title: Jerry Butler

text: The Hives covered "Find Another Girl" on their 2000 album "Veni Vidi Vicious". The Black Keys covered "Never Give You Up" on their 2010 album, "Brothers".


title: Jerry Butler

text: He currently resides in Chicago. His wife Annette, originally one of his backup singers, died in 2019.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Since his 1991 induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame as a member of the Impressions, music writers and critics have stated that Butler also deserves a second induction as a "solo" artist, based upon his successful career as a recording artist and songwriter after leaving that group.


title: Down feather

text: The down of birds is a layer of fine feathers found under the tougher exterior feathers. Very young birds are clad only in down. Powder down is a specialized type of down found only in a few groups of birds. Down is a fine thermal insulator and padding, used in goods such as jackets, bedding (duvets and featherbeds), pillows and sleeping bags. The discovery of feathers trapped in ancient amber suggests that some species of dinosaur may have possessed down-like feathers.


title: Down feather

text: The word "down" comes from the Old Norse word "dúnn", which had the same meaning as its modern equivalent. The down feather is considered to be the most "straightforward" of all feather types. It has a short or vestigial rachis (shaft), few barbs, and barbules that lack hooks. There are three types of down: natal down, body down and powder down. Natal down is the layer of down feathers that cover most birds at some point in their early development. Precocial nestlings are already covered with a layer of down when they hatch, while altricial nestlings develop their down layer within days or weeks of hatching. Megapode hatchlings are the sole exception; they are already covered with contour feathers when they hatch. Body down is a layer of small, fluffy feathers that lie underneath the outer contour feathers on a bird's body.


title: Down feather

text: Powder down, or pulviplumes, is a special type of down that occurs in a few groups of apparently unrelated birds. In some species, the tips of the barbules on powder down feathers disintegrate, forming fine particles of keratin, which appear as a powder, or "feather dust", among the feathers. These feathers grow continuously and are not moulted. In other species, powder grains come from cells that surround the barbules of growing feathers. These specialized feathers are typically scattered among ordinary down feathers, though in some species, they occur in clusters. All parrots have powder down, with some species (including the mealy amazons) producing copious amounts. It is also found in tinamous and herons. The dust produced from powder down feathers is a known allergen in humans.


title: Down feather

text: The loose structure of down feathers traps air, which helps to insulate the bird against heat loss and contributes to the buoyancy of waterbirds. Species that experience annual temperature fluctuations typically have more down feathers following their autumn moult. There is some evidence that down feathers may also help to decrease the incidence of nestling cannibalism among some colonially nesting species, as the stiffness of the feathers make the young more difficult to swallow. Pollutants can reduce the efficiency of these functions. When oiled, for example, down feathers mat and clump together, which breaks down the bird's insulation and allows water to reach the skin.


title: Down feather

text: Female wildfowl use down feathers plucked from their own breasts to line their scrape nests. This process performs the dual function of helping to insulate the eggs and exposing the female's brood patch—an area of bare skin, rich in blood vessels, which transmits heat very efficiently. Of the various items birds use to line their nests, down feathers provide the most effective insulation, though only when dry; wet down is the least effective insulator. Down may also help camouflage the eggs when the female is away from the nest, particularly as the birds often draw the feathers over their eggs before leaving.


title: Down feather

text: Because a bird can eliminate heavy metals in its feathers and because feathers can be collected non-invasively and stored indefinitely, down feathers can be used to check for evidence of metal contamination in the bird's environment. Studies have shown a high level of correlation between the level of metal contamination in a bird's diet and the level found in its feathers, with the proportion of the chemicals found in its feathers remaining relatively constant (and relatively high for some metals).


title: Down feather

text: Mutations in the genes that control the formation of down feathers have been recorded in a German White Leghorn flock. Although the elements of a normal down feather are present, a hyperkeratosis of the feather's horny sheath after 16–17 days of incubation results in the sheath not splitting as it should during the final stages of the feather's growth. Because of that abnormal splitting, the bird's down appears to be matted; chicks with this condition look bristly and singed and tend to be lighter in body weight than normal chicks are.


title: Down feather

text: Down feathers were used by indigenous North Americans for religious ceremonies and as powerful symbols. In the stories of some cultures, the down feathers of an eagle were important gifts given by the bird to the story's hero. In the Ghost Dance, a religious movement that became particularly widespread among the Plains Indians, each dancer held a painted feather that was tipped with a down feather painted with another color; the feathers were generally those of a crow, which was sacred to the Ghost Dance, or of an eagle, which was sacred to all tribes. Zuni prayer sticks were also made using eagle down. While eagle feathers belonged to the Sun Priest, who planted them to the sun, other priests could use them if rain was needed, as the down is said to suggest "fleecy clouds that gather on the horizon before rain". The Hopi rubbed eagle down feathers over rattlesnakes being collected for their Snake Dances, in an effort to soothe and calm the reptiles.


title: Down feather

text: Anglers who fly fish have long used the down feathers of waterfowl for the construction of fishing lures. Because they are white, down feathers can be easily dyed a variety of colors. They are used to make the bodies, tails and wing casings of the flies. Historically, much of the down used for the flies came from the wing and tail of the marabou stork; these feathers were also popular with the millinery and dressmaking trades. Though it is still called by the same name, today's "marabou" (sometimes spelled "marabout"), comes from domestic turkeys, as marabou storks are protected.


title: Down feather

text: For centuries, humans across the globe have used down feathers for insulation. Russian documents from the 1600s list "bird down" among the goods sold to Dutch merchants, and communities in northern Norway began protecting the nests of eider ducks as early as 1890. Eiders are still "farmed" by people in Iceland, Scandinavia and Siberia. The birds are provided with nest sites and protected from predators, and down is collected intermittently during the nesting season without harming the nests or female ducks. The first collection is made roughly halfway through the incubation period, when some of high quality down is removed per nest. When the eggs have hatched and the young have left the area, the remaining down and breast feathers are gathered, typically resulting in another of lower quality feathers per nest. In general, 50–60 nests will produce about one kilogram (2.2 pounds) of down feathers. No more than four tonnes of eiderdown is collected from wild nests each year. Approximately 70% of that harvest is from Iceland. According to the International Down and Feather Bureau, eiderdown contributes only a small, but lucrative, portion of the world's total down production, estimated at 175,000 tonnes annually. An eiderdown duvet requires from 600 to 1,600 grams of eiderdown fill; a simple 800 gram duvet sells for about 640,000 Icelandic króna (US$5,116) as of 2021.


title: Down feather

text: In Iceland and Scandinavia, colonies of more than 5,000 birds sometimes develop in "farmed" areas, while in some protected areas of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, nest densities exceed 13,000 per hectare (more than 5,260 per acre). On the other hand, the more nomadic indigenous peoples of Arctic Canada did not see down production as a reasonable source of income and tended to overexploit eider nests with "indifferent" collection of down feathers from the nests.


title: Down feather

text: Although the down feathers of various species of wildfowl, gulls and other seabirds have historically been used for insulation, most now come from domestic geese. Some 70 percent of the world's supply comes from China, typically from birds killed for their meat. Most of the rest comes from Europe and Canada, from birds harvested for meat or pâté.


title: Down feather

text: A portion of the world's supply of down feathers are plucked from live birds, a practice condemned as cruel by animal welfare groups. The precise percentage of down harvested in this manner is uncertain; while some references report that it is only a small fraction of the total (less than 1% in 2011), a 2009 Swedish documentary reported that it might be as much as 50–80% of the total supply, a figure supported by IKEA and an industry representative, but disputed by organizations within the industry. The documentary also shows birds lying on the floor with large flesh wounds from the plucking, after which the wounds were stitched using a needle and thread without anesthetic. Although live-plucking is illegal in Canada, the United States and Europe, it is known to occur in two European countries (Poland and Hungary) and in China. Public sentiment against the practice has, in some countries, been strong. IKEA and clothing manufacturer Patagonia have altered product lines to eliminate the use (or possible use) of live-plucked down.


title: Down feather

text: In the United States, Federal Trade Commission regulations require that any product labeled "100% Down" must contain only down feathers, while products labeled simply "Down" can contain a mixture of fiber and feathers. In addition, products labeled as "Goose Down" must contain at least 90% goose down, 10% goose feathers. Down insulation is rated by fill power, which is the number of cubic inches displaced by a given ounce of down (in/oz). To measure fill power, an ounce of down is placed into a graduated cylinder, and a small weight is dropped in on top of it; the volume below the weight indicates the fill power. Eiderdown has the highest fill power, at 1200. However, even down with a fill power as low as 550 still provides reasonably good insulation. Higher fill-power downs will thus insulate better than lower fill-power downs of the same weight. Insulation in most outdoor equipment ranges from about 400 to 900  in/oz (230–520 cm/g). Down rated 500–650 in/oz (290–375 cm/g) is warm enough and light enough for most conditions, and 800–900 in/oz (460–520 cm/g) fill is used for very lightweight and/or very cold-weather gear.


title: Down feather

text: Down is warm, lightweight and packable. If well cared for, it retains its loft up to three times longer than do most synthetics. However, when it is wet, the thermal properties of down are virtually eliminated. Down forms clumps if exposed to dampness or moisture, and will mildew if left damp. In addition, it will absorb and retain odors.


title: Down feather

text: Down feathers tend to become more allergenic as they age, as they become contaminated with molds and dust mites. Pillows provide the most common source of exposure, though mattresses, comforters, outerwear and upholstery can also cause problems. A Finnish study has shown that true feather allergies are rare, with most issues caused by dust mites.


title: Down feather

text: Feathers found in amber in western France, Canada and northeastern China suggest that some non-avian dinosaurs may have had primitive, down-like feathers.


title: Hosanna

text: Hosanna () is a liturgical word in Judaism and Christianity. In Judaism it refers to a cry expressing an appeal for divine help. In Christianity it is used as a cry of praise.


title: Hosanna

text: The word "hosanna" (Latin ', Greek , "hōsanná") is from Hebrew , ' and related to Aramaic (ʾōshaʿnā) meaning 'save, rescue, savior'.


title: Hosanna

text: In the Hebrew Bible it is used only in verses such as "help" or "save, I pray" (). In the Gospels it is used as a shout of jubilation, and this has given rise to complex discussions.


title: Hosanna

text: In that context, the word "Hosanna" seems to be a "special kind of respect" given to the one who saves, saved, will save, or is saving now. If so Hosanna means 'a special honor to the one who saves'. The literal interpretation "Save, now!", based on Psalm 118:25, does not fully explain the occurrence of the word.


