title: Java Database Connectivity

text: supplied with Oracle RDBMS. "jdbc:default:connection" offers a relatively standard way of making such a connection (at least the Oracle database and Apache Derby support it). However, in the case of an internal JDBC driver, the JDBC client actually runs as part of the database being accessed, and so can access data directly rather than through network protocols.


title: Fancy Nancy (TV series)

text: Fancy Nancy (titled Fancy Nancy Clancy internationally) is an American computer-animated children's television series developed by Jamie Mitchell and Krista Tucker and produced by Disney Television Animation for Disney Junior based on the eponymous children's picture book series by Jane O'Connor with illustrations by Robin Preiss Glasser. The show follows the adventures of Nancy Clancy, a 6- (and then later 7-) year-old girl who loves everything fancy and French while living with her family and friends in a fictional version of Plainfield, Ohio.


title: Fancy Nancy (TV series)

text: The series premiered on July 13, 2018 in the United States and in Canada the following day. Disney Junior renewed the series for a second season, which premiered on October 4, 2019 in the United States.


title: Fancy Nancy (TV series)

text: On September 18, 2019, a third season was commissioned, and Krista Tucker confirmed that it would be the last for the entire series. The third season began simulcasting on Disney Junior, DisneyNOW and Disney+ on November 12, 2021. The series finale aired on February 18, 2022.


title: Fancy Nancy (TV series)

text: Six-year-old Nancy Clancy enjoys fancy and French things that range from her outfit to her creative elaborate attire as she plans to teach some fanciness to her ordinary family and her friends.


title: Fancy Nancy (TV series)

text: Alex Reif of "LaughingPlace.com" called "Fancy Nancy" "full of bright colors, fun characters, and musical numbers," asserting, "Like the beloved book series, kids are going to think Disney’s "Fancy Nancy" is très magnifique. Nancy will inspire viewers to be themselves and to make every day extra special. Her interests gravitate towards things that are pink and sparkly, but her personality is optimistic and friendly. Not only will kids expand their vocabulary, but they will also see a great role model for overcoming personal struggles and being a better friend." Emily Ashby of "Common Sense Media" gave "Fancy Nancy" a grade of 4 out of 5 stars, complimented the educational value, citing self-expression and individuality, and praised the depiction of positive messages and role models, stating the show promotes respect and positivity across its characters.


title: Elie Samaha

text: Elie Samaha (Arabic: إيلي سماحة) is a film producer in Los Angeles, with production credits beginning with "The Immortals" in 1995. He has produced over 83 works, primarily films along with some video games. He produced "The Boondock Saints" (1999), "Battlefield Earth" (2000), "Driven" (2001), "3,000 Miles to Graceland" (2001), "Heist" (2001), "The Pledge" (2001), "Spartan" (2004), among many others.


title: Elie Samaha

text: Samaha built his reputation in Hollywood first as the owner of Celebrity Cleaners and then with his nightclub on Sunset Strip, the Roxbury. Parlaying the Hollywood friendships he formed through his clubs, Samaha was given a distribution deal with Warner Bros. Pictures in 1999.


title: Elie Samaha

text: Samaha was a co-owner/founder of the dry cleaner chain Celebrity Cleaners and co-owner of the Roxbury nightclub in Los Angeles.


title: Elie Samaha

text: Between 1998 and 2004, Samaha produced films under the Franchise Pictures studio title, which included films such as "The Boondock Saints ", "Mercy", "Battlefield Earth", "The Whole Nine Yards", "Get Carter", "Angel Eyes" and "Driven".


title: Elie Samaha

text: Samaha specialized in rescuing stars' pet projects. Franchise Pictures sought out stars whose projects were stalled at the major studios, bringing them aboard at reduced salaries. Samaha's approach was to produce star vehicles more cheaply than the larger studios. His unorthodox deals raised eyebrows and the entertainment industry magazine "Variety" commented that they were "often so complex and variable as to leave outsiders scratching their heads". As Samaha put it during an interview about "Battlefield Earth", "I said, 'If John [Travolta] wants to make this movie, what does he want to get paid?' ... Because I do not pay anybody what they make. That is not my business plan."


title: Elie Samaha

text: He is currently the President of Take 3 Productions, which produced "Breaking Brooklyn" (2016), a dance film starring Louis Gossett Jr., Nathan Kress and Colin Critchley.


title: Elie Samaha

text: In 2000, Samaha was sued by Intertainment Pictures, his business partners on a number of films. Intertainment won a $70 million judgment against Samaha for fraudulently overcharging them for production costs on the films.


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: Michelle Johnson (born September 9, 1965) is an American actress who portrayed Jennifer Lyons in the 1984 romantic comedy film "Blame It on Rio", Jessica Cole in "The Glimmer Man" (1996), and Kim Carlisle in "The Love Boat" (1984-1985).


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: Johnson was born in Anchorage, Alaska, to mother Faye, a nurse, and father Don, who owned a furniture store. At age four, Johnson and her mother relocated to Phoenix, Arizona, where her mother married child psychologist Dr. Grant Johnson. Johnson attended Alhambra High School from 1979 through 1983, graduating one semester early in January 1983.


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: At age 16, Johnson began doing fashion print work and was soon signed by the Wilhelmina agency in New York City. Director Stanley Donen spotted her in a photograph in the fashion biweekly "W", and just as her modeling career was beginning, chose her to act in his feature film "Blame It on Rio" instead. Since she was 17 at the time, she required permission from a judge to appear nude in the film.


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: Johnson appeared in a number of roles over the next 15 years. She appeared in theatrical films, television movies, and television series, including a recurring role for one season of "The Love Boat". She appeared in films "Gung Ho" (1986), "Waxwork" (1988), and "The Glimmer Man" (1996). She also co-starred in TV movie "" in 1998 as Jennifer Jantzen, and in 1985 played Rhonda Cummings in an episode of "Dallas".


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: Since 2000, Johnson has starred in only one film, "Mickey" (2004). Other than occasional paparazzi photos, she had since remained out of the public eye until returning to acting briefly in the digital media Christmas special "Brat Holiday Spectacular" (2018).


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: From January 15, 1999 through July 2002, Johnson was married to Major League Baseball player Matt Williams, of the Phoenix-based Arizona Diamondbacks. They resided primarily in Scottsdale, Arizona.


title: Michelle Johnson (actress)

text: Johnson sold her house in West Hollywood, California, in April 2009 for a reported sum of $4.1 million. The house was near the Sunset Strip, in a celebrity-populated neighborhood.


title: White meat

text: In culinary terms, white meat is meat which is pale in color before and after cooking. In traditional gastronomy, "white meat" also includes rabbit, the flesh of milk-fed young mammals (in particular veal and lamb), and sometimes pork. In ecotrophology and nutritional studies, "white meat" includes poultry and fish, but excludes all mammal flesh, which is considered red meat.


title: White meat

text: Various factors have resulted in debate centering on the definition of "white" and "red" meat. A common example is the lighter-colored meat of poultry ("white meat"), coming from the breast, as contrasted with darker-colored" meat" from the legs ("red meat"). Certain types of poultry that are sometimes grouped as "white meat" are "red" when raw, such as duck and goose. Some types of fish, such as tuna, sometimes are "red" when raw and turn "white" when cooked.


title: White meat

text: The terms "white", "red", "light" and "dark" applied to meat have varied and inconsistent meanings in different contexts. The term "white meat" in particular has caused confusion from oversimplification in scientific publications, misuse of the term in the popular press, and evolution of the term over decades. Some writers suggest avoiding the terms "red" and "white" altogether, instead classifying meat by objective characteristics such as myoglobin or heme iron content, lipid profile, fatty acid composition, cholesterol content, etc.


title: White meat

text: In nutritional studies, "white meat" may also include amphibians like frogs and land snails. Mammal flesh "(eg; beef, pork, goat, lamb, doe, rabbit)" is excluded and considered to be red meat. Periodically some researchers allow lean cuts of rabbit to be an outlier and categorize it into the “white meat” category because it shares certain nutritional similarities with poultry. Otherwise, nutritional studies and social studies popularly define "red meat" as coming from any mammal, "seafood" as coming from fish and shellfish, and "white meat" coming from birds and other animals. Some entomologists have referred to edible insects as "the next white meat".


title: White meat

text: The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) typically classifies red meat, poultry, and seafood as their own separate categories. The USDA considers all livestock animals "(including beef, veal, pork)" to be "red meat” because their muscles contain enough myoglobin that their fresh meat is deep red in color prior to being cooked. Poultry and seafood are not considered to be red meats because they contain less myoglobin. The term "white meat" is used to describe poultry in particular; while this includes duck and geese, they are considered to be a dark meat. Seafood is treated as a distinct product and not included as a type of meat by the USDA's FSIS. The World Health Organization (WHO) makes a distinction between white meat and seafood.


title: White meat

text: Within poultry, there are two types of meats—white and dark. The different colours are based on the different locations and uses of the muscles. White meat can be found within the breast of a chicken or turkey. Dark muscles are fit to develop endurance or long-term use, and contain more myoglobin than white muscles, allowing the muscle to use oxygen more efficiently for aerobic respiration. White meat contains large amounts of protein.


title: White meat

text: Dark meat contains 2.64 times more saturated fat than white meat, per gram of protein. One commentator wrote that dark meat contains more vitamins, while a New York Times columnist has stated the two meats are nearly identical in nutritional value, especially when compared with typical red meat. For ground-based birds like chicken and turkeys, dark meats occur in the legs, which are used to support the weight of the animals while they move. According to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, of boneless, skinless turkey breast contains about one gram of fat, compared with roughly two grams of fat for of boneless, skinless thigh. The numbers go up when the skin is kept in: a chicken thigh, with skin intact, has 13 grams of total fat and 3.5 grams of saturated fat per serving; this is about 20 percent of the recommended maximum daily intake. Birds which use their chest muscles for sustained flight (such as geese and ducks) have dark meat throughout their bodies.


title: White meat

text: Because of health concerns, meat producers have positioned pork as "white meat", taking advantage of the traditional gastronomic definition. The United States National Pork Board has marketed their product as "Pork. The Other White Meat".


title: White meat

text: In Israel, where Jewish dietary laws which forbid the consumption of pork are popularly practiced, "white meat" is the accepted euphemism for pork.


title: White meat

text: The health effects that correlate with white meat consumption have been studied as compared to red meat and vegetarian diets. There is a decreased incidence of stroke. There is no association with obesity or insulin resistance. White meat appears to have a neutral or favorable effect on blood coagulation profiles. There is additional evidence that myoglobin promotes carcinogenesis in colorectal models and therefore epidemiologic evidence supports reduced prevalence of colon cancer in those who consume white meat as opposed to red meat.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The Rolls-Royce BR700 family of turbofan engines for regional jets and corporate jets. It was developed by BMW and Rolls-Royce plc through the joint venture BMW Rolls-Royce AeroEngines GmbH, established in 1990. The BR710 first ran in 1995. It is manufactured in Dahlewitz, Germany. Rolls-Royce took full control of the company in 2000, which is now known as "Rolls-Royce Deutschland". The military designation of the series is F130.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The BR710 is a twin shaft turbofan, and entered service on the Gulfstream V in 1997 and the Bombardier Global Express in 1998. This version has also been selected to power the Gulfstream G550.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The BR710 comprises a diameter single-stage fan, driven by a two-stage LP turbine, supercharging a ten-stage HP compressor (scaled from the V2500 unit) and driven by a two-stage, air-cooled, HP turbine.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: This engine has a thrust-specific fuel consumption (TSFC) of at static sea level takeoff and at a cruise speed of Mach 0.8 and altitude of .


