title: Oxford Movement

text: One of the principal writers and proponents of Tractarianism was John Henry Newman, a popular Oxford priest who, after writing his final tract, "Tract 90", became convinced that the Branch Theory was inadequate. Concerns that Tractarianism was a disguised Roman Catholic movement were not unfounded; Newman believed that the Roman and Anglican churches were wholly compatible. He was received into the Roman Catholic Church in 1845 and was ordained a priest of that church the same year. He later became a cardinal (but not a bishop). Writing on the end of Tractarianism as a movement, Newman stated:I saw indeed clearly that my place in the Movement was lost; public confidence was at an end; my occupation was gone. It was simply an impossibility that I could say any thing henceforth to good effect, when I had been posted up by the marshal on the buttery-hatch of every College of my University, after the manner of discommoned pastry-cooks, and when in every part of the country and every class of society, through every organ and opportunity of opinion, in newspapers, in periodicals, at meetings, in pulpits, at dinner-tables, in coffee-rooms, in railway carriages, I was denounced as a traitor who had laid his train and was detected in the very act of firing it against the time-honoured Establishment. Newman was one of a number of Anglican clergy who were received into the Roman Catholic Church during the 1840s who were either members of, or were influenced by, Tractarianism.


title: Nuthatch

text: The nuthatches () constitute a genus, Sitta, of small passerine birds belonging to the family Sittidae. Characterised by large heads, short tails, and powerful bills and feet, nuthatches advertise their territory using loud, simple songs. Most species exhibit grey or bluish upperparts and a black eye stripe.


title: Nuthatch

text: Most nuthatches breed in the temperate or montane woodlands of the Northern Hemisphere, although two species have adapted to rocky habitats in the warmer and drier regions of Eurasia. However, the greatest diversity is in Southern Asia, and similarities between the species have made it difficult to identify distinct species. All members of this genus nest in holes or crevices. Most species are non-migratory and live in their habitat year-round, although the North American red-breasted nuthatch migrates to warmer regions during the winter. A few nuthatch species have restricted ranges and face threats from deforestation.


title: Nuthatch

text: Nuthatches are omnivorous, eating mostly insects, nuts, and seeds. They forage for insects hidden in or under bark by climbing along tree trunks and branches, sometimes upside-down. They forage within their territories when breeding, but they may join mixed feeding flocks at other times.


title: Nuthatch

text: Their habit of wedging a large food item in a crevice and then hacking at it with their strong bills gives this group its English name.


title: Nuthatch

text: Sometimes the wallcreeper ("Tichodroma muraria"), which is restricted to the mountains of southern Eurasia, is placed in the same family as the nuthatches, but in a separate subfamily "Tichodromadinae", in which case the nuthatches are classified in the subfamily "Sittinae". However, it is more often placed in a separate family, the Tichodromadidae.


title: Nuthatch

text: The wallcreeper is intermediate in its morphology between the nuthatches and the treecreepers, but its appearance, the texture of its plumage, and the shape and pattern of its tail suggest that it is closer to the former taxon.


title: Nuthatch

text: The nuthatch vanga of Madagascar (formerly known as the coral-billed nuthatch) and the sittellas from Australia and New Guinea were once placed in the nuthatch family because of similarities in appearance and lifestyle, but they are not closely related. The resemblances arose via convergent evolution to fill an ecological niche.


title: Nuthatch

text: The nuthatches' closest relatives, other than the wallcreeper, are the treecreepers, and the two (or three) families are sometimes placed in a larger grouping with the wrens and gnatcatchers. This superfamily, the Certhioidea, is proposed on phylogenetic studies using mitochondrial and nuclear DNA, and was created to cover a clade of (four or) five families removed from a larger grouping of passerine birds, the Sylvioidea.


title: Nuthatch

text: The nuthatches are all in the genus "Sitta" Linnaeus, 1758, a name derived from : síttē, Ancient Greek for this bird.


title: Nuthatch

text: The English term "nuthatch" refers to the propensity of some species to wedge a large insect or seed in a crack and hack at it with their strong bills.


title: Nuthatch

text: Species boundaries in the nuthatches are difficult to define. The red-breasted nuthatch, Corsican nuthatch and Chinese nuthatch have breeding ranges separated by thousands of kilometres, but are similar in habitat preference, appearance and song. They were formerly considered to be one species, but are now normally split into three and comprise a superspecies along with the Krüper's and Algerian nuthatch. Unusually for nuthatches, all five species excavate their own nests.


title: Nuthatch

text: The Eurasian, chestnut-vented, Kashmir and chestnut-bellied nuthatches form another superspecies and replace each other geographically across Asia. They are currently considered to be four separate species, but the south Asian forms were once believed to be a subspecies of the Eurasian nuthatch. A recent change in this taxonomy is a split of the chestnut-bellied nuthatch into three species, namely the Indian nuthatch, "Sitta castanea", found south of the Ganges, the Burmese nuthatch, "Sitta neglecta", found in southeast Asia, and the chestnut-bellied nuthatch "sensu stricto", "S. cinnamoventris", which occurs in the Himalayas. Mitochondrial DNA studies have demonstrated that the white-breasted northern subspecies of Eurasian nuthatch, "S. (europea) arctica", is distinctive, and also a possible candidate for full species status. This split has been accepted by the British Ornithologists' Union.


title: Nuthatch

text: A 2006 review of Asian nuthatches suggested that there are still unresolved problems in nuthatch taxonomy and proposed splitting the genus "Sitta". This suggestion would move the red- and yellow-billed south Asian species (velvet-fronted, yellow-billed and sulphur-billed nuthatches) to a new genus, create a third genus for the blue nuthatch, and possibly a fourth for the beautiful nuthatch.


title: Nuthatch

text: The fossil record for this group appears to be restricted to a foot bone of an early Miocene bird from Bavaria which has been identified as an extinct representative of the climbing Certhioidea, a clade comprising the treecreepers, wallcreeper and nuthatches. It has been described as "Certhiops rummeli". Two fossil species have been described in the genus "Sitta": "S. cuvieri" Gervais, 1852 and "S. senogalliensis" Portis, 1888, but they probably do not belong to nuthatches.


title: Nuthatch

text: Nuthatches are compact birds with short legs, compressed wings, and square 12-feathered tails. They have long, sturdy, pointed bills and strong toes with long claws. Nuthatches have blue-grey backs (violet-blue in some Asian species, which also have red or yellow bills) and white underparts, which are variably tinted with buff, orange, rufous or lilac. Although head markings vary between species, a long black eye stripe, with contrasting white supercilium, dark forehead and blackish cap is common. The sexes look similar, but may differ in underpart colouration, especially on the rear flanks and under the tail. Juveniles and first-year birds can be almost indistinguishable from adults.


title: Nuthatch

text: The sizes of nuthatches vary, from the large giant nuthatch, at and , to the small brown-headed nuthatch and the pygmy nuthatch, both around in length and about .


title: Nuthatch

text: Nuthatches are very vocal, using an assortment of whistles, trills and calls. Their breeding songs tend to be simple and often identical to their contact calls but longer in duration. The red-breasted nuthatch, which coexists with the black-capped chickadee throughout much of its range, is able to understand the latter species' calls. The chickadee has subtle call variations that communicate information about the size and risk of potential predators. Many birds recognise the simple alarm calls produced by other species, but the red-breasted nuthatch is able to interpret the chickadees' detailed variations and to respond appropriately.


title: Nuthatch

text: The species diversity for Sittidae is greatest in southern Asia (possibly the original home of this family), where about 15 species occur, but it has representatives across much of the Northern Hemisphere. The currently recognised nuthatch species are tabulated below.


title: Nuthatch

text: Members of the nuthatch family live in most of North America and Europe and throughout Asia down to the Wallace Line. Nuthatches are sparsely represented in Africa; one species lives in a small area of northeastern Algeria and a population of the Eurasian nuthatch subspecies, "S. e. hispaniensis", lives in the mountains of Morocco. Most species are resident year-round. The only significant migrant is the red-breasted nuthatch, which winters widely across North America, deserting the northernmost parts of its breeding range in Canada; it has been recorded as a vagrant in Bermuda, Iceland and England.


title: Nuthatch

text: Most nuthatches are woodland birds and the majority are found in coniferous or other evergreen forests, although each species has a preference for a particular tree type. The strength of the association varies from the Corsican nuthatch, which is closely linked with Corsican pine, to the catholic habitat of the Eurasian nuthatch, which prefers deciduous or mixed woods but breeds in coniferous forests in the north of its extensive range. However, the two species of rock nuthatches are not strongly tied to woodlands: they breed on rocky slopes or cliffs, although both move into wooded areas when not breeding. In parts of Asia where several species occur in the same geographic region, there is often an altitudinal separation in their preferred habitats.


title: Nuthatch

text: Nuthatches prefer a fairly temperate climate; northern species live near sea level whereas those further south are found in cooler highland habitats. Eurasian and red-breasted nuthatches are lowland birds in the north of their extensive ranges, but breed in the mountains further south; for example, the Eurasian nuthatch, which breeds where the July temperature range is , is found near sea level in Northern Europe, but between altitude in Morocco. The velvet-fronted nuthatch is the sole member of the family which prefers tropical lowland forests.


title: Nuthatch

text: All nuthatches nest in cavities; except for the two species of rock nuthatches, all use tree holes, making a simple cup lined with soft materials on which to rest eggs. In some species the lining consists of small woody objects such as bark flakes and seed husks, while in others it includes the moss, grass, hair and feathers typical of passerine birds.


