title: Triumph TR7

text: During production at Canley, the seat trim was again revised, with a plaid cloth in navy blue or tan, with matching coloured leather effect edging, and matching door cards. A further trim change during production at Solihull saw the use of a ruched velour in blue or tan on the seats, with matching inserts on the doors. Also, the internal door lock buttons were changed from the earlier standard BL round ones, to rectangular buttons held on with small grub screws. There was also a change to the trip mile counter's reset button, which became a push type operated through the instrument "glass", rather than a turn type under the dash.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Various British Leyland vehicles were driven by the lead characters in the British secret agent television series "The New Avengers", produced between 1976 and 1977. Amongst them was a yellow TR7 hardtop driven by the character Purdey. The car was immortalised as a children's Dinky Toy and Revell construction kit.


title: Triumph TR7

text: In 1978 Coca-Cola and Levi's ran promotional competitions with the top prizes being three TR7s in special red and white Coke livery. They also featured denim upholstery and genuine jean patch pockets on the door interiors. Also included were a 12V fridge in the boot and a TV in the glove compartment. Two of the three Coca-Cola cars are known to still exist.


title: Triumph TR7

text: A yellow TR7 coupé is driven by one of the two protagonists, Lance Stater (Toby Jones) in the BAFTA award-winning television series "Detectorists" about two middle aged English metal detector enthusiasts, written by and co-starring Mackenzie Crook.


title: Triumph TR7

text: In the 1976 television film "Look What's Happened to Rosemary's Baby", the protagonist, Andrew/Adrian, drives a TR7.


title: Triumph TR7

text: A blue TR7 hardtop was also driven by CI5 agent, Ray Doyle in the ITV series "The Professionals", a notable episode being "Private Madness, Public Danger".


title: Triumph TR7

text: A vermillion orange 1979 Triumph TR7 convertible special-edition was featured in Series 16 of Wheeler Dealers, first aired January 2021.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Because of proposed US legislation on roll-over protection at the time of its launch, the TR7 was not initially available as a convertible. In early 1979, Triumph belatedly introduced a convertible version, called the "TR7 drophead coupé" (DHC), which first went on sale in the US (the original hardtop model being known as the "fixedhead coupé", or FHC). A small number of pre-production cars were manufactured at Speke in 1978, soon after the pre-production TR7 V8 (later designated TR8) and TR7 Sprint cars. The British market received it in early 1980. The prototype for the convertible version of the original Harris Mann design came from Michelotti and the engineering to make it work was done by Triumph.


title: Triumph TR7

text: For export to the US market, Triumph created a much more powerful Triumph TR8 model in 1977/78, which was a TR7 with a 3.5 L Rover V8 engine. While some genuine TR8 models stayed in Britain, these examples are exceedingly rare. Most TR8s went to the US, where they did not fare well, owing to Triumph's poor build quality at the time and the unusually strong pound, which peaked at around $2.40 by 1980, making Triumphs fairly expensive compared to competitors.


title: Triumph TR7

text: The TR8 was only launched as a convertible (DHC) model. However about 400 hard-top (FHC) TR8s were produced at Speke and Canley, as these were needed (possibly with some TR7s converted by BL to TR8 specification) for the Group 4 homologation of the TR7V8 rally car.


title: Triumph TR7

text: In 1980, a limited edition version of the TR7 Drophead was launched for the US market by the US importer. Called the "TR7 Spider", it was available only in "maraschino black", with reflective red striping and badging plus black interior trim. Alloy wheels and the steering wheel from the TR8 were fitted, along with a "pewter grey" carpet and grey striped upholstery. Based on an exhaustive inventory of the factory build cards at the British Heritage Motor Centre archives, it has been confirmed that 1,070 carburetted Spiders were built at the Solihull factory with an additional 548 fuel-injected (Bosch L-jetronic) Spiders built specifically for California. VIN numbers for Spiders run from 400301 to 401918 overall and for the fuel-injected version from 401374 to 401918. All the Spider-specific equipment was installed at the factory, with the exception of the radio-cassette, which was stored in the boot and installed at the port of entry.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Slightly less than a decade after the original TR7 ceased production, another British manufacturer, Grinnall Specialist Cars modified existed TR7 and TR8 cars. TR7 cars were upgraded with TR8 subframes and dash. They then installed V8 engines (optionally bored to larger capacities), and other parts like suspension, gearbox and brakes from the Rover SD1. The front and rear wings were widened to match the SD1 axles and suspension. 350 convertible cars were produced, each with Grinnall badging.


title: Triumph TR7

text: A variant of the TR7 powered by the Dolomite Sprint engine (dubbed the "TR7 Sprint") was developed, but never put into full production; though British Leyland had the 16-valve engined TR7 homologated for use in competition. These cars can be identified by a different chassis number to the production eight-valve model: prefixed "ACH" rather than "ACG", etc. The original engines are also numbered with the format "CHnnnHE", rather than the "VAnnnnHE" format of Dolomite 16-valve engines. Production records at the British Motor Industry Heritage Trust (BMIHT) cover 58 prototype and pre-production cars, all fixedheads, built between February and October 1977. Another car, without production records, is identified by DVLA details, and the possible existence of two more has been inferred from the commissioning number sequence; making a possible maximum of 59 to 61 cars, of which several still exist in the UK and elsewhere. These cars were built at the BL plant at Speke, at the same time as the pre-production runs for the convertibles and TR7 V8s, including a run of about 30 cars built on the line during the factory changeover to the 1978 year model in June 1977. However, it is claimed that some cars at least were converted at Canley from completed TR7s built at Speke.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Production of the TR7 Sprint stopped with the closure of the Speke plant. However, the failure of the TR7 Sprint to go into full series production is also blamed on BL's sales and marketing department because they claimed its performance was not sufficiently different from the TR7, though its top speed and 0– time were almost identical to those for the US specification carburetted version of the 3.5 litre Rover V8 powered Triumph TR8. Also, the Sprint engine was unsuitable for the emission-control equipment necessary for sale in the US, which was Sales and Marketing's main target market for the TR7 and TR8.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Even so, BL required some, probably about 50, 16-valve engined TR7s suitable for normal sale before the end of 1977. This was for the rehomologation of the 16-valve head to allow the 16-valve TR7 rally car to be used in the 1978 season following a change to the FIA's rules. That the TR7 Sprint was used in this is shown by a series of six photographs in the British Motor Museum's archives, taken on 1 November and listed as "TR7 Sprint Homologation". The 16-valve head was approved for use with the Group-4 rally car a second time in February 1978 in time for the Mintex Rally.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Converting a two-valve TR7 to the four-valve Sprint specification is relatively simple, compared to conversion to TR8 specification, because the TR7 and TR7 Sprint have virtually identical engine blocks. As a result, there are a number of such converted TR7 models around: "There are a [comparatively] large number of privately built Sprint conversions about ... Buyers should beware of this if they are asked a premium price for an alleged 'genuine' TR7 Sprint."


title: Triumph TR7

text: While the TR7 was under development in the early 1970s, a 2+2 fastback derivative, codenamed "Lynx" was also planned. The Lynx had a wheelbase stretched by , the Rover V8 engine, with the rear axle from the Rover SD1. Scheduled for launch in 1978, the Lynx was cancelled when the Speke factory was closed.


title: Triumph TR7

text: In early 1979, a joint MG-Triumph project to produce a new sportscar based on the TR7 was started under the name "Project Broadside". This was based on the TR7, with a wheelbase stretched by , with either an O-Series or Rover V8 engine, and both drophead and fastback body styles. Project Broadside was cancelled later in 1979, owing to a lack of funding.


title: Triumph TR7

text: During the latter part of 1979, as an exercise in badge engineering, another MG version of the TR7 was developed under the codename "Boxer" as a potential replacement for the MGB. Various concepts were presented and ultimately a design from BL's American headquarters at Leonia was accepted. Major changes to the standard TR7 hardtop were the addition of a MG-type grille to the nose panel, headlights similar to those of a Porsche 928 and a new tail panel with light units from a Rover SD1. The proposal was ultimately rejected on the grounds that the car was insufficiently different from the TR7.


title: Triumph TR7

text: About 25 or so prototype/development TR7s fitted with the BL O-series engine were built. Build dates are not currently known, nor when the programme was cancelled. However there are records showing these cars were either partly scrapped to rolling shells or converted to TR8 spec., before being sold off in 1983.


title: Triumph TR7

text: At least one of these O-Series TR7s (KPH 537V) was fitted with an early (Canley developed) version of the O-Series turbo-charged engine. This was recorded as being the fastest ever Triumph on the test track at MIRA achieving an average lap speed of and a flying speed of - both figures being almost faster than the fastest recorded TR8 (KPH 574V) at MIRA.


title: Triumph TR7

text: British Leyland ran a team of TR7s in rally competitions from 1976 to 1980. These cars initially used the 16-valve Dolomite Sprint engine and later switched to the Rover V8 engine (before the introduction of the TR8, so dubbed "TR7 V8"). They were reasonably successful on tarmac events but were less successful on gravel sections. The most successful driver of these cars was Tony Pond.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Group 44 ran two TR8 cars in TransAm and IMSA Championship from 1978 to 1981, while in Canada a third IMSA car was run with support of JRT Canada and was raced until 1985. The Group 44 effort lead to many wins of the TR8 in USA and was the most successful campaign of this type of car.


title: Triumph TR7

text: The fastest road race TR7 was built by RMP Motors in Canada, winning two back to back GT1 championships in 2012–13.


title: Triumph TR7

text: The 16-valve engined TR7 rally car was homologated for group 4 in October 1975, well before any 16-valve TR7 Sprints are known to have been produced. This was possible at the time using the "100-off rule", as John Davenport called it, in the FIA's appendix J to the "International Sporting Code" 1975. This 100-off rule described a list of "Optional equipment which may be recognized with a minimum production of 100 units per year to equip 100 cars" and requirements for their use. However, it did not require that any cars actually be so equipped, just that 100 of the "bolt-on option kits" be produced, listed, and made available for sale. As well as alternative cylinder heads with different numbers of cams and valves, this list of optional equipment also included many other engine, suspension, and transmission components, and so covered the use of the 4-speed, close-ratio gearbox and overdrive from the Triumph Dolomite Sprint (the heavy duty axle from the 5-speed TR7 was initially homologated for group 3 by another, less clear, route, though re-homologated later, presumably on production of 5-speed TR7s). Further modifications, including the larger front brakes and rear disk brakes, were covered as "Optional equipment which may be recognized without a minimum production". In 1975, Appendix J listed yet more modifications allowed, with restrictions, to cars for group 4, including pistons, manifolds, carburettors, and suspension, etc., that could be fitted without the FIA needing to recognize or approve them.


