title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In March, a skate blade hit Papadakis' knee while she was practicing steps with Cizeron. According to Haguenauer, "Her knee was open, she had eight stitches, but it's superficial," and she resumed training on 21 March. Papadakis/Cizeron placed first in the short dance at the 2016 World Championships in Boston, ahead of Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani of the United States. They set a world record score in the free program of 118.17, beating the previous world record held by Meryl Davis / Charlie White of the United States of 116.63 at the 2014 Winter Olympics. They won the competition with a personal best overall score of 194.46, 6.03 points ahead of Maia Shibutani / Alex Shibutani. The duo withdrew from their final competition of the season, the 2016 Team Challenge Cup in April 2016, because Papadakis had a mild case of mononucleosis.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Competing in the 2016–17 Grand Prix series, Papadakis/Cizeron won gold at the 2016 Trophée de France and silver at the 2016 NHK Trophy, behind Canada's Tessa Virtue / Scott Moir. In December 2016, they received the silver medal at the Grand Prix Final in Marseille, France, finishing second again to Virtue/Moir. With numerous small mistakes popping up they were showing the most vulnerability since their rise to the top and were only 3rd in the short dance of this event behind Shibutani/Shibutani.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In January 2017, Papadakis/Cizeron won their third continental title at the European Championships in Ostrava, Czech Republic, although they were only 3rd in the short dance behind Ekaterina Bobrova/Dmitri Soloviev and Anna Cappellini/Luca Lanotte. At the 2017 World Figure Skating Championships they came in as underdogs after their previous defeats to Virtue/Moir. They won the free dance portion handily with a new personal best and free dance world record of 119.15 points, but due to another subpar performance in the short dance, lost for a 3rd straight time to Virtue/Moir, taking the silver medal.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: For the 2017-18 Grand Prix season, Papadakis and Cizeron were assigned to the Cup of China and the Internationaux de France. At the Cup of China, they set their new short dance personal best of 81.10, a new free dance world record of 119.33 points, and a new overall world record becoming the first team to surpass 200 points with 200.43 points. At the 2017 Internationaux de France they set another short dance personal best of 81.40, a new free dance personal best and world record of 120.58 points, and a new overall world record of 201.98 points.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis and Cizeron won their first ever Grand Prix Final, setting another new short program personal best of 82.07 points, and a new overall world record of 202.16. They won their 4th consecutive European Championships ice dancing title, the first team to accomplish that since Marina Klimova/Sergei Ponomarenko from 1989 to 1992, handily winning both programs.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: At the 2018 Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang, Papadakis and Cizeron finished second in the short dance with a score of 81.93 despite Papadakis suffering a wardrobe malfunction, and first in the free skate with a world record score of 123.35, to claim the silver medal. Papadakis and Cizeron finished the season at the World Championships, where claimed their third title with world record scores in the short dance, free dance, and overall.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: For the 2018-2019 Grand Prix Season, Papadakis and Cizeron were assigned to 2018 NHK Trophy and 2018 Internationaux de France. However, they had to withdraw from NHK Trophy because of Cizeron's injury to his back. Competing at the 2018 Internationaux de France in Grenoble, they won the gold medal and set new world records in both programs and overall. Cizeron stated: "I feel like we shared a very good moment with the audience. It was the first time we’ve done our free program this year, so we had a little bit of stress, but I feel the audience connected to it."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: After winning their fifth consecutive French national title, Papadakis/Cizeron next competed at the 2019 European Championships, which they also won for the fifth straight time, setting new world records in the process. Cizeron expressed satisfaction with the free dance, which he called "almost technically perfect." They then went on to claim their fourth World title at the 2019 World Championships, again setting new world records in the rhythm dance, free dance, and overall score. Papadakis/Cizeron concluded the season at the 2019 World Team Trophy, setting new world records in both the free skating and overall score, while Team France finished fourth overall.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Eschewing the Challenger series, Papadakis/Cizeron debuted their programs at Master's de Patinage before making their first international appearance on the Grand Prix at the 2019 Internationaux de France. They set the world record in the rhythm dance again, eight points ahead of Chock/Bates in second place. They performed their free dance, performed mainly to spoken word poetry, and won the event by a wide margin. At 2019 NHK Trophy, they again set the world record for the rhythm dance with a score of 90.03, becoming the first couple ever in history to score over 90 points in the segment. Winning the free dance as well, they set another set of world records and qualified first to the Grand Prix Final.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Competing at the Grand Prix Final, Papadakis stumbled out of her twizzle in the rhythm dance's midline step sequence, leading to them scoring 83.83, their lowest rhythm dance score under the post-2018 judging system. They nevertheless placed first in that segment, albeit narrowly. They won the free dance decisively with close to their previous world record score, winning their second Grand Prix Final gold.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: After collecting another French national title, Papadakis/Cizeron competed at the 2020 European Championships in Graz. After the rhythm dance, they were in first place, separated from Sinitsina/Katsalapov by only 0.05 points. In a close result, they lost the free dance and in the overall result finished behind by 0.14 points, winning the silver medal. This marked the first time anyone had beaten Papadakis/Cizeron since Virtue/Moir at the 2018 Winter Olympics, and the first time they had been defeated in the free dance since the 2016–17 Grand Prix Final. The result was considered a major upset, with Katsalapov remarking "to get anywhere near Gabriella and Guillaume seemed impossible for all the skaters." Papadakis said "we can't always win and we accept that. It is a lesson for us that we probably needed. We knew the competition was very close, so yes, we knew we did not have room for mistakes, and we made them."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: The European result generated immediate speculation that Sinitsina/Katsalapov could challenge Papadakis/Cizeron for gold at the 2020 World Championships in Montreal, but these were cancelled as a result of the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: With the pandemic affecting international travel, the ISU opted to assign the Grand Prix based primarily on geographic location, but Papadakis/Cizeron were nonetheless assigned to the 2020 Internationaux de France, necessitating traveling from Canada to France. However, the Internationaux was ultimately cancelled due to the pandemic as well. Both skaters contracted COVID-19 in July 2020, after contact with a third individual, resulting in them being away from the ice for three weeks.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: On November 11, 2020, "L'Équipe" reported that Papadakis/Cizeron would skip both the French and European championships for that season to focus on the World Championships in Stockholm, citing the difficulty of traveling back and forth between countries frequently.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: On January 20, 2021, Papadakis/Cizeron announced that they would withdraw from the World Championships and would instead be focusing on the 2021/2022 season and the 2022 Olympics. Cizeron stated their reason: "We have never known such a long time without skating. The series of cancellations provoked a climate of uncertainty and doubt that is difficult for all top-level athletes to manage."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Entering the Olympic season, Papadakis/Cizeron had not decided whether this would be their final competitive year, with Papadakis stating they were "both in that mindset of let's do this season, let's train for the Olympics and then we will see." For the street dance-themed rhythm dance, the duo enlisted outside choreographer Axelle Munezero to work on a program based on waacking, a dance style created in Los Angeles' LGBT clubs during the Disco Era. Papadakis and Cizeron spent six months studying the history of the dance before beginning the choreographic process, with Munezero saying she approached it as if she was "training dancers that wanted to become waackers and do that as a living."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: The team began the year at the 2021 CS Finlandia Trophy, winning the gold medal. Shortly afterward a controversy emerged relating to homophobic comments made by Russian skating judge Alexander Vedenin, who said that due to Cizeron's homosexuality there would always be a lack of chemistry between the partners. The French federation wrote a letter to the International Skating Union in response.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis/Cizeron were initially assigned to the 2021 Cup of China as their first Grand Prix, but after its cancellation, they were reassigned to the 2021 Gran Premio d'Italia in Turin. They won both segments and the event, taking the gold medal. Cizeron cited improved levels on elements since the Finlandia Trophy as their main takeaway, while saying further improvement was necessary. At their second event, the 2021 Internationaux de France, Papadakis/Cizeron again won gold. Performing at home in their own country, Papadakis said they "appreciate it now after the pandemic that it is possible to have an event with such a big audience." Their results qualified them for the Grand Prix Final, but it was subsequently cancelled due to restrictions prompted by the Omicron variant.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: After winning the French national title again, Papadakis/Cizeron were named to the French Olympic team and opted to withdraw from the 2022 European Championships to avoid the risk of the Omicron variant prior to the Olympics.


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Competing at the 2022 Winter Olympics in Beijing, Papadakis/Cizeron began the dance event with a record-setting rhythm dance score of 90.83, 1.98 points ahead of Russian rivals Sinitsina/Katsalapov in second. Papadakis said they were "positively superstitious" about the Olympics as "we've always skated very well in China, and why should it be different this time?" They also went on to win the free dance, setting a new world record for total score (226.98). Cizeron said that "the silver four years ago made us to want the gold medal more than anything else. I think we've never worked that hard for a specific goal throughout our career. All the gold medals came one after the other without us really wanting them as a precise goal. This year we gathered the courage actually to want to win."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: Papadakis and Cizeron concluded the season at the 2022 World Championships, held on home soil in Montpellier. Longtime rivals Sinitsina/Katsalapov were absent due to the International Skating Union banning all Russian athletes due to their country's invasion of Ukraine. They won the rhythm dance by a world record score of 92.73, 3.01 points over training mates Hubbell/Donohue. In the free dance they set another world record (137.09) as well as a world record for total score (229.82), taking their fifth World title. With Hubbell/Donohue taking the silver medal and Chock/Bates the bronze, the entire podium consisted of skaters from the Ice Academy of Montreal. Papadakis remarked "we're so lucky to have been surrounded by our closest friends here on the podium. I think that's very rare and it's what makes it worth it – gold medals, and the event, and the work. I think friendship, in the end, is what stays."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: In June of 2022, Papadakis and Cizeron announced that they would take a one-year break from competition, but would not rule out returning and pushing for the 2026 Winter Olympics. Cizeron said, "if we were stopping for good, we'd say it." On the possibility of continuing, Papadakis added "creating something new coupled with our will as artists would be a reason to come back. You need an inner fire to compete."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: "Small medals for short and free programs awarded only at ISU Championships. At team events, medals awarded for team results only."