title: Nuthatch

text: Members of the red-breasted nuthatch superspecies excavate their own tree holes, although most other nuthatches use natural holes or old woodpecker nests. Several species reduce the size of the entrance hole and seal up cracks with mud. The red-breasted nuthatch makes the nest secure by daubing sticky conifer resin globules around the entrance, the male applying the resin outside and the female inside. The resin may deter predators or competitors (the resident birds avoid the resin by diving straight through the entrance hole). The white-breasted nuthatch smears blister beetles around the entrance to its nest, and it has been suggested that the unpleasant smell from the crushed insects deters squirrels, its chief competitor for natural tree cavities.


title: Nuthatch

text: The western rock nuthatch builds an elaborate flask-shaped nest from mud, dung and hair or feathers, and decorates the nest's exterior and nearby crevices with feathers and insect wings. The nests are located in rock crevices, in caves, under cliff overhangs or on buildings. The eastern rock nuthatch builds a similar but less complex structure across the entrance to a cavity. Its nest can be quite small but may weigh up to 32 kg (70 lb). This species will also nest in river banks or tree holes and will enlarge its nest hole if it the cavity is too small.


title: Nuthatch

text: Nuthatches are monogamous. The female produces eggs that are white with red or yellow markings; the clutch size varies, tending to be larger for northern species. The eggs are incubated for 12 to 18 days by the female alone, or by both parents, depending on the species. The altricial (naked and helpless) chicks take between 21 and 27 days to fledge. Both parents feed the young, and in the case of two American species, brown-headed and pygmy, helper males from the previous brood may assist the parents in feeding.


title: Nuthatch

text: For the few species on which data are available, the average nuthatch lifespan in the wild is between 2 and 3.5 years, although ages of up to 10 years have been recorded. The Eurasian nuthatch has an adult annual survival rate of 53% and the male Corsican nuthatch 61.6%. Nuthatches and other small woodland birds share the same predators: accipiters, owls, squirrels and woodpeckers. An American study showed that nuthatch responses to predators may be linked to reproductive strategies. It measured the willingness of males of two species to feed incubating females on the nest when presented with models of a sharp-shinned hawk, which hunts adult nuthatches, or a house wren, which destroys eggs. The white-breasted nuthatch is shorter-lived than the red-breasted nuthatch, but has more young, and was found to respond more strongly to the egg predator, whereas the red-breasted showed greater concern with the hawk. This supports the theory that longer-lived species benefit from adult survival and future breeding opportunities while birds with shorter life spans place more value on the survival of their larger broods.


title: Nuthatch

text: Cold can be a problem for small birds that do not migrate. Communal roosting in tight huddles can help conserve heat and several nuthatch species employ it—up to 170 pygmy nuthatches have been seen in a single roost. The pygmy nuthatch is able to lower its body temperature when roosting, conserving energy through hypothermia and a lowered metabolic rate.


title: Nuthatch

text: Nuthatches forage along tree trunks and branches and are members of the same feeding guild as woodpeckers. Unlike woodpeckers and treecreepers, however, they do not use their tails for additional support, relying instead on their strong legs and feet to progress in jerky hops. They are able to descend head-first and hang upside-down beneath twigs and branches. Krüper's nuthatch can even stretch downward from an upside-down position to drink water from leaves without touching the ground. Rock nuthatches forage with a similar technique to the woodland species, but seek food on rock faces and sometimes buildings. When breeding, a pair of nuthatches will only feed within their territory, but at other times will associate with passing tits or join mixed-species feeding flocks.


title: Nuthatch

text: Insects and other invertebrates are a major portion of the nuthatch diet, especially during the breeding season, when they rely almost exclusively on live prey, but most species also eat seeds during the winter, when invertebrates are less readily available. Larger food items, such as big insects, snails, acorns or seeds may be wedged into cracks and pounded with the bird's strong bill. Unusually for a bird, the brown-headed nuthatch uses a piece of tree bark as a lever to pry up other bark flakes to look for food; the bark tool may then be carried from tree to tree or used to cover a seed cache.


title: Nuthatch

text: All nuthatches appear to store food, especially seeds, in tree crevices, in the ground, under small stones, or behind bark flakes, and these caches are remembered for as long as 30 days. Similarly, the rock nuthatches wedge snails into suitable crevices for consumption in times of need. European nuthatches have been found to avoid using their caches during benign conditions in order to save them for harsher times.


title: Nuthatch

text: Some nuthatches, such as the Eurasian nuthatch and the North American species, have extensive ranges and large populations, and few conservation problems, although locally they may be affected by woodland fragmentation. In contrast, some of the more restricted species face severe pressures.


title: Nuthatch

text: The endangered white-browed nuthatch is found only in the Mount Victoria area of Burma, where forest up to above sea level has been almost totally cleared and habitat between is heavily degraded. Nearly 12,000 people live in the Natma Taung national park which includes Mount Victoria, and their fires and traps add to the pressure on the nuthatch. The population of the white-browed nuthatch, estimated at only a few thousand, is decreasing, and no conservation measures are in place. The Algerian nuthatch is found in only four areas of Algeria, and it is possible that the total population does not exceed 1,000 birds. Fire, erosion, and grazing and disturbance by livestock have reduced the quality of the habitat, despite its location in the Taza National Park.


title: Nuthatch

text: Deforestation has also caused population declines for the vulnerable Yunnan and yellow-billed nuthatches. The Yunnan nuthatch can cope with some tree loss, since it prefers open pine woodland, but although still locally common, it has disappeared from several of the areas in which it was recorded in the early 20th century. The threat to yellow-billed is particularly acute on Hainan, where more than 70% of the woodland has been lost in the past 50 years due to shifting cultivation and the use of wood for fuel during Chinese government re-settlement programmes.


title: Nuthatch

text: Krüper's nuthatch is threatened by urbanisation and development in and around mature coniferous forests, particularly in the Mediterranean coastal areas where the species was once numerous. A law promoting tourism came into force in Turkey in 2003, further exacerbating the threats to their habitat. The law reduced bureaucracy and made it easier for developers to build tourism facilities and summer houses in the coastal zone where woodland loss is a growing problem for the nuthatch.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Orlando furioso (; "The Frenzy of Orlando", more loosely "Raging Roland") is an Italian epic poem by Ludovico Ariosto which has exerted a wide influence on later culture. The earliest version appeared in 1516, although the poem was not published in its complete form until 1532. "Orlando furioso" is a continuation of Matteo Maria Boiardo's unfinished romance "Orlando innamorato" ("Orlando in Love", published posthumously in 1495). In its historical setting and characters, it shares some features with the Old French "Chanson de Roland" of the eleventh century, which tells of the death of Roland. The story is also a chivalric romance which stemmed from a tradition beginning in the late Middle Ages and continuing in popularity in the 16th century and well into the 17th.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Orlando is the Christian knight known in French (and subsequently English) as Roland. The story takes place against the background of the war between Charlemagne's Christian paladins and the Saracen army that has invaded Europe and is attempting to overthrow the Christian empire. The poem is about war and love and the romantic ideal of chivalry. It mixes realism and fantasy, humor and tragedy. The stage is the entire world, plus a trip to the Moon. The large cast of characters features Christians and Saracens, soldiers and sorcerers, and fantastic creatures including a gigantic sea monster called the Orc and a flying horse called the hippogriff. Many themes are interwoven in its complicated episodic structure, but the most important are the paladin Orlando's unrequited love for the pagan princess Angelica, which drives him mad; the love between the female Christian warrior Bradamante and the Saracen Ruggiero, who are supposed to be the ancestors of Ariosto's patrons, the House of Este of Ferrara; and the war between Christian and Infidel.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The poem is divided into forty-six cantos, each containing a variable number of eight-line stanzas in "ottava rima" (a rhyme scheme of abababcc). "Ottava rima" had been used in previous Italian romantic epics, including Luigi Pulci's "Morgante" and Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato". Ariosto's work is 38,736 lines long in total, making it one of the longest poems in European literature.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Ariosto began working on the poem around 1506, when he was 32. The first edition of the poem, in 40 cantos, was published in Ferrara in April 1516 and dedicated to the poet's patron Ippolito d'Este. A second edition appeared in 1521 with minor revisions.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Ariosto continued to write more material for the poem and in the 1520s he produced five more cantos, marking a further development of his poetry, which he decided not to include in the final edition. They were published after his death by his illegitimate son Virginio under the title "Cinque canti" and are highly regarded by some modern critics. The third and final version of "Orlando Furioso", containing 46 cantos, appeared in 1532.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Ariosto had sought stylistic advice from the humanist Pietro Bembo to give his verse the last degree of polish and this is the version known to posterity.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The first English translation by John Harington was published in 1591 at the behest of Queen Elizabeth I, who reportedly banned Harington from court until the translation was complete.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Ariosto's poem is a sequel to Matteo Maria Boiardo's "Orlando Innamorato" ("Orlando in Love"). One of Boiardo's main achievements was his fusion of the Matter of France (the tradition of stories about Charlemagne and paladins such as Roland) with the Matter of Britain (the legends about King Arthur and his knights). The latter contained the magical elements and love interest that were generally lacking in the more austere and warlike poems about Carolingian heroes.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Ariosto continued to mix these elements in his poem as well as adding material derived from Classical sources. However, Ariosto has an ironic tone rarely present in Boiardo, who treated the ideals of chivalry much more seriously. In "Orlando Furioso", instead of the chivalric ideals which were no longer current in the 16th century, a humanistic conception of man and life is vividly celebrated under the appearance of a fantastical world.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The action of "Orlando Furioso" takes place against the background of the war between the Christian emperor Charlemagne and the Saracen king of Africa, , who has invaded Europe to avenge the death of his father Troiano. Agramante and his allies – who include Marsilio, the King of Spain, and the boastful warrior Rodomonte – besiege Charlemagne in Paris.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Meanwhile, Orlando, Charlemagne's most famous paladin, has been tempted to forget his duty to protect the emperor because of his love for the pagan princess Angelica. At the beginning of the poem, Angelica escapes from the castle of the Bavarian Duke Namo, and Orlando sets off in pursuit. The two meet with various adventures until Angelica saves a wounded Saracen infantryman, Medoro, falls in love, and elopes with him to Cathay.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: When Orlando learns the truth, he goes mad with despair and rampages through Europe and Africa destroying everything in his path. The English knight Astolfo journeys to Ethiopia on the hippogriff to find a cure for Orlando's madness.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: He flies up in Elijah's flaming chariot to the Moon, where everything lost on Earth is to be found, including Orlando's wits. He brings them back in a bottle and makes Orlando sniff them, thus restoring him to sanity. (At the same time Orlando falls out of love with Angelica, as the author explains that love is itself a form of insanity.)