title: Triumph TR7

text: However, the BL rally team had to regain approval for the 16-valve head for the 1978 season, and several others such as Lancia, Toyota, Vauxhall, and Ford had similar problems at that time. This was because the FIA deleted the 100-off rule from 1976, though mechanical parts and cars already using it were allowed to be used until the end of 1977. The number of cars suitable for "normal sale" required to gain approval of such a modification under the 1976 rules does not appear to be recorded. However, several other similar modifications of the era, including the Vauxhall Chevette HSR, Porsche 924 Carrera GTS, and possibly Ford RS rally cars, involved production of batches of 50 cars. This may explain, at least in part, the production of the 60 or so 16-valve TR7 Sprints in 1977. Their use in this homologation process is shown by 6 photographs of a TR7 Sprint (later registered SJW 530S) described in the British Motor Museum Film and Picture Library archives as "TR7 Sprint Homologation".


title: Triumph TR7

text: The V8 version was homologated on 1 April 1978. This was homologated as a separate model, the TR8, directly into group 4, but because the TR8 had not yet been launched "as a compromise to keep the BL marketing people happy, it was called the TR7V8 instead." At that time, appendix J required 400 cars suitable for "normal sale". However, the number produced by April 1978 is believed to have been less than 150. Journalist and historian Graham Robson quotes John Davenport as saying "In those days there was no rigorous FIA inspection system. Provided that one provided a production sheet signed by an important manager, then nobody worried". Robson goes on, "A lot of fast and persuasive talking then went on, to show that the makings of well over 500 [sic.] cars were either built, partly built, or stuck in the morass of the Speke strike—the result being that homologation "was" gained." However, the FIA rules are specific that these should be "entirely finished cars, e.g., cars in running condition and ready for delivery to the purchasers." Also, the Ford Escort Mk2 RS1800 was re-homologated into Group 4, as the 2 L Escort RS, with only about 50 produced in 1977 and only about 109 in total - though has been claimed the FIA had included Escorts modified to RS1800 specification by others, after sale, despite this clearly being outside the FIA's rules.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Quality problems tended to undermine the car's image in the marketplace. This was primarily the result of the poor relations between management and workforce and frequent strikes at the Speke factory near Liverpool. Quality improved when production was moved to the Canley plant in Coventry, and later Solihull. However it was too late to save the car's reputation.


title: Triumph TR7

text: In its Frankfurt Motor Show preview edition of September 1977, the German magazine "Auto, Motor und Sport" reported that the engine of a TR7 press car had given up the ghost and "started to boil" while undergoing a maximum speed measurement exercise over a stretch of track as part of a road test. At the time of the report the cause of the problem was still unknown; British Leyland technicians had already been investigating the car, without comment, for nineteen days.


title: Triumph TR7

text: In total approximately 115,000 TR7 models were built which includes 28,864 soft top/convertibles, and approximately 2,800 TR8 models.


title: Triumph TR7

text: Ultimately the TR7 failed to sell in the same volumes as its predecessors, and by the late 1970s, sports cars were becoming a low volume niche product that British Leyland could ill-afford to support, given its volume car business was already struggling. A rationalisation plan introduced by incoming BL chairman Michael Edwardes saw the TR7 put on life support by axing the MG MGB as it was felt that the latter was cannibalizing the TR7's sales - however this controversial decision failed to revive the TR7's fortunes when it too was axed in 1981, with the end of car production at Solihull, which was to become exclusively a Land Rover plant.


title: Triumph TR7

text: The demise of the TR7 (and the Dolomite a year earlier) marked the end of the lineage of Triumph sports cars, with the marque continuing on the Triumph Acclaim until 1984. The Acclaim however was a licence-built Honda Ballade, built at the Cowley assembly plant and was pitched as a family saloon rather than as a sports car.


title: UFC 254

text: UFC 254: Khabib vs. Gaethje was a mixed martial arts event produced by the Ultimate Fighting Championship that took place on October 24, 2020 at the du Forum on Yas Island, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.


title: UFC 254

text: The event proceeded with local timing for prime time hours. The main card began at 10:00 pm (October 24) local time in Abu Dhabi, with a full preliminary card beginning at approximately 6:15 pm Gulf Standard Time.


title: UFC 254

text: A UFC Lightweight Championship unification bout between current champion Khabib Nurmagomedov and interim champion Justin Gaethje (also former WSOF Lightweight Champion) served as the event headliner. The bout was briefly linked to UFC 253, but the date did not materialize and instead took place four weeks later. On September 17, the UFC announced the signing of former three-time Bellator Lightweight World Champion Michael Chandler, who served as backup and a potential replacement for this fight.


title: UFC 254

text: A middleweight bout between former UFC Middleweight Champion Robert Whittaker and Jared Cannonier was initially scheduled to take place at UFC 248 in March. However, Whittaker pulled out due to personal reasons. The pairing was rescheduled for this event.


title: UFC 254

text: Despite never being officially announced, a featherweight bout between featherweight winner Yair Rodríguez and Zabit Magomedsharipov was expected to take place at the event. The pairing had been scheduled on two previous occasions, first at UFC 228 in September 2018 and then at in August. However, Rodríguez pulled out of both events with injury.


title: UFC 254

text: Magomed Ankalaev and Ion Cuțelaba first met in a light heavyweight bout at , where Ankalaev won via controversial knockout. Due to the controversy of the stoppage, the UFC booked the rematch for UFC 249, on its original April 18 date. However, Ankalaev was forced to pull out of the event due to travel restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic. They were later rebooked for UFC 252, but Cuțelaba then pulled out after testing positive for COVID-19 and the bout was rescheduled for UFC Fight Night: Smith vs. Rakić. Cuțelaba tested positive yet again on the day of the event, resulting in another cancellation of this fight. In turn, they were rescheduled for a third time and met at this event. Promotional newcomer Isi Fitikefu weighed in as an alternate for this bout.


title: UFC 254

text: Elizeu Zaleski dos Santos was expected to face Shavkat Rakhmonov in a welterweight bout at the event. However, dos Santos pulled out in late September due to a knee injury that would require surgery. He was replaced by Alex Oliveira.


title: UFC 254

text: A lightweight bout between former champion Rafael dos Anjos and Islam Makhachev was expected to take place at the event. However, it was announced on October 8 that dos Anjos tested positive for COVID-19 and was pulled from the bout. A replacement could not be found and Makhachev was also removed from the event. The pairing was left intact and rescheduled for November 14 at .


title: UFC 254

text: Cynthia Calvillo and former Invicta FC Bantamweight Champion Lauren Murphy were scheduled to meet in a women's flyweight bout at the event. However, Calvillo withdrew from the bout on October 15 after testing positive for COVID-19 and was replaced by promotional newcomer Liliya Shakirova.


title: UFC 254

text: A bantamweight bout between Umar Nurmagomedov and Sergey Morozov was expected to take place at the event. However, it was announced on October 18 that Nurmagomedov had been hospitalized due to an illness and the bout was scrapped. Morozov remained as an alternate for the catchweight bout of 140 pounds between Nathaniel Wood and Casey Kenney.


title: UFC 254

text: At the weigh-ins, Alex Oliveira and Joel Álvarez missed weight for their respective bouts. Oliveira weighed in at 173 pounds, two pounds over the welterweight non-title fight limit. Álvarez weighed in at 159.5 pounds, three and a half pounds over the lightweight non-title fight limit. Both of their bouts proceeded at catchweight and they were each fined 20% and 30% of their individual purses respectively, which went to their opponents Shavkat Rakhmonov and Alexander Yakovlev.


title: UFC 254

text: In Khabib Nurmagomedov’s post-fight interview, he announced his retirement from mixed martial arts and explained that he had promised his mother that he would not continue to fight without his late father (who died from complications related to an existing heart condition while positive with COVID-19 in July). "Today I want to say it was my last fight. No way I'm gonna come here without my father," Nurmagomedov said. "It was first time after what happened with my father. When UFC called me with Justin, I talked with my mother three days. She don't (want me) to go fight without father, but I promised her it's gonna be my last fight. And if I give my word, I have to follow this."


title: UFC 254

text: Just three days prior to fight night, UFC officials said they had tracked media coverage for the card in more than 50 countries, totaling more than 23 million impressions.


title: UFC 254

text: In Russia, UFC 254 was aired on REN TV, where it drew more than 10.8 million viewers on live television, ranking first place in Russian television ratings. The event was watched by 19.2% of the 25-54 age demographic in Russia, including 25.7% of males in that demographic. In the capital city Moscow, the event was watched by 19.8% of the 25-54 age demographic, including 26.8% of males in that demographic.


title: Blazer

text: A blazer is a type of jacket resembling a suit jacket, but cut more casually. A blazer is generally distinguished from a sport coat as a more formal garment and tailored from solid colour fabrics. Blazers often have naval-style metal buttons to reflect their origins as jackets worn by boating club members.


title: Blazer

text: A blazer's cloth is usually durable, as it is intended as outdoor wear. Blazers are often part of a uniform that denotes, for example, an airline's employees, pupils of a particular school, members of sports clubs, or sportsmen and women on a particular team.


title: Blazer

text: Blazers are worn with a wide variety of clothes, ranging from a dress shirt and necktie to an open-necked polo shirt, or even just a plain T-shirt. They are seen with trousers of all colours and fabrics, from the classic white cotton or linen, to grey flannel, to brown or beige chinos, and also jeans.


title: Blazer

text: A fitted, classically cut, double-breasted navy blue blazer with navy-style buttons is a popular design and sometimes referred to as a "reefer" blazer. Particularly in North America and the United Kingdom, it is now frequently used in business casual attire.


title: Blazer

text: Blazers, in a wide range of colours, are worn as part of school uniforms by many schools across the Commonwealth, and are still daily wear for most uniformed pupils in Britain, Ireland, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. These are blazers in the traditional sense: single-breasted, and often of bright colours or with piping. This style is also worn by some boat clubs, such as those in Cambridge or Oxford, with the piped version used only on special occasions such as a boat club dinner. In this case, the piping is in college colours, and college buttons are worn. This traditional style can be seen in many films set in the Edwardian era, such as "Kind Hearts and Coronets".


