title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton's health varied for much of 1869. In the later half of the year, after hearing that Congress had created a new associate justice seat on the Supreme Court, Stanton decided that he would lobby Grant to name him to that position. Stanton used Grant's close friend, Bishop Matthew Simpson, as his proxy to convince Grant of his suitability for a place on the Supreme Court. Grant bypassed Stanton, however, and nominated Attorney General Ebenezer R. Hoar for the seat on December 14, 1869. The following day, Associate Justice Robert Cooper Grier announced his resignation, with the effective date of February 1, 1870, thus creating another vacancy for Grant to fill. Petitions in support of naming Stanton to fill the vacancy on the Court were circulated in both the House of Representatives and the Senate. They were delivered to the president on December 18, 1869. Grant and Vice President Colfax went to Stanton's home to personally extend the nomination on December 19, Stanton's 55th birthday. Grant officially submitted the nomination to the Senate on December 20, and Stanton was confirmed that same day by a vote of 46–11. Stanton wrote a letter of acceptance to the confirmation the next day, but died before assuming office as an associate justice.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: On the night of December 23 Stanton complained of pains in his head, neck and spine. His doctor, Surgeon General Joseph Barnes, was called. As had happened on many nights before, Stanton's asthma had made breathing difficult. Stanton's lungs and heart felt constricted, which kept Stanton's wife and children, as well as Barnes, by his bedside. Stanton's condition began to improve at midnight, but then he began, as Marvin states, "[gasping] so strenuously for air that someone ran for the pastor of the Church of the Epiphany, and soon after he arrived Stanton lost consciousness." At about 3 am, Barnes checked Stanton's pulse and breathing but felt nothing. Stanton died on


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton's body was placed in a black, linen-inlaid coffin in his second-story bedroom. President Grant had wanted a state funeral, but Ellen Stanton wanted as simple an affair as could be had. Nonetheless, Grant ordered all public offices closed, and federal buildings draped in "raiments of sorrow". Flags in several major cities were lowered to half-staff, and gun salutes sounded at army installations around the country. On December 27, his body was carried by artillerymen to his home's parlor. President Grant, Vice President Schuyler Colfax, the Cabinet, the entire Supreme Court, senators, representatives, army officers and other important officials all attended Stanton's funeral. After the eulogy, Stanton's casket was placed atop a caisson, and drawn by four horses to Washington D.C.'s Oak Hill Cemetery at the head of a mile-long cavalcade.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton was interred beside the grave of his son James Hutchinson Stanton, who had died in infancy several years earlier. An assortment of Cabinet officials, generals, justices and senators carried Stanton's coffin to its final resting place. One of Stanton's professors from Kenyon College performed a service at the graveyard, and a three-volley salute was issued, ending the ceremony.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Edwin Stanton was the second American other than a U.S. President to appear on a U.S. postage issue, the first being Benjamin Franklin, who appeared on a stamp in 1847. The only Stanton stamp was issued March 6, 1871. This was also the only stamp issued by the post office that year. The Stanton 7-cent stamp paid the single rate postage for letters sent from the U.S. to various countries in Europe.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: A distinctive engraved portrait of Stanton appeared on U.S. paper money in 1890 and 1891. The bills are called "treasury notes" or "coin notes" and are widely collected today. These rare notes are considered by many to be among the finest examples of detailed engraving ever to appear on banknotes. The $1 Stanton "fancyback" note of 1890, with an estimated 900–1,300 in existence relative to the millions printed, ranks as number 83 in the "100 Greatest American Currency Notes" compiled by Bowers and Sundman (2006). Stanton also appears on the fourth issue of Fractional currency, in the amount of 50 cents. Stanton Park, four blocks from the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C., is named for him, as is Stanton College Preparatory School in Jacksonville, Florida.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: A steam engine, built in 1862, was named the "E. M. Stanton" in honor of the new Secretary of War. Stanton County, Nebraska, is named for him. Stanton Middle School in Hammondsville, Ohio, is named after him. A neighborhood in Pittsburgh is named for him (Stanton Heights) as well as its main thoroughfare (Stanton Avenue). Stanton Park and Fort Stanton in Washington, D.C., were named for him, as was Edwin Stanton Elementary School in Philadelphia. Edwin L. Stanton Elementary School in Washington, DC was named for his son who served as the Secretary of the District of Columbia.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton appears in the 1905 Thomas Dixon novel "The Clansman". The book depicts Stanton's actions between war's end and Johnson's impeachment, and the role he played in Reconstruction policies. This book was adapted into the film "The Birth of a Nation", though Stanton does not feature prominently in the movie.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: In the 1930s, a book written by Otto Eisenschiml accused Stanton of arranging the assassination of Lincoln. Although these charges remain largely unsubstantiated, Eisenschim's book inspired considerable debate and the 1977 book and movie, "The Lincoln Conspiracy".


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton was portrayed by Jesse Bennett in the 1998 "Touched by an Angel" episode, "Beautiful Dreamer".


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton was portrayed by Matt Besser in the "Chicago" episode of Drunk History, created by Derek Waters on Comedy Central.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton appears in Philip K. Dick's We Can Build You in the form of a self-aware, cybernetic automaton.


title: Edwin Stanton

text: Stanton appears prominently in the alternate history Civil War trilogy by Newt Gingrich and William R. Forstchen.


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar () is a Pakistani writer, director, Urdu poet, lyricist and occasional actor known for writing such dramas as "Pyarey Afzal" (2013), "Sadqay Tumhare" (2014) and most recently the top-rated "Meray Paas Tum Ho" (2019-2020), as well as the 2019 ISPR-produced film "Kaaf Kangana".


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: Khalil ur Rehman Qamar was born in 1962 in Lahore, Punjab, Pakistan. He studied in a government high school in Shad Bagh, Lahore. He used to write in school too and did further studies in B.Com. MBA.


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: He started his TV drama career with "Dastak Aur Darwaza" and later produced a film "Qarz" (1997) which he also wrote. He also wrote the dialogues of "Ghar Kab Aao Gay" (2000), "Tere Piyar Mein", "Mukhra Chan Varga", "Nikki Jai Haan" but made his breakthrough with "Boota from Toba Tek Singh" (1999). Later, he used this style in his dramas "Landa Bazar" (2002) and "Love, Life Aur Lahore". Khalil ur Rehman Qamar has written various drama serials but he is best known for his all time super hit dramas such as "Pyarey Afzal" (2013), "Sadqay Tumhare" (2014), and "Meray Paas Tum Ho" (2019).


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: He wrote a drama serial Sadqay Tumhare which is based on his own real life love story during his teenage days.


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: Khalil ur Rehman married his second wife Rozina Qureshi, while being married to Rubi. Rozina is an actress & was previously married to actor Faysal Qureshi. Khalil ur Rehman has a step daughter Hanish Qureshi, from Rozina's marriage to Faisal and has two children of his own with Rozina.


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: In mass media and live television panel discussions relating to women's rights issues, Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar supported conservative positions.


title: Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar

text: On March 3, 2020, Khalil-ur-Rehman Qamar appeared on a Pakistani talk show on Neo News to discuss the Aurat March. When Qamar was speaking, Marvi Sirmed interrupted Qamar by shouting "Mera Jism Meri Marzi" (meaning "My Body My Choice"). Qamar getting frustrated by the interruption, began calling her shameful. "Agence France-Presse" reported that Qamar said to Sirmed that "no one would even spit on your body" and that she was a "cheap woman" who should "shut up". Qamar was heavily criticized by politicians and prominent figures, while Geo TV suspended his contract. Qamar said he was not stating anything, at the time of her speech, but she interrupted him.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: Pavel Yuryevich Gubarev (, ; or Pavlo Yuriyovych Hubariev ; born 10 February 1983) is a Russian activist who proclaimed himself the "People's Governor" of the Donetsk Region at the Regional Assembly on 3 March 2014, after separatists seized the building. Gubarev had earlier declared himself leader of the Donbas People's Militia. Since then, he has been sidelined by other separatist leaders and was banned from taking part in the 2014 Donbas parliamentary elections. These elections also eliminated the post of "People's Governor". Gubarev was not a figure in local politics prior to the beginning of the 2014 pro-Russian conflict in Ukraine.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: Shortly after declaring himself "People's Governor" on 6 March 2014, Gubarev was arrested by the Security Service of Ukraine (SBU) for "advocating separatism" and "illegal seizure of power". He faced up to ten years in prison. On 7 May 2014, Gubarev was freed in exchange for SBU officers detained earlier by the Donbas People's Militia.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: Gubarev gained a degree in history from the Donetsk National University, and later became an employee of a Donetsk advertising agency. In 2007, he founded and served as the company director of the "Morozko" company, which supplied hired Ded Moroz (Santa Claus) figures in the Donetsk area.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: Gubarev was a member of the Progressive Socialist Party of Ukraine, a pro-Russian party based in the southeast of the country. According to an unnamed acquaintance, Gubarev advocates Pan-Slavism. In earlier years Gubarev was a member of the neo-Nazi Russian National Unity paramilitary group, that later took part in the War in Donbas on the side of pro-Russian forces. Gubarev has publicly given thanks to this group for providing him with military training. In the same interview he said he was not a radical nationalist and described himself as "centre-left".


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: On 1 March 2014, pro-Russian citizens at a meeting in Lenin Square in the center of Donetsk elected Gubarev as governor of the region.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: From the beginning of the 2014 Crimean crisis, Gubarev led pro-Russian protesters who blockaded and occupied the Donetsk Regional State Administration building.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: During a press-conference with journalists on 6 March 2014, Gubarev stated that his main goal as the self-proclaimed governor was to declare a referendum on the territorial status of Donetsk Oblast, non-recognition of the new Ukrainian government, and non-recognition of Donetsk governor Serhiy Taruta.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: On 6 March 2014, the Security Service of Ukraine arrested Gubarev. Following his arrest, Gubarev was reportedly taken to Kyiv for detention. He was later charged with wanting to damage "the territorial integrity and independence of the state".


