title: Laura Poitras

text: Poitras helped to produce stories exposing previously secret U.S. intelligence activities, which earned her the 2013 Polk award and contributed to the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Public Service awarded jointly to "The Guardian" and "The Washington Post". She later worked with Jacob Appelbaum and writers and editors at "Der Spiegel" to cover disclosures about mass surveillance, particularly those relating to NSA activity in Germany. She later revealed in her documentary "Risk" that she had a brief romantic relationship with Appelbaum.


title: Laura Poitras

text: She filmed, edited, and produced Channel 4's alternative to the Royal Christmas Message by Queen Elizabeth II in 2013, the "Alternative Christmas Message", featuring Edward Snowden.


title: Laura Poitras

text: In October 2013, Poitras joined with reporters Greenwald and Jeremy Scahill to establish an on-line investigative journalism publishing venture funded by eBay billionaire Pierre Omidyar, which became First Look Media. Omidyar's "concern about press freedoms in the US and around the world" sparked the idea for the new media outlet. The first publication from that group, a digital magazine called "The Intercept", launched on February 10, 2014. Poitras stood down from her editorial role in September 2016 to focus on "Field of Vision", a First Look Media project focused on non-fiction films.


title: Laura Poitras

text: On March 21, 2014, Poitras joined Greenwald and Barton Gellman via Skype on a panel at the Sources and Secrets Conference to discuss the legal and professional threats to journalists covering national security surveillance and whistleblower stories, like that of Edward Snowden. Poitras was asked if she would hazard an entry into the United States and she responded that she planned to attend an April 11 event, regardless of the legal or professional threats posed by US authorities. Poitras and Greenwald returned to the US to receive their awards unimpeded.


title: Laura Poitras

text: In September 2021, Yahoo! News reported that in 2017, after the publication of the Vault 7 files by WikiLeaks, "top intelligence officials lobbied the White House" to designate Poitras as an "information broker" to allow for more investigative tools against her, "potentially paving the way" for her prosecution. However, the White House rejected this idea. Poitras told Yahoo! News that such attempts were "bone-chilling and a threat to journalists worldwide."


title: Laura Poitras

text: "1971" is a documentary film co-produced by Poitras. The film, about the 1971 Media, Pennsylvania raid of FBI offices, premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2014.


title: Laura Poitras

text: "Citizenfour" is a documentary about Edward Snowden that premiered on October 10, 2014, at New York Film Festival. In 2014, Poitras told the Associated Press she was editing the film in Berlin because she feared her source material would be seized by the government inside the U.S. Film executive Harvey Weinstein said "Citizenfour" had changed his opinion about Edward Snowden, describing the documentary as "one of the best movies, period."


title: Laura Poitras

text: In an interview with "The Washington Post" about "Citizenfour" shortly before the film's release, Poitras said that she considered herself to be the narrator of the film but made a choice not to be seen on camera: "I come from a filmmaking tradition where I'm using the camera—it's my lens to express the filmmaking I do. In the same way that a writer uses their language, for me it's the images that tell the story ... the camera is my tool for documenting things, so I stay mostly behind it." "Citizenfour" won the Academy Award for Best Documentary Feature of 2014.


title: Laura Poitras

text: Poitras is portrayed by actress Melissa Leo in the biographical drama film "Snowden" (2016), directed by Oliver Stone, and starring Joseph Gordon-Levitt as Snowden.


title: Laura Poitras

text: Poitras's solo exhibition, "Astro Noise", opened at the Whitney Museum of American Art in February 2016, portraying immersive environments that incorporate documentary footage, architectural interventions, primary documents, and narrative structures to invite visitors to interact with the material gathered by Poitras in strikingly intimate and direct ways.


title: Laura Poitras

text: Poitras authored a documentary called "Risk", on the life of Julian Assange. According to "Variety", the film shows Assange is "willing to put everything on the line, risking imprisonment and worse to publish information he believes the public has a right to know".


title: Laura Poitras

text: Poitras and others described Assange's statements about women as "troubling". Assange alleges in the film that he is the victim of a radical feminist conspiracy over his being wanted for questioning on sexual assault allegations by the Swedish authorities. In the film, he argues that one of the women in question had potentially alternate motivation because she founded Gothenburg’s largest lesbian nightclub. According to Poitras, Assange disapproved of the film because it included scenes showing his "troubling relationship with women".


title: Laura Poitras

text: In May 2017, WikiLeaks' four lawyers publicly wrote an opinion piece for "Newsweek" stating that the film serves to undermine WikiLeaks at a time when the Trump administration announced that it intends to prosecute journalists, editors and associates of WikiLeaks. The lawyers also scrutinize the way in which Poitras changed the film after its premiere in 2016 as well as other critical aspects.