title: Blazer

text: Where the blazer is part of the dress of a school, college, sports club, or armed service regimental association (veterans' organization), it is normal for a badge to be sewn to the breast pocket. In schools, this badge may vary according to the pupil's standing in the school: being a member of the junior or senior school, being a prefect, or having been awarded colours in recognition of particular achievement in some academic or sporting field. In the Commonwealth, many regimental associations wear "regimental blazers" which also sport a similar badge on the breast pocket, usually in the form of a wire badge, and sometimes also regimental blazer buttons.


title: Blazer

text: In the British army, officers do not normally wear badges on their blazers (or boating jackets). Two regimental blazers will rarely be the same, as they are sourced from different civilian suppliers and are not issued by any authority. This results from the fact that the members of the association are no longer serving personnel, but civilians, though still retaining the bond that the badge represents. The standard colour is navy blue, although in some associations different colours are worn, such as rifle green for the associations of rifle regiments.


title: Blazer

text: Blazers, once commonly worn playing or attending traditional "gentlemen's sports", persist in only some games now, such as occasional use by tennis players, or in cricket, where in professional matches, such as international test matches, it is considered customary for the captain to wear a blazer with the team's logo or national coat of arms on the breast pocket – at least during the coin toss at the beginning of the match.


title: Blazer

text: Two sporting events where blazers signify victory are the Congressional Cup Regatta, at the Long Beach Yacht Club, and the Masters golf tournament, held in Augusta, Georgia. The former event awards a crimson blazer to the winner of the regatta, while the latter awards a green blazer to the winner of the Masters.


title: Blazer

text: The sartorial term "blazer" originated with the red "blazers" of the Lady Margaret Boat Club (1825), the rowing club of St. John's College, Cambridge. The Lady Margaret club jackets were termed "blazers" because of the bright red cloth, and the term survived the original red coat. Walter Wren, a writer to the London "Daily News" (22 August 1889) commented that "In your article of to-day … you speak of 'a striped red and black blazer', 'the blazer', also of 'the pale toned' ones … A blazer is the red flannel boating jacket worn by the Lady Margaret, St. John's College, Cambridge, Boat Club. When I was at Cambridge it meant that and nothing else. It seems from your article that a blazer now means a coloured flannel jacket, whether for cricket, tennis, boating, or seaside wear."


title: Blazer

text: These early blazers were like later sports jackets, but this term has never referred to blazers, instead describing jackets derived from the later innovation of wearing odd jackets for land-based sports. Assertions that the name is derived from HMS "Blazer" are not borne out by contemporary sources, although it is reported that before the standardization of uniform in the Royal Navy, the crew of HMS "Blazer" wore "striped blue and white jackets", apparently in response to the sailors of HMS "Harlequin" being turned out in harlequin suits. As late as 1837 the gig's crew of HMS "Blazer" were dressed by their Captain in jackets of blue and white stripes and it is from this that the word "blazer", meaning a striped jacket, has entered the language.


title: Blazer

text: The reefer jacket was of naval origin, and described the short double-breasted jacket worn by sailors in harsh weather, when they performed duties such as reefing the sails. It is descendants of this which are now commonly described by the term "blazer". Originally with black horn buttons, these jackets evolved to the modern dark blazer, now single as well as double breasted, and with metallic buttons.


title: Blazer

text: Striped blazers became popular among British Mods in the early 1960s, and again during the Mod revival of the late 1970s – particularly in three-colour thick/thin stripe combinations, with three-button single-breasted front, five- or six-inch side or centre vents, and cuffs with multiple buttons. Various photos from 1964 and 1965 show London mods in boating blazers. Photos of mod icons The Who from 1964 (as the High Numbers) variously show Pete Townshend, Keith Moon and John Entwistle wearing boating blazers. Another mod band, Small Faces, and other bands liked by mods – such as The Rolling Stones, The Beatles, The Kinks, Georgie Fame and the Blue Flames, The Animals, The Yardbirds, The Moody Blues and The Troggs – had band members wearing striped blazers/boating jackets, or later, brightly coloured blazers with wide white or other light edging. These later blazers often had non-metal buttons, sometimes in the same colour as the edging. The earlier style of striped blazers can be seen in the film "Quadrophenia". The later, bright, style of blazer was affectionately adopted by Austin Powers as part of his Swinging-London look.


title: Blazer

text: By the late 2000s the blazer had been adopted as a popular fashion trend amongst women, often having shorter lengths, rolled-up sleeves, various lapels and bright colours.


title: Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The badminton tournaments at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo took place between 24 July and 2 August 2021. A total of 172 athletes (86 male and 86 female players) competed in five events: men's singles, men's doubles, women's singles, women's doubles, and mixed doubles.


title: Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: The Olympic qualification period was originally scheduled to take place between 29 April 2019 and 26 April 2020, and the Badminton World Federation rankings list, scheduled to publish on 30 April 2020. The Olympic qualification period was then set between 29 April 2019 and 6 June 2021, and the Badminton World Federation rankings list, published on 15 June 2021, was used to allocate spots. Nations were able to enter a maximum of two players each in the men's and women's singles, if both were ranked in the world's top 16; otherwise, one quota place until the roster of thirty-eight players had been completed. Similar regulations also applied to the players competing in the doubles, as the NOCs could enter a maximum of two pairs if both were ranked in the top eight, while the remaining NOC's were entitled to one until the quota of 16 highest-ranked pairs was filled. Additional rules ensured that each continent is represented in every event, guaranteed the host at least one quota place in each individual event, and assign additional quota places if players qualify in multiple events.


title: Badminton at the 2020 Summer Olympics

text: A total of 172 badminton players from 49 National Olympic Committees (NOCs) across five continental confederations participate at the 2020 Summer Olympics.


title: Normal mode

text: A normal mode of a dynamical system is a pattern of motion in which all parts of the system move sinusoidally with the same frequency and with a fixed phase relation. The free motion described by the normal modes takes place at fixed frequencies. These fixed frequencies of the normal modes of a system are known as its natural frequencies or resonant frequencies. A physical object, such as a building, bridge, or molecule, has a set of normal modes and their natural frequencies that depend on its structure, materials and boundary conditions.


title: Normal mode

text: The most general motion of a system is a superposition of its normal modes. The modes are normal in the sense that they can move independently, that is to say that an excitation of one mode will never cause motion of a different mode. In mathematical terms, normal modes are orthogonal to each other.


title: Normal mode

text: In the wave theory of physics and engineering, a mode in a dynamical system is a standing wave state of excitation, in which all the components of the system will be affected sinusoidally at a fixed frequency associated with that mode.


title: Normal mode

text: Because no real system can perfectly fit under the standing wave framework, the "mode" concept is taken as a general characterization of specific states of oscillation, thus treating the dynamic system in a "linear" fashion, in which linear superposition of states can be performed.


title: Normal mode

text: The concept of normal modes also finds application in other dynamical systems, such as optics, quantum mechanics, atmospheric dynamics and molecular dynamics.


title: Normal mode

text: Most dynamical systems can be excited in several modes, possibly simultaneously. Each mode is characterized by one or several frequencies, according to the modal variable field. For example, a vibrating rope in 2D space is defined by a single-frequency (1D axial displacement), but a vibrating rope in 3D space is defined by two frequencies (2D axial displacement).


title: Normal mode

text: For a given amplitude on the modal variable, each mode will store a specific amount of energy because of the sinusoidal excitation.


title: Normal mode

text: The "normal" or "dominant" mode of a system with multiple modes will be the mode storing the minimum amount of energy for a given amplitude of the modal variable, or, equivalently, for a given stored amount of energy, the dominant mode will be the mode imposing the maximum amplitude of the modal variable.


title: Normal mode

text: A mode of vibration is characterized by a modal frequency and a mode shape. It is numbered according to the number of half waves in the vibration. For example, if a vibrating beam with both ends pinned displayed a mode shape of half of a sine wave (one peak on the vibrating beam) it would be vibrating in mode 1. If it had a full sine wave (one peak and one trough) it would be vibrating in mode 2.


title: Normal mode

text: In a system with two or more dimensions, such as the pictured disk, each dimension is given a mode number. Using polar coordinates, we have a radial coordinate and an angular coordinate. If one measured from the center outward along the radial coordinate one would encounter a full wave, so the mode number in the radial direction is 2. The other direction is trickier, because only half of the disk is considered due to the anti-symmetric (also called skew-symmetry) nature of a disk's vibration in the angular direction. Thus, measuring 180° along the angular direction you would encounter a half wave, so the mode number in the angular direction is 1. So the mode number of the system is 2–1 or 1–2, depending on which coordinate is considered the "first" and which is considered the "second" coordinate (so it is important to always indicate which mode number matches with each coordinate direction).


title: Normal mode

text: In linear systems each mode is entirely independent of all other modes. In general all modes have different frequencies (with lower modes having lower frequencies) and different mode shapes.


title: Normal mode

text: In a one-dimensional system at a given mode the vibration will have nodes, or places where the displacement is always zero. These nodes correspond to points in the mode shape where the mode shape is zero. Since the vibration of a system is given by the mode shape multiplied by a time function, the displacement of the node points remain zero at all times.


title: Normal mode

text: When expanded to a two dimensional system, these nodes become lines where the displacement is always zero. If you watch the animation above you will see two circles (one about halfway between the edge and center, and the other on the edge itself) and a straight line bisecting the disk, where the displacement is close to zero. In an idealized system these lines equal zero exactly, as shown to the right.


title: Normal mode

text: Consider two equal bodies (not affected by gravity), each of mass "m", attached to three springs, each with spring constant "k". They are attached in the following manner, forming a system that is physically symmetric:


title: Normal mode

text: where the edge points are fixed and cannot move. We'll use "x"("t") to denote the horizontal displacement of the left mass, and "x"("t") to denote the displacement of the right mass.


title: Normal mode

text: If one denotes acceleration (the second derivative of "x"("t") with respect to time) as formula_1, the equations of motion are:


title: Normal mode

text: If the matrix on the left is invertible, the unique solution is the trivial solution ("A", "A") = ("x", "x") = (0,0). The non trivial solutions are to be found for those values of ω whereby the matrix on the left is singular i.e. is not invertible. It follows that the determinant of the matrix must be equal to 0, so:


title: Normal mode

text: If we substitute ω into the matrix and solve for ("A", "A"), we get (1, 1). If we substitute ω, we get (1, −1). (These vectors are eigenvectors, and the frequencies are eigenvalues.)


