title: Quantum cryptography

text: In contrast to quantum key distribution where unconditional security can be achieved based only on the laws of quantum physics, in the case of various tasks in mistrustful cryptography there are no-go theorems showing that it is impossible to achieve unconditionally secure protocols based only on the laws of quantum physics. However, some of these tasks can be implemented with unconditional security if the protocols not only exploit quantum mechanics but also special relativity. For example, unconditionally secure quantum bit commitment was shown impossible by Mayers and by Lo and Chau. Unconditionally secure ideal quantum coin flipping was shown impossible by Lo and Chau. Moreover, Lo showed that there cannot be unconditionally secure quantum protocols for one-out-of-two oblivious transfer and other secure two-party computations. However, unconditionally secure relativistic protocols for coin flipping and bit-commitment have been shown by Kent.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Unlike quantum key distribution, quantum coin flipping is a protocol that is used between two participants who do not trust each other. The participants communicate via a quantum channel and exchange information through the transmission of qubits. But because Alice and Bob do not trust each other, each expects the other to cheat. Therefore, more effort must be spent on ensuring that neither Alice nor Bob can gain a significant advantage over the other to produce a desired outcome. An ability to influence a particular outcome is referred to as a bias, and there is a significant focus on developing protocols to reduce the bias of a dishonest player, otherwise known as cheating. Quantum communication protocols, including quantum coin flipping, have been shown to provide significant security advantages over classical communication, though they may be considered difficult to realize in the practical world.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Cheating occurs when one player attempts to influence, or increase the probability of a particular outcome. The protocol discourages some forms of cheating; for example, Alice could cheat at step 4 by claiming that Bob incorrectly guessed her initial basis when he guessed correctly, but Alice would then need to generate a new string of qubits that perfectly correlates with what Bob measured in the opposite table. Her chance of generating a matching string of qubits will decrease exponentially with the number of qubits sent, and if Bob notes a mismatch, he will know she was lying. Alice could also generate a string of photons using a mixture of states, but Bob would easily see that her string will correlate partially (but not fully) with both sides of the table, and know she cheated in the process. There is also an inherent flaw that comes with current quantum devices. Errors and lost qubits will affect Bob's measurements, resulting in holes in Bob's measurement table. Significant losses in measurement will affect Bob's ability to verify Alice's qubit sequence in step 5.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: One theoretically surefire way for Alice to cheat is to utilize the Einstein-Podolsky-Rosen (EPR) paradox. Two photons in an EPR pair are anticorrelated; that is, they will always be found to have opposite polarizations, provided that they are measured in the same basis. Alice could generate a string of EPR pairs, sending one photon per pair to Bob and storing the other herself. When Bob states his guess, she could measure her EPR pair photons in the opposite basis and obtain a perfect correlation to Bob's opposite table. Bob would never know she cheated. However, this requires capabilities that quantum technology currently does not possess, making it impossible to do in practice. To successfully execute this, Alice would need to be able to store all the photons for a significant amount of time as well as measure them with near perfect efficiency. This is because any photon lost in storage or in measurement would result in a hole in her string that she would have to fill by guessing. The more guesses she has to make, the more she risks detection by Bob for cheating.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In addition to quantum coin-flipping, quantum commitment protocols are implemented when distrustful parties are involved. A commitment scheme allows a party Alice to fix a certain value (to "commit") in such a way that Alice cannot change that value while at the same time ensuring that the recipient Bob cannot learn anything about that value until Alice reveals it. Such commitment schemes are commonly used in cryptographic protocols (e.g. Quantum coin flipping, Zero-knowledge proof, secure two-party computation, and Oblivious transfer).


