title: You Know You're Right

text: After recording the master instrumental take, the band and others present at the recording session took a break away from the studio to visit a local pizzeria and for Cobain to buy cigarettes, and then returned and recorded another instrumental song, titled "Jam After Dinner". Cobain then recorded the vocals to "You Know You're Right," completing the main vocals in one take, and then adding two additional vocal overdubs. These were the only vocals that Cobain recorded during the session. His final contribution to the recording was a guitar overdub. Novoselic and Grohl recorded six more songs without Cobain, who had likely left by then, after signing the studio door and adding a drawing of a cat next to his signature.


title: You Know You're Right

text: Nirvana's touring guitarist, Pat Smear, lived in Los Angeles and was not present during the session. In a 2002 interview with the website "Nirvana Fan Club", he said Cobain had sent him a cassette of the recording and told him he could add his part later. The band dissolved before Smear had the chance. The band reportedly planned to continue work at Lang's studio after their upcoming European tour, but Cobain died just over two months later, after cancelling the tour and returning to Seattle.


title: You Know You're Right

text: Novoselic took the masters of the recordings home with him after the session, and kept them in his basement until 1998, when work began on a Nirvana box set. Although Love's lawsuit in 2001 delayed the box set's release, the song, now retitled "You Know You're Right", was mixed on July 14 and 15 of that year at Conway Studios in Hollywood, California, in anticipation of its release. According to Novoselic, the final mix does not sound significantly different from the way it sounded when it was recorded in 1994, with the most dramatic changes being the addition of compression and reverb.


title: You Know You're Right

text: "You Know You're Right" remained unreleased for years, and became the center of a legal dispute between Love and the surviving members of Nirvana. Grohl and Novoselic had wanted the song for the planned box set. Love blocked its release, saying that the song would be "wasted" on a box set, and would be better suited to a single-disc collection similar to the Beatles' compilation album "1". Her lawsuit called the song a "potential 'hit' of extraordinary artistic and commercial value", and her manager asserted that a release with the song could sell 15 million copies. Novoselic said he did not necessarily disagree with Love: "I've always considered everything she said. We've considered it and agreed and said, 'Hey, that's a great idea, Courtney.' I tried to get along with Courtney as best I could, but there's only so much you can do."


title: You Know You're Right

text: In 2000, Love played the song at a private event in Hollywood. In November the following year, Love provided a portion of the song air on the NBC television program "Access Hollywood", for which she was being interviewed. In May 2002, four additional clips were leaked. Grohl denied claims that the leak had come from advance copies of his heavy metal side project "Probot", saying he had never copied any version of the song for anyone.


title: You Know You're Right

text: On September 21, 2002, an unmastered MP3 of the full studio version of "You Know You're Right" leaked online. It was quickly put in rotation by a number of alternative rock radio stations, which led to cease-and-desist letters being issued by Geffen. A number of stations defied the orders. The Seattle radio station 107.7 The End posted a banner on their website that announced: "We took your e-mails and flooded the server at Geffen Records with tons of choice words about their 'You Know You're Right' cease and desist order. Due to the huge publicity outcry, the label has released the track. Hear NEW Nirvana all this weekend, only on 107.7 The End."


title: You Know You're Right

text: In late September, Love, Grohl and Novoselic released a joint statement announcing that the lawsuit had been settled, and that "You Know You're Right" would be officially released on the "Nirvana" greatest hits album later that year. It was eventually released as a promo single, with a music video directed by Chris Hafner. The song was re-released on Nirvana's second greatest hits compilation, "Icon", in 2010.


title: You Know You're Right

text: "You Know You're Right" is an alternative rock song that lasts for a duration of three minutes and thirty-seven seconds. According to the sheet music published at Sheet Music Plus by EMI Music Publishing, it is written in the time signature of common time, with a moderately slow tempo of 84 beats per minute. "You Know You're Right" is composed in the key of F minor, while Kurt Cobain's vocal range spans one octave and three notes. The song follows a basic sequence of F–D–E in the verses and pre-chorus and is mainly restricted to a droning chord of F throughout the refrain as its chord progression.


title: You Know You're Right

text: "You Know You're Right" became Nirvana's fourth song to enter the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, peaking at number 45. It was the band's fifth song to reach number one on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart, where it remained for four consecutive weeks, the longest of any Nirvana song. With an increase of 1,616 spins, Nirvana also broke the record for the largest detected jump by an act already on the chart. It also became Nirvana's first song to top the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock Tracks chart, beating their previous peak of number three, achieved by both "Come as You Are" in April 1992 and "About A Girl" in December 1994.


title: You Know You're Right

text: Amy McAuliffe from BBC called the song "a poignant reminder of what might have been" and described it as "listening to a dead man snarling out his last gasp of righteous sarcasm." Will Hermes of "Spin" remarked that it was "amazing how a merely good Nirvana song still scorches everything within earshot." David Samuels of "Slate" wrote that "unlike most post-mortem rock releases, 'You Know You’re Right' is not B-side material or the result of recording studio wizardry—it’s a real Nirvana song" that showed that "Cobain was at the peak of his powers as a vocalist and songwriter—the most gifted and popular writer that rock music had seen since Lennon/McCartney." Likewise, Larry Flint from "Billboard" stated, "Unlike most previously unreleased cuts tacked onto best-of sets, 'You Know You're Right' is a potent addition to Nirvana's cache of classic material."


title: You Know You're Right

text: "You Know You're Right" was ranked at the fifth best single of the year by "Spin", with Charles Aaron calling it a "gnarly little heart-shaped box crammed with feedback, bile, and a gut-shredding chorus." In 2002, the song received a BDS Spin Award for 50,000 radio spins in the US, and in 2003 it received a BDS award for 100,000 radio spins in the US.


title: You Know You're Right

text: In 2011, "You Know You're Right" was ranked at number two on "NME's" list of the 10 best Nirvana songs. In 2015, "Rolling Stone" listed it at number 21 on their ranking of 102 Nirvana songs. The song's producer, Adam Kasper, called it "one of their best songs, probably in the Top Ten."


title: You Know You're Right

text: Grohl reflected on the song in a 2019 interview with "The Guardian," telling interviewer Eve Barlow that “I listened to it for the first time in 10 years. Oh God, it’s hard to listen to. It was not a pleasant time for the band. Kurt was unwell. Then he was well. Then he was unwell. The last year of the band was tough.” In addition to calling the lyrics "heartbreaking" in retrospect, Grohl added that "I used to think it sounded like [Cobain] was singing the chorus. Now I listen to it and it’s like he’s wailing.”


title: You Know You're Right

text: In May 2020, American director Cameron Crowe revealed in an interview with "Stereogum" that he had hidden the studio recording of "You Know You're Right," given to him by Love, in his film "Vanilla Sky", which was released almost a year prior to the song's official release. "We couldn’t credit it in the movie and it was actually illegal," Crowe explained, "but Courtney Love gave it to us. She said, 'This is the only Nirvana song that’s never been released. Hide it in your movie somewhere.'


title: You Know You're Right

text: In a 2022 retrospective article on the song, Brad Shoup of "Billboard" described it as "the most anticipated rock single of 2002," and wrote that its posthumous chart success "was a testament to Kurt Cobain’s bone-deep sense of songcraft – and the still-sizable fanbase Nirvana had established before Cobain’s April 1994 suicide."


title: You Know You're Right

text: "You Know You're Right" did not have an official title at the time of Cobain's death in April 1994. According to Gaar's 2002 "Mojo" article, it was listed simply as "Kurt's Tune #1" on the tracking sheets from the Robert Lang Studios recording session. In 1995, it was performed as "You've Got No Right" by Hole at their "MTV Unplugged" appearance, and this title was most commonly used by fans prior to the release of the album "Nirvana" in 2002.


title: You Know You're Right

text: In the liner notes to "Nirvana", "Rolling Stone" writer David Fricke erroneously states that the song had gone under the previous titles of "Autopilot" and "On a Mountain". The latter title was also cited by Charles Cross in his 2001 Cobain biography, "Heavier Than Heaven". These names were actually invented by bootleggers who had misheard Grohl's comment at the beginning of the live version. Grohl had announced, "This is our last song; it's called 'All Apologies'", unaware that Cobain had already started playing "You Know You're Right". Due to the relatively poor fidelity of the live recording, bootleggers believed Grohl had introduced the new song, and tried to interpret what they thought was its title. Cross also seems to misrepresent the lyrics in "Heavier Than Heaven", citing the lyric, "I am walking in the piss," which appears in Hole's 1995 version of the song, but in no known Nirvana recording.


title: You Know You're Right

text: A music video for "You Know You're Right" was released in October 2002. Directed by Chris Hafner, it features a montage of band footage, drawn mostly from live performances and interviews, occasionally edited to give the effect of the song being performed. The video peaked at number two of the "Billboard" Video Monitor, a chart of the most-played clips as monitored by the Nielsen Broadcast Data Systems, for the week ending October 20, 2002.


title: You Know You're Right

text: The song was performed by Hole as "You've Got No Right" during their "MTV Unplugged" appearance on February 14, 1995. The band's lead singer and Cobain's widow, Courtney Love, introduced it as "a song that Kurt wrote; [the] last song, almost." Seether performed an acoustic version of the song in 2003, and they did a full cover version at Rock in Rio in 2004.


title: You Know You're Right

text: Six versions of "You Know You're Right" are known to exist: the final studio version along with three rehearsal takes from the same session, the live version from the band's show at the Aragon Ballroom in October 1993, and an acoustic demo that was first released in November 2004 on the band's rarities box set, "With the Lights Out".


title: You Know You're Right

text: In addition to the final version, three rehearsal takes were apparently recorded, but remain unreleased.