title: Gabriella Papadakis

text: "Record in 2017-2018 Season marks the historical world records set before the introduction of the +5/-5 GOE judging system"


title: The Witch's Diner

text: The Witch's Diner () is a South Korean web series starring Song Ji-hyo, Nam Ji-hyun, and Chae Jong-hyeop. It aired on streaming platform TVING from July 16 to August 13, 2021, on every Friday at 16:00 (KST) for 8 episodes.


title: The Witch's Diner

text: The series aired on television network tvN from January 5–19, 2022, on every Wednesday and Thursday at 22:30 (KST) for 5 episodes.


title: The Witch's Diner

text: "The Witch's Diner" tells the story of desperate people who come to dine at the restaurant operated by witch Jo Hee-ra (Song Ji-hyo), hoping to get their wishes fulfilled through special meal. In exchange, they have to sacrifice the most precious thing in their life.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: John-Blair Bickerstaff (born March 10, 1979) is an American professional basketball coach who is the head coach for the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). Before that, he was the head coach for the Memphis Grizzlies and has also been an assistant coach for several other NBA teams.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: Bickerstaff played his first two collegiate seasons at Oregon State and finished his career at the University of Minnesota. He averaged 10.9 points and 6.1 rebounds as a senior for the Golden Gophers.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: Bickerstaff spent three seasons (2004–2007) with the Charlotte Bobcats as an assistant coach, before spending four (2007–2011) seasons as an assistant coach for the Minnesota Timberwolves. He was hired as an assistant coach by the Rockets on July 15, 2011. He was made interim head coach of the Rockets on November 18, 2015, after Kevin McHale was fired. On that same day, he made his coaching debut against the Portland Trail Blazers with a 108–103 overtime victory.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: After the season, Bickerstaff informed the Rockets that he had withdrawn his name for the head coaching search, effectively ending his tenure with the Houston Rockets.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: On November 27, 2017, Bickerstaff was promoted as the Grizzlies' interim head coach after the firing of David Fizdale. On May 1, 2018, he was announced as the new permanent head coach of the Grizzlies. On April 11, 2019, the Grizzlies fired Bickerstaff after the team failed to reach the playoffs.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: On May 19, 2019, the Cleveland Cavaliers named Bickerstaff assistant and associate head coach. On February 19, 2020, head coach John Beilein resigned as head coach of the Cavaliers, and Bickerstaff was announced as the new head coach. On March 10, the Cavaliers announced that they had agreed on a multi-year contract with Bickerstaff. On December 25, 2021, the Cavaliers signed Bickerstaff to a multi-year contract extension.


title: J. B. Bickerstaff

text: Bickerstaff is the son of former NBA coach Bernie Bickerstaff, who is also working for the Cavaliers in their front office serving as senior basketball advisor.


title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021

text: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021 was the 30th season of the longest running singing reality show of India Sa Re Ga Ma Pa that aired on 16 October 2021 to 6 March 2022.


title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021

text: The channel started taking auditions for the 30th season from 15 July 2021 through "Missed Call Based Link Providing Method" and invites young aspiring singers to take part on the show. The auditions gets closed on 15 August 2021.


title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021

text: The channel approaches Himesh Reshammiya, Vishal Dadlani and Shankar Mahadevan as the judging panel for its 30th season.


title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021

text: The channel first announces Aditya Narayan as the host of the upcoming season and Aditya Narayan also confirmed that news but later on some media reports claiming that Narayan is quitting his hosting career and he wants to work for Grammy Awards, however there's no official confirmation about quitting this season comes yet from Zee TV. On 18 September, the channel releases its official trailer on YouTube and confirmed officially that Narayan will host the show.