title: Hosanna

text: In Jewish liturgy, the word is applied specifically to the Hoshana Service, a cycle of prayers from which a selection is sung each morning during Sukkot, the Feast of Booths or Tabernacles. The complete cycle is sung on the seventh day of the festival, which is called Hoshana Rabbah (הושענא רבא, "Great Hoshana"). In Judaism it is always used in its original Hebrew form, הושע נא "Hosha na" or "הושענא "Hoshana".


title: Hosanna

text: "Hosanna" was the shout of praise or adoration made in recognition of the messiahship of Jesus on his triumphal entry into Jerusalem, "Hosanna! Blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lᴏʀᴅ!" which forms part of the "Sanctus" prayer.


title: Hosanna

text: It is applied in numerous verses of the New Testament, including "Hosanna; blessed is the one who comes in the name of the Lord" (); "hosanna in the highest" (); and "hosanna to the Son of David" ().


title: Hosanna

text: The "Hosanna Anthem", based on the phrase "Hosanna", is a traditional Moravian Church anthem written by Bishop Christian Gregor of Herrnhut sung on Palm Sunday and the first Sunday of Advent. It is antiphonal, i.e. a call-and-response song; traditionally, it is sung between the children and adult congregation, though it is not unheard of for it to be done in other ways, such as between choir and congregation, or played between trombone choirs.


title: Hosanna

text: Many songs for church use bear the title "Hosanna", including songs written by New Zealand singer Brooke Fraser Ligertwood (released on the 2007 Hillsong United albums "All of the Above" and live on "Saviour King" and covered by the Canadian group Starfield on their album "I Will Go"); another song by Paul Baloche on his 2006 album "A Greater Song"; another by gospel artist Kirk Franklin, and another by Andrew Peterson on his 2008 album "Resurrection Letters II". Sidney Mohede's "Hosanna (Be Lifted High)" was included on Israel Houghton's 2011 Grammy Award-winning album "Love God, Love People". "Hosanna! Loud Hosanna" is a well-known hymn by Jeanette Threlfall.


title: Hosanna

text: In the Philippines, particularly in Tagalog-speaking provinces, the term "Osanahan" refers to a procession of the faithful with the priest from a prayer station (termed "kuból" or "Galilea" in some places) after the blessing of palms to the local church for the Palm Sunday liturgy. At each stop, children dressed as angels sing the antiphon "Hosanna Filio David" in Filipino or Latin along with traditional music by a rondalla or a brass band.


title: Hosanna

text: Architect Frank Lloyd Wright famously used the word in his exclamation "Hosanna! A client!" after securing a commission, breaking a long, dry spell.


title: Hosanna

text: In the 1969 Broadway musical "1776" the word is used repeatedly as part of the chorus of the song "Cool, Cool, Considerate Men."


title: Hosanna

text: "Hosanna" is the name of one of the songs featured in the 1971 rock opera "Jesus Christ Superstar". The song covers the entry of Jesus into Jerusalem, as in the above Biblical passages. Jesus is briefly harassed by the high priest Caiaphas but the people celebrate him as the Messiah. There is also a reprise of the chorus when Jesus is sent to King Herod.


title: Hosanna

text: A. R. Rahman composed the song "Hosanna" for the 2010 Tamil movie "Vinnaithaandi Varuvaayaa". Here the word is used as an exclamation of joy when a man sees his beloved. The Christian Catholic Secular Forum (CSF) objected to this song and asked film-makers Fox Star Studios to remove it from the final cut of the Hindi remake of the film, "Ekk Deewana Tha".


title: Hosanna

text: Paul McCartney's album New, released in 2013, features a song titled Hosanna. Contextually, he uses the phrase as a cry for help in light of the world's current state of affairs.


title: Hosanna

text: American comedians Tim and Eric use the phrase "blessed Hosanna" freely in their piece "Morning Prayer with Skott and Behr."


title: Georgie Porgie

text: "Georgie Porgie" is a popular English language nursery rhyme. It has the Roud Folk Song Index number 19532.


title: Georgie Porgie

text: These appeared in "The Kentish Coronal" (1841), where the rhyme was described as an "old ballad" with the name spelled "Georgy Peorgy". That version persisted through most of the 19th century and was later illustrated by Kate Greenaway in 1881. It was also quoted by Rudyard Kipling in the story named after it, published in 1891.


title: Georgie Porgie

text: James Orchard Halliwell did not record the words in his collection of "The nursery rhymes of England", but in the fifth edition of 1853 he included a variant:


title: Georgie Porgie

text: And a Cheshire dialect version was quoted in 1887 with the variant "picklety pie" in place of Halliwell's "pumpkin pie".


title: Georgie Porgie

text: But by 1884 a version had appeared in which the third line read "When the boys came out to play", and it was this reading which Peter and Iona Opie chose to perpetuate in their day in "The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes" (1951). They also mentioned there various unsubstantiated conjectures that link the character Georgie Porgie to British historical figures, including King George I and George Villiers, 1st Duke of Buckingham, claims that have been copied in other works of reference to this day.


title: Georgie Porgie

text: Among children the verse has been used as a rhyming taunt for boys called George, or else of fat boys. It is also used to harass a boy who is considered not sufficiently manly, either because he is thought to fancy a girl, or (with a switch of sexes in line two) who is accused of being homosexually inclined. It can also be used to tease a girl who fancies a boy, where, with other appropriate changes, she is addressed as "Rosie Posie".


title: Georgie Porgie

text: The rhyme was included in "National Nursery Rhymes" (London, 1870), a volume illustrated by George Dalziel and Edward Dalziel, where the words were set to music by James William Elliott. And in 1885 they were set as a part song by the Canadian composer Joseph Gould under his musical pseudonym, Spencer Percival.


title: Affray

text: In many legal jurisdictions related to English common law, affray is a public order offence consisting of the fighting of one or more persons in a public place to the terror (in ) of ordinary people. Depending on their actions, and the laws of the prevailing jurisdiction, those engaged in an affray may also render themselves liable to prosecution for assault, unlawful assembly, or riot; if so, it is for one of these offences that they are usually charged.


title: Affray

text: The common law offence of affray was abolished for England and Wales on 1 April 1987. Affray is now a statutory offence that is triable either way. It is created by section 3 of the Public Order Act 1986 which provides:


title: Affray

text: Section 3(6) once provided that a constable could arrest without warrant anyone he reasonably suspected to be committing affray, but that subsection was repealed by paragraph 26(2) of Schedule 7 to, and Schedule 17 to, the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005, which includes more general provisions for police to make arrests without warrant.


title: Affray

text: The "mens rea" of affray is that person is guilty of affray only if he intends to use or threaten violence or is aware that his conduct may be violent or threaten violence.


title: Affray

text: The offence of affray has been used by HM Government to address the problem of drunken or violent individuals who cause serious trouble on airliners.


title: Affray

text: In "R v Childs & Price" (2015), the Court of Appeal quashed a murder verdict and replaced it with affray, having dismissed an allegation of common purpose.


title: Affray

text: Affray is a serious offence for the purposes of Chapter 3 of the Criminal Justice (Northern Ireland) Order 2008.


title: Affray

text: In New South Wales, section 93C of Crimes Act 1900 defines that a person will be guilty of affray if he or she threatens unlawful violence towards another and his or her conduct is such as would cause a person of reasonable firmness present at the scene to fear for his or her personal safety. A person will only be guilty of affray if the person intends to use or threaten violence or is aware that his or her conduct may be violent or threaten violence. The maximum penalty for an offence of affray contrary to section 93C is a period of imprisonment of 10 years.


title: Affray

text: In Queensland, section 72 of the Criminal Code of 1899 defines affray as taking part in a fight in a public highway or taking part in a fight of such a nature as to alarm the public in any other place to which the public have access. This definition is taken from that in the English Criminal Code Bill of 1880, cl. 96. Section 72 says "Any person who takes part in a fight in a public place, or takes part in a fight of such a nature as to alarm the public in any other place to which the public have access, commits a misdemeanour. Maximum penalty—1 year’s imprisonment."


title: Affray

text: The Indian Penal Code (sect. 159) adopts the old English common law definition of affray, with the substitution of "actual disturbance of the peace for causing terror to the "lieges"".


title: Affray

text: In New Zealand affray has been codified as "fighting in a public place" by section 7 of the Summary Offences Act 1981.


title: Affray

text: Under the Roman-Dutch law in force in South Africa affray falls within the definition of "vis publica".


title: Affray

text: In the United States, the English common law as to affray applies, subject to certain modifications by the statutes of particular states.


title: Military history of Greece during World War II

text: The military history of Greece during World War II began on 28 October 1940, when the Italian Army invaded Greece from Albania, beginning the Greco-Italian War. The Greek Army temporarily halted the invasion and pushed the Italians back into Albania. The Greek successes forced Nazi Germany to intervene. The Germans invaded Greece and Yugoslavia on 6 April 1941, and overran both countries within a month, despite British aid to Greece in the form of an expeditionary corps. The conquest of Greece was completed in May with the capture of Crete from the air, although the "Fallschirmjäger" (German paratroopers) suffered such extensive casualties in this operation that the Oberkommando der Wehrmacht (German High Command) abandoned large-scale airborne operations for the remainder of the war. The German diversion of resources in the Balkans is also considered by some historians to have delayed the launch of the invasion of the Soviet Union by a critical month, which proved disastrous when the German Army failed to take Moscow.


text: Greece was occupied and divided between Germany, Italy, and Bulgaria, while the King and the government fled into exile in Egypt. First attempts at armed resistance in summer 1941 were crushed by the Axis powers, but the Resistance movement began again in 1942 and grew enormously in 1943 and 1944, liberating large parts of the country's mountainous interior and tying down considerable Axis forces. Political tensions between the Resistance groups broke out in a civil conflict among them in late 1943, which continued until the spring of 1944. The exiled Greek government also formed armed forces of its own, which served and fought alongside the British in the Middle East, North Africa, and Italy. The contribution of the Greek Navy and merchant marine, in particular, was of special importance to the Allied cause.


text: Mainland Greece was liberated in October 1944 with the German withdrawal in the face of the advancing Red Army, while German garrisons held out in the Aegean Islands until after the war's end. The country was devastated by war and occupation, and its economy and infrastructure lay in ruins. Greece suffered more than 400,000 casualties during the occupation, and the country's Jewish community was almost completely exterminated in the Holocaust. By 1946, a civil war erupted between the foreign-sponsored conservative government and leftist guerrillas, which lasted until 1949.