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: On 16 March, a crowd of protesters stormed government buildings in Donetsk demanding Gubarev's release.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: On 7 May 2014, Gubarev and two other pro-Russian activists were freed in exchange for SBU officers, detained earlier by the Donbas People's Militia.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: In October 2014, during a failed assassination attempt on him, Gubarev lost control of his car when it came under gunfire and suffered a head injury. He later regained consciousness and was moved from intensive care to the ordinary ward of the hospital.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: Gubarev was excluded by the election commission from participating in the 2014 Donbas parliamentary elections "because his party was not able to hold a founding conference".<ref name="http://www.mk.ru/politics/2014/10/30/dadut-li-novorossii-sdelat-vybor.html"><br></ref>


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: Following the death of Alexander Zakharchenko, there were elections in the Donetsk People's Republic on 11 November 2018. In September 2018, Pavel Gubarev went to Moscow and obtained permission to be a candidate for the post of head of the Donetsk People's Republic. Gubarev and supporters collected 15,000 signatures for his nomination papers (the law only requires 10,000 signatures). Gubarev's candidacy displeased Denis Pushilin, who has taken over as head of the Donetsk People's Republic, and pressure has been put on Gubarev.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: On 29 September 2018, Gubarev's wife, Ekaterina, was arrested and temporarily detained to prevent her attending the Free Donbas party convention so that she was excluded from the party list for the "elections" of the People's Council of the Donetsk People's Republic on 11 November. At the convention, the Free Donbas movement was taken over by supporters of Denis Pushilin. After this incident Ekaterina Gubareva left for Rostov-on-Don. In early October 2018, the electoral commission ruled that the signatures on Gubarev's nomination papers were invalid; the authorities in Russia often use this method to exclude candidates.


title: Pavel Gubarev

text: In 2022, Gubarev signed a short-term contract with the Russian Armed Forces, as a private, in order to participate in the Russian invasion of Ukraine. During his service there, he declared in an interview their goal to free from "possession" those who he considers to be Russians, even at the cost of killing them all, which would amount to genocide on Ukrainians.


title: Manjhi – The Mountain Man

text: Manjhi – The Mountain Man is a 2015 Indian Hindi-language biographical film based on the life of Dashrath Manjhi. Manjhi, widely known as the "Mountain Man", was a poor labourer in Gehlaur village, near Gaya in Bihar, India, who carved a path wide and long through a hill high, using only a hammer and chisel. The film is directed by Ketan Mehta, jointly produced by Viacom 18 Motion Pictures and NFDC India. Upon release the film received positive critical acclaim.


title: Manjhi – The Mountain Man

text: Nawazuddin Siddiqui enacted the role of Dashrath Manjhi, while Radhika Apte played Manjhi's wife. The film was released worldwide on 21 August 2015. Prior to its release preview copy of movie leaked on the web on 10 August 2015. The Bandra-Kurla Complex (BKC) cyber police station had registered a case against few accused of leaking the movie. The Bihar State Government declared the film tax-free on 30 July 2015.


title: Manjhi – The Mountain Man

text: In the 1960s Dashrath Manjhi (Nawazuddin Siddiqui) lived in a small village Gehlaur near Gaya, Bihar, India with his family including his wife Phaguniya Devi (Radhika Apte) and his son. There was a rocky mountain near his village that people either had to climb across or travel round to gain access to medical care at the nearest town Wazirganj. One day Manjhi's wife (when pregnant) fell while trying to cross the mountain and eventually died giving birth to a girl, after which Manjhi decided to carve a road through it. When he started hammering the hill people called him a lunatic but that only steeled his resolve further. After 22 years of back-breaking labour, Manjhi carved a path 360 feet long, 25 feet deep in places and 30 feet wide.


title: Manjhi – The Mountain Man

text: Manjhi died in 2007. The film's postscript states that 52 years after he started breaking the mountain, 30 years after he finished and 4 years after his death the government finally made a metalled road to Gehlaur in 2011.


title: Manjhi – The Mountain Man

text: He fought with the Indian government for the development of their village and for the availability of hospitals and road.


title: Manjhi – The Mountain Man

text: Sweta Kaushal of Hindustan Times termed the film an inspiring, touching tale of a common man and gave the film 4.5 stars out of 5. Saibal Chatterjee of NDTV gave the film 3 stars. Meena Iyer of Times of India gave it 3 stars. Bollywood Hungama gave it 2.5 stars. Shubhra Gupta of Indian Express gave it two stars.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The Shanghai World Financial Center (SWFC; , Shanghainese: "Zånhae Guejieu Cinyon Tsonsin") is a supertall skyscraper located in the Pudong district of Shanghai. It was designed by Kohn Pedersen Fox and developed by the Mori Building Company, with Leslie E. Robertson Associates as its structural engineer and China State Construction Engineering Corp and Shanghai Construction (Group) General Co. as its main contractor. It is a mixed-use skyscraper, consisting of offices, hotels, conference rooms, observation decks, and ground-floor shopping malls. Park Hyatt Shanghai is the tower's hotel component, comprising 174 rooms and suites occupying the 79th to the 93rd floors, which at the time of completion was the highest hotel in the world. It is now the third-highest hotel in the world after the Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong, which occupies floors 102 to 118 of the International Commerce Centre.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: On 14 September 2007, the skyscraper was topped out at , making it the 2nd tallest building in the world on completion (the tallest at the time being Taipei 101), and the tallest in China. The SWFC opened to the public on 28 August 2008, with its observation deck opening on 30 August. The observation deck offers views from above ground level.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The SWFC has been lauded for its design, and in 2008 it was named by architects as the year's best-completed skyscraper. In 2013, the SWFC was exceeded in height by the adjacent Shanghai Tower, which is China's tallest structure . Together, The Shanghai World Financial Center, The Shanghai Tower and The Jin Mao Tower form the world's first adjacent grouping of three supertall skyscrapers.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: Designed by American architectural firm Kohn Pedersen Fox, the 100-story tower was originally planned for construction in 1997, but work was temporarily interrupted by the Asian Financial Crisis in the late 1990s, and was later paused to accommodate design changes by the Mori Building Company. The building of the tower was financed by several multinational firms, including Chinese, Japanese, and Hong Kong banks, as well as by the Japanese developer and American and European investors. The American investment bank Morgan Stanley coordinated the tower's financing for Mori Building.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The tower's foundation stone was laid on 27 August 1997. In the late 1990s, the Pierre de Smet Building Corporation suffered a funding shortage caused by the Asian financial crisis of 1997–98, which halted the project after the foundations were completed. On 13 February 2003, the Mori Group increased the building's height to and 101 stories, from the initial plans for a , 94-stories building. The new building used the foundations of the original design, and construction work was resumed on 16 November 2003.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: A fire broke out in the incomplete SWFC on 14 August 2007. The fire was first noticed on the 40th floor, around 16:30 (GMT +8), and soon the smoke was clearly seen outside the building. By 17:45, the fire had been extinguished. The damage was reported to be slight, and nobody was injured in the accident. The cause of the fire remains unknown, but according to some sources the preliminary investigation suggested workers' electric weldings caused the fire.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The building reached its full height of on 14 September 2007 after the installation of the final steel girder. The final cladding panels were installed in mid-June 2008, and elevator installation was finished in mid-July. The Shanghai World Financial Center was declared complete on 17 July 2008, and was officially opened on 28 August. On 30 August 2008, the tower's observation floors were opened to the public.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The most distinctive feature of the SWFC's design is the trapezoid aperture at the peak. The original design specified a circular aperture, in diameter, to reduce the stresses of wind pressure and to reference the Chinese mythological depiction of the sky as a circle. It also resembled a Chinese moon gate due to its circular form in Chinese architecture. However, this initial design began facing protests from some Chinese, including the mayor of Shanghai, Chen Liangyu, who considered it too similar to the rising sun design of the Japanese flag. Pedersen then suggested that a bridge be placed at the bottom of the aperture to make it less circular. On 18 October 2005, KPF submitted an alternative design to Mori Building and a trapezoidal hole replaced the circle at the top of the tower, which in addition to changing the controversial design, would also be cheaper and easier to implement, according to the architects. Foreigners and Chinese alike informally refer to the building as "the bottle opener". Metal replicas of the building that function as actual bottle openers are sold in the tower's gift shop.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The tower features three separate observation decks which constitute the floors above and below the aperture opening. The height of the lowest observation deck, located on the 94th floor, is ; the second, on the 97th floor, is at a height of ; and the highest, on the 100th floor, is high.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The skyscraper's roof height is set at , and was at one point the highest roof in the world. Before construction on the roof was completed, the SWFC's total height was scheduled to be so that it would exceed the height of the Taipei 101, but a height limit was imposed, allowing the roof to reach a maximum height of 492 metres. Architect William Pedersen and developer Minoru Mori resisted suggestions to add a spire that would surpass that of Taipei 101 and perhaps One World Trade Center, calling the SWFC a "broad-shouldered building". The SWFC boasts a gross floor area of more than , 31 elevators, and 33 escalators.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: The tower's trapezoid aperture is made up of structural steel and reinforced concrete. A large number of forces, such as wind loads, the people in the building and heavy equipment housed in the building, act on the SWFC's structure. These compressive and bending forces are carried down to the ground by the diagonal-braced frame (with added outrigger trusses). The design employs an effective use of material, because it decreases the thickness of the outer core shear walls and the weight of the structural steel in the perimeter.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: Shanghai World Financial Center hosts the office building for many international financial companies, including those involved in banking, insurance, securities and fund management, such as Ernst & Young, Morgan Stanley, BNP Paribas, Commerzbank, Bank of Yokohama, Sumitomo Mitsui Banking Corporation and Korea Development Bank. Google's Shanghai branch is located on the 60th-61st floors.


title: Shanghai World Financial Center

text: Shanghai World Financial Center was named by architects as the best skyscraper completed in 2008, receiving both the Best Tall Building Overall and Asia & Australasia awards from the Council on Tall Buildings and Urban Habitat (CTBUH). CTBUH's Carol Willis, head of New York's Skyscraper Museum, stated: "The simplicity of its form as well as its size dramatizes the idea of the skyscraper." Architect Tim Johnson noted its innovative structural design: "Steel trusses guard against the forces of wind and earthquake and made the building lighter, made it use less steel, and contributed to its sustainability." Johnson described the SWFC's structure as "nothing short of genius."


title: Leejung Lee

text: Leejung Lee (; born August 9, 1998) is a South Korean choreographer and dancer as part of NWX, a dance division of YGX. Leejung steadily gained recognition as the youngest and first female recruit through auditions for the world-class dance crew, Just Jerk, and propelled to domestic stardom as a dancer and choreographer following her appearance on "Street Woman Fighter" (2021).


