title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: One of the first large-scale initiatives to address NTDs came from a collaboration between Kenneth Warren and the Rockefeller Foundation. Ken Warren is regarded as a pioneer in neglected tropical disease research. The Great Neglected Tropical Diseases Network was a consortium of scientists from all over the world, hand-picked by Warren, working to expand the research base in neglected diseases. Many of the scientists that he recruited had not been involved in NTD research before. The network ran from 1978 to 1988. Warren's vision was to establish units within biological labs across the world, dedicated to R&D. By forming a critical mass of scientists in NTD research, he hoped to attract new students into the field. The interdisciplinary group met annually to update the community on research progress. Much of the work done by this group focused on understanding the mechanisms behind infection. At these informally structured meetings, research partnerships were formed. Warren himself encouraged these partnerships, especially if they bridged the divide between developed and developing nations. Through the Great Neglected Tropical Disease Network, a great number of scientists were brought into the field of parasitology.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: The distribution of neglected tropical disease disproportionally affects about one billion of the world's poorest populations, causing mortality, disability, and morbidity. Lack of funding, resources, and attention can result in treatable and preventable diseases causing death. Factors like political dynamics, poverty, and geographical conditions can make the delivery of NTD control programs difficult. Intersectional collaboration of poverty reduction policies and neglected tropical diseases creates cross-sector approaches to simultaneously address these issues.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: The six most common NTDs include soil-transmitted helminths (STHs)—specifically roundworm ("Ascaris lumbricoides"), whipworm ("Trichuris trichiura") and hookworms ("Necator americanus" and "Ancylostoma duodenale")—schistosomiasis, trachoma, and lymphatic filariasis (LF). These diseases affect one-sixth of the world's population, with 90 percent of the disease burden occurring in sub-Saharan Africa.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Information on the frequency of neglected tropical diseases is of low quality. It is currently difficult to summarize all of the information on this family of diseases. One effort to do so is the Global Burden of Disease framework. It aims to create a standardized method of measurement. The principle components of the approach involve 1) the measuring of premature mortality as well as disability, 2) the standardized usage of DALYs (disability-adjusted life years), and 3) widespread inclusion of diseases and injury causes with the estimation of missing data. However, the DALY has been criticized as a "systematic undervaluation" of disease burden. King asserts that DALY emphasizes the individual too much while ignoring the effects of the ecology of the disease. In order for the measure to become more valid, it may have to take the context of poverty more into account. King also emphasizes that DALYs may not capture the non-linear effects of poverty on cost-utility analysis of disease control. The Socio-Demographic Index (SDI) and Healthy Life Expectancy (HALE) are other summary measures that can be used to take into account other factors. HALE is a metric that weights years lived and health loss before death to provide a summary of population health. SDI is a measurement that includes lag-distributed income per capita, average education, and fertility rate. Socioeconomic factors greatly influence the distribution of neglected tropical diseases, and not addressing these factors in models and measurements can lead to ineffective public health policy.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: NTD interventions include both programs to address environmental and social determinants of health (e.g., vector control, water quality, sanitation) as well as programs offering mass drug administration for disease prevention and treatment. Drug treatments exist to confront many of the NTDs and represent some of the world's essential medicines. Despite significant health and economic improvements using available medicines, the low number of new compounds being researched and developed for NTDs is an ongoing and significant challenge. The dearth of candidates in pharmaceutical company drug pipelines is primarily attributed to the high costs of drug development and the fact that NTDs are concentrated among the world's poor. Other disincentives to investment include weak existing infrastructure for distribution and sales as well as concerns regarding intellectual property protection. However, the major stakeholders in NTD drug development—governments, foundations, pharmaceutical companies, academia, and NGOs—are involved in activities to help address the research and development shortfall and meet the many challenges presented by neglected tropical diseases. Initiatives include public-private partnerships, global R&D capacity building, priority vouchers to speed drug approval processes, open source scientific collaborations, and harmonization of global governance structures concerning NTDs.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: The diseases considered neglected tropical diseases vary. Some researchers no longer consider malaria, HIV, and tuberculosis to be neglected due to the amount of public attention and increased funding they have received. Outside "The Big Three", the seven most prevalent neglected tropical diseases in order of their global prevalence are ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm infection, schistosomiasis, lymphatic filariasis, and trachoma. These seven are among a larger list of thirteen major NTDs: onchocerciasis, leishmaniasis, Chagas disease, leprosy, human African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness), dracunculiasis, and Buruli ulcer.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: In their 2002 review of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) databases and the European Agency for the Evaluation of Medicinal Products, Troullier "et al" found that 16 out of 1393 new chemical entities were approved for NTDs between 1975 and 1999 (~1%). Cohen "et al" revisited the data and using the same methodology found 32 new chemical entities during the time period. In a second analysis using an expanded list of NTDs based on the G-FINDER survey, the number was slightly higher, with 46 new drugs and vaccines approved (~3% of the total including HIV drugs). Between 2000 and 2009, there has been some increase with an additional 26 newly approved drugs and vaccines for NTDs.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: A number of factors are recognized as contributing to the low number. The barrier most reported is the high cost of drug development. Estimates are that pharmaceutical companies' development costs to approval fall between $500 million and $2 billion. DiMasi, Hansen, and Grabowski calculated an average of $802 million in year 2000 dollars. Furthermore, the time that drugs are approved for use averages seven years out of the twenty years on-patent, meaning a tendency for the market to focus on diseases of developed nations where high prices can be used to recoup research and development costs, and subsidize failed R&D efforts. In short, NTD research and development is considered a high investment risk given that NTDs predominantly affect the poor in low- and middle-income countries. Additional barriers include drug safety regulatory requirements, intellectual property protection problems, and poor infrastructure for distribution and sales.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Although drug companies have not invested heavily in NTDs, in several cases, rather than focus on profits, some have decided to donate key drugs to address NTDs. For example, Merck has had a program since the mid-1980s to donate ivermectin (Mectizan) indefinitely to support the global fight against onchoceriasis. GlaxoSmithKline and several other large pharmaceutical companies have donation programs as well. Drug donation, however, does not ameliorate the deficiency of new chemical entities being researched and developed. This is especially of concern with reports of emerging resistance among existing drugs.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Governments, foundations, the non-profit sector, and the private sector have found new connections to help address market deficiencies by providing funding support and spreading both the costs and risks of NTD research and development. The proliferation of public–private partnerships (PPPs) has been recognized as a key innovation in the past decade, helping to unlock existing and new resources.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Major PPPs for NTDs include: the Sabin Vaccine Institute, Norvartis Vaccines Institute for Global Health, MSD Wellcome Trust Hilleman Laboratories, Infectious Diseases Research Institute, Institut Pasteur and INSERM, WIPO Re:Search, and the International Vaccine Institute. Likewise, a number of new academic drug development centers have been created in recent years drawing in industry partners. Support for these centers is frequently traced to the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, the Sandler Foundation, and the Wellcome Trust.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Growing NTD research and development capacity in middle-income countries is an area of policy interest. A 2009 study of biotechnology companies in India, China, Brazil, and South Africa revealed 62 NTD products in development and on the market out of approximately 500 products offered (~14%). When products to fight HIV, malaria, and TB were included in the analysis, the number increased to 123 products, approximately 25% of the total products offered.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Researchers have argued that, unlike most multinationals, small and mid-sized "Global South" companies see significant business opportunities in the development of NTD-related diagnostics, biologics, pharmaceuticals, and services. Potential actions to improve and expand this R&D capacity have been recommended, including expansion of human capital, increased private investment, knowledge and patent sharing, infrastructure building for business incubation, and innovation support.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Competitive innovation prizes have been used to spur development in a range of fields such as aerospace engineering, clean technology, and genomics. The X-Prize Foundation is launching a competition for high-speed, point-of-care diagnostics for tuberculosis. A more widely defined annual "Global Health EnterPrize" for neglected tropical diseases has been proposed to reward health innovators, particularly those based in countries where NTDs represent a serious health burden.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: The Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation offers the Grand Challenges Explorations Opportunities on a rolling basis. This grant program allows individuals from any organization or background to apply to address priority global health issues. Each project award is $100,000 dollars and is drawn from a Foundation funding pool of $100 million. Awardees have tended to offer research projects on topics that are highly speculative but offer potentially game-changing breakthroughs in global health.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: In 2006, Ridley "et al" recommended the development of a priority review voucher (PRV) in the journal "Health Affairs". It gained interest from Senator Sam Brownback of Kansas, who championed its introduction in the FDA Amendments Act of 2007. Under the enacted law, FDA approval of a non-NTD drug can be accelerated through the drug review process if paired with a drug that addresses an NTD. The potential economic benefit to a pharmaceutical company is estimated to be potentially as high as $300 million per drug. Three drugs have earned NTD PRVs to date (December 2014): Coartem (by Novartis, for malaria); bedaquiline (by Janssen, for TB); and miltefosine (by Knight, for leishmaniasis). However, the success of the PRV system is now under much scrutiny, given that Knight benefitted by $125 million from the sale of a PRV earned from a drug (miltefosine) that was largely researched and developed by the WHO. Médecins Sans Frontières are now pressuring Knight to guarantee supplying miltefosine at cost price, thus far without success.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: The PRV isn't limited to the pairing of drugs within a single company as it can be transferred between companies. Companies with NTD drug candidates in their pipelines but without a blockbuster drug are able to sell their vouchers, producing financial returns. In the EU, similar priority review incentives are now under consideration to increase the speed of regulatory pricing and reimbursement decisions.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: However, PRVs have been criticized as being open to manipulation and possibly encouraging errors through too rapid regulatory decision-making.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: Several companies and scientific organizations are participating in open source initiatives to share drug data and patent information over the web, and facilitate virtual collaboration on NTD research.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: One rich area to explore is in the wealth of genomic data resulting from the sequencing of parasite genomes. These data offer opportunities for the exploration of new therapeutic products using computational and open source collaboration methods for drug discovery. The Tropical Disease Initiative, for example, has used large amounts of computing power to generate the protein structures for ten parasite genomes. An open source drug bank was matched algorithmically to determine compounds with protein interaction activity, and two candidates were identified. In general, such methods may hold important opportunities for off-label use of existing approved drugs.