title: If You Wish Upon Me

text: If You Wish Upon Me () is a South Korean television series starring Ji Chang-wook, Sung Dong-il, and Choi Soo-young. It aired on KBS2 from August 10 to September 29, 2022, airing every Wednesday and Thursday at 21:50 (KST) for 16 episodes. It is also available for streaming on Viu in the Middle East, South Africa, and selected regions in Asia, and on Viki in the Americas, Europe, and Oceania.


title: If You Wish Upon Me

text: The storyline of "If You Wish Upon Me" has been inspired by a true account of the Make-a-Wish Foundation in the Netherlands. The story revolves around a young man (Ji Chang-wook) with a troubled past who struggled throughout his life, enters a hospice hospital on the order of community service. He joins Team Genie, a group which fulfills the last wishes of hospice patients, and learns to care for others for the first time. He, with Team Genie, listens to and carries out the last wishes of people at the end of their lives through various episodes.


title: If You Wish Upon Me

text: On September 1, 2021, it was reported that main casting had been finalised. Filming began on September 27. On April 7, 2022, Choi Soo-young posted on Instagram that the filming of the series had ended.


title: Navel piercing

text: <nowiki>Navel piercing (also referred to as a belly button piercing</nowiki>), a type of piercing located through the skin of the navel. It is most commonly located on the upper fold of skin, but can also be effected underneath or around the edges of the navel. It may heal quickly and with no irritations, like an ear piercing, or may heal more like a surface piercing with the associated extended healing time. Healing usually takes around 6–12 months, but varies by person due to differences in physiology.


title: Navel piercing

text: Navel piercings reject less frequently than most other surface piercings, but the rejection rate is nonetheless higher than non-surface piercings. A properly effected navel piercing involves piercing the skin surrounding the navel with the initial wound inside of the navel canal. This can be done at any angle where there is a clear flap of skin, but the most prevalent form of navel piercing is through the upper rim of the navel.


title: Navel piercing

text: The history of navel piercing has been misrepresented as many of the myths promulgated by Doug Malloy in the pamphlet "Body & Genital Piercing in Brief" continue to be reprinted. For instance, according to Malloy's colleague Jim Ward, Malloy alleged that navel piercing was popular among ancient Egyptian aristocrats and was depicted in Egyptian statuary, an allegation that is widely repeated. In spite of its currency, other sources deny that the historical record supports the allegation.


title: Navel piercing

text: The navel piercing is one of the most prevalent body piercings today. Pop culture has played a large role in the promotion of this piercing. The navel piercing first hit the mainstream when model Christy Turlington revealed her navel piercing at a fashion show in London in 1993. The popularization of the piercing, however, is accredited to the 1993 Aerosmith music video for their song "Cryin'," wherein Alicia Silverstone has her navel pierced by body piercer Paul King.


title: Navel piercing

text: According to a 2005 survey of 10,503 people in England where the navel was top Body piercing site at 33% of people.


title: Navel piercing

text: The jewelry used here is commonly called as "belly rings". Belly rings are a midriff-revealing version of earrings.


title: Navel piercing

text: Navel jewelry has become more extensive in recent years. Many new designs, such as the ancient Bali jewelry designs, have been added to modern navel cultures. Curved barbells remain the most commonly used jewelry, but captive bead rings, and other rings can be used as well. Due to the amount of movement in this area, and the common swelling, they are not recommended. The world's first huggy was designed and patented by TummyToys belly rings. Vogue fashion published an article in 2015 about the circular captive bead belly rings and TummyToys snap lock clasps becoming the latest trend for navel piercings. Most kinds of ring or bar jewelry can be worn in a navel piercing. Navels are most often pierced with a 14g curved barbell, which is recommended to be worn until the piercing has completely healed, the healing time is typically anywhere between 6 – 12 months. A wide variety of embellished jewelry is available for navels - simple curved barbells, captives, TummyToys huggies, flexible PTFE and deluxe long length styles with dangling pendants. Currently, real diamond and solid gold belly rings are also available in a wide range of styles. Most kinds of ring or bar jewelry can be worn in a navel piercing, both for top and bottom piercings.


title: Navel piercing

text: There has been a special standard established for navel barbells (also called "bananabells" or "bananabars", a reference to their curved shape). The standard barbell is 1.6 mm (1/16") thick and 9.5 mm (3/8") or 11.1 mm (7/16") long and is most commonly referred to as a 14-gauge post. The silver caps on the barbell post usually measure 5mm in diameter for the upper and 8mm in diameter for the lower.


title: Navel piercing

text: Although navel bananabells are different from full rings, such as captive bead rings (CBRs), which can also be worn in navel piercings, online body jewelry retailers and wholesalers tend to refer to these barbells as "belly rings".


title: Navel piercing

text: A new version of navel jewelry is on the market for those without pierced navels, which is based on the idea of clip-on earrings.


title: Navel piercing

text: Navel piercings can be one of the slowest piercings to heal, with sources reporting a range of six months to two full years.


title: Swimfan

text: Swimfan is a 2002 American teen psychological thriller film directed by John Polson and written by Charles Bohl and Phillip Schneider. Starring Jesse Bradford, Erika Christensen, and Shiri Appleby, the film is about a high school swimming star who finds himself stalked by a teenage seductress after a one-night stand.


title: Swimfan

text: The plot drew comparisons to similar films like "Fatal Attraction" and "Play Misty for Me", and was also panned by critics.


title: Swimfan

text: Ben Cronin is a star swimmer of his high school's swim team. His coach informs him that Stanford University scouts will appear at next week's swim meet. Ben and his girlfriend Amy discuss their future plans. Amy wants to attend school in Rhode Island but explains she will go to school in California to stay close to Ben. The next day, Ben nearly runs his car into Madison Bell and gives her a ride home as an apology. Later, he realizes that Madison left her notebook in his car. The notebook is filled with music notes, and Ben spots his initials written inside a staff. When he returns the notebook, he meets Madison's cousin, Christopher. Madison appears stressed and explains she has not eaten, so Ben offers to take her to a diner. At the diner, Ben tells Madison about his girlfriend, but Madison does not appear too bothered and explains that she has a boy waiting for her in New York City.


title: Swimfan

text: Ben shares some of his past with Madison: he began doing drugs five years ago, which led to crime and six months in juvenile hall, which "saved him" because he ultimately realized his passion and talent for swimming. Although Ben tries to end the date, Madison convinces him to go to the pool. Her aggressive flirtation lures Ben in, and despite his initial hesitancy, the two have sex. Both agree to remain friends and not to discuss their encounter.


title: Swimfan

text: The next night, Ben goes to a party at Amy's house. Amy introduces Ben to her new friend, who turns out to be Madison. The two pretend to have not met one another. Shortly after, Madison obsesses over Ben—she stops by his house to meet his mom and bombards Ben with e-mails and instant messages. Ben realizes her unhealthy behavior and demands her to leave him alone. Ben's lying eats at him, but before he confesses, Madison tells Amy first. Madison dates Ben's rival teammate, Josh. Right before their biggest swim competition, Ben is disqualified for having steroids in his urine. Outraged and suspecting Madison had Josh set him up, he confronts Josh about the drug test, revealing his suspicion. Days later, Madison accidentally calls Josh by Ben's name while they are kissing in a car. Josh realizes that Madison's obsession with Ben is real and tells her off.


title: Swimfan

text: Ben tries to tell Amy everything, but she doesn’t believe him. The next day, he goes to the pool, where he finds Josh dead. The police suspect that Ben murdered Josh, so to prove his innocence, Ben breaks into Madison's room to find evidence, where he discovers a bottle of steroids and a creepy shrine of his personal belongings she has been secretly stashing. Christopher warns Ben of a similar case regarding a man named Jake Donnelly. When Ben visits Jake in the hospital, a nurse tells him that Jake's girlfriend Madison survived the crash.


title: Swimfan

text: Disguising herself as Ben, Madison steals his car, follows Amy home from school and runs her off the road, with Ben being framed for the crime. That night at the hospital, Ben and a few friends record Madison confessing her crime and intentions, resulting in her arrest. She escapes custody by stealing an officer's gun and shooting the two policemen escorting her, then enters Ben's house and drags Amy to the school's swimming pool. After watching Madison throw a handcuffed and chairbound Amy into the pool, Ben dives in. Madison attacks them with the handle of a pool cleaner, and Ben grabs one end, pulling her into the pool. Unable to swim, Madison drowns while Ben frees the drowned Amy from her handcuffs, carries her out of the pool, and then resuscitates her via mouth-to-mouth artificial respiration. Later, after watching a swim meet, Ben goes outside to his car, where he and Amy kiss and drive away.


title: Swimfan

text: The film was shot in New Jersey and New York. It was partly financed by Furthur Films, a production company founded by actor Michael Douglas.


title: Swimfan

text: "Swimfan" opened in the number one spot at the North American box office in its first week of release, earning $12.4 million and beating "My Big Fat Greek Wedding" and "City by the Sea".


title: Swimfan

text: The film was distributed by 20th Century Fox in most countries, but Icon Film Distribution distributed it in the United Kingdom. The worldwide box office gross was $34.4 million; nearly a third of that came from its first-place opening weekend in the US. Director John Polson credited the film’s strong opening weekend to Fox’s marketing campaign.


title: Swimfan

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 14% of 91 surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 3.9/10. The consensus is, "A "Fatal Attraction" rip-off, "Swimfan" is a predictable, mediocre thriller." Peter Bradshaw gave the film two stars out of five, calling it a "teen "Fatal Attraction" with an unappetising extra helping of "Scream" and saying it lacks "the sardonic wit that parts of the script had seemed initially to promise". "Variety" described it as a "chiller resolutely without chills, in which even the pool water always seems heated. And inasmuch as the pic never owns up to its own trashiness, it's not even enjoyable camp—like Mary Lambert's recent "The In Crowd"—even though there's about as much underage drinking, heavy petting and full-on sex as you can imagine this side of a very surprising PG-13 rating."


