title: Run Fatboy Run

text: "Run Fat Boy Run" topped the United Kingdom box office, earning £2 million in its opening weekend, and remained at the top of the chart for four weeks. To date, it has earned over £11 million in the United Kingdom. Worldwide, the film grossed $33.5 million.


title: Run Fatboy Run

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 46% based on reviews from 156 critics. On Metacritic the film had an average score of 48 out of 100, based on reviews from 27 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Run Fatboy Run

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety" had positive notices for actor turned director David Schwimmer, calling it the work of "a thoroughly competent mainstream craftsman who imposes no individual character on formulaic material." Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" wrote: "Run, Fat Boy, Run stays out of sitcom quicksand long enough to make you think that Schwimmer has a knack for this comedy-directing thing."


title: Mike Nifong

text: Michael Byron Nifong (born September 14, 1950) is an American former attorney and convicted criminal. He served as the district attorney for Durham County, North Carolina until he was removed, disbarred, and jailed following court findings concerning his conduct in the Duke lacrosse case, primarily his conspiring with the DNA lab director to withhold exculpatory DNA evidence that could have acquitted the defendants.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong was born in Wilmington, North Carolina, and attended New Hanover High School. He graduated Phi Beta Kappa from the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill (UNC) in 1971 with a degree in political science. He registered as a conscientious objector and participated in anti-war protests during the Vietnam War. After working as a teacher and social worker, Nifong returned to UNC in 1975 and earned a J.D. degree from the University of North Carolina School of Law in 1978. He was admitted to the North Carolina bar.


title: Mike Nifong

text: After spending a year as a "per diem" assistant with the Durham County District Attorney's office, Nifong was hired on a full-time basis in 1979. He eventually worked his way up to chief assistant. After District Attorney Jim Hardin was appointed to a Superior Court vacancy in 2005, Governor Mike Easley appointed Nifong to fill out the remainder of Hardin's term. Nifong was sworn in on April 27, 2005. As the Duke lacrosse case unfolded, Nifong won the Democratic primary on May 2, 2006 for Durham County District Attorney. He won the general election in November 2006 by a close margin of 833 votes.


title: Mike Nifong

text: In 2006, Nifong pursued rape, sexual assault, and kidnapping charges against Reade Seligmann, Collin Finnerty, and David Evans, three white members of the Duke University men's lacrosse team. The accusation of sexual assault was made by Crystal Mangum, one of two local black women who the lacrosse team had hired to work as strippers for a party. The case attracted national and international media attention. Former "New York Times" public editor Daniel Okrent wrote, "It [the case] conformed too well to too many preconceived notions of too many in the press: white over black, rich over poor, athletes over non-athletes, men over women, educated over non-educated."


title: Mike Nifong

text: In the first weeks of the case, Nifong gave an estimated 50 to 70 interviews. On the day he received his first briefing by police, March 27, 2006, he told the press, "The circumstances of the rape indicated a deep racial motivation for some of the things that were done." By April 1, he had made 48 statements to the press, including assertions that others present at the party where the alleged assault took place were covering for the accused players, saying, "I would like to think that somebody who was not in the bathroom has the human decency to call up and say, 'What am I doing covering up for a bunch of hooligans?'" Initial media reports on the case largely reflected Nifong's statements and opinions.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong said in a court hearing on October 27, six months after the arrest of Seligmann, Finnerty, and Evans, that he had not yet interviewed the alleged victim. "I haven't talked with her about the facts of that night...We're not at that stage yet." According to Nifong, none of his assistants had discussed the case with her, either.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On December 22, 2006, Nifong dropped the rape charge (while the sexual assault and kidnapping charges were still being pursued) against the three lacrosse players after Mangum changed her story, saying that she was no longer certain whether she was penetrated vaginally by one or more of the men. This was a few days after it was revealed in court that Nifong had withheld evidence from the defense concerning DNA tests. Nifong was strongly criticized for pressing ahead with what appeared to many to be a weak case without any physical evidence. The defense argued that Mangum had given at least a dozen different accounts of the incident, changing the number of attackers from twenty to three, and modifying the methods by which she was assaulted.


title: Mike Nifong

text: In January 2007, Nifong sent a letter to then-North Carolina Attorney General Roy A. Cooper, asking his office to assume responsibility of the case. This came days after Mangum changed her story again, claiming that suspect Seligmann was not involved in the alleged attack. Previously she had accused him and two others of the alleged rape.


title: Mike Nifong

text: The next day, Cooper announced that his office would take over the case. In April, he announced that charges against the three players would be dropped and that "based on the significant inconsistencies between the evidence and the various accounts given by the accusing witness, we believe these three individuals are innocent of these charges".


title: Mike Nifong

text: Defense lawyers and media outlets were strongly critical of Nifong's handling of the case. Nifong said that the criticisms were the product of a defense strategy to malign the prosecution and intimidate the alleged rape victim.


title: Mike Nifong

text: As the details of the case emerged, Nifong was attacked not only from advocates of the indicted students but by news sources such as "The Washington Post" and the "Los Angeles Times".


title: Mike Nifong

text: They claimed he went public with a series of accusations that later turned out to be untrue; that he exaggerated and intensified racial tensions; that he unduly influenced the Durham police investigation; that he tried to manipulate potential witnesses; that he refused to hear exculpatory evidence before indictment; that regulations on the conduct of an identification exercise were breached by failure to include "dummy" photographs of anyone who was not at the party; that he had never spoken directly to the alleged victim about the accusations; and that he made misleadingly incomplete presentations of various aspects of the evidence in the case (including DNA results).


title: Mike Nifong

text: Additional coverage critical of the prosecution's case included that expressed by: "60 Minutes", "Charlotte Observer", Fox News, "Greensboro News & Record", "National Journal", "Newark Star-Ledger", "The News & Observer", "Newsweek", "New York Daily News", "New York" magazine, "San Diego Union Tribune", "Washington Times", "The Star-News (Wilmington, N.C.)", and the now-defunct "Rocky Mountain News".


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong gave more than 50 interviews, many with the national media, according to his own account and confirmed by the "News & Observer". In these interviews, Nifong repeatedly said that he was "confident that a rape occurred", calling the players "a bunch of hooligans" whose "daddies could buy them expensive lawyers." From early April 2006, however, Nifong generally refused to talk to the media.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On July 18, 2006, defense lawyers charged that Nifong made "unprofessional and discourteous" remarks. During a preliminary hearing, Nifong said, "[Defense] attorneys were almost disappointed that their clients didn't get indicted so they could be a part of this spectacle here in Durham." One lawyer asserted that "Nifong's statement is an insult to the legal profession as a whole and is certainly unwarranted by any facts in this case." Others saw it as a personal insult. Nifong then went on vacation and could not be reached for further comment.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On October 27, 2006, Nifong said in court that neither he nor his assistants had yet discussed the alleged assault with the accuser, saying they had so far left that aspect of the investigation to the police.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Critics of the district attorney requested that Nifong be investigated, punished and disbarred for his actions in this case. On December 12, 2006, Republican Representative Walter B. Jones of North Carolina's 3rd district was reported to have sent a letter to U.S. Attorney General Alberto Gonzales asking for an investigation into whether Nifong committed "prosecutorial misconduct" and violated the civil rights of the three suspects in the case; Gonzales stated that his office might investigate how Nifong had handled the case. Critics noted that police were instructed to "Go through Mr. Nifong for any directions as to how to conduct matters in this case." This was an unusual move for a prosecutor to order.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On December 16, 2006, it was revealed that Nifong and DNA lab director Brian Meehan conspired to withhold exculpatory DNA evidence from the final report submitted to the defense team.


title: Mike Nifong

text: The prosecution of the case was criticized by the legal analyst for the "National Journal", Stuart Taylor, as well as "New York Times" columnists David Brooks and Nicholas Kristof. An investigation by CBS' "60 Minutes" "reveal[ed] disturbing facts about the conduct of the police and the district attorney, and raise[d] serious concerns." (This "60 Minutes" segment was honored with a Peabody Award on April 4, 2007.) Several writers at "Slate" criticized the prosecution's actions and especially criticized the mainstream media for accepting prosecution claims at face value in spite of countervailing evidence.


title: Mike Nifong

text: In light of the fact that Nifong failed to turn over exculpatory evidence to defense lawyers on December 22, 2006, "The News & Observer" wrote that "to press forward in the [...] case, District Attorney Mike Nifong must rely on scanty evidence while deflecting serious questions about whether he broke the law or violated the ethics rules governing prosecutors."


title: Mike Nifong

text: Thomas Sowell accused Nifong of using the case to improve his chances in the next election by gaining large support from the African American community. Nifong ultimately won the primary and general election in the midst of the case, despite the fact that allegations of ethical improprieties had already come to light. A federal judge in 2011 ruled that the civil lawsuit could proceed against Nifong, including claims of "malicious prosecution" and "fabrication of false evidence".


title: Mike Nifong

text: On December 28, 2006, the North Carolina State Bar filed ethics charges against Nifong over his conduct in the case, accusing him of making public statements that were "prejudicial to the administration of justice" and of engaging in "conduct involving dishonesty, fraud, deceit, or misrepresentation." The seventeen-page document accuses Nifong of violating four rules of professional conduct, listing more than fifty examples of statements he made to the media.


title: Mike Nifong

text: The State Bar filed a second round of ethics charges on January 24, 2007. In this document, it accused Nifong of a "systematic abuse of prosecutorial discretion ... prejudicial to the administration of justice" when he withheld DNA evidence to mislead the court.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong's lawyers filed a report asking for dismissal of some of the charges against him on March 19, arguing that his actions had not prevented the defendants from a fair trial since defense attorneys received a DNA report before a trial date was set. The State Bar denied the request, pointing out that North Carolina law ""is unambiguous: Anyone subject to an NTO [Nontestimonial Identification Order] must be given any report of test results as soon as such a report is available."" The Bar continued that ""Nifong is effectively arguing that he can make false statements to a court which result in the entry of an order, and then use the order that is based on his misrepresentations to claim he committed no discovery violation.""