title: Laura Poitras

text: "All the Beauty and the Bloodshed" is a 2022 documentary film which examines the life and career of photographer and activist Nan Goldin and her efforts to hold Purdue Pharma, owned by the Sackler family, accountable for the opioid epidemic. Goldin, a well known photographer whose work often documented the LGBT subcultures and the HIV/AIDS crisis, founded the advocacy group P.A.I.N. (Prescription Addiction Intervention Now) in 2017 after her own addiction to Oxycontin. P.A.I.N. specifically targets museums and other arts institutions to hold the art community accountable for it collaboration with the Sackler family and its well publicized financial support of the arts. The film was directed by Poitras. Poitras said, "Nan's art and vision has inspired my work for years, and has influenced generations of filmmakers." The film premiered on September 3, 2022, at the 79th Venice International Film Festival, where it was awarded the Golden Lion making it the second documentary (following "Sacro GRA" in 2013) to win the top prize at Venice. It also will screen at the 2022 New York Film Festival, where it will be the festival's centerpiece film and the official poster will be designed by Goldin. The film's distributor, Neon, said that the theatrical release would coincide with a retrospective of Goldin's work at the Moderna Museet, set to open October 29, 2022.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Moynihan Train Hall is an expansion of Pennsylvania Station, the main intercity and commuter rail station in New York City, into the city's former main post office building, the James A. Farley Building. Located between Eighth Avenue, Ninth Avenue, 31st Street, and 33rd Street in Midtown Manhattan, the annex provides new access to most of Penn Station's platforms for Amtrak and Long Island Rail Road passengers, serving 17 of the station's 21 tracks. The hall is named after Daniel Patrick Moynihan, the U.S. Senator who had originally championed the plan. The building's exterior resembles that of the original Penn Station; both buildings were designed by the same architect, McKim, Mead & White, in the Beaux-Arts style.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The complex was built to alleviate congestion in Penn Station, which saw 650,000 daily riders before the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. The $1.6 billion renovation restored the Beaux-Arts Farley Building, a designated landmark, and added a central atrium with a glass roof. Moynihan Train Hall includes retail space, a 320-seat waiting area, and public restrooms. The hall is decorated with three artworks: a ceiling triptych named "Go", a group of photographic panels, and a sculptural group.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The project had been in consideration since the early 1990s, with the first blueprints made public in 1993. However, several previous plans had failed because of a lack of funding and logistical difficulties. Amtrak withdrew as a tenant in 2004, but returned after the Farley Building was sold to the New York state government in 2006. A first phase, involving an expansion of a concourse under the Farley Building, started in 2010 and was completed in June 2017. Construction of the train hall proper commenced in 2017, and it opened January 1, 2021.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Moynihan Train Hall occupies part of the James A. Farley Building, a Beaux-Arts structure designed by McKim, Mead & White alongside the original Penn Station, and opened in 1914 as New York City's main post office. The building occupies the block across Eighth Avenue from the current Penn Station facilities, and is bounded by Eighth Avenue to the east, 31st Street to the south, Ninth Avenue to the west, and 33rd Street to the north. The James A. Farley Building is a New York City designated landmark and is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The train hall occupies a portion of the post office's mail sorting hall, while most of the rest of the building is leased by Facebook as office space.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The complex was designed by Skidmore, Owings & Merrill (SOM). It consists of a passenger concourse underneath a tall glass skylight. A four-faced clock, measuring tall and more than across each of its sides, is at the center of the passenger concourse. The space contains three permanent artworks. Kehinde Wiley designed a stained-glass triptych on the ceiling, named "Go". Along an stretch of wall, Stan Douglas's photographic panels, "Penn Station's Half Century", depicts passengers of the original Penn Station.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: At the 31st Street entrance, Elmgreen & Dragset created a sculptural group, "The Hive", that depicts skyscrapers hanging from the ceiling. The hall also includes of retail space. Moynihan Train Hall contains passenger facilities for Amtrak, its primary tenant. These include a ticketing and baggage area, a waiting lounge, conference spaces, and a balcony above the hall.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Part of the Moynihan Train Hall project is an expansion of the preexisting West End Concourse under the eastern side of the Farley Building. Located under the grand staircase of the post office, the concourse was widened to serve nine of Pennsylvania Station's 11 platforms, and new street entrances were opened from the southeast and northeast corners of the Farley Building. The concourse, which was constructed in 1994 as part of a renovation to the LIRR's section of Penn Station, provides access to the seventeen tracks served by Moynihan Train Hall. Its walls are decorated with depictions of New York City buildings and landscapes. The West End Concourse expansion, which was completed in 2017, was the first part of Moynihan Train Hall to be completed.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Because of the layout of the platforms, Moynihan Train Hall serves 17 of Penn Station's 21 tracks, which are used by Long Island Rail Road (LIRR) and Amtrak. Platforms serving the southernmost four tracks, used by NJ Transit, could not be extended to the new facility. Moynihan Train Hall provides access to all LIRR and Amtrak service, with customer service facilities for both railroads. The existing station house continues to provide alternate access to the LIRR and Amtrak, particularly at night, when Moynihan Train Hall is closed. Plans also call for the facility to serve the Metro-North Railroad, the main commuter railroad for New York City's northern suburbs, when the Penn Station Access project is complete.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The completion of the hall increased the amount of space in Penn Station's concourse by 50%. The train hall will alleviate congestion in Penn Station, which saw 650,000 daily riders before the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020. When the hall opened, officials anticipated it to be used primarily by Amtrak passengers, which accounted for about five percent of daily ridership prior to the pandemic. The majority of LIRR, NJ Transit, and New York City Subway customers were expected to continue using the old passenger facilities, which are closer to the adjoining subway stations at Seventh Avenue and Eighth Avenue.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: In the early 1990s, U.S. senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan began championing a plan to rebuild a replica of the historic Penn Station, in which he had shined shoes during the Great Depression. He proposed rebuilding the station in the Farley Post Office building. At the time, existing facilities at Penn Station were overcrowded and the United States Postal Service (USPS) was planning to relocate much of its operations from the Farley Post Office. Hellmuth, Obata & Kassabaum (HOK)'s plan, which was made public in May 1993, called for a 120-foot parabolic arched roof, rising above a passenger concourse within the post office's old sorting room. Moynihan sought $100 million for the project, and U.S. president Bill Clinton included $10 million in federal money for the station as part of a bill to provide relief for victims of the 1994 Northridge earthquake. However, the House of Representatives would not approve any more funding, and the Senate only approved $40 million, bringing the total amount raised to $50 million. Opponents, including representatives Frank R. Wolf and Harris W. Fawell, said that the funds had not been authorized in Amtrak's budget, and expressed concern that the city and state might not be able to raise matching funds. The $10  million appropriation was used to fund design work, and the additional $40 million was used to buy supplies and renovate existing facilities.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The Empire State Development Corporation, an agency of the New York state government, created the Pennsylvania Station Redevelopment Corporation in 1995 to oversee the purchase and renovation of the building. The corporation, led by a bipartisan group of New York state government officials, initially had $300,000, but raised $670 million within ten years. Officials of the corporation were reviewing plans by 1998, when the Clinton administration included $11.7 million for the project in a budget submitted to Congress. By that March, officials had formed an agreement in which the USPS would retain its operations in part of the Farley Building while giving over another portion to the new train hall. Three months later, the Pennsylvania Station Redevelopment Corporation selected SOM and Parsons Brinckerhoff to lead the engineering team that would design and build Penn Station facilities within the Farley Building.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: An agreement on the general layout was reached in December 1998. At the time, the train hall was projected to open in December 2002 at a cost of $315 million. David Childs of SOM presented another design for the Farley train hall. Childs's design would have involved demolishing the post office's sorting room floor and replacing it with a multilevel concourse that allowed views of the tracks. A skylight would have been installed; the original trusses of the roof would have been preserved, and the remainder of the roof would have been taken apart. An intermodal hall would have extended from 31st to 33rd Street, bisecting the Farley Building. One wall of the intermodal hall would have included a curved truss measuring high. The Farley project was expected to cost $488 million; the city government only offered $25 million, and New York City mayor Rudy Giuliani expressed concerns that the project could encounter cost overruns. Congress provided $60 million in additional funding later in 1999. U.S. senator Charles Schumer had unsuccessfully sponsored a bill that May, which would have formally named the facility "Daniel Patrick Moynihan Station", in honor of his colleague who was retiring.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: By February 2000, the budget had increased to $788 million, of which $188 million would be required for upgrades to existing infrastructure. At the time, construction was expected to start later the same year. In early 2001, the Staubach Company and Fraport were selected to develop the Farley train hall as a joint venture; the start of construction had been pushed back yet again to late 2001. The USPS had pledged a $150 million contribution to the Farley project, but was facing financial problems by June 2001. Following the September 11 attacks in 2001, the USPS halted funding for capital improvements to its facilities, although the agency maintained that it was still interested. The USPS facility at 90 Church Street in Lower Manhattan had been damaged by the attacks, and many of 90 Church Street's operations had been moved to the Farley Building. Negotiations resumed in mid-2002. By that October, the New York state government had arranged to buy the Farley Building from the USPS for $230 million, with the USPS vacating much of the building.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Amtrak was intended to be Moynihan Station's main tenant, but withdrew in 2004, citing that it could not pay rent at the new station because of financial shortfalls. State officials continued to search for partners in the train hall development, and had selected two anchor retail tenants by that October. Another plan was presented by James Carpenter Design Associates, in collaboration with HOK, in 2005. The Carpenter and HOK plan simplified the concourse into a single level and added numerous skylights, reminiscent of the original Penn Station. This plan would have involved turning part of the post office building into a hotel with windows overlooking the interior courtyard.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: NJ Transit would have replaced Amtrak as the main tenant. This plan for Moynihan Station would have cost $818 million and contained for rail uses, for retail, and for the post office. The Empire State Development Corporation selected Vornado Realty Trust and The Related Companies to operate the retail space. The project would be constructed in conjunction with the Access to the Region's Core project, which would have expanded NJ Transit service under the Hudson River. The 14th Dalai Lama, a longtime friend of Moynihan, expressed support for Moynihan Station.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The Farley Post Office building was sold to the New York state government in 2006 in the hope that Moynihan's vision would be realized. Support also grew for "Plan B," an expansion of the project's scope, under which Madison Square Garden, which is directly atop Penn Station, would have been moved to the west flank of the Farley Building, allowing Vornado Realty to construct an office complex on the current Garden site. By 2009, the Garden's owner Cablevision had decided to renovate its current location instead of relocating the arena. That September, after months of negotiations involving Senator Chuck Schumer, New York governor David Paterson, and PANYNJ Executive Director Christopher O. Ward, Amtrak agreed to return as a potential tenant. In exchange, some aspects of the design were changed, and Amtrak was to take a part of the retail revenue.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Some $169 million provided by federal and state sources was already in place when a Transportation Investment Generating Economic Recovery (TIGER) Grant arrived in early 2010. This money was used to pay for the $267 million Phase 1; most of the remaining funds came from $83.4 million of stimulus money from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Phase 1 consisted of the two fully-designed elements of the plan: an extended underground West End Concourse for the Long Island Rail Road and two entrances to the existing Penn Station platforms through the Farley Building on Eighth Avenue. A groundbreaking ceremony took place on October 18, 2010.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: In May 2012, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey (PANYNJ) announced that a $270 million contract for the first phase, including the concourse expansion under 8th Avenue, had been awarded. The $147.7 million construction contract for the expansion of the existing concourse was awarded to Skanska USA Civil Northeast. The work consisted of adding stairs, escalators, and elevators to the concourse. The West End Concourse was projected to be completed in September 2016, and was projected to meet that schedule as late as one month before that deadline. However, the opening was delayed because the New York state government decided to upgrade digital information boards and other technology in the concourse just before it was completed. The West End Concourse finally opened in June 2017.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: Phase 2 consists of the new train hall in the fully renovated Farley Building. In December 2011, Amtrak said that it would likely be unable to afford increased operating costs if it should re-locate. The unsuccessful application left the project unfunded. The agency redeveloping the building was being folded into the PANYNJ in the belief that it can better handle and oversee reconstruction as well as provide or secure money.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: When it was first proposed, Phase 2 was expected to cost up to $1.5 billion. In January 2016, New York governor Cuomo announced plans for a combined Penn-Farley Post Office complex, a project estimated to cost $3 billion. SOM announced in a press release that it had decided to resume work on the train hall. At that time, the project was renamed Moynihan Train Hall. By September 2016, Phase 2 was expected to cost $1.6 billion. The project was to be built by Skanska AB, and the retail space would be developed by The Related Companies and Vornado Realty. The companies signed a contract in June 2017. Vornado and Related leased the building for 99 years, and in exchange, contributed $630 million to the hall's construction. Public sources raised the remainder: $550 million from the New York state government, and $420 million from Amtrak, the Metropolitan Transportation Authority, the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey, and a federal grant.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: In August 2017, a groundbreaking ceremony was held for the train hall. The work involved the restoration of the Farley Building's facade, protected as a city and national landmark. State officials aimed to complete the project by the end of 2020, under the leadership of Moynihan Station Development Corporation president Michael Evans. The state continued to push for a timely completion despite last-minute requests and budget issues, and the stresses of the project may have led Evans to kill himself in March 2020. In spite of the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, Moynihan Train Hall was completed by the end of that year.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: An opening ceremony for the hall was held on December 30, 2020. Upon completion of the project, New York governor Andrew Cuomo called it a "monumental accomplishment". The train hall opened to the public on January 1, 2021, two days after the opening ceremony. By early 2022, many of the shops in Moynihan Train Hall's food hall had opened. In addition, Amtrak opened a craft brewery within its portion of the hall in January 2022. In May 2022, the project received the American Council of Engineering Companies' Grand Conceptor Award, for the year's most outstanding engineering project. In June 2022, Open House New York conferred its 2022 Open City Award to the Moynihan Train Hall Team, which includes primary client Empire State Development in a public-private partnership with Vornado Realty Trust, architect Skidmore, Owings & Merrill, WSP USA (construction management), Skanska USA (construction), Severud Associates (structural engineering), Jaros, Baum & Bolles (MEP/FP/IT/Telecom), Langan (civil/geotechnical engineering) and several other specialty designers and contractors.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: On January 11, 2021, Cuomo announced a proposal to connect the High Line linear park, two blocks west, to the Moynihan Train Hall. The connection would include a spur, which would run along 30th Street and Dyer Avenue to Manhattan West, across Ninth Avenue from the train hall. At the time of the spur's announcement, it was estimated to cost $60 million, but was not funded. As of September 2021, the project was funded and was projected to be completed in early 2023.


title: Moynihan Train Hall

text: The Moynihan Train Hall has been criticized in some quarters for its lack of public seating in the main areas. Only the ticketed waiting areas contain seats, so passengers in the main hall sometimes sit on the floor while waiting for trains. In the year after the Moynihan Train Hall opened, several politicians, including U.S. representative Jerrold Nadler and Manhattan borough president Mark Levine, advocated for the MTA and Amtrak to install seats in the main portion of the hall. The hall's lack of large central signage, and the fact that it did not actually increase track capacity, have also been criticized.