title: Neglected tropical diseases

text: In 1977, Kenneth S. Warren, an American researcher, invented the concept of what is now "neglected tropical diseases".


title: Sengoku Basara

text: While "Sengoku Basara" remains popular in Japan, it has gained some popularity in other Asian countries such as Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, South Korea, and Taiwan. Despite "Sengoku Basara" being considered obscure outside of Asia, it does maintain a small following in countries such as Australia, Brazil, France, Germany, Italy, Russia, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The franchise started with the first "Sengoku Basara" video game releasing in Japan on July 21, 2005, for the PlayStation 2.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara"s producer is Hiroyuki Kobayashi (who has been the producer for every console and handheld game in the series except for "Sengoku Basara Sanada Yukimura-den", and is the creator of the franchise), and its director is Makoto Yamamoto (who has been the director for every console and handheld game in the series except for "Sengoku Basara Sanada Yukimura-den"). "Sengoku Basara" serves as one of Capcom's flagship series in Asia. As of September 30, 2022, the game series has sold 4.1 million copies worldwide.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara" (戦国BASARA) is the first game in the series and released in Japan on July 21, 2005, for the PlayStation 2 (PS2) as a hack and slash, action game. "Devil Kings", an English-language version of the game, featured altered gameplay and a completely different, supposedly more western audience-oriented dark fantasy story with original characters. It was never used again due to the negative response the localization received from fans, critics, and players.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara 2" (戦国BASARA2) is a sequel to the original "Sengoku Basara", and it released in Japan for the PS2 on July 27, 2006. The game was ported to the Wii in 2007 as part of the "Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes: Double Pack". An expansion titled, "Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes", was released in 2007. The game marks the series' first anniversary and is also considered to have started the "Sengoku Boom" throughout Japan. The Sengoku Boom sparked a renewed interest in the history of Japan (mostly the Sengoku period of feudal Japan, hence the name) where people in Japan go to museums, castles, and battlefields to learn about their favorite "Sengoku Basara" character's/characters' real life history, buy merchandise related to the game series and the Sengoku period, and buy video games involving the Sengoku period (mostly "Sengoku Basara").


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku BASARA 2 Heroes" (戦国BASARA2 英雄外伝) is an expansion to "Sengoku Basara 2", and is the first expansion in the series. The game was released in Asia for the PS2 and Wii (Japan only) on November 29, 2007. The Wii version includes "Sengoku Basara 2" as part of the "Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes: Double Pack". Characters that were unplayable in the previous game, "Sengoku Basara 2", are playable in "Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes". The game sparked a major boom in tourism to the hometown of Katakura Kojūrō, Shiroishi City.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara X" (戦国BASARA X) is a 2D fighting game developed by both Capcom, and Arc System Works, creators of the "Guilty Gear" and "BlazBlue" series, which released in Japan on April 9, 2008, for Japanese arcades, and ported to the PS2 later the same year in Asia on June 26, 2008.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara Battle Heroes" (戦国BASARA バトルヒーローズ) is a PSP-exclusive title released in Japan on April 9, 2009, as a beat 'em up, action game. The game is a spin-off of the series.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara 3" (戦国BASARA3) is the third game in the main series and sequel to "Sengoku Basara 2", released in Asia on July 29, 2010, for the PlayStation 3 and Wii (Japan only). It is the first game in the series to be localized outside of Asia since the original game, and was released in North America on October 12, 2010, in Australia on October 14, 2010, and in Europe on October 15, 2010. An expansion titled, "Sengoku Basara 3 Utage", was released in 2011. The game marks the series' fifth anniversary. The game currently ranks as the best-selling "Sengoku Basara" game in the series (before this game, it was originally "Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes").


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara Chronicle Heroes" (戦国BASARA クロニクルヒーローズ) released for the PSP in Japan on July 21, 2011. The game serves as a sequel to "Sengoku Basara Battle Heroes".


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara 3 Utage" (戦国BASARA3 宴) released for the PS3 and Wii (Japan only) in Asia on November 10, 2011. The game serves as an expansion to "Sengoku Basara 3". Characters that were unplayable in the previous game, "Sengoku Basara Samurai Heroes", are playable in "Sengoku Basara 3 Utage". "Utage" is Japanese for "Party".


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara HD Collection" (戦国BASARA HDコレクション) released for the PS3 in Asia on August 30, 2012. It comes with "Sengoku Basara", "Sengoku Basara 2", and "Sengoku Basara 2 Heroes" in 720p HD.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara 4" (戦国BASARA4) is the fourth game in the main series. It was released in Asia on January 23, 2014 for the PS3. The game serves as a mixture of a sequel to "Sengoku Basara 3", and a reboot of the series to attract new fans without them having to play previous games to understand the full story. It's also the first console game in the series to receive a collector's edition, digital release, DLC, updates, and other online features, with every other game afterward following up with this. A complete edition, titled "Sengoku Basara 4 Sumeragi", was released in 2015.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara 4 Sumeragi" (戦国BASARA4 皇) released for the PlayStation 3 and PlayStation 4 in Asia on July 23, 2015. The game is the first "Sengoku Basara" game to be developed for the PS4, and is also the first game to be developed by Capcom for the PS4. The game comes with all of the content in "Sengoku Basara 4" along with new content. The game marks the series' tenth anniversary. Characters that were unplayable in the previous game, "Sengoku Basara 4", are playable in "Sengoku Basara 4 Sumeragi". "Sumeragi" is Japanese for "Emperor".


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara Sanada Yukimura-den" (戦国BASARA 真田幸村伝) is a spin-off game focusing on the life of one of the series' main protagonists, Sanada Yukimura, released in Asia for the PS3 (Japan only) and PS4 on August 25, 2016. The game is more historically accurate than previous games. This is the first and only console game in the series to not have Hiroyuki Kobayashi and Makoto Yamamoto involved. The game currently ranks as the worst-selling "Sengoku Basara" game in the series (before this game, it was originally "Sengoku Basara X"). "Sanada Yukimura-den" is Japanese for "The Legend of Sanada Yukimura".


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara Mobile" (戦国BASARA MOBILE) was a free-to-play, mobile-based social game for mobile phones based on the "Sengoku Basara" franchise, and was available through Mobage. The game was announced by Capcom on April 27, 2011, and released in Japan on June 3, 2011, but was shut down on December 7, 2011. The game received "mixed or average" reviews in Japan, and was shut down due to the mixed reception and low amount of downloads. Sengoku Basara Mobile is the first mobile game in the series.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara Card Heroes" (戦国BASARA カードヒーローズ) was a free-to-play, mobile-based card RPG for iOS and Android based on the "Sengoku Basara" franchise, and was available through Mobage. The game was announced by Capcom on April 25, 2012, and released in Japan on May 29, 2012, but was shut down on June 23, 2014. The game received "generally favorable" reviews in Japan, and was shut down due to Capcom wanting to put more focus on DLC and updates for "Sengoku Basara 4" and because the average player count of Card Heroes decreased after "Sengoku Basara 4"s release. They would later change the name to "Sengoku Basara Card Heroes: Matsuri" (戦国BASARA カードヒーローズ・祭) on January 29, 2013. "Matsuri" is Japanese for "Festival".


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara Battle Party" (戦国BASARA バトルパーティー) was a free-to-play, mobile-based gacha RPG for iOS and Android based on the "Sengoku Basara" franchise, and was available through Google Play and the App Store. The game was announced by Capcom on May 14, 2019, and was released in Japan on June 24, 2019. Two trailers for the game were uploaded on YouTube by Capcom on 5/15/2019, and 7/1/2019, respectively. A series of live streams done on the game by Capcom were uploaded on YouTube on 7/6/2019, 8/29/2019, 9/26/2019, 11/13/2019, 12/23/2019, 1/30/2020, and 6/24/2020, respectively. A collaboration in the game between "Sengoku Basara" and "Monster Hunter" titled, "Sengoku Basara Battle Party X Monster Hunter: World -Collaboration-", started on November 28, 2019, and ended on December 26, 2019. A trailer for the "Monster Hunter" collaboration was uploaded on YouTube by Capcom on November 28, 2019. Another collaboration was done in the game between "Sengoku Basara" and "Devil May Cry" titled, "Sengoku Basara Battle Party X Devil May Cry 4 -Collaboration-", with it starting on January 14, 2020, and ending on February 13, 2020, and a trailer for the "Devil May Cry" collaboration was uploaded on YouTube by Capcom on January 14, 2020. The game received "generally favorable" reviews in Japan. Download for the game is available but the game can't be played. The game was shut down on December 21, 2020, due to "external issues" from Capcom's management.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: Notably, an was planned and written by Yasuyuki Muto. The first anime, "Sengoku Basara", started broadcasting in Japan on April 2, 2009. The series' sequel anime, titled "Sengoku Basara II", began broadcast in Japan on July 11, 2010. Furthermore, the series' movie finale titled "" was released in Japanese theaters on June 4, 2011. All three anime adaptations were licensed and published in the United States in 2012 by Funimation under the titles, "Sengoku Basara: Samurai Kings", "Sengoku Basara: Samurai Kings 2", and "Sengoku Basara: Samurai Kings -The Last Party-". An anime based on "Sengoku Basara 3" titled, "", began broadcast in Japan on July 6, 2014, and was licensed and published in the United States in 2016 by Funimation under the title, "Sengoku Basara: End of Judgement". Another anime titled, "Gakuen Basara", based on the "Gakuen Basara" manga series, started broadcasting in Japan on October 4, 2018.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: Several manga adaptations of the series have been serialized in manga magazines, and later released in tankōbon format in Japan. A manga adaptation of the second game was created by Yak Haibara. The four volume series, "Sengoku Basara 2", was published in Japan from 2007-2009. It was published in the United States from 2012-2013 by UDON under the title "Sengoku Basara: Samurai Legends". The title change was due to the "Sengoku Basara 2" video game not being released in the United States. Kairi Shimotsuki created the first manga adaptation of the series, based on the first game, which was titled, "Sengoku Basara Ranse Ranbu", and was released as a three volume series in 2006.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: Radio shows have been produced with the first series being released on four CD volumes. A stage play based on "Sengoku Basara 3" was announced on July 17, 2011 in Japan and ran later in 2011 from October 14 to October 30, and was later released on DVD in Japan on February 23, 2012. The stage play received "universal acclaim" in Japan. This stage play is considered to be the beginning of the "Sengoku Basara" stage play series' huge success and popularity in Japan with later stage plays in the series becoming even more successful and popular. There has been a total of 17 stage plays in the series as of 2019, with Capcom doing 1-2 per year (1 in 2009, 1 in 2010, 1 in 2011, 2 in 2012, 2 in 2013, 2 in 2014, 1 in 2015, 2 in 2016, 2 in 2017, 2 in 2018, and 1 in 2019).


