends. The boys beg Satan to intercede. Satan agrees but operates under the technical definition of mercy. For instance, instead of a lingering death due to illness, Satan simply causes one of Theodor's friends to die immediately.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In the village and in other places around the world where Satan transports them magically, the boys witness religious fanaticism, witch trials, burnings, hangings, deaths and mass hysteria. Finally, Satan vanishes with a brief explanation: "[T]here is no God, no universe, no human race, no earthly life, no heaven, no hell. It is all a dream – a grotesque and foolish dream. Nothing exists but you. And you are but a thought – a vagrant thought, a useless thought, a homeless thought, wandering forlorn among the empty eternities!".


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In 1969, the University of California Press published, as part of The Mark Twain Papers Series, a scholarly edition of all three unaltered manuscripts, edited by William M. Gibson and titled "Mark Twain's Mysterious Stranger Manuscripts"; it was republished in 2005. The University of California Press also released a final version of "No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger" in a popular edition in 1982.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In 1982, a film version of "No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger" was shot by The Great Amwell Company and shown in the United States on PBS, and later on HBO and was directed by Peter H. Hunt. The role of 44 was played by Lance Kerwin, and August was played by Chris Makepeace.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: A scene from "The Chronicle of Young Satan" was adapted in the 1985 claymation film "The Adventures of Mark Twain", wherein Satan invites Tom Sawyer, Huck Finn, and Becky Thatcher to his company, displaying his powers to manifest things at will. He invites them to construct small clay people, which he brings to life and places in a small kingdom. Satan expresses curiosity and eventually spite toward their creations when the clay people display infighting and inflict cruelty on one another. He causes plagues and natural disasters to destroy the small community, buries the ruins with an earthquake, and causes wild vegetation to engulf the spot where the clay people once lived, demonstrating the futility and insignificance of mankind—much to the horror of the children, with Huck Finn uttering "You murdered them!" Satan advises them that "people are of no value" and that more could be made "if we need them". The scene also quotes Satan's last line from the book. In this version, Satan appears playful and friendly when he constructs the small kingdom, slowly revealing himself as cruel and hateful as he destroys it (although he claims he "can do no wrong" since he does not understand the word's meaning). He appears as a robed, headless figure with a mask where his head would be. As his true nature is revealed, the mask gradually changes from a pleasant appearance to a demonic visage and finally a grinning skull. The film also gives a paraphrased line from "No. 44, The Mysterious Stranger" to Mark Twain as his parting remark to the children: "The human race in all its poverty has only one truly effective weapon: Laughter. Against the assault of laughter nothing can stand."


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In 1989, a film adaptation of this book was shot in the Soviet Union by Igor Maslennikov and released under the title "Filipp Traum" (Philipp Traum is the name Satan comes to use amongst humans, "Traum" being the German word for "dream").


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The 2020 acid western movie "Day of the Stranger" is a loose adaptation of the story in a western setting.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: Kevin Malone's opera "Mysterious 44" is inspired by the work. The première, performed by Manchester Opera Project with a narrated introduction and conclusion by evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins, was at the residence of the Hallé Orchestra at St Peter's Church, Ancoats, Manchester, on 24 May 2014.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: In the "Fallout" video game series there is a character known as the "Mysterious Stranger". In the entries "Fallout 3" and "" he is referred to as a "Guardian Angel", and in "Fallout 3", "Fallout: New Vegas" and "Fallout 4" he uses a .44 Magnum.


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: Artist Ted Richards drew a comic-strip adaptation of "The Mysterious Stranger" for his "Dopin' Dan" character in "Rip-Off Comix No. 1" (Rip-Off Press, San Francisco, 1977).


title: The Mysterious Stranger

text: The DC Comics character Phantom Stranger has many similarities to the Mysterious Stranger. Both characters have vague origin stories which allow the possibility that they are exiled angels.


title: Lock picking

text: Lock picking is the practice of unlocking a lock by manipulating the components of the lock device without the original key.


title: Lock picking

text: Although lock-picking can be associated with criminal intent, it is an essential skill for the legitimate profession of locksmithing, and is also pursued by law-abiding citizens as a useful skill to learn, or simply as a hobby (locksport).


title: Lock picking

text: In some countries, such as Japan, lock-picking tools are illegal for most people to possess, but in many others, they are available and legal to own as long as there is no intent to use them for criminal purposes.


title: Lock picking

text: Locks by definition secure or fasten something with the intention that access is possible only with the matching key. Despite this, criminal lock picking likely started with the first locks. Famed locksmith Alfred Charles Hobbs said in the mid-1800s:


title: Lock picking

text: Professional and recreational lock picking also has a long history. King Louis XVI of France (1754–1793) was a keen designer, picker, and manipulator of locks, and physicist Richard Feynman picked locks for fun in the 1940s while employed on the Manhattan Project. The tradition of student roof and tunnel hacking at MIT included lockpicking, and their guide to this was made widely available in 1991.


title: Lock picking

text: Beginning in 1997 more organized recreational lockpicking has now grown and developed a competitive aspect in "locksport", along with its own governing body, Locksport International.


title: Lock picking

text: The warded pick, also known as a skeleton key, is used for opening warded locks. It is generally made to conform to a generalized key shape relatively simpler than the actual key used to open the lock; this simpler shape allows for internal manipulations.


title: Lock picking

text: The keys for warded locks only require the back end manipulating which is the end which opens the lock. The other parts are there to distinguish between different varieties of their locks. For example, if you have a chest of drawers with a warded lock you can make a skeleton key for that type of warded lock by filing away all but the last one or two teeth or bittings on both sides of the blade. Additionally, a series of grooves on either side of the key's blade limit the type of lock the key can slide into. As the key slides into the lock through the keyway, the wards align with the grooves in the key's profile to allow or deny entry into the lock cylinder.


title: Lock picking

text: The tension wrench, or torsion wrench, is generally used when picking a pin tumbler or wafer lock. It is used to apply torque to the plug of a lock to hold any picked pins in place. Once all pins are picked, the tension wrench is then used to turn the plug and open the lock. There are two basic types of tension: "bottom of the keyway" and "top of the keyway". The bottom of the keyway wrenches is typically shaped like a letter "L", although the vertical part of the letter is elongated in comparison to the horizontal part. Other tension tools, especially those for use with cars, resemble a pair of tweezers and allow the user to apply torque to both the top and the bottom of the lock. These are commonly used with double-sided wafer locks.


title: Lock picking

text: This versatile pick is included in nearly all kits and is mainly used for picking individual pins, but can also be used for raking and wafer and disk locks. The triangular-shaped half-diamond is usually long. The angles that form the base of the half-diamond can be either steep or shallow, depending on the need for picking without affecting neighboring pins, or raking as appropriate. A normal set comprises around three half-diamond picks and a full-diamond pick.


title: Lock picking

text: The hook pick is similar to the half-diamond pick but has a hook-shaped tip rather than a half-diamond shape. The hook pick is sometimes referred to as a "feeler" or "finger" and is not used for raking. This is the most basic lockpicking tool and is all that a professional will usually need if the lock is to be picked in the traditional sense rather than opened by raking or using a pick gun. A variety of differently sized and shaped hooks are available in a normal set.


title: Lock picking

text: The ball pick is similar to the half-diamond pick, except the end of the pick has a half or full circle shape. This pick is commonly used to open wafer locks.


title: Lock picking

text: These picks, such as the common snake rake, are designed to "rake" pins by rapidly sliding the pick past all the pins, repeatedly, to bounce the pins until they reach the shear line. This method requires much less skill than picking pins individually and generally works well on cheaper locks. Advanced rakes are available which are shaped to mimic various pin height key positions and are considerably easier to use than traditional rakes. Such rakes are typically machined from a template of common key configurations since not all permutations of pin heights for adjacent pins are possible given the process by which keys are manufactured.