title: Christian Madsen

text: Christian Lucas Madsen is an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the films "Divergent" (2014) and "Palo Alto" (2013).


title: Christian Madsen

text: Christian Madsen was born in Los Angeles to actors Michael Madsen and Jeannine Bisignano. His aunt is actress Virginia Madsen and his grandmother is filmmaker and author Elaine Madsen.


title: Christian Madsen

text: He began acting at the age of ten, when he appeared in a small role in one of his father's films, and spent time on the set of a number of other films, including "Free Willy" and "The Getaway". His grandmother, filmmaker Elaine Madsen, encouraged him to pursue a career in acting after watching his performances in high school theater. His parents divorced when he was a child and he subsequently "bounced around a lot" between his parents' homes in Malibu, the San Fernando Valley, Santa Fe, and Montana. He eventually moved in with his grandmother when he was 17, and she took him to the Actors Studio and introduced him to the head of its Hollywood branch, Martin Landau.


title: Christian Madsen

text: Madsen's early film career consisted mainly of small roles with his father and independent films. He took on other jobs while continuing to audition for acting roles. He had been auditioning without any successes for over two years and was about to be evicted from his Los Angeles apartment when he won a role in "Divergent", a film adaptation of Veronica Roth's young adult novel of the same name.


title: Christian Madsen

text: After filming "Divergent", Madsen was cast in the lead role of the independent film "Prism", in which he plays a young man who is reunited with his amnesiac father after 15 years. In 2013, he also appeared in "Palo Alto", a drama film directed by Gia Coppola, and he has been cast in "Jack Squared".


title: ABC Signature

text: ABC Signature is an American television production studio that is a subsidiary of Disney Television Studios, a division of Walt Disney Television, which is part of the Disney General Entertainment Content division of The Walt Disney Company. The studio is the production arm of the ABC television network, and originally started in 1950 as the television unit of Walt Disney Productions, which was later renamed Walt Disney Television as a separate company from Walt Disney Television Animation, in 1983, and launched a subsidiary, the first incarnation of Touchstone Television, established in 1985 (later became part of ABC in 1999, and merged Walt Disney Network Television into Touchstone Television in 2003) and renamed ABC Studios in 2007. It adopted its current identity on August 10, 2020, after a merger between ABC Studios and the original ABC Signature Studios.


title: ABC Signature

text: In the 1930s, Walt Disney initially had no interest in television. This was changed by 1950 when Walt Disney did an hour-long special on NBC, followed up a year after by a special on CBS. Both of these programs received excellent ratings. Disney eventually got into full series production when "Disneyland" debuted on ABC in 1954.


title: ABC Signature

text: Following the success of "Disneyland", in 1957, Disney was producing another primetime series for ABC, the western show "Zorro". It did not last long in the ratings and was eventually cancelled in 1959.


title: ABC Signature

text: In 1961, Disney severed its terms with ABC and moved its weekly program to NBC, where it stayed for nearly 20 years until 1981. For years, Disney's lone television show on primetime was the eponymous anthology series.


title: ABC Signature

text: After NBC axed the program, in 1981, it struck an agreement with CBS to take the anthology program there. In 1982, Disney produced the first prime-time show since the cancellation of "Zorro" in 1959, "Herbie the Love Bug". It was cancelled after only one season. It was followed by three more programs as part of an agreement with CBS, "Gun Shy", "Small & Frye" and "Zorro and Son". Both of these were sitcoms, and it also cancelled after only one season.


title: ABC Signature

text: After the cancellation of the three prime-time series on CBS in 1983, Disney ventured back into primetime television. The Touchstone Films banner was used for TV by then-new Disney CEO Michael Eisner in the 1984–1985 television season, with the short lived western "Wildside". Touchstone was a banner of Walt Disney Studios that included television production at the time. By 1985, Disney signed an agreement with sitcom producers Witt-Thomas-Harris Productions. In the next season, Disney's TV production unit produced a hit in "The Golden Girls" using the Touchstone Films brand. The Touchstone name would be used for more mature shows, while the Disney name would be used for more family friendly series.


title: ABC Signature

text: By the 1986-1987 television season, Disney was producing two shows for the fall season, which are "Sidekicks", produced under the Walt Disney Television label, and "The Ellen Burstyn Show", produced under the Touchstone Television label. Both were kicked out after the fall 1986 season, to be followed up by two more shows produced under the Touchstone label, the ABC show "Harry", and the Fox show "Down and Out in Beverly Hills". In 1987, Randy Reiss was named president of both television units. In the fall of 1987, Disney sold its third television drama, "The Oldest Rookie" to CBS. In the late of 1988, after Witt/Thomas/Harris pulled out of the TeleVentures venture (they are co-founders along with Tri-Star Pictures and Stephen J. Cannell Productions), Disney began selling, marketing and distributing Witt/Thomas programs exclusively. It was reupped two years later in 1990, until the duo left to sign with rival Warner Bros. Television in 1992.


title: ABC Signature

text: On April 18, 1989, Walt Disney Television and Touchstone Television were grouped together under Garth Ancier, the then-president of network television for Walt Disney Studios. The following week, Disney had struck development deals with upstart Wind Dancer Productions (headed by "Roseanne" alumus Matt Williams), and KTMB Productions (backed by "The Golden Girls" writers Kathy Speer, Terry Grossman, Barry Fanaro and Mort Nathan). The first respective projects were Wind Dancer's "Carol & Company" and KTMB's "The Fanelli Boys", both of which aired on NBC. Also that same year, Disney signed to a long-term contract with producer Michael Jacobs and his Michael Jacobs Productions company. Among the first projects under the collaborative agreement was "Singer & Sons", which was for NBC in 1990. The company also had a contract with producer Terry Louise Fisher, after she quit "L.A. Law" due to disputes with co-creator Steven Bochco and studio 20th Television, then-known as 20th Century Fox Television. Later that year, Disney had signed a deal with Neal Marlens and Carol Black, creators of "The Wonder Years", to produce three series for ABC.


title: ABC Signature

text: With difficulties of selling in the off-network syndicated market, Disney television executives decided in late September 1990 that "Hull High", then on NBC, or a potential NBC mid-season replacement in "Disney Action-Adventure Hour", would be its last hour-long drama. High's pilot did cost the company $4.5 million. The company also had another drama in collaboration with Stephen J. Cannell, "The 100 Lives of Black Jack Savage", which was produced under the Walt Disney TV label. In 1991, Disney had collaborated with producer Michael Jacobs, and Jim Henson Productions on a primetime sitcom with puppets by Jim Henson's Creature Shop, "Dinosaurs", which debuted on ABC. In 1992, the Touchstone TV label moved into producing longer forms for TV, focusing on more adult-oriented fare with its first telefilm for CBS about Edna Buchanan, a Miami Herald crime reporter who would win a Pulitzer Prize. The company would eventually sign a deal with ABC to develop 5 television movies for the 1993–94 and 1994-95 TV seasons.


title: ABC Signature

text: In 1992, KTMB Productions left Disney to move to Paramount. Eventually the team was divested into two via separate production companies, one led by Speer and Grossman, the other led by Fanaro and Nathan. Within that same year, Wind Dancer Productions had received an exclusive deal with the ABC television network, with Disney serving as distributor of their series. And also that year, high-profile producer Michael Jacobs had reupped his deal with the studio. In 1993, Disney had reached a deal with comedian Sinbad and his David & Golitah Productions company for a film and TV deal.


title: ABC Signature

text: On August 24, 1994, with Jeffrey Katzenberg's resignation, Richard Frank became head of Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications, a new group taking Touchstone Television and other TV units out of the Disney studios. In 1995, they returned to producing dramas again with "Nowhere Man". In 1995, Disney signed Wind Dancer to a new pact, following the expiration of a deal at ABC.


title: ABC Signature

text: In April 1996, due to the ongoing post-Disney-CC/ABC merger realignment and the retirement of its president, Walt Disney Television and Telecommunications' divisions were reassigned to other groups, with Walt Disney Television and Touchstone Television transferred to The Walt Disney Studios. In 1997, Disney struck a deal with Imagine Entertainment to launch a television venture. On November 1, 1997, David Neuman assumed the presidency of Touchstone TV while retaining his post as president of Walt Disney Network Television. In March 1998, Touchstone TV was placed under Buena Vista Television Productions, a newly formed group under chairman Lloyd Braun, along with Walt Disney Network Television. Also in June 1998, former ABC chief Greer Shephard and "NYPD Blue" director Michael M. Robin had launched a production company with an exclusive agreement at the studio. In May 1999, J.J. Abrams, who created "Felicity" at that time signed a film and television deal with the studio. By June 1999, Neuman left for the Digital Entertainment Network. In 1999, after Disney's "Smart Guy" was cancelled, all Disney shows for primetime would be produced under the Touchstone Television label.


title: ABC Signature

text: In late 1999, Walt Disney Television Studios (also called Buena Vista Television Group or Buena Vista Television Productions), were transferred from the Disney Studios to the ABC Television Network to merge with ABC's primetime division, ABC Entertainment, forming the ABC Entertainment Television Group. By then, the Walt Disney Television label was dropped and all primetime programming produced by Disney would use the "Touchstone Television" name. Shortly afterwards, writer Seth Kurland struck a deal with the studio to produce shows. Following Kurland's deal, writer Don Reo, formerly of "Lenny" and "Blossom" when Witt-Thomas was producing for Disney also struck a deal with the studio. Around the same time, Touchstone sold the series, "Daddio" to NBC. The program lasted only nine episodes before NBC cancelled it.