title: Leejung Lee

text: Lee Lee-jung was born on August 9, 1998, in Seoul, South Korea. She is the daughter of Lee Sang-mok and has an older brother. Since childhood, Leejung discovered her athletic abilities from first grade of elementary school after she learned to swim. Despite training for six consecutive years, Leejung stopped as she felt her skills weren't on par to an athlete after she deemed her co-peers "excessively good". Besides swimming, she trained in skiing and speed skating for one and two years respectively. Leejung also enjoyed dancing to performances that appeared on the television including "Into the New World" by Girls' Generation and "Tell Me" by Wonder Girls, whom she cited as artists from her generation. In the midst of third grade of elementary school, Leejung participated in a talent show held by her school with "Tell Me". In this moment, she believed she was "born to dance" and recalled it as the first time she felt joy while dancing.


title: Leejung Lee

text: Her parents, however, believed dancing would serve as a distraction to her studies and were adamant on sending her abroad. Leejung was raised Christian and attended The King's Academy in Tennessee, United States for 4–5 years during sixth grade of elementary to end of middle school. Amidst her stay, her parents humorously proposed if she became the top student in her school, they'd allow her to receive dance lessons in South Korea during summer vacation. That same year, Leejung placed first in her entire school and was said to have an IQ of 150. Although they were rendered speechless, her parents allowed her to receive two months of lessons at age 16, her first formal experience to learn the art of dance. With plans set to return to the states, Leejung had a change of heart and no longer wished to return.


title: Leejung Lee

text: While crying in the subway, she told her mother: "I think I'll be miserable If I return to the states". Her father yielded to her aspirations with an ultimatum, if she didn't show any result within the dance scenes within a year, she'll depart back to the states. Determined to pursue her dreams, 17-year-old Leejung auditioned to join the South Korean dance crew, Just Jerk Crew—whom she cited as the nation's top dance crew—during their first open recruitment. To this, she recalled: "I thought they'd never have an audition. So, when I heard they were having one, I thought I'd be so happy to dance with these guys". In October 2014, she was recruited as the first and only female addition to the crew and served as their youngest member until Kwak Yoon-young, their second female member, joined the following year through their second round of recruitments.


title: Leejung Lee

text: In the time Leejung spent as part of Just Jerk, she participated in multiple dance competitions and also served as one of their interpreter for English while abroad. Leejung received her first win at the 2016 Feedback 2Show under the duet category. That same year, Just Jerk placed first at the 2016 Body Rock Dance Competition in San Diego, California. As the sole representative of South Korea, they were the first from their country to win the title in its history. The achievement brought them wider recognition via YouTube with their performance spreading from word-of-mouth both at home and abroad. The video soon reached the attention of the production team behind America's Got Talent. Just Jerk received an invitation via phone call from the casting director to appear on the twelfth installation of their show that was scheduled for broadcast in 2017. With only a year of preparation, Leejung and her team salvaged and earned money for plane tickets, accommodation for one month, car rentals, and meals.


title: Leejung Lee

text: In its auditions Leejung and her crew were unanimously passed by all four judges, however, they failed to enter the finals and were eliminated in the quarter-finals. Their final stage became the team's most viewed performance, which was represented in Silla's Hwarang-style make-up and outfits. Their appearance on the show created a growth in views to their videos from the 2016 Body Rock Dance Competition. The crew were awarded "AAA Choice" at the 2017 Asia Artist Awards and were noticed by the organizers of the 2018 Pyeongchang Winter Olympics. They were formally invited to participate in the opening ceremony as performers. Together with Leejung, Just Jerk also placed runner-up at the 2019 Feedback Competition 7. Although she departed from her team shortly after, they still maintain a tight bond and express support and respect. Leejung still frequented the academy as a guest instructor and mentored their fourth generation recruit, Jo Na-in.


title: Leejung Lee

text: Leejung joined YGX Entertainment in 2019 under NWX, a choreographer division of the dance agency. Although her first work as a choreographer was a joint project with Kwak Yoon-young, Leejung's career advanced following her first solo work with "Fancy" by Twice. Her most notable work, the "shoulder dance" routine for "Wannabe" by Itzy became its point dance and was spread across the nation. Her credits include choreographing for Sunmi, Twice, (G)I-dle, Itzy, Jeon Somi and more. Leejung was also scouted to take on the role of a dance trainer for Nayeon and Momo of Twice, Rosé of Blackpink and Jeon Somi by their respective agencies.


title: Leejung Lee

text: In 2021, she received a casting offer via DM (Direct Message) from the casting director of "Street Woman Fighter" (2021). Without hesitation, she replied "yes" to their proposal. The head of her agency, however, advised instead of deciding on impulse, Leejung should have rationally pondered ahead of finalizing her decision. In the first meeting, she was told to recruit dancers and create a team. Hearing this, Leejung had four dancers in mind: "[...] I only gathered the people I wanted. Yeojin, who is small but dances with power has a lot in common with me. Jihyo's sexy and elegant dance, Isak's cool moves using her tall height and limbs, and B-girl Yell who not only breakdances but overall dances well. Each person was different, but it felt like we could work together. I thought it had to be us five." To her content, all four were interested and soon formed the project crew "YGX" with Leejung as its leader. She led her team to the semi-finals and finished the show in fifth place. Leejung reprised her role in "Street Dance Girls Fighter" (2021) as a "dance master" representing YGX. With Turns, her team finished the competition in first place.


title: Leejung Lee

text: Leejung was well known within the dance scenes since her adolescent days due to her afflictions with the Just Jerk Crew. As the only female in the then-male dominated crew, she was put in the spotlight for her age, skills and gender and became a well-known figure for Generation MZ. Her line: "what did you do when you were 24 years old?" from "Street Woman Fighter" (2021) became viral and was perpetuated by celebrities and the general public. Despite its popularlity, Leejung confessed she regretted saying it and posted "everyone's twenty-four is precious". Leejung elaborated she spoke it in the heat of the competition to avoid any misunderstandings. Many identifies Leejung by her signature "Pucca" hairstyle, lip ring and red lipstick and is often portrayed using these trademarks when re-enacting her, namely seen by Taeyeon of Girls' Generation, comedian Jo Se-ho and Aiki of Hook. Leejung is often referred to as "baby tiger", where she embodies complete seriousness when dancing in contrast to her often seen cheerfulness. Her work with various people resulted in Leejung being often cited as a "trendy choreographer".


title: Leejung Lee

text: Leejung cited her parents as to what created who she was today as an individual, referring to her father's perseverance and her mother's tenderness and delicacy. Her father's work ethics of loving his job has also influenced Leejung to love and enjoy her work.


title: Leejung Lee

text: Leejung with the members of YGX—which include Yeojin, Jihyo, Isak and Yell—filmed promotional videos for the campaign "Unstoppable Joy" (2021) in collaboration with BMW Korea. Fashion shopping app Brandi announced, after the launch of its "One Day Delivery" campaign with YGX in November 2021, the amount of transaction had grown 130% compared to the previous month. The number of app downloads also increased by 170% compared to the same period of last year. Together with YGX, Leejung further collaborated with contemporary casual brand Plac and endorsed for Nike Korea's "Own the Floor" campaign, IM Bank of DGB Financial Group, and Intel Korea.


title: Leejung Lee

text: Leejung's first individual endorsement stemmed from "Descente Ground Main" by Descente Korea in 2017 alongside the female dancers of Just Jerk. With her appearance on "Street Woman Fighter" (2021), Leejung's brand value rose and was often sought out by the advertising industry. She endorsed for oral hygiene brand Toosty, Paris Baguette, Nike X Peaceminusone's Kwondo 1, TikTok Korea with Mino of Winner and Part-timer Heaven alongside Jeon Somi.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: The Dresden Files is a television series based on the fantasy book series of the same name by Jim Butcher. The series follows private investigator and wizard Harry Dresden as portrayed by Paul Blackthorne, and recounts investigations into supernatural disturbances in modern-day Chicago. It premiered January 21, 2007, on Sci Fi Channel in the United States and on Space in Canada. It was picked up by Sky One in the UK and began airing on February 14, 2007.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: The series ran for a single season of 12 episodes, and has since been released on DVD. Sci Fi Channel announced on August 3, 2007, that "The Dresden Files" would not be renewed for a second season.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: In 2005, the SciFi Channel announced that it had optioned "The Dresden Files" as a two-hour film and backdoor pilot. Nicolas Cage executive produced alongside Hans Beimler, Robert Hewitt Wolfe, Norm Golightly, and Morgan Gendel. It was produced by Lionsgate Television in association with Cage's Saturn Films. Production began during the Autumn of 2005. Originally, a Summer 2006 release was anticipated, but on May 23, 2006, a January 2007 airdate and 11 episode pick-up was announced on JBAnnounce, the official Jim Butcher announcement list. It was confirmed the next day by Sci-Fi.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: The pilot film was made from a screenplay by television writers Hans Beimler and Robert Hewitt Wolfe, and based on Butcher's novel "Storm Front". David Carson directed and shooting took place in Toronto. It was announced in November 2005 that Paul Blackthorne had been cast in the lead role. A two-hour pilot was originally intended to serve as the premiere, but certain last minute developmental and casting changes delayed its completion. Episode three (in production order) was aired in its place. Along with the re-shooting of several scenes, the pilot had been cut to an hour and was the eighth episode to air. A third version of the pilot, now movie length, was broadcast late at night on March 7, 2008 by SciFi Channel. Besides restoring cut scenes from the original version of the pilot, it incorporated footage from throughout the season, placing it outside of the main series' continuity.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: Most notable in the re-edited version of the pilot was the fact that Bob, played by Terrance Mann in the series as a full apparition, was limited to only a disembodied voice who was centered around the familiar rune covered skull with animated lighting to symbolize the spirit within, more akin to the Bob of the novels. This re-editing was done later in the series as Mann did not join the series until after the original filming of the pilot had already been concluded. The full pilot version of "Storm Front" was not included in the original DVD release of the complete series.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: In a forum post Jim Butcher stated, "The show is not the books. It is not meant to follow the same story. It is meant as an alternate world, where the overall background and story-world is similar, but not all the same things happen. The show is not attempting to recreate the books on a chapter-by-chapter or even story-by-story basis". He continued by saying viewers should not expect a duplicate of the books, and those expecting it would be disappointed.


title: The Dresden Files (TV series)

text: In the 2008 film "The Eye", Jessica Alba's character is watching television after her sight is restored. An episode of "The Dresden Files" appears briefly on the television. This appears to be a cross-promotion between Lionsgate Television and Lions Gate Entertainment (the distributor of "The Eye").