title: Sa Re Ga Ma Pa 2021

text: Talking about the show, Narayan says, "Sa Re Ga Ma Pa is like a homecoming for me. It's a show that I have been associated with for a really long time and the stage is just like home to me. I have hosted nearly seven seasons of this show, right from 2007 to 2018. When I was just about 18 years old, my first ever job in the television Industry was with Sa Re Ga Ma Pa."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The Deir Yassin massacre took place on April 9, 1948, when around 130 fighters from the Zionist paramilitary groups Irgun and Lehi killed at least 107 Palestinian Arabs, including women and children, in Deir Yassin, a village of roughly 600 people near Jerusalem. The assault occurred as Jewish militia sought to relieve the blockade of Jerusalem during the civil war that preceded the end of British rule in Palestine.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The villagers put up stiffer resistance than the Jewish militias had expected and they suffered casualties. The village fell after house-to-house fighting. Some of the Palestinian Arabs were killed in the course of the battle, others while trying to flee or surrender. A number of prisoners were executed, some after being paraded in West Jerusalem. In addition to the killing and widespread looting, there may have been cases of mutilation and rape. Despite an original boast by the victors that 254 had been killed, modern scholarship puts the death toll at far fewer. Palestinian historian Aref al-Aref counted 117 victims, seven in combat and the rest in their homes. The number of wounded is estimated to between 12 and 50. Five of the attackers were killed and a dozen wounded.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The massacre was condemned by the leadership of the Haganah—the Jewish community's main paramilitary force—by the area's two chief rabbis and famous Jews abroad like Albert Einstein, Jessurun Cardozo, Hannah Arendt, Sidney Hook and others. The Jewish Agency for Israel sent Jordan's King Abdullah a letter of apology, which he rebuffed. He held them responsible for the massacre, and warned about "terrible consequences" if similar incidents occurred elsewhere.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The massacre became a pivotal event in the Arab–Israeli conflict for its demographic and military consequences. The narrative was embellished and used by various parties to attack each other—by the Palestinians against Israel; by the Haganah to play down their own role in the affair; and by the Israeli left to accuse the Irgun and Lehi of blackening Israel's name by violating the Jewish principle of purity of arms. News of the killings sparked terror among Palestinians, frightening them to flee their homes in the face of Jewish troop advances and it strengthened the resolve of Arab governments to intervene, which they did five weeks later. Four days after the Deir Yassin massacre, on April 13, a revenge attack on the Hadassah medical convoy in Jerusalem ended in a massacre killing 78 Jews, most of whom were the medical staff. Archival material in Israeli military deposits documenting the massacre remain classified.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The attack on Deir Yassin took place a few months after the United Nations had proposed that Palestine be divided into an Arab state and a Jewish one. The Arabs rejected the proposal, and civil war broke out.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: In the months leading up to the end of British rule, in a phase of the civil war known as "The Battle of [the] Roads", the Arab League-sponsored Arab Liberation Army (ALA)—composed of Palestinians and other Arabs—attacked Jewish traffic on major roads in an effort to isolate the Jewish communities from each other. The ALA managed to seize several strategic vantage points along the highway between Jerusalem and Tel Aviv—Jerusalem's sole supply route and link to the western side of the city (where 16 percent of all Jews in Palestine lived)—and began firing on convoys traveling to the city. By March 1948, the road was cut off and Jerusalem was under siege. In response, the Haganah launched Operation Nachshon to break the siege. On April 6, in an effort to secure strategic positions, the Haganah and its strike force, the Palmach, attacked al-Qastal, a village two kilometers north of Deir Yassin overlooking the Jerusalem-Tel Aviv highway.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Most of the Jewish forces that attacked Deir Yassin belonged to two extremist, underground, militias, the Irgun (Etzel, abbreviated IZL) (National Military Organization), led by Menachem Begin, and the Lehi (Fighters for the Freedom of Israel, abbreviated LHI), also known as the Stern Gang, both aligned with the right-wing revisionist Zionist movement. Often referred to as "revisionists" (or "dissidents") because their ideological alignment contrasted with the Yishuv's (Jewish community in Palestine) dominant labor Zionist movement.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Formed in 1931, Irgun was a militant group that broke away from the mainstream Jewish militia, the Haganah. During the 1936–39 Arab revolt in Palestine, in which Palestinian Arabs rose up against the British mandate authorities in protest at Jewish mass immigration into the country, Irgun's tactics had included bus and marketplace bombings, condemned by both the British and the Jewish Agency. Lehi, an Irgun splinter group, was formed in 1940 following Irgun's decision to declare a truce with the British during World War II. Lehi subsequently carried out a series of assassinations designed to force the British out of Palestine. In April 1948, it was estimated that the Irgun had 300 fighters in Jerusalem, and Lehi around 100.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Both groups had committed numerous terror attacks against the British and the Arabs but Deir Yassin would be their first proper military operation and the groups were keen to show their rival the Haganah their combat prowess. It was also their first joint operation since the split in 1940.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Deir Yassin was a Palestinian Arab village of several hundred residents, all Muslim, living in 144 houses. The International Committee of the Red Cross reported that there were 400 residents; Yoav Gelber writes that there were 610, citing the British mandatory authority figures; and Begin's biographer, Eric Silver, 800 to 1,000. The village was relatively prosperous, thanks to the excavation of limestone from its quarries, which allowed the residents to make a good living from stone-cutting.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The village was situated on a hill 800 meters above sea level and two kilometers south of the Tel Aviv highway. It bordered West Jerusalem's Jewish suburbs; Givat Shaul, an Orthodox community, just across the valley 700 meters to the northeast, and Beit HaKerem to the southeast. The closest Arab towns were Qalunya a few kilometers to the northwest and Ein Karem a few kilometers to the southwest, where the Arab Liberation Army had set up a base. Cutting through Ein Karem and Deir Yassin was the Sharafa ridge (Mount Herzl), a strategically important elevation that the Haganah had taken earlier. The only road to and from the village ran eastward passing through Givat Shaul.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: By most accounts, the villagers lived in peace with their Jewish neighbors, particularly those in Givat Shaul, some of whom reportedly tried to help the villagers during the Irgun–Lehi massacre.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: On January 20, 1948, the villagers met leaders of the Givat Shaul community to form a peace pact. The Deir Yassin villagers agreed to inform Givat Shaul should Palestinian militiamen appear in the village, by hanging out certain types of laundry during the day—two white pieces with a black piece in the middle—and at night signaling three dots with a flashlight and placing three lanterns in a certain place. In return, patrols from Givat Shaul guaranteed safe passage to Deir Yassin residents, in vehicles or on foot, passing through their neighborhood on the way to Jerusalem. Yoma Ben-Sasson, Haganah commander in Givat Shaul, said after the village had been captured that, "there was not even one incident between Deir Yassin and the Jews." The view was echoed in a secret Haganah report which stated that the village had stayed "faithful allies of the western [Jerusalem] sector."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Gelber viewed it is unlikely that the peace pact between Deir Yassin and Givat Shaul continued to hold in April, given the intensity of hostilities between the Arab and Jewish communities elsewhere. On April 4, the Haganah affiliated daily Davar reported that "[t]he western neighborhoods of Jerusalem, Beit Hakerem and Bayit Vagan, was attacked on Sabbath night (April 2) by fire from the direction of Deir Yassin, Ein Kerem and Colonia." Over the next few days, the Jewish community at Motza and Jewish traffic on the road to Tel Aviv came under fire from the village. On April 8, Deir Yassin youth took part in the defence of the Arab village of al-Qastal, which the Jews had invaded days earlier: the names of several Deir Yassin residents appeared on a list of wounded compiled by the British Palestine police.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Arab militiamen had tried to set up camp in the village, leading to a firefight that saw one villager killed. Just before January 28, Abd al-Qadir al-Husayni had arrived with 400 men and tried to recruit some villagers, but the elders voiced their opposition and the men moved on. The leader of the village, the mukhtar, was summoned to Jerusalem to explain to the Arab Higher Committee (AHC), the Palestinian Arab leadership, what the village's relationship was with the Jews: he told them the villagers and the Jews lived in peace. No steps were taken against him, and he was not asked to cancel the peace pact. On February 13, an armed gang of Arabs arrived to attack Givat Shaul, but the Deir Yassin villagers saw them off, the result of which was that the gang killed all the village's sheep. On March 16, the AHC sent a delegation to the village to request that it host a group of Iraqi and Syrian irregulars to guard it. The villagers said no then, and again on April 4, though Irgun fighters said they did encounter at least two foreign militiamen during the April 9 invasion.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Lapidot in his 1992 memoirs described occasional skirmishes between Deir Yassin and Givat Shaul residents, that on April 3, shots had been fired from Deir Yassin toward the Jewish villages of Bet Hakerem and Yefe Nof. He further stated that the village was defended by 100 armed men, that ditches had been dug around it, that Iraqi and Palestinian guerrillas were stationed there, and that there was a guard force stationed by the village entrance. Morris writes that it is possible some militiamen were stationed in the village, but the evidence is far from definitive, in his view. He also notes that Begin at the time didn't mention attacks from the village or the presence of foreign militiamen as he would do years later. Gelber writes that there is no evidence of militiamen in the village and finds no reason to believe that there were any.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Due to the lack of technical evidence, historians' narratives of the Deir Yassin massacre are largely based on witness accounts. Either in the form of reports produced before or shortly after the attack, or in interviews conducted many years later. The following witnesses are main sources for historians:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Irgun and Lehi commanders approached David Shaltiel, the Haganah commander in Jerusalem, for approval. He was initially reluctant, because the villagers had signed a non-aggression pact, and suggested attacking Ein Karem instead. The Lehi and Irgun commanders complained that this would be too hard for them. Shaltiel ultimately yielded, on condition that the attackers would continue to occupy the village rather than destroying it, lest its ruins be used by Arab militias which would force the Jews to reconquer it. His approval met with resistance. Pa'il objected to violating the peace pact with the village, but Shaltiel maintained that he had no power to stop them. Pa'il said in 1998 that Levi had proposed that the inhabitants be notified, but Shaltiel had refused to endanger the operation by warning them. David Siton of Lehi claimed he also protested because the village was docile:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: According to Morris, it was agreed during planning meetings that the residents would be expelled. Lehi further proposed that any villagers who failed to flee should be killed to terrify the rest of the country's Arabs. According to the testimony of the commander of the operation, Ben-Zion Cohen, who was later to state that had there been '(t)hree or four more Deir Yassins.. not a single Arab would have remained in the country,' most of the Irgun and Lehi fighters at preparatory meetings agreed the aim should be one of the "liquidation of all the men in the village and any other force that opposed us, whether it be old people, women, or children." According to Lapidot, the Irgun high command, including Menachem Begin, objected and the troops were specifically ordered not to kill women, children, or prisoners.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Lapidot in his memoirs claimed that, in the view of Irgun and Lehi, Deir Yassin posed a threat to Jewish neighborhoods and the main road to the coastal plain. He further claimed that an assault on the village would show the Arabs that the Jews intended to fight for Jerusalem. In earlier testimony he had claimed that "the reason was mainly economic ... to capture booty" to supply Irgun and Lehi's bases with.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: About 130 fighters participated in the attack of which 70 came from Irgun, according to Morris. Hogan estimates that there were 132 men; 72 from Irgun, 60 from Lehi, and some women serving in supporting roles. They met for briefings on April 8, a few hours before the attack began. Lehi would stage its attack from Givat Shaul, and the Irgun from Beit HaKerem. Lapidot writes that the mood at the Irgun meeting was festive. It was the first time a large number of underground fighters had met openly, and the collaboration between the groups increased their sense of solidarity. They chose a password to reflect the mood, ""Ahdut Lohemet"" ("Fighters' Solidarity"). This was the phrase that would signal the start of the attack.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: According to Lapidot, Raanan stressed that women, children, and the elderly must not be harmed, and that the villagers were to be warned by loudspeaker to give them a chance to escape. The road to Ayn Karim would be left open so they could head there.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The scant arsenal was divided as follows. The Irgunists got one of the three Bren machine gun, Lehi got the other and the third was used for the loudspeaker vehicle. Each rifleman got 40 bullets, each person with a Sten gun 100 bullets, and each fighter two hand grenades. The stretcher bearers only got clubs. They had no communication equipment. Despite their confidence, the fighters, most of them teenagers, were by all accounts ill-prepared, untrained, and inexperienced.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: After the briefing, the fighters were driven to their assigned positions. The Irgun force approached Deir Yassin from the east and south, arriving at the edge of the village at about 4:30 AM. The Lehi force was supposed to be taking their positions around the village at the same time but were in fact late. The Irgun commanders had no way to contact them, and had to assume they were on schedule. Following the Lehi group were Pa'il and a photographer. He wanted to observe the revisionists' fighting capabilities.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: According to Ben-Zion Cohen, the fight erupted as his men took action when dogs started barking. At 04:45 a village sentry spotted the Irgunists moving in, and called out in Arabic, "Mahmoud". One of the Irgun fighters thought he had said "Ahdut", part of the password. He responded with the second half of the password, "Lohemet". According to an Irgun fighter, the Arabs shouted "Yahud" (Jews) and opened fire.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: A gunbattle then broke out. The Irgun force came under fire from a three-man village guard in a concrete pillbox, and from houses in the village as residents scrambled for their rifles to join the battle, firing out of windows. The Irgun men replied with withering fire towards the pillbox and into the village.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: When the Lehi force, which was late, finally arrived at the other end of the village to begin the attack, the fighting was already underway. The Lehi force was spearheaded by an armored vehicle with a loudspeaker. The plan was to drive the vehicle into the center of the village and blare a warning in Arabic, urging the residents to run towards Ein Karim. Instead, the vehicle halted or overturned at a ditch directly in front of the village, and as it struggled to get out, the Arabs opened fire on it. Whether a warning was read out on the loudspeaker is unknown. Yachin stated that it was:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Abu Mahmoud, a survivor, told the BBC in 1998 that he did hear the warning. Aref Samir stated that he didn't hear the warning:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: If a warning was read out it was obscured due to the sounds of heavy gunfire and few, if any, villagers heard it.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Irgun and Lehi commanders had believed the residents would flee, but the fighters encountered resistance. The residents did not realize that the point of the attack was conquest, thinking it was just a raid. The villagers' sniper fire from higher positions in the west, especially from the mukhtar's house, effectively contained the attack. Some Lehi units went for help from the Haganah's Camp Schneller in Jerusalem. The men had no experience of attacking an Arab village in daylight, and lacked support weapons. Following an order from Benzion Cohen, the Irgun commander, they resorted to house-to-house attacks, throwing grenades into every house before charging in and spraying the rooms with automatic fire.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The Lehi forces slowly advanced, engaging in house-to-house fighting. In addition to Arab resistance, they also faced other problems; weapons failed to work, a few tossed hand grenades without pulling the pin, and a Lehi unit commander, Amos Kenan, was wounded by his own men. In an interview decades later, Yachin claimed "To take a house, you had either to throw a grenade or shoot your way into it. If you were foolish enough to open doors, you got shot down—sometimes by men dressed up as women, shooting out at you in a second of surprise." Meanwhile, the Irgun force on the other side of the village was also having a difficult time. It took about two hours of house-to-house fighting to reach the center of the village.