title: Lock picking

text: The decoder pick is a key which has been adapted such that the height of its notches can be changed, either by screwing them into the blade base or by adjusting them from the handle while the key is in the lock. This will allow not only access to the lock but also a template for cutting a replacement key.


title: Lock picking

text: The simplest way to open the majority of pin locks is to insert a key (or variety of keys) that have been cut so that each peak of the key is equal and has been cut down to the lowest groove of the key. This key is then struck sharply with a hammer whilst applying torque. The force of the blow is carried down the length of the key and (operating as does a Newton's cradle) will move only the driver pins leaving the key pins in place. If done correctly this briefly creates a gap around the shear line allowing the plug to rotate freely. Some modern high security locks include bumping protection, such as Master Lock's "BumpStop" and Ilco's "Bump Halt" technology.


title: Lock picking

text: The majority of wafer tumbler locks can be opened with a set of jigglers or try-out keys. They can also be opened with pin-tumbler picks.


title: Lock picking

text: The manual pick gun (or snap gun) was invented by Ely Epstein. It usually has a "trigger" that creates a movement which (like bump keys) transfers sudden energy to the key pins which communicate this to the driver pins causing those pins only to jump, allowing the cylinder to turn freely for a brief moment, until the pin springs return the pins to their locking position. Electric versions are now also common, whereby simply pressing a button the pins are vibrated while the normal torsion wrench is being used.


title: Lock picking

text: A tubular lock pick is a specialized lockpicking tool used for opening a tubular pin tumbler lock. Tubular lock picks are all very similar in design and come in sizes to fit all major tubular locks, including 6, 7, 8, and 10-pin locks. The tool is simply inserted into the lock and turned clockwise with medium torque. As the tool is pushed into the lock, each of the pins is slowly forced down until they stop, thus binding the driver pins behind the shear line of the lock. When the final pin is pushed down, the shear plane is clear and the lock opens. This can usually be accomplished in a matter of seconds.


title: Lock picking

text: Most tubular lock picks come with a "decoder" which lets the locksmith know at what depths the pins broke the shear plane. By using the decoding key after the lock has been picked, the locksmith can cut a tubular key to the correct pin depths and thus avoid having to replace the lock.


title: Lock picking

text: The history of lock development, particularly modern locks is largely one of an arms race between lock pickers and lock inventors.


title: Lock picking

text: Today's anti-picking methods in standard pin tumbler locks include the use of sidewards which obstruct the keyway and "security pins". These are shaped like a spool, mushroom, or barrel – with the effect that they feel as though they have set when in fact they have not.


title: Lock picking

text: In Australia, possession of lock picking equipment is legal. However, it may count toward evidence of intent to commit a crime if otherwise incriminating circumstances warrant reasonable suspicion by police. For example, Queensland state law states:


title: Lock picking

text: "A person possessing lock picks, an electronic car door lock scanner, or a jemmy in other than easily explainable circumstances, e.g., a locksmith, carpenter, or a person undertaking home renovations, may warrant the suspicion of police that the person may intend to used [sic] the equipment for a burglary or vehicle theft. Obviously, the suspicion held by police must be reasonable and therefore will be dependent on the circumstances under which the person is found with the items."


title: Lock picking

text: In B.C. and Ontario Canada, a licence is required to carry out locksmithing professionally. It is legal for hobbyists who are not locksmiths to pick locks that they own.


title: Lock picking

text: Under Section 351 of the Canadian Criminal Code, lock pick tools fit in the same category as crowbars or hammers, meaning they are legal to possess and use unless they are used to commit a crime or if it is shown there was the intention to commit a crime.


title: Lock picking

text: The relevant section states: "Every person who, without lawful excuse, has in their possession any instrument suitable for breaking into any place, motor vehicle, vault or safe knowing that the instrument has been used or is intended to be used for that purpose,


title: Lock picking

text: (a) is guilty of an indictable offense and liable to imprisonment for a term not exceeding ten years; or


title: Lock picking

text: Some provinces require a license to carry lock picks. Unlike most laws in Canada, the onus is on the defendant to prove that they have a legal purpose to use the lock picks. Similar to some drug trafficking offenses, this may be automatically applied if possession is discovered, though corroborating evidence is needed to support these charges. Hobbyist use and indications thereof should constitute reasonable doubt, though the defendant must prove legal purposes, the crown must still indicate the charges are reasonable given the circumstances. For example, the discovery of lock picks in a dwelling house in absence of other indications of burglary are not grounds for this charge. It is not uncommon for hackathon events in Canada to have lock picking challenges, and this would constitute a reasonable and legal reason for possession.


title: Lock picking

text: There is no law or regulation on lock picking, so it is legal as long as one has permission from the owner of the lock to pick the lock in question. Lock picking tools can be freely bought and sold. There are several clubs where lock picking is practiced as a sport. Lock picking has also become a popular part of geocaching in Germany. There are also lock picking workshops at geocaching events.


title: Lock picking

text: Most countries of the European Union don't regulate the possession of lockpicks. All responsibility concerning criminal or legal acts using the picks is taken by the owner of the lockpicks.


title: Lock picking

text: Unusually for a country in the EU, ownership of lock picks in Hungary on public property is prohibited.


title: Lock picking

text: Japan's law prohibits possession of any lock picking tools and imposes a penalty of one-year imprisonment or a 500,000 yen fine.


title: Lock picking

text: In the Netherlands, owning lock picks is legal, but using them on someone else's locks without permission is not. There is a lock picking championship, the Dutch Open (organized by TOOOL), which started in 2002 and features competitors from around the world. The competition is held during LockCon, an annual conference about locks.


title: Lock picking

text: In New Zealand, lock picking tools are not illegal, but possession with the intent to use them for burglary carries a potential penalty of three years in prison.


title: Lock picking

text: In Poland, according to Article 129/1 of the Misdemeanor Code: both (1) possessing, producing or obtaining a lock pick by a person whose profession and occupation does not require it; and (2) delivering a lock pick to a person whose profession and occupation does not require it is punishable with arrest, freedom limitation or fine - and (3) a lock pick is forfeited even if it was not the property of the principal.


title: Lock picking

text: In England and Wales, a person who, not within their abode, has anything to be used to commit burglary or theft can potentially be prosecuted. The penalty for this can be up to 3 years imprisonment.


title: Lock picking

text: In the United States, laws concerning possession of lock picks vary from state to state. Generally, possession and use of lock picks is considered equivalent to the possession of a crowbar or any other tool that may or may not be used in a burglary. Possession of lock picks with an intent for their unlawful use is generally prosecuted as a misdemeanor under the category of possession of burglary tools or similar statutes. In many states, simple possession of lock picks is completely legal, as the statutes only prohibit the possession of lock picks or the activity of lock picking "when there is a malicious intent". This is the case in Arizona, California, Utah, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Washington D.C., Washington State, and New York. Some states, such as California and New York, impose restrictions on businesses, such as prohibiting the operation of a locksmithing business without a license and imposing requirements to keep records about sales of lock picking devices.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Frances Perkins (born Fannie Coralie Perkins; April 10, 1880 – May 14, 1965) was an American workers-rights advocate who served as the 4th United States secretary of labor from 1933 to 1945, the longest serving in that position. A member of the Democratic Party, Perkins was the first woman ever to serve in a presidential cabinet. As a loyal supporter of her longtime friend, President Franklin D. Roosevelt, she helped make labor issues important in the emerging New Deal coalition. She was one of two Roosevelt cabinet members to remain in office for his entire presidency (the other being Interior Secretary Harold L. Ickes).