title: Phenothiazine

text: Phenothiazine, abbreviated PTZ, is an organic compound that has the formula S(CH)NH and is related to the thiazine-class of heterocyclic compounds. Derivatives of phenothiazine are highly bioactive and have widespread use and rich history. The derivatives chlorpromazine and promethazine revolutionized the fields of psychiatry and allergy treatment, respectively. An earlier derivative, methylene blue, was one of the first antimalarial drugs, and derivatives are under investigation as possible anti-infective drugs. Phenothiazine is a prototypical pharmaceutical lead structure in medicinal chemistry.


title: Phenothiazine

text: Phenothiazine itself is only of theoretical interest, but its derivatives revolutionized psychiatry, other fields of medicine, and pest management. Other derivatives have been studied for possible use in advanced batteries and fuel cells.


title: Phenothiazine

text: In 1876, methylene blue, a derivative of phenothiazine, was synthesized by Heinrich Caro at BASF. The structure was deduced in 1885 by Heinrich August Bernthsen. Bernthsen synthesized phenothiazine in 1883. In the mid 1880s, Paul Ehrlich began to use methylene blue in his cell staining experiments that led to pioneering discoveries about different cell types. He was awarded a Nobel Prize based in part on that work. He became particularly interested in its use to stain bacteria and parasites such as "Plasmodiidae" – the genus that includes the malaria pathogen – and found that it could be stained with methylene blue. He thought methylene blue could possibly be used in the treatment of malaria, tested it clinically, and by the 1890s methylene blue was being used for that purpose.


title: Phenothiazine

text: For the next several decades, research on derivatives lapsed until phenothiazine itself came to market as an insecticide and deworming drug. In the 1940s, chemists working with Paul Charpentier at Rhone-Poulenc Laboratories in Paris (a precursor company to Sanofi), began making derivatives. This work led to promethazine which had no activity against infective organisms, but did have good antihistamine activity, with a strong sedative effect. It went to market as a drug for allergies and for anesthesia. As of 2012 it was still on the market. At the end of the 1940s the same lab produced chlorpromazine which had an even stronger sedative and soothing effect, and Jean Delay and Pierre Deniker attempted to use it on their psychiatric patients, publishing their results in the early 1950s. The strong effects they found opened the door of the modern field of psychiatry and led to a proliferation of work on phenothiazine derivatives. The systematic research conducted by chemists to explore phenothiazine derivatives and their activity was a pioneering example of medicinal chemistry; phenothiazine is often discussed as a prototypical example of a pharmaceutical lead structure.


title: Phenothiazine

text: A number of phenothiazines other than methylene blue have been shown to have antimicrobial effects. In particular, thioridazine has been shown to make extensively drug-resistant tuberculosis (XDR-TB) drug-susceptible again and make methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) susceptible to beta-lactam antibiotics. The major reason why thioridazine has not been utilized as an antimicrobial agent (it is a first-generation or "typical" antipsychotic medication) is due to its adverse effects on the central nervous system and cardiovascular system (particularly QT interval prolongation).


title: Phenothiazine

text: The term "phenothiazines" describes the largest of the five main classes of antipsychotic drugs. These drugs have antipsychotic and, often, antiemetic properties, although they may also cause severe side effects such as extrapyramidal symptoms (including akathisia and tardive dyskinesia), hyperprolactinaemia, and the rare but potentially fatal neuroleptic malignant syndrome, as well as substantial weight gain. Use of phenothiazines has been associated with antiphospholipid syndrome, but no causal relationship has been established.


title: Phenothiazine

text: Phenothiazine antipsychotics are classified into three groups that differ with respect to the substituent on nitrogen: the aliphatic compounds (bearing acyclic groups), the "piperidines" (bearing piperidine-derived groups), and the piperazine (bearing piperazine-derived substituents).


title: Phenothiazine

text: The synthetic dye methylene blue, containing the structure, was described in 1876. Many water-soluble phenothiazine derivatives, such as methylene blue, methylene green, thionine, and others, can be electropolymerized into conductive polymers used as electrocatalysts for NADH oxidation in enzymatic biosensors and biofuel cells.


title: Phenothiazine

text: Phenothiazine is used as an anaerobic inhibitor for acrylic acid polymerization, often used as an in-process inhibitor during the purification of acrylic acid.


title: Phenothiazine

text: Like many commercially significant compounds, phenothiazine has numerous trade names, including AFI-Tiazin, Agrazine, Antiverm, Biverm, Dibenzothiazine, Orimon, Lethelmin, Souframine, Nemazene, Vermitin, Padophene, Fenoverm, Fentiazine, Contaverm, Fenothiazine, Phenovarm, Ieeno, ENT 38, Helmetina, Helmetine, Penthazine, XL-50, Wurm-thional, Phenegic, Phenovis, Phenoxur, and Reconox.


title: Phenothiazine

text: Phenothiazine was formerly used as an insecticide and as a drug to treat infections with parasitic worms (anthelminthic) in livestock and people, but its use for those purposes has been superseded by other chemicals.


title: Phenothiazine

text: Phenothiazine was introduced by DuPont as an insecticide in 1935. About 3,500,000 pounds were sold in the US in 1944. However, because it was degraded by sunlight and air, it was difficult to determine how much to use in the field, and its use waned in the 1940s with the arrival of new pesticides like DDT that were more durable. As of July 2015 it is not registered for pesticide use in the US, Europe, or Australia.


title: Phenothiazine

text: It was introduced as anthelminthic in livestock in 1940 and is considered, with thiabendazole, to be the first modern anthelminthic. The first instances of resistance were noted in 1961. Among anthelmintics, Blizzard et al. 1990 found only paraherquamide to have similar activity to phenothiazine. It is possible that they share the same mode of action. Uses for this purpose in the US are still described but it has "virtually disappeared from the market."


title: Phenothiazine

text: In the 1940s it also was introduced as antihelminthic for humans; since it was often given to children, the drug was often sold in chocolate, leading to the popular name, "worm chocolate." Phenothiazine was superseded by other drugs in the 1950s.


title: Phenothiazine

text: The compound was originally prepared by Bernthsen in 1883 via the reaction of diphenylamine with sulfur, but more recent syntheses rely on the cyclization of 2-substituted diphenyl sulfides. Few pharmaceutically significant phenothiazines are prepared from phenothiazine, although some of them are.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: The Yakovlev Yak-42 (; NATO reporting name: "Clobber") is a 100/120-seat three-engined mid-range passenger jet developed in the mid 1970s to replace the technically obsolete Tupolev Tu-134. It was the first airliner produced in the Soviet Union to be powered by modern high-bypass turbofan engines.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: In 1972, the Yakovlev design bureau started work on a short- to medium-range airliner capable of carrying 100–120 passengers. It was intended to be a replacement for the Tupolev Tu-134 jet as well as the Ilyushin Il-18, Antonov An-24 and An-26 turboprop airliners. While the new airliner was required to operate out of relatively small airfields while maintaining good economy, as many Soviet airports had been upgraded to accommodate more advanced aircraft, it did not have to have the same ability to operate from grass strips as Yakovlev's smaller Yak-40. The requirement resulted in the largest, heaviest and most powerful aircraft designed by Yakovlev, until the even larger MC-21 took flight in 2017.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Initial design proposals included a straight-wing airliner powered by two Soloviev D-30 turbofans and resembling an enlarged Yak-40, but this was rejected as it was considered uncompetitive compared to Western airliners powered by high bypass ratio turbofans. Yakovlev settled on a design powered by three of the new Lotarev D-36 three-shaft high-bypass turbofans, which were to provide 63.90 kN (14,330 lbf) of thrust. Unlike the Yak-40, the new airliner would have swept wings.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: The first of three prototypes, which was fitted with an 11-degree wing and registered "SSSR-1974", made its maiden flight on 7 March 1975. It was followed by the second prototype, ("SSSR-1975") with the 23-degree wing and a cabin with 20 rows of windows instead of 17 in the first prototype, and a third prototype ("SSSR-1976") fitted with improved de-icing gear.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: The Yak-42 is a low-winged monoplane of all-metal construction, with a design lifespan of 30,000 one-hour flights. It has a pressurised fuselage of circular section, with the cabin designed to carry 120 passengers in six-abreast layout (or 100 passengers for local services with greater space allocated to carry-on luggage and coat stowage). The aircraft is flown by a flight crew of two pilots sitting side by side in a flight deck forward of the cabin. Access is via two airstairs, one in the underside of the rear fuselage, like that of the Yak-40, and one forward of the cabin on the port side. Two holds are located under the cabin, carrying baggage, cargo and mail.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: All of the prototypes had main landing gear with two wheels each, with the first serial production aircraft, four main wheels were introduced. The wing layout underwent considerable revision during the design process, with the first prototype being built with a wing sweep of 11 degrees and the second prototype with a sweep of 23 degrees. After evaluation, the greater sweep of the second prototype was chosen for production. Early aircraft had a clean wing leading edge with no control surfaces, and plain trailing edge flaps. This changed in later aircraft, which were fitted with leading edge slats, with the trailing edge flaps slotted.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Two engines were mounted in pods on either side of the rear fuselage, with the third embedded inside the rear fuselage, fed with air via an "S-duct" air inlet. An auxiliary power unit (APU) is also fitted in the rear fuselage. No thrust reversers are fitted. The aircraft has a T-tail, with both the vertical fin and the horizontal surfaces swept.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: The first production aircraft was completed on 28 April 1978, with the first scheduled passenger flight, on the Aeroflot Moscow-Krasnodar route taking place on 22 December 1980. Production was at first slow, with only 10 flown by mid-1981. Initial aircraft were fitted for 120 seats in a three-plus-three arrangement. This was soon changed to a first class section with two-plus-two seating, and a main cabin with 96 seats, giving a total of 104 seats.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: In its first year of operation Aeroflot's Yak-42s carried about 200,000 passengers, mainly on routes from Moscow, but also on international services from Leningrad to Helsinki and from Donetsk to Prague, with the type being planned to enter wider service throughout the Aeroflot fleet. On 28 June 1982, however, the tailplane detached from an Aeroflot Yak-42 in flight owing to a failure of the actuator screw jack, causing the aircraft to fatally crash near Mazyr. The type was grounded as a result, not returning to service until October 1984.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: An export order for seven aircraft was announced in 1982 by Aviogenex of Yugoslavia, but the contract lapsed. The availability of the longer-range Yak-42D variant from 1991 onwards gave rise to a few more export sales, to Bosnia, China, Cuba, and Iran. As of 1 January 1995 a total of 185 Yak-42 had been produced, including 105 Yak-42Ds.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Version with modified avionics for use on international use ("mezhdunarodnyye linii" – international services). Entered service in July 1981 on the Leningrad-Helsinki route.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Derivative of Yak-42D with updated, western AlliedSignal avionics, spoilers to allow faster descent and enlarged cabin door to accommodate jet bridge. Also designated Yak-42A, Yak-42-100 and Yak-42D-100.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Conversion of a Yak-42 for geophysical survey and environmental monitoring. Fitted with large underwing pods containing electro-optical sensors.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Conversion as testbed for Progress D-236 propfan engine. Single D-236 (rated at 8,090 kW (10,850shp)) mounted in place of starboard engine, on special pylon to give sufficient clearance for 4.2 m (13 ft 9¾ in) propellers. First flew 15 March 1991.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: A projected but unbuilt stretched airliner. Planned to be powered by three Progress D-436 turbofans, a stretched fuselage and new wings. Design developed into Yak-242.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: Further developed Yak-42M, with two underwing Aviadvigatel PS-90 turbofans. Design evolved into Irkut MC-21.