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: Another rerated version, with a revised exhaust system, was selected for the now-cancelled Royal Air Force Nimrod MRA4s.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The BR715 is another twin-shaft turbofan; this engine was first run in April 1997 and entered service in mid-1999. This version powers the Boeing 717.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: A new LP spool, comprising a diameter single-stage fan, with two-stage LP compressor driven by a three-stage LP turbine, is incorporated into the BR715. The HP spool is similar to that of the BR710.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The IP compressor booster stages supercharge the core, increasing core power and thereby net thrust. However, a larger fan is required, to keep the specific thrust low enough to satisfy jet noise considerations.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: This engine has a TSFC of at static sea level takeoff and at a cruise speed of Mach 0.8 and altitude of .


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The fan with 24 swept blades is larger than the BR710. The HP axial compressor benefits from three-dimensional aerodynamics for greater efficiency and has 10 stages including five blisks to reduce weight.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The BR715 inspired combustor yields a longer life and lower emissions: 80% lower smoke and unburned hydrocarbons and 35% lower NOx than CAEP 6 limits.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The two-stage HP turbine has blade active tip-clearance control for more efficiency; 3D aerodynamics reduce the cooling air flow. The LP turbine has three stages instead of two.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The BR725 has a bypass ratio of 4.2:1 and is 4 dB quieter than the predecessor BR710. Its cruise thrust specific fuel consumption at Mach 0.85 and FL450 is .


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: Rolls-Royce offered the BR725 (F130 in the US military) with for the United States Air Force’s (USAF) B-52H Stratofortress Commercial Engine Replacement Program (CERP). On 24 September 2021 the USAF selected the F130, rejecting proposals from GE Aviation and Pratt & Whitney. The USAF intends to purchase 650 engines (608 direct replacements, 42 spare engines) for its fleet of 76 B-52H aircraft in a $2.6 billion deal. The CERP engines will be built at Rolls-Royce North America's Indianapolis, Indiana, plant.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The Advance 2 development effort inserts new, advanced technology into existing class BR710 and the larger BR725 engines. An even larger engine will also be made, with a fan. The BR710 and BR715 main developments, the next generation of engines to be introduced in the 2020s, will have an Advance 3 core, improved engine health management, newer materials, and cooling. They will also have a “blisk” fan made out of titanium, with an overall pressure ratio of 50:1. These improvements will yield a 10% thrust specific fuel consumption reduction, 50% NOx margin improvement, 99.995% reliability, and a 20% better thrust-to-weight ratio.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: It was undergoing flight tests in May 2018 for an end of 2019 planned entry into service aboard the Bombardier Global Express 5500 and 6500 developments.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The enhanced 3-stage turbine with advanced high temperature materials, advanced segments and seals allow for higher pressures and temperatures and the new low emissions cooled combustor includes a new tiled combustion chamber.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: Its core uses advanced nickel alloys and ceramic coatings, includes a new 10-stage compressor with 6 titanium blisks and a new 2-stage HP turbine with enhanced aerodynamics and blade cooling, enhanced segments and seals.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: Health monitoring should improve on the BR710 99.97% dispatch reliability which is logging one unplanned engine removal per 100,000 hours while the BR715 is approaching zero unplanned removals.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: Evolved from the BR725 with a similar architecture plus a fourth low-pressure turbine stage and a larger, blisk fan, its bypass ratio is higher than 6.5:1 and its overall pressure ratio should exceed 50:1.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: It should provide of thrust, 3-5% better thrust specific fuel consumption than the BR725 variant powering the Gulfstream G650, reduced emissions and lower noise.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The upcoming Dassault Falcon 10X will be powered by two Pearl 10X engines over 18,000 lbf-thrust (80 kN), with a titanium fan blisk, a 10-stage compressor, a two-stage shroudless HP turbine and a four-stage turbine.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The initial Pearl 10X test engine was first run in early 2022 and the programme had accumulated 1,000h of testing by May, along with the Advance2 demonstrator.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The Advance2 core and new low-pressure system allows 5% more efficiency than the previous Rolls-Royce business jet engines.


title: Rolls-Royce BR700

text: The BR715 thrust ratings can be adjusted by changing a plug in the FADEC controller, meaning no engine change is required. The A1-30 can become a C1-30 with a simple plug and software change.


title: Principle

text: A principle is a proposition or value that is a guide for behavior or evaluation. In law, it is a rule that has to be or usually is to be followed. It can be desirably followed, or it can be an inevitable consequence of something, such as the laws observed in nature or the way that a system is constructed. The principles of such a system are understood by its users as the essential characteristics of the system, or reflecting system's designed purpose, and the effective operation or use of which would be impossible if any one of the principles was to be ignored. A system may be explicitly based on and implemented from a document of principles as was done in IBM's 360/370 "Principles of Operation".


title: Principle

text: Examples of principles are, entropy in a number of fields, least action in physics, those in descriptive comprehensive and fundamental law: doctrines or assumptions forming normative rules of conduct, separation of church and state in statecraft, the central dogma of molecular biology, fairness in ethics, etc.


title: Principle

text: In common English, it is a substantive and collective term referring to rule governance, the absence of which, being "unprincipled", is considered a character defect. It may also be used to declare that a reality has diverged from some ideal or norm as when something is said to be true only "in principle" but not in fact.


title: Principle

text: A principle represents values that orient and rule the conduct of persons in a particular society. To "act on principle" is to act in accordance with one's moral ideals. Principles are absorbed in childhood through a process of socialization. There is a presumption of liberty of individuals that is restrained. Exemplary principles include First, do no harm, the golden rule and the doctrine of the mean.


title: Principle

text: It represents a set of values that inspire the written norms that organize the life of a society submitting to the powers of an authority, generally the State. The law establishes a legal obligation, in a coercive way; it therefore acts as principle conditioning of the action that limits the liberty of the individuals. See, for examples, the territorial principle, homestead principle, and precautionary principle.


title: Principle

text: Archimedes principle, relating buoyancy to the weight of displaced water, is an early example of a law in science. Another early one developed by Malthus is the "population principle", now called the Malthusian principle. Freud also wrote on principles, especially the reality principle necessary to keep the id and pleasure principle in check. Biologists use the principle of priority and principle of Binomial nomenclature for precision in naming species. There are many principles observed in physics, notably in cosmology which observes the mediocrity principle, the anthropic principle, the principle of relativity and the cosmological principle. Other well-known principles include the uncertainty principle in quantum mechanics and the pigeonhole principle and superposition principle in mathematics.


title: Principle

text: The principle states that every event has a rational explanation. The principle has a variety of expressions, all of which are perhaps best summarized by the following:


title: Principle

text: However, one realizes that in every sentence there is a direct relation between the predicate and the subject. To say that "the Earth is round", corresponds to a direct relation between the subject and the predicate.


title: Principle

text: According to Aristotle, “It is impossible for the same thing to belong and not to belong at the same time to the same thing and in the same respect.” For example, it is not possible that in exactly the same moment and place, it rains and does not rain.


title: Principle

text: The principle of the excluding third or "principium tertium exclusum" is a principle of the traditional logic formulated canonically by Leibniz as: either "A" is "B" or "A" isn't "B". It is read the following way: either "P" is true, or its denial ¬"P" is.


title: Principle

text: It is also known as ""tertium non datur"" ('A third (thing) is not'). Classically it is considered to be one of the most important fundamental principles or laws of thought (along with the principles of identity, non-contradiction and sufficient reason).


title: Danfoss

text: Danfoss is a Danish multinational company, based in Denmark, with more than 40,043 employees globally. Danfoss was founded in 1933 by engineer Mads Clausen.


title: Danfoss

text: In 1933 Mads Clausen (1905–1966) founded "Dansk Køleautomatik- og Apparatfabrik", later in 1946 the company name was changed to "Danfoss". The first product was an expansion valve for refrigeration units, it was developed after studying imported valves from the US.


title: Danfoss

text: In 1941, activities expanded to products for heating. The thermostatic radiator valve was invented by Mads Clausen in 1943, later patented, and in 1952 promoted as an energy saving device.


title: Danfoss

text: In 1945 about 224 people were employed at the first factory built at and around the farm where he grew up. There was no more room for expansion and a new larger factory was planned.


title: Danfoss

text: In 1962 the company started production of power electronics, the first product was custom-built rectifiers, later in 1968 production of the VLT Frequency converter began, the first of its kind in the world.<br>


title: Danfoss

text: The company also expanded its activities into hydraulics, the first hydraulic component was produced in the factory in Nordborg in 1964.


title: Danfoss

text: Mads Clausen died in 1966, at 60. Because his sons were too young to run the company, his widow Bitten Clausen took on the role as head of the board. The company had yearly sales of 500 million Danish kroner, and the factory had grown to 10,000 m².