title: Frances Perkins

text: Her most important role came in developing a policy for social security in 1935. She also helped form government policy for working with labor unions, although the union leaders distrusted her. Her Labor Department helped to mediate strikes by way of the United States Conciliation Service. Perkins dealt with many labor questions during World War II, when skilled labor was vital to the economy and women were moving into jobs formerly held by men.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Fannie Coralie Perkins was born in Boston, Massachusetts, to Susan Ella Perkins (née Bean; 1849–1927) and Frederick William Perkins (1844–1916), the owner of a stationer's business (both of her parents originally were from Maine). Fannie Perkins had one sister, Ethel Perkins Harrington (1884–1965). The family could trace their roots to colonial America, and the women had a tradition of work in education. She spent much of her childhood in Worcester, Massachusetts. Frederick loved Greek literature and passed that love on to Fannie.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Perkins attended the Classical High School in Worcester. She earned a bachelor's degree in chemistry and physics from Mount Holyoke College in 1902. While attending Mount Holyoke, Perkins discovered progressive politics and the suffrage movement. She was named class president. One of her professors was Annah May Soule, who assigned students to tour a factory to study working conditions; Perkins recalled Soule's course as an important influence.


title: Frances Perkins

text: After college, Perkins held a variety of teaching positions, including one from 1904 to 1906 where she taught chemistry at Ferry Hall School (now Lake Forest Academy), an all-girls school in Lake Forest, Illinois. In Chicago, she volunteered at settlement houses, including Hull House, where she worked with Jane Addams. She changed her name from Fannie to Frances when she joined the Episcopal church in 1905. In 1907, she moved to Philadelphia and enrolled at University of Pennsylvania's Wharton School to learn economics and spent two years in the city working as a social worker. Shortly after, she moved to Greenwich Village, New York, where she attended Columbia University and became active in the suffrage movement. In support of the movement, Perkins attended protests and meetings, and advocated for the cause on street corners. She earned a master's degree in economics and sociology from Columbia in 1910.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 1910 Perkins achieved statewide prominence as head of the New York office of the National Consumers League and lobbied with vigor for better working hours and conditions. She also taught as a professor of sociology at Adelphi College. The next year, she witnessed the tragic Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire, a pivotal event in her life. The factory employed hundreds of workers, mostly young women, but lacked fire escapes. When the building caught fire, many workers tried unsuccessfully to escape through the windows. Just a year before, these same women and girls had fought for and won the 54-hour work week and other benefits that Perkins had championed. One hundred and forty-six workers died. Perkins blamed lax legislation for the loss.


title: Frances Perkins

text: As a consequence of this fire, Perkins left her position at the New York office of the National Consumers League and, on the recommendation of Theodore Roosevelt, became the executive secretary for the Committee on Safety of the City of New York, formed to improve fire safety. As part of the Committee on Safety, Perkins investigated another significant fire at the Freeman plant in Binghamton, New York, in which 63 people died. In 1913, she was instrumental in getting the New York legislature to pass a "54-hour" bill that capped the number of hours women and children could work. Perkins pressed for votes for the legislation, encouraging proponents including Franklin D. Roosevelt to filibuster, while Perkins called state senators to make sure they could be present for the final vote.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 1913, Perkins married New York economist Paul Caldwell Wilson. She kept her maiden name because she did not want her activities in Albany and New York City to affect the career of her husband, then the secretary to the New York City mayor. She defended her right to keep her maiden name in court. The couple had a daughter, Susanna, born in December 1916. Less than two years later, Wilson began to show signs of mental illness. He would be institutionalized frequently for mental illness throughout the remainder of their marriage. Perkins had cut back slightly on her public life following the birth of her daughter, but returned after her husband's illness to provide for her family. According to biographer Kirstin Downey, Susanna displayed "manic-depressive symptoms", as well. Perkins maintained a long-standing romantic relationship with Mary Harriman Rumsey, who had founded the Junior League in 1901. The women lived together in Washington, DC until Rumsey’s death in 1934, after which Perkins shared her home with Caroline O’Day, a Democratic congresswoman from New York.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Prior to moving to Washington, D.C., Perkins held various positions in the New York state government. She had gained respect from the political leaders in the state. In 1919, she was added to the Industrial Commission of the State of New York by Governor Al Smith. Her nomination was met with protests from both manufacturers and labor, neither of whom felt Perkins represented their interests. Smith stood by Perkins as someone who could be a voice for women and girls in the workforce and for her work on the Wagner Factory Investigating Committee. Although claiming the delay in Perkins's confirmation was not due to her gender, some state senators pointed to Perkins's not taking her husband's name as a sign that she was a radical. Perkins was confirmed on February 18, 1919, becoming one of the first female commissioners in New York, and began working out of New York City. The state senate-confirmed position made Perkins one of three commissioners overseeing the industrial code, and the supervisor of both the bureau of information and statistics and the bureau of mediation and arbitration. The position also came with an $8,000 salary (), making Perkins the highest-paid woman in New York state government. Six months into her job, her fellow Commissioner James M. Lynch called Perkins’s contributions "invaluable," and added "[f]rom the work which Miss Perkins has accomplished I am convinced that more women ought to be placed in high positions throughout the state departments."


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 1929, the newly elected New York governor, Franklin Roosevelt, appointed Perkins as the inaugural New York state industrial commissioner. As commissioner, Perkins supervised an agency with 1,800 employees.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Having earned the co-operation and the respect of various political factions, Perkins helped put New York in the forefront of progressive reform. She expanded factory investigations, reduced the workweek for women to 48 hours, and championed minimum wage and unemployment insurance laws. She worked vigorously to put an end to child labor and to provide safety for women workers.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 1933, Roosevelt summoned Perkins to ask her to join his cabinet. Perkins presented Roosevelt with a long list of labor programs for which she would fight, from Social Security to minimum wage. "Nothing like this has ever been done in the United States before," she told Roosevelt. "You know that, don’t you?" Agreeing to back her, Roosevelt nominated Perkins as Secretary of Labor. The nomination was met with support from the National League of Women Voters and the Women's Party. The American Federation of Labor criticized the selection of Perkins because of a perceived lack of ties to labor.


title: Frances Perkins

text: As secretary, Perkins oversaw the Department of Labor. Perkins went on to hold the position for 12 years, longer than any other Secretary of Labor. She also became the first woman to hold a cabinet position in the United States, thus she became the first woman to enter the presidential line of succession. The selection of a woman to the cabinet had been rumored in the four previous administrations, with Roosevelt being the first to follow through. Roosevelt had witnessed Perkins’s work firsthand during their time in Albany. With few exceptions, President Roosevelt consistently supported the goals and programs of Secretary Perkins.


title: Frances Perkins

text: As Secretary of Labor, Perkins played a role in the New Deal by helping to write legislation. As chair of the President's Committee on Economic Security, she was involved in all aspects of its advisory reports, including the Civilian Conservation Corps and the She-She-She Camps. Her most important contribution was to help design the Social Security Act of 1935.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 1939, she came under fire from some members of Congress for refusing to deport the communist head of the West Coast International Longshore and Warehouse Union, Harry Bridges. Ultimately, Bridges was vindicated by the Supreme Court.


title: Frances Perkins

text: With the death of President Roosevelt, Harry Truman replaced the Roosevelt cabinet, naming Lewis B. Schwellenbach as Secretary of Labor. Perkins's tenure as secretary ended on June 30, 1945, with the swearing in of Schwellenbach.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Following her tenure as Secretary of Labor, in 1945, Perkins was asked by President Truman to serve on the United States Civil Service Commission, which she accepted. In her post as commissioner, Perkins spoke out against government officials requiring secretaries and stenographers to be physically attractive, blaming the practice for the shortage of secretaries and stenographers in the government. Perkins left the Civil Service Commission in 1952 when her husband died. During this period, she also published a memoir of her time in the Roosevelt administration entitled, "The Roosevelt I Knew" (1946, ), which covered her personal history with Franklin Roosevelt, starting from their meeting in 1910.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Following her government service career, Perkins remained active and returned to educational positions at colleges and universities. She was a teacher and lecturer at the New York State School of Industrial and Labor Relations at Cornell University until her death in 1965, at age 85. She also gave guest lectures at other universities, including two 15-lecture series at the University of Illinois Institute of Labor and Industrial relations in 1955 and 1958.