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In the quantum setting, they would be particularly useful: Crépeau and Kilian showed that from a commitment and a quantum channel, one can construct an unconditionally secure protocol for performing so-called oblivious transfer. Oblivious transfer, on the other hand, had been shown by Kilian to allow implementation of almost any distributed computation in a secure way (so-called secure multi-party computation). (Notice that here we are a bit imprecise: The results by Crépeau and Kilian together do not directly imply that given a commitment and a quantum channel one can perform secure multi-party computation. This is because the results do not guarantee "composability", that is, when plugging them together, one might lose security.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Unfortunately, early quantum commitment protocols were shown to be flawed. In fact, Mayers showed that (unconditionally secure) quantum commitment is impossible: a computationally unlimited attacker can break any quantum commitment protocol.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Yet, the result by Mayers does not preclude the possibility of constructing quantum commitment protocols (and thus secure multi-party computation protocols) under assumptions that are much weaker than the assumptions needed for commitment protocols that do not use quantum communication. The bounded quantum storage model described below is an example for a setting in which quantum communication can be used to construct commitment protocols. A breakthrough in November 2013 offers "unconditional" security of information by harnessing quantum theory and relativity, which has been successfully demonstrated on a global scale for the first time. More recently, Wang et al., proposed another commitment scheme in which the "unconditional hiding" is perfect.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Physical unclonable functions can be also exploited for the construction of cryptographic commitments.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: One possibility to construct unconditionally secure quantum commitment and quantum oblivious transfer (OT) protocols is to use the bounded quantum storage model (BQSM). In this model, it is assumed that the amount of quantum data that an adversary can store is limited by some known constant Q. However, no limit is imposed on the amount of classical (i.e., non-quantum) data the adversary may store.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In the BQSM, one can construct commitment and oblivious transfer protocols. The underlying idea is the following: The protocol parties exchange more than Q quantum bits (qubits). Since even a dishonest party cannot store all that information (the quantum memory of the adversary is limited to Q qubits), a large part of the data will have to be either measured or discarded. Forcing dishonest parties to measure a large part of the data allows the protocol to circumvent the impossibility result, commitment and oblivious transfer protocols can now be implemented.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: The protocols in the BQSM presented by Damgård, Fehr, Salvail, and Schaffner do not assume that honest protocol participants store any quantum information; the technical requirements are similar to those in quantum key distribution protocols. These protocols can thus, at least in principle, be realized with today's technology. The communication complexity is only a constant factor larger than the bound Q on the adversary's quantum memory.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: The advantage of the BQSM is that the assumption that the adversary's quantum memory is limited is quite realistic. With today's technology, storing even a single qubit reliably over a sufficiently long time is difficult. (What "sufficiently long" means depends on the protocol details. By introducing an artificial pause in the protocol, the amount of time over which the adversary needs to store quantum data can be made arbitrarily large.)


title: Quantum cryptography

text: An extension of the BQSM is the noisy-storage model introduced by Wehner, Schaffner and Terhal. Instead of considering an upper bound on the physical size of the adversary's quantum memory, an adversary is allowed to use imperfect quantum storage devices of arbitrary size. The level of imperfection is modelled by noisy quantum channels. For high enough noise levels, the same primitives as in the BQSM can be achieved and the BQSM forms a special case of the noisy-storage model.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In the classical setting, similar results can be achieved when assuming a bound on the amount of classical (non-quantum) data that the adversary can store. It was proven, however, that in this model also the honest parties have to use a large amount of memory (namely the square-root of the adversary's memory bound). This makes these protocols impractical for realistic memory bounds. (Note that with today's technology such as hard disks, an adversary can cheaply store large amounts of classical data.)