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Orlando joins with Brandimarte and Oliver to fight Agramante, Sobrino and Gradasso on the island of Lampedusa. There Orlando kills King Agramante.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Another important plotline involves the love between the female Christian warrior Bradamante and the Saracen Ruggiero. They too have to endure many vicissitudes.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Ruggiero is taken captive by the sorceress Alcina and has to be freed from her magic island. He then rescues Angelica from the orc. He also has to avoid the enchantments of his foster father, the wizard Atlante, who does not want him to fight or see the world outside of his iron castle, because looking into the stars it is revealed that if Ruggiero converts himself to Christianity, he will die. He doesn't know this, so when he finally gets the chance to marry Bradamante, as they had been looking for each other through the entire poem although something always separated them, he converts to Christianity and marries Bradamante.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Rodomonte appears at the wedding feast, nine days after the wedding, and accuses him of being a traitor to the Saracen cause, and the poem ends with a duel between Rodomonte and Ruggiero. Ruggiero kills Rodomonte (Canto XLVI, stanza 140) and the final lines of the poem describe Rodomonte's spirit leaving the world. Ruggiero and Bradamante are the ancestors of the House of Este, Ariosto's patrons, whose genealogy he gives at length in canto 3 of the poem.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The epic contains many other characters, including Orlando's cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who is also in love with Angelica; the thief Brunello; the Saracen Ferraù; Sacripante, King of Circassia and a leading Saracen knight; and the tragic heroine Isabella.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: "Orlando Furioso" is "one of the most influential works in the whole of European literature" and it remains an inspiration for writers to this day.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: A few years before Ariosto's death, the poet Teofilo Folengo published his "Orlandino", a caricaturization of the stories found in both "Orlando Furioso" and its precursor, "Orlando Innamorato".


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In 1554, Laura Terracina wrote the "Discorso sopra il Principio di tutti i canti d'Orlando furioso" which was linked to "Orlando Furioso" and in which several of the characters appeared.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: "Orlando Furioso" was a major influence on Edmund Spenser's epic "The Faerie Queene". William Shakespeare's "Much Ado About Nothing" takes one of its plots (Hero/Claudio/Don John) from "Orlando Furioso" (probably via Spenser or Bandello). In 1592, Robert Greene published a play called "The Historie of Orlando Furioso". According to Barbara Reynolds, the English poet closest in spirit to Ariosto is Lord Byron.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In Spain, Lope de Vega wrote a continuation of the epic ("La hermosura de Angélica", 1602) as did Luis Barahona de Soto ("Las lágrimas de Angélica", 1586). Góngora wrote a famous poem describing the idyllic honeymoon of Angelica and Medoro ("En un pastoral albergue"). "Orlando Furioso" is mentioned among the romances in "Don Quixote". Among the interpolated stories within "Don Quixote" is a retelling of a tale from canto 43 regarding a man who tests the fidelity of his wife. Additionally, various literary critics have noted the poem's likely influence on Garcilaso de la Vega's second eclogue.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In France, Jean de la Fontaine used the plots of some of the bawdier episodes for three of his "Contes et Nouvelles en vers" (1665–66).


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In chapter 11 of Sir Walter Scott's novel "Rob Roy" published in 1817, but set circa 1715, Mr. Francis Osbaldistone talks of completing “my unfinished version of Orlando Furioso, a poem which I longed to render into English verse…”


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The modern Russian poet Osip Mandelstam paid tribute to "Orlando Furioso" in his poem "Ariosto" (1933).


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The Italian novelist Italo Calvino drew on Ariosto for several of his works of fiction including "Il cavaliere inesistente" ("The Nonexistent Knight", 1959) and "Il castello dei destini incrociati" ("The Castle of Crossed Destinies", 1973). In 1970 Calvino brought out his own selection of extracts from the poem.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges was an admirer of "Orlando" and included a poem, "Ariosto y los árabes" ("Ariosto and the Arabs"), exploring the relationship between the epic and the "Arabian Nights", in his 1960 collection, "El hacedor". Borges also chose Attilio Momigliano's critical study of the work as one of the hundred volumes that were to make up his "Personal Library".


title: Orlando Furioso

text: The English novelist Anthony Powell's "Hearing Secret Harmonies" includes images from "Orlando Furioso" to open chapter two. "Hearing Secret Harmonies." is the final book in Powell's twelve-volume series, "A Dance to the Music of Time."


title: Orlando Furioso

text: British writer Salman Rushdie's 2008 novel "The Enchantress of Florence" was partly inspired by "Orlando Furioso".


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Bradamante is one of the main characters in several novels, including Linda C. McCabe's "Quest of the Warrior Maiden", Ron Miller's "Bradamant: The Iron Tempest" and Ruth Berman's "Bradamant's Quest".


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Science fiction writer Theodore Sturgeon's 1954 short story "To Here and the Easel" is an assembly of portions of the Orlando story intermixed with a current-day recasting of the story into the lives of a painter suffering from artist's block (Ruggiero/Rogero and his analog Giles), a mysterious faithful supporter (Bradamante and her analog Miss Brandt) and her jaded, fabulously wealthy employer (Angelica appearing as an echo more than an analog) and Giles' redemption (breaking his blockage) at the hands of Miss Brandt. The story first appeared in 1954 in "Star Short Novels" (a Ballantine collection which was not reprinted), and was republished as the first story in the collection "Sturgeon Is Alive And Well..." in 1971.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: "The Castle of Iron", a fantasy novel by L. Sprague de Camp and Fletcher Pratt, takes place in the "universe" of "Orlando Furioso". It was the third story (and afterwards the second volume) in their Harold Shea series.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In the Baroque era, the poem was the basis of many operas. Among the earliest were Francesca Caccini's "La liberazione di Ruggiero dall'isola d'Alcina" ("The Liberation of Ruggiero from Alcina's Island", 1625), Luigi Rossi's "Il palazzo incantato" (1642) and Agostino Steffani's "Orlando generoso" (1691). Antonio Vivaldi, as an impresario as well as a composer, staged three operas on themes from Ariosto: "Orlando furioso" (1713) by Giovanni Alberto Ristori, "Orlando Furioso" (1714), with music by Ristori and by himself, and "Orlando" (1727). Perhaps the most famous operas inspired by the poem are those by Handel: "Orlando" (1733), "Ariodante" and "Alcina" (1735). In France, Jean-Baptiste Lully turned to Ariosto for his "tragédie en musique Roland" (1685). Rameau's comic opera "Les Paladins" (1760) is based on a story in canto 18 of "Orlando" (though Rameau's librettist derived the plot indirectly via La Fontaine's "Contes"). The enthusiasm for operas based on Ariosto continued into the Classical era and beyond with such examples as Johann Adolph Hasse’s "Il Ruggiero" (1771), Niccolò Piccinni's "Roland" (1778), Haydn's "Orlando paladino" (1782), Méhul's "Ariodant" (1799) and Simon Mayr's "Ginevra di Scozia" (1801). Ambroise Thomas wrote a comedic one act "Angélique et Médor" in 1843.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: "Orlando Furioso" has been the inspiration for many works of art, including paintings by Eugène Delacroix, Tiepolo, Ingres, Redon, and a series of illustrations by Gustave Doré.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In his poem Ludovico Ariosto relates how Marphise, the woman warrior, knocks the knight Pinabello off his horse after his lady had mocked Marphise's companion, the old woman Gabrina. In "Marphise" by Eugène Delacroix, Pinabello lies on the ground, and his horse gallops off in the distance. The knight's lady, meanwhile, is forced to disrobe and give her fancy clothing to Gabrina. Marphise's horse, undisturbed by the drama, nonchalantly munches on the leaves overhead.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In 1975, Luca Ronconi directed an Italian television mini-series based on "Orlando Furioso", starring Massimo Foschi () as Orlando, and Silvia Dionisio as Isabella.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In the late 1960s / early 1970s, the Bob and Ray comedy parody radio show "Mary Backstayge, Noble Wife" centered around the Backstayge's stage production of the fictional play "Westchester Furioso", an updating of "Orlando Furioso" that somehow involved musical numbers, tap dancing and ping pong.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In 1966, Italian Disney comics artist Luciano Bottaro wrote a parody of "Orlando Furioso" starring Donald Duck, "Paperin Furioso". In the film "Moonstruck" there is a reference to one of the character's rejuvenation as a lover as feeling like "Orlando Furioso".