title: Yakovlev Yak-42

text: As of July 2019, 22 Yak-42s remained in commercial airline service. Operators are Izhavia (8), KrasAvia (10) and Turukhan Airlines (4).


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: Muhammad: The Messenger of God () is a 2015 Iranian Islamic epic film directed by Majid Majidi and co-written with Kambuzia Partovi. The film, set in the sixth century, revolves around the childhood of the Islamic prophet Muhammad.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The film marks the biggest-budget production in Iranian cinema to date Development of "Muhammad: The Messenger of God" began in 2007 and Majidi wrote the first draft of the screenplay by 2009. By 2011, a colossal set created in the city of Qom near Tehran was ready for the majority of the film. Throughout the filming process, Majidi worked with a team of historians and archaeologists for the work on accuracy of the early life of Muhammad. Post-production works began in Munich during late 2013 and were completed in 2014. The cinematography is done by Vittorio Storaro and film score is composed by A. R. Rahman.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The film was set to have its premiere at the Fajr International Film Festival on 1 February 2015 but was pulled out due to technical difficulties. For the critics, film-makers and journalists, a special screening was held at Cinema Farhang in Iran on 12 February 2015. The film was released both in Iran and at Montreal World Film Festival on 27 August 2015. The film was selected as the Iranian entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 88th Academy Awards.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: By the order of Abraha, King of Habasha, one of his army commanders launches an attack on Mecca in order to destroy the Kaaba. He leads a well-equipped force of thousands of soldiers, horses and elephants. As the army approaches Mecca, the elephants respond to divine order by halting and refusing to continue. Millions of small birds then release a hail of stones onto Abraha's forces and the army is annihilated. A month later, Muhammad is born. The film depicts pre-Islamic Arabia as seen through the eyes of Muhammad from birth to the age of 13.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: Majid Majidi's film "The Willow Tree" was about to have its premiere at the 17th NatFilm Festival. However, the director backed out the screening of the film citing the controversy created by the Jyllands-Posten over cartoon depiction of Islamic prophet Muhammad. According to Majidi, the publishing insulted the population of Muslim people and disrespected the boundaries of the holy sanctuaries of beliefs. This led him to the idea of making a film on Muhammad. Later, to make a more practical response to the insulting act of the newspaper, he took up the subject of prophet of Islam.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: Pre-production began in October 2007 with the first draft for the screenplay ready by March 2009. In early 2011, an enormous set of an estimated was built near the city of Qom. The set resembled sixth-century Mecca and Medina during the early years of the life of Muhammad. A replica of the Kaaba shrine was built in the remote village of Mazraeh-ye Allahyar. In October 2011, Majidi officially announced the project, calling it his 'most ambitious and expensive film project'. He did not hint at the title of the project or its content but added that it would 'bring pride to Iran and Iranians'.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: By the following month, filming had commenced and the minister of culture and Islamic guidance Mohammad Hosseini confirmed that a movie about Muhammad was being filmed. The film was partially funded by the Iranian government. Mohammad Mehdi Heidarian was announced as the producer, and Shining Light (Noor-e-Taban) was the project's financial backer. However, in a turn of events, reports of November 2012 claimed the film was titled "Muhammad's Childhood". Majidi opined that many Muslims know little about Muhammad's upbringing. His objective was to orientate the audience with the period of Jahiliyyah (pre-Islamic era), and how it was before the appearance of Muhammad. Majidi framed the screenplay to depict the Quraysh tribe and how Muhammad was raised against this backdrop yet developed very firm principles from an early age.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The cinematographer of the film, Vittorio Storaro, arrived in Iran with a 30-man crew. Storato accepted the project after he had a brief discussion about the film with Majidi in Rome. Scott E. Anderson was involved as a visual effects supervisor. Croatian production designer Miljen Kreka Kljakovic was named as the art director, and Giannetto De Rossi as the make-up artist. Costume designers from Germany, Croatia and Slovenia were chosen in August 2013.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: According to Majidi, he and a research team of historians and archaeologists had consulted with Shia and Sunni scholars from Iran, Algeria, Morocco, Lebanon and Iraq in order to ensure accurate portrayal of Muhammad's early years. Majidi also consulted jurists and clerics to explain his vision and the impressions that he wanted to communicate through this film. He met and discussed the film with Ayatollah Ali Khamenei who supported and viewed the final movie. Ali Al-Sistani, Ayatollah Wahid Khorasani, and Iranian philosopher Ayatullah Jawadi Amuli were also involved. Majidi's research team sought the advice of Sunni Ulama, among whom was the Turkish Hayrettin Karaman. While speaking at a press conference, for the creation of a logotype representing Muhammad, Majidi stated that the film intended to fight against any improper image of Islam the West had in mind. The logotype was designed by calligrapher Mohammad Jalil Rasouli. Mohammed Mahdi Heidarian, head of the Noor-e-Taban Film Industry Company Production, confirmed that his firm had spent $40 million on the epic film.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: Majority of the filming was done in secrecy and without any news coverage, allowing no journalists to visit or report from filming locations. Further, Majidi talked less to his actors face to face, and mostly they needed to talk to his assistants. In an interview with "Mumbai Mirror", Majidi stated that for filming on a grand scale he faced many problems of administration and logistics. As 40 per cent of the story takes place in Mecca in the 6th century, Majidi and his team recreated the city to what it would have been 1400 years ago. Filming was done at a set constructed near the city Qom, Iran. Later, the location of the set was named as "Prophet Muhammad Cinematic City" due to its grandiosity in structure and area. Certain scenes requiring elephants were filmed at Bela-Bela in South Africa. Despite having meagre sources, no paintings from that period to assist in the process; the team tried to make the location as historically accurate as possible. Besides this, in other locations they had problems with constructions, with providing costumes and animals, transporting elephants and handling the huge number of people on the shoot, as some days the team had nearly 3000 extras present on the site.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: In the beginning of the film, a message appears that states the film encompasses historical facts as well as free personal impressions about Muhammad. Accordingly, some of the film's events did not actually take place in real life, but are indeed similar to events in Muhammad's biography and which exhibit his mercy, blessings and sympathy for all humankind regardless of whether they were Muslims or not. Majidi stated that the objective behind presenting these scenes is to show that the whole existence could feel Muhammad's presence as well as his mercy.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: In an interview with "Iranian Film Daily", Majidi was quoted saying, "A whole town as well as a full-scale Mecca were recreated down to the most minute detail." The film script depicts Muhammad's adventures through the age of twelve. Majidi added that the film starts with Muhammad's adolescence, and his childhood is shown through flashbacks. The makers chose the period before Muhammad became a prophet. Considering difficulties and Islamic beliefs on the countenance of Muhammad, Majidi stated, "The face of Muhammad is not shown in the film. By hiding his face I will make the character more intriguing for the viewer." Cinematographer Storato, compensated the facial look by focusing on other tools of expression like camera movement with use of lighting. Further, another Steadicam that focuses on Muhammad's perspective was used other than few cameras for the rest of the cast. The film's frame rate was increased from 24 cadres per second to 30 cadres per second for the movement to be more smooth.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: To clear the controversies attached with the project, Majidi said, "The film contains no controversies and no differences between the Shia and the Sunni points of view." The story ends with his journey to Syria and encounter with Bahira.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The post-production works began in Munich by October 2013. In 2014, Majidi revealed that the film would be ready by end of 2014 and would be submitted to the Fajr International Film Festival in Iran. By mid-2014, the film was in the final stages of post-production. In January 2015, work on the special effects and music composition were being carried out. In February 2015, Majidi was in France to resolve issues pertaining to sound-mix engineering.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: In November 2014, director Majid Majidi was appointed as the President of the Jury of 33rd Fajr International Film Festival in Iran. Moreover, the film is set to have its world premiere through the same. However, objections were raised on the film's release due to inclusion of a jury member and his film. In a press conference, a spokesman for the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance, Hossein Nooshabadi answered, "I think the films produced about the life of Muhammad by other filmmakers so far, have a lot of flaws and faults and for the first time in Iranian cinema, such an exemplary work in the Muslim world has been produced by Majid Majidi as a Muslim and professional filmmaker." The film was set to premiere at the opening of 33rd Fajr Film Festival on 1 February 2015. However, the screening was cancelled citing technical difficulties with the audio of the film. Majidi clarified that the existing movie theater's sound environment at Milad Tower in Tehran was incompatible with the film's sound mix.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: On 12 February 2015, the film was screened for filmmakers, journalists and film critics at Farhang Theater Hall in Tehran. The film released at an estimated 143 theaters in Iran and premiere at Montreal World Film Festival on 27 August 2015. Owing to positive response to premiere, an additional screening was held at Cinema Imperial in Montreal on 7 September 2015. The film was screened at Hamadan Film Festival on 29 September 2015.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: On 5 November 2015, the film was screened in Grand Galaxy Cinema in Beirut, Lebanon. On 18 November 2015, the film was screened at the 23rd Camerimage International Film Festival in Bydgoszcz. Majid Majidi and Vittorio Storaro were honored with "Outstanding Cinematic Duo Award". On 16 January 2016, the film was screened in Masrah al—Watani in Baghdad.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The film met with widespread criticism prior to its theatrical release, originating from Sunni Arab countries. In February 2015, Egypt's Al-Azhar University called on Iran to ban the film. According to the University, which described the film as debasing the sanctity of messengers from God. Saudi Arabia's Grand Mufti, Abdul-Aziz ibn Abdullah Al Shaykh condemned the film, stating that "the film depicts the Muhammad in an 'untrue light'" and "undermines the important role he plays in Islam. The film stands a mockery of Muhammad and a degradation of his status." The Saudi Muslim World League (MWL) also denounced the movie on account of scenes characterizing the body and figure of Muhammad. In India, Barelvi Raza Academy issued a fatwa against the director, Majid Majidi, as well as A. R. Rahman, who wrote the musical score for the film. The Raza Academy also demanded a ban on the film.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: Mostafa Seyedabadi states that the colour and lighting in the film was "astonishing". Critic Massoud Farasati dismissed certain film's shots, like a low-angle view of Muhammad as a teen against the sky and called it a "Hollywood" knockoff. In a first look review published by "The Guardian", the critic gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, stating, "Majidi chronicles the first ripples of this revolutionary wave in a handsome, pre-CGI-era epic style. His film is intellectually honest, committed and poetic." Contrary to the positive review, Alissa Simon of "Variety" stated, "Although many of Majidi's earlier films dealt with the spiritual purity that comes with selfless love and deliver a religious rapture of sorts, ""Muhammad: The Messenger of God"" feels stiff and awkward, burdened rather than elevated by its weighty subject matter. And it doesn't help that the characters remain cardboard cutouts of historical figures, never attaining any psychological or emotional life." Sheri Linden of "The Hollywood Reporter" opined that the film was 'moving' in moments, but mainly overdone and underwhelming. Reza Abbas Farishta of "The" "Muslim Vibe" magazine rated the film 93%, stated: "My last thoughts are directed towards Majid Majidi and his team who dedicated 7 years of their life for this herculean task, and have blessed us with this beautiful masterpiece."