title: Mike Nifong

text: At an April 13 hearing, another request for dismissal of charges was denied. Nifong's team argued that the law about revealing exculpatory evidence to the defense was too vague about a timetable. Attorneys for the State Bar pointed out that it was only through diligent efforts of the Duke players' defense team that the DNA report was finally made available to them. The formal ethics hearing began on June 12 in Raleigh.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On June 15, Nifong took the stand to testify in his own defense. During the testimony, he apologized to the families of the Duke athletes and stated that he would resign as district attorney. Joseph Cheshire, attorney for David Evans, one of the accused players, dismissed the apology as "a cynical political attempt to save his law license". During the trial, Nifong acknowledged he knew there was no DNA evidence connecting lacrosse players Reade Seligmann and Collin Finnerty to the 28-year-old woman who accused them of attacking her when he indicted them on charges of rape, sexual offense and kidnapping a year prior.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On June 16, 2007, the North Carolina State Bar Disciplinary Committee unanimously voted to disbar Nifong after delivering a guilty verdict to 27 of 32 charges. The committee found Nifong's previous disciplinary record and acknowledgment of his improper pre-trial statements were substantially outweighed by (among other things) the players' vulnerability and his failure to acknowledge the "wrongful nature of (his) conduct with respect of the handling of DNA evidence."


title: Mike Nifong

text: Committee chair Lane Williamson called the case a "fiasco" and said Nifong's actions involved "dishonesty, fraud, deceit and misrepresentation." Williamson further stated, "At the time he was facing a primary, and yes, he was politically naive, but we can draw no other conclusion that those initial statements he made were to further his political ambitions." In the end, the panel concluded that "there is no discipline short of disbarment appropriate in this case given the magnitude of the offenses found."


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong agreed to surrender his law license and said he would not appeal; through his attorney, he said that disbarment was an appropriate punishment. Nifong is the first sitting district attorney in the history of North Carolina to be disbarred. Earlier in the day, Nifong offered to voluntarily surrender his law license. However, Williamson said that the panel had to issue a ruling, and issued its disbarment order shortly thereafter. Under North Carolina law, the order took effect 30 days after Nifong received it in writing.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Immediately after the hearing, lawyers for the three players said they would seek to have Nifong held in criminal contempt of court for his false statements. The lawyers added that calls for a federal civil rights investigation into the matter weren't out of line. The players' attorneys called for an independent investigation into the case, and Cooper was considering whether to open a criminal probe into the affair.


title: Mike Nifong

text: The players' attorneys said on June 18 that their clients were very likely to file a civil suit against Nifong to recover their legal expenses and restore their reputations. It is not known how much they can recover; Nifong had no income aside from his salary as DA, and public records indicate that he has no significant assets other than his home in Durham, real estate in western North Carolina and retirement accounts. According to "The News and Observer," the players incurred $3 million in legal costs.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On June 18, Nifong submitted his resignation to Governor Easley and Durham County Chief Superior Court Judge Orlando Hudson, saying he would leave office on July 13. Hudson said that Nifong should have resigned immediately, saying that defense attorneys could challenge Nifong's authority. Easley, a former prosecutor and state attorney general, also felt that Nifong should have resigned immediately.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Early on June 19, Hudson issued an order suspending Nifong from office with pay. Under North Carolina law, this was the first step in a process that allows the chief judge of a county to remove that county's district attorney from office. Hudson also appointed a Raleigh attorney as special prosecutor to oversee the removal proceeding. A Durham resident, Beth Brewer had asked Hudson to remove Nifong in February on the grounds that Nifong engaged in willful misconduct and brought disrepute upon his office – two of the criteria required for removing a district attorney from office. This process had been used only once before, when the district attorney for New Hanover and Pender counties was removed from office in 1995 for making a racial slur. In April 2021, the statute was used a third time to remove DA Greg Newman from office. NC Superior Court Judge Robert Ervin found that DA Greg Newman committed willful misconduct and perjury, notably in a 2015 child rape case. Newman's removal marked the first time an elected DA was removed from office by crime victims, unrepresented by attorneys, for failing to prosecute violent offenders. The NC Coalition Against Sexual Assault issued a statement in support of DA Greg Newman's victims, calling his actions "horrific" and "unforgivable". The NC State Bar did not disbar Greg Newman.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On June 20, Nifong began talks with the special prosecutor about the possibility of leaving office immediately, but later that day, Easley appointed Jim Hardin, Nifong's predecessor, as acting district attorney. This came hours after Easley signed a bill that would allow the governor to remove a district attorney or judge from office if he or she has been disbarred or suspended from practicing law. Easley strongly supported the bill, which unanimously passed both houses of the legislature.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Easley had let it be known that he would have removed Nifong from office immediately if he had had the authority and power to do so. It had been unclear how soon Easley could have removed Nifong under this new law. The bill does not allow a governor to remove a DA or judge until the State Bar formally issued its order of disbarment, and all appeals have been exhausted. However, as mentioned above, Nifong had said he would not appeal. Hardin was sworn in the next day, and served until September 2007, when Easley appointed Assistant District Attorney David Saacks to fill out the first half of Nifong's term. At the time of Hardin's swearing-in, negotiations were still under way between Nifong and the special prosecutor, and Hudson was proceeding with the hearing to remove him for good. However, according to a spokesman for the state's Administrative Office of the Courts, Nifong's tenure as DA ended with Hardin's swearing-in. Nifong formally resigned from office on July 2.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong's former assistant district attorney, Tracey Cline, was elected District Attorney in a 2008 special election and re-elected in 2010. She was removed from office herself in 2012 for, among other things, making defamatory accusations against Judge Hudson. Her license to practice law was suspended for five years in 2015 but she was not disbarred.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On June 22, the players' lawyers filed their motion asking Superior Court Judge Osmond Smith, who presided over the case, to hold Nifong in contempt. The players also wanted Nifong to pay for the 60 to 100 hours it took to prove that he misrepresented the DNA evidence. Nifong was charged with having violated at least a dozen laws, rules and court orders designed to protect defendants' rights by playing "a game of hide and seek" with evidence that could have cleared the players. The players' motion also alleged that Nifong's misconduct "shocks the conscience and defies any notion of accident or negligence". Earlier that same month, Judge Smith had filed papers stating that he retained control over the case although the charges had been dismissed, and had the power to impose his own sanctions against Nifong.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On July 25, Nifong issued a less qualified apology for his actions, saying he did not challenge Cooper's conclusion that there was "no credible evidence" to support the charges he had made. While the players' attorneys expressed skepticism about his sincerity, they did withdraw their demands that he pay for the legal work it took to ferret out the DNA evidence.


title: Mike Nifong

text: In a letter addressed to the North Carolina State Bar on August 7, Nifong formally surrendered his law license. He then decried the "fundamental unfairness" with which his disbarment was conducted, contradicting his own lawyer's assertion that Nifong believed disbarment to be an appropriate punishment. To explain the physical condition of the license, Nifong said the license had been damaged "by a puppy in her chewing stage", and therefore had never been framed or displayed.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On September 7, 2007, after having already been disbarred, Nifong reported to the Durham County jail to serve a one-day jail sentence for contempt of court. He was held alone in a cell for his protection.


title: Mike Nifong

text: On October 5, 2007, Evans, Finnerty, and Seligmann filed a federal lawsuit alleging that Nifong engineered a wide-ranging conspiracy to frame the players. Also named in the suit were the lab that handled the DNA work, the city of Durham, the city's former police chief, the deputy police chief, the two police detectives who handled the case and five other police department employees. The players sought unspecified damages, and wanted to place the Durham Police Department under court supervision for 10 years, claiming the actions of the police department pose "a substantial risk of irreparable injury to other persons in the City of Durham." According to the suit, Nifong's sole motive was to win support for his reelection bid; the suit alleges that Nifong told his campaign manager that the case would provide "'millions of dollars' in free advertising." This allegation is confirmed by "The New York Times", and by an interview with Nifong's campaign manager. Nifong asked the state attorney general's office and the Administrative Office of the Courts to pay his legal fees and help defend him, but both offices refused on the grounds that Nifong's actions involved "fraud, corruption (and) malice."


title: Mike Nifong

text: On January 15, 2008, Nifong filed for bankruptcy under Chapter 7 of the Bankruptcy Code. He listed assets of almost $244,000 and liabilities of over $180.3 million, virtually all of which derived from six $30 million "unsecured nonpriority claims", one for each of the six members of the 2005–06 Duke lacrosse team suing Nifong, among others.


title: Mike Nifong

text: While the bankruptcy filing automatically delayed the civil suit against him, it may not protect Nifong from civil liability for his actions in the case. Unsecured creditors can still pursue claims against someone filing for bankruptcy if the debt was incurred through "willful and malicious injury" to them. Seligmann's attorney, noted Triangle lawyer David Rudolf, said that the players intend to pursue such a claim.


title: Mike Nifong

text: According to at least one bankruptcy law expert, Nifong's bankruptcy filing is a tacit admission that he does not have the resources to defend himself against the players' civil suit, and is trying to protect what assets he is allowed to protect under the law. On March 11, 2008, the Bankruptcy Administrator recommended that Nifong's Chapter 7 bankruptcy case be dismissed or converted to a Chapter 13 bankruptcy case because Nifong earned income above the requirement set forth in the Means Test to be eligible to file a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case. However, the Bankruptcy Court ultimately held that Nifong was eligible to be a debtor in a Chapter 7 bankruptcy case and granted him a bankruptcy discharge on June 4, 2008. Later that same year, Judge William L. Stocks lifted the automatic stay imposed by Nifong's bankruptcy filing, and announced that the plaintiffs can pursue their lawsuit.


title: Mike Nifong

text: In July 2014 there was a call for all the cases Nifong had prosecuted to be reviewed on the basis of his having been shown to ignore due process in some cases including the murder trial against Darryl Howard, who had been convicted in 1995 of a 1991 murder of a woman and her daughter.


title: Mike Nifong

text: In 2014, Darryl Howard, who at that time had been imprisoned for murder for 20 years, was granted a new trial because Nifong had withheld evidence in the trial that led to his convictions. Two years later, following a hearing where the state was asked why the convictions should stand, the murder conviction was vacated and Howard released from prison, noting that DNA evidence not presented to the jury would likely have exonerated him.