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Aron Erlichman (born March 2, 1983), better known by his stage name Deuce, is an American rapper, music producer and guitarist. Brought to fame as a producer, singer-songwriter and one of the founding members of rap rock band Hollywood Undead, Deuce departed from Hollywood Undead in 2010 and has since moved on to solo work through the label "Five Seven Music", a branch of Eleven Seven Music. He was formerly involved in a movement with fellow rapper Truth (Vardan Aslanyan) called "Nine Lives" (often stylized as both "9LIVES" and "IX LIVES"). Deuce released his debut album of the same name on April 24, 2012, which sold 11,425 copies in its first week. Deuce has also collaborated with artists NXTREADY, Ronnie Radke, Brokencyde and Blood on the Dance Floor.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce began creating rock-based music under his birth name of Aron Erlichman, early in 2005. In 2005, he released four tracks—"Franny", "Surface Air", "Breaking Through", and "Sometimes"—from his first EP called " The Aron EP" on "Broadjam", an Internet sharing site. He later co-founded Hollywood Undead with Jorel Decker and Jeff Phillips, and sang clean vocals and produced instrumentals for the band, until his departure from the band in early 2010. In early February 2012, three more pre-Hollywood Undead tracks were released and surfaced, including "Far Away", "Fallen Stone", and "Dreams".


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce co-founded the band Hollywood Undead as a vocalist and producer with close friend Jorel Decker (J-Dog). The band began their musical career with the creation of the rap-rock song "The Kids", which was greatly promoted by Jeffree Star. Deuce initially adopted and recorded songs with the band under the pseudonym "Tha Producer" due to his role in production but shortened this pseudonym to "Tha Prodeuca" and then "Deuce" not long after. At the time of Deuce's departure, Hollywood Undead had gained success with "Swan Songs", which peaked at number 22 on the "Billboard" 200 in its first week. A few EPs were released, the "Swan Songs B-Sides EP" and the "Swan Songs Rarities EP" in 2009 and 2010, respectively. In 2009, Hollywood Undead released their first live album, "Desperate Measures", which peaked at number 29 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: The first song he wrote following his departure was a song titled "Story of a Snitch" about Hollywood Undead, the 'snitch' allegedly being about Hollywood Undead member J-Dog, with the lyrics consisting mainly of obscenities and insults directed towards Hollywood Undead, also making claims such as he was kicked out of the band and that members of the band were "tryin' to spit just like me [Deuce] but they don't have it".


title: Deuce (musician)

text: In an interview with YouTube interviewer Bryan Stars, Hollywood Undead members Johnny 3 Tears and Da Kurlzz were asked why Deuce had left the band, revealing that he was not working well with the band and that they had to ""bend over backwards to accommodate Deuce in a lot of ways..."" and also that he held them back on their song writing quality." Deuce in a different interview with Bryan Stars however stated that the band were in fact jealous of his leading role in the band and that he was fully responsible for the band's current position. Also, Hollywood Undead stated that Deuce required a personal assistant, revealed to be Jimmy Yuma, now Deuce's guitarist and lyricist, and Yuma replied that Deuce paid him himself, not the band, to set equipment up and to tour with him; the confusion was that the band also paid him to set up "their" equipment separately. Deuce also commented that on one tour, the band was waiting for him in order to fly to their next destination and blamed it on Deuce for being late; however Deuce had stated that the manager told him that the band had broken up and was not touring.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: During an interview with JackedUp Radio, Deuce states that one of the disputes he had with Hollywood Undead was over having a personal Twitter account; Deuce claims that when he began to connect with fans over Twitter he was told that "if you keep twittering, you're not going to be allowed to go on tour".


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Upon signing with A&M/Octone with Hollywood Undead in 2008, Deuce states that he was also signed as a solo artist. He released his first four-track EP, "The Two Thousand Eight EP", which contained songs "The One", "Gravestone", "Hollyhood Vacation" (featuring Truth) and "Deuce Dot Com", all of which would four years later be remastered and released within his début album, the latter of the two being bonus tracks. The EP was released through iTunes and received little success. Shortly after Deuce was evicted from the band, the EP disappeared from iTunes. Deuce accused the label of breaching the original contract terms and later sued the company under this accusation. Deuce discovered a loophole that revealed he was permitted to produce remixes and mixtape-style songs using the instrumentals of other musicians, so long as he did not incur a profit.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: In September 2010, Deuce made his first official live performance as a solo artist at California's Epicenter music festival, opening for Eminem, Blink-182, Kiss, Bush, Rise Against, and others.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: In September 2011, "The Call Me Big Deuce EP" was released as the first collective release of material by American singer-rapper Deuce as an independent solo-artist. Consisting of 14 previously released songs, the mixtape contains verses over instrumentals by 50 Cent, Eminem, Tupac Shakur, B.o.B and Jay-Z. The mixtape did not contain the previously released songs "Freaky Now", "Surface Air" and "Now You See My Life", which would later be released with his debut album a year later.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce completed work for his debut album in late 2011. The album was scheduled to be released March 27, 2012, by Five Seven Music; however, it was pushed back until April 24, 2012. The album artwork for "Nine Lives" was released on February 10 by "Loudwire", who also announced that Deuce would be joining artists Blood on the Dance Floor, Brokencyde, The Bunny The Bear, William Control, New Years Day, Polkadot Cadaver, and Haley Rose on the Fight To Unite Tour.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: The lead single, "Let's Get It Crackin'", was released November 28, 2011, with an accompanying music video and features Jeffree Star. The album's second single, "America", was initially set to be released for January 2012, but was released a week early on January 10 due to a leak of the full music video in December 2011. Deuce commented on the album saying, "This album has that signature Deuce sound and is similar in flavor to what I created on "Swan Songs", but completely unrestricted and rated NC-17. I took some of the shit I couldn't get away with on "Swan Songs" and brought it to another level for "Nine Lives". If you liked what I did before, you will love this...". The album's third and final single before release was titled "Help Me". The song makes fun of the music industry as a whole and particularly James Diener of A&M/Octone. The song was finally released on March 27.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: In an interview by Gibson guitars, Deuce talked about the inspiration of his single "America". "I was just going through a weird time, and I was really down. Then I said, 'I don't care how bad my life is, I'm just going to accept it and use it to my advantage". When comparing "Nine Lives" to "Swan Songs", Deuce said "It's not like last time where there were so many people, now it's all Deuce. Before it was people who weren't producers and not song-writers trying to change things, and now it's just Deuce and I can do exactly what I want."


title: Deuce (musician)

text: "Nine Lives" ended up selling 11,425 copies in the United States during its first week, peaking at number 37 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: A remix EP, titled "Deuce REMIXXXED", was released on May 5, 2012, with remixes of both "America" and "Let's Get It Crackin'". On July 3, a single was released for Independence Day which was called the "America(n) Pride", which contained "America", two remixes, and the music video on iTunes. On July 17, 2012, Deuce released a remix of "I Came To Party" with "Rock mix" in parenthesize via his official Twitter account. The song, as the name suggests, has a heavier rock feel than the original and includes a new verse at the beginning.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce participated on the Uproar Festival 2012 on the "Jägermeister" stage along with Redlight King, In This Moment and Thousand Foot Krutch. In 2013, Deuce was awarded "New Artist of the Year" from loudwire, beating Tremonti and Falling in Reverse.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: On February 14, 2013, Deuce released "The One" (Nine Lives version) as a single and music video. He was also once again scheduled to be part of the "Fight to Unite 2013" tour along with Kottonmouth Kings, Dizzy Wright, Eskimo Callboy, and Snow tha Product.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Following an arrest after a car chase throughout the Los Angeles area on June 15, 2012, long-time collaborator Truth was prevented from touring with the band outside of LA. In March 2013, Truth announced he was "retired from recording" and was leaving the music industry.<ref name="twitter.com/Truth/status/312787798266621953"></ref>


title: Deuce (musician)

text: On May 19, 2013, Deuce for the second time participated on the Rock on the Range 2013 on the "Jägermeister Stage" on day three of the festival, along with Middle Class Rut, Thousand Foot Krutch, Beware of Darkness and Bad Remedy.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: In May 2013, Deuce also confirmed that he had been working on a second album, had already recorded ideas, and was working on full-length material for songs. He was also hoping to have collaborations on his rock songs. Deuce had posted on Facebook that he will be releasing new material around Christmas and that he would be collaborating with Ronnie Radke of Falling in Reverse, and will also be releasing other new material of his own. On October 17, 2013, Deuce's sister Arina Chloe released a single that featured Deuce titled "Will You Cry for Me."


title: Deuce (musician)

text: On January 21, 2014, Deuce confirmed on Twitter that he is collaborating with Blood on the Dance Floor for the second time on a new song called "We're Takin' Over!", and that the artwork for the single was being released the following day.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: On March 28, 2014, Deuce performed for the first time outside of the United States in Moscow, Russia. Deuce also performed a new song called "Nightmare" from his upcoming album, and announced that its release would be in the summer. In early 2014, Bryan Lay stopped as Deuce's hype man in order to work on his mixtape "Initiation Part 2". The two still remain on good terms. In May, Deuce announced that longtime collaborator and rapper, Gadjet, would be the new hype man for the band via Instagram. Deuce confirmed that Gadjet would make another appearance on his next project.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: On October 31, 2015, Deuce leaked "Invincible" online to his fans. On November 4, 2015, his label took down the album.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: On December 1, 2017, Deuce released "Invincible." "Invincible" in its official form had a different track listing from its older unofficial form. Many of the new tracks that comprised the official release were received negatively. To compensate for this, tracks cut from the unofficial version of "Invincible" were then released as the "Nightmare" EP on March 2, 2018.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: He has been arrested multiple times since 2018 with charges including aggravated harassment, resisting arrest, assault of a public safety officer and theft.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce has been on hiatus for several years and has not performed live since 2014. However, Deuce still regularly communicates with his fans on Twitter. He claims to be actively working on music, and says to expect something new coming in the near future.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Nine Lives was a rap group founded by rappers Serve and Truth. Though it later devolved into Deuce's backup band and also the name of Deuce's brand name. Truth was the C.E.O. of the Nine Lives movement, and ran the company from an office located on Vine, between Hollywood and Franklin. Truth has given the term a similar description as Deuce, adding that "Nine Lives" was also a clothing line and brand, partnered with American Apparel. Deuce used to also be partnered with clothing line "Plrklr".