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The film raked in an estimate $60,000 on the opening day in Tehran. Further, in two weeks post the release, it grossed roughly $2 million. It was the top-grossing movie of that year with a total of over $1.8 million.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The film score is composed by A. R. Rahman. It took six months for A. R. Rahman to understand the kind of film score that Majid Majidi wanted for "Muhammad: The Messenger of God". He worked on the score for a year and a half. The soundtrack was released by Sony DADC on 23 December 2015.


title: Muhammad: The Messenger of God (film)

text: The producers of the film have planned two sequels that would complete the trilogy of films. The first would focus on Muhammad's life from his teenage years to his 40s. The next one would depict life after his 40s until when he ultimately becomes the prophet of Islam.


title: Lake of fire

text: The lake of fire is a concept that appears in both ancient Egyptian and Christian religion. In ancient Egypt it appears as an obstacle on the journey through the underworld which can destroy or refresh the deceased. In Christianity it is as a place of after-death punishment of the wicked. The phrase is used in five verses of the Book of Revelation. In the biblical context, the concept seems analogous to the Jewish Gehenna, or the more common concept of Hell. The image of the lake of fire was taken up by the early Christian Hippolytus of Rome in about the year 230 and has continued to be used by modern Christians.


title: Lake of fire

text: Fiery rivers and lakes in the underworld are mentioned in works such as the Coffin Texts and the Book of the Dead. Around their edges sit flaming braziers or baboons. Ra would pass through this lake on his journey through the Duat, renewing his boat. Chapter 126 of the Book of the Dead is associated with this vignette and the text is addressed to the "four baboons who sit in the prow of the Barque of Re." The lake was one of the dangers encountered on the journey through the Duat and had a dual nature. The baboons who guarded the pool were a force that could refresh and protect the deceased if they knew the correct recitation or destroy them if they did not. In the 21st Dynasty, human figures are depicted within the lakes. These represent enemies of the king or gods and their inclusion within the pools ensures their permanent destruction. In this way, the deceased could avoid meeting a similar fate, and be victorious over the forces of chaos like Ra.


title: Lake of fire

text: A commonly accepted and traditional interpretation is that the "lake of fire" and the "second death" are symbolic of eternal pain, pain of loss and perhaps pain of the senses, as punishment for wickedness. However, the Greek words translated "torment" or "tormented" in English come from the root with the original meaning of "the testing of gold and silver as a medium of exchange by the proving stone" and a later connotation of a person, especially a slave, "severely tested by torture" to reveal truth.


title: Lake of fire

text: Jehovah's Witnesses interpret the "lake of fire" and "second death" of the Book of Revelation as referring to a complete and definitive annihilation of those cast into it.


title: Lake of fire

text: Seventh-day Adventists believe in annihilation as well. They too believe that the lake of fire passage is referring to extinction, not to an eternal place of torment as understood in the mainstream Protestant interpretation.


title: Lake of fire

text: Members of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints and other churches within the Latter Day Saint Movement read of a concept of the "lake of fire" in the Book of Mormon, in several passages of the record. The most descriptive instance of a "lake of fire" in the Book of Mormon occurs in Jacob 6:10, which reads, "Ye must go away into that lake of fire and brimstone, whose flames are unquenchable, and whose smoke ascendeth up forever and ever, which lake of fire and brimstone is endless torment." The Book of Mormon also refers to the lake of fire as a state of second death or spiritual death, where there is no hope for redemption or salvation until after the resurrection or, for sons of perdition, never.


title: Lake of fire

text: Hippolytus of Rome ( 235) pictured Hades, the abode of the dead, as containing "a lake of unquenchable fire" at the edge of which the unrighteous "shudder in horror at the expectation of the future judgment, (as if they were) already feeling the power of their punishment". The lake of fire is described by Hippolytus unambiguously as the place of eternal torment for the sinners after the resurrection.


title: Lake of fire

text: The Catholic Portuguese visionary Lúcia Santos reported that the Virgin Mary (Our Lady of Fatima) had given her a vision of Hell as a sea of fire:


title: Lake of fire

text: Early Christian Universalists, most notably Origen of Alexandria (), and Gregory of Nyssa (), understood the lake of fire as a symbolic purifying fire used to eliminate the dross from the gold, or a "refiner's crucible". Origen refers to the "lead of wickedness" that must be refined out of the gold. Origen obtained his Universalist views, known then as apocatastasis, from his mentor Clement of Alexandria (), who was a student of Pantaenus. Origen explained the refining metaphor in response to a philosopher named Celsus who accused Christians of representing God as a merciless tormentor armed with fire.


title: Lake of fire

text: 19th-century scholar Charles Bigg summarized Origen's view as, "Slowly yet certainly the blessed change must come, the purifying fire must eat up the dross and leave the pure gold. One by one we shall enter into rest, never to stray again. Then when death, the last enemy, is destroyed, when the tale of his children is complete, Christ will 'drink wine in the kingdom of his Father.' This is the end, when 'all shall be one, as Christ and the Father are one,' when 'God shall be all in all.'"


title: Lake of fire

text: In the view of Gregory of Nyssa, "when death approaches to life, and darkness to light, and the corruptible to the incorruptible, the inferior is done away with and reduced to non-existence, and the thing purged is benefited, just as the dross is purged from gold by fire."


title: Lake of fire

text: Further evidence corroborating their interpretation of the lake of fire as a "refiner's crucible" is that the Greek word commonly translated as "lake" also refers to something small, like a pond or a "pool", as translated in the Wycliffe and New American Bible (NABRE).


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Transpersonal psychology, or spiritual psychology, is a sub-field or school of psychology that integrates the spiritual and transcendent aspects of the human experience with the framework of modern psychology. The "transpersonal" is defined as "experiences in which the sense of identity or self extends beyond (trans) the individual or personal to encompass wider aspects of humankind, life, psyche or cosmos". It has also been defined as "development beyond conventional, personal or individual levels".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Issues considered in transpersonal psychology include spiritual self-development, self beyond the ego, peak experiences, mystical experiences, systemic trance, spiritual crises, spiritual evolution, religious conversion, altered states of consciousness, spiritual practices, and other sublime and/or unusually expanded experiences of living. The discipline attempts to describe and integrate spiritual experience within modern psychological theory and to formulate new theory to encompass such experience. The Transpersonal Psychology Day is celebrated on February 27th.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Lajoie and Shapiro reviewed forty definitions of transpersonal psychology that had appeared in academic literature over the period from 1968 to 1991. They found that five key themes in particular featured prominently in these definitions: "states of consciousness"; "higher or ultimate potential"; "beyond the ego or personal self"; "transcendence"; and "the spiritual". Based upon this study the authors proposed the following definition of transpersonal psychology: "Transpersonal Psychology is concerned with the study of humanity's highest potential, and with the recognition, understanding, and realization of unitive, spiritual, and transcendent states of consciousness."