title: Mike Nifong

text: Nifong is twice married, his second wife is Cy Gurney, regional administrator of North Carolina Guardian ad Litem. He has a daughter from his first marriage and a son with Gurney. He lives in northern Durham County.


title: Handfasting

text: Handfasting is a traditional practice that, depending on the term's usage, may define an unofficiated wedding (in which a couple marries without an officiant, usually with the intent of later undergoing a second wedding with an officiant), a betrothal (an engagement in which a couple has formally promised to wed, and which can be broken only through divorce), or a temporary wedding (in which a couple makes an intentionally temporary marriage commitment). The phrase refers to the making fast of a pledge by the shaking or joining of hands.


title: Handfasting

text: The terminology and practice are especially associated with Germanic peoples, including the English and Norse, as well as the Scottish Gaels. As a form of betrothal or unofficiated wedding, handfasting was common up through Tudor England; as a form of temporary marriage, it was practiced in 17th-century Scotland and has been revived in Neopaganism.


title: Handfasting

text: Sometimes the term is also used synonymously with "wedding" or "marriage" among Neopagans to avoid perceived non-Pagan religious connotations associated with those terms. It is also used, apparently ahistorically, to refer to an alleged pre-Christian practice of symbolically fastening or wrapping the hands of a couple together during the wedding ceremony.


title: Handfasting

text: The verb "to handfast" in the sense of "to formally promise, to make a contract" is recorded for Late Old English, especially in the context of a contract of marriage. The derived "handfasting" is for a ceremony of engagement or betrothal is recorded in Early Modern English. The term was presumably loaned into English from Old Norse " handfesta" "to strike a bargain by joining hands"; there are also comparanda from the Ingvaeonic languages: Old Frisian "hondfestinge" and Middle Low German "hantvestinge". The term is derived from the verb "to handfast", used in Middle to Early Modern English for the making of a contract. In modern Dutch, "handvest" is the term for "pact" or "charter" (e.g., "Atlantisch handvest", "Handvest der Verenigde Naties"); cf. also the Italian loan word manifesto in English.


title: Handfasting

text: The Fourth Lateran Council (1215) forbade clandestine marriage, and required marriages to be publicly announced in churches by priests. In the sixteenth century, the Council of Trent legislated more specific requirements, such as the presence of a priest and two witnesses, as well as promulgation of the marriage announcement thirty days prior to the ceremony. These laws did not extend to the regions affected by the Protestant Reformation. In England, clergy performed many clandestine marriages, such as so-called Fleet Marriage, which were held legally valid; and in Scotland, unsolemnised common-law marriage was still valid.


title: Handfasting

text: From about the 12th to the 17th century, "handfasting" in England was simply a term for "engagement to be married", or a ceremony held on the occasion of such a contract, usually about a month prior to a church wedding, at which the marrying couple formally declared that each accepted the other as spouse. Handfasting was legally binding: as soon as the couple made their vows to each other they were validly married. It was not a temporary arrangement. Just as with church weddings of the period, the union which handfasting created could only be dissolved by death. English legal authorities held that even if not followed by intercourse, handfasting was as binding as any vow taken in church before a priest.


title: Handfasting

text: During handfasting, the man and woman, in turn, would take the other by the right hand and declare aloud that they there and then accepted each other as husband and wife. The words might vary but traditionally consisted of a simple formula such as "I (Name) take thee (Name) to my wedded husband/wife, till death us depart, and thereto I plight thee my troth". Because of this, handfasting was also known in England as "troth-plight". Gifts were often exchanged, especially rings: a gold coin broken in half between the couple was also common. Other tokens recorded include gloves, a crimson ribbon tied in a knot, and even a silver toothpick. Handfasting might take place anywhere, indoors or out. It was frequently in the home of the bride, but according to records handfastings also took place in taverns, in an orchard and even on horseback. The presence of a credible witness or witnesses was usual.


title: Handfasting

text: For much of the relevant period, church courts dealt with marital matters. Ecclesiastical law recognised two forms of handfasting, "sponsalia per verba de praesenti" and "sponsalia per verba de futuro". In "sponsalia de praesenti", the most usual form, the couple declared they there and then accepted each other as man and wife. The "sponsalia de futuro" form was less binding, as the couple took hands only to declare their intention to marry each other at some future date. The latter was closer to a modern engagement and could, in theory, be ended with the consent of both parties – but only providing intercourse had not occurred. If intercourse did take place, then the "sponsalia de futuro" "was automatically converted into "de iure" marriage".


title: Handfasting

text: Despite the validity of handfasting, it was expected to be solemnised by a church wedding fairly soon afterwards. Penalties might follow for those who did not comply. Ideally the couple were also supposed to refrain from intercourse until then. Complaints by preachers suggest that they often did not wait, but at least until the early 1600s the common attitude to this kind of anticipatory behaviour seems to have been lenient.


title: Handfasting

text: Handfasting remained an acceptable way of marrying in England throughout the Middle Ages but declined in the early modern period. In some circumstances handfasting was open to abuse, with persons who had undergone "troth-plight" occasionally refusing to proceed to a church wedding, creating ambiguity about their former betrothed's marital status. Shakespeare negotiated and witnessed a handfasting in 1604, and was called as a witness in the suit "Bellott v Mountjoy" about the dowry in 1612. Historians speculate that his own marriage to Anne Hathaway was so conducted when he was a young man in 1582, as the practice still had credence in Warwickshire at the time.


title: Handfasting

text: After the beginning of the 17th century, gradual changes in English law meant the presence of an officiating priest or magistrate became necessary for a marriage to be legal. Finally the 1753 Marriage Act, aimed at suppressing clandestine marriages by introducing more stringent conditions for validity, effectively ended the handfasting custom in England.


title: Handfasting

text: In February 1539 Marie Pieris, a French lady-in-waiting to Mary of Guise, the consort of James V of Scotland, was married by handfasting to Lord Seton at Falkland Palace. This ceremony was recorded in the royal accounts for the payment to an apothecary for his work on the day of "Lord Seytounis handfasting".


title: Handfasting

text: The Scottish Hebrides, particularly in the Isle of Skye, show some records of a 'Handfast" or "left-handed" marriage taking in the late 1600s, when the Gaelic scholar Martin Martin noted, "It was an ancient custom in the Isles that a man take a maid as his wife and keep her for the space of a year without marrying her; and if she pleased him all the while, he married her at the end of the year and legitimatised her children; but if he did not love her, he returned her to her parents."


title: Handfasting

text: The most disastrous war fought between the MacLeods and MacDonalds of Skye, culminating in the Battle of Coire Na Creiche, "when Donald Gorm Mor who handfasted [for a year and a day] with Margaret MacLeod, a sister of Rory Mor of Dunvegan, expelled his mistress so ignominiously from Duntulm. It is, indeed, not improbable that it was as a result of this war that Lord Ochiltree's Committee, that formed the Statutes of Iona in 1609 and the Regulations for the Chiefs in 1616, was induced to insert a clause in the Statutes of Iona by which 'marriages contracted for several [archaic definition "single"] years' were prohibited; and any who might disregard this regulation were to be 'punished as fornicators'".


title: Handfasting

text: By the 18th century, the Kirk of Scotland no longer recognised marriages formed by mutual consent and subsequent sexual intercourse, even though the Scottish civil authorities did. To minimise any resulting legal actions, the ceremony was to be performed in public. This situation persisted until 1939, when Scottish marriage laws were reformed by the Marriage (Scotland) Act 1939 and handfasting was no longer recognised.


title: Handfasting

text: The existence of handfasting as a distinct form of "trial marriage" was doubted by A. E. Anton, in "Handfasting in Scotland" (1958). In the article, he asserted that the first reference to such a practice is by Thomas Pennant in his 1790 "Tour in Scotland", that this report had been taken at face value throughout the 19th century, and was perpetuated in Walter Scott's 1820 novel "The Monastery". However, the Pennant claim in 1790 was not the first time this had been discussed or put to print, as the Martin Martin texts predate Pennant by almost 100 years.


title: Handfasting

text: The term "handfasting" or "hand-fasting" has been in use in Celtic neopaganism and Wicca for wedding ceremonies from at least the late 1960s, apparently first used in print by Hans Holzer.


title: Handfasting

text: Handfasting was mentioned in the 1980 Jim Morrison biography "No One Here Gets Out Alive" and again in the 1991 film "The Doors", where a version of the real 1970 handfasting ceremony of Morrison and Patricia Kennealy was depicted (with the actual Kennealy-Morrison portraying the Celtic neopagan priestess).


title: Handfasting

text: The term has entered the English-speaking mainstream, most likely from neopagan wedding ceremonies during the early 2000s, often erroneously being described as "pre-Christian" by wedding planners. Evidence that the term "handfasting" had been re-interpreted as describing this ceremony specifically is found in the later 2000s, e.g. "handfasting—the blessed marriage rite in which the hands of you and your beloved are wrapped in ribbon as you 'tie the knot'."