text: The Italian invasion from Albania on October 28, 1940, after making small initial gains, was stopped by the determined defense of Greek forces in the battles at the Elaia–Kalamas line and the Pindus Mountains. The unwillingness of Bulgaria to attack Greece, as the Italians had hoped, allowed the Greek High Command to transfer most of the mobilizing divisions intended for the garrisoning of Macedonia to the front, where they were instrumental in the Greek counteroffensive, launched on November 14. Greek forces crossed the border into Albania and took city after city despite facing a harsh winter, having inadequate supplies and facing Italian air superiority. By mid-January, Greek forces had occupied a quarter of Albania, but the offensive came to a standstill before it reached its objective, the port of Vlorë.


text: This situation prompted Germany to come to the rescue of its Axis partner. According to Stockings and Hancock, Hitler had never wished to interfere in the Balkans. They claim in their book, "Swastika over the Acropolis "(2013) that the invasion of Greece had more to do with "a reluctant response to British involvement" than aiding his Axis partner. In a final attempt to restore Italian prestige before the German intervention, a counterattack was launched on March 9, 1941, against the key sector of Klissura, under Mussolini's personal supervision. Despite massive artillery bombardments and the employment of several divisions on a narrow front, the attack made no headway and was called off in under two weeks.


text: But by April 13, the Italian front in Albania finally began to move, prompted by the general Italo-German joint attack. The Greeks put up a strong defense, fighting vigorously. A few days later, they retreated and lost much of their hard-won Albanian territory. Italian Bersaglieri units appeared and entered the plain of Korce, but even though minefields and road-blocks tried to delay their passage into Greek territory, they simply dismounted from their lorries and continued advancing by bicycle. The Greek Army of the Epirus was exhausted, while "the Italian advance amounted merely to keeping up with a defeated and retreating enemy".


text: The long-anticipated German attack ("Unternehmen Marita") began on April 6, 1941, against both Greece and Yugoslavia. The resulting "Battle of Greece" ended with the fall of Kalamata in the Peloponnese on April 30, the evacuation of the Commonwealth Expeditionary Force and the complete occupation of the Greek mainland by the Axis.


text: The initial attack came against the Greek positions of the "Metaxas Line" (19 forts in Eastern Macedonia between Mt. Beles and River Nestos and 2 more in Western Thrace). It was launched from Bulgarian territory and supported by artillery and bomber aircraft. The resistance of the forts under general Konstantinos Bakopoulos was both courageous and determined, but eventually futile. The rapid collapse of Yugoslavia had allowed the 2nd Panzer Division (which had started from the Strumica Valley in Bulgaria, advanced through Yugoslav territory and turned south along the Vardar/Axios River valley) to bypass the defenses and capture the vital port city of Thessaloniki on April 9. As a result, the Greek forces manning the forts (the Army Section of Eastern Macedonia, "TSAM") were cut off and given permission to surrender by the Greek High Command. The surrender was completed the next day, April 10, the same day that German forces crossed the Yugoslav-Greek border near Florina in Western Macedonia, after having defeated any resistance in southern Yugoslavia. The Germans broke through the Commonwealth (2 div. & 1 arm. brig.) and Greek (2 div.) defensive positions in the Kleidi area on April 11/12, and moved on to the south and southwest.


text: While pursuing the British southward, the southwest movement threatened the rear of the bulk of the Greek Army (14 divisions), which faced the Italians at the Albanian front. The Army belatedly began retreating southward, first its northeast flank on April 12, and finally the southwest flank on April 17. The German thrust to Kastoria on April 15 made the situation critical, threatening to cut the Greek retreat. The generals at the front began exploring the possibilities for capitulation (to the Germans only), despite the High Command's insistence on continuing the fight to cover the British retreat.


text: In the event, several generals under the leadership of Lt. Gen. Georgios Tsolakoglou mutinied on April 20, and taking matters in their own hands, signed a protocol of surrender with the commander of the Leibstandarte SS Adolf Hitler (LSSAH) near Metsovo the same day. It was followed by a second in Ioannina the next day (with Italian representation this time) and a final one in Thessaloniki between the three combatants on the 23rd. The very same day in Athens, Lt. General A. Papagos resigned his office as Supreme Commander whereas the King and his government embarked for Crete. About the same time the Commonwealth forces made a last stand at Thermopylae before their final retreat to the ports of Peloponnese for evacuation to Crete or Egypt. German troops seized the Corinth Canal bridges, entered Athens on April 27, and completed their occupation of the mainland and most islands by the end of the month, along with the Italians and Bulgarians.


text: The only Greek territory remaining free by May 1941 was the large and strategically important island of Crete, which was held by a large but weak Allied garrison consisting primarily of the combat-damaged units evacuated from the mainland without their heavy equipment, especially transport. To conquer it, the German High Command prepared "Unternehmen Merkur", the first mass-scale airborne operation in history.


text: The attack was launched on May 20, 1941. The Germans attacked the three main airfields of the island, at the northern towns of Maleme, Rethimnon, and Heraklion, with paratroopers and gliders. The Germans met stubborn resistance from the British, Australian, New Zealand and the remaining Greek troops on the island, and from local civilians. At the end of the first day, none of the objectives had been reached.


text: The next day, partly through miscommunication and the Allied commanders' failure to grasp the situation, Maleme airfield in western Crete fell to the Germans. With Maleme airfield secured, the Germans flew in thousands of reinforcements and captured the rest of the western side of the island. This was followed by severe British naval losses due to intense German air attacks around the island. After seven days of fighting the Allied commanders realized that victory was no longer possible. By June 1, the evacuation of Crete by the Allies was complete and the island was under German occupation. In light of the heavy casualties suffered by the elite 7th Flieger Division, Adolf Hitler forbade further large-scale airborne operations. General Kurt Student dubbed Crete "the graveyard of the German paratroopers" and its fall "a disastrous victory".


text: Immediately after the fall of Crete, Gen. Student ordered a wave of reprisals against the local population (Kondomari, Alikianos, Kandanos, etc.). The reprisals were carried out rapidly, omitting formalities and by the same units who had been confronted by the locals. Very soon, the Cretans formed resistance groups and in cooperation with British SOE agents began to harass the German forces with considerable success till the end of the war. As a result, mass reprisals against civilians continued throughout the occupation (Heraklion, Viannos, Kali Sykia, Kallikratis, Damasta, Kedros, Anogeia, Skourvoula, Malathyros, etc.).


text: The Greek government claimed in 2006 that the Greek Resistance killed 21,087 Axis soldiers (17,536 Germans, 2,739 Italians, 1,532 Bulgarians) and captured 6,463 (2,102 Germans, 2,109 Italians, 2,252 Bulgarians), for the death of 20,650 Greek partisans and an unknown number captured. According to the OKH Heeresarzt 10-Day Casualty Reports per Theater of War, 1944, the German field army had 8,152 dead, 22,794 wounded and 8,222 missing in the South- East (Greece and Yugoslavia) between 22.6.1941 and 31.12.1944. According to the OKW monthly casualty reports, German army losses in the same theater between June 1941 and December 1944 were 16,532 dead (1.6.1941 to 31.12.1944), 22,794 wounded and sick (22.6.1941 to 31.12.1944) and 13,838 missing (1.6.1941 to 31.12.1944). Most German casualties in the South-East occurred in Yugoslavia. The German War Graves Commission maintains two German cemeteries on Greek territory, one at Maleme on Crete containing 4,468 dead (mainly from the Battle of Crete), and another at Dionyssos-Rapendoza, containing about 10,000 dead transferred there from all over Greece except Crete.


text: The aforementioned Greek government report (p. 126) claims that the population losses of Greece in World War 2 were 1,106,922, thereof 300,000 due to birth deficit and 806,922 due to mortality. Deaths are broken down as follows: military deaths in 1940/41, 13,327; executed, 56,225; died as hostages in German concentration camps, 105,000; deaths from bombing, 7,000; national resistance fighters, 20,650; deaths in the Middle East, 1,100; deaths in the merchant navy, 3,500 (subtotal: 206,922); deaths from hunger and related diseases, 600,000. Included in the number of concentration camp victims are 69,151 Greek Jews deported between 15 March 1943 and 10 August 1944, of whom only 2,000 returned (p. 68). The number of 600,000 victims of the "great hunger" is mentioned in the entry dated 5 February 1942 of a "short diary of the resistance" (p. 118). An estimated 300,000 people died in the Great Famine (Greece) in 1941–1944.


text: Conquered Greece was divided into three zones of control by the occupying powers, Germany, Italy and Bulgaria. The Germans controlled Athens, Central Macedonia, Western Crete, Milos, Amorgos and the islands of the Northern Aegean. Bulgaria annexed Western Thrace and Eastern Macedonia, while Italy occupied approximately two thirds of the country. The Italians were thus responsible for the greater part of Greece, especially the countryside, where any armed Resistance might take place. Italian forces in Greece comprised 11 infantry divisions, grouped in the 11th Army under General Carlo Geloso, with a further division in the Italian colony of the Dodecanese Islands. Until the summer of 1942, as the Resistance movement was in its infancy, they faced little opposition and considered the situation normalized. The Germans limited themselves during the first period of the Occupation to the strategically important areas, and their forces were limited. The German troops in southeastern Europe came under the 12th Army headed initially by Field Marshal Wilhelm List and later by General Alexander Löhr. In Greece, two separate commands were created: the Salonica-Aegean Military Command at Thessalonica and the Southern Greece Military Command at Athens, for the entire duration of the war under Luftwaffe General Hellmuth Felmy. Crete was organized as a fortress ("Festung Kreta") garrisoned by the Fortress Division "Kreta", and after August garrisoned by the crack 22nd Air Landing Division. The Bulgarians occupied their own zone with an Army Corps and, faced with active resistance from the local population, engaged from the outset in a policy of Bulgarization of the area.


text: After mid-1942, with the growth of armed Resistance, and the spectacular destruction of the Gorgopotamos bridge (Operation "Harling") by a force of Greek guerrillas and British saboteurs on 25 November, the Italian authorities tried vainly to contain the surge in acts of resistance directed against their forces. The guerrillas were largely successful against the Italians, allowing for the creation of "liberated" areas in the mountainous interior, including sizeable towns, by mid-1943. At that time, German troops began moving into Greece. Elite formations such as the 1st Panzer Division and the 1st Mountain Division were brought into the country, both in anticipation of a possible Allied landing in Greece (a concept deliberately promoted by the Allies themselves as a diversion from the landings at Sicily) and as a guarantee against a possible Italian capitulation.