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: By 7:00 a.m., as many as four attackers had been killed. Benzion Cohen, the top Irgun commander, was wounded in the leg. After being shot, he gave an order: 'there’s no woman, no man. [We’re] blowing up as many houses as possible, and killing anyone who shoots. Approach the building, lay the explosives, activate them, fall back, blow up the building with all its inhabitants after they’ve opened fire. Immediately after the explosion, we go, because they’re in shock, and the first thing is to [shoot] bursts right and left.' He was replaced by Lapidot. Irgun commander Yehuda Segal was shot in the stomach and later died. Irgun commanders relayed a message to the Lehi camp that they were considering retreating. Lehi commanders relayed back that they had already entered the village and expected victory soon.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Frustration over the lack of progress and Arab resistance was taken out on the prisoners which they began executing. Cohen reported that "we eliminated every Arab we came across up to that point." Yehuda Feder of Lehi a few days after the attack wrote that about machine gunning three Arab prisoners: "In the village I killed an armed Arab man and two Arab girls of 16 or 17 who were helping the Arab who was shooting. I stood them against a wall and blasted them with two rounds from the Tommy gun." Gorodenchik claimed that 80 prisoners were killed:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Gelber writes that Gorodenchik's figure was inflated and has not been corroborated. Kan'ana write that 25 villagers were executed and thrown into the quarry after the battle, which Gelber regards as accurate. According to survivor testimony, as many as 33 civilians were executed in the morning.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The large number of Jewish wounded was a problem. Zalman Meret called the Magen David Adom station for an ambulance. The fighters took beds out of the houses, and doors off their hinges, laid the wounded on them, and ordered Arab women and old men to carry the injured to the ambulance in order to discourage Arab fire. According to Gorodenchik, the Arab stretcher bearers were nevertheless hit by fire. The ambulance left with some of the wounded at 8:00 am.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: When the attackers ran low on ammunition, Lehi people went to Camp Schneller to request ammunition from the Haganah. Weg wasn't in the camp and his deputy Moshe Eren refused to make a decision. When Weg returned he gave them 3,000 bullets. They also asked for weapons which Weg refused them. Haganah squads also provided covering fire, firing on villagers fleeing south towards Ein Karem and preventing any Arab reinforcements from reaching the village.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The doors of the houses in Deir Yassin were made of iron and not wood, as the attackers had thought, and they had difficulty breaking into the houses. Lapidot sent word to Raanan, who was watching the progress from Givat Shaul, to send explosives. Soon afterward, Raanan and his aides appeared with knapsacks filled with TNT. The Irgun fighters were instructed to dynamite houses as they advanced. Under covering fire, the dynamite teams advanced and set charges to houses. In certain instances, the force of the explosions destroyed entire parts of houses, burying the Arabs inside them. A total of 15 houses were blown up.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Zeidan recalled hiding with her family and another when the door was blasted open. The attackers took them outside where they executed an already wounded man and one of his daughters. Two of her own family members were then killed: "Then they called my brother Mahmoud and shot him in our presence, and when my mother screamed and bent over my brother (she was carrying my little sister Khadra who was still being breastfed) they shot my mother too."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Whether houses were blown up or not is disputed. American historian Matthew Hogan claims that they weren't. He cites Pa'il who in his testimony said he was sure that "[n]o house in Deir Yassin was bombed" and independent visitors to the village, following its fall, who didn't mention structural damage. Among them Eliyahu Arbel, a Haganah operations officer, who recalled finding dead inside the houses but "with no signs of battle and not as a result of blowing up houses" and Irgunist Menachem Adler, who didn't participate in the attack, but visited the village a few days later, who said "I didn't see the destruction that is always recounted." Hogan believes that "it is unlikely that the inexperienced and undersupplied fighters under fire efficiently maneuvered explosives around defended houses." He further argues that if explosives were used, the number of wounded and dismembered bodies would have been much higher. Instead, Hogan claims that the explosives story were used by the perpetrators to explain the high number of deaths as the result of combat rather than as a deliberate massacre.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Some time later, two Palmach units arrived, commanded by Weg and Moshe Eren in two armored vehicles and carrying two two-inch mortars. Exactly when is unclear; Milstein writes "at noon," Hogan "about 10:00 am." Weg described the intervention in his report:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The mortar was fired three times at the mukhtar's house, which stopped the sniper fire. Reviewing the situation, Weg concluded that the wounded could not be evacuated before suppressing all hostile fire. Thus, his mission expanded to capturing the village.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: According to one Palmach fighter, "six of us went house to house, throwing grenades and bursting in." Lehi officer David Gottlieb said the Palmach had accomplished "in one hour what we could not accomplish in several hours". The story is corroborated by Palmach fighter Kalman Rosenblatt who said "Together with six [other] people I went from house to house. We threw grenades into the houses before we entered them. We met the Lehi and Etzel [Irgun] people in the middle of the village. Some of them joined us. Others said ‘Until now, we fought, now you fight.’ In the houses there were dead. The dissidents did not fight." Hogan writes that Palmach's quick and injury free success and the small number of Irgun and Lehi casualties demonstrate that Deir Yassin's defenses were neither tough nor professional.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Thanks to the rapid work of Palmach the fighting was over by about 11:00 am. Some villagers escaped and Jewish wounded were treated. At about 11:30 am Cohen was evacuated. Meanwhile, the Palmachniks and the revisionists went house to house to "clean up" and secure them. Pa'il met Weg and urged him to get out of Deir Yassin: "get away from here! Don't get mixed up with the Irgun and Stern Gang [Lehi]." The Palmach unit withdrew to Camp Schneller soon thereafter. Pa'il regretted asking Weg to leave: "To this very day I am haunted by the mistake I made. I shouldn’t have let Yaki and his men leave, but I didn’t imagine there was going to be a massacre there. If those Palmach guys had stayed, the dissidents wouldn’t have dared to commit a massacre. If we saw that, we would have cocked our guns and told them to stop."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: In 1972, Raanan told a journalist that his men had found the house were Segal had fallen. Nine people in a nearby house that the attackers intended to blow open surrendered, including a woman and a child. The person with the Bren machine gun, shouted "This is for Yiftah [Segal's nom de guerre]!" and gunned them down. Yisrael Natach was a member of the Shai and were on the day stationed in Ein Karem. He heard stories from the arriving villagers that fled Deir Yassin that one Arab fighter had disguised himself as a woman which triggered the attackers' rage:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Mohammed Jabar, a boy at the time, remembered hiding under a bed and observing the attackers "break in, drive everybody outside, put them against the wall and shot them." He claimed one of the victims was a mother with her baby. Zeinab Akkel claimed she offered her life savings to an attacker in exchange for sparing her younger brothers life: "my husband had given me $400. I offered it ... and said, 'Please leave my brother alone, he is so young.'" He took the money "and shot him in the head with five bullets." Zeidan, who was taken prisoner, recalled meeting another group of captives: "We walked with some other women from the village, then came across a young man and an older man, with their hands up in the air, under guard." "When they reached us, the soldiers shot them." The young man's mother was in Zeidan's group and she started hitting the fighters that killed her son, so "one of them stabbed her with a knife a few times."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Houses and corpses were pillaged and money and jewelry were stolen from prisoners. Shaltiel got reports on what was happening in Deir Yassin and sent Gichon there to convince the revisionists to stop the massacre. The revisionists were initially reluctant to let him enter:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Gichon told them "not to throw the bodies into cisterns and caves, because that was the first place that would be checked." He described beatings, looting, and the stripping of jewelry and money from prisoners. He wrote that the initial orders were to take the men prisoner and send the women and children away, but the order was changed to kill all the prisoners. The mukhtar's son was killed in front of his mother and sisters, he said. The most detailed report comes from Pa'il who spied on the revisionists on behalf of the Haganah:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Pa'il writes that the Haredi people of Givat Shaul came to help the villagers at around 2 p.m., and were able to stop the killing:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Pa'il went home and wrote a report about what he had seen while his photographer developed the negatives. The next day he submitted his report.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Morris writes that the killing continued after April 9. Some villagers who had either hidden or pretended to be dead were apparently killed by Lehi men on April 10 or 11.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: During the day, prisoners were loaded into trucks that came to and departed from Deir Yassin. Some were paraded through the streets of West Jerusalem, where they were jeered, spat at, and stoned, some were released in East Jerusalem and some were returned to Deir Yassin where they were executed. Harry Levin, a Haganah broadcaster, reported seeing "three trucks driving slowly up and down King George V Avenue bearing men, women, and children, their hands above their heads, guarded by Jews armed with sten-guns and rifles." Haganah intelligence officer Mordechai Gichon wrote on April 10:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Pa'il reported that he saw five Arab men being paraded through the streets, and later saw their bodies in a quarry near Givat Shaul. Morris writes that this is supported by two Jewish doctors who visited Deir Yassin on April 12 and reported that they found five male bodies in a house by the village quarry.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Fifty-five children from the village whose parents had been killed were taken to the Jaffa Gate in Jerusalem's Old City, and left there. They were found by a Palestinian woman, Hind Husseini, a member of the prominent Palestinian Husseini family. She at first rented two rooms for them, bringing them food every day, before moving them to the Sahyoun convent. In July, she moved them again, this time to her family home, a large house her grandfather had built in Jerusalem in 1891. She renamed the house "Dar Al-Tifl Al-Arabi" (Arab Children's House), and set up a foundation to finance it. The orphanage continues to this day.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: A Shai report from April 12 to Shaltiel read: "Some of the women and children were taken prisoner by the Lehi and transferred to Sheik Bader [Lehi's headquarter in Jerusalem]. Among the prisoners were a young woman and a baby. The camp guards killed the baby before the mother’s eyes. After she fainted they killed her too." Seven old men and women, who had been taken to Jerusalem, were taken back to Deir Yassin and killed in the quarry there, he wrote, and an Arab man, believed to be a sniper, was killed and his corpse burned in front of foreign journalists.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: On the evening of April 9, the fighters invited American journalists to a house in Givat Shaul, where they served tea and cookies while explaining the attacks. A spokesman said he regretted the casualties among the women and children, but they were inevitable because every house had to be reduced by force. Ten houses had been blown up entirely, he said, though historians doubt if that was true. Other houses had their doors blown off and hand grenades thrown inside.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: At a news conference on April 10, Raanan untruthfully told reporters on April 10 that 254 Arab bodies had been counted. The figure was repeated by the BBC and the Hebrew news services by "The New York Times" on April 13.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Eliahu Arbel, Operations Officer B of the Haganah's Etzioni Brigade, visited Deir Yassin on April 10. "I have seen a great deal of war," he said years later, "but I never saw a sight like Deir Yassin."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The Arab side told de Reynier about the massacre in Deir Yassin and asked him to investigate. He was discouraged from visiting the village by Haganah and the Jewish Agency but insisted on going: "They advised me not to interfere, because if I were to go there, my mission might be ended. They washed their hands in advance of anything that might happen to me if I insisted. I answered that I would fulfill my duty and that I saw the Jewish Agency as directly responsible for my safety and freedom of action, because it is responsible for all territories under Jewish control."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Morning April 11 de Reynier visited Deir Yassin. He reported that he had encountered a "cleaning-up team" when he arrived the village:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: He also wrote that some of the 150 cadavers had been decapitated and disemboweled. After his inspection, the Irgun asked him to sign a document to say he had been received courteously and thanking them for their help. When he refused, they told him he would sign it if he valued his life. "The only course open to me was to convince them that I did not value my life in the least," he wrote. His assistant, Dr. Alfred Engel, wrote:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: On April 12 before noon, two Jewish doctors, Tzvi Avigdori, the chairman of the Jerusalem branch of the Palestine Physicians Association, and his deputy, A. Druyan, visited Deir Yassin and reported:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Later the same day, troops from Haganah's youth organization Gadna were ordered to the village. They were to relieve of the revisionists but not before they had disposed of the bodies, something they had refused to do. The dispute almost lead to violence. Yeshurun Schiff who had accompanied the Gadna troops recalled: "I told the commander [of Etzel or Lehi], 'you are swine.' My people surrounded them. I spoke to Shaltiel by wireless. Shaltiel said, 'Take their weapons, and if they do not surrender their weapons, open fire.' I said, 'I cannot do that to Jews.' Shaltiel said 'That’s an order!' but then he changed his mind." Eventually the revisionists left and the Gadna troops buried the bodies.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Gadna counsellor Hillel Polity related: "The stench was awful. They brought us gloves from the city, windbreakers and kerchiefs to cover our faces. We transported the bodies, two at a time, by hand, to the quarry. A bulldozer was brought from the city and used to cover the bodies with earth." Gadna commander Shoshana Shatai claimed she saw a woman with a great smashed belly: "I was in shock. On the following day I told the investigator what I had seen."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: For many decades the number of victims were believed to be around 250, based on Raanan's false estimate. Modern scholarship puts the number at about half that. Sharif Kan'ana of Bir Zeit University interviewed survivors and published figures in 1988; 107 villagers had died, 11 of them armed, with 12 wounded. Israeli researcher Eliezer Tauber writes that a total of 101 people were killed, 61 definitely in combat circumstances (including 24 armed fighters, with the remainder being their family members who were with them); 18 for whom the cause of death could not be determined; about 10 whose deaths are in a "grey zone" whose charactization can be debated; and a further 11 being members of a single family who were gunned down by a single Irgun member.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Yehuda Slutzky, a former Haganah officer, wrote in 1972 that four attackers were killed and 32 wounded, four of them seriously. Hogan in 2001 based on an Irgun communique from 11 April, put the death toll at five, four of whom were killed during the battle and one who later died of wounds sustained there. In addition, he wrote that four attackers were seriously wounded and 28 were "lightly wounded." Gelber in 2006 put the casualty toll of the attackers at five killed and 35 wounded. Morris, also in 2006, put the number of casualties at four killed and a dozen seriously wounded, adding that the figures of 30 to 40 wounded given by the attackers were likely exaggerated.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The Arab emergency committee in Jerusalem learned of the attack around nine in the morning of April 9, including reports about the killing of women and children. They requested the help of the British, but did nothing further. In the late afternoon, they started to hear reports of women and children being paraded through the streets of Jerusalem. They sent the prisoners food and again appealed to the British army to intervene, to no avail. Gelber writes that the British were not keen to take on the Irgun and Lehi, who would have fought back if attacked, unlike the Haganah. High Commissioner Sir Alan Cunningham urged that troops be sent to Deir Yassin, but Lieutenant General Sir Gordon MacMillan, General Officer Commanding (GOC) of the British Forces in Palestine and Trans-Jordan, said he would risk British lives only for British interests. The RAF commanding officer offered to fire rockets on the Jewish forces in the village, but the light bombers had been sent to Egypt and the rockets to Iraq. Cunningham later said the RAF had brought a squadron of Tempest aircraft from Iraq to bomb the village, but he cancelled the operation when he learned the Haganah had arrived there and had garrisoned it.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Begin hailed the taking of Deir Yassin as a “splendid act of conquest" that would serve as a model for the future: in a note to his commanders he wrote: 'Tell the soldiers: you have made history in Israel with your attack and your conquest. Continue thus until victory. As in Deir Yassin, so everywhere, we will attack and smite the enemy. God, God, Thou has chosen us for conquest.'