title: Handfasting

text: By the 2010s, "handfasting ceremonies" were on offer by commercial wedding organizers and had mostly lost their neopagan association (apart from occasional claims that attributes the ceremony to the "ancient Celts"). The term "handfasting ribbon" appears from about 2005.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Eurotunnel Le Shuttle (sometimes shortened to Le Shuttle or The Shuttle) is a railway shuttle service between Coquelles (near Calais) in Pas-de-Calais, France and Cheriton (near Folkestone) in Kent, United Kingdom. It conveys road vehicles (including bicycles and motorcycles) and passengers (including some animals) by rail through the Channel Tunnel. Freight vehicles are carried in separate shuttle trains hauled by the same locomotives, that also contain a passenger carriage, known as the Club Car.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Both terminals are provided with vehicle check-in booths and juxtaposed controls (where pre-boarding immigration and customs checks are carried out by the French Border Police, French Customs and the UK Border Force), a large convenience outlet, long loading platforms and a loop of track. On arrival at the terminal, having booked beforehand or not, vehicles can check in (in separate freight/passenger booths) and go through the juxtaposed French and UK immigration and customs checks. If the vehicle is too early for its booked train, the passengers may visit the terminal building with cafés and duty free shopping, driving onto the train once it has arrived and is ready. The train is unloaded and loaded again in just over half an hour. Various safety announcements are played through the public address system, and the train departs once the loading wagons are stowed. After a train emerges from the tunnel, about 22 minutes later, it travels around the loop and stops at the terminal platform. It is then unloaded and reloaded with a new set of vehicles. Once at the other end, vehicles drive off of the train onto the French Autoroutes or British Motorways. The complete journey takes at least 1 hour and 30 minutes between the motorways, with the crossing being 35 minutes long.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: The rail loop at Folkestone runs clockwise and is mostly in a cut-and-cover tunnel, whereas the loop at Coquelles goes anti-clockwise and out in the open. This evens the wear on the wheels of the shuttle locomotives and carriages, as each set (left or right) spends only half the time at the outer edge of the line traversing the curves. Because of the amount of land space available, the French loading platforms are specially designed so that they can be entered and exited in two directions, by both freight and passengers.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: A Eurotunnel Shuttle train is about long and is made from constructive stainless steel. The carriages used for the shuttle have a larger loading gauge than either British or French railways. As a result, they cannot travel outside the tunnel and the two terminals onto the national railways.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Car shuttle trains for passenger vehicles have a locomotive at each end, with a series of fully enclosed vehicle carrying wagons in between, each wagon metres ( ft) long. The wagons on the front half are single deck and rear half are double deck. Each shuttle train also has a “single deck loader” at each end of the single deck section, and a “double deck loader” at each end of the double deck section. These loading wagons have doors that open for loading vehicles and close for travel through the tunnel and plates that allow vehicles to travel between the train carriage and the platform. Double deck loader wagons also have a ramp that allows vehicles to access the upper level. Ordinary cars and vehicles below in height are typically loaded onto the double deck portion of the shuttle. Higher or longer vehicles, such as motorhomes, vehicles pulling a trailer and coaches, are loaded onto the single deck portion of the shuttle. Ordinary cars can also be placed in the unused portion of single deck wagons. Eurotunnel will occasionally run the double-deck carriages at "half full," closing the top deck to reduce staffing costs. When loading, vehicles drive between carriages, but the carriages are closed off individually when the train moves.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Once boarded, drivers and passengers can exit their vehicles to walk around or use the toilets, but there are currently no onboard services. Toilets are provided in every third carriage in the double-deck section and in the loading carriages in the single-deck section. Passengers are advised not to walk between the vehicles in areas that are not designated crossing areas, because the gradients in the tunnel ( of continuous slope at 1.1% on the English side) mean there is a dangerous possibility that vehicles could roll back and/or forward if the drivers forget to turn on the parking brake.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Lorries (trucks) are carried on trains separate from passenger vehicles. These shuttle trains have a locomotive on each end, two sections of 16 mostly open vehicle-carrying wagons (train cars) and a single passenger carriage called the "club car" which is () long. The vehicle-carrying wagons are () long and have a metal frame that places a metal roof over the cab of the lorry, but the rest of the vehicle is not enclosed. Drivers load their own lorries onto the trains and, once they are in place and secured with wheel chocks, drivers are taken to the club car at the front of the train by bus. The club car offers free Wi-Fi, toilets and vending machines with drinks and snacks. At the end of the journey, drivers are taken back to their lorry by bus so they can drive off the train to continue their journey.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: The overall management of the Channel Tunnel transport system is carried out from a railway control centre, the RCC. There are two control centres, one at each terminal, and each is capable of taking control of the system. The RCC manages all rail traffic (shuttles and trains) circulating on the Channel Tunnel infrastructure, including in the terminal areas.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: The system consists of two parts, RTM (Rail Traffic Management) manages all rail traffic in the tunnels and in the terminal areas, and the EMS (Engineering Management System), which manages fixed equipment such as ventilation, lighting, feeding electricity to the catenary wires.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: The Road Traffic Control Centres (TCC) are responsible for managing the movement of vehicles for Passenger and Freight services as they circulate around each terminal, presenting tolls, moving through border controls, boarding trains and exiting trains onto motorways (the A16 in France and M20 in the UK).


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Safety regulations require two locomotives for all shuttle trains through the tunnel, one at the front and one at the back, and both must be staffed so that the train can be reversed out in case of a blockage. On shuttle trains, two Class 9 locomotives handle a single shuttle train. Each locomotive is capable of hauling the train on its own in the event that its partner fails. In the event that both locomotives fail, another train with two fully functioning locomotives has sufficient power to move both its own load and the disabled train through the tunnel. Diesel locomotives are also on hand at both terminals in case they are needed to help a train out. There are also attendants in shuttle trains that manage the vehicles, loading and interior functions. On freight vehicle shuttles, the attendants ride in the passenger carriage at the front of the train with the truck drivers; in the passenger vehicle shuttles, they patrol the train. The trains are also long enough so that no matter where in the tunnel, the length of the train spans two evacuation doors into the service tunnel adjacent to the rail tunnels.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Passenger vehicle carriages are sealed off with fireproof doors and are pressurised. These doors are closed once all vehicles are loaded. They include smaller pedestrian doors that may be opened when the train is in motion to move from one carriage to the next but then close automatically.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Eurotunnel has been criticised for failing to implement measures to prevent or extinguish fires in the open-framed large-goods-vehicle-carrying wagons; recommendations made by the Fire Brigade Union in 1996 following a fire in the Channel Tunnel – that closed wagons should be used to prevent the spread of fire – were not acted upon.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: Newer safety regulations have been tightened and relaxed. For one, trains are no longer required to have a locomotive at each end, just a driving cab at each end, as a rescue locomotive could assist a stricken train and the train does not need to split into sections. On the other hand, to stop the spread of fires, the formerly full lattice steel freight shuttle wagons now only cover the cab, and checks are carried out at each end of the tunnel to stop the risk of another fire happening in the future.


title: Eurotunnel Shuttle

text: On 23 August 2022, an alarm went off in a shuttle to Folkestone, leading to a controlled stop and inspection about half way inside the Chunnel. Dozens of people were left stranded in hours waiting for evacuation through the service tunnel before they could rejoin their vehicles.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Igor Graziano Cavalera (born 4 September 1970) is a Brazilian musician. He is best known as the former drummer for Brazilian heavy metal band Sepultura, which he co-founded with his brother Max in 1984. Max left the band in 1996, and Cavalera himself would depart ten years later, making him the last original member of Sepultura to leave the band. The brothers have since reunited in the band Cavalera Conspiracy.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: He has played in the bands Nailbomb and Strife. As his hip-hop influences grew stronger, he began to DJ. Cavalera is one half of DJ duo Mixhell, a project he founded with his wife Laima Leyton.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Cavalera started playing drums around seven years old. He was into samba music as a child but, after seeing Queen live in 1981 along with his older brother Max, he started listening to rock music. When Sepultura was formed, Cavalera was the youngest member at the age of 13, his brother Max was 14 at the time. Sepultura was a big success and gave Cavalera an early start. On 21 April 1984, Cavalera played, for the first time, on a real drum kit, which was borrowed from Helinho of the band Overdose, that also played that night.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: After the band split with his brother Max (lead vocals/rhythm guitar) in 1996, their relationship underwent a crisis. In recent times their relationship has improved. Cavalera joined Max's current band Soulfly on stage at the 2006 tenth annual D-Low Memorial Show, to play the Sepultura songs "Roots Bloody Roots" and "Attitude". It was the first time the brothers had played together in ten years.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Cavalera is credited as having made a guest appearance on Biohazard's 2001 release "Uncivilization" on the track "Gone". He also served as a live musician for parodic heavy metal band Massacration under the pseudonym "El Covero" throughout 2004.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: In 2006, with the release of "Dante XXI", he began spelling his name "Iggor", preferring the way it looks. On 13 January 2006, it was announced that he was taking a break from the band due to the birth of his fourth child, initially leaving Sepultura temporarily. He later announced that he was quitting Sepultura due to "artistic incompatibility". Sepultura replaced him with Jean Dolabella.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Cavalera was scheduled to collaborate with underground hip hop artist Necro on a project described by Necro as in the style of "old-school '80s thrash/death metal". However, Necro mentioned later that the project will not go ahead.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: In 2008 Cavalera released the album "Inflikted" together with his brother Max in a project named Cavalera Conspiracy.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: In 2012, Cavalera performed drums for the entire Strife album "Witness a Rebirth", released via 6131 Records. In 2017, he played drums for Soulwax on their album "From Deewee" and in their live tour, along with two other live drummers.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Cavalera cites drummers Roger Taylor, Bill Ward, Dave Lombardo, Stewart Copeland and Mike Bordin among his major influences.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: In the early Sepultura albums his drumming was loud and fast, following the thrash metal style of the 1980s. He mastered this style by 1987–1991 (with "Schizophrenia", "Beneath the Remains" and "Arise"). His innovative style in the album "Chaos A.D." brought tribal elements into the songs. One example of his contribution is the introduction of the song "Territory" (1993, "Chaos A.D."). He further developed this style in the 1996 "Roots" album, adding more tribal elements to Sepultura's music.