text: These forces, especially the experienced mountain troops, engaged in large-scale counter-guerrilla operations in the area of Epirus. Their operations were successful in that they reduced the threat of guerrilla attacks on the occupation forces, but their often brutal conduct and mass reprisals policy resulted in massacres of civilians such as that of Kommeno on August 16, the Massacre of Distomo, or the "Massacre of Kalavryta" in December. In anticipation of the Italian collapse, the German command structure throughout the Balkans was reorganized: Army Group E under Löhr took over in Greece, overseeing both German forces and the Italian 11th Army.


text: The Italian capitulation in September caused most Italian units not to surrender to the Germans, although others, such as the " Pinerolo" division and the "Lancieri di Aosta" Cavalry Regiment, went over to the guerrillas, or chose to resist the German takeover. This resulted in a brief but violent clash between Germans and Italians, accompanied by atrocities against Italian prisoners of war, such as the massacre of the " Acqui" Division on Cephallonia, dramatized by the film "Captain Corelli's Mandolin". In addition, British and Greek forces tried to occupy the Italian-held Dodecanese, but they and their Italian allies were defeated in a short campaign (see Dodecanese Campaign).


text: Throughout late 1943 and the first half of 1944, the Germans, in cooperation with the Bulgarians and aided by Greek collaborators (see below) launched clearing operations against the Greek resistance, primarily against the communist-controlled "ELAS", while coming into an unofficial truce with the rightist EDES. At the same time, raids by British and Greek special forces were increasing in frequency in the Aegean islands. Finally, with the advance of the Red Army and the desertion of Romania and Bulgaria, the Germans evacuated mainland Greece in October 1944, although isolated garrisons remained in Crete, the Dodecanese and various other Aegean islands until the end of the war in May 1945.


text: As in some occupied European countries, a Greek puppet government was formed from the outset by the Occupation authorities, initially headed by General Georgios Tsolakoglou and later by Konstantinos Logothetopoulos. The forces this government had at its disposal were primarily these of the city police and the rural gendarmerie, which were relied upon to maintain and enforce order. The government could not extend its authority to all of the country, as on the one side it was never given free rein nor entirely trusted by its Axis overseers, nor was it popular among the people. As anti-Axis sentiment grew in 1942, its organs found themselves attacked by guerrillas and socially isolated. Except for isolated cases, such as the group of Colonel Georgios Poulos and Friedrich Schubert's "Jagdkommando", only in 1943, with the appointment of the experienced politician Ioannis Rallis as Prime Minister, did the Germans allow any substantial Greek armed force to be recruited by the Athens government. These were the infamous "Security Battalions" ("Tagmata Asfaleias"), whose motivation, as in many other cases in occupied Europe, was primarily political: they fought exclusively against the communist-dominated EAM-ELAS resistance movement, which controlled most of the country. Their harsh and indiscriminate repressive activities against the population at large and their association with the Germans led to wide vilification and in colloquial Greek they were known as "Germanotsoliades" (, literally meaning "German Tsolias").


text: After the fall of Greece to the Axis, elements of the Greek armed forces escaped to the British-controlled Middle East. There they were placed under the Greek government in exile, and continued the fight alongside the Allies. The Greek Armed Forces in the Middle East fought on the North African Campaign, the Italian Campaign, the Dodecanese Campaign and commando raids against German positions in Greece, and participated in convoy duties in the Mediterranean, the Indian Ocean, and the Atlantic Ocean. As in Greece, these forces were plagued by political strife, culminating in the pro-EAM April 1944 mutiny. After its suppression, the armed forces were restructured along firmly royalist and conservative officer cadres. Upon the withdrawal of German forces from the Greek mainland in October 1944, they returned to Greece and formed the nucleus of the new Greek armed forces that fought against EAM in the Dekemvriana, and against the Communists during the Greek Civil War.


text: After the war, Greece was in political and economical crisis due to the German occupation and the highly polarized struggle between leftists and rightists which targeted the power vacuum and led to the Greek Civil War, one of the first conflicts of the Cold War.


text: Officially, Greece claimed the lands of Northern Epirus (from Albania), Northern Thrace (from Bulgaria) and the Dodecanese from Italy, but gained only the Dodecanese, as the new communist-controlled governments of Albania and Bulgaria had Soviet support.


text: After the war, the official Greek state tried and executed for war crimes among others Andon Kalchev, Bruno Bräuer, Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller and Friedrich Schubert. Nevertheless, most perpetrators of such crimes were never punished.


text: The Axis occupation of Greece, specifically the Greek islands, figures in several English-language books and films based on real special forces raids such as "Ill Met by Moonlight", "The Cretan Runner", fictional ones like "The Guns of Navarone", "Escape to Athena", "The Magus", "They Who Dare", and "Captain Corelli's Mandolin" (a fictional occupation narrative). Notable Greek movies referring to the period, the war and the occupation, are "Ochi", "What did you do in the war, Thanasi?" and "Ipolochagos Natassa".


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Brittany Runs a Marathon is a 2019 American comedy film written and directed by Paul Downs Colaizzo, in his directorial debut. It stars Jillian Bell, Michaela Watkins, Utkarsh Ambudkar, Lil Rel Howery, and Micah Stock. The film follows an overweight woman in New York City who sets out to lose weight and train for the city's annual marathon.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019 and was released on August 23, 2019, by Amazon Studios.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Brittany Forgler is a 28-year-old living in New York City, employed as a greeter at an off-Broadway theater. She and her roommate Gretchen, a teacher's assistant dreaming of social media fame, are hard partiers who abuse drugs. Visiting a new doctor to score an Adderall prescription, Brittany receives the unwelcome diagnosis that she is overweight and must get healthier. She visits a gym only to find even the cheapest membership fee is out of her reach. Despite her fear, she sets small achievable goals, and tries running on her own outdoors. She is invited to run in a group with her neighbor Catherine, whom Brittany detests for her seemingly perfect life. After another night of partying by Gretchen, Brittany joins the group run and meets Seth, another struggling runner, learning they have equal goals. Brittany, Seth, and Catherine bond and, after a 5K run, set the ultimate goal: running in the New York City Marathon.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Brittany seeks a second job to afford a gym membership and becomes a pet sitter in a wealthy home. On her first day, she meets fellow pet sitter Jern, who is essentially living in the house against the rules. After a falling out with Gretchen over her changing lifestyle, Brittany moves into the house as well, bonding with Jern over their stalled lives. Seth and Catherine's predictions that Brittany will have sex and fall in love with Jern eventually come true.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Brittany gets within five pounds of her goal of losing 45 pounds. Unable to win a place in the marathon through a lottery, as Seth does, her only hope is to raise enough money for a charity. At Catherine's divorce party, Catherine offers to donate $5000 from her family trust and from Seth so Brittany can run in the marathon. Brittany turns down the offer, saying she does not want pity, and she leaves. She pushes to lose more weight by running even harder, until one of her shins becomes too painful to walk on. Five weeks from the marathon, her doctor informs her she has a stress fracture and will be unable to run for six to eight weeks, and the damage may be permanent.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Distraught, convinced she will gain back her weight, Brittany returns to the dog-sitting house and discusses the state of her life with Jern. The homeowners return and, disgusted Jern and Brittany have been living there, fire them. Brittany takes a bus to Philadelphia to visit her sister Cici and brother-in-law Demetrius, who was a father figure to Brittany after their parents' divorce and father's death. She ignores calls and texts from Catherine, Seth, and Jern, saddened to see Seth and Catherine with their marathon medals. That same day, she disrupts Demetrius's birthday party by making comments about an overweight female guest due to her own insecurities. After a stern but heartfelt talk with Demetrius, Brittany returns to New York and her former apartment, now alone.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Brittany continues exercising but stops tracking her weight loss. She applies for advertising jobs, for which she trained initially, and lands an entry-level position in Tribeca. She reconnects with her friends. Catherine reveals that running was a distraction from her nasty divorce, explaining that a year ago, she broke her wrist and was prescribed Oxycodone; her husband used it as evidence she had relapsed into drug use, and the court denied her visitation rights to their children. Brittany encourages Catherine to take small steps to win her children back. Brittany sets boundaries with Jern to just be friends while she works on herself.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: One year later, Brittany runs in the marathon. At the 22-mile mark, she develops a cramp and has to pause. She rejects medical assistance, but accepts an assistant's offer to help her up. While considering quitting, she finds Seth, his husband and sons, and Catherine in the crowd cheering her on. She also encounters Jern, who says he loves her. She then keeps going and finishes the marathon.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: An epilogue reveals Brittany and Jern living together as a couple, but she does not want to marry him despite his suggestion. She kisses him and leaves the house to go on a run.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: The story of "Brittany" was inspired by Colaizzo's roommate, Brittany O'Neill, who appears in photos before the end credits. The real life Brittany did not lose her parents at a young age, and had a more stable job than the character in the film. Colaizzo wanted to emphasize the inspirational side of the story and take what would usually be treated as a fat sidekick stock character and instead explore her feelings and perspective. The real life Brittany had gotten into running but it was after Colaizzo came up with the film concept that she was inspired to try the take on the New York marathon herself. Tobey Maguire's production company Material Pictures, picked up the film based on the verbal pitch. Colaizzo had never had a screenplay turned into a film before and was worried that without his involvement the film might change into something more generic. He put together a presentation and storyboards of how the film should look and convinced producers to allow him to direct his first feature film.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: In November 2017, it was announced Jillian Bell, Michaela Watkins, Utkarsh Ambudkar, Lil Rel Howery, Micah Stock and Alice Lee would star in the film, with Paul Downs Colaizzo directing from a screenplay he wrote. Tobey Maguire, Matthew Plouffe, Margot Hand, served as producers on the film, under their Material Pictures and Picture Films banners, respectively. Bell, Downs Colaizzo, and Richard Weinberg served as executive producers. Jolian Blevins and Padraic Murphy served as co-producer and associate producer, respectively.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: The film was the first non-documentary film to be shot at the New York Marathon. The production company went to the New York Road Runners, organizers of the marathon, to coordinate filming and to make sure that they did not get in the way of runners. Crew sizes were restricted and the film makers were not allowed to film on the Queensboro Bridge due to security concerns from the Department of Homeland Security. The film had no budget for visual effects to insert Bell into the race and depended on filming the marathon for real.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Principal photography began in October 2017, in New York City. The film was shot over 29 days. The climactic scene was filmed during the 2017 New York City Marathon, with three filming crews working simultaneously to cover various stages of the race.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 28, 2019. Shortly after, Amazon Studios acquired worldwide distribution rights to the film for $14 million. It was released on August 23, 2019.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: The film made $175,969 from five theaters in its opening weekend, an average of $35,194 per venue. The final worldwide box office gross was $7.4 million.