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: In a review of previous definitions Walsh and Vaughan suggested that transpersonal psychology is an "area of psychology that focuses on the study of transpersonal experiences and related phenomena. These phenomena include the causes, effects and correlates of transpersonal experiences and development, as well as the disciplines and practices inspired by them." They have also criticised many definitions of transpersonal psychology for carrying implicit assumptions, or presuppositions, that may not necessarily define the field as a whole.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Hartelius, Caplan and Rardin conducted a retrospective analysis of definitions of transpersonal psychology. They found three dominant themes that define the field: "beyond-ego psychology", "integrative/holistic psychology", and "psychology of transformation". Analysis suggested that the field has moved from the study of alternative states of consciousness to a more expanded view of human wholeness and transformation.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Caplan (2009: p. 231) conveys the genesis of the discipline, states its mandate and ventures a definition:


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Authors close to the field has defined Transpersonal psychology as the fourth force in psychology, emerging from the third force of Humanistic psychology. The perspectives of holism and unity are central to the worldview of transpersonal psychology.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The thinkers who have set the stage for transpersonal studies are William James, Carl Jung, Roberto Assagioli, Abraham Maslow and Stanislav Grof. More recent attention has brought to light transpersonal aspects of Jean Piaget's untranslated French works, and argued that Piaget's transpersonal experiences and theoretical interests were a major motivation for Piaget's psychological research. A review by Vich suggests that the earliest usage of the term "transpersonal" can be found in lecture notes which William James had prepared for a semester at Harvard University in 1905–06. The meaning then, different from today's usage, was in the context of James' radical empiricism, in which there exists an intimate relation between a perceiving subject and a perceived object, recognizing that all objects are dependent on being perceived by someone. Commentators also mention the psychedelic movement, the psychological study of religion, parapsychology, and the interest in Eastern spiritual systems and practices, as influences that shaped the early field of transpersonal psychology.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Another important figure in the establishment of transpersonal psychology was Abraham Maslow, who had already published work regarding human peak experiences. Maslow is credited for having presented the outline of a fourth-force psychology, named transhumanistic psychology, in a lecture entitled "The Farther Reaches of Human Nature" in 1967. In 1968 Maslow was among the people who announced transpersonal psychology as a "fourth force" in psychology, in order to separate it from Humanistic psychology. Early use of the term "transpersonal" can also be credited to Stanislav Grof and Anthony Sutich. At this time, in 1967–68, Maslow was in close dialogue with both Grof and Sutich regarding the name and orientation of the new field. According to Powers the term "transpersonal" starts to show up in academic journals from 1970 and onwards.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Both Humanistic and Transpersonal psychology have been associated with the Human Potential Movement, a growth center for alternative therapies and philosophies that grew out of the counter-culture of the 1960s at places like Esalen, California.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Gradually, during the 1960s, the term "transpersonal" was associated with a distinct school of psychology within the humanistic psychology movement. In 1969, Abraham Maslow, Stanislav Grof and Anthony Sutich were among the initiators behind the publication of the first issue of the "Journal of Transpersonal Psychology", the leading academic journal in the field. During the next decade significant establishments took place under the banner of transpersonal psychology. The Association for Transpersonal Psychology was established in 1972. An international initiative, The International Transpersonal Psychology Association, was founded by Stanislav Grof, and held its first conference in Iceland in 1973. This was soon to be followed by the founding of the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, a graduate training center, in 1975 . The institute was founded by Robert Frager and James Fadiman in response to the academic climate of the 1970s, and included transpersonal and spiritual approaches to psychology. Soon other institutions, with transpersonal psychology programs, followed. Among these were Saybrook Graduate School, the California Institute of Asian Studies (now California Institute of Integral Studies), JFK University, and Naropa.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The period of the 1960's and 1970s introduced the collective of individuals known as the founders of the field of Transpersonal psychology. Among the founders we find: Ram Dass, James Fadiman, Robert Frager, Stanislav Grof, Stanley Krippner, Ralph Metzner, Claudio Naranjo, Huston Smith, Charles Tart, Frances Vaughan, Miles Vich, Roger Walsh, Michael Washburn, John Welwood and Ken Wilber. In this period the field developed through the contributions of these profiles, and other names such as, Alyce Green, Elmer Green and Daniel Goleman.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The new profiles gradually emerged at the center of activity. Frances Vaughan and John Wellwood had their background in psychotherapy, Roger Walsh was a physician, Huston Smith and Charles Tart had their background in the university system, Daniel Goleman was a science writer for the New York Times, Ram Dass was a popular Guru, and Elmer and Alyce Green were affiliated with the Menninger Foundation. Another early profile, Ken Wilber, surfaced as a leading figure and a major theoretician of the field. A different contributor to the field, Michael Washburn, was drawing on the insights of Jungian depth psychology. According to Smith, Wilber and Washburn delivered the main transpersonal models of development of this period, Wilber in 1977 and Washburn in 1988. An early preoccupation of the field was with the study of meditation. Among the authors that brought attention to this topic was Ram Dass, Daniel Goleman and Roger Walsh. Another early interest for Transpersonal psychology was the topic of altered states of consciousness. Among the authors who brought attention to this topic was Charles Tart.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The 1980s were characterized by the work of Stanislav and Christina Grof, and their concept of "spiritual emergence" and "spiritual emergencies". The period also reflected initiatives at the organizational level. In the early 1980s a group within APA division 32 (Humanistic Psychology) argued in favor of establishing transpersonal psychology as a separate division within the framework of the "American Psychological Association". A petition was presented to the APA Council in 1984, but was turned down. A new initiative was made in 1985, but it failed to win the majority of votes in the council. In 1986 the petition was presented for a third and final time, but was withdrawn by the executive board of Division 32. The interest group later re-formed as the Transpersonal Psychology Interest Group (TPIG), and continued to promote transpersonal issues in collaboration with Division 32.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The 1990s introduced new profiles who contributed insights to the field. Among these authors we find Brant Cortright, Stuart Sovatsky, David Lukoff, Robert P. Turner and Francis Lu. Cortright and Sovatsky made contributions to transpersonal psychotherapy. Both authors published their primary work as part of the SUNY-series. Lukoff, Turner and Lu, writers in the clinical field, were the authors behind the proposal for a new diagnostic category to be included in the DSM-manual of the American Psychiatric Association. The category was called "Psychoreligious or psychospiritual problem" and was approved by the Task Force on DSM-IV in 1993, after changing its name to "Religious or spiritual problem".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: While Wilber has been considered an influential writer and theoretician in the field of transpersonal psychology, his departure from the field was becoming more obvious during the decade of the 1990s. Although the date of his departure is unclear, Freeman notes that Wilber had been distancing himself from the label of "transpersonal", in favour of the label of "integral", since the mid-1990s. In 1998 he formed Integral Institute.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: On the organizational side the decade was marked by a steady increase in membership for the "Association for Transpersonal Psychology", stabilizing at approximately 3000 members in the early nineties. In 1996 the "British Psychological Society" (the UK professional body equivalent to the APA) established a Transpersonal Psychology Section. It was co-founded by David Fontana, Ingrid Slack and Martin Treacy and was, according to Fontana, "the first Section of its kind in a Western scientific society". In the second half of the decade commentators remarked that the field of transpersonal psychology had grown steadily and rapidly.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The beginning of the 2000s was marked by the revisionary project of Jorge Ferrer, which is considered to be an important contribution to the field. His main publication from this era, "Revisioning Transpersonal Theory - A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality" (2001), was part of the "SUNY Series in Transpersonal and Humanistic Psychology".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: In 2007 the "Journal of Transpersonal Psychology" and the "International Journal of Transpersonal Studies" were accepted for indexing in PsycINFO, the journal database of the American Psychological Association. However, that same year, Ruzek, who conducted interviews with founders of Transpersonal Psychology, as well as historians of American psychology, noted that the "American Psychological Association (APA) and most academic institutions have not yet recognized transpersonal psychology as an approved area of study; transpersonal psychology is rarely mentioned in mainstream academic journals or textbooks; and relatively few American academicians identify themselves as practitioners of transpersonal psychology. Furthermore, transpersonal psychology is scarcely mentioned, if at all, in history or introductory psychology texts".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: In 2012 the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology announced that it was changing its name to Sofia University, a change that included a new profile in the academic landscape, with an expanded graduate program featuring computer science and business. In 2016, the California Institute of Integral Studies launched an online PhD degree in Integral and Transpersonal Psychology, founded and chaired by Glenn Hartelius, including Jorge Ferrer on its faculty, and sponsoring publication of the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Several psychological schools, or branches, have influenced the field of transpersonal psychology. Among these schools we find the Analytical psychology of Carl Jung, the psychosynthesis of Roberto Assagioli, and the humanistic psychology of Abraham Maslow. There is a strong connection between the transpersonal and the humanistic approaches to psychology, as indicated by the sourcebook of Donald Moss. Although transpersonal psychology is considered to have started off within, or developed from humanistic psychology, many of its interests, such as spirituality and modes of consciousness, extend beyond the areas of interest discussed by humanistic theory. According to writers in the field transpersonal psychology advocates for an expanded, spiritual, view of physical and mental health that is not necessarily addressed by humanistic psychology.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Other transpersonal disciplines, such as transpersonal anthropology and transpersonal business studies, are listed as transpersonal disciplines. Transpersonal art is one of the disciplines considered by Boucovolas, in listing how transpersonal psychology may relate to other areas of transpersonal study. In writing about transpersonal art, Boucovolas begins by noting how, according to Breccia and also to the definitions employed by the International Transpersonal Association in 1971, transpersonal art may be understood as art work which draws upon important themes beyond the individual self, such as the transpersonal consciousness. This makes transpersonal art criticism germane to mystical approaches to creativity. Transpersonal art criticism, as Boucovolas notes, can be considered that which claims conventional art criticism has been too committed to stressing rational dimensions of art and has subsequently said little on art's spiritual dimensions, or as that which holds art work has a meaning beyond the individual person. Certain aspects of the psychology of Carl Jung, as well as movements such as music therapy and art therapy, may also relate to the field. Boucovolas' paper cites Breccia (1971) as an early example of transpersonal art, and claims that at the time his article appeared, integral theorist Ken Wilber had made recent contributions to the field. More recently, the Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, in 2005, Volume 37, launched a special edition devoted to the media, which contained articles on film criticism that can be related to this field.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Other fields of study, that are related to transpersonal psychology, include near-death studies and parapsychology. The major findings of near-death studies are represented in the "Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology", and in "The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology". The near-death experience is also discussed in relation to other transpersonal and spiritual categories. The major findings of parapsychology are also represented in the "Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology", and in "The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Dr. William J. Barry established transpersonal psychology as a valid action research method in the field of education through his Ph.D. thesis and development of Transformational Quality (TQ) Theory. Applications to the areas of business studies and management have been developed.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: A few commentators have suggested that there is a difference between transpersonal psychology and a broader category of transpersonal theories, sometimes called transpersonal studies. According to Friedman this category might include several approaches to the transpersonal that lie outside the frames of science. However, according to Ferrer the field of transpersonal psychology is "situated within the wider umbrella of transpersonal studies".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Transpersonal psychology may also be associated with New Age beliefs and pop psychology. However, leading authors in the field, among those Sovatsky, Rowan, and Hartelius have criticized the nature of "New Age"-philosophy and discourse. Rowan even states that "The Transpersonal is not the New Age". Other commentators, such as Wade,