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce filed a lawsuit against the A&M/Octone label claiming a breach of contract. The suit alleged that the label refused to release his solo music because the vulgarity and gang references in the lyrics made the music not commercial enough. Additionally, it alleged Deuce was forced out of the band by its members and said he feared for his safety after anti-Semitic slurs were leveled at him, and that a gun was pointed at him by a former band member. The lawsuit was settled privately out of court, the visible results being that Deuce is now able to release music under a new label, as well as keep his stage-name and mask designs. Deuce commented on the legal situation and how it affected him while writing his début album, noting, "It just made me tougher and stronger. Having to write, record and make a whole album during a period of time when your music's being taken down could be hard and a lot of people could lose duration or hope. But I have my skills, because I've written so much with my old band that it just didn't affect me too much."


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce uses a mixture of rap rock and hip hop music with elements of metal music, much like his former band Hollywood Undead and has been compared to such, along with the early works of Eminem, particularly from his works off the debut album "Nine Lives". Deuce's lyrics, a lot like Hollywood Undead's debut album "Swan Songs", tends to be a mixture of serious then sexual themes, often using explicit language, however has been negatively criticized due to choice of wording.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce's album "Nine Lives" has often been seen as a successor to the "Swan Songs" album by his fans and in some reviews and even claimed in multiple interviews himself that the album is. He said, in an interview with YouTube personality Bryan Stars, that he wrote and produced on that album and continued to say that his music was better than what the band is now without him and that people should listen to his album if they want songs akin to "Swan Songs".


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Deuce cites Wu-Tang Clan, Method Man, Eminem, Jay-Z, D-12, Nirvana, The Offspring, Linkin Park, Pennywise, NOFX, Rancid, and Machine Gun Kelly as influences.


title: Deuce (musician)

text: Although a solo artist, Deuce used to perform with a backup band known as Nine Lives to provide additional instrumentation and vocals. The group's current status is unknown, as they haven't performed live since 2014, and most members' social media have been deleted or inactive. The following list includes Deuce's band, though does not feature the many early rappers in Nine Lives alongside Deuce.


title: Belaya Rus

text: Belaya Rus () is a Belarusian public association founded on 17 November 2007 to support President Alexander Lukashenko. Since then, the leaders of the organization have regularly announced that they are ready to become a political party. President Lukashenko neither firmly opposed the idea, nor supported it. He has made comments such as: "Well, if they are ready, let them be a party, I am not against it. On the contrary, I will support it because they are patriots. But I wouldn't advise them to hurry." The party is based on the idea of the All-Russia People's Front. It has no real ideology outside of absolute support for Lukashenko. The former minister of Education of Belarus, Alexander Radkov was chairman of the association from 2007 to 2018. The NGO has a membership of over 180,000.


title: Belaya Rus

text: Gennady Davydko, the head of the Belarusian TV and Radio Company, was elected chairman of Belaya Rus in a unanimous vote by the association's council on 19 January 2018.


title: Vanathai Pola (TV series)

text: Vanathai Pola () is a 2020 Indian-Tamil-language family drama television series, starring Shreekumar and Maanya Anand. It premiered on 7 December 2020 in Sun TV and digitally streams on Sun NXT. This story focuses on the bond between Chinrasu and his sister Tulasi.


title: Vanathai Pola (TV series)

text: Vanathai Pola is about the close bond between Chinrasu and his sister Thulasi. Their parents died when they were young. Both were raised by their grandmother. Chinrasu is on the lookout for a perfect groom for Thulasi. However, she repeatedly rejects potential grooms as she doesn't want to leave her brother. As fate would have it, she falls in love with Chinrasu's nemesis, Panchayat board officer.


title: Vanathai Pola (TV series)

text: The crux of the story is what happens between Chinrasu and Thulasi, whether Thulasi marries the groom chosen by Chinrasu, and how this affects their bond. Chinrasu would accept the person who works as a Panchayat board officer, if his sister Thulasi wishes. One of Chinrasu's relatives, Rajapandi, is also interested in marrying Thulasi, but he is not regarded as an ideal match because he smokes and drinks. When Rajapandi and the village Panchayat board officer meet face to face, the quarrel begins.


title: Vanathai Pola (TV series)

text: Thaman Kumar was selected to portray the lead role as Chinrasu, In December 2021 he left the show because of an inconvenience of his role. Shreekumar replaced him in the role of Chinrasu from episode 313. Shwetha Khelge made her Tamil television acting debut with the series by playing as Thulasi. In December 2021 she quit the show. Maanya Anand replaced her in the role of Thulasi from episode 301. Debjani Modak was selected to portray a supporting role as Sandhiya. Karthi and Ashwanth Thilak play their supporting roles.


title: Vanathai Pola (TV series)

text: It became the first-most watched Tamil television programme in the years 2020 and 2021 with 10.130 million impressions. From week 1 to till now, it maintained top 5 positions in TRP chart rating for most watched Tamil television programs.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Bernardine Eugénie Désirée Clary (; 8 November 1777 – 17 December 1860) was Queen of Sweden and Norway from 5 February 1818 to 8 March 1844 as the wife of King Charles XIV John. Charles John was a former French general and founder of the House of Bernadotte. Désirée Clary was the mother of Oscar I, and one-time fiancée of Napoleon Bonaparte. Her name was officially changed in Sweden to Desideria but she did not use that name.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Désirée Clary was born in Marseille, France, the daughter of François Clary (Marseille, St. Ferreol, 24 February 1725 – Marseille, 20 January 1794), a wealthy silk manufacturer and merchant, by his second wife (m. 26 June 1759) Françoise Rose Somis (Marseille, St. Ferreol, 30 August 1737 – Paris, 28 January 1815). "Eugénie" was normally used as her name of address. Her father had been previously married at Marseille, 13 April 1751 to Gabrielle Fléchon (1732 – 3 May 1758).


title: Désirée Clary

text: Clary had a sister and brother to whom she remained very close all her life. Her sister, Julie Clary, married Joseph Bonaparte, and later became Queen of Naples and Spain. Her brother, Nicholas Joseph Clary, was created Count Clary. He married Anne Jeanne Rouyer, by whom he had a daughter named Zénaïde Françoise Clary (Paris, 25 November 1812 – Paris, 27 April 1884). Zénaïde would marry Napoléon Alexandre Berthier, the son of Marshal Louis Alexandre Berthier, and have several children, among them the first wife of Joachim, 4th Prince Murat.


title: Désirée Clary

text: As a child, Clary received the convent schooling usually given to daughters of the upper classes in pre-revolutionary France. However, when she was barely eleven years old, the French Revolution of 1789 took place, and convents were closed. Clary returned to live with her parents, and was perforce home-schooled thereafter. Later, her education was described as shallow. It has been observed by several historians that Clary was devoted to her birth-family her entire life.


title: Désirée Clary

text: In 1794, Clary's father died. Shortly after, it was discovered that in the years before the revolution, he had made an appeal to be ennobled, a request that had been denied. Because of this, Désirée Clary's brother Etienne, now the head of the family and her guardian, was arrested. Désirée Clary went to talk on his behalf and release him from the holding. In the process, she met Joseph Bonaparte, inviting him back to their home. Joseph was soon engaged to her older sister Julie while Napoleon was engaged to Désirée Clary on 21 April 1795. In 1795–1797, Clary lived with her mother in Genoa in Italy, where her brother-in-law Joseph had a diplomatic mission; they were also joined by the Bonaparte family. In 1795, Napoleon became involved with Joséphine de Beauharnais and broke the engagement to Clary on 6 September. He married Joséphine in 1796.


title: Désirée Clary

text: In 1797, Clary went to live in Rome with her sister Julie and her brother-in-law Joseph, who was French ambassador to the Papal States. Her relationship with Julie remained close. She was briefly engaged to Mathurin-Léonard Duphot, a French general. The engagement has been assumed to be Napoleon's idea to compensate her with a marriage, while Duphot was attracted to her dowry and position as sister-in-law of Napoleon. She agreed to the engagement though Duphot had a long-term relationship and a son with another woman. On 30 December 1797, on the eve of their marriage, Duphot was killed in an anti-French riot outside of their residence Palazzo Corsini in Rome. In later years, Clary vehemently denied that her engagement to Duphot had ever existed.


title: Désirée Clary

text: After her return to France, Clary lived with Julie and Joseph in Paris. In Paris, she lived in the circle of the Bonaparte family, who sided with her against Josephine after Napoleon had broken off their engagement. She herself did not like Josephine either, as she has been quoted calling her an aged courtesan with a deservedly bad reputation, but she is not believed to have shown any hostility toward Josephine as did the members of the Bonaparte family. She received a proposal from General Junot, but turned it down because it was given through Marmont. Clary eventually met her future spouse, Jean Baptiste Jules Bernadotte, another French general and politician. They were married in a secular ceremony at Sceaux on 17 August 1798. In the marriage contract, Clary was given economic independence. On 4 July 1799, she gave birth to their only child, a son, Oscar.


title: Désirée Clary

text: During the coup of 1799, when Napoleon took power, she was exposed to manipulation from both the Bonaparte family, who wanted Bernadotte to support Napoleon, and the Bernadotte faction, who wanted him to take action for himself. Both sides tried to use her to influence Bernadotte and extract information from him about his attitudes. Aware of this, he did not tell her of his plans, but he was later to say that it was because of family influence that he had been passive during the coup. During the coup, the couple were forced to take refuge in the country villa of General Sarrazin at Villeneuve St. Georges: she apparently dressed as a man during the escape. She kept in contact with Julie all the time, and Napoleon accepted Bernadotte apparently because of her.