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Emanuelle Luzzati's animated short film, "I paladini di Francia", together with Giulio Gianini, in 1960, was turned into the children's picture-story book, with verse narrative, "I Paladini de Francia ovvero il tradimento di Gano di Maganz", which translates literally as “The Paladins of France or the treachery of Gano of Maganz” (Ugo Mursia Editore, 1962). This was then republished, in English, as "Ronald and the Wizard Calico" (1969). The Picture Lion paperback edition (William Collins, London, 1973) is a paperback imprint of the Hutchinson Junior Books edition (1969), which credits the English translation to Hutchinson Junior Books.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: Luzatti's original verse story in Italian is about the plight of a beautiful maiden called Biancofiore – White Flower, or Blanchefleur – and her brave hero, Captain Rinaldo, and Ricardo and his paladins – the term used for Christian knights engaged in Crusades against the Saracens and Moore. Battling with these good people are the wicked Moors – North African Muslims and Arabs – and their Sultan, in Jerusalem. With the assistance of the wicked and treacherous magician, Gano of Maganz, Biancofiore is stolen from her fortress castle, and taken to become the reluctant wife of the Sultan. The catalyst for victory is the good magician, Urlubulu, who lives in a lake, and flies through the air on the back of his magic blue bird. The English translators, using the original illustrations, and the basic rhyme patterns, slightly simplify the plot, changing the Christians-versus-Muslim-Moors conflict into a battle between good and bad magicians and between golden knights and green knights. The French traitor in "The Song of Roland", who is actually Roland's cowardly step-father, is Ganelon – very likely the inspiration for Luzzati's traitor and wicked magician, Gano. Orlando Furioso (literally, Furious or Enraged Orlando, or Roland), includes Orlando's cousin, the paladin Rinaldo, who, like Orlando, is also in love with Angelica, a pagan princess. Rinaldo is, of course, the Italian equivalent of Ronald. Flying through the air on the back of a magic bird is equivalent to flying on a magic hippogriff.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In 2014, Enrico Maria Giglioli created "Orlando's Wars: lotta tra cavalieri", a trading card game with characters and situations of the poem, divided in four categories: Knight, Maiden, Wizard and Fantastic Creature.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: In the South Korean video game "Library of Ruina", several characters are named after characters from the poem and Innamorato-Roland is a protagonist, his deceased wife is named Angelica, and his brother-in-law and a major antagonist is named Argalia.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: "Orlando Furioso" won immediate fame. Around the middle of the 16th century, some Italian critics such as Gian Giorgio Trissino complained that the poem failed to observe the unity of action as defined by Aristotle, by having multiple plots rather than a single main story. The French poet Pierre de Ronsard and the Italian poet Torquato Tasso both felt that "Orlando Furioso" lacked structural unity. Ariosto's defenders, such as Giovanni Battista Giraldi, replied that it was not a Classical epic but a "romanzo", a genre unknown to Aristotle; therefore his standards were irrelevant. Nevertheless, the strictures of the Classical critics influenced the next great Italian epic, Torquato Tasso's "Gerusalemme Liberata" (1581). Tasso tried to combine Ariosto's freedom of invention with a more unified plot structure. In the following decades, Italian critics argued over the respective merits of the two epics. Partisans of "Orlando" praised its psychological realism and the naturalness of its language. In the 19th century, Hegel considered that the work's many allegories and metaphors did not serve merely to refute the ideal of chivalry, but also to demonstrate the fallacy of human senses and judgment. Francesco de Sanctis and Attilio Momigliano () also wrote about "Orlando Furioso".


title: Orlando Furioso

text: There have been several verse translations of "Orlando Furioso" into English, most using the 8-line stanzas (octaves) of the original (abababcc). The first one was by John Harington, published in 1591 and slightly revised in 1634. Temple Henry Croker's translation, misattributed to William Huggins' and Henry Boyd's translation were published in 1757 and 1784, respectively. John Hoole's 1783 translation used rhyming couplets (AABBCC...). William Stewart Rose produced an eight-volume translation beginning publication in 1823 and ending in 1831. Barbara Reynolds published a verse translation in 1975, and an abridged verse translation by David Slavitt was published in 2009, which was then made complete by a second volume containing the lacunae missing from the abridgement, in 2012.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: A few translations have also been made into prose. A.H. Gilbert's translation was published by Duke University Press in 1954. Richard Hodgens planned a multivolume translation, whose first volume, subtitled "The Ring of Angelica", was published by Ballantine Books as the fifty-fourth volume of its Ballantine Adult Fantasy series in October, 1973. The remaining volumes do not appear to have seen print. Guido Waldman's complete prose translation was first published by Oxford University Press in 1973.


title: Orlando Furioso

text: A comparison of the original text of Book 1, Canto 1 with various translations into English is given in the following table


title: Almost Heroes

text: Almost Heroes is a 1998 American adventure comedy Western film directed by Christopher Guest, narrated by Guest's friend and frequent collaborator Harry Shearer, and starring Chris Farley and Matthew Perry. It was Farley's last leading film role and was released following his death in 1997.


title: Almost Heroes

text: In 1804, Leslie Edwards, a foppish aristocrat, and the loud, low-brow Bartholomew Hunt are competing against the renowned Lewis & Clark to be the first to chart and make it across the United States to the Pacific Ocean. In the beginning of the film, Edwards has high hopes to head the first expedition to make it across the U.S., but while he has ambition and funding, he has grown up sheltered and knows little of the wilderness he seeks to cross. To aid in his journey, he hires the services of a supposedly knowledgeable wilderness-man and tracker, Hunt, who, once they get underway, turns out to be less than advertised.


title: Almost Heroes

text: They are aided by a crew of varied, rugged and grizzled frontiersmen, including the group's version of Sacagawea, a young Indian woman by the name Shaquinna, who is integral in helping them find their way across the dangerous and unknown terrain ahead, as well as eventually becoming Edwards' love interest. Along the way, the group goes through various mishaps and ordeals from having to deal with quirky, indigenous Indian tribes and vicious eagles, to running out of food and romantic snafus, as Hunt's ineptness often causes more problems than it solves. Along the way, Edwards and Hunt's shared journey helps Edwards shed his aristocratic, snooty ways and he learns camaraderie and honor, as well as a more humble view of a world he thought he understood. Hunt finds true friendship in Edwards and a sense of self-confidence he had not known before.


title: Almost Heroes

text: After many hardships and setbacks, they eventually make it to the Pacific coast just minutes before Lewis and Clark's expedition; however, once the celebration is over, they find that they do not necessarily want to go back to their old lives and collectively decide to continue their adventure, leading Edwards and Hunt's expedition to further explore the great uncharted world.


title: Almost Heroes

text: The script was written under the title "Edwards & Hunt". Because the screenwriters shared the same agent, Rob Carlson, as Steve Oedekerk, known at the time for his success writing for Jim Carrey, Oedekerk was able to help the script circulate. It became a hot script and was ultimately purchased by Turner Pictures.


title: Almost Heroes

text: Chris Farley was the first actor to be cast. The writers originally wanted to offer the role of Leslie Edwards to Hugh Laurie; at that point, he was a star only in the United Kingdom, so Turner executives wished for a more recognizable actor. The role was turned down by Hugh Grant and Bill Murray before Matthew Perry accepted the part.


title: Almost Heroes

text: The film had a budget of (equivalent to about $ million in ). Feeling that the humor of the story was in putting the goofball protagonists against a historical backdrop, the filmmakers opted for realism in the art design. Principal photography began in the summer of 1996. Four weeks were spent shooting in the Big Bear region of Northern California. A town representing St. Louis circa 1804 was constructed at Reading Island park (not really an island) on the Sacramento River, east of Cottonwood, California, and a Native American village set was built upriver. Heat posed a major challenge for the summer shoot, with actors wearing furs in temperatures of over one hundred degrees. For the sequences of the boat on the River, the 2nd unit crew traveled to West Central Montana to film scenic areas on the Missouri River, right along the Helena National Forest and Lewis and Clark National Forest. Additional scenes were shot on locations in Humboldt County, California.


title: Almost Heroes

text: Filming was completed in the fall of 1996, with a 1997 release target. However, the film was delayed a full year due to the pending merger between Turner and Time Warner. Then Chris Farley passed away on December 18 1997 of a drug overdose. By the time the film was released in May 1998, Chris Farley had been dead nearly six months.


title: Almost Heroes

text: Writer Tom Wolfe (not the author of the same name) stated that the script was intended to be more of an ensemble piece than the buddy comedy the studio saw it as. Farley's assistant, Ted Dondanville, stated that in post-production, cuts were made around the star and targeted peripheral characters. He felt that the lost material would have helped Farley's performance. "They cut the ensemble scenes first, Matthew Perry's second, and Chris's never."


title: Almost Heroes

text: A scene featuring Edwards' sweetheart, played by Parker Posey, was cut, as was the film's original ending. The re-shot ending did not include Bokeem Woodbine, resulting in his character Jonah disappearing after the fight against the conquistadors.


title: Almost Heroes

text: Critical reception of "Almost Heroes" has been generally negative. The film has a 5% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 39 reviews. The site's consensus states: "A sorry swan song for the talented Chris Farley, "Almost Heroes" is a directionless comedy that doesn't even come close to triumph."


title: Almost Heroes

text: James Berardinelli of "ReelViews" gave the film one out of four stars and wrote: "This is a dreadful motion picture - a lowbrow example of period piece comedy with terrible production values and an exceptionally poor laughs-to-jokes ratio. There's a kind of desperation in the movie's approach to humor that reveals the film makers' uncertainty about how entertaining the material is; the manic style betrays itself as a last-ditch attempt to hide the flaws of a failed script." Owen Gleiberman of "Entertainment Weekly" wrote: ""Almost Heroes" [...] gives off the discomfiting reek of desperation. ... How could director Christopher Guest [...] have reduced himself to staging gags such as Farley's slap-fest with hostile Injuns, Eugene Levy (as a nasty pirate) speaking in a zany French accent, or Farley stealing an egg from an eagle's nest, punching out the bird, and then falling to the ground with an epic thud? "Almost Heroes" goes thud too. Despite his compulsion to trash everything in his midst, including himself, Chris Farley deserved better." John R. McEwen of "Film Quips Online" wrote: "It's clear, his death notwithstanding, that Farley is the funniest thing about this... As expected, there is little here but sight gags and low humor, but if you're in the mood (and I must have been), it has its laugh-out-loud moments. ... Perry also has a few good bits, but he is obviously a distant second banana. Additional appearances by people like Eugene Levy and Kevin Dunn, and others, add to the hilarity, although many of the jokes fall flat...I doubt if anyone ever expected Chris Farley to win an Academy Award. But it is a fitting tribute to him that his last outing, while not a great work of American cinema, can provide a good dose of chuckles, and more than a few belly laughs."