title: Normal mode

text: Which corresponds to both masses moving in the same direction at the same time. This mode is called antisymmetric.


title: Normal mode

text: This corresponds to the masses moving in the opposite directions, while the center of mass remains stationary. This mode is called symmetric.


title: Normal mode

text: The general solution is a superposition of the normal modes where "c", "c", φ, and φ, are determined by the initial conditions of the problem.


title: Normal mode

text: The process demonstrated here can be generalized and formulated using the formalism of Lagrangian mechanics or Hamiltonian mechanics.


title: Normal mode

text: A standing wave is a continuous form of normal mode. In a standing wave, all the space elements (i.e. ("x", "y", "z") coordinates) are oscillating in the same frequency and in phase (reaching the equilibrium point together), but each has a different amplitude.


title: Normal mode

text: where "ƒ"("x", "y", "z") represents the dependence of amplitude on location and the cosine\sine are the oscillations in time.


title: Normal mode

text: Physically, standing waves are formed by the interference (superposition) of waves and their reflections (although one may also say the opposite; that a moving wave is a superposition of standing waves). The geometric shape of the medium determines what would be the interference pattern, thus determines the "ƒ"("x", "y", "z") form of the standing wave. This space-dependence is called a normal mode.


title: Normal mode

text: Usually, for problems with continuous dependence on ("x", "y", "z") there is no single or finite number of normal modes, but there are infinitely many normal modes. If the problem is bounded (i.e. it is defined on a finite section of space) there are countably many normal modes (usually numbered "n" = 1, 2, 3, ...). If the problem is not bounded, there is a continuous spectrum of normal modes.


title: Normal mode

text: In any solid at any temperature, the primary particles (e.g. atoms or molecules) are not stationary, but rather vibrate about mean positions. In insulators the capacity of the solid to store thermal energy is due almost entirely to these vibrations. Many physical properties of the solid (e.g. modulus of elasticity) can be predicted given knowledge of the frequencies with which the particles vibrate. The simplest assumption (by Einstein) is that all the particles oscillate about their mean positions with the same natural frequency "ν". This is equivalent to the assumption that all atoms vibrate independently with a frequency "ν". Einstein also assumed that the allowed energy states of these oscillations are harmonics, or integral multiples of "hν". The spectrum of waveforms can be described mathematically using a Fourier series of sinusoidal density fluctuations (or thermal phonons).


title: Normal mode

text: Debye subsequently recognized that each oscillator is intimately coupled to its neighboring oscillators at all times. Thus, by replacing Einstein's identical uncoupled oscillators with the same number of coupled oscillators, Debye correlated the elastic vibrations of a one-dimensional solid with the number of mathematically special modes of vibration of a stretched string (see figure). The pure tone of lowest pitch or frequency is referred to as the fundamental and the multiples of that frequency are called its harmonic overtones. He assigned to one of the oscillators the frequency of the fundamental vibration of the whole block of solid. He assigned to the remaining oscillators the frequencies of the harmonics of that fundamental, with the highest of all these frequencies being limited by the motion of the smallest primary unit.


title: Normal mode

text: The normal modes of vibration of a crystal are in general superpositions of many overtones, each with an appropriate amplitude and phase. Longer wavelength (low frequency) phonons are exactly those acoustical vibrations which are considered in the theory of sound. Both longitudinal and transverse waves can be propagated through a solid, while, in general, only longitudinal waves are supported by fluids.


title: Normal mode

text: In the longitudinal mode, the displacement of particles from their positions of equilibrium coincides with the propagation direction of the wave. Mechanical longitudinal waves have been also referred to as "compression waves". For transverse modes, individual particles move perpendicular to the propagation of the wave.


title: Normal mode

text: According to quantum theory, the mean energy of a normal vibrational mode of a crystalline solid with characteristic frequency "ν" is:


title: Normal mode

text: The term (1/2)"hν" represents the "zero-point energy", or the energy which an oscillator will have at absolute zero. "E"("ν") tends to the classic value "kT" at high temperatures


title: Normal mode

text: In order to calculate the internal energy and the specific heat, we must know the number of normal vibrational modes a frequency between the values "ν" and "ν" + "dν". Allow this number to be "f"("ν")d"ν". Since the total number of normal modes is 3"N", the function "f"("ν") is given by:


title: Normal mode

text: The integration is performed over all frequencies of the crystal. Then the internal energy "U" will be given by:


title: Normal mode

text: In quantum mechanics, a state formula_21 of a system is described by a wavefunction formula_22 which solves the Schrödinger equation. The square of the absolute value of formula_23, i.e.


title: Normal mode

text: Usually, when involving some sort of potential, the wavefunction is decomposed into a superposition of energy eigenstates, each oscillating with frequency of formula_25. Thus, one may write


title: Normal mode

text: The eigenstates have a physical meaning further than an orthonormal basis. When the energy of the system is measured, the wavefunction collapses into one of its eigenstates and so the particle wavefunction is described by the pure eigenstate corresponding to the measured energy.


title: Normal mode

text: Normal modes are generated in the Earth from long wavelength seismic waves from large earthquakes interfering to form standing waves.


title: Normal mode

text: For an elastic, isotropic, homogeneous sphere, spheroidal, toroidal and radial (or breathing) modes arise. Spheroidal modes only involve P and SV waves (like Rayleigh waves) and depend on overtone number "n" and angular order "l" but have degeneracy of azimuthal order "m". Increasing "l" concentrates fundamental branch closer to surface and at large "l" this tends to Rayleigh waves. Toroidal modes only involve SH waves (like Love waves) and do not exist in fluid outer core. Radial modes are just a subset of spheroidal modes with "l=0". The degeneracy does not exist on Earth as it is broken by rotation, ellipticity and 3D heterogeneous velocity and density structure.


title: Normal mode

text: It may be assumed that each mode can be isolated, the self-coupling approximation, or that many modes close in frequency resonate, the cross-coupling approximation. Self-coupling will solely change the phase velocity and not the number of waves around a great circle, resulting in a stretching or shrinking of standing wave pattern. Modal cross-coupling occurs due to the rotation of the Earth, from aspherical elastic structure, or due to Earth's ellipticity and leads to a mixing of fundamental spheroidal and toroidal modes.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: Amanda Barrie (born Shirley Anne Broadbent; 14 September 1935) is an English actress. She appeared in two of the "Carry On" films before being cast as Alma Halliwell in ITV soap opera, "Coronation Street", which she played on and off for 20 years. Between 2003 and 2006, she played the role of Bev Tull in the ITV prison drama, "Bad Girls". She has since enjoyed a varied stage and television career.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: Barrie was born Shirley Anne Broadbent in Ashton-under-Lyne, Lancashire, to Hubert Broadbent and his wife Connie ("née" Pyke). Barrie attended St Anne's College, Lytham St Annes, then trained at the Arts Educational School in London and later at Bristol Old Vic Theatre School.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: Barrie appeared in pantomime as a child and was a dancer before working for many years as a chorus girl in the West End until her first break as an actress came along. At sixteen she danced at the Windsor Club with Danny La Rue and Barbara Windsor, changing her name before making her West End debut in 1961's "Babes in the Wood". Throughout the 1960s, Barrie worked on many stage productions including "Cabaret", "Private Lives", "Hobson's Choice" and "Aladdin" She made her screen debut in the comedy film "Operation Bullshine" in 1959 leading to roles in popular films including "What a Whopper" and "Doctor in Distress". Barrie then starred in two of the Carry On films, a long-running series of British comedy films: she had a supporting part as a cab driver in "Carry On Cabby" (1963) and took the title role in "Carry On Cleo" (1964). In 1965, Barrie starred alongside Billy Fury in his film "I've Gotta Horse". Barrie continued to appear in many television series into the 1970s as well as presenting "Hickory House" with former "Coronation Street" star Alan Rothwell between 1973 and 1977. In 1975, Barrie played Mrs. B.J. Spence in the Walt Disney film "One of Our Dinosaurs Is Missing". After roles in a string of one-off television plays and series, she appeared in a guest role as a ballet mistress in the popular BBC comedy series "Are You Being Served?" in 1979. In 1982, she starred alongside Brian Murphy in "L for Lester", a sitcom about a driving instructor.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: Barrie is well known as Alma Sedgewick (later Baldwin), in "Coronation Street". She was a bit-player in the early to mid-1980s before she was offered a contract in 1988, after which her character became high-profile. She continued in the role until her departure in 2001. In the story, Alma was diagnosed with cervical cancer which later caused her death. Since leaving "Coronation Street", Barrie has continued to act, firstly as Margo Phillips in the long-running BBC medical soap opera "Doctors" for nine episodes, and in the popular ITV1 prison series "Bad Girls", playing inmate Bev Tull from the fifth series to the last, along with Phyl Oswyn played by Stephanie Beacham. The characters together were known as "The Costa Cons".


title: Amanda Barrie

text: She also became one of the celebrities who took part in "Hell's Kitchen" and attempted to slap Gordon Ramsay in the face. In 2005 she appeared as the Wicked Witch of the West in a pantomime adaptation of The Wizard of Oz at an Oxford theatre. She appeared on a pantomime edition of "The Weakest Link" dressed as the witch to raise money for charity but she was voted off in the second round. From November 2006 to January 2007, Barrie took a starring role in the pantomime adaptation of "Jack and the Beanstalk" in Canterbury. From December 2007 to January 2008, she appeared as the Fairy Godmother in the pantomime adaptation of "Cinderella" at the Gordon Craig Theatre in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. From December 2008 to January 2009, she played the Fairy Godmother in "Cinderella" at the Grand Theatre, Blackpool. She again played the role from December 2009 to January 2010 in Rhyl. In December 2010 and January 2011 she played the role in Bournemouth. She played role again from December 2011 to January 2012 in Worthing. On Tuesday 7 August 2012 she appeared in the BBC drama "Holby City" as troubled, sassy, failed actress Annabella Casey. She again played the Fairy Godmother in "Cinderella" at the Marina Theatre in Lowestoft from December 2013 to January 2014.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: In June 2014, Barrie returned to the set of "Coronation Street" for a 30-minute documentary entitled, "Gail & Me: 40 Years on Coronation Street", and was reunited with former co-stars and friends. From 2015 to 2017, Barrie had a recurring role as a fortune teller nicknamed Psychic Sue in the popular sitcom "Benidorm". In 2015, she starred in the film "Tea for Two" alongside John Challis as a couple who run a tea room, before having a role in the 2018 drama film "Together" with Sylvia Syms and Peter Bowles. In January 2018, Barrie took part in "Celebrity Big Brother".