title: Désirée Clary

text: In 1800, Bernadotte was present at a failed assassination attempt on Napoleon, when a bomb exploded between the carriage of Napoleon and the carriage where she and Caroline Bonaparte were sitting. She was not interested in politics, but her good connections made her a puppet in the hands of her husband and Napoleon, who both used her to influence each other and to pass messages. In 1801, her husband had her interfere in favor of General Ernouf through Joseph. In 1802, a conspiracy against Napoleon was discovered. Napoleon suspected Jean-Baptiste Bernadotte, and interrogated his wife, who naively told him that her spouse had not been involved, though he had met Moreau in their home and mumbled his name as well as the word conspiracy in his sleep. After this, Napoleon appointed her husband governor of Louisiana. The couple was ready to sail, when the appointment was retracted.


title: Désirée Clary

text: On 19 May 1804, her spouse was made Marshal of France, which gave her the equivalent position. However, she was described as indifferent to social position, like her sister Julie. Napoleon gave her an allowance, and a house in Rue d'Anjou Saint-Honoré, where she resided for the rest of her life when in Paris. At the Coronation of Napoleon on 2 December 1804, she followed Josephine, whose train was carried by her sisters-in-law, carrying the handkerchief and veil of Josephine on a pillow.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Her spouse was a leading general in the French army under Napoleon, and normally absent from Paris. He liked her to be a member of high society, and had her take lessons in dance and etiquette from an instructor Montel. Bernadotte had a good relationship with the Bonaparte Imperial family. Upon the request of her spouse, she did not have to be a lady-in-waiting, and did not participate in court life. She lived in the circle of the Bonaparte and Clary family and also participated in high society, where she enjoyed music, theater and dance, while she spent her summers at spas or her country villas at La Grange and Auteuil. It is believed that she may have had a romantic relationship with the Corsican Ange Chiappe, who often acted as her escort. She is described as pretty and pleasing and a skillful dancer, but fairly anonymous. She lived mostly separated from her spouse in Paris during his absence. She informed him about political events in Paris by correspondence.


title: Désirée Clary

text: During her husband's time as governor of the Hanseatic cities and governor of Hanover, Bernadotte visited him in Hamburg with her son a couple of times but she never stayed long; each time she soon returned to Paris. She was not happy living anywhere but Paris. In 1806, she was forced to accompany Empress Josephine to Mainz. When her spouse was made Prince of Pontecorvo in 1806, she worriedly asked if she would be forced to leave Paris, but was happy when she was assured that she would not. In 1807, she visited him in Spandau and in Marienburg in East Prussia, where she nursed him during his illness.


title: Désirée Clary

text: In August 1810, Bernadotte's husband was elected heir to the throne of Sweden and she heiress, now in that position being given the official name of "Desideria". She initially thought this was to be similar to the position of Prince of Pontecorvo, and did not expect to have to visit Sweden more than she had been forced to visit Pontecorvo: "I thought, that it was as it had been with Ponte Corvo, a place from where we would have a title." She was later to admit, that she had never cared about any other country than France and knew nothing of foreign countries nor did she care about them, and that she was in despair when she was told that this time, she would be expected to leave Paris. Desideria delayed her departure and did not leave with her spouse. She was delighted with the position she had received at the French court after her elevation to crown princess (she had been invited to court events every week), and she was frightened by the stories of her reluctant French servants, who tried to discourage her from leaving by saying that Sweden was a country close to the North Pole filled with Polar bears. Finally, she left Paris and traveled by Hamburg and Kronborg in Denmark over the Öresund to Helsingborg in Sweden.


title: Désirée Clary

text: On 22 December 1810, Desideria arrived with her son Oscar in Helsingborg in Sweden, and the 6 January 1811, she was introduced to the Swedish royal court at the Royal Palace in Stockholm. She had been met in Helsingborg by her appointed Mistress of the Robes Countess Caroline Lewenhaupt and the maid of honor Mariana Koskull. The Swedish climate was reportedly a shock for her: she arrived during the winter, and she hated the snow so much that she cried. Her spouse had converted upon his election as heir to the Swedish throne, and upon their arrival, her son was also to do so, as was required, and was taken from her to be brought up a Lutheran. There was, in accordance with the "Tolerance Act", no demand that she should convert, and a Catholic chapel was arranged for her use. Desideria was not religious, but the Catholic masses served to remind her of France, and she celebrated the birth of Napoleon II by a Te Deum in her chapel.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Desideria was unable to adapt to the demands of formal court etiquette or participate in the representational duties which were required of her in her position of Crown Princess. Her French entourage, especially Elise la Flotte, made her unpopular during her stay in Sweden by encouraging her to complain about everything. She did not have a good relationship with Queen Hedwig Elizabeth Charlotte, though the Dowager Queen Sophia Magdalena was reportedly kind to her. In her famous diaries, Queen Charlotte described her as good hearted, generous and pleasant when she chose to be and not one to plot, but also an immature "spoiled child", who hated all demands and was unable to handle any form of representation, and as "a French woman in every inch" who disliked and complained about everything which was not French, and "consequently, she is not liked."


title: Désirée Clary

text: Queen Charlotte, who wanted to remain the center of attention at her own court, was not pleased with Desideria and also influenced King Charles against her.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Desideria left Sweden in the summer of 1811 under the name of "Countess of Gotland", officially because of her health, and returned to Paris, leaving her husband and her son behind. She herself said that the Swedish nobility had treated her as if they were made of ice: "Do not talk with me of Stockholm, I get a cold as soon as I hear the word." In Sweden, her husband took a mistress, the noblewoman Mariana Koskull.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Under the same alias, Desideria officially resided incognito in Paris, thereby avoiding politics. However, her house at rue d'Anjou was watched by the secret police, and her letters were read by them. She had no court, just her lady's companion Elise la Flotte to assist her as hostess at her receptions, and she mostly associated with a circle of close friends and family. Her receptions were frequented by Talleyrand and Fouché, who upon the mission of Napoleon tried to influence her consort through her. In 1812, she acted as mediator when Napoleon negotiated with her consort through the Duke de Bassano. Her consort liked her to be placed in Paris, where she could calm Napoleon's rage over the politics of Sweden and keep him informed about the events in the center of European politics, but as their correspondence has been lost, it is not known how political it was. During the meeting between her husband and Tsar Alexander I of Russia in Åbo in 1812, the Tsar suggested that Charles John divorce her and marry one of his sisters, but the King turned down the proposal.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Before his attack on Russia, Napoleon asked Desideria to leave France. She made herself ready to leave, but managed to avoid it. As she officially lived incognito, she could avoid politics when Sweden and France declared war in 1813. During the summer of 1813, she retired to the country estate of Julie, Mortefontaine, with Catharina of Württemberg to avoid attention before she returned to Paris New Year's Eve of 1814. The 31 March 1814, upon the arrival of the allied armies in Paris after the defeat of Napoleon, her house was a refuge for her sister Julie. She met up with her spouse, who was among the allied generals to arrive in Paris. She did not return with him to Sweden when he left, however, which attracted attention. When asked why by the Swedish Count Jacob De la Gardie at Mortefontaine, she answered that she was afraid that she would be divorced if she did.


title: Désirée Clary

text: On 14 May 1814, she was introduced to Louis XVIII of France, whose court she often visited the following years and whom she is said to have liked quite well. After the Hundred Days in 1815, the members of the Bonaparte family were exiled from France. This included her sister Julie, and when Louis XVIII expressed a wish to do her a favor, she regularly asked him to make an exception for Julie and allow her to live in Paris. In 1816, she made plans to return to Sweden, but she wished to bring her sister, Julie, along with her. Her husband thought this unwise, as Julie was the wife of a Bonaparte and her presence might be taken as a sign that he sided with the deposed Napoleon. In the end, this came to nothing. At this point, she often spent time with Germaine de Staël and Juliette Récamier. In 1817, Desideria's husband placed a Count de Montrichard in her household as his spy to report if she did anything which could affect him.


title: Désirée Clary

text: In 1818, her husband became King of Sweden, which made Desideria queen. However, she remained in France, officially for health reasons, which caused speculations in the press in Paris and by her visitors. After she became queen, the queen dowager wrote to her and suggested that she should have Swedish ladies-in-waiting, but she replied that it was unnecessary for her to have a court as she still resided incognito. She officially kept herself incognito and did not host any court, but she kept in contact with the Swedish embassy, regularly visited the court of Louis XVIII, and often saw Swedes at her receptions, which she hosted on Thursdays and Sundays, unofficially in her role as queen, though she still used the title of countess.


title: Désirée Clary

text: During this period, she fell in love with the French prime minister, the Duc de Richelieu, which attracted attention. According to one version, she fell in love with him after Louis XVIII had assigned him to deny her regular appeal for her sister Julie in the most charming way possible. True or not, she did fall in love with him, but the affection was not returned by Richelieu, who referred to her as his "crazy Queen". According to Laure Junot, she did not dare to speak to him or approach him, but she followed him wherever he went, tried to make contact with him, followed him on his trip to Spa, and had flowers placed in his room. She followed him around until his death in 1822. Another version of her behavior toward him was, that her consort had given her the task to make contact with Richelieu for political reasons, but that his attitude had made her too embarrassed to do so.


title: Désirée Clary

text: During the summer of 1822, her son Oscar made a trip in Europe to inspect prospective brides, and it was decided they should meet. As France was deemed unsuitable, they met in Aachen and a second time in Switzerland. In 1823, Desideria returned to Sweden together with her son's bride, Josephine of Leuchtenberg. It was intended to be a visit, but she was to remain in Sweden for the rest of her life. She and Josephine arrived in Stockholm 13 June 1823. Three days later, the royal court and the government were presented to her, and on 19 June, she participated in the official welcoming of Josephine and witnessed the wedding. A well-known story is that after her return to Sweden there was a warm and dry period, so the peasants turning up to see her were coaxed into greeting her with ""Vi vill ha regn!"" ("We want rain!"), which in the Scanian dialect sounds very similar to the French ""Vive la Reine!"" ("Long live the Queen!").


title: Désirée Clary

text: On 21 August 1829, she was crowned Queen of Sweden in Storkyrkan in Stockholm. Her coronation had been suggested upon her return, but her husband had postponed it because he feared there could be religious difficulties. There was actually a suggestion that she should convert to the Lutheran faith before her coronation, but in the end, the question was not considered important enough to press, and she was crowned all the same. She was crowned at her own request after having pressed Charles John with a wish that she should be crowned as "otherwise she would be no proper Queen". A reason for her insistence is believed to have been that she regarded it as protection against divorce. She was, however, never crowned in Norway because of her status as a Catholic, despite requesting to be crowned there as well. She was the first commoner to become a queen of Sweden since Karin Månsdotter in 1568.