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film had an approval rating of based on reviews, with an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, ""Brittany Runs a Marathon" is an earnest and hilarious dramedy that finally gives Jillian Bell a role worthy of her gifts." On Metacritic, the film had a weighted average score of 72 out of 100, based on reviews from 33 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Brittany Runs a Marathon

text: Dennis Harvey of "Variety magazine" wrote, "This terrifically engaging debut feature by playwright Paul Downs Colaizzo is the best kind of "crowdpleaser": one that earns every emotional beat that might seem formulaic in four out of five similar enterprises."


title: Becky (slang)

text: Becky is a pejorative American slang term for a young white woman. The term has come to be associated with a "white girl who loves Starbucks and Uggs and is clueless about racial and social issues", according to the "New Statesman". For this reason, "Becky" is often associated with the slang term "basic" which has many similar connotations.


title: Becky (slang)

text: In 2019, dictionary publisher Merriam Webster wrote that "Becky" was "increasingly functioning as an epithet, and being used especially to refer to a white woman who is ignorant of both her privilege and her prejudice." The term "Karen" has a similar connotation but is associated with older women.


title: Becky (slang)

text: In "USA Today" in 2016, Cara Kelly suggested that the term dates to the social climber Becky Sharp, protagonist of William Makepeace Thackeray's novel "Vanity Fair" (1848) and the 2004 film of the same name. In Mark Twain's novel "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" (1876), Tom Sawyer falls in love with Becky Thatcher, with her "yellow hair plaited into two long tails." "Becky" is the title and subject of the fourth segment of Jean Toomer's Harlem Renaissance novel "Cane" (1923), about a white woman with two black sons. Daphne du Maurier's novel "Rebecca" (1938) features another woman "who will always be in a man's head", Kelly wrote.


title: Becky (slang)

text: According to Damon Young in "The Root", the term denotes "a certain type of privileged young White woman who exists in a state of racial obliviousness that shifts from intentionally clueless to intentionally condescending". The modern term, the "ur-Becky", is thought to date to Sir Mix-a-Lot's song "Baby Got Back" (1992), where one woman says to another: "Oh my God, Becky, look at her butt". Both women are white and, according to Kelly, "mildly racist, as they do not understand the appeal of a woman's shapely posterior or wider definitions of beauty than their own. And thus adds the connotation that a Becky has a narrow, condescending world view, and we're graced with the idea of a 'dumb Becky'."


title: Becky (slang)

text: Beyoncé's song "Sorry" (2016), from her album "Lemonade", brought the term to wider attention. "He only want me when I'm not there / He better call Becky with the good hair" appeared to refer to a white woman with whom the narrator's partner had had an affair. "Good hair" refers within black communities to long, straight hair. Karsonya Wise Whitehead, professor of African-American studies, offered two interpretations of "Becky": a woman the speaker does not respect, and a clueless white woman "who is kind of racist, [and] who makes statements without knowing what she's saying". Whitehead did not see the term as a racial slur, pointing out that the "good hair" part of the lyric was the more racially significant piece, referring to the idea that straight hair is preferable to Afro-textured hair. The meaning settled on a young white woman, unaware of her racial and social privilege, who loves Starbucks and Uggs, and who might take photographs of her Frappuccino.


title: Becky (slang)

text: In 2017 Rebecca Tuvel, the author at the center of the "Hypatia" transracialism controversy, was labelled a "Becky" by critics. The following year, a white woman in California became known as "BBQ Becky" after calling the police because two African-American men were using a charcoal grill in a park. In 2020 an edited volume, "Surviving Becky(s): Pedagogies for Deconstructing Whiteness and Gender", examined what its editor, education professor Cheryl E. Matias, called the "increasing phenomenon of "Beckyism": the behaviors and rhetoric that Becky(s) engage in which uphold whiteness at the expense of people of color's humanity, dignity, and expertise". Media-studies professor Aimée Morrison argues that white supremacy makes whiteness invisible and that use of the term "Becky" thwarts this.


title: Becky (slang)

text: The term "Karen" serves a similar function to "Becky", with the added implication that a Karen is likely to engage in aggressive actions against people of color, such as asking to see a manager or calling the police. As media researcher Meredith Clark put it: "Karen has gone by different names."


title: Requiem (TV series)

text: Requiem is a six-part British television drama serial, written and created by Kris Mrksa and directed by Mahalia Belo. It is a co-production between New Pictures for the BBC and Netflix. It first broadcast on BBC One on 2 February 2018, with all six episodes being released via BBC iPlayer on the same day.


title: Requiem (TV series)

text: The series encompasses elements of both the supernatural and thriller genres. It stars Lydia Wilson as Matilda Grey, an accomplished cellist whose life is turned upside down following her mother's suicide, which raises a number of questions about her identity and events in her past. Joel Fry stars as her best friend and fellow musician Harlan "Hal" Fine. James Frecheville, Sian Reese-Williams, Brendan Coyle, Claire Rushbrook, and Richard Harrington are also credited as principal members of the cast.


title: Requiem (TV series)

text: The series began filming in March 2017, with filming taking place in Wales from June 2017 and supported by funding from the Welsh Government. Location filming took place at Cefn Tilla Court in Usk, Newport, Wales and Dolgellau. It was produced by New Pictures, whose previous credits include "The Missing".


title: Requiem (TV series)

text: It was available internationally on Netflix from 23 March 2018, and a DVD was released via Acorn Media on 19 March 2018.


title: Requiem (TV series)

text: Airdates listed as per the BBC One broadcast. All episodes of this series were available to view on BBC iPlayer from 2 February 2018.


title: Requiem (TV series)

text: The series was filmed primarily in Wales. St David's Hall in Cardiff stood in for a London venue, while other scenes in the fictional town of Penllynith were filmed in Newport and Dolgellau. Cefntilla Court in Monmouthshire was used as the country house where Matilda stays.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Magazine were an English rock band formed in 1977 in Manchester in England by singer Howard Devoto and guitarist John McGeoch. After leaving the punk group Buzzcocks in early 1977, Devoto decided to create a more progressive and less "traditional" rock band. The original lineup of Magazine was composed of Devoto, McGeoch, Barry Adamson on bass, Bob Dickinson on keyboards and Martin Jackson on drums.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Their debut album "Real Life" (1978) was critically acclaimed and was one of the first post-punk albums. After releasing two other albums, "Secondhand Daylight" and "The Correct Use of Soap", McGeoch left the band in 1980 to join Siouxsie and the Banshees. Magazine released another studio album and disbanded in 1981.


title: Magazine (band)

text: They reunited in 2009 for a UK tour with Noko on guitar. Magazine released an album of new material, "No Thyself", in October 2011, followed by a short UK tour.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Magazine and their original guitarist John McGeoch have been cited as an influence by bands and musicians such as the Smiths, Radiohead and John Frusciante.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Devoto formed Magazine in Manchester, shortly after he left Buzzcocks in early 1977. In April 1977, he met guitarist McGeoch, then an art student, and they began writing songs, some of which would appear on the first Magazine album. They then recruited Barry Adamson on bass, Bob Dickinson on keyboards and Martin Jackson (previously of the Freshies) on drums, forming the first lineup of the band. After signing to Virgin Records, Magazine played their debut live gig at Rafters in Manchester on 28 October 1977.


title: Magazine (band)

text: "Motorcade" co-writer Dickinson, whose background was in classical and avant-garde music, left shortly after several gigs in late 1977. In early 1978, the band released their first single, "Shot by Both Sides", a song Magazine recorded as a quartet. It featured a guitar-bass-drums sound similar to punk rock. Shortly after the single's release, Dave Formula, who had played with a briefly successful 1960s rock band from Manchester called St. Louis Union, joined as keyboardist. "Shot by Both Sides" used a chord progression suggested by Pete Shelley, which was also used in the Buzzcocks track "Lipstick". The Magazine single just missed the UK top 40. The band, with Formula on keyboards, made its first major TV appearance on "Top of the Pops" in February 1978, performing the single.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Following a British tour to promote their debut album "Real Life" (which made the UK top 30), Jackson left Magazine in late July. He was replaced briefly by Paul Spencer, who performed with the band for gigs across Europe and some television appearances, including "The Old Grey Whistle Test", where they played "Definitive Gaze". Spencer quit partway through the tour, joining the Speedometors shortly afterwards. He was replaced in October by John Doyle, who completed the "Real Life" promotional tour and remained in the band.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Magazine's second album, "Secondhand Daylight", was released in 1979, reaching the UK top 40. The album featured a greater use of synthesisers. That same year, McGeoch, Adamson and Formula joined electronic project Visage, recording and releasing the single "Tar".


title: Magazine (band)

text: After the release of "Secondhand Daylight", Devoto decided to change producers. He chose Martin Hannett, who produced their next album, "The Correct Use of Soap", released the following year and again making the top 30. Following its release, McGeoch decided to leave the band, tired of Magazine's low sales and their less guitar-oriented songs. He soon joined Siouxsie and the Banshees. To replace him, the band hired Robin Simon, who had been in Ultravox and Neo. That lineup toured across Europe and Australia, recording their next release, the live album "Play". Simon made some initial recordings and rehearsals for what would be the next Magazine album, including co-writing the song "So Lucky", but he left the band before the album was released so that he could record the John Foxx solo album "The Garden".


title: Magazine (band)

text: Again without a guitarist, Devoto called in his former college friend at Bolton, Ben Mandelson (a former Amazorblades member). This lineup completed the 1981 recording of the band's fourth studio album, "Magic, Murder and the Weather", but Devoto quit that May, months before its release, and the remaining members decided to disband. A year later, "After the Fact", the first Magazine compilation, was released.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Adamson continued collaborating with Visage, and also began to work with Shelley, the Birthday Party and Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds. Jackson later played with the Chameleons, Swing Out Sister and the Durutti Column. Formula continued as a member of Visage and joined Ludus; and Mandelson joined the Mekons. Doyle joined the Armoury Show in Scotland in 1983, which also featured McGeoch; the latter later played guitar for Public Image Ltd. After a brief solo outing and two albums with Luxuria, Devoto quit music to become a photo archivist, until a new collaboration with Shelley produced the "Buzzkunst" album in 2002. McGeoch died in 2004, aged 48.