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Throughout his career, Cavalera has been widely recognized as a hard-hitting drummer (acknowledged by producer Scott Burns during the recording of "Beneath the Remains"). In later years, Cavalera adopted a drumset conformation with upright toms and fewer cymbals, as seen in "Live in São Paulo". In reference to his work on the Sepultura album "Nation", AllMusic wrote "Drummer Igor Cavalera's timing and tempo couldn't be more perfect as the adrenaline heightens until the album's intensity burns right through the speakers."


title: Igor Cavalera

text: Cavalera collects toys and football shirts and has many hobbies, including Brazilian jiu-jitsu, kickboxing, snowboarding, surfing, drawing and supporting Brazilian football club Palmeiras. He admires his father Graziano Cavalera as his role model. In 1996, he started the fashion label "Cavalera". His fashion label has faced controversy of its use of the Albanian flag as its logo. In 2020, a petition called for "Cavalera" to change it.


title: Sirindhorn

text: Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn, The Princess Royal and Princess Debaratana Rajasuda (, ; ; born April 2, 1955), formerly Princess Sirindhorn Debaratanasuda Kitivadhanadulsobhak (; ), is the second daughter of King Bhumibol Adulyadej and younger sister of King Vajiralongkorn. Thais commonly refer to her as "Phra Thep" (), meaning "princess angel". Her title in Thai is the female equivalent of the title once held by her brother, King Maha Vajiralongkorn. The Thai constitution was altered in 1974 to allow for female succession, thus making her eligible for the throne. Having been the eldest female child of the royal family (excluding Princess Ubolratana Rajakanya, who married a foreign commoner), her position is comparable to a princess royal.


title: Sirindhorn

text: Sirindhorn was born on April 2, 1955, at Amphorn Sathan Residential Hall, Dusit Palace. The third child of King Bhumibol and Queen Sirikit. As the royal couple has only one son, the Thai constitution was altered in 1974 to allow for female succession. This made Sirindhorn second-in-line to the throne (after Vajiralongkorn) until the birth of Princess Bajrakitiyabha in 1978.


title: Sirindhorn

text: Sirindhorn attended Kindergarten, Primary and Secondary at Thailand's most exclusive school: The Chitralada School which was established for the children of the Royal Family and Palace staff.


title: Sirindhorn

text: She ranked first in the National School Examinations in primary level (grade 7) in 1967, in upper secondary level (grade 12) in 1972, and fourth in the National University Entrance Examination in 1975.


title: Sirindhorn

text: In 1975 she enrolled in the faculty of arts at Chulalongkorn University and graduated with a Bachelor of Arts, first-class honours and a gold medal in history in 1976.


title: Sirindhorn

text: From 1976 she continued her studies in two graduate programs concurrently, obtaining a Master of Arts in Oriental epigraphy (Sanskrit and Cambodian) in 1980 and also archaeology from Silpakorn University in 1980. From October 1977, she studied Sanskrit in Bangkok for two years under the tutelage of renowned Sanskrit scholar Satya Vrat Shastri. In 1978, she obtained a Master of Arts in Pali and Sanskrit from Chulalongkorn University.


title: Sirindhorn

text: In 1981 she enrolled in a doctoral program at Srinakharinwirot University, and was awarded a PhD in developmental education in 1987.


title: Sirindhorn

text: In 1984 she earned a certificate from the Asian Regional Remote Sensing Training Centre at the Asian Institute of Technology where she studied for two months.


title: Sirindhorn

text: In April 2001 she won a scholarship in Chinese culture at Peking University in China where she studied the course for a month.


title: Sirindhorn

text: More popular among the Thai public than her brother Crown Prince Vajiralongkorn, Sirindhorn was long rumored to be a potential successor to the Thai throne. In the event, on Bhumibol's death in 2016, the crown went to Vajiralongkorn, now King Rama X.


title: Sirindhorn

text: In January 2021, Sirindhorn was hospitalized after breaking both her ankles. Thai media reported that she fell during a walk; however, Western sources alleged that her ankles were broken by Vajiralongkorn after an argument.


title: Sirindhorn

text: Aside from her passion for technology, she holds degrees in history and a doctorate in educational development. She teaches at the history department of the Chulachomklao Royal Military Academy, where she is the nominal head of the department. In addition to Thai, she speaks fluent English, French and Mandarin Chinese, and is currently studying German and Latin. She translates Chinese literature into Thai.


title: Sirindhorn

text: Like her father Bhumibol Adulyadej, Princess Sirindhorn holds a certificate as a radio amateur, with her call sign being HS1D.


title: Sirindhorn

text: The University of Liverpool introduced a prestigious new scholarship in honour of Sirindhorn. One full scholarship will be awarded annually to enable a Thai student to study at Liverpool to complete a one-year taught Masters programme. The scholarship is open to all subjects in which a one-year taught Masters programme is offered; however, priority will be given to those students who wish to study in a subject area associated with Princess Sirindhorn such as science, information technology, medicine, the arts, geography, history, and languages. To be eligible for the scholarship, applicants must be a Thai national and already hold an offer to study a one-year taught Masters programme at the University of Liverpool.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: The Viking Raiders are an American professional wrestling tag team consisting of Erik and Ivar, and are managed by Valhalla. The team is currently performing in WWE on the SmackDown brand.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: Erik and Ivar were previously known as War Machine and went by the names Raymond Rowe and Hanson respectively. They are known for their time in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW) and Ring of Honor (ROH) under the names, where they won the IWGP Tag Team Championship and the ROH World Tag Team Championship.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: Outside of Ring of Honor, they have also worked for multiple independent promotions in the United Kingdom and United States, including Insane Championship Wrestling (ICW), Revolution Pro Wrestling (RPW), Progress Wrestling (Progress) and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG). War Machine have also competed in Japan for Pro Wrestling Noah (Noah). They signed with WWE in 2018 as War Raiders and began performing on the NXT brand where they won the NXT Tag Team Championship once. In April 2019, they were drafted to WWE's Raw brand under the name The Viking Experience as Erik (Rowe) and Ivar (Hanson). They quickly changed the team's name to The Viking Raiders and won the Raw Tag Team Championship in October of the same year.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: In 2014, Hanson and Rowe participated in the Top Prospect Tournament, where they met in the finals. Hanson defeated Rowe to win the tournament. Afterwards, they formed a tag team under the name War Machine. On April 11, Hanson and Rowe both signed contracts with ROH. On August 22, 2015, War Machine defeated Killer Elite Squad (Davey Boy Smith Jr. and Lance Archer) in a non-title match and afterwards challenged them to a match for their GHC Tag Team Championship, a title owned by the Japanese Pro Wrestling Noah promotion. War Machine received their title shot in Japan on September 19, but were defeated by the Killer Elite Squad. On December 18 at Final Battle, War Machine defeated The Kingdom (Matt Taven and Michael Bennett) to win the ROH World Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to The Addiction (Christopher Daniels and Frankie Kazarian) on May 9, 2016, at War of the Worlds. In late 2016, War Machine took part in New Japan Pro-Wrestling's 2016 World Tag League, where they finished with a record of four wins and three losses, failing to advance to the finals. Hanson and Rowe debuted for the United Kingdom based Revolution Pro Wrestling in January 2017, unsuccessfully challenging Joel Redman and Charlie Sterling for the Undisputed British Tag Team Championship.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: On April 9, 2017, at New Japan's Sakura Genesis 2017, War Machine defeated Tencozy (Hiroyoshi Tenzan and Satoshi Kojima) to win the IWGP Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Guerrillas of Destiny (Tama Tonga and Tanga Loa) on June 11 at Dominion 6.11 in Osaka-jo Hall, regaining it in a No Disqualification match on July 1 at G1 Special in USA. They lost the title to Killer Elite Squad in a three-way match, also involving Guerrillas of Destiny, on September 24 at Destruction in Kobe. War Machine finished with ROH at Final Battle on December 15, 2017 and on December 16, 2017. They had their final matches with NJPW on January 4, 2018, at Wrestle Kingdom 12, and January 5, 2018 at New Year's Dash.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: On January 16, 2018, Rowe and Hanson signed a contract with WWE and reported to the WWE Performance Center.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: During a TV taping before , Rowe and Hanson debuted under the name "War Raiders", interfering in a match between Heavy Machinery (Tucker Knight and Otis Dozovic) and Tino Sabbatelli and Riddick Moss, causing it to end in a no contest. Over the following weeks, they started a winning streak, defeating NXT teams such as The Mighty and Heavy Machinery. On the October 17 episode of "NXT", they challenged The Undisputed Era (Kyle O'Reilly and Roderick Strong) for the NXT Tag Team Championship, but won by disqualification after Bobby Fish attacked them with a steel chair; thus, they did not win the titles. War Raiders would go on to main event in Los Angeles teaming with Ricochet and Pete Dunne against The Undisputed Era in the WarGames match. At , Rowe and Hanson defeated The Undisputed Era to win the NXT Tag Team Championship. They successfully defended their tag team championships at against the team of Ricochet and Aleister Black.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: On April 15, 2019, they debuted on Raw as "The Viking Experience", with Rowe and Hanson now called "Erik" and "Ivar". This new name was very negatively received on social media. Pro Wrestling Insider reported that another name considered was "The Berzerkers". They teamed with The Revival to defeat the team of Aleister Black, Ricochet, Curt Hawkins, and Zack Ryder. The next week, the team was renamed "The Viking Raiders" while their finisher was renamed to "The Viking Experience". They relinquished the NXT Tag Team Championships at the May 1 "NXT" television tapings (aired May 15). After relinquishing the championship, however, The Viking Raiders were challenged to one final "NXT" match for the titles by The Street Profits. The match, however, ended in a disqualification after The Forgotten Sons attacked Ivar, followed by an ensuing brawl between the teams.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: On the September 9, 2019 episode of "Raw" in Madison Square Garden, The Viking Raiders saved Cedric Alexander from The O.C., thus turning face once again. On the October 14 episode of "Raw", Erik and Ivar captured the Raw Tag Team Championship from Robert Roode and Dolph Ziggler, becoming the first tag team in history to win tag team championships in ROH, New Japan and WWE. However, they suffered their first loss as a team in WWE at Crown Jewel in a tag team turmoil match for the WWE Tag Team World Cup, ultimately losing the last match against The O.C. At Survivor Series, they defeated The New Day and The Undisputed Era in a champions triple threat tag team match, scoring Raw's only victory at the event, which was ultimately won by NXT. On the January 20th episode of "Raw" they lost the titles to Seth Rollins and Buddy Murphy ending their reign at 98 days. On the May 4 episode of Raw, The Viking Raiders defeated The Street Profits in a non-title match. In the following weeks, The Viking Raiders would feud with The Street Profits as they faced each other in several competitions such as basketball, axe-throwing, golf, bowling, and a decathlon which was later dubbed as the "Anything You Can Do, We Can Do Better" series. A running gag in these segments would see the women involved in the competitions flirting with Ivar and ignoring Erik much to his annoyance. The series would end with a 3–3 tie between the Street Profits and The Viking Raiders. This led to a match scheduled between the two teams for the Raw Tag Team Titles at Backlash. However, the match never began as The Street Profits and The Viking Raiders brawled backstage which also saw them work together to fend off Akira Tozawa and a gang of ninjas on motorcycles. The Street Profits and The Viking Raiders continued brawling afterwards until they fell into a dumpster. On the June 22 episode of Raw, The Viking Raiders finally received their Raw Tag Team Title match against The Street Profits where they were defeated. On the September 7 episode of "Raw", The Hurt Business defeated Apollo Crews, Ricochet, and the Raiders in an eight-man tag team match, with Alexander scoring the pinfall over Ricochet, with the match being forced to an abrupt ending due to Ivar suffering a legitimate cervical injury during the match. On September 14, Ivar underwent successful surgery to repair a neck injury thus rendering him out of action and putting the team on hiatus.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: After a seven month absence, The Viking Raiders returned on the April 12, 2021 episode of "Raw", defeating Cedric Alexander and Shelton Benjamin. On the June 7 episode of "Raw", The Viking Raiders would win a battle royal to determine to #1 contenders for the Raw Tag Titles. It would be announced that The Viking Raiders would face the Raw Tag Team champions, AJ Styles and Omos at Money In The Bank. At the event, The Viking Raiders would fail to capture the titles, as Styles and Omos retained.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: As part of the 2021 Draft, The Viking Raiders were drafted to the SmackDown brand. On February 19, 2022 at the Elimination Chamber, they were attacked by The Usos before their match for the WWE SmackDown Tag Team Championship, but on the March 4 episode of "SmackDown" they unsuccessfully challenged the Usos for the titles.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: On the June 24 episode of SmackDown, the Viking Raiders would return with new gear and face paint, being called "The Vicious" Viking Raiders, and would violently attack The New Day and Shanky, turning heel, and began a feud with the New Day ending on the September 2 episode of "SmackDown" in a Viking Rules Match (No rules, Falls Count Anywhere) which the Viking Raiders won.