title: Quantum cryptography

text: The goal of position-based quantum cryptography is to use the "geographical location" of a player as its (only) credential. For example, one wants to send a message to a player at a specified position with the guarantee that it can only be read if the receiving party is located at that particular position. In the basic task of "position-verification", a player, Alice, wants to convince the (honest) verifiers that she is located at a particular point. It has been shown by Chandran "et al." that position-verification using classical protocols is impossible against colluding adversaries (who control all positions except the prover's claimed position). Under various restrictions on the adversaries, schemes are possible.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Under the name of 'quantum tagging', the first position-based quantum schemes have been investigated in 2002 by Kent. A US-patent was granted in 2006. The notion of using quantum effects for location verification first appeared in the scientific literature in 2010. After several other quantum protocols for position verification have been suggested in 2010, Buhrman et al. claimed a general impossibility result: using an enormous amount of quantum entanglement (they use a doubly exponential number of EPR pairs, in the number of qubits the honest player operates on), colluding adversaries are always able to make it look to the verifiers as if they were at the claimed position. However, this result does not exclude the possibility of practical schemes in the bounded- or noisy-quantum-storage model (see above). Later Beigi and König improved the amount of EPR pairs needed in the general attack against position-verification protocols to exponential. They also showed that a particular protocol remains secure against adversaries who controls only a linear amount of EPR pairs. It is argued in that due to time-energy coupling the possibility of formal unconditional location verification via quantum effects remains an open problem. It is worth mentioning that the study of position-based quantum cryptography has also connections with the protocol of port-based quantum teleportation, which is a more advanced version of quantum teleportation, where many EPR pairs are simultaneously used as ports.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: A quantum cryptographic protocol is device-independent if its security does not rely on trusting that the quantum devices used are truthful. Thus the security analysis of such a protocol needs to consider scenarios of imperfect or even malicious devices. Mayers and Yao proposed the idea of designing quantum protocols using "self-testing" quantum apparatus, the internal operations of which can be uniquely determined by their input-output statistics. Subsequently, Roger Colbeck in his Thesis proposed the use of Bell tests for checking the honesty of the devices. Since then, several problems have been shown to admit unconditional secure and device-independent protocols, even when the actual devices performing the Bell test are substantially "noisy," i.e., far from being ideal. These problems include


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In 2018, theoretical studies performed by Arnon- Friedman et al. suggest that exploiting a property of entropy that is later referred to as "Entropy Accumulation Theorem (EAT)" , an extension of Asymptotic equipartition property, can guarantee the security of a device independent protocol.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Quantum computers may become a technological reality; it is therefore important to study cryptographic schemes used against adversaries with access to a quantum computer. The study of such schemes is often referred to as post-quantum cryptography. The need for post-quantum cryptography arises from the fact that many popular encryption and signature schemes (schemes based on ECC and RSA) can be broken using Shor's algorithm for factoring and computing discrete logarithms on a quantum computer. Examples for schemes that are, as of today's knowledge, secure against quantum adversaries are McEliece and lattice-based schemes, as well as most symmetric-key algorithms. Surveys of post-quantum cryptography are available.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: There is also research into how existing cryptographic techniques have to be modified to be able to cope with quantum adversaries. For example, when trying to develop zero-knowledge proof systems that are secure against quantum adversaries, new techniques need to be used: In a classical setting, the analysis of a zero-knowledge proof system usually involves "rewinding", a technique that makes it necessary to copy the internal state of the adversary. In a quantum setting, copying a state is not always possible (no-cloning theorem); a variant of the rewinding technique has to be used.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Post quantum algorithms are also called "quantum resistant", because – unlike quantum key distribution – it is not known or provable that there will not be potential future quantum attacks against them. Even though they may possibly be vulnerable to quantum attacks in the future, the NSA is announcing plans to transition to quantum resistant algorithms. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) believes that it is time to think of quantum-safe primitives.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: So far, quantum cryptography has been mainly identified with the development of quantum key distribution protocols. Unfortunately, symmetric cryptosystems with keys that have been distributed by means of quantum key distribution become inefficient for large networks (many users), because of the necessity for the establishment and the manipulation of many pairwise secret keys (the so-called "key-management problem"). Moreover, this distribution alone does not address many other cryptographic tasks and functions, which are of vital importance in everyday life. Kak's three-stage protocol has been proposed as a method for secure communication that is entirely quantum unlike quantum key distribution, in which the cryptographic transformation uses classical algorithms