title: Sengoku Basara

text: In 2012, the Takarazuka Revue announced that Flower Troupe would be performing a 'Sengoku Basara' musical. Ranju Tomu and Ranno Hana starred, and Asumi Rio and Nozomi Futo also featured in the adaptation, which played at the Tokyu Theater Orb, from 06/15 - 07/01 in 2013. The staging of the musical was much more lavish than that of the stage plays with a lot more special effects, and less action and stunts. Reviews were "generally favorable". As of 2019, this is the first and only Sengoku Basara musical to have been performed.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: A live-action television drama titled "Sengoku Basara Moonlight Party" began broadcasting in Japan on July 12, 2012, on the Mainichi Broadcasting System.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: In August 2015, Capcom produced a collaborative stage play with "Sengoku Basara" and "Devil May Cry" titled ""Sengoku Basara VS Devil May Cry"". In the play, Dante, Lady, Trish, and Vergil come across some mysterious historical ruins while chasing after a demon, and are sent back in time to Japan's Warring States (Sengoku) period. There, the group meets Date Masamune, Sanada Yukimura, and other characters from the "Sengoku Basara" franchise. The play ran at the AiiA 2.5 Theater Tokyo for 18 performances from August 20–30. Masanari Ujigawa directed and composed the stage play with Hideaki Itsuno and Izaki Matsuno collaborating on the scenario. Kazushi Miyakoda and Tetsuya Yamaura produced the play with Hiroyuki Kobayashi and Makoto Yamamoto as supervisors.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: A large range of merchandise has been created for the series in Japan, including books, CD soundtracks, drama CDs, radio CDs, trading cards, and figures.


title: Sengoku Basara

text: "Sengoku Basara" was included as cards in Capcom's free-to-play digital collectible card game, Teppen, on October 1, 2020, worldwide through an expansion titled, "The Tale of Amatsu no Kuni". "Sengoku Basara" character Oichi was included as a playable hero along with more "Sengoku Basara" cards in another expansion for Teppen that released worldwide on January 5, 2021. The expansion is titled, "The Battle of Amatsu no Kuni."


title: Tariq Masood

text: Tariq Masood (commonly known as Mufti Tariq Masood, ; born 4 March 1975) is a Pakistani Deobandi author and Islamic scholar, who teaches at the Jamia Tur Rasheed seminary in Karachi. He has authored books Including "Aik se Za'id Shadiyoon ki Zaroorat Kyu".


title: Tariq Masood

text: Tariq Masood was born on 4 March 1975 to an ethnic Muhajir religious family in Sargodha. He married thrice: first in 2005, second in 2008 and the third time in 2018.


title: Tariq Masood

text: Masood follows the Deobandi movement of Hanafism. He is a lecturer at the Jamia Tur Rasheed in Karachi. Tariq Masood has authored several books including "Aik se Za'id Shadiyoon ki Zaroorat Kyu" ("Why the need for polygamy") and "Family Planning".


title: Tariq Masood

text: Tariq Masood has had a long rivalry with scholar Muhammad Ali Mirza. The debate between both scholars is particularly about Muawiyah, the First Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate. Mirza challenged Masood to arrive in Jhelum and have a debate face to face. In May 2021, the debate was postponed since Masood didn't come in After many months, Masood finally accepted the challenge and went to Jhelum for the debate. However, Masood claimed that he had tried to make contacts with Mirza, but there was no answer. Masood claimed that he took a very long journey from Karachi to Jhelum for discussion. Also he waited for reply of engineer mirza about 48 hours but engineer didn't reply for it.


title: Tariq Masood

text: In July 2019 Masood learned that some Chinese companies in Pakistan did not allow Muslim employees to perform daily obligatory prayers during working hours. Masood urged employees to tell their Chinese employers that "they'll have to follow local laws and the country does not belong to them." Masood said, "People are afraid that they will lose their jobs." An old video of Masood saying this surfaced on social media on 26 June 2020.


title: Tariq Masood

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic in Pakistan, the Government of Sindh announced a lockdown on 22 March 2020. Muhammad Taqi Usmani (of Jamia Darul Uloom, Karachi) announced on 25 March 2020 that people should still congregate for prayers except for those over fifty, young children and people with COVID-19 symptoms.


title: Tariq Masood

text: Masood disagreed with Usmani by supporting a ban on congregational prayers. Masood said: "We still don't understand the intensity of this virus. You can pray at home during this time and ask Allah for forgiveness and health."


title: Tariq Masood

text: On 7 April 2020, Masood took part in a BOL Entertainment programme to give people religious advice on COVID-19.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: The convertible mark (Bosanski: , sign: KM; code: BAM) is the currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina. It is divided into 100 ' or ' (/) and locally abbreviated "KM". While the currency and its subunits are uniform for both constituent polities of Bosnia and Herzegovina, namely the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina (FBiH) and Republika Srpska (RS), the designs of the KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100 banknotes are differentiated for each polity.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: The convertible mark was established by the 1995 Dayton Agreement. It replaced the Bosnia and Herzegovina dinar, Croatian kuna and Yugoslav novi dinar as the single currency of Bosnia and Herzegovina in 1998. "Mark" refers to the Deutsche Mark, the currency to which it was pegged at par.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: The names derive from German. The three official languages of Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bosnian, Serbian and Croatian, have adopted the German nouns and as loanwords "marka" and "pfenig". The Official Gazette of BiH ( ), Official newspaper of FBiH ( ) and other official documents recognised "pfenig" or "пфениг" (depending on the script; Bosnian and Serbian use both Latin and Cyrillic equally, while Croatian uses only Latin) as the name of the subdivision.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: Banknotes of 50 fenings circulated from 1998 to 2003. They were denoted "50 KONVERTIBILNIH PFENIGA" / "50 КОНВЕРТИБИЛНИХ ПФЕНИГА"; technically, the word "convertible" should not qualify the word "pfenig" because only the mark is convertible. "(See Errors for all of the errors on banknotes and coins.)" Coins of 10, 20, and 50 pfenigs have circulated since 1998 (the 5-pfenigs coin was released in 2006). All of them are inscribed "" / "" on the obverse. The misspelling / has never been corrected, and it took such a hold that it was officially adopted and not recognised as incorrect.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: Serbo-Croatian is subject to a case system. For the purposes of pluralizing currency terms, three situations are relevant:


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: For the pfenig, the plural is "pfeniga"/"feninga" with a short unaccented "a", whereas the genitive plural is the same "pfeniga"/"feninga" but with a long unaccented "i" and "a". A syllable after an accented syllable whose vowel is pronounced long and with a continuous tone, i. e. neither rising or falling, is said to have a genitive length (although the word does not necessarily have to be in the genitive case in order to have genitive length on its syllable; it can be in the locative also).


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: These matters should be noted when the local names are used in English. For example, the English plural "ten pfenigas" / "ten feningas" is incorrect because the final "a" in the BSC plural "pfeniga"/"feninga" already indicates the plural. Therefore "ten pfenigs" / "ten fenings" should be used. The Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CBBH) uses "fenings" as the English plural. Likewise, "twenty-one markas", "two markes", and "twelve marakas" are incorrect; "twenty-one marks", "two marks", and "twelve marks", respectively, are correct.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: In December 1998, coins were introduced in denominations of 10, 20 and 50 fenings. Coins of 5 fenings, KM 1, KM 2 and KM 5 were introduced later. The coins were designed by Bosnian designer Kenan Zekic and minted at the Royal Mint in Llantrisant (Wales, UK).


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: In 1998, notes were introduced in denominations of 50 fenings, KM 1, KM 5, KM 10, KM 20, KM 50, and KM 100. KM 200 notes were added in 2002, while the 50-fening and KM 1 and KM 5 notes were later withdrawn from circulation. All current notes are valid throughout the nation.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: The Central Bank of Bosnia Herzegovina issues the banknotes, with distinct designs for the constituent polities of the Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the Republika Srpska, except for the largest denomination, i. e. the KM 200 note. On the notes for the Republika Srpska, inscriptions are printed first in Cyrillic and then Latin script, and vice versa. Banknotes, with the exception of the KM 200 note, are printed by the French company Oberthur.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: The portraits of Ivan Franjo Jukić and Meša Selimović, which are both writers, were featured by consensus between both entities on all KM 1 and KM 5 notes used between 1998 and 2010.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: On 15 May 2002, a KM 200 banknote, designed by Robert Kalina, was introduced during a promotion that was held in the Central Bank of BH. The reverse design which depicts a bridge is meant to resemble the euro banknotes, which were also designed by Robert Kalina. After an international tender, the Austrian company Oesterreichische Banknoten und Sicherheitsdruck GmbH (OeBS) in Vienna was chosen to print the notes. Initially, six million were ordered.