title: Danfoss

text: Expansion into other countries started in 1956, when the company started to build a factory in Flensburg, Germany, which was completed in 1958.


title: Danfoss

text: Danfoss Compressors GmbH, Danfoss' former domestic compressor division, was sold in 2010 and renamed Secop.


title: Danfoss

text: China is also an important market for Danfoss. In 2013, two new factories were opened on the same day, bringing the number to seven. The Chinese market was the third largest for the company.


title: Danfoss

text: Danfoss employs approximately 40,043 people worldwide with its headquarters in Nordborg, Denmark.<br>


title: Danfoss

text: In 2002 Danfoss joined the United Nations Global Compact, consisting of nine principles with social and environmental responsibility.


title: Danfoss

text: "Bitten og Mads Clausens Fond" was established as a self-governing institution in 1971 by Bitten Clausen. Today, the foundation is the biggest shareholder in the company.


title: Danfoss

text: In 2010, some Danish newspapers reported that Danfoss sold its products to Nazi Germany during World War II.


title: Danfoss

text: They quoted the book "Krigens købmænd" ("Merchants of War") by Christian Jensen, Tomas Kristiansen and Karl Erik Nielsen, who stated that Danfoss sold goods to the occupying forces for 408,850 Danish kroner. According to Ole Daugbjerg from Danfoss, they did not trade directly with the Germans.


title: Danfoss

text: Later in 2001, it was cleared in the book "Danfoss under besættelsen" ("Danfoss during the Occupation") by Ditlev Tamm although other critics have claimed the book might not be neutral because Tamm was paid by Danfoss to perform the investigations.


title: Danfoss

text: On 7 December 2011 Danfoss was fined 90 million euro for exercising a cartel with Embraco / Whirlpool Corporation, Panasonic, ACC and Tecumseh Products. The cooperation was entered with compressors from April 2004 to October 2007. The basis of the fine is the violation of free competition to the detriment of consumers.


title: Danfoss

text: Danfoss was fined 16.5 million Danish kroner in the United States. From October 2004 to 2007, the German subsidiary also entered illegal price agreements with competitors. The case in both the European Commission and the US is related.


title: Mizo language

text: The Mizo language, or "Mizo ṭawng", is a Kuki-Chin-Mizo language belonging to the Tibeto-Burman family of languages, spoken natively by the Mizo people in the Mizoram state of India and Chin State in Myanmar. The language is also known as Duhlian and Lushai, a colonial term, as the Duhlian people were the first among the Mizos to be encountered by the British in the course of their colonial expansion. The Mizo language is mainly based on Lusei dialect but it has also derived many words from its surrounding Mizo sub-tribes and sub-clan. Now, Mizo language or "Mizo ṭawng" is the "lingua franca" of Mizoram and its surrounding areas and to a lesser extent of Myanmar and Bangladesh and in India in some parts of Assam, Tripura and Manipur. Many poetic languages are derived from Pawi, Paite, and Hmar, and most known ancient poems considered to be Mizo are actually in Pawi. Mizo is the official language of Mizoram, along with English, and there have been efforts to have it included in the Eighth Schedule to the Constitution of India.


title: Mizo language

text: The Mizo language belongs to the Kuki-Chin-Mizo branch of the Sino-Tibetan language family. The numerous clans of the Mizo had respective dialects, amongst which the Lusei dialect was the most common, and evolved with significant influenced from Hmar, Lai and Paite, etc. to become the Mizo language and the "lingua franca" of the Mizo peoples due to its extensive and exclusive use by the Christian missionaries and the later young generation.


title: Mizo language

text: In its current form, it was devised by the first Christian missionaries of Mizoram, Rev. J.H.Lorrain and Rev. F.W.Savidge based on Hunterian system of transliteration.


title: Mizo language

text: A circumflex "^" was later added to the vowels to indicate long vowels, viz., â, ê, î, ô, û, which were insufficient to fully express Mizo tone. Recently, a leading newspaper in Mizoram, "Vanglaini", the magazine "Kristian Ṭhalai", and other publishers began using á, à, ä, é, è, ë, í, ì, ï, ó, ò, ö, ú, ù, ü to indicate the long intonations and tones. However, this does not differentiate the different intonations that short tones can have.


title: Mizo language

text: The Mizo language is related to the other languages of the Sino-Tibetan family. The Kuki-Chin-Mizo languages (which native Mizo speakers call "Zohnahthlâk ṭawngho"/"Mizo ṭawngho") have a substantial number of words in common.


title: Mizo language

text: The following table illustrates the similarity between Mizo and other members of the Sino-Tibetan family. The words given are cognates, whose origins could be traced back to the proto-language Proto-Sino-Tibetan (given in the first column of the table).


title: Mizo language

text: The following few words suggest that Mizo and the Burmese are of the same family: "kun" ("to bend"), "kam" ("bank of a river"), "kha" ("bitter"), "sam" ("hair"), "mei" ("fire"), "that" ("to kill"), "ni" ("sun"), "hnih" ("two"), "li" ("four"), "nga" ("five") etc.


title: Mizo language

text: The Mizo language has eight tones and intonations for each of the vowels "a", "aw", "e", "i" and "u", four of which are reduced tones and the other four long tones. The vowel "o" has only three tones, all of them of the reduced type; it has almost exactly the same sound as the diphthong /oʊ/ found in American English. However, the vowels can be represented as follows:


title: Mizo language

text: Mizo has the following consonants, with the first symbol being its orthographical form and the second one its representation in the IPA:


title: Mizo language

text: As Mizo is a tonal language, differences in pitch and pitch contour can change the meanings of words. Tone systems have developed independently in many daughter languages, largely by simplifications in the set of possible syllable-final and syllable-initial consonants. Typically, a distinction between voiceless and voiced initial consonants is replaced by a distinction between high and low tone, and falling and rising tones developed from syllable-final "h" and glottal stop, which themselves often reflect earlier consonants.


title: Mizo language

text: The eight tones and intonations that the vowel "a" (and the vowels "aw", "e", "i", "u", and this constitutes all the tones in the Mizo language) can have are shown by the letter sequence p-a-n-g, as follows:


title: Mizo language

text: Note that the exact orthography of tones with diacritics is still not standardised (notably for differentiating the four short tones with confusive or conflicting choices of diacritics) except for the differentiation of long versus short tones using the circumflex. As well, the need of at least 7 diacritics may cause complications to design easy keyboard layouts, even if they use dead keys, and even if not all basic Latin letters are needed for Mizo itself, so publications may represent the short tones using digrams (e.g. by appending some apostrophe or glottal letter) to reduce the number of diacritics needed to only 4 (those used now for the long tones) on only two dead keys.


title: Mizo language

text: The following table illustrates the pronunciations of various consonants, vowels and diphthongs found in the Mizo language:


title: Mizo language

text: Mizo contains many analyzable polysyllables, which are polysyllabic units in which the individual syllables have meaning by themselves. In a true monosyllabic language, polysyllables are mostly confined to compound words, such as "lighthouse". The first syllables of compounds tend over time to be de-stressed, and may eventually be reduced to prefixed consonants. The word "nuntheihna" ("survival") is composed of "nung" ("to live"), "theih" ("possible") and "na" (a nominalising suffix); likewise, "theihna" means "possibility". Virtually all polysyllabic morphemes in Mizo can be shown to have originated in this way. For example, the disyllabic form "bakhwan" ("butterfly"), which occurs in one dialect of the Trung (or Dulung) language of Yunnan, is actually a reduced form of the compound "blak kwar", found in a closely related dialect. It is reported over 18 of the dialects share about 850 words with the same meaning. For example, "ban" ("arm"), "ke" ("leg"), "thla" ("wing", "month"), "lu" ("head") and "kut" ("hand").


title: Mizo language

text: However, even if one says "Ka ziak lehkhabu", its meaning is not changed, nor does it become incorrect; the word order becomes Subject-verb-object. But this form is used only in particular situations.


title: Mizo language

text: The verbs (called "thiltih" in Mizo) are not conjugated as in languages such as English and French by changing the desinence of words, but the tense (in a sentence) is clarified by the "aspect" and the addition of some particles, such as


title: Mizo language

text: Mizo verbs are often used in the Gerund, and most verbs change desinence in the Gerund; this modification is called "tihdanglamna". This modified form is also used as the past participle. Some verbs which undergo modification are tabulated below:


title: Mizo language

text: However, even if the spelling of a verb is not changed, its "tone" is sometimes changed. For example, the verbs "tum" (to aim), "hum" (to protect) etc. change tones; the tone is lowered in the modified form. There is a third class of verbs – those which neither change tone nor are inflected (modified). Examples include "hneh" (to conquer), "hnek" (to strike with one's fist).


title: Mizo language

text: There is no gender for nouns, and there are no articles. There are some specific suffixes for forming nouns from verbs and adjectives, the most common of which are "-na" and "-zia". The suffix "-na" is used for forming nouns from both verbs and adjectives, whereas "-zia" is used specifically for nominalising adjectives. For example,


title: Mizo language

text: The free form is mostly used for emphasis, and has to be used in conjunction with either the clitic form or an appropriate pronominal particle, as shown in the following examples:


title: Mizo language

text: For declarative sentences, negation is achieved by adding the particle "lo" (not) at the end of a sentence. For example,


title: Mizo language

text: Also, for words such as "engmah" (nothing), "tumah" (nobody) etc., unlike English we have to add the negation particle "lo"; for example


title: Mizo language

text: All kinds of Parts of Speech like noun, pronoun, verbs, etc. can be found in Mizo language with some additional unique kinds – post-positions and double adverbs.


title: Mizo language

text: Mizo has a thriving literature with Mizo departments in Mizoram University and Manipur University . The governing body is the Mizo Academy of Letters, which awards the annual literary prize "MAL Book of the Year" since 1989. The books awarded so far and their authors are tabulated below along with the years:


title: Mizo language

text: This award is only for books originally written in Mizo, not for translations, and it has been awarded every year since 1989. The award has been given to books on history and religion, but most of its winners are novels. Each year, the academy examines about 100 books (in 2011, 149 books were examined), out of which it selects the top 20, and then shortlisting it further to top 10, and then to top 5, then top 3, finally chooses the winner.