title: Magazine (band)

text: In July 2008, Devoto and Magazine confirmed that they would reform for five dates in February 2009. The lineup included Devoto, Formula, Adamson and Doyle. The Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood, a Magazine fan, declined an offer to fill in for McGeoch. According to the Radiohead collaborator Adam Buxton, Jonny was "overwhelmed" and too shy to accept the role. Noko, Devoto's bandmate in Luxuria, was the guitarist on the tour.


title: Magazine (band)

text: The sold-out shows received critical acclaim. The group went on to play at festivals in the UK and abroad that summer, before performing "The Soap Show" in Manchester, Edinburgh and London. At these concerts, the band played two sets: a performance of "The Correct Use of Soap" in full, followed by a set composed of other songs from their catalogue.


title: Magazine (band)

text: In January 2010, Noko officially joined the band, becoming a full member of Magazine. The band started work on new material. In November 2010, Barry Adamson left to concentrate on his film work and solo recordings. Jon "Stan" White joined as bass player on the new recordings and debuted live on 30 June 2011 at Wolverhampton Slade Rooms where Magazine were playing a warm-up show for their Hop Farm Festival appearance two days later.


title: Magazine (band)

text: A new studio album, "No Thyself", was released worldwide by Wire Sound on 24 October 2011, and the band embarked on a UK tour in November. On 16 April 2016, as part of Record Store Day, the band released "Once at the Academy", a live 5-track 12" EP recorded at their reunion shows at Manchester Academy in February 2009.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Radiohead guitarist Jonny Greenwood named McGeoch his biggest guitar influence, and said that Magazine's songwriting "informs so much of what we do". Radiohead performed a cover of "Shot By Both Sides" in 2000. Johnny Marr of the Smiths cited Magazine as an influence, particularly McGeoch's guitar work. Morrissey, covered "A Song from Under the Floorboards" as a B-side to his 2006 single "The Youngest Was the Most Loved". "Floorboards" was also covered by My Friend the Chocolate Cake on their 1994 album "Brood". MGMT played a version of "Burst" on tour in 2011.


title: Magazine (band)

text: Lolita Pop recorded a cover of "A Song from under the Floorboards" on 1989's "Love Poison". Half Man Half Biscuit have performed live covers of a number of Magazine songs. "The Light Pours Out of Me" was covered by several acts including Peter Murphy, Ministry, the Mission, Sleep Chamber and Zero Boys. The band No Fun at All did a cover of "Shot by Both Sides" on their record "And Now for Something Completely Different". Mansun covered "Shot by Both Sides" for John Peel Sessions. Duff McKagan cited "Real Life" as an influence, particularly on tracks where a chorus effect is used.


title: Magazine (band)

text: In April 2022, a biography of John McGeoch, his life and his legacy was released on Omnibus Press. "The Light Pours Out of Me: The Authorised Biography of John McGeoch" features recent interviews of guitarists and acts who admire McGeoch's work: the author of the biography met Jonny Greenwood, Johnny Marr, John Frusciante and many other musicians, relatives and friends, including Siouxsie Sioux and Howard Devoto.


title: Magazine (band)

text: The Magazine discography consists of five studio albums, four live albums, seven compilation albums, two video albums, one extended play and 10 singles.


title: Paul Butcher (actor)

text: Paul Butcher is an American actor. He is known for portraying Dustin Brooks in "Zoey 101" (2005–2008).


title: Paul Butcher (actor)

text: Paul Butcher portrayed Dustin Brooks, the younger brother of lead character Zoey Brooks, for the four seasons of the Nickelodeon comedy series "Zoey 101". He has had guest and other minor roles for a number of movies and TV shows, one of the most notable roles being a guest star in the Season 5 Premiere of "Criminal Minds". He also played the role of young Walter in the 2007 film "The Number 23". He made his acting debut at age 7 on a 2001 episode of "The Bernie Mac Show". At the age of 5, Paul appeared in the Rascal Flatts music video "Prayin' for Daylight". He also was an extra in four sketches on "Chappelle's Show".


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: Jaan-E-Mann () is a 2006 Indian Hindi-language musical romance film directed by Shirish Kunder and was produced by Sajid Nadiawala. The film stars Salman Khan, Akshay Kumar and Preity Zinta. This was Kunder's debut film as a director. He also edited and wrote the screenplay and dialogues.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: "Jaan-E-Mann" released on 20 October 2006 on the festive weekend of Diwali/Eid, clashing with "Don – The Chase Begins Again" starring Shah Rukh Khan and Priyanka Chopra. The film proved to be a commercial failure at the box office. It received mixed reviews from critics upon release, with praise for its innovative filming techniques, visuals, production design, soundtrack and special effects; however its story, screenplay and dialogues received sharp criticism.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: At the 52nd Filmfare Awards, "Jaan-E-Mann" received 2 nominations – Best Choreography (Farah Khan for "Humko Maloom Hai") and Best Special Effects.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: The film begins when Suhaan Kapoor (Salman Khan) receives a notice saying his ex-wife Piya Goyal (Preity Zinta), who has settled in New York, wants a divorce settlement of , because he failed to make his alimony payments due to his poor financial condition. Suhaan appeals to his uncle Bonney Kapoor (Anupam Kher), a midget lawyer, for help. While they are trying to figure out a solution, Agastya Rao (Akshay Kumar) lands at their doorstep searching for Piya. He reveals to them that he fell in love with Piya during his college days but could not express his love to her because she was in love with someone else, unaware that the person he lost her to was Suhaan. Piya had ignored Agastya then, a nerd, a nobody, and even broke his heart by blowing him off to be with Suhaan at a concert that Agastya had taken her to. A heartbroken Agastya left the college as a result and eventually wound up in Houston working for NASA.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: Suhaan and Piya fall in love in college and elope. However, he kept his marriage a secret to further his career as a movie star and when his career hits a low, he returns home to find out that she has left him. She does not answer his calls or emails, and he soon receives a divorce notice in the mail.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: Suhaan and Bonney hatch a plan to get Agastya and Piya together so that Suhaan does not need to pay alimony to Piya and Agastya can get the girl of his dreams. Suhaan accompanies Agastya to New York to help Agastya win Piya over. They rent an apartment opposite Piya's and watch her every move using telescopes, binoculars, and surveillance techniques. Using a headset, Suhaan feeds Agastya lines to woo Piya with and eventually succeeds in getting Piya and Agastya together.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: One night, Suhaan finds out Piya has a baby girl, Suhaan's daughter. He realizes that she left him since she did not want her and the baby to ruin Suhaan's film career. Suhaan realizes his mistake and tries to make amends and start a new life with Piya and his daughter, Suhaani. Unfortunately, before he can act, Piya gets engaged to Agastya.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: It later emerges that Piya's brother, Vishal (Nawwab Shah), had been hiding letters that Suhaan wrote to her and was responsible for initiating the divorce process. Agastya realizes that Piya is still in love with Suhaan and not him; so, he reveals the truth and tells her to be with Suhaan. Piya flies back to India where Suhaan is trying to find work as a small-time actor. They express their mutual love, reuniting their broken family.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: A few years later, Agastya is on a NASA Space Shuttle and initiates a video conference with Suhaan and Piya (on Suhaan's birthday). He introduces them to his new girlfriend who looks strikingly like Piya.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: The music for the film was released on 6 September 2006. The music is composed by Anu Malik and includes a few playback singers forming the former contestants of "Indian Idol". Lyrics are penned by Gulzar. According to the Indian trade website "Box Office India", with around 1,250,000 units sold, this film's soundtrack album was the year's eighth highest-selling.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: "Jaan-E-Mann" opened in nearly 1,200 screens worldwide. The film faced stiff competition from "Don – The Chase Begins Again" which also released on the same day. The film opened to a 40% response. The second day saw a huge drop in the collections, due to the Diwali celebrations. According to "boxofficeindia.com," the collections jumped to 70%, but fell again to 50%. The film has done very well in the smaller centres in India.


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: Pranab Kapadia, the UK distributor of "Jaan-E-Mann" said ""Jaan-E-Mann"'s figures have picked up dramatically in Britain. Although the film grossed a mere £18,000 on its opening day, the film has experienced a remarkable upswing, grossing £40,000 on Monday and £60,000 on Tuesday. The audience and critics reception has been overwhelming."


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 3.5 out of 5, saying "On the whole, JAAN-E-MANN balances humor and emotions beautifully. In fact, it's a BIG film in all respects -- right from its cast to the extravagant sets to the lavish making, besides, of course, unadulterated entertainment it has to offer. At the box-office, the Diwali and Idd holidays will prove bountiful for the film and add to the big returns. Business-wise, JAAN-E-MANN should fare best at multiplexes and also at major centres, besides Overseas. But its business at comparatively smaller centres, where masala films dominate, is bound to be affected by DON's presence. However, if the strong word of mouth catches on, the business at smaller centres will add to its booty." Poonam Joshi of BBC.com gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, writing "Jaan-E-mann simultaneously parodies the worst elements of Hindi cinema, while exulting in the best that Bollywood has to offer, making for an unexpectedly original and entertaining film." Raja Sen of Rediff.com gave the film 3 out of 5 stars stating "In the end, what echoes in your ears as you leave is Akki's thick, goofy he-he-he laugh. It's the best thing in the film."


title: Jaan-E-Mann

text: Conversely, Namrata Joshi of Outlook India called the film "A mish-mash—a twisted love triangle but even the inventive narrative doesn't take it very far." Vincent Musetto of New York Post gave the film 1 out of 5 stars, writing "We keep waiting for one of those outlandish musical treats to bring some life to the clichd script. Kunder throws in a few breaks, but they're tepid and brief."