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Besides quantum commitment and oblivious transfer (discussed above), research on quantum cryptography beyond key distribution revolves around quantum message authentication, quantum digital signatures, quantum one-way functions and public-key encryption, quantum fingerprinting and entity authentication (for example, see Quantum readout of PUFs), etc.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: H. P. Yuen presented Y-00 as a stream cipher using quantum noise around 2000 and applied it for the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency ( DARPA ) High-Speed and High-Capacity Quantum Cryptography Project as an alternative to Quantum Key Distribution.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Unlike Quantum Key Distribution protocols, the main purpose of Y-00 is to transmit a message without eavesdrop monitoring, not to distribute a key. Therefore, Privacy amplification may be used only for key distributions, as described below. Currently, research is being conducted mainly in Japan and China.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: The principle of operation is as follows. First, legitimate users share a key and change it to a pseudo-random keystream using the same pseudo-random number generator. Then, the legitimate parties can perform conventional optical communications based on the shared key (Advantage Creation) by transforming it appropriately. For attackers who do not share the key, the wire-tap channel model of Aaron D. Wyner is implemented, and the goal is to achieve longer covert communication than the Information-theoretic security limit (One-time pad) set by Shannon.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Although the main purpose is to transmit the message, key distribution is possible by simply replacing the message with a key.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: On the other hand, it is currently unclear what implementation realizes Information-theoretic security, and security has long been a matter of debate.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In theory, quantum cryptography seems to be a successful turning point in the information security sector. However, no cryptographic method can ever be absolutely secure. In practice, quantum cryptography is only conditionally secure, dependent on a key set of assumptions.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: The theoretical basis for quantum key distribution assumes the use of single-photon sources. However, such sources are difficult to construct, and most real-world quantum cryptography systems use faint laser sources as a medium for information transfer. These multi-photon sources open the possibility for eavesdropper attacks, particularly a photon splitting attack. An eavesdropper, Eve, can split the multi-photon source and retain one copy for herself. The other photons are then transmitted to Bob without any measurement or trace that Eve captured a copy of the data. Scientists believe they can retain security with a multi-photon source by using decoy states that test for the presence of an eavesdropper. However, in 2016, scientists developed a near perfect single photon source and estimate that one could be developed in the near future.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In practice, multiple single-photon detectors are used in quantum key distribution devices, one for Alice and one for Bob. These photodetectors are tuned to detect an incoming photon during a short window of only a few nanoseconds. Due to manufacturing differences between the two detectors, their respective detection windows will be shifted by some finite amount. An eavesdropper, Eve, can take advantage of this detector inefficiency by measuring Alice's qubit and sending a "fake state" to Bob. Eve first captures the photon sent by Alice and then generates another photon to send to Bob. Eve manipulates the phase and timing of the "faked" photon in a way that prevents Bob from detecting the presence of an eavesdropper. The only way to eliminate this vulnerability is to eliminate differences in photodetector efficiency, which is difficult to do given finite manufacturing tolerances that cause optical path length differences, wire length differences, and other defects.


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Some organizations have recommended using "Post-Quantum Cryptography (or quantum-resistant cryptography)" as an alternative because of the problems it raises in practical use. For example, National Security Agency of USA, European Union Agency for Cybersecurity of EU (ENISA), National Cyber Security Centre (United Kingdom), and French Secretariat for Defense and Security (ANSSI) recommend it. (read through the bibliography for details).


title: Quantum cryptography

text: In response to problem 1 above, attempts to deliver authentication keys using post-quantum cryptography (or quantum-resistant cryptography) have been proposed worldwide. On the other hand, quantum-resistant cryptography is cryptography belonging to the class of computational security. In 2015, a research result was already published that "sufficient care must be taken in implementation to achieve information-theoretic security for the system as a whole when authentication keys that are not information-theoretic secure are used" (when the authentication key is not information-theoretic secure (If the authentication key is not information-theoretically secure, an attacker can break it to bring all classical and quantum communications under control and relay them to launch a Man-in-the-middle attack).


title: Quantum cryptography

text: Ericsson, a private company, also cites and points out the above problems and then presents a report that it may not be able to support the Zero trust security model, which is a recent trend in network security technology.