title: Mizo language

text: Some of the best-known Mizo writers include James Dokhuma, Ṭhuamtea Khawlhring, C. Laizawna, C. Lalnunchanga, Vanneihtluanga etc.


title: Mizo language

text: The Mizoram Press Information Bureau lists some twenty Mizo daily newspapers just in Aizawl city, as of March 2013. The following list gives some of the most well-known newspapers published in the Mizo language.


title: Mizo language

text: There are around 850,000 speakers of the Mizo language: 830,846 speakers in India (2011 census); 1,041 speakers in Bangladesh (1981 census); 12,500 speakers in Myanmar (1983 census).


title: SPARC

text: SPARC (Scalable Processor Architecture) is a reduced instruction set computer (RISC) instruction set architecture originally developed by Sun Microsystems. Its design was strongly influenced by the experimental Berkeley RISC system developed in the early 1980s. First developed in 1986 and released in 1987, SPARC was one of the most successful early commercial RISC systems, and its success led to the introduction of similar RISC designs from many vendors through the 1980s and 1990s.


title: SPARC

text: The first implementation of the original 32-bit architecture (SPARC V7) was used in Sun's Sun-4 computer workstation and server systems, replacing their earlier Sun-3 systems based on the Motorola 68000 series of processors. SPARC V8 added a number of improvements that were part of the SuperSPARC series of processors released in 1992. SPARC V9, released in 1993, introduced a 64-bit architecture and was first released in Sun's UltraSPARC processors in 1995. Later, SPARC processors were used in symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) and non-uniform memory access (CC-NUMA) servers produced by Sun, Solbourne, and Fujitsu, among others.


title: SPARC

text: The design was turned over to the SPARC International trade group in 1989, and since then its architecture has been developed by its members. SPARC International is also responsible for licensing and promoting the SPARC architecture, managing SPARC trademarks (including SPARC, which it owns), and providing conformance testing. SPARC International was intended to grow the SPARC architecture to create a larger ecosystem; SPARC has been licensed to several manufacturers, including Atmel, Bipolar Integrated Technology, Cypress Semiconductor, Fujitsu, Matsushita and Texas Instruments. Due to SPARC International, SPARC is fully open, non-proprietary and royalty-free.


title: SPARC

text: As of September 2017, the latest commercial high-end SPARC processors are Fujitsu's SPARC64 XII (introduced in 2017 for its SPARC M12 server) and Oracle's SPARC M8 introduced in September 2017 for its high-end servers.


title: SPARC

text: On Friday, September 1, 2017, after a round of layoffs that started in Oracle Labs in November 2016, Oracle terminated SPARC design after completing the M8. Much of the processor core development group in Austin, Texas, was dismissed, as were the teams in Santa Clara, California, and Burlington, Massachusetts.


title: SPARC

text: Fujitsu will also discontinue their SPARC production (has already shifted to producing their own ARM-based CPUs), after two "enhanced" versions of Fujitsu's older SPARC M12 server in 2020–22 (formerly planned for 2021) and again in 2026–27, end-of-sale in 2029, of UNIX servers and a year later for their mainframe and end-of-support in 2034 "to promote customer modernization".


title: SPARC

text: The SPARC architecture was heavily influenced by the earlier RISC designs, including the RISC I and II from the University of California, Berkeley and the IBM 801. These original RISC designs were minimalist, including as few features or op-codes as possible and aiming to execute instructions at a rate of almost one instruction per clock cycle. This made them similar to the MIPS architecture in many ways, including the lack of instructions such as multiply or divide. Another feature of SPARC influenced by this early RISC movement is the branch delay slot.


title: SPARC

text: The SPARC processor usually contains as many as 160 general-purpose registers. According to the "Oracle SPARC Architecture 2015" specification an "implementation may contain from 72 to 640 general-purpose 64-bit" registers. At any point, only 32 of them are immediately visible to software — 8 are a set of global registers (one of which, g0, is hard-wired to zero, so only seven of them are usable as registers) and the other 24 are from the stack of registers. These 24 registers form what is called a register window, and at function call/return, this window is moved up and down the register stack. Each window has 8 local registers and shares 8 registers with each of the adjacent windows. The shared registers are used for passing function parameters and returning values, and the local registers are used for retaining local values across function calls.


title: SPARC

text: The "Scalable" in SPARC comes from the fact that the SPARC specification allows implementations to scale from embedded processors up through large server processors, all sharing the same core (non-privileged) instruction set. One of the architectural parameters that can scale is the number of implemented register windows; the specification allows from three to 32 windows to be implemented, so the implementation can choose to implement all 32 to provide maximum call stack efficiency, or to implement only three to reduce cost and complexity of the design, or to implement some number between them. Other architectures that include similar register file features include Intel i960, IA-64, and AMD 29000.


title: SPARC

text: The architecture has gone through several revisions. It gained hardware multiply and divide functionality in Version 8. 64-bit (addressing and data) were added to the version 9 SPARC specification published in 1994.


title: SPARC

text: In SPARC Version 8, the floating-point register file has 16 double-precision registers. Each of them can be used as two single-precision registers, providing a total of 32 single-precision registers. An odd-even number pair of double-precision registers can be used as a quad-precision register, thus allowing 8 quad-precision registers. SPARC Version 9 added 16 more double-precision registers (which can also be accessed as 8 quad-precision registers), but these additional registers can not be accessed as single-precision registers. No SPARC CPU implements quad-precision operations in hardware as of 2004.


title: SPARC

text: Tagged add and subtract instructions perform adds and subtracts on values checking that the bottom two bits of both operands are 0 and reporting overflow if they are not. This can be useful in the implementation of the run time for ML, Lisp, and similar languages that might use a tagged integer format.


title: SPARC

text: The endianness of the 32-bit SPARC V8 architecture is purely big-endian. The 64-bit SPARC V9 architecture uses big-endian instructions, but can access data in either big-endian or little-endian byte order, chosen either at the application instruction (load–store) level or at the memory page level (via an MMU setting). The latter is often used for accessing data from inherently little-endian devices, such as those on PCI buses.


title: SPARC

text: There have been three major revisions of the architecture. The first published version was the 32-bit "SPARC Version 7" (V7) in 1986. "SPARC Version 8" (V8), an enhanced SPARC architecture definition, was released in 1990. The main differences between V7 and V8 were the addition of integer multiply and divide instructions, and an upgrade from 80-bit "extended-precision" floating-point arithmetic to 128-bit "quad-precision" arithmetic. SPARC V8 served as the basis for IEEE Standard 1754-1994, an IEEE standard for a 32-bit microprocessor architecture.


title: SPARC

text: "SPARC Version 9", the 64-bit SPARC architecture, was released by SPARC International in 1993. It was developed by the SPARC Architecture Committee consisting of Amdahl Corporation, Fujitsu, ICL, LSI Logic, Matsushita, Philips, Ross Technology, Sun Microsystems, and Texas Instruments.


title: SPARC

text: In 2002, the SPARC "Joint Programming Specification 1" (JPS1) was released by Fujitsu and Sun, describing processor functions which were identically implemented in the CPUs of both companies ("Commonality"). The first CPUs conforming to JPS1 were the UltraSPARC III by Sun and the SPARC64 V by Fujitsu. Functionalities which are not covered by JPS1 are documented for each processor in "Implementation Supplements".


title: SPARC

text: At the end of 2003, JPS2 was released to support multicore CPUs. The first CPUs conforming to JPS2 were the UltraSPARC IV by Sun and the SPARC64 VI by Fujitsu.


title: SPARC

text: In early 2006, Sun released an extended architecture specification, "UltraSPARC Architecture 2005". This includes not only the non-privileged and most of the privileged portions of SPARC V9, but also all the architectural extensions developed through the processor generations of UltraSPARC III, IV IV+ as well as CMT extensions starting with the UltraSPARC T1 implementation:


title: SPARC

text: In 2007, Sun released an updated specification, "UltraSPARC Architecture 2007", to which the UltraSPARC T2 implementation complied.


title: SPARC

text: In August 2012, Oracle Corporation made available a new specification, "Oracle SPARC Architecture 2011", which besides the overall update of the reference, adds the VIS 3 instruction set extensions and hyperprivileged mode to the 2007 specification.


title: SPARC

text: In October 2015, Oracle released SPARC M7, the first processor based on the new "Oracle SPARC Architecture 2015" specification. This revision includes VIS 4 instruction set extensions and hardware-assisted encryption and silicon secured memory (SSM).


title: SPARC

text: SPARC architecture has provided continuous application binary compatibility from the first SPARC V7 implementation in 1987 through the Sun UltraSPARC Architecture implementations.


title: SPARC

text: Among various implementations of SPARC, Sun's SuperSPARC and UltraSPARC-I were very popular, and were used as reference systems for SPEC CPU95 and CPU2000 benchmarks. The 296 MHz UltraSPARC-II is the reference system for the SPEC CPU2006 benchmark.


title: SPARC

text: SPARC is a load/store architecture (also known as a "register-register architecture"); except for the load/store instructions used to access memory, all instructions operate on the registers, in accordance with the RISC design principles.


title: SPARC

text: The SPARC architecture has an overlapping register window scheme. At any instant, 32 general purpose registers are visible. A Current Window Pointer ("CWP") variable in the hardware points to the current set. The total size of the register file is not part of the architecture, allowing more registers to be added as the technology improves, up to a maximum of 32 windows in SPARC V7 and V8 as "CWP" is 5 bits and is part of the "PSR" register.


title: SPARC

text: In SPARC V7 and V8 "CWP" will usually be decremented by the SAVE instruction (used by the SAVE instruction during the procedure call to open a new stack frame and switch the register window), or incremented by the RESTORE instruction (switching back to the call before returning from the procedure). Trap events (interrupts, exceptions or TRAP instructions) and RETT instructions (returning from traps) also change the "CWP".


title: SPARC

text: For SPARC V9, CWP register is decremented during a RESTORE instruction, and incremented during a SAVE instruction. This is the opposite of PSR.CWP's behavior in SPARC V8. This change has no effect on nonprivileged instructions.