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The State University of New York at Albany, commonly referred to as the University at Albany, UAlbany or SUNY Albany, is a public research university with campuses in Albany, Rensselaer, and Guilderland, New York. Founded in 1844, it is one of the four "university centers" of the State University of New York (SUNY) system.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university enrolls 16,648 students in nine schools and colleges, which offer 50 undergraduate majors and 125 graduate degree programs. The university's academic choices include new and emerging fields in public policy, homeland security, globalization, documentary studies, biotechnology, and informatics.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Through the UAlbany and SUNY-wide exchange programs, students have more than 600 study-abroad programs to choose from, as well as government and business internship opportunities in New York's capital and surrounding region. It is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity". The research enterprise totaled expenditures of $173 million in fiscal year 2018 and is focused in four areas: social science, public law and policy, life sciences and atmospheric sciences.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: SUNY Albany offers many cultural benefits, such as a contemporary art museum and the New York State Writers Institute. UAlbany plays a major role in the economic development of the Capital District and New York State.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The University at Albany was an independent state-supported teachers' college for most of its history until SUNY was formed in 1948. The institution began as the New York State Normal School (or Albany Normal School) on May 7, 1844, by a vote of the State Legislature. Beginning with 29 students and four faculty in an abandoned railroad depot on State Street in the heart of the city, the Normal School was the first New York State-chartered institution of higher education.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Originally dedicated to training New York students as schoolteachers and administrators, by the early 1890s the “School” had become the New York State Normal College at Albany and, with a revised four-year curriculum in 1905, became the first public institution of higher education in New York to be granted the power to confer the bachelor's degree.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: A new campus—today, UAlbany's Downtown Campus—was built in 1909 on a site of between Washington and Western avenues. By 1913, the institution was home to 590 students and 44 faculty members, offered a master's degree for the first time, and bore a new name—the New York State College for Teachers at Albany. Enrollment grew to a peak of 1,424 in 1932. By this time, the College for Teachers, or "Albany State" as it was often called for short, had developed a curriculum similar to those found at four-year liberal arts colleges, but it did not abandon its primary focus on training teachers.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 1948 the State University of New York system was created, with the College for Teachers and the state's other teacher-training schools serving as the nuclei. SUNY, including the Albany campus, became a manifestation of the vision of Governor Nelson A. Rockefeller, who wanted a public university system to accommodate the college students of the post–World War II baby boom. To do so, he launched a massive construction program that developed more than 50 new campuses. Reflecting a broadening mission, the College for Teachers changed its name to SUNY College of Education at Albany in 1959. In 1961, it became a four-year liberal arts college as the State University College at Albany.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 1962, the State University College was designated a doctoral-degree granting university center. The same year, Rockefeller broke ground for the current Uptown Campus on the former site of the Albany Country Club. The new campus' first dormitory opened in 1964, and the first classes on the academic podium in the fall of 1966. By 1970, enrollment had grown to 13,200 and the faculty to 746. That same year, the growing protest movement against the Vietnam war engulfed the university when a student strike was called for in response to the killing of protesters at Kent State. In 1985, the university added the School of Public Health, a joint endeavor with the state's Department of Health.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 1983, the New York State Writers Institute was founded by Pulitzer Prize-winning author William Kennedy. As of 2013, the Institute had hosted, over time, more than 1,200 writers, poets, journalists, historians, dramatists and filmmakers. The list includes eight Nobel Prize winners, nearly 200 Pulitzer Prize and National Book Award winners, several Motion Picture Academy Award winners and nominees, and numerous other literary prize recipients. In addition, the institute has hosted up-and-coming writers to provide them with exposure at the beginning of their writing careers.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: During the 1990s, the university built a $3 billion, Albany NanoTech complex, extending the Uptown Campus westward. By 2006, this addition became home to the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering, which in 2014 merged with the State University of New York Institute of Technology in Utica, New York to become a separate SUNY institution: the SUNY Polytechnic Institute.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 1996, a third campus—the East Campus, renamed the Health Sciences Campus in 2016—was added east of the Uptown Campus in Rensselaer County, when the university acquired former Sterling-Winthrop laboratories and converted them into labs, classrooms, and a business incubator concentrating on advances in biotechnology and other health-related disciplines. In 2005, this campus became home to the university's Gen*NY*Sis Center for Excellence in Cancer Genomics.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 2005, the university created a College of Computing and Information, with faculty on both the Uptown and Downtown campuses. In the fall of 2015, the college was replaced and its programs incorporated into the College of Engineering and Applied Sciences (CEAS). At the same time, the university opened another new college, the College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: On June 21, 2017, Havidan Rodriguez, founding provost of the University of Texas Rio Grande Valley and former interim president of the University of Texas-Pan American, was named the 20th president of the university, a position he assumed in September 2017. Rodríguez, became the first Hispanic/Latino president of any of the four-year SUNY campuses.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Due to on-going declining enrollment, retention, and rates of graduation of students, UAlbany is currently facing a $15 million budget deficit for fiscal year 2022-2023, with one of the largest budget deficits among SUNY schools. For example, UAlbany enrolled 17,688 students in fall 2020, and currently enrolled 16,648 students for 2022-2023, which represents a drop of over 1,000 students.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Uptown Campus, the university's main campus, is located mostly in Albany, with a small portion (a dorm "quad" and the athletics complex) spilling into the McKownville neighborhood in the neighboring town of Guilderland (official address: 1400 Washington Avenue in Albany). Its visual effect has been described as "Dazzling one-of-a-kind" by architectural critic Thomas A. Gaines, who called it "a formal masterpiece" and "a study in classical romanticism." Designed in 1961-1962 by noted American architect Edward Durell Stone and constructed from 1963 to 1964, the campus bears Stone's signature style that includes towers, domes, fountains, soaring colonnades, sweeping canopies, and other architectural features typical for the era. Stone's campus layout emphasizes residential quadrangles, also known as "quads," surrounding the academic buildings.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: At the hub of the Uptown Campus is the rectangular "Academic Podium," featuring 13 three-story buildings under a single overhanging canopy roof. The Podium's showpiece is a central pool with fountains and an off-center circular bell tower, or "Carillon", which also serves as a water storage reservoir. In April 2012, the university undertook a complete renovation of the main fountain and water tower area, as well as of the Campus Center fountain. There is LED lighting in the base of the fountain, and a new, more interactive center element with seating areas. Completion of the project is scheduled for fall 2013.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The domed Main Library, the Performing Arts Center, and Campus Center face the pool from the west, east and south, respectively. The Campus Center was under construction from Spring 2015 and was finally completed Fall of 2017 adding more space and dining options for student. To the north is a grand entrance, which welcomes visitors by way of a "great lawn" (Collins Circle) and the university's Entry Plaza. Four residential quadrangles are located adjacent to the four corners of the academic podium. Each quad consists of a 23-story high-rise dormitory surrounded by a square of low-rise buildings.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: On the west end of the Uptown Campus is the university's meteorology and characterization tools, the National Weather Service (NWS), and the Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC).


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In addition to the Main Library, the Uptown Campus became home in 1999 to the third of the three libraries comprising UAlbany's University Libraries: the Science Library. Further growth occurred on the Uptown Campus in the fall of 2004, when a new Life Sciences Building opened, dedicated to basic research and education. New residence halls, Empire Commons and Liberty Terrace, opened in 2002 and 2012, housing up to 1,200 and 500 students, respectively, Ground was broken for a new School of Business building in October 2008. The 80,000-square-foot facility, located on the west side of Collins Circle, opened in August 2013.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Downtown Campus, located at 135 Western Ave., Albany, just one mile (1.6 km) from the New York State Capitol building and Empire State Plaza, is the site of the original New York State College for Teachers. Construction began in 1909 on the first three buildings: Draper, Husted and Hawley halls, after the previous location on Willett Street burned down. Later additions to the campus were Richardson Hall, Page Hall and The Milne School (all in 1929), as well as 1960s' additions to Draper and Richardson halls. Husted Hall underwent major renovations in 2009. A subsequent energy efficiency project at Husted Hall was awarded a High Performance Building Plaque from the New York State Energy Research and Development Authority (NYSERDA).