title: Frances Perkins

text: At Cornell, she lived at the Telluride House where she was one of the first women to become a member of that renowned intellectual community. Kirstin Downey, author of "The Woman Behind the New Deal: The Life of Frances Perkins, FDR's Secretary of Labor and His Moral Conscience", dubbed her time at the Telluride House "probably the happiest phase of her life".


title: Frances Perkins

text: Perkins is famous for being the first woman cabinet member, as well as from her policy accomplishments. She was heavily involved with many issues associated with the social safety net including, the creation of social security, unemployment insurance in the United States, the federal minimum wage, and federal laws regulating child labor.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 1967, the Telluride House and Cornell University's School of Industrial and Labor Relations established the Frances Perkins Memorial Fellowship. In 1982, Perkins was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame. In 2015, Perkins was named by Equality Forum as one of their 31 Icons of the 2015 LGBT History Month. In 2019, she was announced as among the members of the inaugural class of the Government Hall of Fame. Also that year, Elizabeth Warren used a podium built with wood salvaged from the Perkins homestead.


title: Frances Perkins

text: As the first woman to become a member of the presidential cabinet, Perkins had an unenviable challenge: she had to be as capable, as fearless, as tactful, and as politically astute as the other Washington politicians, in order to make it possible for other women to be accepted into the halls of power after her.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Perkins had a cool personality that held her aloof from the crowd. On one occasion, however, she engaged in some heated name-calling with Alfred P. Sloan, the chairman of the board at General Motors. During a punishing United Auto Workers strike, she phoned Sloan in the middle of the night and called him a scoundrel and a skunk for not meeting the union's demands. She said, "You don't deserve to be counted among decent men. You'll go to hell when you die." Sloan's late-night response was one of irate indignation.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Her achievements indicate her great love of workers and lower-class groups, but her Boston upbringing held her back from mingling freely and exhibiting personal affection. She was well-suited for the high-level efforts to effect sweeping reforms, but never caught the public's eye or its affection.


title: Frances Perkins

text: President Jimmy Carter renamed the headquarters of the U.S. Department of Labor in Washington, D.C., the Frances Perkins Building in 1980. Perkins was honored with a postage stamp that same year. Her home in Washington, D.C. from 1937 to 1940, and her Maine family home are both designated National Historic Landmarks.


title: Frances Perkins

text: The Frances Perkins Center is a nonprofit organization located in Damariscotta, Maine. Its mission is to fulfill the legacy of Frances Perkins through educating visitors on her work and programs and preserving the Perkins family homestead for future generations. The Center regularly hosts events and exhibitions for the public.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Perkins remains a prominent alumna of Mount Holyoke College, whose Frances Perkins Program allows "women of non-traditional age" (i.e., age 24 or older) to complete a bachelor of arts degree. There are approximately 140 Frances Perkins scholars each year.


title: Frances Perkins

text: A mural depicting Perkins was displayed in the Maine Department of Labor headquarters, the native state of her parents. On March 23, 2011, Maine's Republican governor, Paul LePage, ordered the mural removed. A spokesperson for the governor said he received complaints about the mural from state business officials and an "anonymous" fax charging that it was reminiscent of "communist North Korea where they use these murals to brainwash the masses". LePage also ordered that the names of seven conference rooms in the state department of labor be changed, including one named after Perkins. A lawsuit was filed in U.S. District Court seeking "to confirm the mural's current location, ensure that the artwork is adequately preserved, and ultimately to restore it to the Department of Labor's lobby in Augusta". As of January 2013, the mural resides in the Maine State Museum, at the entrance to the Maine State Library and Maine State Archives.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In 2022, Frances Perkins was officially added to the Episcopal Church liturgical calendar with a feast day on 13 May.


title: Frances Perkins

text: Perkins is a minor character in the 1977 Broadway musical "Annie", in which she alongside Harold Ickes is ordered by Roosevelt to sing along to the song "Tomorrow" with the title character. It is during this scene in the show that Roosevelt's cabinet comes up with the idea of the New Deal.


title: Frances Perkins

text: In the 1987 American movie "Dirty Dancing", the lead character Frances "Baby" Houseman reveals that she was named after Perkins.


title: Podocarpus

text: Podocarpus () is a genus of conifers, the most numerous and widely distributed of the podocarp family, the Podocarpaceae. The name comes from Greek πούς (poús, “foot”) + καρπός (karpós, “fruit”). "Podocarpus" species are evergreen shrubs or trees, usually from tall, known to reach at times. The cones have two to five fused cone scales, which form a fleshy, berry-like, brightly coloured receptacle at maturity. The fleshy cones attract birds, which then eat the cones and disperse the seeds in their droppings. About 97 to 107 species are placed in the genus depending on the circumscription of the species.


title: Podocarpus

text: Species are cultivated as ornamental plants for parks and large gardens. The cultivar 'County Park Fire' has won the Royal Horticultural Society's Award of Garden Merit.


title: Podocarpus

text: Common names for various species include "yellowwood" and "pine", as in the plum pine ("Podocarpus elatus") or the Buddhist pine ("Podocarpus macrophyllus").


title: Podocarpus

text: "Podocarpus" species are evergreen woody plants. They are generally trees, but may also be shrubs. The trees can reach a height of 40 meters at their tallest. Some shrubby species have a decumbent growth habit. The primary branches form pseudowhorls around the trunk. The bark can be scaly or fibrous and peeling with vertical strips. Terminal buds are distinctive with bud scales that are often imbricate and can be spreading.


title: Podocarpus

text: The leaves are simple and flattened, and may be sessile or short petiolate. The phyllotaxis or leaf arrangement is spiral, and may be subopposite on some shoots. The leaves are usually linear-lanceolate or linear-elliptic in shape, though they can be broader lanceolate, ovate, or nearly elliptic in some species. Juvenile leaves are often larger than adult leaves, though similar in shape. The leaves are coriaceous and have a distinct midrib. The stomata are usually restricted to the abaxial or underside of the leaf, forming two stomatal bands around the midrib.


title: Podocarpus

text: "Podocarpus" spp. are generally dioecious, with the male pollen cones and female seed cones borne on separate individual plants, but some species may be monoecious. The cones develop from axillary buds, and may be solitary or form clusters.


title: Podocarpus

text: The pollen cones are long and catkin-like in shape. They may be sessile or short pedunculate. A pollen cone consists of a slender rachis with numerous spirally arranged microsporophylls around it. Each triangular microsporophyll has two basal pollen-producing pollen sacs. The pollen is bisaccate.


title: Podocarpus

text: The seed cones are highly modified with the few cone scales swelling and fusing at maturity. The cones are pedunculate and often solitary. The seed cone consists of two to five cone scales of which only the uppermost one or rarely two nearest the apex of the cone are fertile. Each fertile scale usually has one apical ovule. The infertile basal scales fuse and swell to form a succulent, usually brightly colored receptacle. Each cone generally has only one seed, but may have two or rarely more. The seed is attached to the apex of the receptacle. The seed is entirely covered by a fleshy modified scale known as an epimatium. The epimatium is usually green, but may be bluish or reddish in some species.


title: Podocarpus

text: The natural distribution of the genus consists of much of Africa, Asia, Australia, Central and South America, and several South Pacific islands. The genus occurs from southern Chile north to Mexico in the Americas and from New Zealand north to Japan in the Asia-Pacific region.


title: Podocarpus

text: "Podocarpus" and the Podocarpaceae were endemic to the ancient supercontinent of Gondwana, which broke up into Africa, South America, India, Australia-New Guinea, New Zealand, and New Caledonia between 105 and 45 million years ago. "Podocarpus" is a characteristic tree of the Antarctic flora, which originated in the cool, moist climate of southern Gondwana, and elements of the flora survive in the humid temperate regions of the former supercontinent. As the continents drifted north and became drier and hotter, podocarps and other members of the Antarctic flora generally retreated to humid regions, especially in Australia, where sclerophyll genera such as "Acacia" and "Eucalyptus" became predominant. The flora of Malesia, which includes the Malay peninsula, Indonesia, the Philippines, and New Guinea, is generally derived from Asia, but includes many elements of the old Gondwana flora, including several other genera in the Podocarpaceae ("Dacrycarpus, Dacrydium, Falcatifolium, Nageia, Phyllocladus," and the Malesian endemic "Sundacarpus"), and also "Agathis" in the Araucariaceae.