title: Little Boy (film)

text: Little Boy is a 2015 World War II war-drama film directed by Alejandro Gómez Monteverde. The screenplay is by Monteverde and Pepe Portillo, and the film was produced by Eduardo Verástegui and Leo Severino, and edited by Joan Sobel and Fernando Villena. The film stars Jakob Salvati, Emily Watson, David Henrie, Cary-Hiroyuki Tagawa, Michael Rapaport, Ben Chaplin, Eduardo Verástegui, Ted Levine, Abraham Benrubi, and Tom Wilkinson. The title is a reference to Little Boy, the code name for the atomic bomb dropped on Hiroshima, as well as a reference to the main character Pepper's height. The film was co-produced by Metanoia Films and Santa Fé Films and was released on April 24, 2015, by Open Road Films. It was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18, 2015, by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment. The film received negative reviews from mainstream critics and earned $17 million on a $20 million budget. An Indian adaptation of the film, titled "Tubelight" and starring Salman Khan in the lead role, opened to mixed reviews in 2017.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: In the seaside town of O'Hare, California, an 8-year-old boy who is small for his age, Pepper Flynt Busbee (Jakob Salvati), has a very close relationship with James, his loving father, which begins from the very moment he is born when his father cradles him in his arms and notices how small he is. When Pepper asks a doctor if he has dwarfism, the doctor tells him, "For now, Pepper, let's just say you're a 'little boy'," this expression would become Pepper's nickname. He would learn to despise those two words and always make a problem when someone would call out his nickname.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: However, when World War II begins, Pepper's older brother is declared ineligible for military service because of flat feet and their father joins in his place, which devastates Pepper. Not long after his father leaves for war, Pepper hears the Bible verse, "Truly I tell you, if you have faith as small as a mustard seed, you can say to this mountain, ‘Move from here to there,’ and it will move" (Matthew 17:20), he becomes determined to get enough faith to bring his father home. Nevertheless, as his friend and mentor Father Oliver tells him, faith is useless to anyone who harbors hatred. Father Oliver tells Pepper to befriend a Japanese man named Hashimoto.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: At first, the anti-Japanese sentiment Pepper has internalized – which has become prevalent in his society – makes him hesitant to follow this advice, but as he gets to know Hashimoto, he begins to value their friendship and learns from Hashimoto to stand up to those who bully him about his height. Father Oliver gave Pepper a list of tasks to complete. When Pepper's father is reported missing in action, Pepper's mother (Emily Watson) struggles to keep her family together in the face of these overwhelming hardships. His brother London, and Sam – one of the townspeople that lost a son – go to Hashimoto's home and attack him one night, leading to his being hospitalized. London is initially arrested, but Hashimoto decides not to press charges and he is released.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: An Army representative brings the news that Pepper's father has been killed and is buried in the Philippines. Hashimoto goes to the memorial service at the O'Hare Cemetery to pay his respects. Pepper and Hashimoto sit on a bench and discuss their mutual losses of family and believing in something. Pepper goes back to the cemetery to visit his father's grave and place the list on top of his grave marker. Pepper and his mother go to the town doctor; Dr. Fox tries to hit on her and invite himself over to the house that evening under the pretext of talking about what could possibly be the cause of Pepper's short stature.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: Later that day, a spokesperson from the Army arrives to tell her that her husband didn't die after all. The man that actually died had stolen Pepper's father's boots, with his dog tags attached to the laces, when he fell after being shot, so he was misidentified as Pepper's father. The family leaves town to visit James in the hospital and Pepper takes him the boots that James had been eyeing for some time, which Pepper bought for him after he went off to war. Upon arriving, they realize that James has suffered from mild amnesia due to an injury to the head. However, Pepper calls his father by his longtime nickname, "partner", and presents him his gift. James holds the boots, then hugs Pepper and touches the faces of the rest of his family. They all kneel around his chair and share a group hug, before driving him back to O'Hare.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: On August 4, 2011, it was announced that Metanoia Films would produce the film, with Ben Chaplin and Emily Watson joining the cast. On August 6, 2011, Kevin James, David Henrie and Jakob Salvati joined the cast. On June 20, 2014, Open Road Films picked up distribution rights to the film. On July 2, 2014, it was announced that the film would be released on February 27, 2015.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: On April 22, 2015, producer and star Eduardo Verástegui told the Catholic News Agency, "It was going to be a very, very difficult film to produce, but at the same time we were in love with the story which is about believing in the impossible." It was clear to Verástegui that it would be very difficult to produce an independent film totally outside the system. More than 1,000 children were auditioned for the role of Pepper. Eventually, Jakob Salvati won the role at seven years of age, even though he had only acted on television. During the film, Salvati was frequently found praying by himself that the scene would go well. Actor David Henrie was seeking such a film as this one after emerging as a Disney star, and in the process of returning to the Catholic Church. Henrie told BreatheCast.com that the film's producers were instrumental in his conversion. "I will forever be grateful for Little Boy because it was the film that saved my life," he said. "The theme really spoke to my heart in a big way. I think it's a very foundational element and theme that everyone deals with, do you put your faith in yourself to find your own existence or do you put your theme in something bigger than you?"


title: Little Boy (film)

text: The film was theatrically released on April 24, 2015 by Open Road Films and was released on DVD and Blu-ray on August 18, 2015 by Universal Pictures Home Entertainment.


title: Little Boy (film)

text: "Little Boy" has received negative reviews from mainstream critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 24% based on 54 reviews from critics, with an average rating of 4.43/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Well-meaning but manipulative on a horrifically misguided scale, "Little Boy" is the rare faith-based film that many viewers may find legitimately offensive." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 30 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: Little Boy (film)

text: Alan Scherstuhl, writing for "The Village Voice", describes "Little Boy" as a "cynical, poisonous, deeply stupid film." Christy Lemire, wrote in "RogerEbert.com", "even by this genre's standards, the sentimental way the story twists and ends is as shameless as it is maudlin." Michael Phillips, writing for "Chicago tribune", He criticized the use of the bombing of Japan,"Little Boy answers a question most tear-jerkers wouldn't have the nerve to ask: Can the bombing of Hiroshima be manipulated narratively, if briefly, into a position of warming our hearts?, the answer is no." Tim Drake of the "National Catholic Register" said the film "mirrors the Holy Trinity. ... [Jakob] Salvati brings an endearing delight to his role. He is a pleasure to watch. ... The film is a nostalgic parable about faith. Yet it's not what would be described as a faith-based film. Rather, it's a mature story containing Catholic elements. It treats both the faith of Father Oliver and the lack of religious faith of Hashimoto with respect." However, Drake does object to the way in which it treats the atomic bombing of Japan. Kathryn Jean Lopez of the "National Review" said that the film's message is "subtle and luminous", and the film is "remarkably sweet in the least saccharine but also most humane way... a tender movie that inspires hope." She summarized it as a "heart-wrenching and encouraging movie dealing with life and death, and with faith, hope and love." Adam R. Holz, editor for the entertainment reviewing arm of "Focus On The Family" "Plugged In", reviews: ""Little Boy", then, can certainly serve as a solid (and delightfully entertaining!) launching pad for discussions about what it means to believe, and how we navigate the specifics of why we believe what we believe about miracles and God's sustaining hand in the midst of danger and tragedy. It also powerfully addresses the way we (should) treat those we think are our enemies."


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: Laphroaig distillery ( ) is an Islay single malt Scotch whisky distillery. It is named after the area of land at the head of Loch Laphroaig on the south coast of the island of Islay. The meaning of the toponym is unknown, but a commonly suggested etymology includes the elements "lag" (Gaelic: hollow), "breid" (Norse: 'breidd' breadth) and "vik" (Norse: 'vík' bay), implying an original Gaelic form something like "Lag Bhròdhaig" (the hollow of Broadbay). The name may be related to a placename on the east coast of Islay, "Pròaig", again suggested as meaning "broad bay".


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: The distillery and brand are owned and operated by Beam Suntory, the American subsidiary of Japan's Suntory Holdings.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: The Laphroaig distillery was established in 1815 by Donald and Alexander Johnston. The Johnstons who founded Laphroaig were from the Clan Donald and are likely to be from the MacIain of Ardnamurchan branch of the clan. The family anglicised their name to Johnston. The last member of the Johnston family to run the distillery was Ian Hunter, a nephew of Sandy Johnston, who died childless in 1954 and left the distillery to one of his managers, Bessie Williamson.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: The distillery was sold to Long John International, a Scottish distiller in the 1960s. In 1973, Long John International and the distillery were acquired by Whitbread. In 1989, the distillery was sold by Whitbread to become part of Allied Domecq. The brand was in turn acquired by Fortune Brands in 2005, as one of the brands divested by Pernod Ricard in order to obtain regulatory approval for its takeover of Allied Domecq. Fortune Brands then split up its business product lines in 2011, forming its spirits business into Beam Inc. Beam was then purchased by Suntory Holdings in April 2014.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: Laphroaig has been the only whisky to carry the Royal Warrant of the Prince of Wales, which was awarded in person during a visit to the distillery in 1994. The distillery identifies Charles by his title of Duke of Rothesay, as he is recognised in Scotland. The 15-year-old is reportedly then prince's and now King Charles III's favorite Scotch whisky.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: Laphroaig calls itself "the most richly flavoured of all Scotch whiskies", and is most frequently aged to 10 years, although the 15-year-old variety is common (the 27-, 30- and 40-year-olds are rare and expensive; the 18-year-old was discontinued in late 2015). The whisky has a peaty/smoky flavour. Approximately 10% of their barley is malted on site using hand-cut peat from locations on Islay.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: The "Laphroaig Quarter Cask" was introduced in 2004. This expression is aged in ex-bourbon barrels, is finished in smaller casks, and is not chill filtered. Due to the smaller barrels used, the oak surface contact is 30% greater than with standard barrels. The company describes the effect of this as "creating a soft and velvety edge". The Quarter Cask is bottled at 48% ABV (96 proof). The 10-year-old standard-bearer is bottled at 40% or 43% ABV, depending on the local market.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: There are also expressions now selling in Travel Retail: Laphroaig QA cask (matured in ex-bourbon barrels and virgin American oak casks), Laphroaig PX cask (matured in three types of wood – from American oak to Quarter Cask to Pedro Ximenez ex-sherry), Laphroaig An Cuan Mor – Big Ocean (matured in first-fill bourbon barrels and then in European oak).