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: Initially the mark was pegged to the Deutsche mark at par. Since the replacement of the German mark by the euro in 2002, the Bosnian convertible mark uses the same fixed exchange rate to euro that the German mark had (that is,


title: Bosnia and Herzegovina convertible mark

text: Officially, only one banknote has not been released in circulation because of a mistake, even though other banknotes with mistakes had been issued.


title: Hypernova

text: A hypernova (sometimes called a collapsar) is a very energetic supernova thought to result from an extreme core-collapse scenario. In this case, a massive star (>30 solar masses) collapses to form a rotating black hole emitting twin energetic jets and surrounded by an accretion disk. It is a type of stellar explosion that ejects material with an unusually high kinetic energy, an order of magnitude higher than most supernovae, with a luminosity at least 10 times greater. They usually appear similar to a type Ic supernova, but with unusually broad spectral lines indicating an extremely high expansion velocity. Hypernovae are one of the mechanisms for producing long gamma ray bursts (GRBs), which range from 2 seconds to over a minute in duration. They have also been referred to as superluminous supernovae, though that classification also includes other types of extremely luminous stellar explosions that have different origins.


title: Hypernova

text: In the 1980s, the term "hypernova" was used to describe a theoretical type of supernova now known as a pair-instability supernova. It referred to the extremely high energy of the explosion compared to typical core collapse supernovae. The term had previously been used to describe hypothetical explosions from diverse events such as hyperstars, extremely massive population III stars in the early universe, or from events such as black hole mergers.


title: Hypernova

text: In February 1997, Dutch-Italian satellite BeppoSAX was able to trace GRB 970508 to a faint galaxy roughly 6 billion light years away. From analyzing the spectroscopic data for both the GRB 970508 and its host galaxy, Bloom et al. concluded in 1998 that a hypernova was the likely cause. That same year, hypernovae were hypothesized in greater detail by Polish astronomer Bohdan Paczyński as supernovae from rapidly spinning stars.


title: Hypernova

text: The usage of the term "hypernova" from the late 20th century has since been refined to refer to those supernovae with unusually large kinetic energy. The first hypernova observed was SN 1998bw, with a luminosity 100 times higher than a standard Type Ib. This supernova was the first to be associated with a gamma-ray burst (GRB) and it produced a shockwave containing an order of magnitude more energy than a normal supernova. Other scientists prefer to call these objects simply broad-lined type Ic supernovae. Since then the term has been applied to a variety of objects, not all of which meet the standard definition; for example ASASSN-15lh.


title: Hypernova

text: Hypernovae are thought to be supernovae with ejecta having a kinetic energy larger than about , an order of magnitude higher than a typical core collapse supernova. The ejected nickel masses are large and the ejection velocity up to 99% of the speed of light. These are typically of type Ic, and some are associated with long-duration gamma-ray bursts. The electromagnetic energy released by these events varies from comparable to other type Ic supernova, to some of the most luminous supernovae known such as SN 1999as.


title: Hypernova

text: The archetypal hypernova, SN 1998bw, was associated with GRB 980425. Its spectrum showed no hydrogen and no clear helium features, but strong silicon lines identified it as a type Ic supernova. The main absorption lines were extremely broadened and the light curve showed a very rapid brightening phase, reaching the brightness of a type Ia supernova at day 16. The total ejected mass was about and the mass of nickel ejected about . All supernovae associated with GRBs have shown the high-energy ejecta that characterises them as hypernovae.


title: Hypernova

text: Unusually bright radio supernovae have been observed as counterparts to hypernovae, and have been termed "radio hypernovae".


title: Hypernova

text: Models for hypernova focus on the efficient transfer of energy into the ejecta. In normal core collapse supernovae, 99% of neutrinos generated in the collapsing core escape without driving the ejection of material. It is thought that rotation of the supernova progenitor drives a jet that accelerates material away from the explosion at close to the speed of light. Binary systems are increasingly being studied as the best method for both stripping stellar envelopes to leave a bare carbon-oxygen core, and for inducing the necessary spin conditions to drive a hypernova.


title: Hypernova

text: The collapsar model describes a type of supernova that produces a gravitationally collapsed object, or black hole. The word "collapsar", short for "collapsed star", was formerly used to refer to the end product of stellar gravitational collapse, a stellar-mass black hole. The word is now sometimes used to refer to a specific model for the collapse of a fast-rotating star. When core collapse occurs in a star with a core at least around fifteen times the sun's mass () — though chemical composition and rotational rate are also significant — the explosion energy is insufficient to expel the outer layers of the star, and it will collapse into a black hole without producing a visible supernova outburst.


title: Hypernova

text: A star with a core mass slightly below this level — in the range of — will undergo a supernova explosion, but so much of the ejected mass falls back onto the core remnant that it still collapses into a black hole. If such a star is rotating slowly, then it will produce a faint supernova, but if the star is rotating quickly enough, then the fallback to the black hole will produce relativistic jets. The energy that these jets transfer into the ejected shell renders the visible outburst substantially more luminous than a standard supernova. The jets also beam high energy particles and gamma rays directly outward and thereby produce x-ray or gamma-ray bursts; the jets can last for several seconds or longer and correspond to long-duration gamma-ray bursts, but they do not appear to explain short-duration gamma-ray bursts.


title: Hypernova

text: The mechanism for producing the stripped progenitor, a carbon-oxygen star lacking any significant hydrogen or helium, of type Ic supernovae was once thought to be an extremely evolved massive star, for example a type WO Wolf-Rayet star whose dense stellar wind expelled all its outer layers. Observations have failed to detect any such progenitors. It is still not conclusively shown that the progenitors are actually a different type of object, but several cases suggest that lower-mass "helium giants" are the progenitors. These stars are not sufficiently massive to expel their envelopes simply by stellar winds, and they would be stripped by mass transfer to a binary companion. Helium giants are increasingly favoured as the progenitors of type Ib supernovae, but the progenitors of type Ic supernovae is still uncertain.


title: Hypernova

text: One proposed mechanism for producing gamma-ray bursts is induced gravitational collapse, where a neutron star is triggered to collapse into a black hole by the core collapse of a close companion consisting of a stripped carbon-oxygen core. The induced neutron star collapse allows for the formation of jets and high-energy ejecta that have been difficult to model from a single star.


title: Riddler in other media

text: The Riddler, a supervillain in DC Comics and an adversary of the superhero Batman, has been adapted into numerous forms of media, including feature films, television series, and video games. The character has been portrayed in live-action by Frank Gorshin and John Astin in the 1960s television series "Batman", Jim Carrey in the 1995 film "Batman Forever", Cory Michael Smith in the 2014 Fox series "Gotham", and Paul Dano in the 2022 film "The Batman". Actors who have voiced the Riddler include John Glover in the DC animated universe, Robert Englund in "The Batman", and Wally Wingert in the "" video games.