title: ABC Signature

text: In 2000, Touchstone Television created two departments for comedy in September, and a department for drama in December. Touchstone had infamously left the production of the CBS series "" in 2000, fearing it was a flop and sold Disney's interest in the series to Alliance Atlantis. By 2001, Steve McPherson signed on as president of the television unit. While two of their pilots were in consideration to be picked up by ABC in April 2003, Tollin/Robbins Productions signed a two-year development deal with Touchstone Television, which included a two-year option, shares in profits and outside sales.


title: ABC Signature

text: In 2004, "Alias" creator J.J. Abrams and his Bad Robot production company had struck a development deal with Touchstone Television to produce television series. Also that year, Marc Cherry inked a development deal at the studio. The following year, the Russo brothers has struck a two-year deal with the studio, with veteran writer and producer Steven Bochco, who had produced several shows for ABC, signing a deal with the studio that same year to produce future shows. In 2006, Marti Noxon struck a deal with the studio to produce shows.


title: ABC Signature

text: In February 2007, Disney announced that Touchstone Television would be renamed ABC Television Studio as part of Disney's push to drop secondary brands like Buena Vista in favor of the Disney, ABC and ESPN brands. By the time the name change was implemented that fall, the new name had been modified to ABC Studios.


title: ABC Signature

text: In June 2009, ABC Entertainment announced a new organization, effective immediately as ABC Entertainment Group, while consolidating back office functions like business affairs, distribution and scheduling of ABC Studios and ABC Entertainment and retaining separate creative units. In January 2010, Disney-ABC Television Group announced it was cutting 5% of its workforce. In October 2012, ABC Studios formed its Signature unit to sell to outside networks.


title: ABC Signature

text: In early 2016, ABC Studios International (also referred to as ABC International Studios) was set up with the appointment of Keli Lee as its managing director of international content and talent, combined with her move to London. The unit, announced at MIPCOM in October 2016, would allow more overseas local productions, leveraging fellow Disney Media Network expertises in distribution and production for the local and international co-productions, IP reinventions, and original format acquisitions and productions. This would add to Disney-ABC's international productions in Latin America, where the company has 16 years of producing local content. In April 2017, the international unit greenlit its first co-production, the Australian series "Harrow". Lee signed a first look deal with Hoodlum Entertainment, the co-producers of "Harrow", by February 2018. With ABC picking up the international unit's "Reef Break" in August 2018, ABC Studios started co-producing.


title: ABC Signature

text: In August 2017, Ryan Seacrest Productions left CBS at the end of their deal to move over to ABC Studios. Following the expansion of its cable/streaming unit, ABC Studios launched a new alternative division for the full range of unscripted work, from documentaries to game shows to social experiment series. The former executive vice president of development and production at Ryan Seacrest Productions, along with Fernando Hernandez, the former head of Universal Television Alternative Studios, were hired by the studio to lead the division around January 2018. This division was announced in October 2018 with a small slate under production executive Gareth Provan, and an in-house development group called The Originals Group. The division is tapping existing production companies with deals at ABC Studios, including Ryan Seacrest Productions, Larry Wilmore's Wilmore Films and Bob Sertner Productions, in addition to partnerships that Hernandez has developed, including those with Mission Control Media, Parker Paige Media, INE Entertainment, and Party Pit Productions.


title: ABC Signature

text: ABC Studios was moving to sell to outside networks. As the studios have placed the former ABC comedy "Cougar Town" at TBS, and "Devious Maids" at Lifetime, Signature was set up in October 2012 to continue the trend. In 2013, ABC Studios vice president of drama Tracy Underwood was appointed senior vice president of ABC Signature. Signature was incorporated on .


title: ABC Signature

text: Signature developed "Mistresses", which was included in ABC's summer schedule and renewed for another season. In October 2013, the division placed its first outside project, "Benched", for USA, with a pilot order that finished shooting by December. Other projects were in the works with A&E, WE tv and TBS. In the works with ABC, Signature has a possible straight-to-series Stephen King story adaptation called "Grand Central", based on "The New York Times at Special Bargain Rates". Corporate sibling Freeform picked up "Rated P For Parenthood" for development as its first program from Signature in June 2014.


title: ABC Signature

text: In April 2015, Signature and ABC Studios signed a two-year first-look with Black Label Media, started by Molly Smith, Trent Luckinbill and Thad Luckinbill three years prior as a finance and production company. McG's Wonderland Sound & Vision signed a two-year overall production agreement with Signature, Freeform and ABC Studios in October 2015. This follows two productions from McG on Freeform/ABC Family. Signature signed "SMILF" creator, executive producer and star Frankie Shaw to a two-year overall deal in July 2018. In March 2019, the deal was suspended following an investigation into allegations of misconduct against Shaw on the set of "SMILF".


title: ABC Signature

text: In April 2016, Freeform greenlit "Cloak & Dagger" with a straight-to-series order, as Marvel Television's first co-production with Signature. Another co-production with Marvel Television was greenlit in August 2016, with "Runaways" confirmed for the Hulu streaming service. Signature also put a live-action Mighty Ducks series in development beginning in January 2018, which later ended up as a Disney+ original series called "".


title: ABC Signature

text: Signature is teaming with John Grisham, Hulu and Michael Seitzman's Maniac Productions to create a Grisham Universe set of series. The franchise would begin with two series, "The Rainmaker" and "Rogue Lawyer", based on Grisham's books, with a potential to grow to additional series. Hulu had dropped out of the Grisham Universe by September 5, 2019, with the pair being shopped given other interested outlets.


title: ABC Signature

text: From its pilot, Signature's "The Wilds", a young adult drama, was picked up in May 2019 by Amazon, its first from the company. Underwood was promoted in February 2020 to the new position of executive vice president, creative affairs of ABC Studios to oversee development at ABC Studio in addition to managing ABC Signature.


title: ABC Signature

text: After the acquisition of 21st Century Fox completed on March 20, 2019, ABC Studios and ABC Signature Studios both became part of Disney Television Studios. In July 2019, Disney TV Studios announced a reorganization in executive leadership. Fox TV executives Jonnie Davis and Josh Sussman have replaced Patrick Moran and Howard Davine as president and executive vice president of business affairs of ABC Studios respectively. It was also announced that Amy Hartwick, the studio's head of the comedy department, has exited. In September 2019, ABC Studios' alternative division head Hernandez exited the post, with ABC indicating that they would remain in the businesses.


title: ABC Signature

text: ABC Studios International produced the anthology series "Unsung Heroes" which was in development while the company was launching ABC Discover to find more British talent. In December 2019, an exodus of the international unit's top executives including managing director Keli Lee occurred. However, no replacements have been named given a re-assessing of the unit is taking place.


title: ABC Signature

text: On August 10, 2020, ABC Studios and ABC Signature were merged into one unit as part of a restructuring plan by Disney regarding their television production units; the merged company took on the latter's name. Meanwhile, Fox 21 Television Studios was renamed Touchstone Television, restoring that brand name after a thirteen-year dormancy (only to be folded into 20th Television on December 1 that year), and 20th Century Fox Television was renamed 20th Television (the former name of that entity's domestic syndication division, which in turn was absorbed into Disney–ABC Domestic Television).


title: ABC Signature

text: On August 18, 2021, writers Jordan Reddout and Gus Hickey inked an overall deal with the studio. On October 29, 2021, writer-producer Lila Byock also inked an overall deal with the studio. Matt Lopez, creator/executive producer of "Promised Land", also inked an overall deal with the studio the same year on November 17.


title: Book Depository

text: Book Depository (previously "The Book Depository") is a UK-based online book seller with a large catalogue, offering free shipping to over 160 countries. Founded by a former Amazon employee, it was acquired by Amazon on July 4, 2011.


title: Book Depository

text: The company was founded in 2004 by Andrew Crawford and Stuart Felton. Its motto is to make "All Books Available to All" by improving selection, access and affordability.


title: Book Depository

text: In 2012, Book Depository was a finalist for the Fast Growth Business Awards' Retail/Leisure Business of the Year award, and won two UK Startup Awards, Online Business of the Year and Retailer of the Year.


title: Book Depository

text: In 2009 and 2010, it won Direct Bookselling Company of the Year at the Bookseller Industry Awards, and the Queen's Award For Enterprise.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: The Subaru six-cylinder engines are a series of flat-6 engines manufactured by Subaru, a division of Fuji Heavy Industries, made in three distinct generations. The ER27, derived from the Subaru EA first-generation flat-4, was used as the sole engine option in the premium model 1988–91 Subaru Alcyone VX (XT6 in the United States). The EG33, derived from the Subaru EJ second-generation flat-4, was used exclusively in the successor Subaru Alcyone SVX, again as its sole engine option, sold from 1991–96. The EZ series, consisting of the EZ30 and EZ36 models, was designed to be almost as compact as the EJ25 flat-4. The EZ30/36 were the first Subaru six-cylinder engines available outside the sport coupes, used as the uplevel option for Subaru Legacy (2002–19) and Outback/Lancaster (2001–19) as well as the sole option in the Subaru Tribeca (2006–14).


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Created as a refined luxury engine with improved power over the EA82T, Subaru introduced the ER27 engine in November 1985 for the Subaru ACX-II concept car, shown at the Tokyo Motor Show and billed as the 'concept car of the near future.' The concept went into production as the Subaru Alcyone VX (Subaru XT6 in North America) in August 1987, the exclusive application for the ER27.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: When the ER27 was introduced, it was the only water-cooled flat-6 automobile engine on the market. The ER27 designation was the first time Subaru incorporated the engine's displacement into the engine designation and all subsequent engine codes have retained this nomenclature.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Like the EA series engines, the ER27 engine featured 2-valve cylinder heads with hydraulic lash adjusters and the ER27 and EA engines shared the same bore, stroke, and spacing. While recognised as bearing many similarities to the Subaru EA82 engine, there are numerous differences in design between the two engines and a large portion of parts are unique to the ER27. For instance, the oil and water pumps are unique to the ER27, sharing similar bolt patterns and design to the EA82, but being of a higher flow in both cases.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: The intake manifold uses a two piece design with a lower section bolting to the heads containing the coolant bridge, injectors and various vacuum lines. The upper intake manifold then bolts to the lower section and is unlike the EA82 or EJ22 "spider" manifold designs in that there is no central plenum chamber.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: The valve timing system is belt-drive using two individual timing belts, curiously one belt uses a spring tensioner (like the EA82) whilst the other uses a hydraulic tensioner (like the EJ22).