title: California State Legislature

text: The California State Legislature is a bicameral state legislature consisting of a lower house, the California State Assembly, with 80 members; and an upper house, the California State Senate, with 40 members. Both houses of the Legislature convene at the California State Capitol in Sacramento. The California state legislature is one of just ten full-time state legislatures in the United States. The houses are distinguished by the colors of the carpet and trim of each house. The Senate is distinguished by red and the Assembly by the color green, inspired by the House of Lords and House of Commons respectively.


title: California State Legislature

text: The Democratic Party currently holds veto-proof supermajorities in both houses of the California State Legislature. The Assembly consists of 60 Democrats and 19 Republicans, with one independent, while the Senate is composed of 31 Democrats and 9 Republicans. Except for a brief period from 1995 to 1996, the Assembly has been in Democratic hands since the 1970 election. The Senate has been under continuous Democratic control since 1970.


title: California State Legislature

text: New legislators convene each new two-year session, to organize, in the Assembly and Senate chambers, respectively, at noon on the first Monday in December following the election.


title: California State Legislature

text: After the organizational meeting, both houses are in recess until the first Monday in January, except when the first Monday is January 1 or January 1 is a Sunday, in which case they meet the following Wednesday. Aside from the recess, the legislature is in session year-round.


title: California State Legislature

text: Since California was given official statehood by the U.S. on September 9, 1850, as part of the Compromise of 1850, the state capital was variously San Jose (1850–1851), Vallejo (1852–1853) and Benicia (1853–1854), until Sacramento was finally selected in 1854.


title: California State Legislature

text: The first Californian State House was originally a hotel in San Jose owned by businessman Pierre "Don Pedro" Sainsevain and his associates.


title: California State Legislature

text: Members of the Assembly are elected from 80 districts and serve two-year terms. All 80 Assembly seats are subject to election every two years. Members of the Senate are elected from 40 districts and serve four-year terms. Every two years, one half of the Senate (20 seats) is subject to election, with odd-numbered districts up for election during presidential elections, and even-numbered districts up for election during midterm elections.


title: California State Legislature

text: Term limits were initially established in 1990 following the passage of Proposition 140. In June 2012, voters approved Proposition 28, which limits legislators to a maximum of 12 years, without regard to whether they serve those years in the State Assembly or the State Senate. Legislators first elected on or before June 5, 2012, are restricted by the previous term limits, approved in 1990, which limited legislators to three terms in the State Assembly and two terms in the State Senate.


title: California State Legislature

text: The proceedings of the California State Legislature are briefly summarized in regularly published journals, which show votes and who proposed or withdrew what. Reports produced by California executive agencies, as well as the Legislature, were published in the Appendices to the Journals from 1849 to 1970. Since the 1990s, the legislature has provided a live video feed for its sessions, and has been broadcast statewide on the California Channel and local Public-access television cable TV. Due to the expense and the obvious political downside, California did not keep verbatim records of actual speeches made by members of the Assembly and Senate until the video feed began. As a result, reconstructing legislative intent outside of an act's preamble is extremely difficult in California for legislation passed before the 1990s.


title: California State Legislature

text: Since 1993, the Legislature has hosted a web or FTP site in one form or another. The current website contains the text of all statutes, all bills, the text of all versions of the bills, all the committee analyses of bills, all the votes on bills in committee or on the floor, and veto messages from the governor. Before then, committees occasionally published reports for significant bills, but most bills were not important enough to justify the expense of printing and distributing a report to archives and law libraries across the state. For bills lacking such a formal committee report, the "only" way to discover legislative intent is to access the state archives in Sacramento and manually review the files of relevant legislators, legislative committees, and the Governor's Office from the relevant time period, in the hope of finding a statement of intent and evidence that the statement actually reflected the views of several of the legislators who voted for the bill (as opposed to just one).


title: California State Legislature

text: The most sought-after legislative committee appointments are to banking, agriculture, and insurance. These are sometimes called "juice" committees, because membership in these committees often aids the campaign fundraising efforts of the committee members, because powerful lobbying groups want to donate to members of these committees.


title: California State Legislature

text: The legislature can "pocket veto" laws by avoiding consideration and thus avoiding a vote. The Appropriations "Suspense File", which was created in the mid-1980s, is a popular way to avoid a vote.