title: The Viking Raiders

text: It was later announced that Erik suffered an injured foot during said match, and will be sidelined indefinitely, putting the team to a hiatus.


title: The California Raisins

text: The California Raisins were a fictional rhythm and blues animated musical group as well as advertising and merchandising characters composed of anthropomorphized raisins. Lead vocals were sung by musician Buddy Miles. The California Raisins were popular in the mid-to-late 1980s through claymation TV commercials and animated specials, winning an Emmy Award and one nomination.


title: The California Raisins

text: The concept was originally created by advertising firm Foote, Cone & Belding (FCB) for a 1986 Sun-Maid commercial on behalf of the California Raisin Advisory Board when one of the writers, Seth Werner (at the time with FCB in San Francisco) came up with an idea for the new raisin commercial, saying, "We have tried everything but dancing raisins singing 'I Heard It Through the Grapevine'" (the 1968 song popularized by Marvin Gaye). To their surprise, the commercial became wildly popular, paving the way for several future commercials and opportunities through other media. The commercials were produced by Vinton Studios using their claymation technique, with character designs by Michael Brunsfeld. The following year, the Raisins appeared in the Emmy Award-winning "A Claymation Christmas Celebration", singing the Christmas carol "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer".


title: The California Raisins

text: The California Raisins released four studio albums on Priority Records, BMG, and ZTT Records between 1987 to 1994, and their signature song, "I Heard It Through the Grapevine", landed on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and peaked at number 84 or 85. However, the Raisins would continue to make their strongest impression through animated endeavors, and the characters proved popular enough that they were used to endorse Post Raisin Bran cereal.


title: The California Raisins

text: On November 4, 1988, CBS aired a primetime television special called "Meet the Raisins!" The musical mockumentary was again created by Vinton Studios, and was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award. It also gave the band members individual names and roles: A.C. (vocals), Beebop (drums), Stretch (bass), and Red (guitar/piano).


title: The California Raisins

text: A Saturday morning cartoon series, "The California Raisin Show", debuted the following year, but lasted only 13 episodes. While cel animated by Murakami-Wolf-Swenson, it maintained Will Vinton's creative direction. A sequel to the original CBS special aired in 1990 under the title "The Raisins: Sold Out! - The California Raisins II". This special saw the Raisins hiring a new manager with the goal of making a comeback.


title: The California Raisins

text: Many of the items created for the campaign have become part of the permanent collection of the Smithsonian Institution. Merchandise sales included toys and Raisins images on nearly every conceivable medium: lunch boxes, notebooks, clothing, posters, bedsheets, and even a Halloween costume, just to name a few. A California Raisins Fan Club began in 1987, which included a "Grapevine Gazette" newsletter and various memorabilia. Blackthorne Publishing also released a six-issue comic book series entitled "The California Raisins 3-D" which included 3D glasses; these would later be re-released in the "Ultimate Collection" trade paperback.


title: The California Raisins

text: Several California Raisins music albums were also released, featuring classic Motown and rock standards. These albums were included in the Smithsonian collection and were illustrated and art-directed by Helane Freeman, who later became famous for her work on "Hannah Montana" and "The Suite Life of Zack & Cody", among other Disney programs.


title: The California Raisins

text: Perhaps the most memorable piece of California Raisins merchandise, however, came in the form of small, non-poseable California Raisins figures. The Hardee's restaurant chain offered these as part of a promotion for its Cinnamon 'N' Raisin biscuits. Different collections were produced in 1987, 1988, 1991, and finally in 2001 (the latter adding Carl's Jr. due to their late '90s acquisition of Hardee's) for their new stylization. This latest incarnation can still be seen on the California Raisin Marketing Board website.


title: The California Raisins

text: In the early 1990s, Capcom produced a video game for the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) titled "", in which the player controlled a California Raisin through five side-scrolling levels battling various evil fruit and vegetable characters that have stolen the Raisins' music. The game was completed and several video game critics reviewed it, but it was never released on the open market.


title: The California Raisins

text: Box Office Software produced a different, unrelated California Raisins computer game in 1988 for the Apple II, Commodore 64, and PC compatibles. The plot of the game involved Tiny Goodbite having to rescue his friends who have been kidnapped and held in a cereal factory.


title: The California Raisins

text: Although popular with the public, the California Raisin campaign eventually failed because its production cost the raisin growers almost twice their earnings. CALRAB, the organization who made the campaign, was also closed on July 31, 1994, due to disagreements with raisin producers over the fairness of required payments to the organization.


title: The California Raisins

text: On March 28, 1997 "Entertainment Weekly" published "The 50 Best Commercials of All Time" as its cover story. The article ranked The California Raisins' premiere advertisement, "Lunchbox", at #15 with comments by ad agency executive Claude Jacques and described the Raisins as "The coolest wrinkled musicians this side of the Stones."


title: The California Raisins

text: The vast amount of California Raisins merchandise has made for a substantial collectors' market. It even led to an unauthorized collectibles guide published in 1998, cataloging the many items based on the clay characters.


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2002, the Food Network program "Unwrapped" featured a segment on The California Raisins featuring interviews with Will Vinton, David Altschul, and Mark Gustafson of Vinton Studios. Concept illustrations of the Raisins were also featured as interviewees discussed the characters' creation.


title: The California Raisins

text: In "The Simpsons" episode 'Tis the Fifteenth Season", The California Raisins were spoofed as "The California Prunes", on a special entitled "Christmas with the California Prunes".


title: The California Raisins

text: The comedy podcast Felix Navipod features discussion of the California Raisins on all 166 episodes of its run.


title: The California Raisins

text: An article published by AnimateClay.com in the late 2000s details the whereabouts of the original claymation sculptures used by Vinton Studios. The figures were kept in a box for several years and headed for the trash before being obtained by Webster Colcord, a former employee of Vinton. Several photos were taken providing a close look at the Raisins' internal armatures and detailing their extremely poor condition, including the absence of the A.C. puppet's head.


title: The California Raisins

text: As of the 2010s, packages of Sun-Maid Natural California Raisins still feature an updated California Raisin character. This figure is also included on CalRaisins.org.


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2010, claymation versions of the California Raisins were featured in the special Christmas episode of "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", "A Very Sunny Christmas".


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2014, the California Raisins made a cameo appearance in the RadioShack Super Bowl XLVIII commercial "The '80s Called".


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2016, the California Raisins made an appearance in the cartoon show "American Dad". Characters Steve and Roger go into a mall representing 1980s culture where they meet the Raisins who proclaim that they are "cursed to live forever."


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2017, an episode of "The Simpsons" called "The Cad and the Hat" included a couch gag segment featuring the California Raisins being killed by Homer.


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2018, an episode of "The Americans" called "Rififi" feature a cereal box featuring the California Raisins on the back.


title: The California Raisins

text: In 2015, it was announced that a live-action/CGI reboot of the California Raisins would be produced, with president of The Actors Hall of Fame Foundation, Rusty Citron, as one of the people behind the project.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Clarence Charles "Ducky" Nash (December 7, 1904 – February 20, 1985) was an American voice actor. He was best known as the original voice of the Disney cartoon character Donald Duck. He was born in the rural community of Watonga, Oklahoma, and a street in that town is named in his honor. In 1993, he was posthumously made a Disney Legend for his contributions to Walt Disney films.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Nash made a name for himself in the late 1920s as an impressionist for KHJ, a Los Angeles radio station, on their show, "The Merrymakers". He later was employed by the Adohr Milk Company for publicity purposes. Dubbed "Whistling Clarence, the Adohr Bird Man", Nash rode the streets with a team of miniature horses and gave treats to the children. In 1932, Nash happened by the Disney Studio with his team of horses, and decided to leave a copy of his Adohr publicity sheet with the receptionist. As it turns out, his name was recognized from a reprise appearance on "The Merrymakers" a few days previous, and Walt Disney himself had been impressed by Nash's vocal skills. He was asked to make an informal audition.


title: Clarence Nash

text: One source indicates Nash auditioned before a casting director for Walt Disney Studios and did a voice impression of a billy goat that Nash had started doing as a child in Watonga. The director then reached for the intercom and told Walt Disney, "I think we have found our duck." Another version indicates Nash went through several of his voices, and Walt Disney happened by when Nash gave his impersonation of a family of ducks. Disney declared Nash perfect for the role of a talking duck in their upcoming animated short, "The Wise Little Hen". The duck was Donald Duck, who Nash went on to voice for 51 years, in over 120 shorts and films. The last film to feature Nash's famous voice was 1983's "Mickey's Christmas Carol", although he continued to provide Donald's voice for commercials, promos, and other miscellaneous material until his death.