title: Amanda Barrie

text: In the summer of 2019 she appeared in series 2 of "Celebrity 5 Go Barging", exploring canals around Staffordshire and Warwickshire by narrowboat.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: Barrie had a relationship with singer Billy Fury in the mid-1960s after they met while filming "I've Gotta Horse". Fury proposed to her, but she did not accept.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: In 1967, Barrie married theatre director and actor Robin Hunter. They separated in the mid-1980s, but never divorced; he died in 2004. The couple had no children. She came out as bisexual in her autobiography "It's Not a Rehearsal". On 12 September 2014, she married her long-term partner Hilary Bonner. The couple live in homes in the Blackdown Hills, Somerset, and London.


title: Amanda Barrie

text: Barrie is a distant cousin of "Coronation Street" co-star Sally Ann Matthews, who plays Jenny Bradley.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Scott M. Jensen (born November 19, 1954) is an American physician and politician. A member of the Republican Party, he was a member of the Minnesota Senate from 2017 to 2021. He was the Republican nominee for governor of Minnesota in the 2022 election.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen was born and raised in Sleepy Eye, Minnesota. He earned his M.D. from the University of Minnesota. Jensen practices family medicine at his clinic in Watertown, Minnesota. During the 1990s and 2000s, he served on the Waconia school board. Jensen was elected to the state Senate in 2016 from a district covering part of Carver County, Minnesota, on the outskirts of the Minneapolis-Saint Paul metropolitan area. During his term in the legislature, he was regarded as moderate. After leaving the legislature, his views shifted to the right. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Jensen was known for his criticisms of COVID-19 lockdowns and promotion of COVID-19 anti-vaccination falsehoods. He chose not to seek reelection in 2020.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: In 2021, Jensen announced his bid to challenge incumbent Democratic governor Tim Walz in the 2022 Minnesota gubernatorial election. He later selected former professional football player Matt Birk as his running mate. Jensen secured the Republican nomination in the August 2022 primary election. He and Birk lost to Walz and Lieutenant Governor Peggy Flanagan in the general election.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen was born on November 19, 1954. His father, Carl Jensen, was a member of the state legislature at various times between 1951 and 1980.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen graduated as the valedictorian from Sleepy Eye High School in Sleepy Eye, Minnesota, in 1973. He attended Luther Northwestern Theological Seminary from 1977 to 1978 and the University of Minnesota, graduating with a Bachelor of Arts in physiology in 1978 and a Doctor of Medicine in 1981. He was a Bush Fellow of leadership and policy studies at the University of Minnesota in 1999. Jensen was a professor at the University of Minnesota Medical School and has had a small family medical practice in Watertown, Minnesota, since 1986. He was a member of the Citizens Alliance Bank board, serving as the audit committee chair. He was the 2016 Minnesota Family Physician of the Year.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen became involved in politics as a supporter of John Anderson, and later Republican Ronald Reagan, in the 1980 presidential election. In the 1990s and 2000s, he served on the school board in Waconia, Minnesota, and chaired the local Republican Party.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen was elected to the Minnesota Senate in 2016 representing part of Carver County. He ran as a traditional conservative Republican, opposing abortion and favoring low taxes. During his single term in the legislature, he was regarded as moderate and pro-business, receiving a perfect score from the Minnesota Chamber of Commerce in 2017 and 2018. He was seen as "an eccentric and unpredictable legislator"; and as among the more bipartisan members of the Minnesota Senate, with a reputation as a political maverick. Jensen supported a bill to allow local governments to adopt ranked-choice voting, a system some Republicans had attempted to prohibit in the state. He put forward a bill to regulate pharmacy benefit managers, and to create a new commission to probe drug price increases. Voting against his party, he supported a ban on conversion therapy.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen received media attention in 2017 after providing medical attention to Governor Mark Dayton after Dayton collapsed while giving his State of the State address on the floor of the state House at the Minnesota State Capitol.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: In January 2021, just after he retired from the State Senate, Jensen was viewed as a potential Republican candidate for governor in the 2022 election, challenging Democratic incumbent Tim Walz, and said he planned to decide whether to run in the coming months. In March 2021, Jensen announced his candidacy. He named former Minnesota Vikings player Matt Birk as his running mate. He took an early polling and fundraising lead among Republican candidates in the primary, running against former Senate Majority Leader Paul Gazelka, Lexington Mayor Mike Murphy, and others. (State Senator Michelle Benson also sought the nomination, but dropped out of the race.) Jensen won a Carver County Republican Party straw poll by a wide margin during the 2022 Republican primary campaign for governor.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: In May 2022, Jensen attacked Minnesota Secretary of State Steve Simon for his operation of the state's election system, suggesting that Simon should go "to jail" without providing any evidence that Simon had done anything illegal. Jensen's comments were part of a larger trend of Republican candidates casting doubt on election results in the wake of Donald Trump's claim that the 2020 election was rigged against him, a falsehood promoted by many Republican candidates and believed by many Republican voters. Simon called Jensen's comments "bizarre and irresponsible" and "a cynical attempt to use extreme conspiracy theories to radicalize political supporters."


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: At the May 2022 Minnesota Republican convention, Jensen won the party's endorsement on the ninth round of voting among the 2,100 delegates, defeating Lexington Mayor Mike Murphy and businessman Kendall Qualls. In the August 2022 primary election, Jensen faced only minor opposition. In the November 8 general election, Jensen lost to incumbent governor Tim Walz by over seven percentage points, 52.3% to 44.6%. He fared better than Walz's opponent had in 2018 and made gains against Walz in Greater Minnesota, but he did not overcome Walz's lead in the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen had a reputation as a moderate Republican during his tenure in the state senate. His views shifted to the right after he left the Senate. Jensen's shift surprised allies and reflected a broader movement of the Republican Party under Donald Trump.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: While campaigning for the governorship, when asked about the potential reversal of "Roe v. Wade", Jensen said that if elected, "I would try to ban abortion." He said that he supported a ban of all abortions unless a mother's life is in danger, with no exemptions for cases of rape or incest. Jensen's running mate, Matt Birk, has said that women "always want to go to the rape card" and opposed abortions for rape victims. Later in his 2022 campaign, Jensen moderated his position on abortion, taking a stance that would permit several exceptions. In a September 2022 television ad and in public appearances, he referred to the Minnesota Supreme Court's 1995 decision "Doe v. Gomez", which held that abortion in Minnesota is a protected constitutional right; Jensen noted that the governor lacked the power to change that ruling, and that he was not running to do so.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: While in the Senate, Jensen supported holding an informational hearing on Senator Melisa Franzen's and Representative Mike Freiberg's bill to legalize marijuana in Minnesota. He said he did not endorse the bill's content, despite being one of its cosponsors.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: In an April 2020 appearance on Fox News's "The Ingraham Angle", Jensen incorrectly stated that the U.S. COVID-19 death toll was being inflated; experts said that the COVID-19 death toll was more likely an undercount. President Donald Trump amplified the claim during his 2020 campaign. PolitiFact cited Jensen as a contributor to their "Lie of the Year 2020: Coronavirus downplay and denial" for the claims.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Complaints against Jensen were made to the Minnesota Board of Medical Practice about public statements he had made related to COVID-19. Jensen said that after an investigation, the board dismissed the initial allegations against him in July 2020. But additional complaints were brought before the Board, and as of July 17, 2022, Jensen was under investigation for a fifth time. At that point, he declared that the Board had been "weaponized" against him, and said that "this juggernaut [the Board] will be dealt with" should he be elected, referencing the governor's power to appoint the medical board's members.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen aligned himself with the COVID-19 anti-vaccination movement. In May 2021, he sued the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services in an attempt to prevent children from receiving COVID-19 vaccinations. His fellow plaintiffs in the suit included anti-vaccine activist Simone Gold and the right-wing political organization America's Frontline Doctors (AFD). AFD had attracted notoriety for its promotion of false and misleading COVID-19 claims. The complaint, filed in federal court in Alabama, falsely called the COVID-19 vaccines a dangerous "experimental biological agent". The affidavit claimed that "it would be reckless to subject anyone in that age group to the experimental COVID-19 vaccine", and Jensen said that giving children the vaccine "would violate his oath as a doctor and place him in an untenable position". In a later interview, Jensen said he had "quietly" been a member of AFD and had been unaware of the involvement of the group's founder, Gold, in the January 6 United States Capitol attack. He also said he did not read the whole petition before signing it. In the same interview, Jensen said, against medical consensus, that he does not recommend COVID-19 vaccines for "young and healthy" people. He was banned from TikTok in April 2021 and restricted from advertising on Facebook in July 2021 for violating community guidelines barring the promotion of COVID-19 misinformation.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen's views were mentioned in the 2020 COVID-19 conspiracy-theory video "Plandemic". He was a member of the World Doctors Alliance, an international fringe group that promoted false and conspiratorial claims about COVID-19. Jensen has questioned the medical and scientific consensus that ivermectin and hydroxychloroquine are ineffective against COVID-19. In September 2021, he called on "ALL Minnesota citizens and businesses to participate in civil disobedience" by ignoring a Biden administration proposal to require large employers to ensure that their employees were either vaccinated against COVID-19 or took weekly COVID-19 tests.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: In 2018, Jensen proposed various gun control measures in the state legislature to expand universal background checks and require that lost or stolen firearms be reported to authorities. Gun rights groups condemned his proposals. In 2022, Jensen said at the Republican Party convention that he had been on the "wrong side" of the issue and apologized for his past support of gun measures. He has also called for hiring more police officers.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: In 2022, Jensen pledged that, if elected governor, he would commute the sentence of Kim Potter, a police officer convicted of killing Daunte Wright at a traffic stop in 2021. However, a governor alone cannot commute sentences in Minnesota. It is necessary to gain unanimous support from the three-member Board of Pardons, consisting of the governor, the attorney general, and the Minnesota Supreme Court's chief justice.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen has advocated tax cuts and spending decreases. During his campaign for governor, he has called for eliminating Minnesota's state personal income tax and "dramatically reducing" state expenditures.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Running for Senate in 2016, Jensen expressed support for abolishing the Met Council, a regional governmental agency covering the Minneapolis–Saint Paul metropolitan area. In 2022, he said the council is "coming down" if he is elected governor.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: While campaigning for governor in 2022, Jensen proposed a school voucher program. Although he did not release funding figures for a plan, a nonpartisan fiscal analysis for a similar proposal by Minnesota State Senate Republicans estimated that such a program would shift $178 million from public schools to private schools over two years.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: While running for governor, Jensen called for a repeal of Minnesota's Clean Car rule, a rule (set to take effect in 2024) that limits carbon emissions from motor vehicle and requires automakers to introduce more hybrid and electric vehicles into Minnesota. His energy proposal made no mention of climate change.