title: Désirée Clary

text: The relationship between her and her husband King Charles XIV John was somewhat distant, but friendly. Charles John treated her with some irritability, while she behaved very freely and informally toward him. The court was astonished by her informal behavior. She could enter his bedroom and stay there until late at night even though he hinted to her that he wished to be alone with his favorite Count Magnus Brahe. Every morning, she visited her husband in her nightgown, which was seen as shocking, because her husband usually conferred with members of the council of state in his bedchamber at that time. Because of their difference in habits, they seldom saw each other even though they lived together. Because she was always late at dinner, for example, he stopped having his meals with her, and as he also preferred to have his meals alone, it was not uncommon for the nobles of the court to sit alone at the dinner table, without the royal couple present.


title: Désirée Clary

text: There is nothing to indicate that Queen Desideria ever had any political influence, and she was praised for her lack of interference in politics. Whenever Charles John became agitated, she was known to be able to calm him with the one firm word "Bernadotte!" One such anecdote was when Charles John, known for his hot temperament, raged about how he would punish some political advisories in various ways. For every punishment he stated, she is said to have struck her fan in the table and said to the surrounding courtiers "He could not hurt a cat!", upon which the court started to laugh. She was also to have said "Oh, I like to hear you say that, you who do not even have the heart to wring the neck of a cat!"


title: Désirée Clary

text: Queen Desideria enjoyed social life, but only if it was informal, and her strong dislike of court etiquette, and refusal to submit to it, made it hard for her to accustom to her position as queen and make herself respected by the nobility, who privately ridiculed her difficulty to adjust to etiquette, and she was also regarded with some snobbery because of her past as a merchant's daughter and a republican.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Consequently, it was difficult for her to discipline her aristocratic ladies-in-waiting, who Charles John appointed without consulting her, and who preferred to sort out conflicts regarding etiquette among themselves instead of asking her to mediate, which on at least one occasion led to a scene which caused Charles John to reprimand her: "Try to make your ladies not to announce their actions and conflicts to the public as it happened the day you departed from Stockholm", after an incident when two ladies-in-waiting had "screamed like rower madams" about precedence in the seats of the queen's carriage during a journey.


title: Désirée Clary

text: These difficulties were somewhat subdued during the tenure of her niece Marcelle Tascher de la Pagerie, who made a social success, and her first years as queen are described as a time of balls and parties, more than had been seen at the Swedish court since the days of King Gustav III. After the departure of Tascher to France, however, Désirée's difficulties with court life became more marked. She gradually reduced her participation in social life because she could find not pleasure in it when it must be conducted in accordance with etiquette.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Her dislike of formal court etiquette remained her foremost complaint about her life in Sweden in her letters to her sister Julie:


title: Désirée Clary

text: Consequently, with time she participated less and less in court life, and it was said that she "spent her most time in her own apartment, where her thoughts with regret trailed back to the time when she, surrounded by affectionate friends, lived in France free from the prison of etiquette." By the early 1830s, she had grown tired of her royal status and wished to return to Paris, but her husband refused to allow it.


title: Désirée Clary

text: This is not to say that Désirée did not befriend some of her courtiers, particularly Countess Clara Bonde, who was her favorite from her arrival in 1823 to her death. After the departure of her niece to France, she often socialized with the rich merchant Carl Abraham Arfwedson, who had once been a guest in her childhood home. Among her other more known ladies-in-waiting were the Norwegians Kathinka Falbe and Jana Falbe. Because of Desideria's eccentric habits, they were known as ""Strapatsfröknarna"" (approximately "Mesdemoiselles Calamity"). During her stays at Rosersberg Palace and in spite of her fear of the dark, she took walks in the park at night, and instructed one lady-in-waiting to walk in front of her dressed in white to keep bats away from her.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Desideria was interested in fashion, devoted a lot of interest and pride in her hair and wore low cut dresses until an advanced age. She enjoyed dancing: her standard question at court presentations was if the debutantes liked to dance, and she herself danced well also during her old age. Her conversations were mainly about her old life in France. She never learned to speak the Swedish language, and there are many anecdotes of her attempts to speak the language. Her lack of etiquette became more accepted over the years, as she became known as an eccentric in other aspects.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Like her daughter-in-law, Desideria was a Catholic, but in contrast to Josephine, who was a devout and practicing Catholic, she never was. Her devout Catholic daughter-in-law insisted that she attend mass and confession. She did attend masses to please Josephine, but stated that she had no sins to confess. When the priest started to preach and reprimand her, she silenced him and stated that such talk irritated her nerves.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Her favorite summer residence was Rosersberg Palace, where she kept chickens for pets, but as Rosersberg was remote, she more commonly stayed at Haga Palace. She also often visited Swedish spas, such as Ramlösa.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Desideria visited Norway for the first time in 1825. In Norway, she is mostly known as the patroness of Maria Schandorff's "Eugenia stiftelse" (Eugenia Foundation) for poor girls in Oslo, named for the queen, which she often visited from 1828 until 1847.


title: Désirée Clary

text: In 1844, Charles XIV John died and Desideria became the queen mother. Her son, the new King Oscar I, allowed her to keep living in the queen's quarters in the Royal Palace as well as her entire court staff out of consideration, so that she would not have to change her habits. When her daughter-in-law Queen Josephine tried to convince her to reduce her court of her own free will, saying that she no longer needed such a big court as a queen mother, she answered "It is true that I no longer need them all, but all of them still need me." She was a considerate and well-liked employer among her staff.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Desideria did engage in charity but it was discreet, and it has been said: "Her charity was considerable but took place in silence". One example was that she supported poor upper-class women by giving them sewing work. She also acted as official protector of charitable institutions, such as the Women's Society Girl School. The same year she became a widow, she was described by the French diplomat Bacourt: "Royalty has not altered her — unfortunately, for the reputation of the Crown. She has always been and will always remain an ordinary merchant woman, surprised over her position, and surprising to find upon a throne." He also added that she was a goodhearted woman.


title: Désirée Clary

text: After her return to Sweden in 1823, Desideria had kept her house at Rue d'Anjou in Paris awaiting her return. It was managed by her sister Catherine Honorine Villeneuve and her old French staff, while her business in France was managed by her nephew, Imperial Count Clary. In May 1853, after Napoleon III had made himself French emperor, she made preparations to return to Paris. Everything was ready, and she was escorted to her ship in Karlskrona by her grandson Prince Oscar, Duke of Östergötland. Her fear of sea travels, however, made it impossible for her to leave.


title: Désirée Clary

text: During her last years, she was worried about her house in Paris because of the plans of the city architect Haussmann, but Napoleon III made an exception for her and allowed for her house to stand, which it did until one year after her death. Desideria had a fairly harmonious relationship with her daughter-in-law, and felt sympathy for her grandson's bride, Princess Louise of the Netherlands.


title: Désirée Clary

text: During her later years as queen, and particularly as a queen mother, she became known for her eccentricity. She is known to have kept reversed hours and, consequently, for often being late and keeping guests waiting, something which agitated her spouse. Normally, she retired at four in the morning, and awoke at two o'clock in the afternoon. Before she went to bed, she took a "walk by carriage". During these trips, she often paid unannounced visits, which were normally inconvenient because of the time. When the weather was bad, her carriage drove round the courtyard of the royal palace instead. It was normal for her to arrive for a visit to an opera when the show had ended. She went to bed in the morning, got up in the evening, ate breakfast at night and wandered around the corridors of the sleeping palace with a light. An anecdote illustrates this: in 1843, a palace guard saw the Queen fully dressed on a palace balcony in the middle of the night. When he came home to his wife, he told her that she was lazy in comparison to the Queen, who had gotten up hours before sunrise. He thought the Queen Mother was up earlier than anyone else in town, but in fact, she had not yet gone to bed.


title: Désirée Clary

text: Desideria sometimes would take in children from the streets to the palace and give them sweets; she was not able to engage in any real conversation, but she would say ""Kom, kom!"" (Swedish for "Come come!")


title: Désirée Clary

text: There are stories about people having been awakened by her carriage when she drove through the streets at night. The carriage sometimes stopped; she would sleep for a while, and then she would wake and the carriage would continue on its way. Her habit of circling the courtyard in her coach she called ""Kring kring"" (Swedish for "around and around"), one of the few Swedish words she learned.


title: Désirée Clary

text: On 17 December 1860, Queen Desideria entered her box at the Royal Swedish Opera just "after" the performance had ended and upon returning to Stockholm Palace, she collapsed before reaching her apartment, dying at 83 years of age in the reign of her grandson King Charles XV (her son King Oscar I having predeceased her).


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks (, ) are a Turkic people, indigenous to Dagestan, Chechnya and North Ossetia. They are the largest Turkic people in the North Caucasus.


title: Kumyks

text: They traditionally populate the Kumyk plateau (northern Dagestan and north-eastern Chechnya), lands bordering the Caspian Sea, areas in North Ossetia, Chechnya and along the banks of the Terek river. They speak the Kumyk language, which until the 1930s had been the lingua-franca of the Northern Caucasus.


title: Kumyks

text: Territories where Kumyks have traditionally lived, and where their historical state entities used to exist, are called Kumykia (). All of the lands populated by Kumyks were once part of the independent Tarki Shamkhalate.


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks comprise 14% of the population of the Republic of Dagestan, the third-largest population of Chechnya, and the fifth-largest population of North Ossetia, all of which are parts of the Russian Federation.


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks are the second largest Turkic-speaking ethnic group after Azerbaijanis in the Causasus, the largest Turkic people of the North Caucasus and the third largest ethnic group of Dagestan.


title: Kumyks

text: In terms of administrative division in their native lands, Kumyks today are mostly divided between a few administrative regions of Russia, such as Republic of Dagestan, Republic of North-Ossetia, Chechen Republic.


title: Kumyks

text: In the 19th century, during and following the Caucasian War, numbers of Kumyks were subject to or willingly resettled (made "hijra") to the Ottoman Empire as a result of Russian deportation campaigns in the region.


title: Kumyks

text: In the 1910s-1920s, during the Bolshevik Revolution, another emigration wave to Turkey took place. Among the "muhajirs" (migrants) of that period were many prominent Kumyk nobility.