title: California State Legislature

text: When a committee refuses to vote a bill out of committee, a discharge petition can typically be passed by the broader membership. In California, as of 2019 this was governed by Senate Rule 28 which requires 21 members and Assembly Rule 96(a) which requires 41 members; the procedure was notably used in 1998.


title: California State Legislature

text: In 2019, a rule change in the Assembly allowed committee chairs to avoid considering bills, which effectively kills the proposal. A proposed amendment to the constitution (ACA-23) was proposed for the 2017–2018 session to require a vote.


title: California State Legislature

text: Across the country, pocket veto powers are not uncommon in legislatures; in Colorado, the power was notably repealed in a citizen initiative constitutional amendment in 1988 driven by various reform groups.


title: California State Legislature

text: A bill is a proposal to change, repeal, or add to existing state law. An Assembly Bill (AB) is one introduced in the Assembly; a Senate Bill (SB), in the Senate.


title: California State Legislature

text: Bills are designated by number, in the order of introduction in each house. For example, AB 16 refers to the 16th bill introduced in the Assembly. The numbering starts afresh each session. There may be one or more "extraordinary" sessions. The bill numbering starts again for each of these. For example, the third bill introduced in the Assembly for the second extraordinary session is ABX2 3. The name of the author, the legislator who introduced the bill, becomes part of the title of the bill.


title: California State Legislature

text: From December 6, 2021, members of the California State Legislature receive an annual salary of $119,702. The Assembly Speaker, Senate President pro tempore, and minority floor leaders receive salaries of $137,655. Majority floor leaders and second ranking minority leaders receive salaries of $128,680. As of 2022, these salaries are the highest paid to any state legislators. Senators receive per diem of $211 and Assembly members receive per diem of $214.


title: California State Legislature

text: In July 23rd, 2015, then former Republican presidential primary candidate John Cox submitted a ballot measure named "The Neighborhood Legislature Reform Act" proposed that the Legislature's districts be subdivided into "neighborhood districts" of approximately 5000 people within each Assembly district and 10000 people within each Senate district. The representatives of these "neighborhood districts" within each district would then elect 40 Senate members and 80 Assembly members by majority vote. It has been argued that while this proposal would make it easier for citizens to get the attention of any individual community representative, it would also in turn make it harder for these representatives to get the attention of their state legislators. The measure failed to acquire enough signatures to qualify as a proposition for the 2016 November elections ballot.


title: Kraut

text: Kraut is a German word recorded in English from 1918 onwards as an ethnic slur for a German, particularly a German soldier during World War I and World War II. Its earlier meaning in English was as a synonym for sauerkraut, a traditional Central and Eastern European food.


title: Kraut

text: In German, the term means "herb", or designates the leaves and stem of a plant as opposed to the root. The term is more often used in compound nouns for herbs, and also for cabbage and cabbage products:


title: Kraut

text: The plural "Kräuter" is commonly used (herbs, weeds) when talking about spices, but is often replaced by "Gewürz" which can refer to any spice.


title: Kraut

text: It was recorded as a colloquial term for Germans by the mid-19th century. During World War I "Kraut" came to be used in English as an ethnic slur for a German. Although during World War I it was mainly used by British Soldiers, in World War II it became used mainly by American soldiers and less so by British soldiers, who preferred the terms Jerry or Fritz. It is considered offensive by most Germans.


title: Kraut

text: The Bauer Krauts were an atom-level hockey team based in Kitchener, Ontario (known as "Berlin, Ontario" prior to the outbreak of the First World War), in the twentieth century.


title: Kraut

text: Krautrock is a popular term for a form of experimental German prog rock of the late 1960s and 1970s. Krautrock was typified by acts such as Amon Düül II, Kraftwerk, Neu!, Tangerine Dream, Faust, Can and David Bowie on his "Berlin Trilogy" albums "Low", ""Heroes"", and "Lodger", as well as many others.


title: Kraut

text: Kraut was the name of a New York punk rock band in the 1980s. Their song "All Twisted" was the first independent video to air on MTV.