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The Jordanian newspaper "Al Urdun" published a survivor's account in 1955, which said the Palestinians had deliberately exaggerated stories about atrocities in Deir Yassin to encourage others to fight, stories that had caused them to flee instead. Every group in Palestine had cause for spreading the atrocity narrative. The Irgun and Lehi wished to frighten the Arabs into leaving Palestine; the Arabs wished to provoke an international response; the Haganah wished to tarnish the Irgun and Lehi; and the Arabs wished to malign both the Jews and their cause. In addition, Milstein writes, the left-wing Mapai party and David Ben-Gurion, who became Israel's first prime minister on May 14, exploited Deir Yassin to stop a power-sharing agreement with the right-wing Revisionists—who were associated with Irgun and Lehi—a proposal that was being debated at the time in Tel Aviv.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Hazem Nuseibeh, the news editor of the Palestine Broadcasting Service at the time of the attack, gave an interview to the BBC in 1998. He spoke about a discussion he had with Hussayn Khalidi, the deputy chairman of the Higher Arab Executive in Jerusalem, shortly after the killings: "I asked Dr. Khalidi how we should cover the story. He said, 'We must make the most of this.' So he wrote a press release, stating that at Deir Yassin, children were murdered, pregnant women were raped, all sorts of atrocities." Gelber writes that Khalidi told journalists on April 12 that the village's dead included 25 pregnant women, 52 mothers of babies, and 60 girls.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: A number of sources alleged there had been instances of rape. Levi wrote on April 13: "LHI members tell of the barbaric behavior of the IZL toward the prisoners and the dead. They also relate that the IZL men raped a number of Arab girls and murdered them afterward (we don't know if this is true)" Another source of rape allegations was Assistant Inspector-General Richard Catling of the British Palestine Police Force. He led a British police team that conducted interviews with survivors in Silwan on April 13, 15 and 16:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Gelber suggests that either the women's testimonies were a result of "the Arab propaganda machine" or that Catling was "an old and bitter enemy" of the Irgun and Lehi and fabricated the reports. The whereabouts of Catling's original reports are unknown, according to Gelber.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Gelber writes that the stories of rape angered the villagers, who complained to the Arab emergency committee that it was "sacrificing their honour and good name for propaganda purposes." Abu Mahmud, who lived in Deir Yassin in 1948, was one of those who complained. He told the BBC: "We said, 'There was no rape.' He [Hussayn Khalidi] said, 'We have to say this so the Arab armies will come to liberate Palestine from the Jews. "This was our biggest mistake," said Nusseibeh. "We did not realize how our people would react. As soon as they heard that women had been raped at Deir Yassin, Palestinians fled in terror. They ran away from all our villages." He told Larry Collins in 1968: "We committed a fatal error, and set the stage for the refugee problem."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: A villager known as Haj Ayish claimed that "there had been no rape." He questioned the accuracy of the Arab radio broadcasts that "talked of women being killed and raped", and instead believed that "most of those who were killed were among the fighters and the women and children who helped the fighters." Mohammed Radwan, one of the villagers who fought the attackers, said: "There were no rapes. It's all lies. There were no pregnant women who were slit open. It was propaganda that ... Arabs put out so Arab armies would invade. They ended up expelling people from all of Palestine on the rumor of Deir Yassin." Radwan added "I know when I speak that God is up there and God knows the truth and God will not forgive the liars."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Historian Abdel Jawad states that women at Deir Yassin spoke to British interrogators about rapes occurring and their opinion that this was the worst thing that happened. He states that it was something that could not be discussed in their society and was never talked of by the men. Citing Hasso (2000:495) Isabelle Humphries and Laleh Khalili note that in Palestine men's honour was tied to "the maintenance of kin women's virginity (when unmarried) or exclusive sexual availability (when married)", and that this culture led to the suppression of the narratives of rape victims. Hogan cites one documentary in which one female survivor nods affirmatively when asked about "molestation."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: In 1969, the Israeli Foreign Ministry published an English pamphlet "Background Notes on Current Themes: Deir Yassin" denying that there had been a massacre at Deir Yassin, that the village was the home of an Iraqi garrison, and calling the massacre story "part of a package of fairy tales, for export and home consumption". The pamphlet led to a series of derivative articles giving the same message, mostly outside Israel. Menachem Begin's Herut party disseminated a Hebrew translation in Israel, causing a widespread but largely non-public debate within the Israeli establishment. Several former leaders of the Haganah demanded that the pamphlet be withdrawn on account of its inaccuracy, but the Foreign Ministry explained that "While our intention and desire is to maintain accuracy in our information, we sometimes are forced to deviate from this principle when we have no choice or alternative means to rebuff a propaganda assault or Arab psychological warfare." Levi wrote to Begin: "On behalf of the truth and the purity of arms of the Jewish soldier in the War of Independence, I see it as my duty to warn you against continuing to spread this untrue version about what happened in Deir Yassin to the Israeli public. Otherwise there will be no avoiding raising the matter publicly and you will be responsible." Eventually, the Foreign Ministry agreed to stop distributing the pamphlet, but it remains the source of many popular accounts.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Israeli military historian Uri Milstein alleged in 1998 that Pa'il was not in Deir Yassin on April 9. Milstein said there were contradictions in Pa'il's claims and an absence of any mention of Pa'il in other Haganah accounts of the incident. All Irgun and Lehi veterans Milstein interviewed denied having seen Pa'il in Deir Yassin, and the Lehi intelligence officer who Pa'il claimed invited him to Deir Yassin denied having done so. In addition, Haganah members who were in the area (including the deputy commander of the Palmach force that took part in the attack), some of whom personally knew Pa'il and were specifically mentioned in his account, denied having seen him there. According to Milstein, Pa'il said he despised the "dissidents", thus giving him a political motive to submit a falsified report. Milstein also wrote that Haganah intelligence reports on the incident were doctored by the authors or their superiors to discredit the Irgun and Lehi because of political in-fighting within the Jewish community.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Morris challenges Milstein's version that Pa'il was not at Deir Yassin that day with his observation that part of Pa’il’s report, that he saw the bodies of five Arabs in a quarry, "is apparently reinforced by a report by two Jewish doctors, who also report having found five male bodies in a house by the village quarry". In a presentation to the PEACE Middle East Dialog Group, Ami Isseroff, translator of Milstein's book into English, provided side-notes critical of many aspects of Milstein's work, including much of his information about Pa'il and also about the incompleteness of his sources – "Both Milstein and Yitzhak Levi leave out key testimony by Yehoshua Gorodenchik, from the Jabotinsky archives, in which he admits that Irgun troops murdered about 80 prisoners – mostly men – corresponding to accounts of refugees."