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks also used to move to Syria and Jordan, where a few Kumyk families still live. The Syrian village of Dar-Ful was established in 1878-1880 by Kumyk emigrants.


title: Kumyks

text: There is no official state census of ethnic minorities in Turkey (ethnic or racial censuses are outlawed), but according to the studies of 1994—1996, there were more than 20 settlements with Kumyk population.


title: Kumyks

text: The majority of researchers (Bakikhanov, S.A. Tokarev, A.I. Tamay, S. Sh. Gadzhieva) derive the name "Kumyk" from a Turkic ethnonym "Kimak", or from another name for Kipchaks — "Cuman".


title: Kumyks

text: According to P. Uslar, in the 19th century the names "Kumyk" and "Kumuk" pertained to the Turkic speaking population of the Northern Caucasian lowlands. In Dagestan, Chechnya and Ingushetia, the name Kumyk, or originally Kumuk pertained to the Kumyks only. Y. Fyodorov wrote, based on sources from the 8–19 cc., that "Gumik — Kumyk — Kumuk" is originally a Dagestani toponym from the Middle Ages.


title: Kumyks

text: In various Russian, European, Ottoman and Persian sources Kumyks were also called Dagestan Tatars (or Dagestan Turks), Circassian and Caucasus Tatars.


title: Kumyks

text: There is no universal opinion regarding the origin of the Kumyks. Some scholars propose that the population of the Kumyk plains of the 8th-10th centuries were directly ancestral to modern Kumyks. A view close to that is that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan along with the Khazars in the 8th century and stayed afterwards. Whereas others believe that the Kumyks appeared in Dagestan in the 12th-13th centuries along with Kipchaks.


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyk verbal tradition carried through ages some proverbs and sayings coming from the times of the Khazar Kaghanate.


title: Kumyks

text: However, professor of Caucasus studies L. Lavrov doubted the "Turkification" hypothesis of Kumyk origin:


title: Kumyks

text: Some of the Turkic peoples who assimilated into the Kumyk nation were those of Tumens from the Tumen Khanate (Caucasian Tumen), which emerged in the 15th century as a fragment of the dissolved Golden Horde; those of Bothe Bogans, Sople and pre-Cuman Turks, who populated the Botheragan-Madjar region in the 7th century, which encompassed the vast North Caucasian plains.


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks historically were related to the states of the Caucasian Huns, Cuman-Kipchaks, and the Golden Horde.


title: Kumyks

text: Until the 19th century, the Kumyks were a largely feudal, decentralized entity of strategical geographic and political importance for Russia, Persia and the Ottomans, headed by a leader called the Shamkhal (originally "Shawkhal," in Russian sources "Shevkal"). The Kumyk polity known as the Shamkhalate of Tarki was mentioned as early as the 14th century by Timurid historians.


title: Kumyks

text: Other Kumyk states included the Endirey Principality, Utamish Sultanate, Tumen Possession, Braguny Principality, Mekhtuly Khanate, Kaytag Uzminate and others.


title: Kumyks

text: In the 16th century, Kumyk rulers tried to balance their relationships with their three neighbouring states, and as a result the Shamkhalate established itself as a considerable regional power. The two Empires and yet-to-be one Russian state considered the Caspian area as their influence domain.


title: Kumyks

text: Shamkhal Chopan became a subject of the Ottoman Empire in the late 16th century, and participated in the 1578-1590 Ottoman-Persian war.


title: Kumyks

text: The 1560s marked the start of the numerous campaigns of the Russian army against Kumyks, provoked by the requests of the Georgians and Kabardians. Commander Cheremisinov seized and plundered the capital of Tarki in 1560. The Tumen khanate, allied with the Shamkhalate also resisted the invasion, but in 1588 was conquered by Russia. The Russians established the Terki stronghold (Not to be mistaken for Tarki) in its former capital. Tumen ruler Soltaney fled to the protection of Sultan-Mahmud of Endirey, recognized today as a pan-Caucasian hero. In 1594, the other Campaign of Khvorostinin in Dagestan was organised, during which Russian forces and Terek Cossacks seized Tarki again, but were blocked by the Kumyk forces and forced to retreat to Terki, which resulted in a stampede.


title: Kumyks

text: In 1604—1605, Ivan Buturlin conducted one more campaign against the Kyumks, often known as the Shevkal Campaign. This also failed and resulted in a significant loss for Russia at the Battle of Karaman. The united forces of the Dagestani


title: Kumyks

text: peoples under the banners of the Kumyk Shamkhalian, Prince Soltan-Mahmud of Endirey prevailed, and according to the prominent Russian historian Karamzin, stopped Russian expansion for the next 118 years until the rule of Peter I.


title: Kumyks

text: In 1649 and 1650 Nogai leader Choban-murza sought the protection of their allies in the Shamkhalate. Russia, at war with the Nogais, sent 8,000 men in order to force the nomadic tribe to return to Russian territory. Surkhay-Shawkhal III attacked and routed Russian troops in The Battle of Germenchik. Kumyk military success continued from 1651 to 1653, when the Kumyks, this time in an alliance with Safavid forces, destroyed the Russian fortress at the river Sunzha. Iranian Shah Abbas II intended to strengthen the Persian hold on the Kumyk lands, which didn't match with Surkhay's plans. In an alliance with Kaytag Uzmi Rustem, Surkhay III confronted Persians but was forced to withdraw. Nevertheless, the high losses disrupted the Shah's intentions of building fortresses in the Kumyk lands.


title: Kumyks

text: In the 18th century, Russian Emperor Peter I organised the Persian Campaign of the 1722—1723. The Endirey principality was the first to oppose the Russian forces, and despite their defeat, caused great losses which shocked the Emperor. Kumyks of the Utamish Soltanate also fiercely resisted at The Battle at the River Inchge. Peter I stated afterwards:


title: Kumyks

text: The Tarki Shamkhalate initially took a pro-Russian stance, but after a new Russian fortress had been built they confronted Russia again. However, this time the Shamkhalate couldn't unite the neighboring local peoples and remained alone in their struggle. Russian historian Sergey Solovyov wrote:


title: Kumyks

text: Russian 19th century general , known for his important actions in subjugating the Adyghe and Abaza ethnic groups at the left flank of the Caucasian front in Circassia, wrote:


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks were one of the major forces in the late 18th century Sheikh Mansur's insurgence. Kumyk prince Chepalow, in alliance with Mansur made several attempts to attack the Russian stronghold of Kizlyar. In the final battle, Mansur led the Kumyk forces himself. Despite the formal acceptance of the Russian sovereignty over the Shamkhals at the beginning of the Caucasian war (resulting from the Treaty of Gulistan), there were numerous revolts in Kumykia. In 1825 the village of [Old] Aksay was destroyed and 300 men from the settlement were gathered for their participation in the insurgence against Russian Empire led by the Chechen leader Taymiyev Biybolat, and murdered when Ochar-Haji, one of the Kumyks, killed two Russian generals on the spot. In the same year the people of Endirey joined forces with mountain communities against the Russians.


title: Kumyks

text: In total, there were at least five revolts in Shamkhalate and on the Kumyk plateau (called also "Kumyk plains"): the Anti-Russian revolt, resulting in the defeat of Northern Kumyks (Endirey and Aksay principalities) and the then-disestablished Mekhtula Khanate, the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1823, participation in Beybulat Taymiyev's revolt (who though recently had pledged allegiance to Russia), the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1831, the revolt at the Kumyk plains in 1831 and the Shamkhalate Revolt of 1843.


title: Kumyks

text: There were also preparations for an insurgency on the Kumyk plains in 1844 and for a general Kumyk insurgency in 1855, which had been planned as a joined action with the advance of Imam Shamil, but the advance didn't progress enough into the Kumyk lands. In the insurgency in Dagestan in 1877-1878, one of the major centres of conflict was the Kumyk village of Bashly.


title: Kumyks

text: Despite the devastation brought by the Imperial Army for their attempts to rise against Russia, the Kumyk plains were also exposed to plundering forays from the neighboring tribes. For instance, in 1830, one Chechen leader, Avko, gathered forces in a call to allegedly join the troops of the leader of the Caucasian resistance, Gazi-Muhammad, but at the last moment declared the true reason "to use the opportunity to attack the city of Endirey and plunder Kumyks' cattle". However, the troops disbanded in disappointment. Gazi-Muhammad himself tried to make Kumyks resettle higher in the mountains from the plains and join his resistance by destroying Kumyk settlements, as stated in the Russian military archives:


title: Kumyks

text: During the Caucasian War, Kumyks found themselves between a rock and a hard place, not always supported by the insurgents on one hand, and being a target of retaliation from Russians on the other. The same archives also described that:


title: Kumyks

text: Kumyks during the War gave the Caucasus many common heroes. Imam of Dagestan and Chechnya Shamil was of Kumyk descent, as well as his companion and the second pretender to the Imam's position Tashaw-Hadji. Also, Kumyks were the leaders of the earlier Dagestani revolts, such as Soltan Ahmed-Khan of the Avars, and Umalat-bek of Boynak (the heir of the Tarki throne), companion of the imam Gazi-Muhammad Razibek of Kazanish, trusted companion of the Imam Shamil — Idris of Endirey.


title: Kumyks

text: The tsarist and Soviet government pursued a policy of settling the Kumyk lands with other peoples from the end of the 18th and the beginning of the 19th century.


title: Kumyks

text: Back in 1811 Tormasov is known to order ""to incline the Chechens to retire from the mountains to the plane."" Another governor of the Caucasus, Vorontsov, pursued the same policy of "colonizing" the possessions of the Kumyks, also by Chechens, arguing that ""the Kumyks have no right to those lands."" Kumyk possessions also included such areas as Kachkalyk and Aukh, gradually settled by Chechens, and the region of Salatavia.


title: Kumyks

text: In the late 1870s, the entire southern part of the Khasavyurt district, from Gerzel-aul to Endirey, was populated by Chechens, sometimes by force, by the decree of Russia. From 1870 to 1877, the number of Chechens in the region increased from 5,912 Aukh to 14,000 Chechens and continued to rise to 18,128 in 1897. The possessions of the Kumyks in the Terek-Sunzha interfluve were lost, some of them along with the Kumyk population are now part of Chechnya.