title: Riddler in other media

text: Edward Nashton / Enigma / The Riddler appears in all four primary installments of the "Batman: Arkham" video game series, voiced by Wally Wingert. This version had an abusive father who accused him of cheating in a riddle solving contest before beating him. This resulted in Nashton becoming obsessed with riddles and proving his intellectual superiority. He would later go on to become a police consultant and the apparent head of the GCPD's Cybercrime unit, during which he operated as Enigma before eventually becoming the Riddler.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: James Edward Oglethorpe (22 December 1696 – 30 June 1785) was a British soldier, Member of Parliament, and philanthropist, as well as the founder of the colony of Georgia in what was then British America. As a social reformer, he hoped to resettle Britain's "worthy poor" in the New World, initially focusing on those in debtors' prisons.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Born to a prominent British family, Oglethorpe left college in England and a British Army commission to travel to France, where he attended a military academy before fighting under Prince Eugene of Savoy in the Austro-Turkish War. He returned to England in 1718, and was elected to the House of Commons in 1722. His early years were relatively undistinguished until 1729, when Oglethorpe was made chair of the Gaols Committee that investigated British debtors' prisons. After the report was published, to widespread attention, Oglethorpe and others began publicizing the idea of a new colony, to serve as a buffer between the Carolinas and Spanish Florida. After being granted a charter, Oglethorpe sailed to Georgia in November 1732.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: He was a major figure in the early history of the colony, holding much civil and military power and instituting a ban on slavery and alcohol. During the War of Jenkins' Ear, Oglethorpe led British troops in Georgia against Spanish forces based in Florida. In 1740, he led a lengthy Siege of St. Augustine, which was unsuccessful. He then defeated a Spanish Invasion of Georgia in 1742. Oglethorpe left the colony after another unsuccessful invasion of St. Augustine, and never returned. He led some government troops in the Jacobite rising of 1745 and was blamed for British defeat in the Clifton Moor Skirmish. Despite being cleared in a court martial, Oglethorpe never held British command again. He lost reelection to the House of Commons in 1754. He left England and served undercover in the Prussian Army during the Seven Years' War. In his later years, Oglethorpe was prominent in literary circles, becoming close to James Boswell and Samuel Johnson.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: His family history dates back to William the Conqueror. They supported Charles I, an unpopular monarch. They suffered under Oliver Cromwell, but regained favor following the Stuart Restoration in 1660. Theophilus Oglethorpe, the head of the family, lived next to the royal palace at Whitehall; he and his brothers were members of Parliament. At Whitehall Theophilus met Eleanor Wall, one of Queen Anne's ladies-in-waiting, and the two fell in love and married in 1680. They had ten children: Lewis, Anne, Eleanor, Theophilus Jr., James, Frances Charlotte, Sutton, Louise Mary, and James Edward. James Edward was the Oglethorpes’ youngest child and their fifth son. He was born on 22 December 1696. Little is known about Oglethorpe's early life. He was named James after James II, reflecting his family's royalist sympathies, and Edward after James Francis Edward Stuart. Oglethorpe was baptized on 23 December at St Martin-in-the-Fields in London.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe's father bought him a commission in Queen Anne's 1st regiment of Foot Guards as an ensign in 1707, he was commissioned to be lieutenant unassigned on 21 November 1713 with the rank of captain of foot (infantry). Following in the footsteps of his older brothers, he entered Eton College. His mother managed to have him enter Corpus Christi College, Oxford, where he matriculated on 8 July 1714 with Basil Kennett as his tutor. His army commission was renewed in 1715 by George I, but he resigned on 23 November 1715, in part because the Foot Guards were not expected to see action.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe then traveled to France, where both his sisters Anne and Fanny lived, he attended the military academy at Lompres, near Paris, where he met and befriended fellow-student James Francis Edward Keith. The following year, intending to fight in the Austro-Turkish War, he travelled to serve under military commander Prince Eugene of Savoy. With a letter of recommendation from the Duke of Argyle and several other prominent Britons, Oglethorpe and Louis François Crozat arrived and with Infante Manuel, Count of Ourém entered the Prince's service on 3 August as an aides-de-camp. Oglethorpe was present but not actively engaged in the Battle of Petrovaradin in August 1716. At the Siege of Timisoara in September that same year he served as aide-de-camp. He found active command at the Siege of Belgrade from 19 June to 16 August. After the death of his superior in combat, on 16 August, Oglethorpe as the most senior aide-de-camp acted ad adjutant general; as such he took possession of the Turkish camp, and reported to the Prince the casualty report. After the battle, he was offered the rank of lieutenant colonel in the army— which he never accepted.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe then fought in Sicily under General Georg Olivier Wallis in 1718 for several weeks. By 19 September, he had returned to England. Despite his hope otherwise, Oglethorpe was refused a commission in the British Army and was briefly back at Corpus Christi beginning on 25 June 1719.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: When he was twenty-six, Oglethorpe inherited the family estate at Godalming in Surrey from his brother. He was first elected to the House of Commons as a Tory aligned with William Windham in 1722, representing Haslemere. Oglethorpe remained unchallenged until 1734. He almost did not serve when, in a drunken brawl, he killed a man and spent five months in prison, before he was cleared of murder through the influence of a powerful friend and released from prison. He took his seat in the House of Commons on 9 October.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe was, according to Pitofsky, "among the least productive representatives," who notes that in the six years after he was first elected, he was actively involved in only two debates. In contrast, Sweet writes that Oglethorpe was an "eloquent yet honest" speaker who had strong Tory principals and genuinely cared about the conditions of his constituents, citing that his service on forty different committees that investigated widely varied topics. His first participation in debate was on 6 April 1723, unsuccessfully opposing the banishment of the bishop Francis Atterbury, who had been accused of supporting James Francis Edward Stuart.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In response to the poor living and working conditions of sailors in the Royal Navy, Oglethorpe published an anonymous pamphlet titled "The Sailors Advocate" in 1728 about press gangs and pay issues. It was 52 pages long and argued for reforming and strengthening the Navy and against impressment. However, he proposed few real solutions apart from analysing the work of navies of other countries. Sweet considers that it marks the beginning of Oglethorpe's philanthropy and writes that it "gave Oglethorpe the practical experience necessary to undertake future efforts more successfully". The pamphlet was reprinted several times throughout the 18th century.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In the late 1720s, Oglethorpe's attentions were drawn to the conditions of debtors' prisons after his friend, Robert Castell, was sent to Fleet Prison and eventually died. Oglethorpe motioned to investigate the warden of the prison, and was made chairman of the resulting committee on 25 February 1729. As chair of the Gaols Committee, he began touring debtors' prisons in late February and the following month finished the first of three detailed reports presented to parliament. In the reports various abuses in the prisons were profiled, including torturing, overcrowding, and widespread disease. The reports particularly attacked Thomas Bambridge, the warden of Fleet Prison, where Castell had died. He urged for reform of the prisons, mainly through prosecution of those in charge of them. Most of the blame was laid on the individual prison wardens, rather than the system as a whole. While these reports attracted much attention, there was little real change. The investigation ended on 14 May.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In the aftermath (the final report was presented on 8 May 1730), Oglethorpe and the committee were praised by prominent Britons such as Alexander Pope, James Thomson, Samuel Wesley, and William Hogarth. Pitofsky writes that there was seemingly a "great deal of popular support for the committee". However, Conservative members of the House of Commons attempted to prevent much change through deriding members of the committee as "amateurs and zealots" and preventing the wardens from being jailed. On 3 April 1730, a bill drafted by Oglethorpe was presented to the House; it would have removed Bambridge from his position. It was adopted in a revised form six weeks later by both Houses. However, recommendations for a bill to better oversee Fleet Prison were discarded. In the Trial of William Acton for murdering four debtors, Acton was acquitted. Oglethorpe felt that the proceedings had been manipulated. Bambridge was acquitted of charges as well. Oglethorpe denounced both acquittals. Shortly afterwards, Oglethorpe disbanded the committee. He led another committee of the same nature in 1754.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe, a committed advocate against alcohol, proposed a tax on malt in the same session the Gaols Committee was authorized. He argued against a royal grant of 115,000 pounds to cover arrearages, considering it extravagant. Oglethorpe also initially opposed Britain being involved in making peace in Europe, but by 1730 had begun advocating military preparedness. Oglethorpe served on a committee investigating the Charitable Corporation after its 1731 collapse. In the 1732 Parliamentary session, he staunchly opposed the administration's policy of disarmament and continued to emphasize the need for preparedness. Although Oglethorpe held his seat until 1754, after he left for Georgia he was rarely involved in parliamentary affairs, and after Robert Walpole lost his power in 1742 Oglethorpe lost most of his remaining influence and primarily held office in opposition to those who held power.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: While working on the Gaols Committee, Oglethorpe met and became close to John Perceval (who later became the first Earl of Egmont). After leaving the committee, Oglethorpe considered sending around a hundred unemployed people from London to America. In 1730, Oglethorpe shared a plan to establish a new American colony with Perceval. The colony would be a place to send "the unemployed and the unemployable", and he anticipated broad societal support. He was soon granted 5,000 pounds for the colony by the trustees of the estate of a man named King. Oglethorpe began looking for other sources of funding and met Thomas Bray, a reverend and philanthropist. Bray, in failing health by 1730, had founded the Bray Associates to continue his humanitarian work. Perceval was a trustee of the associates, and Oglethorpe was made a trustee in February 1730, the same month that Bray died. Although initially there was no set location for the colony, Oglethorpe settled on America on 1 April. It soon became clear that a colony south of the Savannah River would be supported by the House of Commons, as it could serve as a 'buffer' between the prosperous Carolinas and Spanish Florida, and Oglethorpe picked the region on 26 June. People sent to the colony would serve as both soldiers and farmers, making the colony "South Carolina's first line of defence". In July, they started campaigns to raise money through subscription and grants.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: The Bray Associates determined to put "all available funds" towards the colony on 1 July, and they presented a charter to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 17 September. On 12 November, the Bray Associates announced a plan to increase support for their proposed colony through a promotional campaign, which mainly consisted of producing promotional literature. Baine writes that beginning in 1730, Oglethorpe "directed the promotional campaign and wrote, or edited, almost all of the promotional literature until he sailed for Georgia". The first written work about the proposal was by Oglethorpe and titled "Some accounts of the design of the trustees for establishing colonys in America". Though it was finished in spring 1731 and never published, Benjamin Martyn drew on it when writing his 1732 book "Some Account of the Designs of the Trustees for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America".


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe arranged for Martyn's work to be widely read; in addition to being independently published, it appeared in "The London Journal", the "Country Journal", the "Gentlemen's Magazine", and the "South Carolina Gazette". Various notices seeking donations and people willing to emigrate to the colony were published in other English newspapers. In November 1732, Oglethorpe had "Select Tracts Relating to Colonies" published. In 1733, "Reasons for Establishing the Colony of Georgia in America", written by Martyn, and "A New and Accurate Account of the Provinces of South-Carolina and Georgia", by Oglethorpe, were published. Oglethorpe is thought to have paid for the publication of "Select Tracts" and "A New and Accurate Account". In 1732, Oglethorpe advocated for extending Thomas Lombe's patent on a silk engine.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In June 1732, Oglethorpe, Perceval, Martyn, and a group of other prominent Britons (collectively known as the Trustees for the Establishment of the Colony of Georgia in America) petitioned for and were eventually granted a royal charter to establish the colony of Georgia between the Savannah River and the Altamaha River on 9 June 1732. The following month they selected the first group to send to the colony from wide-ranging applications. Oglethorpe's mother had died on 19 June, and he decided to join the group and travel to Georgia. He was formally placed in charge of publicizing the Georgia colony on 3 August.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: That summer, a letter written by Ayuba Suleiman Diallo, an enslaved merchant, reached Oglethorpe. He purchased and freed Diallo. Oglethorpe, who had been made a director or assistant of the Royal African Company in January 1731 and elected a deputy governor in 1732, sold his stock and resigned after the 'Diallo incident' and shortly before leaving for Georgia. Oglethorpe set sail from Gravesend for Georgia with 114 others on the "Anne" on 15 or 17 November 1732.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: The "Anne" reached Charleston, South Carolina, on 13 January 1733. When they arrived in Georgia 1 February 1733, Spalding notes that Oglethorpe chose to settle "as far from the Spanish as he geographically could". As Spain disliked their presence in the region, Oglethorpe was careful to maintain good relations with the Native Americans who lived in the region. Left for England and expanded Georgia further south when he returned. When Oglethorpe returned to England in 1737 he was confronted by an angry British and Spanish government. That year, Oglethorpe granted land to 40 Jewish settlers against the orders of the Georgia trustees.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: On 4 December 1731, Oglethorpe entered into a partnership with Jean-Pierre Pury to settle land in South Carolina. He gained a 1/4 stake in a 3,000-acre plot of land. His holdings, termed the 'Oglethorpe Barony' were located at the 'Palachocolas', a crossing of the Savannah River in Granville County. He may have held the tract, around 2,060 acres, for the trustees. From 1732 to 1738, Oglethorpe was the de facto leader of Georgia and dominated both the military and the civil aspects of the country. From 1738 to 1743 he commanded a British regiment and was also involved in civil affairs before returning to England. While he was involved with the colony, Oglethorpe was the most prominent trustee and the only one to actually live in the colony. He was also involved in mapping the colony.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe and the trustees formulated a contractual, multi-tiered plan for the settlement of Georgia (see the Oglethorpe Plan). The plan envisioned a system of "agrarian equality", designed to support and perpetuate an economy based on family farming, and prevent social disintegration associated with unregulated urbanisation. Land ownership was limited to fifty acres, a grant that included a town lot, a garden plot near town, and a forty-five-acre farm. Self-supporting colonists were able to obtain larger grants, but such grants were structured in fifty-acre increments tied to the number of indentured servants supported by the grantee. Servants would receive a land grant of their own upon completing their term of service. No-one was permitted to acquire additional land through purchase or inheritance.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Despite arriving in Georgia with relatively limited power, Oglethorpe soon became the main authority in the colony. Lannen writes that he "became everything to everyone". He negotiated with the Yamacraw Indiansbecoming the colony's ambassador to native tribescommanded the militia, directed the building of Savannah and otherwise generally supervised the colony. In early 1733, "every matter of importance was brought first to Oglethorpe". He lived in a tent separated from the rest of the colonists; some of them called him "father". Oglethorpe paid for the construction of a 'first fort' to protect Savannah, but it was not completed. He invited talented foreigners to immigrate to the colony. In June 1733, Oglethorpe traveled to Charleston. In his absence, the citizens of Savannah had a disagreement over the authority of the man left in charge. They waited for Oglethorpe to return and resolve it. It was not until July that a separate court was established, but Oglethorpe continued to hold much civil power.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: When Oglethorpe arrived in Georgia, Native Americans were well into the process of integration with the Europeans. He saw Native Americans as participants in the new economy Europeans brought to America. Weaver notes that he was known for "fair dealing with the Indians". He negotiated with Tomochichi, chief of the Yamacraw tribe for land to build Savannah on. Tomochichi became Oglethope's "strongest ally in the New World."