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Pa'il, who died in 2015, defended himself in an interview in 2007: "What the Lehi and Etzel [Irgun] people did in Deir Yassin in April 1948 was a despicable act. It cannot be called by any other name." He maintained that he was sent to Deir Yassin to gauge Lehi and Irgun's fighting capabilities which he found to be lacking: "they didn't know a thing about field war. Worse, I saw that they knew how to massacre and kill... They are angry with me that I said these things. Let them first be angry at themselves." He also attacked Milstein for being "a cheap propagandist for the right-wing considerations of the Zionist enterprise," adding angrily: "I was there, I saw the massacre with my own eyes. Why didn't he ever question me about the things I experienced there?"


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Maxime Rodinson argued that the massacre at Deir Yassin, and the fear of further terrorism that it inspired in the Palestinian population, was a major cause of the subsequent Palestinian flight. Mapam's leaders later concluded that the fall of Deir Yassin and Haifa were the two pivotal events of the Palestinian exodus. On April 14, Irgun radio broadcast that villages around Deir Yassin and elsewhere were being evacuated. HIS intelligence reported that the residents of Beit Iksa and Al Maliha had fled. The village of Fureidis appealed for arms. The villages of Fajja and Mansura reached a peace agreement with their Jewish neighbors. Arabs fled from Haifa and Khirbet Azzun. A Haganah attack on Saris encountered no resistance, because of the fear of Deir Yassin, in the view of the British. Menachem Begin, leader of the Irgun at the time of the attack, though not present at the village, wrote in 1977:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: The Deir Yassin attack, along with attacks on Tiberias, Haifa, and Jaffa, put pressure on Arab governments to invade Palestine. News of the killings had aroused public anger in the Arab world, which the governments felt unable to ignore. Syria's foreign minister remarked that the Arab public's desire for war was irresistible. The arrival of tens of thousands of refugees further convinced them to act. A consensus favoring invasion began to emerge the day after Deir Yassin, at a meeting on April 10 in Cairo of the Arab League Political Committee. Golda Meir, disguised in an Arab robe, met king Abdullah in Amman on May 10–11, the second such meeting between them. During their first, Abdullah had agreed to a partition of Palestine to include a Jewish state. Now, he retracted, suggesting instead a Jewish canton within a Hashemite kingdom. Deir Yassin had changed things, he said. Meir reported later that Abdullah was approaching war "as a person who is in a trap and can't get out". The Arab invasion began at midnight on May 14, when Abdullah fired a symbolic shot in the air, and shouted "Forward!"


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: In 1949, despite protests, the Jerusalem neighborhood of Givat Shaul Bet was built on what had been Deir Yassin's land, now considered part of Har Nof, an Orthodox area. Four Jewish scholars, Martin Buber, Ernst Simon, Werner Senator, and Cecil Roth, wrote to Israel's first prime minister, David Ben-Gurion, asking that Deir Yassin be left uninhabited, or that its settlement be postponed. They wrote that it had become "infamous throughout the Jewish world, the Arab world and the whole world". Settling the land so soon after the killings would amount to an endorsement of them. Ben-Gurion failed to respond, though the correspondents sent him copy after copy. Eventually, his secretary replied that he had been too busy to read their letter.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: In 1951, the Kfar Shaul Mental Health Center was built on the village itself, using some of the village's abandoned buildings. Currently, many of the remaining buildings, located within the hospital, are hidden behind the hospital's fence, with entry closely restricted. In the 1980s, most of the remaining abandoned parts of the village were bulldozed to make way for new neighborhoods, and most of the Deir Yassin cemetery was bulldozed to make way for a highway. Har HaMenuchot, a Jewish cemetery, lies to the north. To the south is a valley containing part of the Jerusalem Forest, and on the other side of the valley, a mile and a half away, lie Mount Herzl and the Holocaust memorial museum, Yad Vashem. Palestinian historian Walid Khalidi wrote in 1992:


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: In 1952 a group of four wounded Irgun and Lehi fighters applied to the Israeli Defense Ministry for veterans' benefits. The Ministry rejected their application stating that the Deir Yassin massacre wasn't "military service". But the decision was reversed after the group appealed.


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: Archival records about the Deir Yassin massacre are believed to exist in sealed Israeli archives from the war. Among them, an eyewitness report from Pa'il and two rolls of photographs taken by the photographer who accompanied him. In 1999, the organization Deir Yassin Remembered asked Prime Minister Ehud Barak to release the records. In 2010, the Supreme Court of Israel rejected a petition by the newspaper "Haaretz" for the declassification of documents, reports and photographs concerning the Deir Yassin massacre. The court cited the possible damage to Israel's foreign relations and its negotiations with the Palestinians. This view was reaffirmed when Israeli researcher Rona Sela attempted to examine the material in the mid-2010s. The Israeli state archivist replied that:-


title: Deir Yassin massacre

text: 'A special committee (headed by the Minister of Justice Ayelet Shaked) to deal with permission to view classified archival material met on 11 September 2016, to discuss among others, your request. The committee asked for clarifications from additional sources and concluded that until they receive these answers and have further discussions on the subject, the material will remain classified.'


title: Kari Jobe

text: Kari Brooke Jobe (born April 6, 1981) is an American contemporary Christian music singer and songwriter. Since her first album in 2009, she has received two Grammy Award nominations and ten Dove Award nominations, six of which she won.


title: Kari Jobe

text: Kari Jobe was born in 1981, in Waco, Texas, to parents Mark and Caroline "Sandy" (née Bragg) Jobe. She was raised in Watauga and Hurst, Texas, both suburbs of Fort Worth. She has two siblings, Kristen and Caleb. Jobe began singing at the age of three and became a Christian at the age of five. She attended Oral Roberts University, Christ for the Nations Institute and Dallas Baptist University and obtained her degree in pastoral studies and psychology.


title: Kari Jobe

text: After graduation, Jobe accepted an invitation to serve as associate worship pastor at Gateway Church in Southlake, Texas, which she had been attending for six years. She worked alongside her father, Mark, who serves as campus pastor of Gateway's flagship campus in Southlake. She has traveled internationally on mission trips to lead worship. Jobe was also a member of Gateway Worship, a Christian worship band associated with Gateway Church. The group's live album, "Wake Up the World", debuted at No. 2 on "Billboard"'s Christian Albums chart in 2008.


title: Kari Jobe

text: In addition to acting as a worship leader and pastor, Jobe released her first major-label album in February 2009 on the Integrity Music/Columbia Records/Gateway Create label.


title: Kari Jobe

text: Jobe released her self-titled debut album on February 10, 2009. The album charted at No. 67 on the "Billboard" 200 and No. 3 on "Billboard"'s Christian music chart. A Spanish-language version of the album was released under the name "Le Canto". The album "Le Canto" won a Dove Award in the category, Spanish Album of the Year at the 41st GMA Dove Awards.


title: Kari Jobe

text: Prior to releasing "Kari Jobe", Jobe had released a compilation album, "Kari Jobe", a live concert album, "Throneroom Worship: Live Acoustic Worship", and a Christmas album, "Bethlehem".


title: Kari Jobe

text: From her self-titled album, "I'm Singing" debuted at No. 13 on "Billboard"'s Christian singles chart. Jobe's second single, "Healer", was released in 2009 and debuted at No. 33 on Billboard's Soft A/C chart. She released the single "Adore Him" in 2009, which appeared as part of Integrity Music's compilation album "Worship and Adore: A Christmas Offering".


title: Kari Jobe

text: She won two Dove Awards for Special Event Album of the Year and Spanish Language album and was nominated for New Artist of the Year.


title: Kari Jobe

text: Jobe released her second recording project, "Where I Find You", on January 24, 2012. The album debuted at No. 75 on the Canadian Albums Chart. The album also debuted at No. 10 on the "Billboard 200". Kari released the album "Where I Find You" in Spanish called "Donde Te Encuentro", her second album released on January 24, 2012. The album debuted at chart No. 6 on the Latin Pop Albums and on the chart No. 19 on the Top Latin Albums by "Billboard".


title: Kari Jobe

text: Jobe received her first Grammy nomination for "Where I Find You" as Best Contemporary Christian Album in 2012.


title: Kari Jobe

text: In May 2013, Jobe competed in season two of GSN's "The American Bible Challenge", along with Sheila Walsh and author Lisa Harper. Their charity was The A21 Campaign, an anti-trafficking organization that aims to abolish slavery.


title: Kari Jobe

text: Jobe announced the recording of a live worship album that was recorded on November 20 and 21, 2013, at the Majestic Theater in Dallas, Texas. "Majestic" was released on March 25, 2014, and was preceded by its first single, "Forever", on February 18.


title: Kari Jobe

text: "" was released on September 25, 2015. The album include songs from "Majestic" rerecorded in the studio and in a different style.