title: SPARC

text: All SPARC instructions occupy a full 32 bit word and start on a word boundary. Four formats are used, distinguished by the first two bits. All arithmetic and logical instructions have 2 source operands and 1 destination operand.


title: SPARC

text: SETHI instruction format copies its 22 bit immediate operand into the high-order 22 bits of any specified register, and sets each of the low-order 10 bits to 0.


title: SPARC

text: Format ALU register, both sources are registers; format ALU immediate, one source is a register and one is a constant in the range -4096 to +4095. Bit 13 selects between them. In both cases, the destination is always a register.


title: SPARC

text: Branch format instructions do control transfers or conditional branches. The icc or fcc field specifies the kind of branch. The 22 bit displacement field give the relative address of the target in words so that conditional branches can go forward or backward up to 8 megabytes. The "ANNUL" (A) bit is used to get rid of some delay slots. If it is 0 in a conditional branch, the delay slot is executed as usual. If it is 1, the delay slot is only executed if the branch is taken. If it is not taken, the instruction following the conditional branch is skipped.


title: SPARC

text: The CALL instruction uses a 30-bit program counter-relative word offset. This value is enough to reach any instruction within 4 gigabytes of the caller or the entire address space. The CALL instruction deposits the return address in register R15 also known as output register O7.


title: SPARC

text: Just like the arithmetic instructions, the SPARC architecture uses two different formats for load and store instructions. The first format is used for instructions that use one or two registers as the effective address. The second format is used for instructions that use an integer constant as the effective address.


title: SPARC

text: Most arithmetic instructions come in pairs with one version setting the NZVC condition code bits, and the other does not. This is so that the compiler has a way to move instructions around when trying to fill delay slots.


title: SPARC

text: SPARC V7 does not have multiplication or division instructions, but it does have MULSCC, which does one step of a multiplication testing one bit and conditionally adding the multiplicand to the product. This was because MULSCC can complete over one clock cycle in keeping with the RISC philosophy.


title: SPARC

text: SPARC machines have generally used Sun's SunOS, Solaris, or OpenSolaris including derivatives illumos and OpenIndiana, but other operating systems have also been used, such as NeXTSTEP, RTEMS, FreeBSD, OpenBSD, NetBSD, and Linux.


title: SPARC

text: In 1993, Intergraph announced a port of Windows NT to the SPARC architecture, but it was later cancelled.


title: SPARC

text: For HPC loads Fujitsu builds specialized SPARC64 fx processors with a new instruction extensions set, called HPC-ACE (High Performance Computing – Arithmetic Computational Extensions).


title: SPARC

text: Fujitsu's K computer ranked in the TOP500 June 2011 and November 2011 lists. It combines 88,128 SPARC64 VIIIfx CPUs, each with eight cores, for a total of 705,024 cores—almost twice as many as any other system in the TOP500 at that time. The K Computer was more powerful than the next five systems on the list combined, and had the highest performance-to-power ratio of any supercomputer system. It also ranked in the Green500 June 2011 list, with a score of 824.56 MFLOPS/W. In the November 2012 release of TOP500, the K computer ranked , using by far the most power of the top three. It ranked on the corresponding Green500 release. Newer HPC processors, IXfx and XIfx, were included in recent PRIMEHPC FX10 and FX100 supercomputers.


title: SPARC

text: Tianhe-2 (TOP500 as of November 2014) has a number of nodes with Galaxy FT-1500 OpenSPARC-based processors developed in China. However, those processors did not contribute to the LINPACK score.


title: Storm Keating

text: Sharyn Storm Keating ("née" Uechtritz; born 27 October 1981) is an Australian brand ambassador, producer-director and mother, now based in London. She has worked on a number of Australian and British television programmes such as "The Apprentice Australia", "Masterchef Australia", "The X Factor", "The Voice Australia", and "The Voice UK". She is the wife of singer Ronan Keating.


title: Storm Keating

text: Sharyn Storm Uechtritz was born in Childers, Queensland, Australia, the daughter of Gordon Charles Uechtritz, a cattleman, and Debra Lynn (née Hastings), also known as Sharni Ra'harni, a business consultant, healer and Reiki practitioner. Keating's birth name was Sharyn Storm Uechtritz. Her parents loved the name "Storm" used in one of Wilbur Smith's novels, and decided to give her the name; concerned that, because of her name, she might be made fun of later on in her life, they added the name Sharyn.


title: Storm Keating

text: Keating grew up in a small village in Papua New Guinea, before her family relocated to a cattle property in Australia in 1988. Keating has three older brothers.


title: Storm Keating

text: After school, she attended the University of Queensland (Australia) for three years; she subsequently received an international exchange scholarship to study at University of California, Los Angeles in 2003, for the final year of her degree education.


title: Storm Keating

text: During her time at the University of California Los Angeles, Keating completed an internship at HBO in the Original Programming Department under Chris Albrecht. It was upon her return to Australia that Keating began her career in television production at Channel Nine in Sydney.


title: Storm Keating

text: In 2009, she worked on the production of the Australian version of NBC's "The Apprentice". From 2010–2012, Keating went on to work with popular formats including "The X Factor", "Masterchef" and "The Voice". In 2012, she relocated to London where she became the producer-director of "The Voice UK".


title: Storm Keating

text: Keating collaborated on a range of boots with legendary Italian bootmaker, Stivaleria Cavallin. Called the 'Storm Boots', these were launched in February 2015 at the Burberry show during London Fashion Week. In October 2015, Keating was announced as Ambassador for Positive Luxury, a London-based company which globally awards luxury brands with an interactive Trust Mark for meeting sustainability and ethical business criteria.


title: Storm Keating

text: Keating (then known by her maiden name, Uechtritz) married Tim Ivers in August 2009. They had first met while she was studying at the University of Queensland. Their marriage ended in April 2012. She started dating Ronan Keating in August 2011 after she met him on the Australian "The X-Factor" show. She subsequently married him on 17 August 2015. Storm took Keating's name after marriage. They have two children together, a son Cooper Archer Keating, born on 26 April 2017 and a girl, Coco Knox Keating, who was born 27 March 2020. She is of German, Danish, Samoan and English descent.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Dmytro Anatoliyovych Yarosh (; born 30 September 1971) is a Ukrainian activist, politician, nationalist and military commander who is the main commander of the Right Sector's Ukrainian Volunteer Corps. From 2013 to 2015, he led the Right Sector nationalist organisation. In late 2015, he withdrew from the Right Sector. From 2014 until 2019, Yarosh served as a People's Deputy of Ukraine. In February 2016, he started a new organisation called "Governmental Initiative of Yarosh" (DIYA).


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election, Yarosh received 127,772 votes (0.7% of the total). He was elected to the Verkhovna Rada in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election from a single-seat constituency in the Dnipropetrovsk Oblast by winning 29.76% of the votes. He lost the seat in the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On 25 July 2015, at the request of the Russian authorities, Interpol placed Yarosh on its international wanted list. Since 2 January 2016 this request no longer appears on Interpol's website.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh was born on 30 September 1971 in Dniprodzerzhynsk (now Kamianske), a town in predominantly Russian-speaking Dnipropetrovsk Oblast in central-eastern Ukraine. Yarosh grew up in a Russian-speaking family. His mother worked in a car factory and his father an engineer at a machine plant. Yarosh has described his early years as "a happy Soviet childhood." His father refused to join the Communist Party, although Yarosh claims he was asked to join many times.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In 1988 Yarosh graduated from High School #24 of Dniprodzerzhynsk. As almost all pre-teens and young teenagers in the Soviet Union, he was a member of Young Pioneers and later the Countrywide Leninist Communist Youth League organisations, youth-based sub-organisations of the Communist Party.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In the mid-1980s, Yarosh became interested in politics and according to him the Soviet Union "It became clear that the system was false". In 1989, Yarosh, who was 18 at the time, and a group of friends (who were all about twelve years old) were, allegedly, the first people to raise the yellow-blue flag of Ukraine in eastern Ukraine, more precisely in Dneprodzerzhinsk. The flag was sewed by his grandmother and her sister with cloth bought by Yarosh.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Starting in February 1989, Yarosh was a member of People's Movement of Ukraine organisation. From October 1989 to November 1991 he was drafted and served two years in the Soviet army as a private.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: During the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yarosh joined Ukrainian nationalist groups. In 1994, he joined the Tryzub organisation, which he has led since 2005.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Since October 1988, Yarosh has been active in Ukrainian politics: in February 1989, he became a member of the People’s Movement of Ukraine, coinciding with his service in the Soviet Army. In 1994, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Yarosh was one of the founders of the Ukrainian nationalist organisation Tryzub. He later became head of Tryzub in 2005. In October 2010, he tried to create a unified Ukrainian nationalist movement.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In 2001, Yarosh graduated from the State University of Education in Drohobych, Ukraine (today the ). On 1 April 2013, Yarosh became an assistant-consultant to the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament) deputy from the Ukrainian Democratic Alliance for Reform Valentyn Nalyvaichenko, they are long-time friends.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: During the Euromaidan protests in early 2014, Tryzub became the core of the newly-founded Right Sector, a coalition of right-wing nationalists. During these protests Yarosh advocated for a "national revolution" and dismissed the Viktor Yanukovych administration as an "internal occupational regime". In early February, weeks before the ousting of President Yanukovych, Yarosh stated in an interview that there would be no civil war in Ukraine because 80% of the population did not support Yanukovych.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Right before the 21 February ouster of Yanukovych, in the 2014 Ukrainian revolution, Yarosh claims he and the Right Sector leadership was consulted by Yanukovych on the deal Yanukovych had signed with the opposition to end Euromaidan. Yarosh refused to endorse this agreement and refused to disarm Right Sector.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In the aftermath of the collapse of Yanukovych's regime, Yarosh demanded to be appointed Vice Prime Minister for the law enforcement matters, but his demand was rejected; he was offered a post of the Deputy Secretary of the National Security and Defense Council of Ukraine instead, but Yarosh rejected this position as being beneath him. There were discussions of appointing Yarosh deputy head of the Security Service of Ukraine, but these discussions quickly petered out for unknown reasons.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On 20 April 2014, Dmytro Yarosh claims he was ordered by acting President Oleksandr Turchinov to lead 20 Right Sector members to sabotage an insurgent-controlled television tower in Sloviansk, leading to the first combat fatalities in the Siege of Sloviansk. Yarosh denied his role in these events until two years later.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh was a candidate in the 25 May 2014 Ukrainian presidential election. A poll conducted by the "Socis" research center (from 25 February – 4 March 2014) predicted that Yarosh's candidacy received the support of 1.6% of the people who were surveyed. On election day he actually received 0.7% of the votes. In January 2019 Yarosh stated he only took part in the election "not to destroy the revolutionary structures after the revolution". He also stated that he was fully aware it was "virtually impossible" he could win the election and that because he was engaged in military action since the first days of April 2014 he did not campaign.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh took part in the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election as a Right Sector candidate in single-member district number 39 (first-past-the-post wins a parliament seat) located in Vasylkivka Raion. He won a parliamentary seat by winning this constituency with 29.76% of the votes. Yarosh did not join a faction in the Verkhovna Rada (Ukraine's parliament). He did join the inter-factional group UKROP.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: During the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport, Yarosh was wounded on 21 January 2015 by an exploding Grad rocket in the nearby village of Pisky. He was evacuated out of the conflict zone.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In early April 2015, Ukraine's defence ministry announced that MP Dmytro Yarosh was to become an aide to military chief Viktor Muzhenko and that his Right Sector fighting group would be integrated into the Armed Forces of Ukraine.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh resigned as Right Sector leader on 11 November 2015. After he was wounded on 21 January 2015 he had delegated tasks to others in the organisation and he stated on 11 November 2015 he "did not want to be a wedding general". Especially since he claimed "my positions were not always the same as the aspirations of some of the leadership". Late December 2015 Yarosh announced he was forming a new political party that would have its founding congress in February 2016.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In February 2016 Yarosh started a new organisation called "Governmental Initiative of Yarosh" (DIYA). The departure of Yarosh resulted in at least 20% of Right Sector members leaving with him. According to Yarosh DIYA will be a public movement like People's Movement of Ukraine was in its early days.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh did not participate in the 2019 Ukrainian presidential election. In the election he endorsed the candidacy of Ruslan Koshulynskyi.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election DIYA joined a united party list with the political parties of Svoboda, Right Sector and National Corps. Yarosh himself was placed 3rd on the party list. But in the election they won not enough votes to clear the 5% election threshold and thus no parliamentary seats. The party did also not win a single-mandate constituency parliamentary seat.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On November 2, 2021, Yarosh said on social media he had been appointed Adviser to the Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces of Ukraine Valerii Zaluzhnyi. In response to a (December 2021) request by "Ukrayinska Pravda" the General Staff of the Armed Forces of Ukraine refused to disclose details of its alleged cooperation with Yarosh citing the confidentiality of the information requested. Prior to this request the (army) post of public advisers had been dissolved and Yarosh had thus been dismissed from his post.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: was his first love, in elementary school. The couple married in 1993 and has 3 children: daughters Anastasya and Jarina and son Dmytro. On 11 March 2014 grandson Nazar was born.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh was baptized in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate, (he claims) because "Then there was no other." In 1994 Yarosh converted to the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Yarosh is a controversial figure. In Russia's state-run media he has been described as a "radical nationalist". Mainstream Western media has generally called him a radical or extreme nationalist. Some mainstream and left-wing sources have denounced him as a "fascist".