title: James Oglethorpe

text: As there were rumors a war with France might break out in early 1734, Oglethorpe traveled to Charleston, arriving on 2 March. While there he discussed Indian affairs and, after conferencing with the leadership of the Carolinas, decided to raise a company to build "a fort among the Upper Creek" that would counter French influence in the area and serve as a safe house for traders should a war break out between native tribes. Oglethorpe commissioned Patrick Mackay a captain and delegated the task to him. On 7 May Oglethorpe departed for Britain aboard , taking with him a delegation of Creek Indians, including Tomochichi, who was invited by the Georgia trustees to be present during the formal ratification of Oglethorpe's treaty with the Yamacraw.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: The delegation arrived on 16 June, and met George II and his family at Kensington Palace. Oglethorpe was widely acclaimed in London, although his expansionism was not welcomed in all quarters. The Duke of Newcastle, who directed British foreign policy, had tried to restrain James Oglethorpe's efforts in the colony for fear of offending the Spanish, whom Newcastle wished unsuccessfully to court as an ally. Newcastle eventually relented, and became a supporter of the colony, admitting "it will now be pretty difficult to give up Georgia". The colony's existence was one of several disputes which worsened Anglo-Spanish relations in the late 1730s. When Tomochichi returned to England, he said that parting with Oglethorpe was "like the day of death". In March 1735 the trustees requested 51,800 pounds from parliament, upon the urging of Oglethorpe, in part to construct forts along the Altamaha River. 26,000 pounds were eventually budgeted and the trustees approved construction of two forts on the river.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe's return to England reinvigorated interest in meetings of Georgia's trustees. At his urging the trustees banned the sale of rum, slavery, and regulated negotiations with Native Americans. He was placed in charge of granting licenses to trade with Native Americans, a power that he used often, only granting the right to Georgians and causing Carolinian resentment. When Oglethorpe returned to England in 1734, he had left an authority vacuum behind. There was disagreement between the civil and military authorities while he was away; a reported insurrection played a role in his decision to return. In December 1735 he left for Georgia with 257 further immigrants to the colony, arriving in February 1736.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: For the nine months that he remained in the colony, Oglethorpe was mainly at Frederica, a town he laid out to function as a bulwark against Spanish interference, where he again held the most authority. He drilled soldiers and oversaw the construction of a fort. In May he traveled to Savannah and heard 300–400 complaints, serving as "supreme civil authority". Increasingly, however, Oglethorpe focused on Georgia's southern border and military matters. He remained confident in the belief that he was "best suited to govern". Oglethorpe also held a conference with the Natives as commissioner for Indian Affairs in 1736. Complaints about Oglethorpe's actions came from Spain, Carolina, the trustees, and discontented citizens. Oglethorpe left the colony in November to request a military regiment, leaving behind another power vacuum. Discontent increased, which Oglethorpe considered a symptom of his absence. In England, he convinced the trustees of his "impeccable conduct" and was thanked for his service.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: When Oglethorpe left England the first time, Robert Walpole had ordered him to avoid intentional conflict with Spain. However, given the intended function of Georgia as a 'buffer', Oglethorpe considered conflict with Spain to be inevitable. When Oglethorpe returned to lobby for military aid in 1737, he began by requesting a grant of 30,000 pounds from parliament in January. He also requested unsuccessfully to be allowed to raise a militia, but was granted 20,000 pounds and made General of the Forces of South Carolina and Georgia. He was offered, but declined governorship of South Carolina. In 1737 Thomas Pelham-Holles granted him permission to raise the forty-second regiment for defense of Georgia's border with Spanish Florida.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: He was promoted to the rank of colonel on 10 September 1737. The following year, 246 soldiers of the 25th Regiment of Foot were incorporated into the regiment. After three further companies were recruited in England, the regiment was stationed at Fort Frederica. A Spanish invasion of the colony was planned in March 1738, but cancelled. In response to Oglethorpe gaining formal control of a regiment, other trustees—mainly Edward Vernon—became more vocal in insisting that Oglethorpe stay out of the colony's civil affairs. They also accused him of being an opportunist by starting to vote with Robert Walpole and felt Oglethorpe did not adequately keep the trustees informed of affairs in the colonies. Before allowing Oglethorpe to return to Georgia, they had "laboured to abridge his power". In October or September 1738 he returned to Frederica and soon had re-assumed his role as de facto leader of the colony.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe began to prepare for a war after as early as 1738, raising additional troops and rented or purchased several boats after the Royal Navy refused to station a ship there. Oglethorpe spent his whole fortune, £103,395, on building up Georgia's defenses. He allowed a pirate to attack Spanish shipping and worked to secure the support of the Native Americans in the area by meeting with them. He soon became very sick, and remained in poor health for the duration of the campaign. While Oglethorpe was preparing for war, he also worked to combine civil and military authority. He increasingly ignored the wishes of the other trustees, for instance not passing on a change in the land policy when he felt that the colonists would object to it. The War of Jenkins' Ear broke out in 1739.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: After receiving a letter from King George II on 7 September 1739, Oglethorpe began encouraging the Creek Indians to attack Spanish Florida. A mutiny by troops from Europe was quickly quelled. In response to a Spanish attack in November, he led 200 men in a raid on Florida, on 1 December. They penetrated as far as Fort Picolata, but retreated when it became clear they had insufficient firepower to take the fort. The troops were then ordered to attack the Castillo de San Marcos with support from Virginia and South Carolina. After Oglethorpe sent William Bull a list of the supplies he needed on 29 December, he launched an invasion on 1 January 1740, again with 200 men. They captured Fort Picolata and Fort San Francisco de Pupo, burning the former and claiming the latter for Georgia. After leaving some troops at de Pupa, Oglethorpe returned to Georgia on 11 January.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: After South Carolina was slow in providing aid, Oglethorpe traveled to Charleston, and arrived on 23 March, where he spoke with the Commons House of Assembly. They eventually agreed to provide 300 of Oglethorpe's requested 800 men. The assembly also agreed to send provisions to keep the Native Americans on their side. Twenty South Carolinians arrived by 23 April and another hundred by 9 May. After receiving these men, Oglethorpe attacked Fort St. Diego on 10 May and had captured it by 12 May. On 18 May, the commander of South Carolina's regiment arrived and by the end of the month there were 376 members present. Its size peaked at 512 members, 47 volunteers, and 54 men who were to remain on the schooner "Pearl". The colony also sent artillery and ships, leading Oglethorpe to conclude that South Carolina had given "all the assistance they could".


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe was also aided by some Native Americans. He struggled with a lack of equipment and skill needed to take a besieged city; there were no engineers, draft horses, or gunners. Upon his request, several other colonies sent supplies, notably Rhode Island and Virginia. The Royal Navy provided a poor blockade of St. Augustine, fully beginning only on 31 May. As early as April, St. Augustine had begun preparing for a siege, and throughout May and June Oglethorpe planned how he would take the city. He initially planned for a siege and an assault, but this quickly proved impractical given his lack of supplies. Next, Oglethorpe instituted a blockade that was designed to starve the inhabitants of the city into surrender; this was accomplished with the Royal Navy and soldiers on the land. Fort San Francisco de Pupo was used to block supplies entering through the St. John's River.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: On 15 June, the main contingent of soldiers were resoundingly defeated by an attack by the Spanish and Yamasee Indians. Later that month, a flotilla aimed at reinforcing the city slipped through the blockade. As the navy was going to leave upon the start of the hurricane season on 5 July, Oglethorpe then planned to launch a combined assault, from the land and water. After delays, the plan was abandoned on 2 July when the navy announced an intent to leave on 4 July. He briefly considered holding the siege with 200 seamen and a sloop, but decided the idea was impractical. Finally, Oglethorpe was forced to abandon the siege. He commanded the rear guard during the retreat. The trustees presented a 1741 plan to divide Georgia into two sections, but Oglethorpe refused to work with them.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Spain launched a counter-invasion of Georgia in 1742. Oglethorpe led his force in a defeat of Spain, decisively winning the Battle of Bloody Marsh. On 25 February 1742 he was made a brigadier general. He led another unsuccessful attack on St. Augustine in 1743. That year, William Stephens was named the president of Georgia. The appointment was a product of the trustees' frustration with Oglethorpe's lack of co-operation. He continued to hold practical control over Frederica and let Stephens control Savannah. Stephens' government began to not always defer to Oglethorpe's wishes, as did local officials. In response, Oglethorpe made another bid to hold his power, feeling Georgia functioned best "when there was no other but himself to direct and determine all controversies."


title: James Oglethorpe

text: The ODNB considers that Oglethorpe's "military contribution was of the very highest order and significance". While the loss of the Siege of Augustine was attributed by some to Oglethorpe, Baine concludes that "Oglethorpe certainly made mistakes of generalship, but he was not the principal cause of its failure." The war ended in November 1748 and the 42nd Regiment of Foot was removed from Georgia. By 1749, the Trustees had lost most of their interest in Georgia, and they gave up its charter three years later.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In what was known as the Georgia Experiment, Georgia initially banned black slavery in the colony. Oglethorpe opposed slavery because he felt that it prevented Georgia from serving as an effective buffer, because he felt slaves would work with the Spanish to gain their freedom. Further, Georgia was not intended to develop a thriving economy like the Carolina's, and thus didn't need to use slaves. The colony's economy was intended to be based on silk and wine, which made large-scale slavery unnecessary. He also felt that slavery would have a negative effect on "the manners and morality of Georgia's white inhabitants". After the urging of Oglethorpe and other trustees, slavery was banned by the House of Commons in 1735.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe was heavily criticized by many for supporting the ban in the late 1730s, and after his return to England the trustees requested that the ban be ended in 1750. It has been suggested, first by William Stephens in his diary, that Oglethorpe held slaves on his land in South Carolina while slavery was banned in Georgia, but Wilkins writes that the veracity of the claim is "uncertain"—there is no direct evidence supporting it—and he concludes that "the probability appears low that [...] Oglethorpe owned slaves."