title: Scott Jensen (Minnesota politician)

text: Jensen has criticized the use of medical procedures for transgender teenagers and has opposed gender identify affirmation in schools. In a September 2022 campaign speech, he falsely claimed that some schools provide litter boxes for children who identify as furries.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Yin Yoga is slow-paced style of yoga as exercise, incorporating principles of traditional Chinese medicine, with asanas (postures) that are held for longer periods of time than in other styles. Advanced practitioners may stay in one asana for five minutes or more. The sequences of postures are meant to stimulate the channels of the subtle body known as meridians in Chinese medicine and as "nadis" in Hatha yoga.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Yin Yoga poses apply moderate stress to the connective tissues of the body—the tendons, fasciae, and ligaments—with the aim of increasing circulation in the joints and improving flexibility. A more meditative approach to yoga, its goals are awareness of inner silence, and bringing to light a universal, interconnecting quality.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Yin Yoga was founded in the late 1970s by martial arts expert and Taoist yoga teacher Paulie Zink. Yin Yoga is taught across North America and Europe, encouraged by its teachers Paul Grilley and Sarah Powers. As taught by Grilley and Powers, it is not intended as a complete practice in itself, but as a complement to more active forms of yoga and exercise. However, Zink's approach includes the full range of Taoist yoga, both yin and conventional.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Long-held postures have been used both in India's Hatha yoga and in China's Tao yin (Taoist yoga). For example, B. K. S. Iyengar recommended holding Supta Virasana (reclining hero pose) for 10–15 minutes. Long-held stretches are similarly recommended in Western physical disciplines, such as gymnastics and ballet, to increase flexibility.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Tao yin included poses like those of Yin Yoga in the system of Neidan (internal alchemy), intended to improve health and longevity. Taoist priests taught long-held poses, along with breathing techniques, to Kung Fu practitioners beginning 2000 years ago, to help them fully develop their martial arts skills.


title: Yin Yoga

text: The practice of a series of long-held floor poses was introduced in North America in the late 1970s by the martial arts champion Paulie Zink.


title: Yin Yoga

text: In the late 1970s, Zink began to teach a synthesis of hatha yoga with Taoist yoga, as well as postures, movements and insights that he had developed himself. He later called this synthesis "Yin and Yang yoga," or "Yin Yoga" for short.


title: Yin Yoga

text: In his first years of teaching, many of Zink's students were martial arts practitioners who had developed strong but tight muscles, and he taught them only beginner level Taoist Yoga, focusing on long-held yin poses to alleviate their lack of flexibility. However, as more students came he began to teach more advanced levels. He explained that in order to develop full flexibility, the student must restore his own primal nature, through several Taoist yoga practices, as follows: yin "asanas"—mostly sitting or lying postures; yang "asanas"—more active, strenuous postures; Taoist Flow yoga—both yin and yang yoga postures practiced in continuous, smooth and circular motions; "Chi Kung"—involving simple and gentle movement and breathing techniques; and Taoist alchemy—based, supposedly, upon the Taoist theory of the five elements used in Chinese medicine. Taoist alchemy purports to embody the energetic attributes of various animals and to enliven the five alchemical elements believed to be contained in the body's energetic field, namely Earth, Metal, Water, Wood, and Fire. These are considered to animate distinct qualities in the body, namely calm, strength, fluidity, springiness and lightness, respectively.


title: Yin Yoga

text: The yoga teacher Paul Grilley sought Zink out and studied with him in the 1980s. Grilley studied anatomy in Montana under a doctor, Gary Parker, and then at the University of California, Los Angeles. There, he also taught conventional yoga including Ashtanga and Bikram Yoga, and managed a yoga studio. In 1989, Grilley met Hiroshi Motoyama, a Japanese scholar and yoga practitioner, who had researched the physiology of Traditional Chinese Medicine and written on it extensively. Motoyama was interested in the physiology of the meridians, or subtle pathways and vessels, and the "qi" or subtle energy hypothesized to flow through or get stored in them. These are fundamental concepts in Chinese medicine and acupuncture. He related these to the parallel concepts of the "nadi" pathways and "chakras" of Indian yoga, and the "prana" said to be carried within them. Grilley began to teach a fusion of the Yin poses he had learned from Zink with hatha yoga and anatomy, and the teachings of Motoyama. He created yin sequences with aims similar to that of an acupuncturist. Yin teacher and author Ulrica Norberg says that Grilley "evolved Yin Yoga further." Bernie Clark, a Yin Yoga author and teacher said that Grilley's synthesis of anatomy, Taoist Yoga, and meridian theory "resonated with many people who recognized the benefits of the practice and related to Paul's model of the body/mind/soul."


title: Yin Yoga

text: One of Grilley's students, the yoga teacher Sarah Powers, began teaching yoga in his style. She incorporated Buddhist psychology and put more emphasis on targeting the meridian systems for health and enlightenment. Her book, "Insight Yoga", explains Yin Yoga sequences designed to enhance the flow of "qi" as understood in Traditional Chinese Medicine. She emphasized a conscious and systematic approach to breathing during yin practice. Grilley had at first called his approach Taoist Yoga, in deference to Zink's term. Powers, noting that the yoga she and Grilley were teaching was different from Zink's, suggested the term Yin Yoga. Zink adopted the term as a short form for "Yin and Yang Yoga." Powers began teaching Yin Yoga in her tours, referring students to Grilley for further information. Powers, Grilley, and Zink began offering Yin Yoga teacher training courses. By 2009, Yin Yoga had become available across North America and in Europe.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Yin Yoga is based on the Taoist concepts of yin and yang, opposite and complementary principles in nature. Yin could be described as stable, immobile, feminine, passive, cold, and downward moving. Yang is understood to be changing, mobile, masculine, active, hot, and upward moving. The sun is considered yang, the moon yin. In the body, the relatively stiff connective tissues (tendons, ligaments, fascia) are considered yin, while the more mobile and pliable muscles and blood are called yang. More passive asanas in yoga are considered yin, whereas the more active, dynamic asanas are described as yang.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Yin Yoga employs specific sequences of poses to stimulate particular meridians, or subtle channels, as understood in Traditional Chinese Medicine; these are the equivalent of the nadi channels in hatha yoga.


title: Yin Yoga

text: In keeping with its roots in Taoist Yoga, Zink says that Yin Yoga has a deeper purpose: to "open the heart and invoke the primal self." Powers says one of the primary objectives of yin practice is the cultivation of inner stillness.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Although many Yin Yoga poses closely resemble the asanas of conventional or "yang" yoga, they have different names, in part to alert those familiar with conventional yoga not to perform them in the same way. In general, the poses of Yin Yoga are performed with little muscular exertion. For example, in Seal pose, in which a practitioner lies face down and raises the trunk, the upward movement is gradual and entirely supported by the arms, while the legs are relaxed, whereas in Bhujangasana (Cobra Pose), the practitioner actively curves the spine upward in an arc using arms and lower back muscles, and reaches back with the legs strongly. Because Yin Yoga does not make practitioners hot, the temperature of the room is kept a little higher than usual.


title: Yin Yoga

text: Zink's approach to Yin Yoga consists of both yin and yang postures, and incorporates movement in between postures as a yang element. In contrast, Yin Yoga sessions taught by Grilley and Powers consist of a series of long-held, passive floor poses that primarily affect the lower part of the body—the hips, pelvis, inner thighs, lower spine—about 18 to 24 in number. These areas are especially rich in connective tissues, the "loading" of which (Yin Yoga teachers avoid the word "stretching") is a main focus in this style of yoga.


title: Yin Yoga

text: During the long hold times of the yin asanas, teachers usually give "dharma talks", informal monologues that often explain the physiology and anatomy of poses, including the meridian lines being affected. They may tell traditional Buddhist stories, recite poetry, sing songs, or reflect on their own experience.


title: Lyssa Chapman

text: Lyssa Rae Chapman (born June 10, 1987) is an American businesswoman, television personality, former bail bondswoman and bounty hunter, most noted for her role on A&E TV's "Dog the Bounty Hunter", in which she, along with her father Duane "Dog" Chapman and various friends and family, track down and capture wanted fugitives.


title: Lyssa Chapman

text: Chapman was born the ninth of twelve children of Duane "Dog" Chapman. Her mother is his third wife, Lyssa Rae Brittain (née Greene). She is known as "Baby Lyssa" to distinguish from her mother "Big Lyssa". She was raised by her father until she was 10, after which she went to live with her mother in a small Alaskan town, Anderson, and had no contact with her father for six years. She later worked with him at the family bail bonds company, Da Kine Bail Bonds. She appeared on Season 2 Episode 16 of "".


title: Lyssa Chapman

text: Chapman’s first daughter, Abbie Mae Chapman, was born the day after her fifteenth birthday. It was revealed in an interview during Lyssa's second pregnancy, that Abbie's father was 24 years old at the time of conception. He was subsequently arrested for statutory rape.


title: Lyssa Chapman

text: On February 20, 2009, Chapman married Brahman "Bo" Galanti (born July 24, 1973) in Oahu, Hawaii. The couple have one child together, Madalynn Grace Galanti, in addition to their children by other relationships. In February 2011, Chapman filed for divorce from Galanti. On March 15, 2011, she was arrested for criminal property damage and assaulting a police officer.


title: Lyssa Chapman

text: Howard Books, a division of Simon & Schuster, released Chapman's autobiography, "Walking on Eggshells: Discovering Strength and Courage Amid Chaos", on May 7, 2013.