title: Clarence Nash

text: As early as 1938, promoters from lecture circuits were approaching him on his unique voice of Donald. Disney reportedly didn't like the engagements at first, feeling that a human doing the voice would be spoiling the illusion, but then long after he had second thoughts. In early 1941, Nash was traveling on an personal appearance tours sponsored by Disney. During World War II, Nash, with his ventriloquist puppet of Donald, which was built by Disney's character modeling department, became a regular performer at USO bond rallies and other events to support the war effort. In the mid-1940s, Roy and Walt approved the Donald puppet and they decided to harness it for the 1944 re-release of Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. RKO and Disney were unsure how the film would do the second time around at the box office after its initial blockbuster run, so they did a promotional campaign with Disney characters including Nash performing with the Donald puppet. During the promotional period of "Fun and Fancy Free", he did multiple radio appearances from May to September 1947, with one of those appearances starring Disney himself. He voiced Donald for 1950s TV commercials.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Nash's Donald Duck voice was achieved by what is called buccal speech: an alaryngeal form of vocalization which uses the inner cheek to produce sound rather than the larynx. He first discovered it while trying to mimic his pet goat Mary. In his days before Disney, Nash performed in vaudeville shows where he often spoke in a "nervous baby goat" voice.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Donald Duck became one of the world's most famous cartoon characters, in great part due to Nash's voice. The voice is distinctive both for its ducklike quality and the fact that it is often very difficult for anybody to understand, especially when Donald flew into a rage (which happened fairly often). To keep Donald's voice consistent throughout the world, Nash voiced the character in all foreign languages the Disney shorts were translated to (with the aid of the phonetic alphabet), meaning Donald retained his same level of incoherency all across the globe.


title: Clarence Nash

text: In addition to Donald's voice, Clarence Nash also voiced Donald's nephews Huey, Dewey and Louie and his girlfriend Daisy. He provided the meows and yowls of Figaro the kitten in "Pinocchio" and in a handful of shorts; in "Pinocchio" he also provided the Popeye-esque voice for the Rough House statue. He also voiced a bullfrog croaking "Watch out!" in "Bambi" and also did some dog sounds in "One Hundred and One Dalmatians", and also voiced Jiminy Cricket for a brief period of time after Cliff Edwards's death in 1971.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Nash's iconic Donald Duck voice would be impersonated elsewhere in animation, most notably in the Tom and Jerry cartoons directed by William Hanna and Joseph Barbera with the characters Little Quacker (voiced by Red Coffey) and Yakky Doodle (voiced by Jimmy Weldon). As with most Hanna-Barbera productions, these characters used celebrity impersonations, in these cases an impersonation of Clarence Nash's Donald Duck voice. Because both were so similar to Nash's voice they were often mistakenly attributed to Nash. Likewise, contrary to popular belief, he did not perform the duck voice for Rick Dees' "Disco Duck"; it was one of Dees' acquaintances. Nash would also use his duck voice on "The Burns & Allen Show" during the 1940s, playing Gracie's pet duck.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Nash appeared as himself in the 1941 film "The Reluctant Dragon", which shows how Disney films are produced, and was a contestant on a 1954 episode of "What's My Line" and a 1964 episode of "To Tell the Truth". Nash also appeared as himself in a 1956 episode of "Disneyland" entitled "A Day in the Life of Donald Duck", in which he interacts with an animated Donald who blames him for his speech problems: the two end up arguing mainly due to Donald's short temper. He was also a guest on a 1976 episode of "The Mike Douglas Show". The 1984 special "Donald Duck's 50th Birthday" included several clips from Disney films and "Disneyland" episodes.


title: Clarence Nash

text: When Disney shut down their shorts department in 1962, Nash continued to voice Donald in various projects over the next two decades.


title: Clarence Nash

text: In the late 1970s, Nash was known for often taking walks in the neighborhood around Fremont Elementary School in Glendale, California, entertaining children with his Donald Duck voice. As he passed the age of 70, he found the harsh voice increasingly straining on his throat and so limited public performances to groups of children. During recording sessions, he would take frequent breaks and drink plenty of water to avoid overexerting himself.


title: Clarence Nash

text: One of Nash's final performances was in "Mickey's Christmas Carol" (1983), which made Donald the only character in the film to be voiced by his original actor. His career at Disney was the subject of the premiere episode of "Disney Family Album", a 1984 series of documentaries about behind-the-scenes personalities at the studio.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Nash died on February 20, 1985, of leukemia in the Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, at the age of 80 and was interred in the San Fernando Mission Cemetery in Mission Hills, Los Angeles, California. The tombstone of the grave he now shares with his wife Margaret Nash depicts a carving of Donald and Daisy Duck holding hands.


title: Clarence Nash

text: After Nash's death, Donald's voice has been taken up by Disney animator Tony Anselmo, who was trained under Nash personally. Anselmo is also among the many voiceover artists to have voiced Huey, Dewey and Louie over the years. Later characters whose voices owe considerable credit to Nash's duck voice have been voiced by actors such as Jimmy Weldon, Frank Welker, Luba Goy and Red Coffey. The most prominent of these is Weldon's Yakky Doodle for Hanna-Barbera.


title: Clarence Nash

text: Disney historian J.B. Kaufman is currently working with Margaret Barnes, Nash's granddaughter, on a biography of Nash.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Jordan Nobbs (born 8 December 1992) is an English professional footballer who plays for Women's Super League club Arsenal and the England women's national team. She has been described as a "combative" central midfielder who "scores goals".


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs joined the Sunderland centre of excellence aged eight, and was also attached to Middlesbrough as a youngster. In the 2008–09 season, she emulated her father Keith Nobbs by representing Durham schools, while a pupil at Sedgefield Community College.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Upon turning 16 in December 2008, Nobbs began playing for the Sunderland first-team. In her first season in senior football, Nobbs helped Sunderland win the FA Women's Premier League Northern Division and reach the 2009 FA Women's Cup final, where they were narrowly beaten by Arsenal.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: The following season, Nobbs was an "integral" part of Sunderland's success as they finished fifth in their first season back at the top level. In November 2009, Nobbs scored against Arsenal, as Sunderland inflicted only the Gunners' second league defeat in more than six years. At the end of the season, Nobbs was named manager's and player's player of the year at Sunderland. She also won the 2010 FA Young Player of the Year award.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: When Sunderland's bid to join the FA WSL failed, Nobbs was approached by several of the leading clubs in the country. She eventually signed for Arsenal in August 2010. With Arsenal awaiting the impending arrival of the FA WSL which would become a summer competition for the first six seasons, Nobbs continued to play for Sunderland in the 2010–11 Premier League. Sunderland won the league that season but were not promoted as the WSL lineup was already confirmed.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs made her Arsenal debut in Serbia in September 2010, as a second-half substitute in a 3–1 UEFA Women's Champions League win over ZFK Masinac. She scored her first goal in the home leg, the sixth goal in a 9–0 win. She appeared in all eight of Arsenal's games starting the last five as Arsenal lost out at the semi final stage to Lyon. On 21 May 2011, Nobbs started for Arsenal as they won the Women's FA Cup final beating Bristol Academy 2–0 at the Ricoh Arena. Nobbs played a key role in the inaugural WSL season as Arsenal won the title while playing 12 of the 14 games, making 9 starts and scoring 1 goal. At the completion of the WSL, the rebranded League Cup was played with Nobbs starting the quarter and semi finals and coming on as a sub for Danielle Carter after 69 minutes in the final against Birmingham City which Arsenal won 4–1.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: In the 2012 season, Nobbs appeared in seven of Arsenal's eight Champions League matches scoring four goals in the process as Arsenal were knocked out at the semi final stage for the second consecutive season. Nobbs featured in 13 of Arsenal's 14 matches as they retained the title without losing a match, Nobbs also improved her end product, scoring 5 goals and finishing as the joint sixth top scorer in the league.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: For the third consecutive season, Nobbs featured as Arsenal reached the semi final stage of the Champions League, but once again fell short of the final this time to VfL Wolfsburg. Nobbs scored in the 2013 FA Cup final as Arsenal beat Bristol Academy 3–0 at the Keepmoat Stadium. Nobbs was ever present in an ultimately disappointing WSL campaign which saw them fail to qualify for the 2014–15 Champions League, although their 2012 WSL win had already qualified them for the 2013–14 Champions League. Nobbs finished as Arsenal's joint top scorer alongside striker Danielle Carter with six goals. Nobbs played every game as Arsenal won the 2013 WSL Cup, beating Lincoln 2–0 in the final.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs played in Arsenal's first four Champions League matches, scoring four goals, but then picked up a back injury in pre-season, leading her miss the entirety of Arsenal's victorious FA Cup campaign. She did not return during the summer season until 6 July for a substitute appearance in a WSL Cup tie with Chelsea which Arsenal won 3–0. Without Nobbs, Arsenal had only won one of their first five games and were bottom of the league with just a point after four games. By the end of the season, despite only playing nine games, she had scored five goals which left her as Arsenal's joint top scorer with Casey Stoney. Arsenal also reached the WSL Cup final with Nobbs playing the last two group matches, the semi final and the final, but lost 1–0 to Manchester City.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: The 2015 WSL was another injury hit season for Nobbs, picking up a hamstring injury 10 minutes into a 0–0 draw with Chelsea on 30 April, just a month before the 2015 World Cup in Canada. On the post-World Cup resumption, Arsenal won the 2015 League Cup, with Nobbs scoring two goals in the final, as well as picking up the Player of the Match award.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: In the 2016 season, Arsenal required penalties to beat Birmingham City in the FA Cup round of 16 to advance, with Nobbs scoring the decisive kick. In May 2016, Nobbs featured in the 2016 FA Cup final which Arsenal won 1–0 against Chelsea. The WSL season was once again ultimately disappointing for Arsenal, finishing 3rd. Arsenal manager, Pedro Martinez Losa praised Nobbs after a good performance against Notts County in July, "There’s no question about the importance of Jordan Nobbs and what level she can get to. We know her quality and because of how young she is she brings a lot of energy to the team." Arsenal's slim title chances ended in a 1–0 defeat to Man City in September, Losa once again praised Nobbs and said, "I think mainly Jordan Nobbs did very well for us in the game. I think she did a fantastic job. Obviously all the players want to do a fantastic job. There's not one player who wants to lose the ball or miss a pass. But I think Jordan is the one that is stepping up in terms of mentality, competitiveness and also football."