title: Podocarpus

text: In "Podocarpus", the cone is not subtended by lanceolate bracts, and the seed usually has an apical ridge. Species are distributed in the temperate forests of Tasmania, New Zealand, and southern Chile, with a few occurring in the tropical highlands of Africa and the Americas.


title: Podocarpus

text: In "Foliolatus", the cone is subtended by two lanceolate bracts ("foliola"), and the seed usually lacks an apical ridge. The species are tropical and subtropical, concentrated in eastern and southeastern Asia and Malesia, overlapping with subgenus "Podocarpus" in northeastern Australia and New Caledonia.


title: Podocarpus

text: Species in family Podocarpaceae have been reshuffled a number of times based on genetic and physiological evidence, with many species formerly assigned to "Podocarpus" now assigned to other genera. A sequence of classification schemes has moved species between "Nageia" and "Podocarpus", and in 1969, de Laubenfels divided the huge genus "Podocarpus" into "Dacrycarpus, Decussocarpus" (an invalid name he later revised to the valid "Nageia"), "Prumnopitys", and "Podocarpus".


title: Podocarpus

text: Male "Podocarpus" spp. are extremely allergenic, and have an OPALS allergy-scale rating of 10 out of 10. Conversely, completely female "Podocarpus" plants have an OPALS rating of 1, and are considered "allergy-fighting", as they capture pollen while producing none.


title: Podocarpus

text: "Podocarpus" is related to yews, and as with yews, the stems, leaves, flowers, and pollen of "Podocarpus" are all poisonous. Additionally, the leaves, stems, bark, and pollen are cytotoxic. The male "Podocarpus" blooms and releases this cytotoxic pollen in the spring and early summer. Heavy exposure to the pollen, such as with a male "Podocarpus" planted near a bedroom window, can produce symptoms that mimic the cytotoxic side effects of chemotherapy.


title: Podocarpus

text: The earliest use of "P. elongatus" dates back to the southern African Middle Stone Age where it was used to produce an adhesive by distillation. Today, several species of "Podocarpus" are grown as garden trees, or trained into hedges, espaliers, or screens. Podocarpus trees (misspelled as "protocarpus") were used on Isla Nublar, Costa Rica, to conceal electric fences from visitors. Common garden species used for their attractive deep-green foliage and neat habits include "P. macrophyllus", known commonly as Buddhist pine, fern pine, or "kusamaki", "P. salignus" from Chile, and "P. nivalis", a smaller, red-fleshy-coned shrub. Some members of the genera "Nageia", "Prumnopitys", and "Afrocarpus" are marketed under the genus name "Podocarpus".


title: Podocarpus

text: The red, purple, or bluish fleshy cone (popularly called a "fruit") of most species of "Podocarpus" are edible, raw or cooked into jams or pies. They have a mucilaginous texture with a slightly sweet flavor. They are slightly toxic, so should be eaten only in small amounts, especially when raw.


title: Podocarpus

text: Some species of "Podocarpus" are used in systems of traditional medicine for conditions such as fevers, coughs, arthritis, sexually transmitted diseases, and canine distemper.


title: Say So

text: "Say So" is a song by American rapper and singer Doja Cat from her second studio album, "Hot Pink" (2019). The song was written by Doja Cat with her manager Lydia Asrat, and Dr. Luke, who handled production for the song under the pseudonym Tyson Trax. Originally an album track, the song was serviced by Kemosabe and RCA Records in January 2020 as the record's fifth single after it gained traction on TikTok, where a dance set to the song went viral. A pop song, it features elements of 1970s funk, disco, and pop rap. Directed by Hannah Lux Davis, the music video earned praise for its matching retro 1970s aesthetic. In both the video and the song's lyrics, Doja Cat explores flirting and invites a stranger with whom she feels a connection to come over and talk to her.


title: Say So

text: The solo version of "Say So" initially peaked at number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, before two remixes featuring rapper Nicki Minaj propelled the song to number one. With this, the track earned a "Guinness World Record" for becoming the first female rap duo to top the Hot 100, also earning both artists their first number-one song in the US. Elsewhere, the song reached the top ten in 25 countries including the United Kingdom, Canada, Australia, Ireland and New Zealand, becoming Doja Cat's first mainstream hit and her pop radio breakthrough. It has received several certifications, including a fivefold platinum from the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA).


title: Say So

text: To promote "Say So", Doja Cat performed the song on many television programs and awards shows, including the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards, the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards, and the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, where the song was nominated in two categories: Record of the Year and Best Pop Solo Performance. The song and its music video appeared on several year-end lists, although many critics were polarized by its success and described it as a comeback for its producer and co-writer Dr. Luke, following the 2014 "Kesha v. Dr. Luke" lawsuits.


title: Say So

text: "Say So" was written by Doja Cat and her manager Lydia Asrat, as well as Dr. Luke, who handled production for the song under the pseudonym Tyson Trax. Although uncredited, frequent collaborator Yeti Beats also served as an executive producer and co-writer. "Say So" is one of eight songs co-written by Asrat on the parent album, "Hot Pink", and is one of five produced by Trax. A&R executives at RCA Records said that they "immediately" knew the song had hit potential, with Keith Naftaly stating: "A retro disco pop song with sweet vocals and flirtatious lyrics? …That song right there is gonna make you a global pop star." On the creative process of the song, Doja Cat said that the melody came about before the lyrics, and that she was "noodling around" at her mother's home when it started coming together.


title: Say So

text: The song was originally included as an album track on Doja Cat's second studio album "Hot Pink" (2019). During late 2019 and early 2020, it gained popularity "out of nowhere" on TikTok due to a viral dance challenge which featured the song and was created by TikTok user Haley Sharpe (@yodelinghaley). Celebrities such as Dua Lipa, Laura Dern, Charli D'Amelio, Mackenzie Ziegler, and Sofia Wylie posted their own videos of themselves performing the dance, ultimately helping it become "a go-to challenge for TikTok users". "Say So" would later end up becoming the fifth most-used song on TikTok throughout the year 2020. As a result of its initial traction, the song officially impacted contemporary hit radio on January 28, 2020, and rhythmic contemporary radio on February 4, in the United States. Despite being the fifth single from the record, "Say So" was only the second single to be promoted to radio.


title: Say So

text: Doja Cat announced a remix of the song featuring Nicki Minaj a day before its release on May 1, 2020. Tunji Balogun, an A&R executive at RCA Records, organised her feature on this remix. Having expressed her admiration for Minaj, Doja Cat has said that the pairing for the remix came naturally. The release of the track was received by fans as the end of a supposed feud between the two rappers, which Doja Cat later simply deemed a misunderstanding. Following rumors of the collaboration preceding its official announcement, the original version of the remix leaked online. Minaj later said that this leaked version was an earlier demo of the remix, and that the officially released version was the "correct, updated" one. Due to high demand by fans online, the leaked version was later officially released on May 8, 2020. While no official music video was made for the Nicki Minaj version, a dance visual featuring three performers was posted to Minaj's official YouTube channel on May 2, 2020.


title: Say So

text: Minaj performs an additional verse in the outro of the song in which she raps the lyric: "Why you talkin' 'bout who body fake? / With all them fillers in your face, you just full of hate". Following major speculation, the rapper disclosed that the verse was not directed at television personality Wendy Williams. However fans continued to speculate that the verse was directed at Beyoncé, which Minaj later denied. During a Twitter Q&A on May 8, 2020, as part of #SaySoRMXParty, Minaj first sparked rumors of her potential pregnancy with her husband Kenneth Petty, before formally announcing that she was pregnant with her first child only two months later.