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Both JDM and USDM versions of the ER27 used multi-point electronic fuel injection. In North America, the ER27 was slightly derated to at 5,200 RPM and at 4,000 RPM.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Similar to how the six-cylinder ER27 is related to the earlier four-cylinder EA82, the EG33 shared bore and stroke dimensions with the contemporary four-cylinder EJ22. The EG33 was exclusively fitted to the Alcyone SVX, where it was paired with the 4EAT automatic transmission in both front- and all-wheel-drive configurations.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: After the SVX was discontinued, Subaru did not offer a six-cylinder engine until the "EZ30" was developed and released for the Subaru Outback.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Unlike the SOHC EJ22 it shared some dimensions with, the EG33 featured dual overhead cams; both engines used four valves per cylinder. The EG33 used a single toothed timing belt which drove the exhaust camshafts on each bank in addition to the water pump (mounted on the right bank); the intake camshaft on each cylinder bank was driven in turn by a set of helical gears via the belt-driven exhaust camshaft.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: At the time, the EG33 was the largest naturally-aspirated engine that Subaru had ever made for regular production; in the 1990s, Subaru branded the Subaru 1235, a 3.5 L flat-12 engine designed by Carlo Chiti and Motori Moderni, intended for Formula 1 racing, although Christian von Koenigsegg reportedly was later interested in the engine for his supercar.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: In the United States, the EZ30 was introduced in the Outback H6-3.0 in November 2000 for the 2001 model year. In Japan, the EZ30 was introduced in the equivalent Lancaster 6 wagon in May 2000. A twin-turbo version of the EZ30 was produced for the Subaru B11S concept car, unveiled at Geneva in 2003. The EZ30 was refreshed in 2003, and when the Tribeca was introduced for the 2006 model year in January 2005, the EZ30 II was the sole engine option.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: The EZ36 was introduced with the restyled Tribeca for the 2008 model year, and replaced the 3.0 L EZ30 in the Legacy and Outback starting in 2009 for the 2010 model year.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Starting with the 2020 model year, the six-cylinder EZ36 was dropped as the uplevel engine option for Subaru Legacy and Outback automobiles and instead the premium engine offered was the turbocharged four-cylinder FA24F, which was previously introduced for the 2019 model year as the sole engine option for the Subaru Ascent, the successor to the Tribeca.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: The design of the EZ30 is credited to Noriaki Sekine. Unlike prior Subaru flat-6 designs, the EZ30 has a significantly smaller bore pitch (the distance between adjacent cylinder centerlines on each bank of the engine block) than the contemporary flat-4 EJ-series. The bore pitch of the EZ30 is , compared to a bore pitch of in the EJ series. The EZ30 also used a timing chain to drive the camshaft, while the earlier flat-4 EJ series uses a timing belt instead. These changes resulted in a more compact block; the external dimensions of the EZ30 are similar to the EJ25 four-cylinder engine, with length increasing by less than , allowing for easier fitment in existing vehicles.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: A butterfly valve in the intake manifold opened at higher engine speeds, shortening the intake length and providing a passive supercharging effect through resonance. The exhaust was also equipped with a valve which opened at high backpressure, increasing the effective muffler volume.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: For the 2004 model year, the EZ30 was revised to add the Subaru active valve lift system to the intake cam, providing both variable valve timing and lift for the intake valves, which resulted in increased power, torque, and economy. The cylinder heads for the EZ30D mk II were also revised to include three exhaust ports per head instead of the single exhaust port used in the original EZ30D mk I, which gathered the exhaust from each cylinder bank into a single port. Other detail improvements included a new block casting and a reduction in overall weight by , achieved through the use of hollow-journal camshafts, reducing the number of bolts in the timing chain cover, and switching to a plastic intake manifold.


title: Subaru six-cylinder engines

text: Compared to the EZ30, the EZ36 has larger bore and stroke; the EZ36 uses slightly thinner iron cylinder sleeves to increase bore, and uses asymmetric connecting rods to allow for an increase in stroke. A change to the cam drive resulted in an engine that was slightly longer than the preceding EZ30 by , but maintained the same width. A revised cooling system and variable valve timing (AVCS was now fitted to both intake and exhaust valves) allowed the EZ36 to run on regular unleaded fuel, instead of the premium unleaded required by the EZ30.


title: Ellie White

text: In 2022, Ellie co-wrote and starred in the BBC sketch show, "Ellie & Natasia", alongside her comedy partner Natasia Demetriou.


title: Ellie White

text: Ellie White is from Oxford, England. Her father is journalist Jim White. She attended the University of Bristol, and was a member of the Bristol Revunions, graduating in 2010.


title: Ellie White

text: White's career started in comedy stand-up, appearing in the 2013 Edinburgh Festival Fringe, where the comedy line up also included Aisling Bea and Romesh Ranganathan. After the festival, White landed her first TV appearance on the Channel 4 TV series Jamie Demetriou's Comedy Blaps and on BBC Three's "Live at the Electric" as well as BBC Radio 4's "Fresh From the Fringe".


title: Ellie White

text: In 2019, White teamed up with long-time stand-up comedy partner Natasia Demetriou to make critically acclaimed comedy sketch pilot "Ellie & Natasia" for the BBC. Since 2016, White has portrayed the character of Princess Beatrice of York for 3 seasons of the spoof royal comedy "The Windsors", alongside actress Celeste Dring, who plays her royal sister Princess Eugenie.


title: Ellie White

text: In 2020, White played the main role of Cathy in the BBC comedy series "The Other One", and starred alongside Lee Mack in the BBC sitcom "Semi-Detached", and in 2021, played a voice only role as "Radio" in the Sky One television comedy series "Bloods" about two paramedics.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Jimmy Young (November 14, 1948 – February 20, 2005) was an American heavyweight professional boxer. Young was known for his awkward, defensive style and counterpunching. He had his greatest success during the mid-1970s, most notably earning a victory over George Foreman in 1977 and losing a unanimous decision against Muhammad Ali in 1976. Young fought many significant fighters of his era, including twice outpointing Ron Lyle and losing only by a split decision to then-number one contender Ken Norton in a title eliminator in late 1977. A fellow boxer, Bobby Watts, was his cousin.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: An inexperienced Young was matched against contender Earnie Shavers in what was only his 11th professional fight. Shavers, who at that time had a 42–2 record dealt Young his first knockout loss. Young had tried trading blows and was caught early on by one of the division's hardest punchers who was well known for his overwhelming early attacks.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: After this defeat Young went undefeated for the next three years, including a win over contender Ron Lyle and a controversial draw in a re-match with Earnie Shavers with many observers scoring the bout for Young. The improved outcome for Young was largely due to improvements made to his defense since his last fight with the devastating hitter. Despite Young's inability to earn a victory over Shavers, it was still enough to earn him a title fight with the Heavyweight Champion of the World, Muhammad Ali.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Young achieved widespread public recognition when he fought Muhammad Ali at the Capital Center in Landover, Maryland on April 30, 1976, for the world heavyweight title, although boxing circles had already noted his ability. Ali weighed in at 230 pounds, the highest for any of his fights up to that point (he would weigh 236.25 pounds in his fight against Trevor Berbick), and was consequently slow and immobile throughout the bout. Seven years younger and 21 pounds lighter, Young adopted a strategy of fighting aggressively from a distance, landing numerous light blows while dodging and parrying Ali's counterpunches, and using his body blows, which had little power behind them but were effective at scoring points. At close quarters, Young would turn passive. In addition to retreating whenever possible, Young often kept his head ducked very low in order to deter Ali from landing blows at his head and risk censure from the referee for "rabbit punching". On several occasions when Ali was inside and Young had his back to the ropes, Young intentionally put his head or upper body out of the ring beyond the ropes to compel the referee to step in and separate the fighters. As a novel boxing tactic this divided opinion between its being a way of neutralizing Ali's game, to its being seen as an unsportsmanlike way of causing tactical stoppages every time Ali possessed an advantage. At one point during the bout the referee did initiate a count due to Young's being outside the ropes. The fight went the full 15 rounds resulting in a controversial one-sided unanimous decision in favor of Ali. Referee Tom Kelly scored it 72–65; judges Larry Barrett and Terry Moore had it 70–68 and 71–64, respectively.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Ken Norton, (a rival of Ali) who was commentating at ringside, had the fight even on his own scorecard. Former "Ring" editor Lester Bromberg called the decision a "travesty". New York "Daily News" reporter Dick Young said: "[Ali won] by the grace of three hero-worshipping fight officials. I believe many people, the voting officials among them, refuse to believe what they see when one of their super-heroes doesn't function as expected." After the match's televised broadcast, many viewers called to the network to complain about the decision, and Ali's career trainer Angelo Dundee went on record as saying this was Ali's "worst fight". After the match there were calls on Ali to retire from the sport from quarters of the sport's media.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Young defeated Lyle in a November 1976 rematch by using clever defense and a fast offensive style. He was able to dominate the older fighter, with one judge's scorecard having Young winning 11 of 12 rounds.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: In March 1977, Young then fought George Foreman in San Juan, Puerto Rico. Foreman was on a five bout win streak since losing the title to Muhammad Ali in "The Rumble in the Jungle", earning victories over top contenders Ron Lyle and Joe Frazier.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: The Young–Foreman fight was somewhat steady until the sixth round. The early rounds were punctuated by complaints from Young and his corner about the use of elbows by Foreman, who was punished by the referee with a point deduction. For the first half of the fight, Young used his somewhat unorthodox boxing skills and good defense to keep out of harm's way, while using his punching speed to counter. In the sixth round he became somewhat more aggressive himself and landed a number of clean punches on Foreman. Eleven seconds into the seventh round, Foreman caught Young with a left-handed body punch, and immediately followed with a powerful swinging left hand to the head. Young reeled and turned away and seemed about to go down, while Foreman tried to pursue his advantage, but somehow Young survived to the end of the round. In his after-match comments on TV, he described it as "desperation". After the near knockdown Young rallied, and landed a number of good punches of his own. As the fight progressed Foreman's eyes became puffy and his punches lost their menace. For the rest of the contest, Foreman continued to move forward, trying to cut off the ring and looking for the big knock out, while taking punches from the elusive Young. In the final round Young managed a knockdown over Foreman, and earned a unanimous win by 12-round decision. "The Ring" named the Young–Foreman bout its 1977 "Fight of the Year". Young joined Ali as one of only two men to beat Foreman before his first retirement in 1977.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Now the number two contender, Young's next fight was a mandatory world title eliminator against Ken Norton, the number 1 contender. Young had won five straight since his loss to Ali.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Young lost the Norton match that occurred in November 1977 at Caesar's Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, in a controversial split decision. Many observers watching in attendance felt Young should have been declared the winner. While Young boxed cleverly, drawing Norton onto sneak right hand punches, Norton himself pressed forward dangerously, always his best style. The two had sparred when Norton trained for his second Ali match. Norton had found shots thrown first to the head rarely landed so he used a heavy two-handed attack pounding away to the ribs, then lobbing powerful head shots. The fight was set at 15 rounds. Although this was unusual for a non-title match, the format was adopted due to the bout's importance as an eliminator. Due to the importance of the fight, which was later retro-designated as a WBC title match, a large crowd gathered to watch the bout including then world champion Muhammad Ali. Although the winner of the fight was supposed to go on to fight for the heavyweight championship, Leon Spinks, who had won the championship from Muhammad Ali in an upset win on February 15, 1978, chose a rematch against Ali instead of fighting Norton for the WBC title. As a result, Norton was awarded the WBC championship belt