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Due to the WSL switching from summer to winter, a shorter season was played in the spring known as the Spring Series. Nobbs played every game as Arsenal made a slow start to the season with two draws against Sunderland and Liverpool. Nobbs scored in the 81st minute against Liverpool to make it 4–3 but a late equaliser denied Arsenal the win. In a tight match against Man City, Nobbs scored a 75th minute free kick from 30 yards to clinch victory. In the final game, Nobbs scored the second goal as Arsenal thrashed Bristol City 5–0. Despite going through the campaign unbeaten, Arsenal fell short of the title, finishing second to Chelsea on goal difference. Nobbs finished as Arsenal's joint top scorer and joint third overall.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: On 24 April 2017, Arsenal beat Liverpool 3–0 with Nobbs scoring two, bringing her total to a half-century of goals for Arsenal. The league season was once again ultimately disappointing as Arsenal missed out on Champions League football by a point to Man City. Nobbs started every game and scored four goals as Arsenal won the 2017–18 WSL Cup. Nobbs scored two goals in the 5–2 group win against Millwall. In the quarter final, Nobbs scored as Arsenal beat Sunderland 3–1


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs suffered an injury on 18 November 2018 in Arsenal's 4–0 win against Everton. A day later, it was revealed she had ruptured the anterior cruciate ligament in her left knee and was a doubt until the new season.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs made her return from injury as a half-time substitute in a pre-season friendly against Tottenham Hotspur on 25 August 2019, scoring the third goal in a 6–0 win. Nobbs went on to make her WSL return 295 days on from her anterior cruciate ligament injury as a substitute for Viktoria Schnaderbeck in Arsenal's 2–1 win against West Ham United on 8 September. On 21 April 2020, she signed a new contract.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: On 1 August 2021, Nobbs was carried off on a stretcher during the second half of the 2–1 win in a pre-season friendly against Chelsea at the Emirates Stadium after her ankle was caught in a challenge from Erin Cuthbert. On 3 August, Arsenal reported that she had suffered an injury to the ligaments of her right ankle.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs made 13 WSL appearances (including 4 from the bench). On 24 April Nobbs scored her 50th WSL goal against Everton. In a WSL game against Aston Villa on 1 May Nobbs was subbed off due to an knee injury which also led to her not being selected for the England 2022 Euros squad.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs was called into the England U-15 squad as a 12-year-old. Aged 13, she captained England U-15s against Wales U-15s and scored in a 2–0 victory. At the age of 14, Nobbs had progressed to captaining England's U-17 team.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs then captained England to fourth place at the 2008 Under-17 World Cup in New Zealand. In July 2009 Nobbs played a starring role as England won the 2009 European Under-19 Championship in Belarus, scoring in the final win over Sweden.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: In 2010, Nobbs helped England reach the final of the 2010 European Under-19 Championship in Macedonia, where they lost their title to France. Later that summer, Nobbs played in all three of England's matches at the 2010 Under-20 World Cup in Germany.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: In June 2011, Nobbs was in the senior England party which visited 10 Downing Street ahead of the 2011 FIFA Women's World Cup. She received her first call up to the senior England squad for the final UEFA Women's Euro 2013 qualifying match against Croatia at Banks's Stadium in Walsall on 19 September 2012.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Nobbs made her senior international debut at the 2013 Cyprus Cup, scoring England's first goal in their 4–2 win over Italy on 6 March 2013. She scored her next goal against Wales in October 2013's World Cup qualifier at The Den. Nobbs was made England vice-captain at the 2015 Cyprus Cup, and led the team to winning the trophy as captain Steph Houghton was out injured. Nobbs was named in the squad for the Women's World Cup in 2015, but only played one match due to injury.


title: Jordan Nobbs

text: Vice-captain Nobbs was ruled out of the 2019 Women's World Cup after rupturing her anterior cruciate ligament in November 2018. Nobbs took on a role as a BBC pundit for the World Cup and as a columnist for 90 Minutes magazine.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: Adewale "Wally" Adeyemo (born May 20, 1981) is a Nigerian-American government official serving as the United States deputy secretary of the treasury. He was the first president of the Obama Foundation and also served during the Obama administration as the deputy national security advisor for international economics from 2015 to 2016 and deputy director of the National Economic Council.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: Adeyemo was born to Yoruba parents in Ibadan, Nigeria and raised in Southern California. His father was a teacher and his mother was a nurse. He has two younger siblings. After graduating from Eisenhower High School in Rialto, California in 1999, he received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of California, Berkeley in 2004 and a Juris Doctor degree from Yale Law School in 2009.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: Adeyemo served as the director of African American outreach for the John Kerry 2004 presidential campaign and was based in the San Francisco office.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: Prior to joining the Obama administration, Adeyemo worked as an editor at the Hamilton Project. Adeyemo then served as senior advisor and deputy chief of staff to Jack Lew in the United States Department of the Treasury. Adeyemo later worked as a negotiator on the Trans-Pacific Partnership. He also served as the first chief of staff of the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau under Elizabeth Warren.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: In November 2014, Adeyemo was nominated to be assistant secretary of the treasury for international markets and development at the same time that the incumbent assistant secretary, Marisa Lago, was nominated to be a deputy United States trade representative. He appeared before the Senate Committee on Banking, Housing, and Urban Affairs in September 2015, but the committee did not advance his nomination to the full Senate. The nomination was withdrawn by President Obama in December 2015. Adeyemo was instead selected to concurrently serve as deputy national security advisor for international economics and deputy director of the National Economic Council in 2015, serving until 2016. During his tenure, he was the president's representative to the G7 and G20 and held several senior management positions at the Department of the Treasury, including senior adviser and deputy chief of staff, and chief negotiator for the Trans-Pacific Partnership’s provisions on macroeconomic policy.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: Adeyemo worked at BlackRock for two years from 2017, serving as a senior advisor, having previously been interim chief of staff for the firm's CEO, Laurence D. Fink. On August 1, 2019, Adeyemo was selected as the first president of the Obama Foundation.


title: Wally Adeyemo

text: In November 2020, it was announced that Adeyemo would be nominated to serve as United States deputy secretary of the treasury in the Biden administration. On January 20, 2021, his nomination was submitted to the Senate for confirmation. A hearing before the Senate Committee on Finance was held on February 23, 2021. On March 3, 2021, he was reported out of committee by voice vote and on March 25, 2021, he was confirmed by the Senate, also by voice vote. On March 26, 2021, he was sworn into office by Secretary Janet Yellen. Deputy Secretary Adeyemo has been heavily involved in sanctions enforcement in 2022, visiting and speaking with foreign regulators to encourage their cooperation.


title: Beta (finance)

text: In finance, the beta (β or market beta or beta coefficient) is a measure of how an individual asset moves (on average) when the overall stock market increases or decreases. Thus, beta is a useful measure of the contribution of an individual asset to the risk of the market portfolio when it is added in small quantity. Thus, beta is referred to as an asset's non-diversifiable risk, its systematic risk, market risk, or hedge ratio. Beta is "not" a measure of idiosyncratic risk.


title: Beta (finance)

text: By definition, the value-weighted average of all market-betas of all investable assets with respect to the value-weighted market index is 1. If an asset has a beta above (below) 1, it indicates that its return moves more (less) than 1-to-1 with the return of the market-portfolio, on average. In practice, few stocks have negative betas (tending to go up when the market goes down). Most stocks have betas between 0 and 3.


title: Beta (finance)

text: Treasury bills (like most fixed income instruments) and commodities tend to have low or zero betas, call options tend to have high betas (even compared to the underlying stock), and put options and short positions and some inverse ETFs tend to have negative betas.


title: Beta (finance)

text: Beta is the hedge ratio of an investment with respect to the stock market. For example, to hedge out the market-risk of a stock with a market beta of 2.0, an investor would short $2,000 in the stock market for every $1,000 invested in the stock. Thus insured, movements of the overall stock market no longer influence the combined position on average.


title: Beta (finance)

text: Beta thus measures the contribution of an individual investment to the risk of the market portfolio that was not reduced by diversification. It does not measure the risk when an investment is held on a stand-alone basis.


title: Beta (finance)

text: is defined by (and best obtained via) a linear regression of the rate of return formula_4 of asset formula_2


title: Beta (finance)

text: where formula_12 and formula_13 are the covariance and variance operators. Betas with respect to different market indexes are not comparable.


title: Beta (finance)

text: By using the relationship between standard deviation and variance, formula_14 and the definition of correlation formula_15, market beta can also be written as


title: Beta (finance)

text: where formula_17 is the correlation of the two returns, and formula_18, formula_19 are the respective volatilities. This equation shows that the idiosyncratic risk (formula_18) is related to but often very different to market beta. If the idiosyncratic risk is 0 (i.e., the stock returns do not move), so is the market-beta. The reverse is not the case: A coin toss bet has a zero beta but not zero risk.


title: Beta (finance)

text: Attempts have been made to estimate the three ingredient components separately, but this has not led to better estimates of market-betas.


title: Beta (finance)

text: Suppose an investor has all his money in the market formula_7 and wishes to move a small amount into asset class formula_2. The new portfolio is defined by


title: Beta (finance)

text: This suggests that an asset with formula_30 greater than 1 increases the portfolio variance, while an asset with formula_30 less than 1 decreases it "if" added in a small amount.


title: Beta (finance)

text: Market-beta can be weighted, averaged, added, etc. That is, if a portfolio consists of 80% asset A and 20% asset B, then the beta of the portfolio is 80% times the beta of asset A and 20% times the beta of asset B.


title: Beta (finance)

text: In practice, the choice of index makes relatively little difference in the market betas of individual assets, because broad value-weighted market indexes tend to move closely together.