title: Say So

text: American recording engineer Clint Gibbs, Dr. Luke's chief engineer and occasional mixer under the latter's publishing company Prescription Songs, used Pro Tools to mix both the solo and Nicki Minaj versions of "Say So". Gibbs aimed at recreating the chorus guitar sound used by American musician Nile Rodgers from the R&B band Chic. He revealed that the Minaj remix came together "very last minute," and that her vocal engineer, Aubry "Big Juice" Delaine, sent him her vocals before the record label even told Gibbs that the remix was taking place. While mixing, he would constantly be getting newer and updated versions of Minaj's vocals, and revealed that on "the day before the remix was supposed to come out, someone wanted to change the beat underneath her vocals. All of a sudden there was an emergency!". Tyson Trax (Dr. Luke) sent Gibbs the newer instrumental for Minaj's part, and he had only an hour to mix it before its release only a few hours later. His final rough mix included nearly 100 tracks.


title: Say So

text: The song's eventual commercial success saw several music critics disturbed by what they described as the "comeback" of Dr. Luke, following the series of lawsuits filed against him by singer Kesha in 2014. Despite the fact that Doja Cat does not disclose the details of their relationship, she has previously liked tweets pointing out that she had signed with Dr. Luke before the lawsuits were issued. Dr. Luke's multiple Grammy Award nominations for the song using a pseudonym faced further criticism from singer Fiona Apple, who called for the boycott of the award ceremony entirely.


title: Say So

text: A number of writers from American music magazine "Billboard" shared their opinions on the matter. Andrew Unterberger described the song as one of "the year's best floor-fillers," but highlighted that "[it's Dr. Luke] who Doja's sharing the floor with on 'Say So,' an uncomfortable fact that shouldn't be ignored." Denise Warner argued, "how does one support the success of 'Say So' without marginalizing Kesha's accusations or story?" Gab Ginsberg stated, "If Doja has her own reasons for wanting to work with Luke, I don't have to like it, but that's her deal. I do wish there was a way to support Doja and not Luke, but the fact is he helped her make a hit, and I do enjoy it," while Unterberger opined, "it's something we have to keep reminding ourselves and each other about—and to continue to ask Doja and other present and future collaborators about—to make sure that everyone stays informed about [Lukasz] Gottwald's resumed presence in pop's mainstream, and can respond and demand general accountability accordingly."


title: Say So

text: "Say So" is a pop, hip hop, pop rap, and disco song. It features elements of 1970s funk, and bubblegum pop. The song is composed in time and in the key of D major, with a moderately fast tempo of 111 beats per minute (BPM) and a ii–V–I (two-five-one) chord progression of Em–A–Dmaj. Doja Cat's vocals on the track span between the low note of F and the high note of D, giving the song one octave and eight tones of vocal range. The song is built around a "retro", "grooving" funk guitar riff, an "iridescent" synthesizer, syncopated handclaps, "groovy" 808s, and a funk-inspired walking bassline. It is characterized by Doja Cat's floaty vocals and her rich, breathy harmonies. Writing for "Clash", Erin Bashford noted that the song "nods to the funk and grooves of the ‘70s with a modernised almost-house beat, all tied together with Doja’s always perfect vocal performance". One critic wrote that its "psychedelic-rock vibe" complemented both her singing and rapping, while another wrote that Doja Cat's "playful" delivery helps keep TikTok dancers on rhythm despite the absence of a conventional bass-heavy beat.


title: Say So

text: Lyrically, the song is about flirting and "swapping gazes" with a person with whom you feel a connection. On its origins, Doja Cat told MTV, "It's about when you go somewhere and you see someone and they don't approach you, but you're looking at each other and you both feel like there's something there." Following the second chorus, Doja Cat breaks into a "steamy", "swaggering" rap verse and notably asks the person to admit their feelings to her and not to "beat around the bush". On her remix, Nicki Minaj adds a "slick", "high-energy" and "playful" rap verse, while Doja Cat adds "sexy" background vocals. Minaj makes a number of references to Naomi Campbell, Cassie, and Lauryn Hill by means of name-dropping, while also alluding to the COVID-19 pandemic which was ongoing as she recorded her verse. Produced by Dr. Luke, the instrumental is nearly identical to the original with additional 808s and a mix in the note progression for Minaj's part, ultimately "turning the song's disco pulse into a spitting trap beat". Minaj is credited as an additional co-writer on the remix.


title: Say So

text: Writing for "Rolling Stone", Jon Dolan described "Say So" as "a high-gloss bit of Chic-biting retro disco, light and evanescent like the sun glistening off the ocean", while David Renshaw of "The Fader" deemed it "a slinky ode to seizing romance in the moment". Nerisha Penrose of "Elle" noted that the song "offers a healthy dose of nostalgia as Doja's hushed, airy voice floats over a bed of iridescent synths and a funky bassline". In a review for "Clash", Erin Bashford wrote that the song is "tied together with Doja's always perfect vocal performance". Writers at CBC Music noted that by "switching between saccharine songbird and hard-hitting rapper, Doja Cat flexes her musical chops alongside a retro guitar riff tailor made for a '70s nightclub."


title: Say So

text: Rachel Epstein of "Marie Claire" drew comparisons between "Say So" and the works of American pop singer Gwen Stefani, while Heran Mamo of "Billboard" noted the resemblance between Gibbs' engineered chorus guitar sound on "Say So" and Nile Rodgers' guitarwork in the 1979 single "Good Times" by Chic. Writing for "Rolling Stone", Rob Sheffield also compared the song to the works of British new wave bands such as Kajagoogoo, Naked Eyes and Spandau Ballet. Justin Curto of "Vulture" deemed the song "an undeniable throwback" and praised both its "grooving guitars" as well as Doja Cat's "breathy vocals that recall early Donna Summer". Mamo described the song an "effortless dance floor-filler", while Lucy Shanker of "Consequence" called it a "traditional pop hit" in her review of "Hot Pink". While reflecting on the music of 2020, Ben Beaumont-Thomas of "The Guardian" wrote that "Say So" was "rightly a pop-cultural phenomenon, though Dr Luke’s involvement in it will be controversial".


title: Say So

text: Althea Legapsi of "Rolling Stone" described the "retro-grooving pop song" as "sassy", while in the same publication, Jon Dolan noted that Minaj provided "a welcome dose of zip" to the song. Jackson Langford of "NME" praised her addition to the track, writing that "Minaj's high-energy verses bookend the remix". Writing for "Complex", Jessica McKinney noted that Minaj "adds more of a contemporary feel" to the song. Following its chart placement, McKinney described the remix as "special" since it "successfully disrupted a male-dominated industry, as two women sat together at the top of the charts." Similarly, Aaron Williams of Uproxx wrote that the song opened "the floodgates [...] for long-thwarted female rappers to traipse right up to the top of the Hot 100." In a more negative review, Chris Molanphy of "Slate" wrote that Minaj's "deftly delivered boasts feel about as organically integrated into the track as a Post-it note".


title: Say So

text: In the United States, the solo version of "Say So" initially entered "Billboard"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 at number 19 on the chart issue dated January 4, 2020, before moving up to number six the following week. After two weeks, "Say So" earned Doja Cat her third Hot 100 entry, debuting at number 95 on the chart dated January 18, 2020. While gaining traction over the following weeks, it entered "Billboard"'s Mainstream Top 40 (Pop Airplay) chart at number 33 and later spent six weeks at number 1 on this chart. Following the release of its music video, "Say So" ascended 18 positions to number 33 on the Hot 100 in its eighth week charting. "Say So" simultaneously earned Doja Cat her first top-five song on both the Hot 100 and Radio Songs charts, as well as her first top 10 on the Streaming Songs chart. The song also reached number one on both "Billboard"'s Rhythmic and Dance/Mix Show Airplay charts in the weeks dated April 18 and April 25 respectively. The track would eventually be considered Doja Cat's pop radio breakthrough. With approximately two billion audience impressions, "Say So" ranked as the tenth most popular radio song in the US in the year 2020. iHeartRadio revealed that "Say So" had also achieved over 1.17 billion total audience spins on their platform in 2020.