title: Lyssa Chapman

text: On June 3, 2022, Chapman married Leiana Evensen in the Pacific Ocean in Hawaii, in a private ceremony performed by Chapman’s “Uncle David”. Chapman and Evensen previously owned a tanning salon.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: The Heirloom Seal of the Realm (), also known in English as the Imperial Seal of China, was a Chinese jade seal carved out of Heshibi, a sacred piece of jade.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: In 221 BC, the Seal was created when Qin Shi Huang destroyed the remaining Warring States and united China under the Qin Dynasty. Heshibi was a famous piece of jade stone which previously belonged to the Zhao state. Passing into the hands of the new Emperor of China, he ordered it made into his Imperial seal. The words, "Having received the Mandate from Heaven, may (the emperor) lead a long and prosperous life." (受命於天, 既壽永昌) were written by Prime Minister Li Si, and carved onto the seal by Sun Shou.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: The Seal was carved from jade because, in ancient China, jade was symbolic of the inner beauty within humans. Many tombs and burials from ancient China contained decorative jade, including a jade burial suit unearthed in 1968 that belonged to a Han prince, Liu Sheng. During the Han dynasty, the Chinese associated jade with immortality to a point where some individuals attempted to drink jade in liquid form to gain eternal life. This association further complements the idea of the Mandate of Heaven and why the Seal was carved in jade, China's most valued material for thousands of years.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: The "Romance of the Three Kingdom"s says that Liu Bang, who became the first Han emperor, saw a Phoenix sitting on a rock and presented the rock to Xiang Yu, the king of Chu, who split the stone in two with his sword and found the jade with which the seal was carved.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: At the death of the second Emperor of Qin, his successor Ziying proffered the Seal to the new emperor of the Han dynasty, whereafter it was known as the "Han Heirloom Seal of the Realm". At the end of the Western Han dynasty in 9 CE, Wang Mang, the usurper, forced the Han empress dowager to hand over the Seal. The empress dowager, in anger, threw the Seal on the ground, chipping one corner. Later, Wang Mang ordered the corner to be restored with gold.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: This Seal passed on even as dynasties rose and fell. It was seen as a legitimizing device, signalling the Mandate of Heaven. During turbulent periods, such as the Three Kingdoms period, the seal became the object of rivalry and armed conflict. Regimes which possessed the seal declared themselves, and are often historically regarded, as legitimate. At the end of the Han dynasty in the 3rd century AD, General Sun Jian found the Imperial Seal when his forces occupied the evacuated Han imperial capital Luoyang, in the course of the campaign against Dong Zhuo, giving it to his chief, warlord Yuan Shu. The "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" says that one of Sun Jian's men betrayed him and told about the Seal to the coalition leader Yuan Shao who asked him for the seal, but Sun Jian refused. He swore that if he had the Seal, he might die a violent death, and set out for his home. Nevertheless, Yuan Shao told Liu Biao to block his way; Liu Biao did so, though he was unable to defeat Sun Jian. This began a rivalry between them, and Sun Jian, according to his oath, died a violent death in an ambush while fighting Liu Biao later on. Sun Jian's son, Sun Ce inherited the seal and gave it to Yuan Shu so that he might lend him troops to take revenge for his uncle, who had been fighting Warlord Lu Kang.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: Yuan Shu then declared himself emperor under the short-lived Zhong dynasty in 197. This act angered the warlords Cao Cao and Liu Bei, leading to several crushing defeats by each army. The other warlords, even after being issued with an imperial decree, refused to help Cao Cao and Liu Bei in defeating Yuan Shu. When Yuan Shu was defeated in 199 by Liu Bei, the Seal came into the hands of Cao Cao, whose son Cao Pi proclaimed the Wei Dynasty as the legitimate successor state to Han, in 220, in response to the established states of Shu Han and Eastern Wu. The Seal remained in the hands of Wei Dynasty emperors until the last emperor Cao Huan was forced to abdicate in Sima Yan's favor, passing the Seal from Cao to Sima and establishing the Jin dynasty in 265.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: The Seal was passed through the Cao Wei Dynasty, Jin Dynasty, Sixteen Kingdoms period, Southern and Northern Dynasties period, Sui Dynasty and Tang Dynasty, but was lost to history in the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period (907-960).


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: The fate of the seal during and after the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period is not known. Three theories exist as to when, and how, it was lost:


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: When the Ming armies captured the Yuan capital in 1369, it captured just one out of the eleven personal seals of the Yuan emperors. The Heirloom Seal was not found. In 1370, Ming armies invaded the Northern Yuan dynasty and captured some treasures brought there by the retreating Yuan emperor. However, once more the Heirloom Seal was not found. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, the Seal was known to be lost. Neither the Ming nor the Qing dynasties possessed it. This partly explains the Qing Emperors' obsession with creating numerous imperial seals – for the emperors' official use alone the Forbidden City in Beijing has a collection of 25 seals – in order to reduce the significance of the Heirloom Seal.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: In the early 20th century, as the Qing Empire pursued reforms to modernise its system of government, a series of official seals were created for use on documents and instruments of the imperial government. Although square in shape following the traditional design, the seal dies themselves were made of wood, in imitation of western government precedents and, contrary to earlier Qing imperial seals which were bilingual (Chinese and Manchu), had only Chinese text. Four seal dies were carved: "The Seal of the Great Qing" (大清國寶), "The Seal of the Great Qing Emperor" (大清皇帝之寶), "The Great Seal of the Great Qing Empire" (大清帝國之璽), and "The Seal of the Emperor of the Great Qing Empire" (大清帝國皇帝之寶). Of these, the Great Seal of the Great Qing Empire represented the official, modern "replacement" for the lost heirloom seal. The seal dies are in the collection of the Palace Museum in Beijing, and none show signs of use. After the fall of the Qing Empire in 1912, the Republic of China government likewise adopted a set of square-shaped official seals. The People's Republic of China initially adopted a similar square seal, but this fell out of use by 1954.


title: Heirloom Seal of the Realm

text: Several seals have since been claimed as the lost Heirloom Seal, but none have held up under scrutiny. In at least one case, the seal concerned was found to be a personal seal of an emperor, rather than the Heirloom Imperial Seal.


title: Kalaimamani

text: The Kalaimamani is the highest civilian award in the state of Tamil Nadu, India. These awards are given by the "Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Mandram" (literature, music and theatre), a unit of the Directorate of Art and Culture, Government of Tamil Nadu, to recognise artists in the state for their achievements.


title: Kalaimamani

text: The Tamil Nadu government has appointed dancer Chitra Visweswaran as the secretary of Tamil Nadu Iyal Isai Nataka Manram. Film music director Deva is its chairman.


title: Kalaimamani

text: Music: T.S.Narayanasamy (vocal), Meera Sivaramakrishnan (violin), Ramani (veena), Vaikkom R.Gopalakrishnan (ghatam), S.Venkataraman (flute), T.S.Vasudeva Rao (tabla), A.C.Jayaraman (nadhaswaram), S.Kasim (nadhaswaram), Vazhuvur R.Manickavinayakam (light music), Kovai Natarajan (harmonium), Dr.S.Sunder (music research).


title: Kalaimamani

text: Bharatanatyam: Krishnaveni Lakshmanan, Ananda Shankar Jayant, C.V.Chandrasekhar; Mannargudi N.Sakthivadivel, C.P.Venkatesan, Yogam Santhanam, Melattur S.Kumar.


title: Kalaimamani

text: Artistes receiving cash assistance: V.S.Azhagesan (musical play), T.P.Chellappa (musical play) and S.Leelavathi (drama).


title: Kalaimamani

text: Music: Sulochana Pattabhiraman (vocal), Nagai R.Muralidharan (violin), S.Ravindaran (veena), Mannargudi A.Eswaran (mridangam), R.Raman (morsing), H.Ramakrishnan (konnakkole), Mannargudi M.S.K.Sankaranarayanan (nadhaswaram), Denkanikotta Mani (thavil), Purisai Arunagiri (devotional music).


title: Kalaimamani

text: Artistes receiving cash assistance: S.P.Anthonysamy (kaliayalattam), A.S.Balasubramaniam (puppetry) and Pavalar Om Muthumari (street play)


title: Kalaimamani

text: The Tamil Isai Sangam, Madurai, will receive the shield for the best cultural forum and the Cauvery Annai Kalai Mandram, Thanjavur, for the best drama troupe.


title: Kalaimamani

text: The portraits of the following late artistes of yesteryear to be unveiled: `Sivaji' Ganesan, T.V.Narayanasamy (drama artiste), M.P.N.Sethuraman (nadhaswaram), C.S.Murugabhoopathy (mridangam), K.V.Mahadevan (music composer), S.V.Venkataraman (music composer), P.S.Veerappa (film actor), Mani Krishnaswamy (vocalist), A.S.Gnanasambandan (litterateur), Kothamangalam Seenu (musical drama), K.T.Santhanam (lyricist), Pandari Bai (actress), Varadaiah (veena), C.T.Rajagandham (actress), D.R.Ramanna (film producer), Devika (actress), S.V.Ranga Rao (actor), J.P.Chandra Babu (actor).


title: Kalaimamani

text: Tamil Film Historian Vamanan, Bharatanatyam exponent Leela Samson, stage artist Bombay Gnanam, film personalities Surya Sivakumar, Jyothika, Vadivelu, Eyal - G. Gnanasambandam, Silambarasan, Hariharan and Anuradha Sriram.


title: Kalaimamani

text: This year there were a few film personalities awarded with Kalaimamani and out of those were Jayam Ravi, Navya Nair, Trisha, Vishal, Silambarasan and Jiiva.


title: Kalaimamani

text: In the 2010, 26 artistes were given Kalaimamani awards. They include actors Anushka Shetty, Mrs.Sujatha Peer Mohamed (Barathanatiyam Dancer), Tamannaah and Arya, Carnatic vocalist Gayathri Girish, Carnatic Vocalist K.N. Shashikiran, Nathaswara Vidhvan Thirukkadaiyur T.S.Muralitharan, Veena players Rajhesh Vaidhya and S. Srinivasan, dramatist Prasanna Ramaswamy, spiritual orators Desa Mangaiyarkkarasi and S Sathyaseelan, and Tamil scholar Tamizhannal and Dindigul I. Leoni, Flautist Tiruvarur S. Swaminathan, Singer Kalyani Menon.