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On 12 March 2014, an editor of privately owned "Lenta.ru" website, Galina Timchenko, was fired by the company's owner Alexander Mamut for publishing a link to an interview with Yarosh he gave two days earlier, after Russian media regulatory agency Roskomnadzor formally warned the Lenta.ru website for publishing this link. In this interview Yarosh said: "Sooner or later, we are doomed to fight a war with [the] Moscow empire".


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On 1 March 2014 Right Sector's page on Russian online social networking service VKontakte showed an entry with Dmytro Yarosh's alleged appeal to Doku Umarov, a Chechen militant guerrilla leader associated with Al-Qaeda, for support of Ukraine.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On 2 March 2014, Right Sector's spokesman Art Skoropadskyi denied the message was posted and approved by Yarosh. According to the spokesman, this alleged appeal to Umarov appeared on Right Sector's VKontakte webpage after one of its administrator's accounts was hacked. VKontakte blocks the page at a request of an Attorney General of Russia. On 11 March 2014 Russian State Duma deputy Valery Rashkin urged Russian special services to "follow Mossad examples" and assassinate leaders of Right sector Dmytro Yarosh and Oleksandr Muzychko.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: On 12 March 2014 an infamous of Moscow has issued an arrest warrant of Yarosh in absentia alleging public calls for terrorism.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: In March 2014 Investigative Committee of Russia has launched a criminal case against Yarosh, and some members (including party leader Oleh Tyahnybok) of Svoboda and UNA-UNSO, for "organising an armed gang" that had allegedly fought against Russian 76th Guards Air Assault Division in the First Chechen War and for "public calls for extremism and public calls for terrorism". Yarosh has been placed on an international wanted list by Interpol at the request of the Russian Federation on 25 July 2015. The charge last alleges he "incriminated [himself by making] public appeals to terrorism and extremism." These two actions are a crime according to Russian criminal code (205th and 280th articles, respectively). Yarosh has been placed on an international wanted list by the Russian Federation. This initially made him the only person wanted internationally after the beginning of the conflict between Ukraine and Russia in 2014.


title: Dmytro Yarosh

text: Since 2 January 2016 Yarosh's name can not be found on the international wanted list that is visible on Interpol's website.


title: Consulting firm

text: A consulting firm or simply consultancy is a professional service firm that provides expertise and specialised labour for a fee, through the use of consultants. Consulting firms may have one employee or thousands; they may consult in a broad range of domains, for example, management, engineering, and so on.


title: Consulting firm

text: Management consultants, in particular, typically work with company executives and provide them with generalists and industry-specific specialists, known as subject-matter experts, usually trained in management or in business schools. The deliverable of a management consultant is usually recommendations for achieving a company objective, leading to a company project.


title: Consulting firm

text: Many consulting firms complement the recommendations with implementation support, either by the consultants or by technicians and other experts.


title: Consulting firm

text: Consulting services are part of the tertiary sector and account for several hundred billion dollars in annual revenues. Between 2010 and 2015, the 10 largest consulting firms alone made 170 billion dollars growth revenue and the average annual growth rate is around 4%.


title: Consulting firm

text: The segmentation of advisory services varies widely across organizations and countries. Categorization is unclear, in part because of the upheavals that have occurred in this industry in recent years.


title: Consulting firm

text: One approach is to separate services into five broad service delivery families, considering the managers they are targeting:


title: Consulting firm

text: There are different types of consulting firms serving different sectors. They mainly fall under the following fields:


title: Consulting firm

text: The business model of consulting is similar to staffing, wherein the objective is to effectively lower labour costs for clients, for an intended result, or relative to an intended result or output, in order to charge for a profit margin for the consulting firm. Clients are essentially looking to procure or purchase external help and assistance. Consulting firms sustains themselves from a labour economic point of view as a method for distribution of labour, where certain positions, roles or fields of expertise within the labour market find it being more suitable for contractor work, as compared to in-house employment, for a few possible reasons:


title: Consulting firm

text: and being more profitable to clients, consulting firms, and society at large as a result. As such, the consulting business model can be seen as a result of the knowledge economy, and as a subset of the knowledge industry. Today, it is not uncommon for consulting firms to offer solutions to their business clients. Knowledge transfer is also a common sales argument for consulting services.


title: Consulting firm

text: As consulting firms grow larger, in a modern, globalised and interconnected business environment, a lot of times they will take what could be seen as similar to a 3rd party position, as it relates to one or more clients, that are engaged in b2b business. The consulting firm utilises its networking capabilities (due to its high number of clients, often within diverse markets) to connect actors in for example M&A activity. Since the private sector isn't allowed to use officials, nor attempt to create any such equivalent as this would be regarded as antitrust behaviour, there is a natural demand for other such private or business services to offer an alternative to this type of coordinating services.


title: Consulting firm

text: It is common for consulting firms practices to be involved in the selling of outsourcing services as well. Similarly, outsourcing firms may offer consulting services as a way to help integrate their services with the client. Many consulting firms offer several service packages as part of their business portfolio. While consulting services and outsourcing services are compatible, issues arise if the clients are not aware of the differences between the two. From an ethical standpoint, it is important that clients are aware of what type or types of services they're procuring, as consulting services are meant to be a complementary service to the client firm, whereas outsourcing effectively aims to replace parts of the client firm that are imperative to their operational ability.


title: Consulting firm

text: In 2013, there was a randomized trial in Mexico where 432 small and medium enterprises were allowed access to management consulting services for one year. As a result of this trial, there were many positive impacts. Such positive impacts include: increase in entrepreneurial spirit, increases in employment and higher wages for employees. Even after 5 years after the trial, positive impacts are still active. These results were achieved by advertising a consulting program to 432 enterprises and recorded data on the positive effects.


title: Consulting firm

text: A consulting firm is a suitable instrument for money laundering. Illegally obtained money is laundered by the employment of consulting companies. The reason consulting firms are so effective at laundering money is because consulting services are immaterial, therefore, pricing is non-transparent.


title: Consulting firm

text: Another reason consulting firms are effective at laundering money is because sometimes consultants regularly leverage their clients into charging higher prices. When a client of the consulting firm is satisfied, the consultant can charger higher fees through more leverage while setting prices through the contracting prices. Therefore, when auditors inspect financial statements provided by the consulting firm, the consulting firm can state that a certain consulting project costed an 'x' amount of money and auditors are unable to detect fraud, thus allowing money laundering to occur.


title: Consulting firm

text: The impact of consulting firms on local businesses in emerging economies do not always have positive effects. One reason for this is that firms in emerging economies suffer from the inferiority of their technologies and innovation capabilities, thus, although they have access to consulting firms, they cannot make the most of the advice given. Advice given by consulting firms to clients may not be used efficiently as clients firms in emerging markets tend to suffer due to a lack of infrastructure, organisation, and education. Another reason firms in emerging economies struggle to effectively use consulting services is that innovation is very costly and risky.


title: Consulting firm

text: As noted above, consulting firms in emerging economies do also have positive impacts. Positive impacts include: increases in employment, increase in entrepreneurial spirit and higher wages for employees.


title: Consulting firm

text: One study shows that there is a significant difference between efficiency between consulting firms in America (developed economy) and consulting firms in Asia Pacific regions (emerging economy). Efficiency scores of consulting firms in America were significantly higher than consulting firms in Asia Pacific regions. This is because firms in developed economies have better infrastructure, organisation and education, thus advice given by consulting firms is used efficiently.