title: Say So

text: Following the release of the remix featuring Nicki Minaj, "Say So" moved from number six to number one on the Hot 100 chart dated May 16, 2020. The song became the first collaboration between two female rappers to top the Hot 100. It also marked the first number-one song on the Hot 100 chart for both Doja Cat and Minaj. That same week, "Savage Remix" by Megan Thee Stallion and Beyoncé reached number two on the Hot 100 as well, making history becoming the first time that four black female solo artists occupied the top two spots on the Hot 100 chart. The last time multiple black female artists occupied the number one and number two spots was in 2009, when "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" by Beyoncé occupied number one and the Rihanna featuring "Live Your Life" by T.I. took number two.


title: Say So

text: Additionally, the song rose to number one on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and on the Hot R&B Songs charts, giving Doja Cat her first number one on each chart and giving Minaj her fifth and first, respectively. Minaj was officially credited as a featured artist on the song as her remix contributed to a majority of the chart points that surged the song to the top, supported by a variety of bundles and videos, which also helped the song top the Digital Songs Sales chart, with a 966 percent increase in sales to 66,000 downloads sold. On the Streaming Songs chart, the song rose from number ten to number four with an 87 percent increase. However, after charting for two weeks as a featured artist, "Billboard" removed Minaj's credit since the chart issue dated May 30, 2020, with Doja Cat charting unaccompanied again. Approximately 90 percent of the song's radio airplay was for the original solo version, therefore Minaj was not credited as an artist on any airplay charts at all.


title: Say So

text: "Say So" became Doja Cat's first proper mainstream hit, and her second internationally charting single after "Candy" had reached modest peaks in Australia, Ireland, Canada and Greece in late 2019. In the United Kingdom, "Say So" debuted at number 83 on the UK Singles Chart on the issue dated January 3, 2020. It gradually ascended to number ten on the chart dated May 1, 2020, before the Nicki Minaj remix helped propel it to a peak of number two the following week, when it was beaten to the top of the chart by "Toosie Slide" by Drake. In Canada, "Say So" peaked at number three and additionally topped the Canada CHR/Top 40 chart. It peaked in the top ten in two dozen other national single charts including Australia's ARIA Singles Chart (No. 4), the Irish Singles Chart (No. 4), New Zealand's RMNZ Top 40 Singles chart (No. 3), the French Singles Chart (No. 9), the Netherlands' Dutch Single Top 100 chart, Portugal's AFP Top 100 Singles Chart (No. 8), and both Belgium's Flemish and Wallonia Ultratop charts (No. 5).


title: Say So

text: In the United States, "Say So" became Doja Cat's first track to be certified both platinum and multi-platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), in April 2020 and August 2020, respectively. According to MRC Data's 2020 year-end report, "Say So" was the tenth most streamed song in the US, with 562.4 million on-demand streams. It also was the second-most successful R&B song in the US in 2020 (behind "Blinding Lights" by The Weeknd), and had the most viewed R&B music video of the year worldwide. The song has been certified fivefold platinum in Australia by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA) for track-equivalent sales of 350,000 units. The British Phonographic Industry has certified the song double platinum in the United Kingdom for the track-equivalent sales of 1,200,000 units. In Brazil, it is certified double-diamond by Pro-Música Brasil for the track-equivalent sales of 320,000 units. Elsewhere, "Say So" has been certified diamond in France and Mexico, double-platinum in Poland, and platinum in New Zealand, Norway, Belgium, and Switzerland among other territories.


title: Say So

text: The music video for "Say So" was filmed during the basis of January 23-24, 2020 and was later released on February 27, 2020, when it premiering alongside a live performance of the song on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon". Doja Cat had announced its release on social media the day before, writing, "You bitches wanted it, now you’ll have it. Say So video tomorrow at 10AM ET." The video was directed by Hannah Lux Davis and stars actor Josué de La Vega as Tony, Doja Cat's love interest. It was filmed at the Sheats–Goldstein Residence in Beverly Crest, Los Angeles, and features cameo appearances from TikTok stars Dontè Colley and Haley Sharpe, the latter of whom created the viral dance for the song. The dance itself, which made the song popular, was featured in the music video. Sharpe revealed that she was in art class on a Tuesday when she got an email notification with the subject "Say So music video inquiry", and that she arrived at the video shoot on the Friday of that same week. She said that, during the shoot, Doja Cat had expressed her gratitude towards Sharpe for creating the dance.


title: Say So

text: Several publications praised the music video for its 1970s disco theme, with some calling it "groovy", "psychedelic", and "vibrant". Others pointed out its "golden-hued" aesthetic and filming style inspired by Super 8 film, and noted that its 4x3 resolution made it look like an authentic "vintage movie". Doja Cat appears in a total of four different outfits which each were described as "shimmery", "sparkly", "sequinned", and "glamorous". During the day, she flirts with a "handsome handyman" who fixes her record player at the mansion. The video alternates between this scene and one where she dances in front of the Los Angeles skyline in a full-length dress with rhinestones, which Margaret Blatz of "Elite Daily" compared to Marilyn Monroe's gown from her 1962 performance of "Happy Birthday, Mr. President". Here, she also sports aqua-coloured eyeshadow and a blowout which one writer compared to those commonly worn by American actress Farrah Fawcett. Later that night Doja Cat challenges the handyman to a dance battle amongst a crowd of others at a disco in the same mansion. In this scene, her outfit consists of a large blonde afro wig, glitter eyeshadow and a sequin-filled jumpsuit that resembles a disco-ball. Between the indoor daytime scene and the disco scene, Doja Cat has "a quick poolside groove session with her friends" just outside the mansion, where she wears a purple headpiece and long blonde hair extensions. Upon her arrival at the disco, Doja Cat can be seen using a leash to walk a real-life tiger named Schicka. Writing for "Teen Vogue", Allie Gemmill pointed out her familiarity with Doja Cat's "dynamic, playful" music videos, but noted that this one "might just be the best one yet".


title: Say So

text: Shortly after the premiere of the song's music video, Doja Cat performed "Say So" on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on February 26, 2020. The performance features Doja Cat dressed in a baby pink bodysuit, along with two backup singer/dancers who execute disco-influenced choreography, which incorporated some of the dance moves from the viral TikTok routine. In a new artist campaign organised by MTV titled "Push", Doja Cat performed "Say So" on April 4, 2020. In that same month, she performed an exclusive parody version of the song during the Nether Meant music festival, significantly changing the song's lyrics to relate to the video game "Minecraft" (2011). A live performance of "Say So" was uploaded to YouTube in May 2020 as part of Vevo's 2020 "Lift" campaign for new artists. The video features Doja Cat in a box-like structure room with pink carpeted walls as she performs the song in a one-piece fur outfit with cat ears to match. On May 11, 2020, Doja Cat performed "Say So" on "The Voice", wearing a pink '70s inspired costume and positioned on top of a giant disco ball. On May 23, 2020, Doja Cat performed "Say So" at the virtual 2020 BBC Radio 1's Big Weekend music festival. Her performance of the song on "The Late Late Show with James Corden" on June 17, 2020, took place in a scene described as "a fluffy pink slumber party with sparkling chiffon curtains and neon signs galore".