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe returned to England on 28 September 1743, after the last attack on St. Augustine failed. He continued to be somewhat involved in the colony's affairs, attempting to stop a distinction being established between holding civil and military power, but he never returned to Georgia and generally was uninterested in the activities of the trustees. Oglethorpe was subject to a court-martial, in which it was alleged he misused funds. He was acquitted after two days.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe fought in the British Army during the Jacobite rising of 1745. By then a major-general, he took command of troops that were mustering in York, England, about 600 men. Scots invading under Charles Edward Stuart penetrated into England. Oglethorpe was tasked with intercepting retreating Scots before they reached Preston, Lancashire, in December 1745. On the 17th, he was initially ordered to engage with the rear of the Scots, led by George Murray, at Shap. The orders were amended to trap the Scots in town early the next morning upon Oglethorpe's intelligence, but the Scots left as the orders were changed. The following day, Oglethorpe travelled to Clifton in Westmorland and took a bridge from the Scots before the Clifton Moor Skirmish that evening. At the skirmish, the British were defeated. Because Oglethorpe had allowed Scots to escape from Shap, he was blamed with the defeat, accused of disobeying orders, and potentially being a Jacobite. The following year, Oglethorpe was court martialled for his actions. After a lengthy defense, he was acquitted by a panel of twelve high-ranking military officials, led by Thomas Wentworth. On 19 September 1747, Oglethorpe was promoted to lieutenant general. However, the Duke of Cumberland, who had been in command at Clifton Moor, 'blacklisted' Oglethorpe from holding command.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: He then worked on various reform efforts, with little success, until Oglethorpe and Philip Russell lost their parliamentary seats to James More Molyneux and Philip Carteret Webb in 1754. Oglethorpe's loss has been attributed to his moving to Essex and supporting the Jewish Naturalisation Act, but Baine considers that the election was "rigged against him". Webb and Molyneux gained control of the constituency's steward, bailiff, and constable. They allowed more voters to be admitted than were qualified, in a process known as faggot voting. Around fifty more people voted in the 1754 election than had the previous cycle, in stark contrast to voter numbers that had remained essentially the same since Oglethorpe was elected. While Oglethorpe and Burrell protested to parliament, the election results were upheld.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Little is known about Oglethorpe's later life. He served on the committee of the Hospital for the Maintenance and Education of exposed and deserted young Children and was a member of the Committee to encourage British fisheries. After retirement, he became friends with various literary figures in London, including Samuel Johnson, James Boswell, Hannah More and Oliver Goldsmith. Oglethorpe and Boswell became particularly close. Boswell and Johnson offered to write a biography of Oglethorpe, and Boswell began to collect materials, but no such volume was ever published.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: From 1755 to 1761 Oglethorpe was out of England. Very little is known about what he did over these six years; they are referred to as his "missing years". On 22 September, he had unsuccessfully petitioned George III to reactivate his Georgia regiment, and by 9 December Oglethorpe had left England and arrived in Rotterdam. There he requested a position in the military of Prussia from his friend James Francis Edward Keith, whom Oglethorpe had fought with in the 1710s. There are no records of what happened to Oglethorpe in the five years after he wrote a letter to Keith on 3 May 1756. Boswell wrote that he "went abroad in 1756 to his freind Keith [...] fought in the army" and "was with Keith when killed". Baine concludes that Oglethorpe took the pseudonym 'John Tebay' and likely joined the Prussian army in mid to late 1756. He was likely with Keith and Frederick the Great during the campaigns of the Seven Years' War. He probably left the army to visit family over part of the winter. In early 1758 Oglethorpe was almost discovered by Joseph Yorke, an Englishman. He was wounded at a battle on 14 October. Keith reportedly fell into Oglethorpe's arms when he was killed at the Battle of Hochkirch. He left the army in March 1759 and had returned to England by October 1761.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In May 1768, during the French conquest of Corsica, Oglethorpe pseudonymously published three essays in support of Corsican independence. He advocated strongly in favor of their independence, along with Boswell.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: As colonists in America became increasingly vocal about perceived injustices, Oglethorpe did not publicly speak out, though he privately sympathized with them. From June 1777 to April 1778 Oglethorpe and Granville Sharp unsuccessfully attempted to convince the British leadership to end the war and give the colonists rights as full Englishmen. There was a claim that Oglethorpe was offered refusal to command the British Army in the American Revolutionary War, a claim that Spalding notes scholars have been "unable to discover a shred of truth" to. In June 1785, Oglethorpe met John Adams twice in London.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpe died on 1 July 1785, at an estate in Cranham in Essex, to the east of London. He was 88. The cause of death is unknown, though it is thought to have been a disease like influenza that worsened into pneumonia.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In Atlanta, Oglethorpe University and Oglethorpe Park were named after him, while in the state at large, he is the namesake for both Oglethorpe County and the town of Oglethorpe. Also, The James Oglethorpe Primary School in Cranham is named after him.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: In 1986 the corps of cadets at the University of North Georgia in Dahlonega, Georgia officially adopted the name of the unit as the "Boar's Head Brigade". The name came from the boar's head on the department crest approved by the U.S. Army adjutant general on 11 August 1937. The boar's head was a part of the family crest of James Oglethorpe, and is a symbol of fighting spirit and hospitality so deeply a part of Georgia's heritage and the spirit of the corps of cadets at the University of North Georgia.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: All Saints' Church in Cranham, where Oglethorpe was buried, was rebuilt . However, the new church stands on the same foundations as the old one, and Oglethorpe's poetic marble memorial is on the south wall of the chancel, as before. In the 1930s, the president of Oglethorpe University Thornwell Jacobs excavated the Oglethorpe family vault in the centre of the chancel at All Saints', although permission to translate the General's relics to a purpose-built shrine at Oglethorpe University (Atlanta) had been refused by the archdeacon.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: The James Oglethorpe Monument in Chippewa Square, Savannah, Georgia, created by sculptor Daniel Chester French and architect Henry Bacon, was unveiled in 1910. Oglethorpe faces south, toward Georgia's one-time enemy in Spanish Florida, and his sword is drawn. Another of Savannah's squares, Oglethorpe Square, is named for him.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Oglethorpian anniversaries have since led to the donation of the altar rail at All Saints' by a ladies charity in Georgia. In 1996, then Georgia Governor Zell Miller attended Oglethorpe tercentenary festivities in Godalming and at Corpus Christi College, Oxford.


title: James Oglethorpe

text: Corpus Christi College holds two portraits of Oglethorpe, a drawing of the general as an old man, which hangs in the Senior Common Room, and a portrait in oils, which hangs in the Breakfast Room.


title: Vicente Zambada Niebla

text: Jesús Vicente Zambada Niebla (born 24 March 1975), also known as "El Vicentillo", is a Mexican convicted drug lord and former high-ranking member of the Sinaloa Cartel, a criminal group based in Sinaloa. He is the son of Ismael "El Mayo" Zambada, one of Mexico's most-wanted drug lords. He was arrested in Mexico City on 19 March 2009 and extradited to the United States in February 2010 to stand trial on narco-trafficking-related charges. He was sentenced to 15 years in prison on 30 May 2019. Due to his cooperation in testifying against several members of the Sinaloa Cartel, his conviction term was reduced.


title: Vicente Zambada Niebla

text: Zambada was charged with trafficking more than a billion dollars' worth of cocaine and heroin. In a 2013 plea bargain deal which was made public by a U.S. District Court in 2014, Zambada admitted coordinating smuggling tons of cocaine and heroin with "El Chapo", Joaquín Guzmán Loera, and agreed to forfeit assets of $1.37 billion to the US government. The plea bargain resulted in a fine of $4 million and 15 years in prison. He is considered a top potential witness against "El Chapo."


title: Vicente Zambada Niebla

text: On 8 November 2018, a plea agreement was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Illinois in which Zambada pleaded guilty to working with El Chapo and others to illegally import into the United States thousands of kilos of cocaine. Zambada and others used private planes, submarines, and speedboats to smuggle the drugs from Colombia to Mexico, and then into the United States. In return for Zambada's cooperation the government recommended more lenient sentencing guidelines and that measures be taken to ensure his family's safety. These included having Zambada and his family be allowed to remain permanently in the United States.


title: Vicente Zambada Niebla

text: Jesús Vicente Zambada Niebla is the son of Ismael Zambada García (alias, "El Mayo"), one of the top leaders of the Sinaloa drug-trafficking organization.


title: Cammy

text: , also referred to by her codename , is a fictional character in the "Street Fighter" fighting game series. She debuted in 1993 as one of the four new characters in "Super Street Fighter II: The New Challengers". She has also been featured in the "Street Fighter Alpha" games, first as a secret character and then as a playable character. The games explore her backstory as one of the evil M. Bison's deadliest assassins or "dolls" turned an amnesiac MI6 operative for the British government.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy has also appeared in other "Street Fighter" media, such as the 1994 live-action "Street Fighter" film and its animated spin-off, as well as "". She has also been featured in various official comics and merchandise, as well as in the crossover series "Marvel vs. Capcom" and "SNK vs. Capcom". Cammy has garnered positive, critical reception from critics and fans, with praise towards her backstory, game play, and character design. She is a frequent subject of cosplay and is particularly noted for her sex appeal. Cammy is one of the most popular characters in the series, often winning fan polls regarding who they want to see in new "Street Fighter" titles and spin-offs.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy also became an outfit in Fortnite in August 2021. It is sold in the game's item shop for 1,600 V-Bucks, equivalent to $12-$14 USD.