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: In physics, the Rayleigh–Jeans law is an approximation to the spectral radiance of electromagnetic radiation as a function of wavelength from a black body at a given temperature through classical arguments. For wavelength λ, it is:


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: where formula_2 is the spectral radiance, the power emitted per unit emitting area, per steradian, per unit wavelength; formula_3 is the speed of light; formula_4 is the Boltzmann constant; and formula_5 is the temperature in kelvin. For frequency formula_6, the expression is instead


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: The Rayleigh–Jeans law agrees with experimental results at large wavelengths (low frequencies) but strongly disagrees at short wavelengths (high frequencies). This inconsistency between observations and the predictions of classical physics is commonly known as the ultraviolet catastrophe. Its resolution in 1900 with the derivation by Max Planck of Planck's law, which gives the correct radiation at all frequencies, was a foundational aspect of the development of quantum mechanics in the early 20th century.


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: In 1900, the British physicist Lord Rayleigh derived the "λ" dependence of the Rayleigh–Jeans law based on classical physical arguments and empirical facts. A more complete derivation, which included the proportionality constant, was presented by Rayleigh and Sir James Jeans in 1905. The Rayleigh–Jeans law revealed an important error in physics theory of the time. The law predicted an energy output that diverges towards infinity as wavelength approaches zero (as frequency tends to infinity). Measurements of the spectral emission of actual black bodies revealed that the emission agreed with the Rayleigh–Jeans law at low frequencies but diverged at high frequencies; reaching a maximum and then falling with frequency, so the total energy emitted is finite.


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: In 1900 Max Planck empirically obtained an expression for black-body radiation expressed in terms of wavelength (Planck's law):


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: where "h" is the Planck constant and the Boltzmann constant. The Planck's law does not suffer from an ultraviolet catastrophe, and agrees well with the experimental data, but its full significance (which ultimately led to quantum theory) was only appreciated several years later. Since,


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: then in the limit of high temperatures or long wavelengths, the term in the exponential becomes small, and the exponential is well approximated with the Taylor polynomial's first-order term,


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: The same argument can be applied to the blackbody radiation expressed in terms of frequency . In the limit of small frequencies, that is formula_13,


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: When comparing the frequency and wavelength dependent expressions of the Rayleigh–Jeans law it is important to remember that


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: even after substituting the value formula_18, because formula_19 has units of energy emitted per unit time per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle, per unit wavelength, whereas formula_20 has units of energy emitted per unit time per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle, per unit frequency. To be consistent, we must use the equality


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: where both sides now have units of power (energy emitted per unit time) per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle.


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: Depending on the application, the Planck function can be expressed in 3 different forms. The first involves energy emitted per unit time per unit area of emitting surface, per unit solid angle, per spectral unit. In this form, the Planck function and associated Rayleigh–Jeans limits are given by


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: Alternatively, Planck's law can be written as an expression formula_27 for emitted power integrated over all solid angles. In this form, the Planck function and associated Rayleigh–Jeans limits are given by


title: Rayleigh–Jeans law

text: In other cases, Planck's law is written as formula_30 for energy per unit volume (energy density). In this form, the Planck function and associated Rayleigh–Jeans limits are given by


title: James Faulkner (actor)

text: James Faulkner is an English actor. He is best known for playing Pope Sixtus IV in the television series "Da Vinci's Demons" (2013–2015), Randyll Tarly in the television series "Game of Thrones" (2016–2017), and Saint Paul in the film "Paul, Apostle of Christ" (2018).


title: Discrete logarithm

text: In mathematics, for given real numbers "a" and "b", the logarithm log "a" is a number "x" such that . Analogously, in any group "G", powers "b" can be defined for all integers "k", and the discrete logarithm log "a" is an integer "k" such that . In number theory, the more commonly used term is index: we can write "x" = ind "a" (mod "m") (read "the index of "a" to the base "r" modulo "m"") for "r" ≡ "a" (mod "m") if "r" is a primitive root of "m" and gcd("a","m") = 1.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Discrete logarithms are quickly computable in a few special cases. However, no efficient method is known for computing them in general. Several important algorithms in public-key cryptography, such as ElGamal base their security on the assumption that the discrete logarithm problem over carefully chosen groups has no efficient solution.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Let "G" be any group. Denote its group operation by multiplication and its identity element by 1. Let "b" be any element of "G". For any positive integer "k", the expression "b" denotes the product of "b" with itself "k" times:


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Similarly, let "b" denote the product of "b" with itself "k" times. For "k" = 0, the "k"th power is the identity: .


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Let "a" also be an element of "G". An integer "k" that solves the equation is termed a discrete logarithm (or simply logarithm, in this context) of "a" to the base "b". One writes "k" = log "a".


title: Discrete logarithm

text: For any number "a" in this list, one can compute log "a". For example, log 10000 = 4, and log 0.001 = −3. These are instances of the discrete logarithm problem.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Other base-10 logarithms in the real numbers are not instances of the discrete logarithm problem, because they involve non-integer exponents. For example, the equation log 53 = 1.724276… means that 10 = 53. While integer exponents can be defined in any group using products and inverses, arbitrary real exponents, such as this 1.724276…, require other concepts such as the exponential function.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: In group-theoretic terms, the powers of 10 form a cyclic group "G" under multiplication, and 10 is a generator for this group. The discrete logarithm log "a" is defined for any "a" in "G".


title: Discrete logarithm

text: A similar example holds for any non-zero real number "b". The powers form a multiplicative subgroup "G" = {…, "b", "b", "b", 1, "b", "b", "b", …} of the non-zero real numbers. For any element "a" of "G", one can compute log "a".


title: Discrete logarithm

text: One of the simplest settings for discrete logarithms is the group (Z). This is the group of multiplication modulo the prime "p". Its elements are congruence classes modulo "p", and the group product of two elements may be obtained by ordinary integer multiplication of the elements followed by reduction modulo "p".


title: Discrete logarithm

text: The "k"th power of one of the numbers in this group may be computed by finding its "k"th power as an integer and then finding the remainder after division by "p". When the numbers involved are large, it is more efficient to reduce modulo "p" multiple times during the computation. Regardless of the specific algorithm used, this operation is called modular exponentiation. For example, consider (Z). To compute 3 in this group, compute 3 = 81, and then divide 81 by 17, obtaining a remainder of 13. Thus 3 = 13 in the group (Z).


title: Discrete logarithm

text: The discrete logarithm is just the inverse operation. For example, consider the equation 3 ≡ 13 (mod 17) for "k". From the example above, one solution is "k" = 4, but it is not the only solution. Since 3 ≡ 1 (mod 17)—as follows from Fermat's little theorem—it also follows that if "n" is an integer then 3 ≡ 3 × (3) ≡ 13 × 1 ≡ 13 (mod 17). Hence the equation has infinitely many solutions of the form 4 + 16"n". Moreover, because 16 is the smallest positive integer "m" satisfying 3 ≡ 1 (mod 17), these are the only solutions. Equivalently, the set of all possible solutions can be expressed by the constraint that "k" ≡ 4 (mod 16).


title: Discrete logarithm

text: In the special case where "b" is the identity element 1 of the group "G", the discrete logarithm log "a" is undefined for "a" other than 1, and every integer "k" is a discrete logarithm for "a" = 1.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: defined by "f"("k") = "b" is a group homomorphism from the integers Z under addition onto the subgroup "H" of "G" generated by "b". For all "a" in "H", log "a" exists. Conversely, log "a" does not exist for "a" that are not in "H".


title: Discrete logarithm

text: If "H" is infinite, then log "a" is also unique, and the discrete logarithm amounts to a group isomorphism


title: Discrete logarithm

text: On the other hand, if "H" is finite of order "n", then log "a" is unique only up to congruence modulo "n", and the discrete logarithm amounts to a group isomorphism


title: Discrete logarithm

text: The familiar base change formula for ordinary logarithms remains valid: If "c" is another generator of "H", then


title: Discrete logarithm

text: The discrete logarithm problem is considered to be computationally intractable. That is, no efficient classical algorithm is known for computing discrete logarithms in general.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: A general algorithm for computing log "a" in finite groups "G" is to raise "b" to larger and larger powers "k" until the desired "a" is found. This algorithm is sometimes called "trial multiplication". It requires running time linear in the size of the group "G" and thus exponential in the number of digits in the size of the group. Therefore, it is an exponential-time algorithm, practical only for small groups "G".


title: Discrete logarithm

text: More sophisticated algorithms exist, usually inspired by similar algorithms for integer factorization. These algorithms run faster than the naïve algorithm, some of them proportional to the square root of the size of the group, and thus exponential in half the number of digits in the size of the group. However none of them runs in polynomial time (in the number of digits in the size of the group).