title: Say So

text: On August 30, 2020, Doja Cat performed a medley of "Say So" and "Like That" at the 2020 MTV Video Music Awards. The performance was science fiction themed and saw her wearing a reptilian full body suit. It was also here that she first introduced the concept of her then-forthcoming third studio album "Planet Her". Doja Cat performed "Say So" in a Broadway-themed medley with "Juicy" and "Like That" at the 2020 "Billboard" Music Awards, which some writers noted to be inspired by Roxie Hart from the musical "Chicago". At the 2020 MTV Europe Music Awards, Doja Cat performed a metal version of "Say So", where she re-created the scene of Samara Morgan crawling out of a television in the horror film "The Ring" (2002). Australian guitarist Plini accused Doja Cat of using a guitar solo lifted from his song "Handmade Cities" without permission. Regarding the alleged plagiarism, Plini stated "the lack of prior communication about it or proper credit upon release is disappointing but not particularly surprising in a sector of the industry that is usually more interested in clout than creativity. (it's being sorted now, but would have been cooler a million views ago)". On December 12, 2020, Doja Cat performed the song at the 10th Streamy Awards. Later that month, she performed it at iHeartRadio's 2020 Jingle Ball, and at the annual Dick Clark's New Year's Rockin' Eve show. At the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards in March 2021, Doja Cat performed "Say So" for what she said would be the last time, and described the performance as the "funeral of 'Say So'" in an interview.


title: Say So

text: In an interview with "Rolling Stone" in December 2021, while reflecting on the success of "Say So", she revealed that the COVID-19 pandemic "ruined" the relationship she had with her favorite song from "Hot Pink", and that having to repetitively perform it virtually instead of on a stage in front of fans "just became a very sad and repetitive and underwhelming thing".


title: Say So

text: A Fortnite emote featuring the song was released in September 2020. "Say So" is featured on the dance rhythm game "Just Dance 2021".


title: Sea Fever

text: Sea Fever is a 2019 science fiction horror thriller film written and directed by Neasa Hardiman, starring Hermione Corfield, Dougray Scott and Connie Nielsen. The film follows the crew of a marooned fishing trawler, who find themselves threatened by a parasitic infection.


title: Sea Fever

text: The film premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival on 5 September 2019. It was released on video on demand (VOD) in the United States on 10 April 2020 and in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 24 April 2020. It has received generally positive reviews, with several critics comparing the film's plot to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Sea Fever

text: Siobhan, a PhD student studying deep sea faunal behavioral patterns, purchases a place on the fishing trawler the Niamh Cinn Óir, crewed by a complement of six: Captain Freya and her husband/skipper Gerard, who are grieving for their daughter Niamh, ship engineer Omid Hamilton Accie, Johnny, Ciara, and Sudi Hamilton Accie. As they set off, the Irish Coast Guard alerts them that their planned destination, which is rich with fish, is in an exclusion zone. Unbeknownst to the others and despite Freya's orders, Gerard takes them into the zone anyway, as he needs a large haul of fish on this outing to keep the ship.


title: Sea Fever

text: In the exclusion zone, the boat runs into an unknown, shoal-like object and stops. Omid discovers strange breaches in the hull that exude a blue-green slime. Gerard thinks they are barnacles. As Siobhan has diving gear onboard for her research, Gerard sends her armed with a knife to cut the boat free. Underwater, she sees the things stuck to the boat are the tentacles of an enormous bio-luminescent organism below. Hearing this, Gerard thinks it may be a newly discovered form of giant squid. The crew attempt to capture it with the net, but the creature is too heavy. While releasing the net, Johnny's sleeve is caught in the machinery. Although freed, his hand is sliced by the rope, which is contaminated by slime.


title: Sea Fever

text: Siobhan sees another ship on the horizon. She, Gerard, and Johnny row to it, seeking help. Onboard, they find the bodies of the crew in the cabin, most of whom appear to have committed suicide and with one man appearing to have had his eyes removed. Gerard says they must have succumbed to "sea fever" and orders Siobhan and Johnny not to tell the others. After rowing back, they discover the creature has released the boat. They lower the nets and bring up a large catch of fish, lifting the crew's spirits. Siobhan and Johnny flirt and discover they are interested in each other. Johnny develops a fever, which Siobhan suspects is caused by an infection, but he refuses to let his hand be checked.


title: Sea Fever

text: While the group celebrates that night, Johnny declares he is going for a swim and is stopped by Ciara and Siobhan. Seeing him rub his eyes, Siobhan checks Johnny's eyes with a torch and sees something moving inside. As he washes his face, Johnny goes blind. His eyeballs burst, releasing tiny organisms that slither down the drain, entering the ship's water system. He dies. Omid realizes Sudi is in the shower and tries to stop him. Thinking Omid is joking, Sudi does not turn off the water until the waterborne creatures bite him. Gerard, Siobhan, and Omid check the water filtration system and find it has been contaminated by the creatures, which have eaten through all the filters. Siobhan realizes the creatures are the larvae of the enormous sea creature, whose eggs fill the slime. Gerard steers the ship toward shore.


title: Sea Fever

text: Siobhan experiments on a slime sample and fails to kill the larvae with UV light. She then electrifies the trawler with Omid's help, using the arc welder. This apparently sterilizes the water supply. She insists they all must self-quarantine onboard for at least 36 hours, the time it took Johnny's infection to develop. She argues if any of them are infected, they risk infecting others. The others disagree, arguing Sudi needs medical attention and that they should be hospitalized if infected. Sudi dies from the infection. Siobhan disables the boat by entangling the propeller.


title: Sea Fever

text: Everyone checks each other's eyes for parasites. Siobhan, Omid, Freya, and Ciara appear to be clear, but Freya sees parasites in Gerard's eyes. The couple privately shares a heartfelt goodbye before Gerard kills himself. Siobhan suspects Ciara is infected and climbs up the ladder to alert the others. When Ciara tries to stop her, Siobhan knocks her off the ladder. Ciara dies.


title: Sea Fever

text: Freya leaves alone by rowingboat in spite of Omid and Siobhan's protests. Siobhan and Omid check the water tank again and discover the sole remaining larva has grown larger and eaten through the hull to return to the ocean. As the boat begins to sink, Siobhan and Omid use white spirit to set the deck on fire. Siobhan boards an inflatable raft. Omid, who cannot swim, falls into the water and is pulled down by tentacles. Siobhan rescues him, but cuts her wrist on a tentacle. She declares she is infected, dives back into the water, and swims down toward the bioluminescent creature. Alone on the raft, Omid watches as help approaches.


title: Sea Fever

text: Actress Toni Collette was originally chosen for the role of Freya. However, scheduling issues meant she became unavailable, and she was replaced by Connie Nielsen.


title: Sea Fever

text: On 9 April 2020, the film was made available for viewing via an online live stream hosted by distributor Gunpowder & Sky's label Dust. The film was intended to receive a theatrical release on 10 April 2020, but instead was released on video on demand (VOD) on that date in the United States. It was released on VOD in the United Kingdom and Ireland on 24 April 2020 by Signature Entertainment and Wildcard Distribution, respectively.


title: Sea Fever

text: "Sea Fever" has received generally positive reviews, with several critics drawing comparisons between the film's plot and the COVID-19 pandemic. On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads: "If "Sea Fever" never quite heats up as much as it could, it remains an engrossing, well-acted sci-fi thriller with effective horror elements." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Sea Fever

text: David Fear of "Rolling Stone" gave the film three-and-a-half out of five stars, writing that, "amid the claustrophobic compositions and shadowy hallways and tick-tick-tick of inevitable sickness, "Sea Fever" goes from being a monster movie to an eerily timed example of pandemic horror." Noel Murray of the "Los Angeles Times" noted that, when the film premiered at TIFF, "many viewers read [it] as a metaphor for climate change [...] Nowadays, the lessons in this imaginative and gripping film seem to have multiple applications." Benjamin Lee of "The Guardian" awarded the film three out of five stars, calling it "a low-budget effort with high ambitions, something that's hard not to admire". Katie Rife of "The A.V. Club" gave "Sea Fever" a grade of "B", writing that, "while the film puts its influences way out front, its impressive execution makes it well worth the 89 minutes."