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Demoralised at having lost another close decision, Young went into a gradual downward spiral. In June 1978 poor conditioning, an increasing problem, led to Young being outpointed by prospect Ossie Ocasio. While better in a direct rematch, in January 1979, Ocasio again earned the win and went on to fight the world champion Larry Holmes.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Young won a short three-round brutal battle with unranked Wendell Bailey, showing flashes of old form. But in other matches of note Young fared poorly. He was stopped due to cuts by new heavyweight contender Gerry Cooney after four rounds in a fight where he was dominated. He also lost on points to another rising prospect and future heavyweight champion Michael Dokes. In the 1979 match with Dokes Young was out of shape due to lack of training and weighed 229 lbs., nearly the heaviest he had weighed throughout his career and around 15 lbs. heavier than his ideal fighting weight.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: However Young was able to slim down for his fight against British champion John L. Gardner, occurring in December 1979. Young outpointed Gardner, knocking him down in the 10th round. The triumph over Gardner as well as wins against Marvin Stinson and Jeff Sims were probably his last notable wins.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Starting in 1981 Young appeared to be making a comeback, winning five in a row, including a TKO over previously unbeaten Gordon Racette. In 1982 however, Young's comeback was cut short when he was defeated on points by future champion Greg Page. He became a "trial horse" for emerging contenders, dropping decisions to more future champions in Tony Tucker and Tony Tubbs. He continued fighting with mixed results until 1988, when he retired at the age of 39.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: After his boxing career, Young had financial, drug, and legal problems. During a court hearing on a drug possession charge, his Philadelphia public defender argued that Young had symptoms of chronic traumatic brain injury due to his time in the ring. At a boxing celebrity event, "The Ring" noted that Young apparently needed to be helped about by his family. He was reported as being afflicted with dementia pugilistica in his last years.


title: Jimmy Young (boxer)

text: Young died at Hahnemann University Hospital, Philadelphia, at the age of 56 from a heart attack on February 20, 2005. He was interred at Mount Peace Cemetery in Philadelphia.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: The SEC Championship Game is an annual American football game that has determined the Southeastern Conference's season champion since 1992. The championship game pits the SEC East Division regular season champion against the West Division regular season champion. Since 2007, the game has typically been played on the first Saturday of December, and the game has been held in Atlanta since 1994, first at the Georgia Dome, and at Mercedes-Benz Stadium since 2017.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: Ten of the fourteen current SEC members have played in the SEC Championship Game. Kentucky and Vanderbilt have yet to reach the game from the East, while Ole Miss and Texas A&M have yet to reach the game from the West. The overall series is led by the Western Division, 18–13.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: While ten SEC members have played in the game, only six have won: Florida, Georgia, and Tennessee of the East Division, and Alabama, Auburn, and LSU of the West Division. Each of these teams has won the championship multiple times.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: The SEC was the first NCAA conference in any division to hold a football championship game that was exempt from NCAA limits on regular-season contests. Such a game was made possible by two separate developments. The first came in 1987, when the NCAA membership approved a proposal sponsored by the Division II Pennsylvania State Athletic Conference and Central Intercollegiate Athletic Association that allowed any conference with at least 12 football members to split into divisions and stage a championship game between the divisional winners. The SEC took advantage of this rule by adding the University of Arkansas and the University of South Carolina in 1992, bringing the conference membership to 12, and splitting into two football divisions. The format has since been adopted by other conferences to decide their football champion (the first being the Big 12 in 1996).


title: SEC Championship Game

text: The first two SEC Championship Games were held at Legion Field in Birmingham, Alabama. From 1994 until 2016 the game was played at the Georgia Dome in Atlanta. With the Georgia Dome scheduled to be demolished after the 2016 season, the SEC chose to keep the title game in Atlanta at the Georgia Dome's replacement, Mercedes-Benz Stadium. The game will be played at the new stadium through at least 2027.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: Between 2006 and 2013 the winner of the SEC Championship Game went on to play in the BCS National Championship Game eight straight years, posting a 6-2 record. Since 2014, the SEC Championship Game winner has gone on to appear in the College Football Playoff every season, posting a 6–1 record in the national semi-final and a 3–3 record in the College Football Playoff National Championship.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: Results from all SEC Championship games that have been played. Rankings are from the AP Poll released prior to matchup.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: The team designated as the "home" team alternates between division champions. The designation goes to the East champion in even-numbered years and the West champion in odd-numbered years.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: In 2009, the West champion, Alabama, was the home team, ending a streak where the SEC West team had worn white jerseys in nine consecutive SEC Championship Games (2000–2008). This was because LSU had represented the West in the previous four seasons that the West Division champion was the "home" team, and LSU traditionally chooses to wear white jerseys for home games. Additionally, for the next three years (2010–2012), the East Division representative wore their home jerseys because in 2011, LSU again represented the West; this happened again from 2018-2020 since LSU represented the West in 2019.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: While SEC schools play every other member of their own division, they do not play every member of the opposite division; thus, the SEC Championship Game is not guaranteed to be a rematch of a regular season game. The SEC Championship game has featured a rematch of a regular season game a total of seven times (1999, 2000, 2001, 2003, 2004, 2010, 2017). The team which won the regular season game is 5–2 in the rematches, the exceptions being 2001 and 2017.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: Division standings are based on each team's overall conference record. The SEC Commissioner's Regulations requires each football team play all eight conference games in a season in order to be eligible to compete for a divisional title and play in the SEC Championship Game. When two or more teams tie for the best record in their division, each team is recognized as a divisional co-champion. Tiebreakers are used to determine who will represent the division in the championship game.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: "NOTE: Although all division rivals meet during the season and NCAA overtime is played, the SEC has provisions in case a game ends in a tie, which is possible under NCAA Rule 3–3–3 (c.2) and (d), Suspending the Game, and Commissioner's Regulations (including a tie game after the end of three periods, at the point the game is suspended in the fourth period, or end of regulation (3-3-3-d) or if one team had played their overtime period but the opponent had not played, when the game reaches the conference curfew of 1:30 a.m. local time), or if the two tied teams did not play an official game because of weather (including a game that ends before the end of three periods), which is possible because numerous conference teams have had games affected by hurricanes but also lightning. As such, SEC rules, written before overtime was implemented in regular season play, still contain the remaining procedures if those circumstances were to happen."


title: SEC Championship Game

text: Currently the SEC champion plays in the Sugar Bowl unless it has been selected to play in a College Football Playoff semi-final bowl, or if the Sugar Bowl is hosting a CFP semi-final and the SEC champion either does not qualify for the CFP or has a seeding that prevents it from appearing in the Sugar Bowl. In the SEC Championship Game era, eleven winners of the game have gone on to win the national title (outright or shared), with thirteen SEC teams winning national titles overall, including seven consecutive titles from the 2006–2012 seasons.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: There are three occasions when the SEC champion advanced to the BCS or CFP but lost to another SEC team which won the national championship:


title: SEC Championship Game

text: In 2011, LSU won the SEC Championship Game and advanced to the BCS National Championship Game which they lost 21–0 to fellow SEC West member Alabama.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: In 2017, Georgia won the SEC Championship Game and advanced to the College Football Playoff, defeating Oklahoma in the semifinal and advancing to the CFP final game, which they lost 26–23 in overtime to SEC member Alabama.