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Downtown Campus is home to the university's Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, School of Criminal Justice, College of Computing and Information, and School of Social Welfare. It also houses one of the university's three libraries, the Thomas E. Dewey Graduate Library, located in Hawley Hall.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university's Health Sciences Campus, located in the City of Rensselaer, is home to UAlbany's School of Public Health and the Cancer Research Center (CRC) which opened in 2005. Located also on the campus—which contains of lab, support and associated office space—is the Center for Functional Genomics, which does research in the areas of microarrays, proteomics, molecular biology and transgenics. Also based at the campus are 15 private biotechnology companies, both established and those which form part of the university's business incubator program. Biopharmaceutical giant Regeneron Pharmaceuticals has a large-scale biologics manufacturing facility adjacent to the campus where it produces investigational products for all its clinical trials.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Uptown Campus is home to seven of the university's eight residential complexes. Four of these—Indigenous Quad, Dutch Quad, Colonial Quad, and State Quad—sit at the Academic Podium's corners; each consists of eight three-story, low-rise buildings encircling a 22-story tower with a capacity of 1,200 students each, as well as a game room and fitness center. Originally, each quad consisted of a dining hall but as of the Fall 2017 semester, Dutch Quad and Colonial Quad no longer maintain a dining hall. The four quads serve as a chronological timeline of New York State history, beginning with Indigenous Quad, moving clockwise to Dutch, then Colonial, and finally, State. The other three, Freedom Apartments, Empire Commons, and Liberty Terrace, are reserved for juniors and seniors. These are "apartment-style" residences and include kitchens, furnished living rooms, and, on Empire Commons, washers, dryers, dishwashers, single bedrooms, and central air conditioning. The university's newest apartment-style residential complex, Liberty Terrace, opened in the fall of 2012.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Uptown Campus also contains special housing for students enrolled in UAlbany's Honors College. This housing, offered to incoming freshmen and returning sophomores, is found on State Quad in the Melville and Steinmetz halls, which were renovated in 2010. Renovations were completed on Indigenous Quad during the Summer of 2013, State and Alumni Quads are still undergoing work. In March 2021, Indian Quad was renamed to Indigenous Quad following a series of petitions and complaints from students, faculty, and alumni.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Campus Center, located on the Uptown Campus Podium, has traditionally been the community center of the University at Albany, serving students, faculty, professional staff, alumni, and guests. Considered the "hearthstone" or "living room" of the campus, the Campus Center has provided services that include lounging areas, cafeterias, a Barnes & Noble bookstore, and national chain eateries operated and staffed by Sodexo. The structure has been the site for informal and formal interactions, the latter including the meetings of student-run clubs, academic conferences, and cultural functions.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: A $62.2 million renovation and expansion project includes the Campus Center East addition, completed in September 2015, and a West addition which opened in June 2017. The latter includes a new 400-seat auditorium and, as of the fall of 2018, enhanced dining facilities with market-style food service venues. Current students are using the new food court that arrived with Campus Center East. The Campus Center has many restaurants for a variety of dining options, such as pizza, Thai cuisine, sushi, etc.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Performing Arts Center is a facility on the Uptown Campus containing five performance spaces. Music, dance, theater, international artists, guest lecturers, and collaborations occur in the Main Theater, Recital Hall, Arena Theatre, Studio Theatre, and Lab Theatre. The Main Theatre is the largest theater space on the Uptown campus, capable of seating 500 people. Designed for music performance, the Recital Hall seats 242 people, 197 on the orchestra level and 45 in the nine circular theater boxes along the periphery on the second level. The Arena Theatre is used primarily for small theater performances and acting classes and seats 196. The Studio Theatre seats 153 people. The Lab Theatre is a 50' square "black box" theater. The Lab can seat up to 200 audience members in any seating configuration.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The University Art Museum is centrally located on the Uptown Campus. Designed by architect Edward Durell Stone, its interior is an example of late 20th Century modernism. Its three galleries provide more than of exhibition space for six to eight changing exhibitions per year.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Located at the university's grand entry plaza, the Massry Center for Business houses the School of Business. The 96,000-square-foot building features technologically advanced classrooms and meeting spaces, collaborative research centers in technological and social entrepreneurship, studying areas for students, and a trading room equipped with Bloomberg terminals.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In Fall 2021, UAlbany unveiled ETEC (Emerging Technology and Entrepreneurship Complex) located on the Eastern portion of the main Uptown campus. The state-of-the-art $180 million research facility is one of the university's largest and most energy-efficient buildings at 246,000 square feet.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: UAlbany unveiled a new football stadium, Bob Ford Field, on September 14, 2013, as part of a $19 million multi-sport complex. The Great Danes opened against the University of Rhode Island. The stadium, named for the coach who guided the football program to 265 victories from 1973 - 2013, is an 8,500-seat facility which includes a press level with four luxury suites, a print media area, and booths for radio, television, coaches, and replay, as well as 20 high-definition televisions distributed throughout the level. In the Summer of 2015, following a multimillion-dollar donation by Tom and Mary Casey, the complex was officially renamed the Bob Ford Field at Casey Stadium.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In the spring of 1992, the university opened SEFCU Arena, at that time named the RACC (Recreation and Convocation Center), an $11 million arena for UAlbany's men's and women's basketball and track teams. It has a 0.11 mile indoor track. They also in 2017 added a $1.4 million scoreboard. The 4,538-seat arena also serves as a major venue for community events such as rock, pop, and hip hop concerts, sporting events and University activities. Although it has an Albany address, it is actually located in the Town of Guilderland.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university is a first-tier component of the State University of New York. It receives annual appropriations as a part of the SUNY budget, and the New York State University Construction Fund manages and finances buildings and capital improvements. Although the university is governed by the SUNY Board of Trustees, the university does have a separate 10-member council that is appointed by the governor, with one student-elected member. The governor designates the council's chair. The university has its own Headmaster, who is currently Robert Jones.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university has a separate University at Albany Foundation, which conducts fundraising on behalf of the university. For example, when the new library was built, state funds paid for the construction of the building, but the foundation raised $3.5 million to equip the new facility. The foundation has a Board of Directors, which includes three voting member elected by the faculty and one elected by students. The foundation owns facilities that supplement the state-owned buildings, including: the Management Services Center, the Headmaster's residence, the East Campus, the State Street Conference Center, the Cancer Research Center. During 2015–16, the foundation raised $18.7 million and had total assets (including buildings) of $88.85 million. UAlbany is currently facing a $15 million budget deficit for fiscal year 2022-2023.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The College of Arts and Sciences, comprising 21 departments, forms the largest academic division at the university.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Departments of the College of Arts and Sciences include Africana Studies, Anthropology, Art and Art History, Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Biological Sciences, Chemistry, Communication, East Asian Studies, Economics, English, Geography and Planning, History, Languages, Literatures and Cultures, Latin American, Caribbean and U.S. Latino Studies, Mathematics and Statistics, Music and Theatre, Philosophy, Physics, Psychology, Sociology, and Women's, Gender and Sexuality Studies. Undergraduate education consists of 56 majors offered in these areas, along with their paired minors and 17 other minors as well as cooperative interdisciplinary programs that include the arts, humanistic studies, physical sciences and social sciences.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Graduate programs in the College of Arts and Sciences in the humanities and fine arts, science and mathematics, social and behavioral studies, and college-based interdisciplinary majors lead to the following degrees and certificates: Master of Arts, Master of Science, Master of Regional Planning, Master of Fine Arts, Doctor of Philosophy, Certificate of Advanced Standing, Certificate of Advanced Study and the Certificate (in selected fields).


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The mission of the College of Engineering and Applied Science (CEAS), created in 2005 (as the College of Computing and Information), is to educate the next generation of engineering and scientific innovators, to lead cutting-edge research of societal significance, and to prepare the students to assume leadership positions in industry, government, academia, and research. CEAS currently has three departments, and soon to follow are programs in bioengineering and mechanical engineering:


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Rockefeller College of Public Affairs and Policy, created in 1981, was named for former U.S. vice president and governor of New York Nelson Rockefeller. It is home to UAlbany's departments of Political Science and Public Administration and Policy.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: While providing educational preparation for academic and public service careers, it undertakes research on public problems and issues, and assists in the continuing professional development of government executives. It offers assistance to the federal and New York State governments, as well as to foreign nations and international organizations, to meet the responsibilities of contemporary citizenship and governance. Such assistance includes special courses and conferences, research and consultation, and publications for the dissemination of information.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The college offers degree programs that range from bachelor's level study in political science and public policy, to master's programs in political science, public administration and public policy, to doctorates in political science and public administration. Research centers within the college include the Center for Legislative Development, the Center for Policy Research, the Center for Women in Government and Civil Society, the Institute for Traffic Safety Management & Research, and the Center for International Development.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: UAlbany's School of Business, is accredited by the Association to Advance Collegiate Schools of Business (AACSB) in both business and accounting (less than 1.2% of all AACSB programs). It was also the first School to be accredited by AACSB at both undergraduate and graduate levels in 1974. Founded in 1962, the School's bachelor's, master's and certificate programs enroll full-time and part-time students from all over the world.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Digital Forensics B.S. curriculum and research done at the School's Department of Information Security and Digital Forensics was used to receive dual designation as a NSA Center of Academic Excellence in Cyber Defense Education and Research. Since 2011, the school has also offered a Graduate Certificate in Information Security, which is a 15-credit program.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Financial Market Regulation program works with the Institute for Financial Market Regulation, a cooperative project of professionals involved in financial market regulation and supervision from UAlbany and Albany Law School who develop interdisciplinary research and education in the field. The program concentrates upon four fields: Business, Technology, Law, and Public Policy.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Massry Center for Business building was unveiled on August 19, 2013. It was structurally engineered by Leslie E. Robertson Associates. It has been ranked #5 in a list of Top 50 Most Beautiful Business Schools in the United States.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: UAlbany's School of Criminal Justice offers programs in criminal justice on the bachelor's, master's and doctoral levels. The school was founded in 1966, and spurred what came to be called “the Albany model” for other Ph.D. programs in major universities across the nation and the world.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The school concentrates on crime and societal reactions to crime, including the political, economic and cultural patterns that influence policy choices on the response to crime. A focus of study is the social and personal forces that lead to criminal conduct and the analysis of the organization and operation of crime control systems. Particular emphasis is placed on the interactions among the many agencies which comprise criminal justice systems.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university was founded as the New York Normal School of Teachers in 1844 with David Perkins Page as its first principal. It expanded to become the New York State College for Teachers in 1914, and then, in 1962, the State University of New York at Albany. The School of Education was created that year as part of a multidisciplinary university center and remained the home of the original teacher training programs and faculty, including, from 1845 until its closing in 1977, the Milne School, the university's campus laboratory school where prospective teachers carried out their practice teaching.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The school is home to 1,500 graduate students in more than 30 master's, certificate, and doctoral programs housed within four departments: Educational Policy & Leadership, Educational and Counseling Psychology, Educational Theory and Practice, and Literacy Teaching and Learning. The school is also home to 15 centers and institutes which aid Capital Region schools and research educational issues. These include the school's outreach arm, the Capital Area School Development Association, which provides services to 120 school districts; the Center for the Elimination of Minority Health Disparities, which was funded in 2006 by a three-year $1.24 million grant from the National Institutes of Health; the Center for Urban Youth and Technology; and the National Research Center on English Learning & Achievement, which since 1987 has been funded by the U.S. Department of Education to conduct research dedicated to improving students’ English and literacy achievement.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The College of Emergency Preparedness, Homeland Security and Cybersecurity (CEHC), created in 2015, offers interdisciplinary academic programs for undergraduate and graduate students in fields designed to protect against, respond to, and recover from a growing array of natural and man-made risks and threats in New York State and around the world.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Research will be conducted by CEHC faculty and also through faculty-student collaborations and cross-disciplinary research groups. Training programs will be offered to current homeland security and emergency preparedness professionals.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 2017, the college participated in the New York Excelsior Challenge, a three-and-a half day training event. The Excelsior Challenge consists of training exercises designed to help first responders improve their response capabilities.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The School of Public Health, created in 1985 as a partnership between the University at Albany, State University of New York and the New York State Department of Health. Its mission is to provide education, research, service and leadership to improve public health and eliminate health disparities.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Accredited by the Council on Education for Public Health, the School offers MPH, MS, DrPH and PhD degrees in each of four academic departments: Biomedical Sciences; Environmental Health Sciences; Epidemiology & Biostatistics; and Health Policy, Management & Behavior.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Research interests of the more than 200 doctoral-level faculty include AIDS, GIS, maternal and child health, hospital epidemiology, infectious diseases, environmental and occupational health, eldercare, minority health and health disparities. Both research faculty and students benefit from additional affiliations with Albany Medical Center and Bassett Healthcare.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The School of Public Health's partnership with the New York State Department of Health (DOH) has life sciences researchers as part of the university's research productivity. Awards for life scientists at the DOH's Wadsworth Center make up roughly a third of UAlbany's total of $391.7 million


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The School of Social Welfare (SSW), created in 1965, is currently ranked 46 among programs of social work in the U.S. News & World Report (2022). This is a slight drop of 2 spots from its 2019 ranking.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The school offers bachelor, masters and Ph.D. programs in social work. Past linkages have included those with an Albany elementary school challenged by poverty, an outlier regional community comprising one of the largest Latino populations in the state outside of New York City and other major population centers such as Buffalo, and multiple partners in Italy, South Africa and Scotland.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The school has a history of dedication in the area of gerontological social work, the creation of aging friendly communities in 2006, improving pathways to higher education for inner city youth and families through the New York State-funded Liberty Partnership Program, the creation of family support agendas for the region, and re-professionalization campaigns in child welfare.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Features of SSW include the Internships in Aging Program, the Center for Innovations in Mental Health, and the Social Work Education Consortium.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Planning for the Honors College began in 2003 and first accepted students in fall 2006. Its mission is to create a "small college experience" by fostering and encouraging the creation of closely knit cohorts of motivated students. The Honors College seeks to increase faculty-student interaction early in a student's stay at the university.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Honors College comprises coursework, research, internships, and field-placements. All involve intense collaborations among students and professors. Rather than having a small number of professors teach an honors curriculum, professors from across the UAlbany campus teach honors courses in many disciplines. During the college's first three academic years, more than 50 UAlbany professors offered courses.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: During their first two years, honors students at explore the range of disciplines through six or more honors courses. During their next two years, students move into the honors program in their major. The Honors College offers special lectures, tours, retreats to Camp Dippikill, and other trips to expand their learning opportunities, and also student social events.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university contains three full size libraries. The main library is set in the center of the Academic Podium and contains study areas, classrooms and research centers. The second, called the Science Library, is located on the south side of the Campus Center and focuses on strictly scientific literature and media used in much of the university's research. The third library is the Thomas E. Dewey Graduate Library, on the downtown campus. Together, the libraries provide more than two million volumes and rank among the top 100 research libraries in the U.S., according to the Association of Research Libraries. Users from around the world access services and collections through the libraries' online systems and Web site. The university's libraries offer a program of information literacy with instruction that ranges from a focus on traditional bibliographic access to collaborative classes integrated into the curriculum.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The "U.S. News & World Report" 2023 edition of "Best Colleges" ranked the university tied for 182nd among national universities and tied for 91st among public universities. This is a fall from the University's ranking of 172nd for national universities ranking and 85th among public universities in 2022. In addition, it was ranked 130th for Best Value Schools, and 121st in Best Colleges for Veterans. Although not a flagship of SUNY, UAlbany is one of four “university center” of the State University of New York system and the only one which was ranked behind 100 of the four institutions (Buffalo [89], Stony Brook [77], Binghamton [83] and Albany [182]).


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In its 2022 rankings, Times Higher Education World University Rankings and The Wall Street Journal ranked the university 188th among national universities and 351st-400th among international universities.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The 2022 "Forbes" "America's Best Colleges" ranking placed Albany at 281st overall among 500 universities, at the 56th percentile of schools that were ranked. This represents a drop of 94 spots from its 2021 ranking at 187.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: UAlbany's Cancer Research Center (CRC) runs research that focuses on the underlying biology associated with tumor initiation and progression, and the development and evaluation of chemopreventive regimens and therapeutic approaches for common cancers. The center fosters the training of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows in cancer biology. Located on the university East Campus in Rensselaer, N.Y., the center combines UAlbany research expertise in genomics and biomedical sciences with technology in a new facility.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The center opened in October 2005 with $45 million in support through New York State's Gen*NY*Sis Program. Additional funds currently being raised from the private sector for the center's Fund for Memory and Hope will be used for special equipment and needs of the research program. In September 2009 the Center recruited scientist Ramune Reliene from the University of California Los Angeles to its research team and faculty of the School of Public Health's Department of Environmental Health Sciences. Reliene, who received her doctorate from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zurich in Switzerland, expands the scientific portfolio of the Center in the genetic and environmental causes of cancer.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), based at UAlbany, is a center for research in the atmospheric sciences. Established on February 16, 1961, by the Board of Trustees of the State University of New York, its mission is to promote programs in basic and applied sciences, especially as they relate to the atmospheric environment. The center is connected to and shares faculty and resources with the university's Department of Earth and Atmospheric Sciences.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: ASRC performs research to study the physical and chemical nature of the atmosphere and its implications to the environment. Research areas include boundary layers, solar radiation, radiative transfer, atmospheric chemistry, aerosol physics, air quality, solar energy, cloud physics, climate systems, and air quality monitoring. In addition the center has a large "jungle research group" exploring atmosphere and biosphere relationships in the Amazon rainforest, the Alaskan Tundra, the Canadian Boreal Forest, and the Eastern U.S.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Climate System Sciences Section of ASRC, started in November 1989, conducts research to understand the Earth's global and regional climate system and to assess and evaluate the effects of climatic change caused by both human activities and nature.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: UAlbany's Center for Social and Demographic Analysis (CSDA) was established in 1981 to provide a research infrastructure for scholarship in the social sciences at the University at Albany, State University of New York. CSDA has since become the nexus for further investments by university administration and state and federal agencies. Positioned by these developments, CSDA joined the roster of NICHD Population Centers in September 1997.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The center offers researchers access to computing facilities and statistical software, computing and statistical consulting, assistance with grant preparation and administration, and other related services. It collaborates with the Lewis Mumford Center—the university institute devoted to urban research—in efforts to disseminate data and fresh analyses of population trends revealed in the census and continuing census-related databases such as the Current Population Survey and the American Community Survey.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: CSDA has 41 faculty associates drawn from 15 departments that span the array of academic disciplines at the university. Among major research initiatives sponsored by the center is the Urban China Research Network (funded by the Mellon Foundation), which brings together scholars and graduate students from around the world to study implications of urban change in China. New collaborative projects include initiatives on health disparities and the environmental impacts of metropolitan growth.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: On June 4, 2010, the university unveiled a new $12.5 million biomedical research center, The RNA Institute, whose mission would be to form an alliance of genetic scientists and biomedical investigators from New York's Capital Region to spur research and development into RNA and its implications for medicines, drug therapies and technologies, and curing disease. On November 5, 2010, UAlbany announced The RNA Institute had received a $5.37 million grant from the National Institutes of Health/National Center for Research Resources (NIH/NCRR) and $2 million in matching funds from the State of New York to fund the design, engineering and construction of of research facilities on par with those of modern pharmaceutical companies. On the same day, the institute announced the establishment of The RNA Institute MassSpec Center, dedicated to the development of mass spectrometry-based technologies for investigating the structure-function relationships of natural and synthetic RNA as tools for drug discovery.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Office of International Education Study Abroad & Exchanges sponsors 70 study abroad programs in 34 countries directly through UAlbany, but students can take advantage of more than 300 programs in over 80 countries throughout the SUNY system. Among the most popular international programs for UAlbany students have been Italy, Great Britain, Ireland, France and Spain. Students study abroad any time after their freshman year, up to and including their final semester senior year. Programs are available semester-long and for the full academic year, as well as in summer and during winter session.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Its UAlbany Green Scene initiative is conducted through AT&T grant-funded research. UAlbany researchers study coordination of traffic signals and transportation patterns, with the goals of minimizing car-engine idling times, forging new carpooling connections, and communicating more effectively alternative transportation options to the campus community.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Campus efforts were on display on September 22, 2009, with "Destination Green," a day focusing on encouraging sustainable transportation. It highlighted the campus's alternative transportation options, which include hybrid buses, global electric motorcars (GEMs), public bus systems, carpooling, and bike-and-ride sharing programs.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The campus designated April 2010 as UAlbany environmental sustainability month, with lectures, a regional student competition for the best renewable energy business plan, and campus greening projects.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The UAlbany Student Association is a student run, non-profit, corporation which organizes and funds much of the student oriented activities on campus. The SA funds and recognizes 200 student groups, plans concerts, speaking engagements, and comedy shows. The SA impacts students in the classroom as well, through funding of general education courses. Modeled after the U.S. government, SA consists of three branches: executive, legislative (unicameral Student Association Senate), and judicial (Supreme Court).