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: In 1994, the Friends of Laphroaig Club was established, members of which are granted a lifetime lease of up to per person of Laphroaig land on the island of Islay. The annual royalty from owning a plot is a dram of Laphroaig which can be obtained upon visiting the distillery. Friends of Laphroaig was revamped in 2020, from lifetime status to an annualized tier-based system starting in 2021, whereby members gained annual access to club benefits commensurate with points earned under the program's new rules.


title: Laphroaig distillery

text: In early 2016, Scottish poet Elvis McGonagall began appearing in online ads, reciting his own poetry as he humorously discussed the correct pronunciation of Laphroaig whisky.


title: Zantedeschia

text: Zantedeschia is a genus of eight species of herbaceous, perennial, flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to southern Africa from South Africa north to Malawi. The genus has been introduced on all continents except Antarctica. Common names include arum lily for "Z. aethiopica" and calla and calla lily for "Z. elliottiana" and "Z. rehmannii", although members of the genus are neither true lilies of Liliaceae, true "Arums", nor true "Callas" (related genera in Araceae). The colourful flowers and leaves of both species and cultivars are greatly valued and commonly grown as ornamental plants.


title: Zantedeschia

text: "Zantedeschia" species are rhizomatous, herbaceous, perennial plants with some species, e. g., "Zantedeschia aethiopica", growing to 1.2m tall, while "Zantedeschia rehmannii" does not exceed 60 cm in height, growing in clumps or clusters.<br>


title: Zantedeschia

text: Stem: The underground portion is variously described as a thick underground stem, i. e., a rhizome or tuber. While the literature is confusing as to the exact terminology, generally the "Zantedeschia aethiopica"-"Zantedeschia odorata" group (Group I) is considered to have rhizomes and the remaining species tubers. The rhizomes are fleshy and branched. <br>


title: Zantedeschia

text: Leaves: Petioles are long, spongy, sheathed at the bases, and of varying lengths, from 15 cm ("Zantedeschia rehmannii") to 1.5 m ("Zantedeschia aethiopica"). The lamina is simple, elongated, and coriaceous with a variety of shapes, including triangular, oval (ovate), with or without a point (elliptic), heart-shaped (cordate), spear-shaped (hastate), lance-shaped (lanceolate), oblong, or circular (orbicular). 15–60 cm in length, 5–25 cm in width. The leaves are dark green in colour, feather-veined (pinnate), and may be erect or spreading with undulate margins. Some species exhibit transparent flecking (maculation), and are therefore described as maculate, while others are immaculate. (see Table I, also New Zealand Calla Council Leaf Shape Images) The leaves contain hydathodes that result in guttation.


title: Zantedeschia

text: Inflorescence: Takes the form of a solitary pseudanthium (false flower), with a showy white or yellow spathe (a specialised petal like bract) shaped like a funnel with a yellow, central, finger-like spadix, which carries the true flowers. Both spathe and spadix are carried on or above the leaves on the fleshy flower stem. The shape of the spathe whose overlapping margins form the tubes varies from trumpet shaped ("Z. pentlandii") to a tight tube with a tapering tip ("Z. rehmannii"). The spathe is initially green, but as it unfolds becomes coloured. This may be white as in "Z. aethiopica", but other species include yellow and pink. Cultivars have a wide variety of other spathe colours including orange and purple. Inside the spathe, the throat may be darkly coloured. The spathe acts to attract pollinators.<br>


title: Zantedeschia

text: Flowers: "Zantedeschia" is monoecious, in which separate male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers ("imperfect" or "unisexual" flowers) are carried on the spadix. The flowers are small and non-blooming without a perianth. The male flowers contain two to three stamens fused to form a synandrium, and the female flowers have a single, compound pistil with three fused carpels and three locules.


title: Zantedeschia

text: "Zantedeschia" is the sole genus in the tribe Zantedeschieae in a 1997 classification of the Araceae.


title: Zantedeschia

text: The name of the genus was given as a tribute to Italian botanist Giovanni Zantedeschi (1773–1846) by the German botanist Kurt Sprengel (1766–1833).


title: Zantedeschia

text: All species are endemic to central and southern Africa, from Nigeria to Tanzania and South Africa. "Z. aethiopica" grows naturally in marshy areas and is only deciduous when water becomes scarce. It grows continuously when watered and fed regularly and can survive periods of minor frosts. "Z. aethiopica" is a very strong and sturdy plant, being able to grow in many soils and habitats, multiplying by rhizome-offsets; it is naturalised and regarded as a weed throughout much of the world. "Z. odorata" is a rare species, resembling "Z. aethiopica", but deciduous and smelling like freesia, endemic to a few localities in South Africa. "Z. albomaculata" is a widespread and variable species, growing from South Africa north to Kenya, varying in shades of white to cream and pink to orange-shades. "Z. jucunda" and "Z. pentlandii" are rare species with large yellow showy flowers. "Z. rehmannii" is a pink-flowered species with sword shaped leaves. "Z. elliotiana" is known from horticultural sources only and is probably of hybrid origin.


title: Zantedeschia

text: "Zantedeschia" was introduced to Europe in the seventeenth century as "Z. aethiopica", and is now widely naturalised in Europe, North America, Central America, South America, Oceania, and Australasia. In many places it is considered a dangerous invasive species that displaces native vegetation. In the South-West of Western Australia, "Z. aethiopica" was introduced for horticulture, but has become a widespread and conspicuous weed of watercourses, heath, and wet pastures to the extent that it has been declared a pest in Western Australia and landowners must control it and attempts to sell plants must be reported. "Zantedeschia" in North America is primarily grown as ornamental cultivars in home gardens.


title: Zantedeschia

text: "Z. aethiopica" grows naturally in marshy areas and is only deciduous when water becomes scarce. It grows continuously when watered and fed regularly and can survive periods of minor frosts. "Z. aethiopica" is a very strong and sturdy plant, being able to grow in many soils and habitats, multiplying by rhizome-offsets.


title: Zantedeschia

text: All "Zantedeschia" produce large, showy flowers spathes and are often grown both as ornamental plants and for cut flowers. "Zantedeschia" are relatively hardy plants, but some are more winter-hardy than others. In this regard there may be considered two groups, a hardy outdoor group with large white flowers (arum lilies) and less hardy group with white-spotted leaves and flowers in many colours (calla lilies), such as yellow, orange, pink and purple.


title: Zantedeschia

text: These include "Zantedeschia aethiopica" and "Zantedeschia pentlandii" and their cultivars. "Zantedeschia aethiopica" and some of its relatives can survive at minimum winter temperatures below -23 °C (USDA Zone 6) and many others can be grown in even warmer areas where all the ground does not freeze (USDA Zone 7). "Z. pentlandii" hybrids include 'Millennium Gold'.


title: Zantedeschia

text: The more tender specimens are mainly cultivars (hybrids) of "Zantedeschia elliotiana" and "Zantedeschia rehmannii" (referred to as elliotiana or rehmannii cultivars or hybrids, or as e.g. "Z." × "rehmanii"), but also "Zantedeschia albomaculata" and "Zantedeschia jucunda". These less hardy forms can only survive winter temperatures to −12 °C (Zones 8). This plant must be grown as tender bulbs or houseplants in cooler areas. Species and hybrids between "Z. elliotiana", "Z. jucunda", "Z. pentlandii" and "Z. rehmannii" appear to have an optimum temperature for growth near 25 °C, with growth being suppressed once daily average temperatures persist at 28 °C.


title: Zantedeschia

text: "Z. rehmannii" hybrids include 'Amethyst', 'Crystal Blush' and 'Neon Amour', while an example of a "Z. elliotiana" × "Z. rehmannii" hybrid would be 'Blaze'. "Z. elliotiana" × "Z. maculata" hybrids include 'Lemon Drop'. "Z. elliotiana" hybrids include 'Solar Flare'.


title: Zantedeschia

text: Other classifications consider two groups based on their seasonal habits. "Zantedeschia aethiopica" and "Zantedeschia odorata" form one group (Group I) typified by retaining their leaves in winter, and flowering from late winter to late spring, while the remaining species (Group II) are in leaf from spring to late autumn shedding their leaves in winter (deciduous) and flower during the summer. "Zantedeschia aethiopica" may retain its leaves all year round (evergreen), otherwise from autumn to late summer, while "Zantedeschia odorata" retains its leaves from late winter to late spring. The two groups also vary according to the arrangement of the male and female organs. In the first group they are arranged together in the lower part of the spadix, whereas in the latter they are separate, with the female at the base. The "Z. aethiopica" group also have a fruit that turns soft and orange, whereas the other retains a firm green fruit.


title: Zantedeschia

text: "Zantedeschia" shares the general properties of the family Araceae in causing contact irritation. "Zantedeschia" species are also poisonous due to the presence of calcium oxalate crystals in the form of raphides. All parts of the plant are poisonous, typically producing local irritation or a burning sensation in the mouth and occasionally vomiting and diarrhea. However leaves are sometimes cooked and eaten.


title: Zantedeschia

text: Extensive commercial production of Zantedeschia for cut flowers and/or planting material occurs in California, Colombia, New Zealand and Kenya. Plant breeders in California and New Zealand continue to produce an extensive range of new hybrid cultivars. The so-called white calla derived from "Z. aethiopica". All varieties with flowers with shades of yellow, orange, red, purple are mainly derived from "Z. albomaculata", "Z. pentlandii", "Z. elliottiana" and "Z. rehmanni".


title: Zantedeschia

text: Zantedeschia has often been used in paintings and is featured in many of Diego Rivera's works of art (see "The Flower Vendor", amongst others). It was a favourite subject of the painter Georgia O'Keeffe.


title: Zantedeschia

text: During the flower language boom in the Victorian era, there were strict social codes and flowers were considered the best medium to express feelings. Flowers delivered their messages subtly and every aspect of flower-gifting carried specific meanings, from the person who made the offer to the way the flowers were arranged. Each type of flower was associated with a specific, symbolic meaning. Due to the calla lily's resemblance to female genitalia, a gift of calla lily delivered an overtly sexual message. This meaning was popularized by admirers like Freud and artists like Georgia O'Keeffe.


title: Ankle–brachial pressure index

text: The ankle-brachial pressure index (ABPI) or ankle-brachial index (ABI) is the ratio of the blood pressure at the ankle to the blood pressure in the upper arm (brachium). Compared to the arm, lower blood pressure in the leg suggests blocked arteries due to peripheral artery disease (PAD). The ABPI is calculated by dividing the systolic blood pressure at the ankle by the systolic blood pressure in the arm.


title: Ankle–brachial pressure index

text: The patient must be placed supine, without the head or any extremities dangling over the edge of the table. Measurement of ankle blood pressures in a seated position will grossly overestimate the ABI (by approximately 0.3).