title: SEC Championship Game

text: In 2021, Alabama won the SEC Championship game and advanced to the College Football Playoff, defeating Cincinnati in the semifinal and advancing to the CFP final game, which they lost 33-18 to Georgia in a rematch of the SEC title game. It marked the 1st time that the loser of the conference championship would go onto winning the national championship game in the same season.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency is an electrolyte disturbance in which there is a low level of magnesium in the body. It can result in multiple symptoms. Symptoms include tremor, poor coordination, muscle spasms, loss of appetite, personality changes, and nystagmus. Complications may include seizures or cardiac arrest such as from torsade de pointes. Those with low magnesium often have low potassium.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Causes include low dietary intake, alcoholism, diarrhea, increased urinary loss, poor absorption from the intestines, and diabetes mellitus. A number of medications may also cause low magnesium, including proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) and furosemide. The diagnosis is typically based on finding low blood magnesium levels (hypomagnesemia). Normal magnesium levels are between 0.6 and 1.1 mmol/L (1.46–2.68 mg/dL) with levels less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) defining hypomagnesemia. Specific electrocardiogram (ECG) changes may be seen.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Treatment is with magnesium either by mouth or intravenously. For those with severe symptoms, intravenous magnesium sulfate may be used. Associated low potassium or low calcium should also be treated. The condition is relatively common among people in hospitals.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Deficiency of magnesium can cause tiredness, generalized weakness, muscle cramps, abnormal heart rhythms, increased irritability of the nervous system with tremors, paresthesias, palpitations, low potassium levels in the blood, hypoparathyroidism which might result in low calcium levels in the blood, chondrocalcinosis, spasticity and tetany, migraines, epileptic seizures, basal ganglia calcifications and in extreme and prolonged cases coma, intellectual disability or death. Magnesium plays an important role in carbohydrate metabolism and its deficiency may worsen insulin resistance, a condition that often precedes diabetes, or may be a consequence of insulin resistance.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: People being treated on an intensive care unit (ICU) who have a low magnesium level may have a higher risk of requiring mechanical ventilation, and death.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency may result from gastrointestinal or kidney causes. Gastrointestinal causes include low dietary intake of magnesium, reduced gastrointestinal absorption or increased gastrointestinal loss due to rapid gastrointestinal transits. Kidney causes involve increased excretion of magnesium. Poor dietary intake of magnesium has become an increasingly important factor – many people consume diets high in refined foods such as white bread and polished rice which have been stripped of magnesium-rich plant fiber.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency is not uncommon in hospitalized patients. Up to 12% of all people admitted to hospital, and as high as 60–65% of people in an intensive care unit, have hypomagnesemia.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: About 57% of the US population does not meet the US RDA for dietary intake of magnesium. The kidneys are very efficient at maintaining body levels; however, if the diet is deficient, or certain medications such as diuretics or proton pump inhibitors are used, or in chronic alcoholism, levels may drop.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Low levels of magnesium in blood may be due to not enough magnesium in the diet, the intestines not absorbing enough magnesium, or the kidneys excreting too much magnesium. Deficiencies may be due to the following conditions:


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium is a co-factor in over 300 functions in the body regulating many kinds of biochemical reactions. It is involved in protein synthesis, muscle and nerve functioning, bone development, energy production, the maintenance of normal heart rhythm, and the regulation of glucose and blood pressure, among other important roles. Low magnesium intake over time can increase the risk of illnesses, including high blood pressure and heart disease, diabetes mellitus type 2, osteoporosis, and migraines.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: There is a direct effect on sodium (Na), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) channels. Magnesium has several effects:


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Potassium channel efflux is inhibited by magnesium. Thus hypomagnesemia results in an increased excretion of potassium in kidney, resulting in a hypokalaemia. This condition is believed to occur secondary to the decreased normal physiologic magnesium inhibition of the ROMK channels in the apical tubular membrane.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: In this light, hypomagnesemia is frequently the cause of hypokalaemic patients failing to respond to potassium supplementation. Thus, clinicians should ensure that both magnesium and potassium is replaced when deficient. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis should have their magnesium levels monitored to ensure that the serum loss of potassium, which is driven intracellularly by insulin administration, is not exacerbated by additional urinary losses.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum is inhibited by magnesium. Thus hypomagnesemia results in an increased intracellular calcium level. This inhibits the release of parathyroid hormone, which can result in hypoparathyroidism and hypocalcemia. Furthermore, it makes skeletal and muscle receptors less sensitive to parathyroid hormone.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium is needed for the adequate function of the Na/K-ATPase pumps in cardiac myocytes, the muscles cells of the heart. A lack of magnesium inhibits reuptake of potassium, causing a decrease in intracellular potassium. This decrease in intracellular potassium results in a tachycardia.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium has an indirect antithrombotic effect upon platelets and endothelial function. Magnesium increases prostaglandins, decreases thromboxane, and decreases angiotensin II, microvascular leakage, and vasospasm through its function similar to calcium channel blockers. Convulsions are the result of cerebral vasospasm. The vasodilatatory effect of magnesium seems to be the major mechanism.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium exerts a bronchodilatatory effect, probably by antagonizing calcium-mediated bronchoconstriction.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency is frequently observed in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus, with an estimated prevalence ranging between 11.0 and 47.7%.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency is strongly associated with high glucose and insulin resistance, which indicate that it is common in poorly controlled diabetes. Patients with type 2 diabetes and a magnesium deficiency have a higher risk of heart failure, atrial fibrillation and microvascular complications. Oral magnesium supplements has been demonstrated to improve insulin sensitivity and lipid profile. A 2016 meta-analysis not restricted to diabetic subjects found that increasing dietary magnesium intake, while associated with a reduced risk of stroke, heart failure, diabetes, and all-cause mortality, was not clearly associated with lower risk of coronary heart disease (CHD) or total cardiovascular disease (CVD).


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: A 2021 study on blood from 4,400 diabetic patients over 6 to 11 years reported that "People with higher levels of magnesium in the blood were found to have a significantly lower risk of cardiovascular disease", and also of diabetic foot and diabetic retinopathy. The researchers, however, stated that "we have [not] demonstrated that magnesium supplements work. Further research is needed."


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium is abundant in nature. It can be found in green vegetables, chlorophyll (chloroplasts), cocoa derivatives, nuts, wheat, seafood, and meat. It is absorbed primarily in the duodenum of the small intestine. The rectum and sigmoid colon can absorb magnesium. Forty percent of dietary magnesium is absorbed. Hypomagnesemia stimulates and hypermagnesemia inhibits this absorption.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: The body contains 21–28 grams of magnesium (0.864–1.152 mol). Of this, 53% is located in bone, 19% in non-muscular tissue, and 1% in extracellular fluid. For this reason, blood levels of magnesium are not an adequate means of establishing the total amount of available magnesium.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: The majority of serum magnesium is bound to chelators, including proteins and citrate. Roughly 33% is bound to proteins, and 5–10% is not bound. This "free" magnesium is essential in regulating intracellular magnesium. Normal plasma Mg is 1.7–2.3 mg/dL (0.69–0.94 mmol/L).


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: The kidneys regulate the serum magnesium. About 2400 mg of magnesium passes through the kidneys daily, of which 5% (120 mg) is excreted through urine. The loop of Henle is the major site for magnesium homeostasis, and 60% is reabsorbed.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium homeostasis comprises three systems: kidney, small intestine, and bone. In the acute phase of magnesium deficiency there is an increase in absorption in the distal small intestine and tubular resorption in the kidneys. When this condition persists, serum magnesium drops and is corrected with magnesium from bone tissue. The level of intracellular magnesium is controlled through the reservoir in bone tissue.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency or depletion is a low level of magnesium; it is not easy to measure directly. Typically the diagnosis is based on finding hypomagnesemia, a low magnesium level, which often reflects low body magnesium; however, magnesium deficiency can be present without hypomagnesemia, and vice versa. A plasma magnesium concentration of less than 0.6 mmol/L (1.46 mg/dL) is considered to be hypomagnesemia; severe disease generally has a level of less than 0.50 mmol/L (1.25 mg/dL).


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: The electrocardiogram (ECG) change may show a tachycardia with a prolonged QT interval. Other changes may include prolonged PR interval, ST segment depression, flipped T waves, and long QRS duration.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Treatment of magnesium deficiency depends on the degree of deficiency and the clinical effects. Replacement by mouth is appropriate for people with mild symptoms, while intravenous replacement is recommended for people with severe effects.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Numerous oral magnesium preparations are available. In two trials of magnesium oxide, one of the most common forms in magnesium dietary supplements because of its high magnesium content per weight, was found to be less bioavailable than magnesium citrate, chloride, lactate or aspartate. Amino-acid chelate was also less bioavailable.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Intravenous magnesium sulfate (MgSO) can be given in response to heart arrhythmias to correct for hypokalemia, preventing pre-eclampsia, and has been suggested as having a potential use in asthma.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency is a detrimental plant disorder that occurs most often in strongly acidic, light, sandy soils, where magnesium can be easily leached away. Magnesium is an essential macronutrient constituting 0.2-0.4% of plants' dry matter and is necessary for normal plant growth. Excess potassium, generally due to fertilizers, further aggravates the stress from magnesium deficiency, as does aluminium toxicity.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium has an important role in photosynthesis because it forms the central atom of chlorophyll. Therefore, without sufficient amounts of magnesium, plants begin to degrade the chlorophyll in the old leaves. This causes the main symptom of magnesium deficiency, interveinal chlorosis, or yellowing between leaf veins, which stay green, giving the leaves a marbled appearance. Due to magnesium's mobile nature, the plant will first break down chlorophyll in older leaves and transport the Mg to younger leaves which have greater photosynthetic needs. Therefore, the first sign of magnesium deficiency is the chlorosis of old leaves which progresses to the young leaves as the deficiency progresses. Magnesium also acts as an activator for many critical enzymes, including ribulosebisphosphate carboxylase (RuBisCO) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), both essential enzymes in carbon fixation. Thus low amounts of Mg lead to a decrease in photosynthetic and enzymatic activity within the plants. Magnesium is also crucial in stabilizing ribosome structures, hence, a lack of magnesium causes depolymerization of ribosomes leading to premature aging of the plant. After prolonged magnesium deficiency, necrosis and dropping of older leaves occurs. Plants deficient in magnesium also produce smaller, woodier fruits.