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The SA is funded directly by the undergraduate student body of the University at Albany, State University of New York.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The Student Association owns a wilderness retreat facility in the Adirondack Mountains called Camp Dippikill. The cabins and campsites at Dippikill are open to reservations from the university undergraduates, graduate students, alumni, faculty and staff. Dippikill is one of the largest student government-owned assets in the United States.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Founded in 2009, the University at Albany's Speaker Series (commonly known as Speaker Series) is the university's premiere lecture series. Aimed at engaging the UAlbany community in conversations on important issues, the program was launched by a group of student leaders in the Student Association and is now funded by the Division of Student Affairs, the Student Association, University Auxiliary Services, and the UAlbany Alumni Association. The goal of the Speaker Series is to bring guests to campus in a broad range of areas: politics, global affairs, business, journalism, and popular culture. Past participants include Bill Clinton, Colin Powell, Howard Dean, Karl Rove, Barbara Walters, Bill Snape, Magic Johnson, Russell Simmons, David Axelrod, David Plouffe, Jon Favreau, Common, Bill Nye, Venus Williams, Daymond John, Brandon Stanton, Sonia Sotomayor, Octavia Spencer, and Aly Raisman


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The University at Albany is currently home to 37 Greek-lettered organizations and six councils. Some on-ground organizations include: Alpha Chi Rho,


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Delta Phi Epsilon, Alpha Phi Alpha, Gamma Rho Lambda, Lambda Upsilon Lambda, and Sigma Psi Zeta. According to Niche, the University at Albany is ranked the #2 Best Greek Life Colleges and the #2 Top Party School in New York State.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: In 2019, UAlbany was ranked "the least safe college in New York with 1.47 violent crimes per 100,000 students." In addition, among Upstate New York colleges, University at Albany reported the highest number of campus rapes in the region.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The "Albany Student Press", commonly known as “The ASP”, is an independent student-run newspaper. It began as the "State College News" and has been published continuously since 1916. The newspaper has a circulation of more than 10,000 and serves student body and the surrounding community.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: University at Albany's intercollegiate athletics date back to the late 1890s, but its development was hampered for several decades by inadequate facilities, uncertain financial support, and the small number of male students in an institution designed to develop elementary school teachers. Tennis remained a constant from 1898 on and men's basketball dates back to 1909, but attempts to field teams in football (1922), baseball (1896–1901), swimming, and ice hockey were aborted.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Expansion into men's and women's sports increased after World War II, and then expanded greatly in the 1960s (men's sports of lacrosse, track and field, cross-country, and swimming moved from club to varsity status, and women's tennis, softball, field hockey, basketball and swimming were introduced), a direct result of the introduction of the new Uptown campus and its expanded athletic facilities. A nickname change also occurred, the Pedagogues becoming the Great Danes—making UAlbany the only American college or university with that mascot. The school's colors are purple and gold.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: After the 1972 NCAA restructuring, UAlbany competed in Division III athletics until the 1995–96 school year, when it moved to the Division II level as part of a transition to Division I competition. That process was completed in the fall of 1999; UAlbany now has 19 varsity sports (8 men, 11 women) competing at the Division I level. All athletic programs are run by the university's Department of Athletics and Recreation.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: Other than the sport of football, the school's teams have been members of the America East Conference since 2001. Football participates in the Football Championship Subdivision level (formerly Division I-AA). The Danes were an associate member of the Northeast Conference, winning championships in that league in 2002, 2007, 2008, 2011 and 2012. Beginning with the 2013 season, the Danes moved their football program to the Colonial Athletic Association.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: On February 15, 2012, University President George Philip announced that a new $24 million athletic and recreational complex would be completed in three phases, consisting of a new synthetic turf field for students (finished in Fall 2012), a combined new football and soccer facility (completed in Fall 2013), and a refurbished track and field venue (finished in Spring 2014). President Philip also announced $6 million fundraising campaign to support the project.


title: University at Albany, SUNY

text: The university has been home to scholars, scientists, and writers, including 2017 Nobel Prize winner in Chemistry Joachim Frank; 2018 Wolf Prize co-recipient Omar Yaghi, a University of California, Berkeley chemist; Herman Aguinis, a George Washington University School of Business professor and president of the Academy of Management; Alanna Schepartz, a Yale University chemist and a National Academy of Arts and Sciences inductee; Nobel Prize laureate Toni Morrison; Pulitzer Prize winner William Kennedy; gay rights pioneer Harvey Milk; Broadway actress and three-time Tony Award nominee Carolee Carmello; Turing Award winner Richard E. Stearns; Harvard sociologist Robert J. Sampson and Scott Waldman (biochemist, MD) Samuel M.V. Hamilton Professor of Medicine at Sidney Kimmel Medical College of Thomas Jefferson University.


title: Bill Wurtz

text: Bill Wurtz (stylized in lower case as bill wurtz or billwurtz) is an American musician, singer-songwriter, animator, video editor, and internet personality based in New York City. He is known for his distinctive musical, comedic, and narrative style which includes deadpan delivery and singing paired with colorful surrealist, psychedelic, and non-sequitur graphics.


title: Bill Wurtz

text: Wurtz first published material on YouTube in 2013. He set up a website in 2014, presenting a catalog of music and videos he had created since 2002. Wurtz proceeded to upload edited versions of his videos on Vine, where he gained his initial popularity. He experienced breakout success on YouTube with his animated videos, "History of Japan" (2016), and "History of the Entire World, I Guess" (2017). Wurtz released music videos regularly from 2017 to March 2019. Through the rest of 2019 and all of 2020, Wurtz was inactive on YouTube, returning to the platform in January 2021 with a new visual style of 3D animation.


title: Bill Wurtz

text: Wurtz was first known for his presence on the short-form video-sharing website Vine, where he first gained a following in 2014. He began by taking short videos he had previously published to his website and re-editing them to fit Vine's six-second restriction. Before transitioning fully to YouTube, Wurtz was uploading a video to Vine nearly every day. He received early attention in 2015 for the short video "Shaving My Piano", which was covered briefly in "The Verge". On April 11, 2016, Wurtz won the Shorty Award for "Tech & Innovation: Weird" at the 8th Shorty Awards; during the awards ceremony, attention was given to one of his Vine uploads "I'm Still a Piece of Garbage".


title: Bill Wurtz

text: Alongside interest on Vine, Wurtz achieved wider popularity in 2016 with "History of Japan", a nine-minute YouTube video that outlines Japan's history. The video covers key events of its history: "Buddhism, internal conflict, alliances with Britain, World War I, World War II, the dropping of atomic bombs and its post-war economic miracle". It showcases Wurtz's quirky visual and comedic style through a mixture of fast-paced narration and animation, intercut with short musical jingles. The video was described as "an entertaining new approach to education". It went viral on social media after its release on February 2, 2016, and under a week later, received over four million views by February 8. It particularly received considerable attention on Tumblr and Reddit. As of August 2021, the video has over 68 million views. Writer German Lopez for the news website "Vox" called it a "strange", "pretty good – and surprisingly funny" video. Nevertheless, Lopez noted the poor coverage of Japanese war crimes committed against Korea and China in the 20th century, particularly the Nanjing Massacre and the use of Korean sex slaves, and attributed this omission to the video's short runtime. Wurtz has responded to these criticisms on his questions page, suggesting to viewers to look for other YouTube channels that cover these topics.


title: Bill Wurtz

text: Wurtz released a 20-minute overview of world history, "History of the Entire World, I Guess", on May 10, 2017. The video took over 11 months to produce, including almost 3 months of research – it briefly covers the topics of natural history and human civilization spanning from the Big Bang to the near future. The video marked the continued development of Wurtz's cinematic style, with fast-paced, absurdist humor and jazz-like musical interludes.


title: Bill Wurtz

text: "History of the Entire World, I Guess" was the top video on the YouTube trending page on the day of its release, receiving 3.2 million views on its first day, and on Reddit it became the most upvoted YouTube link of all time. It became an Internet meme and was listed at eighth place on YouTube's list of the top 10 trending videos of the year. it has over 150 million views. Writer German Lopez for the news website "Vox" praised the video for not heavily focusing on western and US history, and successfully covering other areas in world history which may be neglected in US schools, such as powers in China, Persia, and India. Because it resists specialization and assembles history in chronological order starting from the beginning of the Universe, "history of the entire world, i guess" can be considered a work of Big History, and is probably one of the most popular works associated with the discipline. It has been called a "must-see" and is considered to be Wurtz's magnum opus. In 2020, "Thrillist" ranked the video at number 40 on its list of best YouTube videos of all time.