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: notes that the field remains part of the New Age, despite the fact that transpersonal psychologists may want no such association.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Although some consider that the distinction between transpersonal psychology and the psychology of religion, is fading (e.g. The Oxford Handbook of Psychology and Spirituality), there is still generally considered to be a clear distinction between the two. Much of the focus of psychology of religion is concerned with issues that would not be considered 'transcendent' within transpersonal psychology, so the two disciplines do have quite a distinct focus.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The transpersonal perspective spans many research interests. The following list is adapted from the "Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology" and includes: the contributions of spiritual traditions such as Taoism, Hinduism (Yoga), Buddhism, Kabbalah, Christian mysticism, Shamanism, and Native American healing to psychiatry and psychology; meditation research and clinical aspects of meditation; psychedelics; parapsychology; anthropology; diagnosis of religious and spiritual problem; offensive spirituality and spiritual defenses; phenomenology and treatment of Kundalini; psychotherapy; near-death experience; religious cults; psychopharmacology; guided imagery; breathwork; past life therapy; ecological survival and social change; aging and adult spiritual development.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The research of transpersonal psychology is based upon both quantitative and qualitative methods, but some commentators have suggested that the main contribution of transpersonal psychology has been to provide alternatives to the quantitative methods of mainstream psychology. Although the field has not been a significant contributor of empirical knowledge on clinical issues, it has contributed important quantitative research to areas such as the study of meditation.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: One of the demarcations in transpersonal theory is between authors who are associated with hierarchical/holarchical, sequential, or stage-like models of human development, such as Ken Wilber and John Battista, and authors who are associated with Jungian perspectives, or models that include the principle of regression, such as Michael Washburn and Stanislav Grof.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The transpersonal psychology of Ken Wilber is often mentioned as an influential theoretical framework for the field. Wilber is often regarded as a leading theorist and pioneer of the transpersonal movement, but he has not been actively associated with the label for quite some time. Several commentators note that he has distanced himself from the transpersonal field in favour of a new model that he calls integral. However, his psychological model still remains influential to the practice and development of transpersonal psychology, and transpersonal themes remain a central part of his own work. Central to his theory of consciousness is a synthesis of eastern and western psychologies and models of human development.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Wilber's model of consciousness consists of three broad developmental categories: the prepersonal or pre-egoic, the personal or egoic, and the transpersonal or trans-egoic. A more detailed version of this model includes nine different levels of human development, in which levels 1–3 are pre-personal levels, levels 4–6 are personal levels and levels 7–9 are transpersonal levels. Later versions also include a tenth level. The transpersonal stages, or the upper levels of the model, are the home of spiritual events and developments. The framework proposed by Wilber suggests that human development is a progressive movement through these stages of consciousness. The theory implies that different schools of psychology are associated with different levels of the model, and that each level of organization, or self-development, includes a vulnerability to certain pathologies associated with that particular level. Each level also represents developmental challenges that must be worked through, or they might lead to developmental arrest. A basic tenet of Wilber's transpersonal psychology is a concept called the "pre/trans fallacy". That is, a confusion of transpersonal progression with prepersonal regression. According to writers in the field western schools of psychology have had a tendency to regard transpersonal levels as pathological, equating them with regressive pathological conditions belonging to a lower level on the model. The pre/trans fallacy describes a lack of differentiation between these two categories.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Wilber's understanding of the levels of consciousness, or reality, ranging from matter to body to mind to soul to spirit, or from prepersonal to personal to transpersonal, is often referred to as the "Great Chain of Being". This overarching framework, that is adapted from the "perennial philosophy" of the worlds great spiritual traditions, is later reformulated by Wilber as the "Great Nest of Being". That is, not just a simple linear hierarchy, but a kind of nested hierarchy, or holarchy. Human development, and evolution, is considered to move up this holarchy.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The 1990s marked a move into the world of integral ideas for Wilber. According to commentators he stopped referring to his work as transpersonal, in favor of the term "integral", by the mid-1990s. Literature now confirms that he has moved on from transpersonal psychology to integral psychology. According to Brys & Bokor Wilber presented major parts of his integral approach in the years 1997–2000. The integral theory included a four quadrant model of consciousness and its development, whose dimensions were said to unfold in a sequence of stages or levels. The combination of quadrants and levels resulting in an all-quadrant, all-level approach. The theory also included the concept of holon, "a whole that is simultaneously part of some other whole", and holarchy, "hierarchical holons within holons". According to reviewers, the spiritual dimension was central to Wilber's integral vision.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Similar to the model presented by Wilber is the information theory of consciousness presented by John Battista. Battista suggests that the development of the self-system, and of human psychology, consists of a series of transitions in the direction of enhanced maturity and psychological stability, and in the direction of transpersonal and spiritual categories. His model presents a series of developmental tasks with corresponding levels of consciousness and psychopathology, and discusses therapeutic interventions in relation to the different levels and transitions.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Michael Washburn presents a model of human development that is informed by psychoanalysis, object-relations theory, and the depth psychology of the Jungian perspective. In the context of transpersonal psychotherapy Washburn's approach has been described as a «revision of Jung's analytical psychology».


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: According to Washburn transpersonal development follows the principles of a spiraling path. Central to his model is the understanding of a dynamic ground; a deep aspect of the unconscious, with spiritual qualities, that the person is in contact with in the prepersonal stage of development. According to commentators Washburn describes three stages of human development; the pre-personal, the personal and the transpersonal, also described as; pre-egoic, egoic and trans-egoic. In the pre-stage (up to age 5) the child is integrated with the dynamic ground. Later in life this contact is weakened, and the prepersonal stage is followed by a new stage of development where the ego is dissociated from the dynamic ground. This happens through the process of repression, and marks the stage of adulthood, and of the mental ego (egoic stage).