title: Kari Jobe

text: "The Cause of Christ" was released on November 4, 2016, as the lead single from her fourth studio album, "The Garden". Three other singles: "Heal Our Land", "Fall Afresh" and "The Garden" were released before the album's release on February 3, 2017.


title: Kari Jobe

text: In August 2014, Jobe confirmed via Instagram that she became engaged to fellow Gateway Worship artist Cody Carnes. The two married on November 21, 2014.


title: Kari Jobe

text: On the red carpet at the Dove Awards 2015, Jobe announced she and her husband were expecting a son. Jobe announced in June 2018 that she and her husband were expecting their second child, who was born on February 1, 2019.


title: Kari Jobe

text: In December 2019, the couple visited the White House and prayed for President Donald Trump. They also appeared in a video praising the Trump administration. In response to criticism about the visit, the pair said, "We didn't know that we were going to take a picture in the Oval Office or know they were going to post it. I didn't know they were going to use a video interview that we did talking about how amazing it was to be in a White House leading worship."


title: Nigaar Khan

text: Nigaar Khan (born 2 May 1979) is an Indian television actress mainly known for her portrayal of negative characters.


title: Nigaar Khan

text: Khan was born and brought up in Pune, Maharashtra. She is the elder sister of model-actress Gauahar Khan.


title: Nigaar Khan

text: In 2008, Khan participated in the dancing competition show "Ek Khiladi Ek Haseena". Their dance in one of the episodes on the song "Woh Ladki Hai Kaha" ("Dil Chahta Hai") was well appreciated by the judges, Sushmita Sen and Wasim Akram, and the audience.


title: Nigaar Khan

text: In 2011, the reality TV show "The Khan Sisters" focused on the lives of Khan and her sister Gauahar. The following year Khan appeared in the show "Sacch Ka Saamna". She also hosted the show "Love Story", showcased some love stories of Bollywood. Khan presented the stories and interviewed various celebrities.


title: Nigaar Khan

text: In 2013, Khan appeared on the reality show "Welcome – Baazi Mehmaan-Nawaazi Ki" along with VJ Andy, Ragini Khanna and Sanaya Irani. Since September 2013, Khan has appeared in the mythological show "Buddha" based on life of Gautama Buddha. She plays the role of Buddha's aunt and Devadatta's mother.


title: Nigaar Khan

text: In June 2016, she made a comeback on television in the children's show "Baal Veer" on SAB TV as an evil fairy called Prachandika to create hurdles in the life of Baal Veer.


title: Nigaar Khan

text: Nigaar Khan married her long-time boyfriend and Pakistani business man Khayyam Sheikh in Dubai on 23 July 2015. Nigaar has moved to Dubai post her marriage.


title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)

text: "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is a song by American alternative rock band Deep Blue Something. Originally appearing on their 1993 album "11th Song", it was later re-recorded and released on their 1994 album "Home". Released as a single in July 1995, the song was the band's only hit in the United States, peaking at number five on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 in January 1996. Outside the United States, "Breakfast at Tiffany's" topped the UK Singles Chart and peaked within the top ten on the charts of Australia, Flanders, Canada, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, Ireland, and Sweden.


title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)

text: Todd Pipes said in a "Q" magazine article about the promotion of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", "As the song had 'breakfast' in the title, radio stations thought it would be genius to have us on at breakfast time. We'd be up 'til 3 am and they'd wonder why we were pissed off playing at 6 am." Follow-up singles failed to match the success of "Breakfast at Tiffany's", hence the reason for the band's classification as a one-hit wonder.


title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)

text: "Breakfast at Tiffany's" is sung from the point of view of a man whose girlfriend is on the verge of breaking up with him because the two have nothing in common. Desperate to find something, the man brings up the Audrey Hepburn film "Breakfast at Tiffany's", and his girlfriend recalls that they "both kinda liked it." He argues that this should serve as enough motivation for them to work out their problems based on the notion that love will always find a way to make things work.


title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)

text: The film "Roman Holiday" inspired the lyrics of the song, but songwriter Todd Pipes thought that one of Hepburn's other films would make a better song title.


title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)

text: Brian Wahlert called "Breakfast at Tiffany's" "a cute, catchy song that should fit in well on adult contemporary, Top-40 and alternative radio" with memorable melody that makes it "a perfect single, along with the mildly repetitive, conversational lyrics of the chorus and the bright, acoustic guitar". However, Tom Sinclair of "Entertainment Weekly" was unimpressed. He called it "possibly the year's most innocuous single, 'Breakfast at Tiffany's' is distressingly prosaic pop from a wimpy-sounding Texas quartet"; he added that it lacked any "musical piquancy". The "Houston Press" listed the song as the second worst by an artist from Texas, after Vanilla Ice's "Ice Ice Baby". British magazine "Music Week" rated it five out of five, picking it as Single of the Week. They wrote, "Radio-friendly rock at its best from the Texan trio. A mighty, bright chorus, quirky lyrics and some great guitar work should enable it to come close in the UK to matching its Top Five placing Stateside." VH1 and "Blender" ranked the song number six on their list of the "50 Most Awesomely Bad Songs Ever".


title: Breakfast at Tiffany's (song)

text: The accompanying music video for "Breakfast at Tiffany's" features the band members arriving to a breakfast table and being served by butlers, beside the curb in front of Tiffany & Co. in Midtown Manhattan. At the end of the video a young woman dressed in a similar style to Holly Golightly's (Audrey Hepburn) from the beginning of the film, except dressed in white rather than black, walks past on the sidewalk, and takes off her sunglasses. The band is also seen performing the song in a field, and on the bed of a flatbed truck in NYC.


title: Spirochaete

text: A spirochaete () or spirochete is a member of the phylum Spirochaetota (), (synonym Spirochaetes) which contains distinctive diderm (double-membrane) gram-negative bacteria, most of which have long, helically coiled (corkscrew-shaped or spiraled, hence the name) cells. Spirochaetes are chemoheterotrophic in nature, with lengths between 3 and 500 μm and diameters around 0.09 to at least 3 μm.


title: Spirochaete

text: Spirochaetes are distinguished from other bacterial phyla by the location of their flagella, called endoflagella which are sometimes called "axial filaments". Endoflagella are anchored at each end (pole) of the bacterium within the periplasmic space (between the inner and outer membranes) where they project backwards to extend the length of the cell. These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. When reproducing, a spirochaete will undergo asexual transverse binary fission. Most spirochaetes are free-living and anaerobic, but there are numerous exceptions. Spirochaete bacteria are diverse in their pathogenic capacity and the ecological niches that they inhabit, as well as molecular characteristics including guanine-cytosine content and genome size.


title: Spirochaete

text: Many organisms within the Spirochaetota phylum cause prevalent diseases. Pathogenic members of this phylum include the following:


title: Spirochaete

text: Salvarsan, the first partially organic synthetic antimicrobial drug in medical history, was effective against spirochaetes and primarily used to cure syphilis. Additionally, oral spirochaetes are known to play a significant role in the pathogenesis of human periodontal disease.


title: Spirochaete

text: The class currently consists of 14 validly named genera across 4 orders and 5 families. The orders "Brachyspirales", "Brevinematales" and "Leptospirales" each contain a single family, "Brachyspiraceae", "Brevinemataceae" and "Leptospiraceae", respectively. The "Spirochaetales" order harbours two families, "Spirochaetaceae" and "Borreliaceae". Molecular markers in the form of conserved signature indels (CSIs) and CSPs have been found specific for each of the orders, with the exception of "Brevinimetales", that provide a reliable means to demarcate these clades from one another within the diverse phylum. Additional CSIs have been found exclusively shared by each family within the "Spirochaetales". These molecular markers are in agreement with the observed phylogenetic tree branching of two monophyletic clades within the "Spirochaetales" order. CSIs have also been found that further differentiate taxonomic groups within the "Borreliaceae" family that further delineate evolutionary relationships that are in accordance with physical characteristics such as pathogenicity (viz. "Borrelia" emend. "Borreliella" gen. nov.). However, this study has been criticized, and other studies using different approaches do not support the proposed split. The new naming system for the Lyme and relapsing fever "Borrelia" has not been adopted by the scientific literature.


title: Spirochaete

text: A CSI has also been found exclusively shared by all Spirochaetota species. This CSI is a 3 amino acid insert in the flagellar basal body rod protein FlgC which is an important part of the unique endoflagellar structure shared by Spirochaetota species. Given that the CSI is exclusively shared by members within this phylum, it has been postulated that it may be related to the characteristic flagellar properties observed among Spirochaetota species.


title: Spirochaete

text: Historically, all families belonging to the Spirochaetota phylum were assigned to a single order, the "Spirochaetales". However, the current taxonomic view is more connotative of accurate evolutionary relationships. The distribution of a CSI is indicative of shared ancestry within the clade for which it is specific. It thus functions as a synapomorphic characteristic, so that the distributions of different CSIs provide the means to identify different orders and families within the phylum and so justify the phylogenetic divisions.


title: Spirochaete

text: The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LPSN) and National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI).


title: Factorial experiment

text: In statistics, a full factorial experiment is an experiment whose design consists of two or more factors, each with discrete possible values or "levels", and whose experimental units take on all possible combinations of these levels across all such factors. A full factorial design may also be called a fully crossed design. Such an experiment allows the investigator to study the effect of each factor on the response variable, as well as the effects of interactions between factors on the response variable.


title: Factorial experiment

text: For the vast majority of factorial experiments, each factor has only two levels. For example, with two factors each taking two levels, a factorial experiment would have four treatment combinations in total, and is usually called a "2×2 factorial design". In such a design, the interaction between the variables is often the most important. This applies even to scenarios where a main effect and an interaction is present.