title: Cammy

text: Capcom's research and development head Noritaka Funamizu stated that Cammy's inclusion in "Super Street Fighter II" stemmed from his feeling that the game needed another female character besides Chun-Li. She was originally designed by the same person who had previously made "Street Fighter"'s Sagat and later also Morrigan Aensland for "Darkstalkers". Compensating for the difference in sheer strength, Chun-Li and Cammy are faster than the other characters in the game.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy is a fighter with a slender yet muscular body. She has long blonde hair which she usually wears in two braided pigtails, blue eyes and a scar on her left cheek. In "Super Street Fighter II", she is shown wearing a green sleeveless thong leotard, a military red beret, red gloves and black boots, with green camouflage stains on her legs. This iconic incarnation is known as Delta Red Cammy and appears in the "Street Fighter II" series of games, in some other games, in the American film and television productions, in several manga and comic book adaptations, in the home versions of "Street Fighter IV" and its updates. "Street Fighter V" retains largely the same look, with the addition of a black harness on her torso and a gun holster around her right thigh, but no longer wears the camouflage paint on her legs. Delta Red Cammy is approximately 19 years old in "Street Fighter II" and 22 by the time of "Street Fighter IV".


title: Cammy

text: A different look was introduced in "X-Men vs. Street Fighter", where her style and moves are similar these of both Spider-Man and Psylocke. This time, Cammy was depicted wearing a light blue, long sleeve thong leotard, a matching garrison cap, red gloves, brown leather boots, and a yellow necktie. The camouflage of her legs was replaced with blue stains in the shape of lightning bolts. This incarnation is known as Shadaloo Cammy or "Killer Bee" and appears in the "Street Fighter Alpha", "Marvel vs. Capcom" and "Capcom vs. SNK" series of games, as well as in "Namco × Capcom" and in several manga and comic adaptations. Shadaloo Cammy is approximately 16 years old.


title: Cammy

text: In "Street Fighter IV", in addition to the Delta Red attire, her default, Cammy has an alternate appearance which is reminiscent of the Shadaloo version. This consists of her wearing a blue zipped-up fleece thong leotard with matching knee-high boots with woolen trim, a Delta Red garrison cap, midnight-blue gloves and arm braces, and blue camouflage on her legs. In the consecutive "Super Street Fighter IV", she gains an additional alternate costume based on M. Bison's, mostly by its red color and the similarly shaped hat and accessories. However, she still wears a thong leotard and camouflage paint on her legs. Her fourth alternative costume in the game has her in a catgirl-like costume, with metal gauntlets and leg coverings. In "Street Fighter X Tekken", Cammy gains an additional two alternate costumes: one is based on King from "Tekken", and the second is an all-original design inspired by a punk rock type of look, with her sporting a huge red bow, a black vest with a pink top, a red skirt with leather straps and black leather knee-high boots; she also got a leopard motif costume in an update. In "Street Fighter V", Cammy has various different alternate outfits, from combat swimsuit to schoolgirl uniform, along with another catgirl, as well as crossover costumes inspired by "Haunting Ground" and "Resident Evil". One of her poses in that game has been globally censored due to the West's new sensibilities, disappointing and upsetting fans.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy has a strong personality. She has a tough attitude, where one wrong word to her could mean a snapped neck, and is fearless in battle. She refuses to go down without a fight, using her extensive skills and abilities to her advantage. She is a driven and determined young woman; with a strong sense to help others in need. She wants to see herself as a protector of others as noted in her "Street Fighter V" story where she is seen taking care of Juni and looking out for her as she recovers from being a brainwashed Doll. Cammy is gentle, respectful, and kindhearted, but she can also be very irritable and dismissive, and can be very harsh on herself when she makes mistakes. One of Cammy's most notable characteristics is her love for cats.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy was introduced in the fourth "" revision, "Super Street Fighter II: The New Challengers", as one of four new characters joining the previous games's roster. In this game, Cammy is a teen-aged agent of the fictional Delta Red commando task force within Britain's Secret Intelligence Service (MI6) formed to investigate and eradicate global crime syndicates. In the Japanese version of her ending, she is revealed to have been an agent working for the villain M. Bison in the past, but lost her memories during a past operation. The American version instead reported her as a previous lover of M. Bison's, but still having challenges related to amnesia. Other members of Delta Red include Commander Watson, Colonel Wolfman, Lt. Col. Hannah Ackerson (a relatively new addition), 1st Lieutenant Lita Luwanda (who treats Cammy as a little sister), Matthew McCoy, and George Ginzu.


title: Cammy

text: A younger version of Cammy appears as an assassin working for Bison's Shadaloo organization, with the codename "Killer Bee" (and in later games described as one of the "Shadaloo Dolls"), first in "Street Fighter Alpha 2 Gold", where she appears as a hidden character available exclusively in the second player and training modes (however, this would be rectified in "Street Fighter Alpha Anthology" where she would be fully playable in Arcade mode with a complete storyline and ending), and then in "Street Fighter Alpha 3", where she is a full-fledged playable character. In "Alpha 3", Cammy is revealed to be a clone created from M. Bison's DNA. The Game Boy Advance version of "Super Street Fighter II Turbo: Revival" and the Xbox Live and PSN remake "Super Street Fighter II Turbo HD Remix" take into account this revelation in their versions of Cammy's ending.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy is again featured in "Street Fighter IV". Set after the events of "Street Fighter II" (but before "Street Fighter III"), it depicts Cammy as having come to terms with her past as a brainwashed super soldier from Shadaloo and is now embarking a new mission with her Delta Red comrades (which include Commander Watson, Matthew McCoy, Colonel Wolfman, 1st Lieutenant Luwanda, and George Ginzu). This is the first time since the "Street Fighter II" era that Cammy has appeared in her Delta Red depiction as opposed to her Shadaloo depiction, and also the very first time in which she actually speaks with an English accent as per Cammy's birthplace being officially listed as Britain. However, due to her nature as a clone of Bison, this might not be her true place of origin. In her ending in this game, she destroys the BLECE data, believing the project to be what Bison had used to brainwash her in the first place. In the update "Super Street Fighter IV", Cammy still remembers her time as a "doll" and affectionately refers to the "Dolls" as her sisters, vowing to rescue them from Shadaloo. Her penultimate, "rival" fight is against newcomer Juri, on whom Cammy swears revenge for her ill actions towards the "dolls", only for Juri to counter the accusation by bringing up Cammy's dark past. In her new ending, Cammy consoles a recovering former "doll" (Juni from "Street Fighter Alpha 3"); this new ending establishes the fact that she is recovering her memories, or at least trying to atone for the things she did in the past. In "Ultra Street Fighter IV", Decapre, an early result of the Shadaloo cloning experiments that created Cammy, appears as a playable character. Cammy returned in "Street Fighter V".


title: Cammy

text: Cammy appears in her "Alpha" incarnation as a playable character in crossover fighting games "X-Men vs. Street Fighter", "", "", "Capcom vs. SNK 2", and "Street Fighter X Tekken". She also appears as a playable character in the shoot 'em up "Cannon Spike", where she appears in her "SSFII" costume for her default form and in her "Alpha" outfit as an alternate appearance (additionally wearing roller skates in both cases), in the browser-based social games "Onimusha Soul", where she is re-designed to fit the feudal Japan theme, and "Street Fighter Battle Combination", as well as in the mobile puzzle game "Street Fighter: Puzzle Spirits", where she is a super-deformed character.


title: Cammy

text: In the crossover tactical role-playing game "Namco × Capcom", Cammy appears as a brainwashed enemy character who later joins the player's side as a partner to Chun-Li. Cammy has also made guest appearances in other non-Capcom games, such as "Destiny Child", "Gunslinger Stratos 2", "", and "Valkyrie Connect".


title: Cammy

text: A redesigned Cammy appears in the beat'em up "" as one of the underground pit fighters who challenges the player (she also has her own brand of lager, with advertising posters in the pool hall level). In the action role-playing game "Monster Hunter Frontier Online", players can dress up their hunters in Cammy's Shadoloo outfit, while "Breath of Fire 6" and "Monster Hunter Explore" have her Delta Red costume. Frank West in "Dead Rising 4" can also be dressed up as Cammy. Cammy was also added to "Fortnite Battle Royale", alongs with Guile on August 7, 2021.


title: Cammy

text: Cammy appears as one of the main heroes in the 1994 film "Street Fighter". The film's Cammy is a British intelligence agent who serves as Colonel Guile's intelligence officer and aide-de-camp in the Allied Nations Army. She was portrayed by Australian pop singer Kylie Minogue, who also played Cammy in both "Street Fighter: The Movie" video games. Prior to her casting, the film's director, Steven E. de Souza, said they were "having trouble finding Cammy. We're seeing a lot of English girls, but they're not very thin or they're wimpy - they couldn't beat up Pee Wee Herman." After looking at hundreds of actresses in the UK, US and Australia, de Soza came upon "Who" magazine's "World's 30 Most Beautiful People" edition: "Kylie was on the cover. Right away I said, 'There's our Cammy.'"


title: Cammy

text: Cammy appears in two "Street Fighter" anime productions by Group TAC. In "", Cammy appears in a scene early in the movie, where she assassinates British minister Albert Sellers after being brainwashed by Shadaloo. She is later seen being interrogated by Chun-Li. Her status after that is unclear, with Bison's last orders to Sagat being the elimination of Vega and Cammy. In the English dub of the film, Cammy is portrayed as American rather than British.


title: Cammy

text: In the "Street Fighter II V" series, Cammy is a former special forces operative-turned-assassin who is hired by Balrog to assassinate Chun-Li's father, but is stopped by Fei Long. After her fight, she realizes that Balrog had tricked her and nearly kills him. Cammy has a completely different look in the series, wearing black leather pants a black body fit shirt, red gloves, red boots, and a black necklace with a silver cross. This incarnation of the character does not have a scar on her cheek and wears her hair in a single ponytail. As in the animated movie, the series' English dub depicts Cammy as American instead of British.