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Efficient classical algorithms also exist in certain special cases. For example, in the group of the integers modulo "p" under addition, the power "b" becomes a product "bk", and equality means congruence modulo "p" in the integers. The extended Euclidean algorithm finds "k" quickly.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: With Diffie–Hellman a cyclic group modulus a prime "p" is used, allowing an efficient computation of the discrete logarithm with Pohlig–Hellman if the order of the group (being "p"−1) is sufficiently smooth, i.e. has no large prime factors.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: While computing discrete logarithms and factoring integers are distinct problems, they share some properties:


title: Discrete logarithm

text: There exist groups for which computing discrete logarithms is apparently difficult. In some cases (e.g. large prime order subgroups of groups (Z)) there is not only no efficient algorithm known for the worst case, but the average-case complexity can be shown to be about as hard as the worst case using random self-reducibility.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: At the same time, the inverse problem of discrete exponentiation is not difficult (it can be computed efficiently using exponentiation by squaring, for example). This asymmetry is analogous to the one between integer factorization and integer multiplication. Both asymmetries (and other possibly one-way functions) have been exploited in the construction of cryptographic systems.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: Popular choices for the group "G" in discrete logarithm cryptography (DLC) are the cyclic groups (Z) (e.g. ElGamal encryption, Diffie–Hellman key exchange, and the Digital Signature Algorithm) and cyclic subgroups of elliptic curves over finite fields ("see" Elliptic curve cryptography).


title: Discrete logarithm

text: While there is no publicly known algorithm for solving the discrete logarithm problem in general, the first three steps of the number field sieve algorithm only depend on the group "G", not on the specific elements of "G" whose finite log is desired. By precomputing these three steps for a specific group, one need only carry out the last step, which is much less computationally expensive than the first three, to obtain a specific logarithm in that group.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: It turns out that much Internet traffic uses one of a handful of groups that are of order 1024 bits or less, e.g. cyclic groups with order of the Oakley primes specified in <nowiki>RFC 2409</nowiki>. The Logjam attack used this vulnerability to compromise a variety of Internet services that allowed the use of groups whose order was a 512-bit prime number, so called export grade.


title: Discrete logarithm

text: The authors of the Logjam attack estimate that the much more difficult precomputation needed to solve the discrete log problem for a 1024-bit prime would be within the budget of a large national intelligence agency such as the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). The Logjam authors speculate that precomputation against widely reused 1024 DH primes is behind claims in leaked NSA documents that NSA is able to break much of current cryptography.


title: Kretek

text: Kretek () are unfiltered cigarettes of Indonesian origin, made with a blend of tobacco, cloves, and other flavors. The word "kretek" itself is an onomatopoetic term for the crackling sound of burning cloves.


title: Kretek

text: Partly due to favorable taxation compared to filtered "white" cigarettes, kreteks are by far the most widely smoked form of cigarettes in Indonesia, where they are preferred by about 90% of smokers.


title: Kretek

text: In Indonesia, there are hundreds of kretek manufacturers, including small local makers and major brands. Most of the widely known international brands, including Sampoerna, Bentoel, Minak Djinggo, Djarum, Gudang Garam, and Wismilak originate from Indonesia. Nat Sherman of the United States produced cigarettes branded as "A Touch of Clove" but they were not true kreteks, since there was clove flavoring infused into small crystals located inside the filter, rather than actual clove spice mixed with the tobacco.


title: Kretek

text: Kreteks often serve as a base for Indonesian herbal cigarettes, by adding various herbs in addition to clove spice.


title: Kretek

text: The origin of kretek cigarettes can be traced to 1880. The creator of kretek was Hajj Djamhari, a native of Kudus in Indonesia's Central Java region. Suffering from chest pains, Djamhari attempted to reduce the pain by rubbing clove oil on his chest. Djamhari sought a means of achieving a deeper relief and smoked his hand-rolled cigarettes after adding dried clove buds and rubber tree sap. According to the story, his asthma and chest pains healed immediately. Word of Djamhari's product spread rapidly among his neighbors, and the product soon became available in pharmacies as "rokok cengkeh"; clove cigarettes. First marketed as a medicinal product, kreteks became widely popular.


title: Kretek

text: In those years, the locals used to hand-roll kreteks to sell on order without any specific brand, packing, or limits on ingredients used in production. A resident of Kudus named Nitisemito had the idea of starting serial production and selling kreteks under a proprietary brand name. Unlike other manufacturers, Nitisemito, who first created the Bal Tiga brand in 1906, enjoyed great success by implementing unprecedented marketing techniques, such as using embossed packs or offering free-of-charge promotional materials. Commercial manufacture did not start in earnest until the 1930s.


title: Kretek

text: Furthermore, he also developed a means of production called the abon system which offered opportunities for other entrepreneurs with insufficient capital. In this system, a person called an "abon" assumes the job of delivering finished products to the company which pays the price of piecework done whereas the company is liable to supply the necessary production materials to the "abons". Most manufacturers have since opted to have their workers working under the roof of their own factories, to maintain quality standards. Nowadays, only a few kretek manufacturers make use of the abon system.


title: Kretek

text: During the period from 1960 until 1970 and the earlier days of the New Order regime, kreteks became a national symbol against "white cigarettes". In the mid-1980s, the number of machine-produced cigarettes exceeded that of hand-rolled ones. One of the largest income sources of Indonesia, the kretek industry comprises 500 large and small manufacturers employing a total of around 10 million people.


title: Kretek

text: Since 2009, kreteks are not legal for sale in the United States. A variation of the kretek is sold: "cigars" that are similar in size and shape to the original kreteks, also with a filter and the original tobacco/clove blend, but in a tobacco-based paper.


title: Kretek

text: The quality and variety of tobacco play an important role in kretek production. One kretek brand can contain more than 30 types of tobacco. Minced dried clove buds weighing about 1/3 of the tobacco blend are added. Sometimes the last process that machine-made or hand-rolled kreteks go through is the spraying of sweetener at the butt end of the cigarette.


title: Kretek

text: Djarum Black cigarettes sold in Europe, South Africa and South American countries have 10–12 mg tar and 1 mg nicotine, as indicated on the pack. This level of tar and nicotine is comparable to the majority of other regular or "full-flavor" cigarettes available. Djarum Black cigarettes produced for consumption in Indonesia contain a significantly higher quantity of tar and nicotine, 25 mg and 1.6 mg respectively. In Canada, Djarum Black cigarettes are listed as containing 44.2–86 mg of tar and 1.73–3.24 mg of nicotine, a significant amount more than most other cigarettes.


title: Kretek

text: The venous plasma nicotine and carbon monoxide levels from 10 smokers were tested after smoking kreteks and were found to be similar to non-clove brands of cigarettes, such as Marlboro.


title: Kretek

text: Rats were given equal inhalation doses of conventional tobacco cigarettes and kreteks over a short period. Those that had inhaled kreteks did not appear to show worse health effects compared to those that had inhaled conventional cigarettes. The study was repeated with a 14-day exposure and kreteks again did not produce worse health effects than conventional cigarettes.


title: Kretek

text: The eugenol in clove smoke causes a numbing of the throat which can diminish the gag reflex in users, leading researchers to recommend caution for individuals with respiratory infections. There have also been a few cases of aspiration pneumonia in individuals with normal respiratory tracts possibly because of the diminished gag reflex.


title: Kretek

text: In the United States, cigarettes were the subject of legal restrictions and political debate, including a proposed 2009 US Senate bill that would have prohibited cigarettes from having a "characterizing flavor" of certain ingredients other than tobacco and menthol.


title: Kretek

text: A study by the U.S. Centers for Disease Control found kreteks account for a relatively small percentage of underage smoking, and their use was declining among high school students. Critics of the bill argued that support of the bill by the large U.S. tobacco maker Philip Morris, which makes only conventional and menthol cigarettes, indicated that the bill was an attempt to protect the company from competition.


title: Kretek

text: Some U.S. states, including Utah, New Mexico, and Maryland, passed laws that prohibit the sale of kreteks.


title: Kretek

text: On 14 March 2005, Philip Morris International announced the purchase of Indonesian tobacco company PT HM Sampoerna after acquiring a 40% stake in Sampoerna from a number of Sampoerna's principal shareholders.


title: Kretek

text: In 2009, the Family Smoking Prevention and Tobacco Control Act was introduced in the US Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama, giving the FDA significantly more regulatory power over tobacco; one of the provisions in the law includes a ban on the use of flavors in tobacco, other than menthol. The ban includes kreteks. As of September 22, 2009, the clove cigarette was no longer legal to sell or distribute in the US, and cigarettes purchased overseas are subject to seizure by U.S. Customs. There is an exception to this rule when receiving cigarettes as gifts through the USPS and is only allowed if certain guidelines are followed. This rule does not allow for purchase of tobacco products overseas but allows the receipt of gifts from domestic individuals and international individuals. However, Kretek International Inc., importer of the Djarum brand, continued to offer the clove and tobacco products as little cigars, which have lower taxes (in some U.S. states) and looser restrictions than cigarettes.


title: Kretek

text: On April 12, 2010 Indonesia filed a formal complaint with the World Trade Organization stating the ban on kreteks in America amounts to discrimination because menthol cigarettes are exempt from the new regulation. Trade Ministry Director General of International Trade Gusmardi Bustami has stated that the Indonesian government has asked the WTO panel to review US violations on trade regulations, including the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) 1994, Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) and Sanitary and Phytosanitary (SPS) Agreement. The TBT Agreement is of special importance as it defines clove cigarettes and menthol cigarettes as "like products". Claims of discrimination are enhanced when noting that 99% of kreteks were imported from countries other than the United States (chiefly Indonesia), while menthol cigarettes are produced almost entirely by American tobacco manufacturers. Indonesia's case is further strengthened by comparing the number of young kretek smokers in America with the number of young menthol cigarette smokers. According to US health reports, 43% of young smokers smoke menthol cigarettes, which accounts for nearly 25% of the total cigarette consumption in the United States. Young smokers habituated to kreteks, however, account for less than 1% of cigarette consumption in the US, and <1% of the total cigarettes sold in the US. On April 4, 2012, the WTO ruled in favor of Indonesia's claim, though it is unclear how this will affect U.S. law.


title: Kretek

text: Kretek cigarettes are among others sold in Australia, Brazil etc. In Europe only smaller packs and thinner cigarettes were sold to adhere to the EU established maximum amount of nicotine and tar levels. As of 2022, the sale of Kretek cigarettes has been outlawed in the EU, though the sale of Kretek cigarillos does not fall under this ban.


title: Kretek

text: In South Africa they are also sold in smaller packs of 10 with between 10–12 mg tar, and 1-1.2 mg nicotine.


title: Kretek

text: Indonesia is the world's largest producer of clove cigarettes, and exports up to US$500 million of the product a year.


title: Abdelaziz Bouteflika

text: Abdelaziz Bouteflika (; ; 2 March 1937 – 17 September 2021) was an Algerian politician and diplomat who served as President of Algeria from 1999 to his resignation in 2019.