title: Kalaimamani

text: Actors: Prasanna, Nalini, R Pandiyarajan, Kanchana, Sharada, T P Gajendran, stunt master Judo K K Rathnam


title: Kalaimamani

text: Actors: Sivakarthikeyan, Yogi Babu, Sangeetha Krish, Aishwarya Rajesh, Jangiri Madhumitha, Devadarshini, Nandhakumar, Shanthi Williams, Nithya


title: Plastic wrap

text: Plastic wrap, cling film, Saran wrap, cling wrap, Glad wrap or food wrap is a thin plastic film typically used for sealing food items in containers to keep them fresh over a longer period of time. Plastic wrap, typically sold on rolls in boxes with a cutting edge, clings to many smooth surfaces and can thus remain tight over the opening of a container without adhesive. Common plastic wrap is roughly 0.0005 inches (12.7 μm) thick. The trend has been to produce thinner plastic wrap, particularly for household use (where very little stretch is needed), so now the majority of brands on shelves around the world are 8, 9 or 10 μm thick.


title: Plastic wrap

text: Plastic wrap was initially created from polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which remains the most common component globally. PVC has an acceptably-low permeability to water vapor and oxygen, helping to preserve the freshness of food. There are concerns about the transfer of plasticizers from PVC into food. Pliofilm was made of various kinds of rubber chloride, used in the middle of the 20th century could be heat-sealed.


title: Plastic wrap

text: A common, cheaper alternative to PVC is low-density polyethylene (LDPE). It is less adhesive than PVC, but this can be remedied by adding linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), which also increases the film's tensile strength.


title: Plastic wrap

text: In the US and Japan, plastic wrap is sometimes produced using polyvinylidene chloride (PVdC), though some brands, such as Saran wrap, have switched to other formulations due to environmental concerns.


title: Plastic wrap

text: The most important role plastic wrap plays in food packaging is protection and preservation. Plastic wrap can prevent food from perishing, extend its shelf-life, and maintain the quality of food. Plastic wrap generally provides protection for food from three aspects: chemical (gases, moisture, and light), biological (microorganisms, insects and animals), and physical (mechanical damage). In addition to food protection and preservation, plastic wrap can also reduce food waste, tag food information, ease the distribution processes, and increase product visibility and microwavability.


title: Plastic wrap

text: Plastic materials are widely used in the food industry due to their low price and convenience; however, there has been an increased health concern because of the possibility of releasing undesirable chemicals from plastic materials into food products. Plastic packages are made of various materials such as polyethylene, low-density polyethylene, etc. Additives, including lubricants, plasticizers, UV-absorbers, colorants, and antioxidants, are added into plastic materials in order to improve the quality and properties of the plastics. Besides, plastic materials are often coated and printed in the final processes, in which inks and varnishes are used. Although the barrier properties of the plastic packages provide protection of foods from external contaminations, the additives and coating materials in the plastic packages are able to penetrate into foods and cause health-related issues.


title: Plastic wrap

text: "It is true that substances used to make plastics can leach into food," says Edward Machuga, Ph.D., a consumer safety officer in the FDA's Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition. “But as part of the approval process, the FDA considers the amount of a substance expected to migrate into food and the toxicological concerns about the particular chemical.” A couple of cases have caught media attention in recent years. One case is in regard to diethylhexyl adipate (DEHA). DEHA is a plasticizer, a substance added to some plastics in order to make them flexible. The public concerns about DEHA exposure while consuming food with plastic wraps. There are potentials of exposure to DEHA; however, the levels of the exposure are much lower than the no toxic effect levels in animal studies. Another case is in regard to the dioxins, labeled as "likely human carcinogen" by the Environmental Protection Agency. The public has been misled by the claims that plastics contain dioxins , while Machuga stated that no evidence that shows plastic containers or films contain dioxins was seen by the FDA . Overall the use of plastic wrap in the food industry does not pose danger to human health.


title: Plastic wrap

text: The accumulation of plastic debris on the Earth threatens both wildlife and the environment. Plastic debris might choke or trap wildlife, and it could also penetrate toxic compounds into ecosystems. This land-originated problem has become a problem in ocean ecosystem as well since streams and rivers which are close to the land have carried the plastic debris into the coast, and currents transfer it to everywhere in the ocean. Plastic debris is a potential danger to all forms of aquatic life. Some marine species, like sea turtles, take plastic as prey items by mistake. Besides, some species might even pick up plastics and feed their offspring, which cause huge problems on growth and even cause mortality. Toxic compounds in plastics can disrupt hormone regulation in the cells of organisms, which can lead to alteration of animals’ mating behavior, reproductive ability, and even cause the development of tumors. Plastic debris could be a big threat to lives in the ocean.


title: Plastic wrap

text: A study shows that using recycled plastic materials can reduce the environmental impacts significantly as a result of minimizing exploration, mining and transportation of natural gas and oil. One of the possible ways to increase the recycling rate is adding fibrous reinforcement into plastics. The environmental impact has been assessed using the life cycle assessment method. The results showed that plastics with fibrous reinforcement added can sharply reduce resource usage and global warming in civil applications.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Gabriella Maria Papadakis (born 10 May 1995) is a French ice dancer. With her partner, Guillaume Cizeron, she is a 2022 Olympic champion, 2018 Olympic silver medalist, a five-time World champion (2015–2016, 2018–2019, 2022), a five-time consecutive European champion (2015–2019), the 2017 and 2019 Grand Prix Final champion, and a seven-time French national champion (2015–2020, 2022). They have won ten gold medals on the Grand Prix series. Earlier in their career, they won silver at the 2012 Junior Grand Prix Final and at the 2013 World Junior Championships.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis and Cizeron have broken world records 34 times, which is in itself a record across all figure skating disciplines since the introduction of the ISU Judging System in 2004. They are the current and historical world record holders in the short dance, free dance, and combined total. They are the first team to have broken the 90-point barrier in the rhythm dance, 120-point and 130-point barriers in the free dance, and the first team to score above the 200-point, 210-point, and 220-point barriers in the combined total score.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: The pair are recognized for their graceful and balletic style. Their programs, inspired by modern dance, have been described as lyrical, and commentators have frequently acclaimed the quality of their skating skills.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Gabriella Papadakis was born on 10 May 1995 in Clermont-Ferrand, France. She is the daughter of Catherine, a French skating coach, and Emmanuel, the owner of a food truck in Austin, Texas. Her father is from Korydallos, Greece, and his family has roots in Crete.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: She relocated from France to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, on 14 July 2014 in order to continue to train with Romain Haguenauer, who had moved to Gadbon Centre.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis and Cizeron teamed up when they were about 9 or 10 years old in Clermont-Ferrand at the suggestion of her mother, Catherine Papadakis, who coached them from the beginning of their partnership. They debuted on the ISU Junior Grand Prix series in 2009–10, placing 15th at JGP United States. They were 22nd at the 2010 World Junior Championships.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In 2010–11, Papadakis/Cizeron finished 4th at JGP France and then won bronze at their second event, in Austria. They advanced to 12th at the 2011 World Junior Championships.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In 2011–12, Papadakis/Cizeron finished 4th at both of their Junior Grand Prix events. They rose to 5th at the 2012 World Junior Championships.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In mid-June 2012, Papadakis/Cizeron decided to move to Lyon to train with new coaches Muriel Zazoui, Romain Haguenauer, and Olivier Schoenfelder. They competed in their fourth season of the Junior Grand Prix, winning their first title at JGP France and then taking another gold medal at JGP Austria, where they scored their personal best of 142.08 points. Their wins qualified them for the 2012–13 JGP Final in Sochi, Russia. Papadakis/Cizeron won the silver medal in Sochi behind Russian ice dancers Alexandra Stepanova / Ivan Bukin. At the 2013 World Junior Championships in Milan, the French placed second in the short dance. On the day of the free dance, Papadakis sprained her ankle in an off-ice warm-up before the morning practice. During the competition, she paused after 2:52 minutes and was allowed a medical break, after which she and Cizeron completed the dance. They placed third in the free dance and second overall, stepping onto the podium along with gold medalists Stepanova/Bukin and bronze medalists Aldridge/Eaton.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis/Cizeron decided to move up to the senior level for the 2013–14 season. They made their senior international debut at the International Cup of Nice, winning gold. The duo then competed at two senior Grand Prix assignments, placing fifth at the 2013 Trophée Eric Bompard and seventh at the 2013 Rostelecom Cup. Initially named as alternates for the 2014 European Championships, they were called up when Nathalie Péchalat / Fabian Bourzat withdrew. They placed 15th at the event, held in January in Budapest, and 13th at the 2014 World Championships, held in March in Saitama.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In July 2014, Papadakis/Cizeron relocated with Haguenauer to Montreal, Quebec, Canada. Marie-France Dubreuil, Patrice Lauzon, and Pascal Denis joined Haguenauer as the duo's coaches. Their free dance was inspired by a ballet, Le Parc. The two began their season by winning an ISU Challenger Series event, the 2014 Skate Canada Autumn Classic, where they defeated Piper Gilles / Paul Poirier. In November, Papadakis/Cizeron reached their first Grand Prix podium, winning gold at the 2014 Cup of China ahead of Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani and 2014 World champions Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte. Beating Gilles/Poirier again, they took their second GP title at the 2014 Trophée Éric Bompard and qualified for their first Grand Prix Final. At the latter event, held in December 2014 in Barcelona, they placed fifth in the short dance, third in the free dance, and third overall behind Kaitlyn Weaver / Andrew Poje and Madison Chock / Evan Bates.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In January 2015, Papadakis/Cizeron ranked first in both segments at the 2015 European Championships in Stockholm and took the gold medal by a margin of 8.45 points over the World champions, Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte. In March, they competed at the World Championships in Shanghai, China. Ranked fourth in the short dance and first in the free dance, they finished first overall ahead of Madison Chock / Evan Bates, whom they outscored by 2.94 points. They were the first French skaters to win a World title since 2008 and the youngest World champions in ice dance in 49 years.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: On 28 August 2015, Papadakis sustained a cerebral concussion after a fall in practice. According to Dubreuil, "They clipped each other's blades, and she fell right on her head. The symptoms were instant. We could see she was walking wobbly; she had trouble putting words together." Subsequently, Papadakis/Cizeron withdrew from the Master's de Patinage in Orléans scheduled in the second week of October. On 12 November 2015, they withdrew from their Grand Prix events, the 2015 Trophée Éric Bompard and 2015 NHK Trophy. Doctors were uncertain about how long her recovery would take. In March 2016, Papadakis said, "I couldn't go out, skate, read, or have a conversation with people. It was impossible to concentrate. I still have some symptoms."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis/Cizeron returned to competition in December to win their second national title. The following month, at the 2016 European Championships in Bratislava, Papadakis/Cizeron placed second to Italy's Anna Cappellini / Luca Lanotte in the short dance. They were first in the free dance and won their second consecutive European title.