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: However, later in life there is the possibility of a re-integration with the dynamic ground, a trans-egoic stage. According to Washburn this transpersonal development requires a kind of U-turn, or a return to the dynamic ground, in order for the ego to become integrated with its unconscious dynamics. This aspect of Wasburn's model is described by commentators as «a going back before a higher going forth». A regression that paves the way for transcendence, and a fully embodied life. Washburn's approach to transpersonal development is often summed up as «regression in the service of transcendence» which, according to Lev, is a "twist of the phrase, regression in the service of the ego". Washburn has contrasted his own perspective, which he calls spiral-dynamic, to the developmental theory of Ken Wilber, which he calls structural-hierarchical. The differing views of Washburn and Wilber are mentioned by several commentators.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Stanislav Grof, on the other hand, operates with a cartography consisting of three kinds of territories: the realm of the sensory barrier and the personal unconscious (described by psychoanalysis), the perinatal or birth-related realm (organizing principles for the psyche), and the transpersonal realm. According to this view proper engagement with the first two realms sets the stage for an ascent to the third, transpersonal, realm. His early therapy, and research, was carried out with the aid of psychedelic substances. According to commentators Grof's LSD-therapy was controversial. Later, when LSD was prohibited, Grof developed other methods of therapy, such as holotropic breathwork, which also attracted some controversy.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: His early findings, which were based on observations from LSD research, uncovered four major types of experiences that, according to Grof, correspond to levels in the human unconscious: (1) Abstract and aesthetic experiences; (2) Psychodynamic experiences; (3) Perinatal experiences; (4) Transpersonal experiences. Psychodynamic levels, which correspond to the theory of Sigmund Freud, is the area of biographical memories, emotional problems, unresolved conflicts and fantasies. Perinatal levels, which correspond to the theories of Otto Rank, is the area of physical pain and agony, dying and death, biological birth, aging, disease and decrepitude. Transpersonal levels, corresponding to the theories of C.G. Jung, is the area of a number of spiritual, paranormal and transcendental experiences, including ESP phenomena, ego transcendence and other states of expanded consciousness. In order to bring structure to the psychodynamic and perinatal levels Grof introduces two governing systems, or organizing principles: The COEX-system, which is the governing system for the psychodynamic level, and the Basic Perinatal Matrices, which represent the birthing stages and is the governing system for the perinatal level.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Grof applies regressional modes of therapy (originally with the use of psychedelic substances, later with other methods) in order to seek greater psychological integration. This has led to the confrontation of constructive and deconstructive models of the process leading to genuine mental health: what Wilber sees as a pre/trans fallacy does not exist for Washburn and Grof, for pre-rational states may be genuinely transpersonal, and re-living them may be essential in the process of achieving genuine sanity.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The idea of development is also featured in the spiritual psychotherapy and psychology of Stuart Sovatsky. His understanding of human development, which is largely informed by east/west psychology and the tradition and hermeneutics of Yoga, places the human being in the midst of spiritual energies and processes outlined in yogic philosophy. According to Sovatsky these are maturational processes, affecting body and soul. Sovatsky adapts the concept of Kundalini as the maturational force of human development. According to his model a number of advanced yogic processes are said to assist in "maturation of the ensouled body".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The scholarship of Jorge Ferrer introduces a more pluralistic and participatory perspective on spiritual and ontological dimensions. In his revision of transpersonal theory Ferrer questions three major presuppositions, or frameworks for interpretation, that have been dominant in transpersonal studies. These are the frameworks of Experientalism (the transpersonal understood as an inner individual experience); Inner empiricism (the study of transpersonal phenomena according to the criteria of empiricist science); and perennialism (the legacy of the perennial philosophy in transpersonal studies). Although representing important frames of reference for the initial study of transpersonal phenomena, Ferrer believes that these assumptions have become limiting and problematic for the development of the field.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: As an alternative to these major epistemological and philosophical trends Ferrer focuses upon the great variety, or pluralism, of spiritual insights and spiritual worlds that can be disclosed by transpersonal inquiry. In contrast to the transpersonal models that are informed by the "perennial philosophy" he introduces the idea of a "dynamic and indeterminate spiritual power". Along these lines he also introduces the metaphor of the "ocean of emancipation". According to Ferrer "the ocean of emancipation has many shores". That is, different spiritual truths can be reached by arriving at different spiritual shores.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The second aspect of his revision, "the participatory turn", introduces the idea that transpersonal phenomena are participatory and co-creative events. He defines these events as "emergences of transpersonal being that can occur not only in the locus of an individual, but also in a relationship, a community, a collective identity or a place." This "participatory knowing" is multidimensional, and includes all the capacities of the human being (body/heart/soul), as understood from a transpersonal framework. According to Jaenke Ferrer's vision includes a spiritual reality that is "plural and multiple", and a spiritual power that may produce a wide range of revelations, insights which in turn may be overlapping, or even incompatible.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Ferrer's approach to participatory thinking has been taken-up in the context of psychoanalysis. Drawing from Ferrer's criticisms of perennialism, Robin S. Brown adopts the participatory paradigm as a means to fostering clinical pluralism.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The major transpersonal models of psychotherapy, as reviewed by Cortright, are the models of Ken Wilber, C.G Jung, Michael Washburn, Stanislav Grof, and Hameed Ali. Early contributions to the field of transpersonal psychotherapy includes the approach of Walsh & Vaughan. In their outline of transpersonal therapy they emphasize that the goals of therapy includes both regular results, such as symptom relief and behaviour change, as well as work at the transpersonal level, which may go beyond the level of psychotherapy. Both Karma Yoga and altered states of consciousness are part of the transpersonal approach to therapy. According to Walsh & Vaughan the context of karma yoga, and service, should also facilitate a process whereby the psychological growth of the therapist could provide a supporting framework for the growth of the client.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Several authors in the field have presented an integration of western psychotherapy with spiritual psychology, among these Stuart Sovatsky and Brant Cortright. In his reformulation of western psychotherapy Sovatsky addresses the questions of time, temporality and soteriology from the perspectives of east/west psychology and spirituality. Besides drawing on the insights of post-freudians, such as D.W. Winnicott, Sovatsky integrates his approach to psychotherapy with an expanded understanding of body and mind, informed by the philosophy of Yoga.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Cortright, on the other hand, has reviewed the field of transpersonal psychotherapy and the major transpersonal models of psychotherapy, including Wilber, Jung, Washburn, Grof and Ali, as well as existential, psychoanalytic, and body-centered approaches. He presents a unifying theoretical framework for the field of transpersonal psychotherapy, and places the concept of human consciousness at the center of the transpersonal domain. He also addresses clinical matters related to meditation, spiritual emergency, and altered states of consciousness. He also addresses clinical issues related to meditation, spiritual emergency, and altered states of consciousness. According to commentators Cortright does not agree with the conventional view of transpersonal psychology that a working through of psychological issues is necessary for spiritual development. Instead he suggests that these two lines of development intersect, and that they come to the foreground with shifting emphasis.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: A transpersonal approach to clinical practice has been outlined by psychoanalyst Robin S. Brown who draws from relational psychoanalysis, analytical psychology, and participatory theory. Within contemporary psychoanalysis it has been suggested that, from a clinical point of view, postulating a transcendent dimension to human experience is theoretically necessary in promoting non-reductive approaches to therapy.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The first book to survey the field of spiritually oriented psychotherapy, published by the "American Psychological Association" in 2005, included a chapter on the Transpersonal–Integrative Approach to therapy.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Transpersonal psychology has also brought clinical attention to the topic of spiritual crisis, or spiritual emergency, a category that is not ordinarily recognized by mainstream psychology. The terms "spiritual emergence" and "spiritual emergency" were coined by Stanislav and Christina Grof in order to describe the appearance of spiritual phenomena, and spiritual processes, in a persons life. Among the clinical problems associated with this category, according to transpersonal theory, are: psychiatric complications related to mystical experience; near-death experience; Kundalini awakening; shamanic crisis (also called shamanic illness); psychic opening; intensive meditation; separation from a spiritual teacher; medical or terminal illness; addiction. According to writers in the field the term "spiritual emergence" describes a "gradual unfoldment of spiritual potential with no disruption in psychological, social and occupational functioning". In cases where the emergence of spiritual phenomena is intensified beyond the control of the individual it may lead to a state of "spiritual emergency". A spiritual emergency may cause "significant disruption in psychological, social and occupational functioning".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: At the beginning of the 1990s a group of psychologists and psychiatrists, affiliated with the field of transpersonal psychology, saw the need for a new psychiatric category involving religious and spiritual problems. Their concern was the possibility of misdiagnosis of these problems. Based on an extensive literature review, and networking with the American Psychiatric Association "Committee on Religion and Psychiatry", the group made a proposal for a new diagnostic category entitled "Psychoreligious or Psychospiritual Problem". The proposal was submitted to the Task Force on DSM-IV in 1991. The category was approved by the Task Force in 1993, after changing the title to "Religious or Spiritual Problem". It is included in the fourth edition of the "Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders" (DSM-IV), as a minor category.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The text of the new category did not mention the particular spiritual problems, or psychiatric complications, listed above.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: According to the authors of the proposal the new category "addressed problems of a religious or spiritual nature that are the focus of clinical attention and not attributable to a mental disorder". In their view there exist criteria for differentiating between spiritual problems and mental disorders such as psychosis. This concern is also addressed in the DSM-IV Sourcebook. According to Lukoff and Lu, co-authors of the category, religious or spiritual problems are not classified as mental disorders. Foulks also notes that the new diagnosis is included in the DSM-IV-TR nonillness category (Other Conditions That May Be a Focus of Clinical Attention). The category "Religious or Spiritual problem" is maintained in the current DSM-5.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Addition of the new category to the DSM-system was noticed by a few psychiatric publications, and the "New York Times". Several commentators have also offered their viewpoints. Chinen noted that the inclusion marks "increasing professional acceptance of transpersonal issues", while Sovatsky saw the addition as an admittance of "spiritually oriented narratives" into the mainstream clinical context. Smart and Smart recognized the addition of the category, and similar improvements in the fourth version, as a step forward for the cultural sensitivity of the DSM manual. Greyson, representing the field of Near-death studies, concluded that the diagnostic category of "Religious or spiritual problem" "permits differentiation of near-death experiences and similar experiences from mental disorders". Gollnick noted that the new category was an important signal to therapists and the general population, and observed that there "are crucial experiences and struggles involving religious and spiritual issues which are not in themselves pathological, but which must be dealt with in order to avoid their degenerating into pathology". In a study from 2000 Milstein and colleagues discussed the construct validity of the new DSM-IV category religious or spiritual problem (V62.89).


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: According to commentators transpersonal psychology recognizes that spiritual development might have both negative and positive effects on human functioning. Health-promoting expressions of spirituality include development and growth, but there also exist "health-compromising expressions of spirituality".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: A leading institution within the field of transpersonal psychology is the Association for Transpersonal Psychology, which was founded in 1972. Past presidents of the association include Alyce Green, James Fadiman, Frances Vaughan, Arthur Hastings, Daniel Goleman, Robert Frager, Ronald Jue, Jeanne Achterberg and Dwight Judy. An international organization, "The International Transpersonal Psychology Association", was founded in the 1970s, and has more recently been revived by Harris Friedman. Also, a European counterpart to the American institution, the European Transpersonal Psychology Association (ETPA), was founded much later. The leading graduate school is Sofia University, formerly the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology. According to sources the university is private, non-sectarian, and accredited by the Western Association of Schools and Colleges.