title: Magnesium deficiency

text: Magnesium deficiency in plants may be confused with zinc or chlorine deficiencies, viruses, or natural aging, since all have similar symptoms. Adding Epsom salts (as a solution of 25 grams per liter or 4 oz per gal) or crushed dolomitic limestone to the soil can rectify magnesium deficiencies. An organic treatment is to apply compost mulch, which can prevent leaching during excessive rainfall and provide plants with sufficient amounts of nutrients, including magnesium.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80 () and the Type 88 () are a family of Chinese second-generation main battle tanks (MBTs). They are also known as the ZTZ80 and ZTZ88.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: In the 1970s China's primary MBT in service was the Type 59, a copy of the T-54 medium tank which was obsolete compared to contemporary Soviet and Western designs. The People's Liberation Army (PLA) thus requested new tanks that could match Soviet designs, which led to the development of the Type 69 medium tank that had new technology such as a laser rangefinder and two-plane stabilization. However, the Type 69 failed to satisfy PLA requirements and was only an export success that saw limited domestic service. Even then, the Type 69 was barely able to meet export requirements. Further tank development commenced which would lead to the Type 80 and Type 90 prototypes.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80 began development in 1978, building upon the foundation that was laid during the development of the Type 69 tank. Development took place in Factory 617 and Institute 201, Factory 447 and 616 were also involved. It was the first Chinese tank to be classified as a "Main Battle Tank". The Type 80 was a prototype which did not enter production but was the basis of improved variants such as the Type 80-I, Type 80-II and Type 85, creating a family of MBTs. The Type 80 used the turret from the Type 79 MBT but with a thickened turret front.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80-II was a prototype intended for foreign export but was unable to garner interest among foreign buyers. When sent overseas for trials, the Type 80-II's engine failed to perform satisfactorily. In a trial between the Type 80-II and the AMX-32, the Type 80-II required 8 hours to change its engine, while the AMX-32 only required an hour. This spurred Norinco's engineers to develop a brand-new export tank on the Type 80 chassis. They did this by mating a newly designed welded turret to the Type 80 chassis, in contrast to the original cast turret of the Type 80. Due to export restrictions, the Chinese were unable to use an imported 105mm gun on the Type 85 tank. This led to the development of the first locally designed 105mm gun. This was marketed as the "Storm" series of main battle tanks and later named the Type 85 domestically. However, the first Storm tanks also failed to gather interest among potential buyers. This led to further upgrades in the Type 85 to its engine from 730hp to 800hp and changing to a semi-auto transmission. This upgraded Type 85 would eventually be designated the Type 85-II/Storm-II. The Type 85-II would catch the interest of the Pakistani government and was finally exported under the designation Type 85-IIAP or Type 85-IIM. While the Type 85 should have been named the Type 88 by its year of development, it was eventually decided that it would be retroactively named the Type 85 due to its more dated specifications.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80 variant that entered PLA service was designated the Type 88. Visually resembled the Type 80-II. Improved variants known as the Type 88B and Type 88A later entered service. Both variants of the tank employed the same chassis and round turret but had differences in their firepower and fire control system and the ability to mount Explosive Reactive Armour (ERA).


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 85-III was designated the Type 88C for domestic production. The Type 88C was renamed as the Type 96 and further upgraded in the 1990s and 2000s.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The chief engineer of the Type 80 was Fang Wei Xian, who also designed the Type 69 and Type 90 tank families.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80 inherited the design philosophy of the Type 69/79 which combined a Soviet style chassis and turret with Western technology. Like the Type 69 series, the initial Type 80 design possessed a hemispherical turret similar to the T-54/55. Another similarity was that the driver sat in the left forward section of the hull. However, the Type 80 used a licence-built L7 rifled gun instead of the Soviet 100 mm rifled gun.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80 family marked a number of firsts for Chinese tanks. Beginning from the Type 85, they were the first Chinese tanks to use a welded turret, allowing it to make use of composite armor. It was also the first tank to use six road wheels instead of five for a smoother ride at higher speeds. The Type 80 was the first Chinese tank to have applique composite armour. This was later integrated into the turret in the Type 85. Type 85-III was the first Chinese tank to use both composite armor (in its turret) and explosive reactive armor (ERA).


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 85-I (Storm-1) series had a new welded turret design that was angular instead of the familiar bowl-shape. The Type 85IIAP/M was the first tank in the series to be equipped with a 125 mm smoothbore gun.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Type 80 served as a testbed for the imported ZPL-79 105mm rifled gun. On Type 88 and Type 88B, the main armament is a dual-axis stabilized ZPL-83 and ZPL-83A 105mm rifled gun with a fume extractor at its midway point. On Type 88A, the main gun is replaced by a longer, 62 caliber ZPL-94, offering longer range, higher accuracy, and capability to launch laser-guided gun-launched missile. The main gun has an elevation of -5 to 18 degrees and electronic turret drive of 20°/s for horizontal control and 6°/s for vertical. The main gun on Type 80 is loaded manually, and has a rate of fire approximately 7 rounds per minute. On Type 88B, a form of assist loader is introduced for quicker and easier reload operations with reportedly 13 rounds per minute maximum rate of fire.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Secondary armaments for all variants are the same, including one Type 59 12.7 mm heavy machine gun mounted on the turret roof, and one Type 59 7.62 mm coaxial machine gun. The Type 80 and Type 88 can store 44 rounds of ammunition for the main gun. On Type 88B and Type 88A, the tank features redesigned ammo racks with 48 rounds of ammunition. The 12.7mm heavy machine gun has 300 rounds of ammo, while the coaxial machine gun has 2250 rounds.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 80 tank is composed of laser rangefinder, digital ballistic computer, power supply, target angle measurement sensor, velocity measurement sensor, and gun positioning sensor. The driver periscope and gunner sight is fitted with passive night vision device (1st generation), daylight periscopes. The commander is fitted with one rotating periscope and four additional observation periscopes. The driver and loader have their own periscopes. The commander can override the turret direction. Type 80-I replaced the external laser rangefinder with an integrated multi-function gunner sight. The gunner sight was upgraded to second generation passive night vision.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 88 tank features improved Type 37A fire control system. Type 37A features integrated gunner sight with daylight optics, passive night vision channel, and laser range finder. The daylight emergency sight from Type 80 is kept at its original location. The new fire control system has improved ballistic computer, new radio communication system, dual-axis stabilizer, self-diagnosis software, and second generation passive night-vision device for driver and gunner.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: The Type 88B and Type 88A tanks are equipped with improved ISFCS-212 fire control system, with driver, gunner and commander all have access to 2nd generation passive night vision devices. The gunner sight is stabilized. Type 88A and later batches of Type 88B had its gunner sight replaced by thermal imagining devices. The fire control computer of Type 88B and Type 88A allows the commander to acquire and engage enemy target through the optical periscope mounted on the commander’s hatch.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Starting from Type 80, the tank is protected by composite armor plates are mounted on the vehicle frontal chassis and composite rubber/metal side armor skirts. The turret of Type 80/88 is still made of rolled homogeneous armour, with the exception being Type 85 series, which is constructed with welded turret and composite armor layers.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Original prototype of Type 80 had cut out on the frontal cast turret for gunner observation sight, similar to Type 59 tank. This was removed in Type 80-I and Type 88 models with roof-mounted periscopes and fire control sights.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: All versions of the Type 80/85/88 tanks are fitted with thermal suppression camouflage paint, collective NBC protection system, air filtration and ventilation system, automatic fire/after-effect suppression system, and 2 sets of four 76mm smoke grenade dischargers.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Type 80 and Type 88 tank are powered by 12150ZL diesel engine developing 730hp (537kW). The maximum road speed is 57km/h and average off-road speed is 32km/h. The power-to-weight ratio is about 18.9hp/ton. The transmission has 5 forward gears and 1 reverse gear. It has a maximum cruising range of 500 km and can negotiate a gradient of 61 % and side slope of 58%. It can cross a vertical obstacle of 0.8 m and trench of 2.7m.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: In Chinese tank development, the "M" or "II" in the designation typically represents a variant primarily intended for export. Tanks for domestic use will have their own Type designation or the "I" suffix as explained below.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Prototype Chinese second generation tank design which did not enter production. Uses an older-style round steel cast turret with new chassis. Four-man crew. Came with NBC protection. The vehicle served as a testbed for the imported ZPL-79 105mm rifled gun. Main difference between Type 80 and Type 80-I was in the fire control system with the original range finding laser mounted on the gun mantlet incorporated into the tank commander's gun sight.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Type 80 developed for export purposes. Type 80-II had new 12150ZL(G) engine developing 790hp (588kW), new transmission, air ventilation system, improved vehicle radio system and thermal smoke generator.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Type 80/88 chassis with welded turret. Also known as Storm-II. Featured a locally developed ZPL-94 105mm gun, 800hp engine and semi-automatic transmission.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Upgraded variant of the Type 85-II/Storm-2 to suit Pakistan's specifications. The 105mm gun was changed to a 125 mm smooth bore gun with an autoloader. The original four man crew was reduced to a three man crew. Pakistan had originally wanted a 1000hp engine, but this was not available in China at the time. Export designation to Pakistan was Type 85-IIM or Type 85-IIAP (The "P" standing for "Pakistan").


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Developed in 1993. Upgrade for the Storm-II/Type 85-IIM with 1000 hp engine, ERA, improved FCS, and thermal night sight. It used the transmission from the T-72 tank. In 1994, when China competed against the Ukrainian T-84 for export to a tropical country, the Type 85-III performed better but suffered a higher number of faults and was thus not chosen.


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: Pakistani upgraded version of the Type-85IIA. Upgrades include ability to fire NAIZA-DU & APFSDS-T rounds along with Ukrainian Kombat ATGMs. Moreover, it features new LRF ballistic computers and fire-control systems and a Solid-State


title: Type 80/88 main battle tank

text: autoloader made by . The sights of the tank commander, gunner & driver were also replaced with newer ones made by Thales.