title: Factorial experiment

text: If the number of combinations in a full factorial design is too high to be logistically feasible, a fractional factorial design may be done, in which some of the possible combinations (usually at least half) are omitted.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Factorial designs were used in the 19th century by John Bennet Lawes and Joseph Henry Gilbert of the Rothamsted Experimental Station.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Ronald Fisher argued in 1926 that "complex" designs (such as factorial designs) were more efficient than studying one factor at a time. Fisher wrote,


title: Factorial experiment

text: Nature, he suggests, will best respond to "a logical and carefully thought out questionnaire". A factorial design allows the effect of several factors and even interactions between them to be determined with the same number of trials as are necessary to determine any one of the effects by itself with the same degree of accuracy.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Frank Yates made significant contributions, particularly in the analysis of designs, by the Yates analysis.


title: Factorial experiment

text: The term "factorial" may not have been used in print before 1935, when Fisher used it in his book "The Design of Experiments".


title: Factorial experiment

text: Many people examine the effect of only a single factor or variable. Compared to such one-factor-at-a-time (OFAT) experiments, factorial experiments offer several advantages


title: Factorial experiment

text: In his book, "Improving Almost Anything: Ideas and Essays", statistician George Box gives many examples of the benefits of factorial experiments. Here is one. Engineers at the bearing manufacturer SKF wanted to know if changing to a less expensive "cage" design would affect bearing life. The engineers asked Christer Hellstrand, a statistician, for help in designing the experiment.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Box reports the following. "The results were assessed by an accelerated life test. … The runs were expensive because they needed to be made on an actual production line and the experimenters were planning to make four runs with the standard cage and four with the modified cage. Christer asked if there were other factors they would like to test. They said there were, but that making added runs would exceed their budget. Christer showed them how they could test two additional factors "for free" – without increasing the number of runs and without reducing the accuracy of their estimate of the cage effect. In this arrangement, called a 2×2×2 factorial design, each of the three factors would be run at two levels and all the eight possible combinations included. The various combinations can conveniently be shown as the vertices of a cube ... "


title: Factorial experiment

text: "In each case, the standard condition is indicated by a minus sign and the modified condition by a plus sign. The factors changed were heat treatment, outer ring osculation, and cage design. The numbers show the relative lengths of lives of the bearings. If you look at [the cube plot], you can see that the choice of cage design did not make a lot of difference. … But, if you average the pairs of numbers for cage design, you get the [table below], which shows what the two other factors did. … It led to the extraordinary discovery that, in this particular application, the life of a bearing can be increased fivefold if the two factor(s) outer ring osculation and inner ring heat treatments are increased together."


title: Factorial experiment

text: "Remembering that bearings like this one have been made for decades, it is at first surprising that it could take so long to discover so important an improvement. A likely explanation is that, because most engineers have, until recently, employed only one factor at a time experimentation, interaction effects have been missed."


title: Factorial experiment

text: The simplest factorial experiment contains two levels for each of two factors. Suppose an engineer wishes to study the total power used by each of two different motors, A and B, running at each of two different speeds, 2000 or 3000 RPM. The factorial experiment would consist of four experimental units: motor A at 2000 RPM, motor B at 2000 RPM, motor A at 3000 RPM, and motor B at 3000 RPM. Each combination of a single level selected from every factor is present once.


title: Factorial experiment

text: This experiment is an example of a 2 (or 2×2) factorial experiment, so named because it considers two levels (the base) for each of two factors (the power or superscript), or #levels, producing 2=4 factorial points.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Designs can involve many independent variables. As a further example, the effects of three input variables can be evaluated in eight experimental conditions shown as the corners of a cube.


title: Factorial experiment

text: This can be conducted with or without replication, depending on its intended purpose and available resources. It will provide the effects of the three independent variables on the dependent variable and possible interactions.


title: Factorial experiment

text: The notation used to denote factorial experiments conveys a lot of information. When a design is denoted a 2 factorial, this identifies the number of factors (3); how many levels each factor has (2); and how many experimental conditions there are in the design (2 = 8). Similarly, a 2 design has five factors, each with two levels, and 2 = 32 experimental conditions. Factorial experiments can involve factors with different numbers of levels. A 23 design has five factors, four with two levels and one with three levels, and has 16 × 3 = 48 experimental conditions.


title: Factorial experiment

text: To save space, the points in a two-level factorial experiment are often abbreviated with strings of plus and minus signs. The strings have as many symbols as factors, and their values dictate the level of each factor: conventionally, formula_1 for the first (or low) level, and formula_2 for the second (or high) level. The points in this experiment can thus be represented as formula_3, formula_4, formula_5, and formula_6.


title: Factorial experiment

text: The factorial points can also be abbreviated by (1), a, b, and ab, where the presence of a letter indicates that the specified factor is at its high (or second) level and the absence of a letter indicates that the specified factor is at its low (or first) level (for example, "a" indicates that factor A is on its high setting, while all other factors are at their low (or first) setting). (1) is used to indicate that all factors are at their lowest (or first) values.


title: Factorial experiment

text: In an formula_7 (or formula_8) factorial experiment, there are k factors, the ith factor at formula_9 levels. If we let formula_10 be the set of levels of the ith factor, then the set of treatment combinations (or "cells") is the Cartesian product formula_11. A treatment combination is thus a k-tuple formula_12. If formula_13, say, the experiment is said to be symmetric, and we use the same set formula_14 to denote the set of levels of each factor. In a 2-level experiment, for example, we may take formula_15, as above; the treatment combination formula_3 is by denoted (1), formula_4 by a, and so on.


title: Factorial experiment

text: For more than two factors, a 2 factorial experiment can usually be recursively designed from a 2 factorial experiment by replicating the 2 experiment, assigning the first replicate to the first (or low) level of the new factor, and the second replicate to the second (or high) level. This framework can be generalized to, "e.g.", designing three replicates for three level factors, "etc".


title: Factorial experiment

text: A factorial experiment allows for estimation of experimental error in two ways. The experiment can be replicated, or the sparsity-of-effects principle can often be exploited. Replication is more common for small experiments and is a very reliable way of assessing experimental error. When the number of factors is large (typically more than about 5 factors, but this does vary by application), replication of the design can become operationally difficult. In these cases, it is common to only run a single replicate of the design, and to assume that factor interactions of more than a certain order (say, between three or more factors) are negligible. Under this assumption, estimates of such high order interactions are estimates of an exact zero, thus really an estimate of experimental error.


title: Factorial experiment

text: When there are many factors, many experimental runs will be necessary, even without replication. For example, experimenting with 10 factors at two levels each produces 2=1024 combinations. At some point this becomes infeasible due to high cost or insufficient resources. In this case, fractional factorial designs may be used.


title: Factorial experiment

text: As with any statistical experiment, the experimental runs in a factorial experiment should be randomized to reduce the impact that bias could have on the experimental results. In practice, this can be a large operational challenge.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Factorial experiments can be used when there are more than two levels of each factor. However, the number of experimental runs required for three-level (or more) factorial designs will be considerably greater than for their two-level counterparts. Factorial designs are therefore less attractive if a researcher wishes to consider more than two levels.


title: Factorial experiment

text: A fundamental concept in experimental design is the contrast. Let formula_18 be the expected response to treatment combination t, and let formula_19 be the set of treatment combinations. A contrast in formula_20 is a linear expression formula_21 such that formula_22. The function formula_23 is a contrast function. For example, in a one-factor experiment the expression formula_24 represents a contrast between level 1 of the factor and the combined impact of levels 2 and 3. The corresponding contrast function formula_25 is given by formula_26. It's easy to see that if formula_25 and formula_28 are contrast functions, so is formula_29, and so is formula_30 for any real number formula_31. We say that formula_25 and formula_28 are orthogonal (denoted formula_34) if formula_35.


title: Factorial experiment

text: More generally, we say that a contrast function formula_36 belongs to the main effect of factor i if its value depends only on the value of formula_37. For example, in the formula_38 example above, the contrast formula_39 represents the main effect of factor formula_40, and the corresponding contrast function is given by formula_41, as in the column for that factor in the table above.


title: Factorial experiment

text: The contrast function formula_42 belongs to the interaction between factors i and j if (a) the value of formula_25 depends only on formula_37 and formula_45, and (b) it is orthogonal to the contrast functions for the main effects of factors formula_46 and formula_47. Similarly, for any subset formula_48 of formula_49 having more than two elements, a contrast function formula_25 belongs the interaction between the factors listed in formula_48 if (a) its values depend only on the levels formula_52 and (b) it is orthogonal to all contrasts of lower order among those factors.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Let formula_53 denote the set of contrast functions belonging to the main effect of factor formula_46, formula_55 the set of those belonging to the interaction between factors formula_46 and formula_47, and more generally formula_58 the set of contrast functions belonging to the interaction between the factors listed in formula_48 for any subset formula_60 with formula_61 (here formula_62 denotes cardinality). We also let formula_63 denote the set of constant functions on formula_19. We have thus defined a set formula_58 corresponding to each formula_60. It is not hard to see that each formula_58 is a vector space, a subspace of the vector space formula_68 consisting of all real-valued functions on formula_19. We have the following well-known, fundamental facts:


title: Factorial experiment

text: These results underpin the usual analysis of variance or ANOVA (see below), in which a total sum of squares is partitioned into the sums of squares for each effect (main effect or interaction), as introduced by Fisher. The dimension of formula_58 is the degrees of freedom for the corresponding effect.


title: Factorial experiment

text: giving the usual formulas for degrees of freedom for main effects and interaction (the total degrees of freedom is formula_80).


title: Factorial experiment

text: A factorial experiment can be analyzed using ANOVA or regression analysis. To compute the main effect of a factor "A", subtract the average response of all experimental runs for which A was at its low (or first) level from the average response of all experimental runs for which A was at its high (or second) level.


title: Factorial experiment

text: Other useful exploratory analysis tools for factorial experiments include main effects plots, interaction plots, Pareto plots, and a normal probability plot of the estimated effects.


title: Factorial experiment

text: When the factors are continuous, two-level factorial designs assume that the effects are linear. If a quadratic effect is expected for a factor, a more complicated experiment should be used, such as a central composite design. Optimization of factors that could have quadratic effects is the primary goal of response surface methodology.