title: Kraut

text: Industrial rock band KMFDM’s song “Kraut” appears on the b-side of their “Juke Joint Jezebel” single, and on their "Extra, Vol. 3" compilation.


title: Kraut

text: "Krauts with Attitude" is the title of the record released in Germany in 1991 which is credited for playing a prominent role in establishing the German hip hop scene.


title: Balance of Terror

text: "Balance of Terror" is the fourteenth episode of the of the American science fiction television series "". Written by Paul Schneider and directed by Vincent McEveety, it first aired on December 15, 1966, and again aired on August 3, 1967.


title: Balance of Terror

text: In the episode, the USS "Enterprise" battles a Romulan ship after investigating an unidentified assailant who methodically destroys the Federation's outposts at the Neutral Zone.


title: Balance of Terror

text: "Balance of Terror" introduces the cloaking device and the Romulans. Mark Lenard plays the Romulan commander; he later portrayed Spock's father Sarek in the majority of his later "Star Trek" appearances, as well as a Klingon captain in "". The episode also features the final appearance of yeoman Janice Rand (Grace Lee Whitney), who would not appear again until "Star Trek: The Motion Picture".


title: Balance of Terror

text: The episode's events are explored within an alternate future in the "" (2022) episode "A Quality of Mercy".


title: Balance of Terror

text: The USS "Enterprise", under the command of Captain Kirk, is investigating a loss of communications with a line of Earth outposts near the Romulan Neutral Zone, formed under the terms of the peace treaty that ended the Earth–Romulan War a century earlier. Because there were no visual communications at that time, the two races have never seen each other.


title: Balance of Terror

text: While Kirk officiates at the wedding of Lieutenant Tomlinson and Ensign Martine, Outpost 4 comes under attack. The "Enterprise" comes to Outpost 4's aid and contacts the base commander, Hansen, who reveals he is the only survivor of an attack by an unknown enemy. As they speak, the enemy ship reappears, fires, and disappears. The shot destroys the outpost and kills Hansen.


title: Balance of Terror

text: The ship's sensors locate the attacker, which remains invisible. Kirk surmises that the attacker is equipped with a cloaking device. A coded message from the intruder provides a view through one of its internal cameras, revealing humanoids with an appearance like Vulcans. Lieutenant Stiles, the navigator, son of a service family that lost several members in the Earth–Romulan War, begins to question the loyalty of the "Enterprise" first officer, Mr. Spock.


title: Balance of Terror

text: During a discussion of the Romulan ship's capabilities, Stiles suggests the "Enterprise" attack before it can reach the Neutral Zone. Spock agrees; he reasons that if the Romulans are in fact an offshoot of the Vulcan species and have retained the martial philosophy of the Vulcans' ancient past, they would surely take advantage of any perceived weakness.


title: Balance of Terror

text: A cat-and-mouse game ensues. The "Enterprise" is faster and more maneuverable, while the Romulan ship has a cloaking device and immensely destructive plasma torpedoes. However, the range of these torpedoes is limited, and firing one requires so much power that the ship must decloak first.


title: Balance of Terror

text: After several attacks, the Romulans, almost beaten, plant a nuclear weapon amidst jettisoned debris. When Spock detects a "metal-cased object", Kirk orders a point-blank phaser shot that detonates the device. The "Enterprise" is shaken by the blast and many of the phaser crew are incapacitated, requiring Stiles to fill in. Kirk orders operations to work at minimal power to exaggerate the apparent damage and lure the Romulans in for a kill shot. Although the Romulan commander suspects Kirk's trap, Decius, a politically well-connected member of the command crew, pressures him to attack. When the Romulan ship decloaks to launch a torpedo, Kirk tries to spring his trap, but a coolant leak in the phaser control room incapacitates Stiles and Tomlinson. Spock, whom Stiles had called "Vulcan" and insulted as being unneeded in the control room, returns to rescue Stiles and fires the phasers, mortally wounding the Romulan ship.


title: Balance of Terror

text: Kirk hails the Romulans and at last communicates directly with his opponent, offering to beam aboard survivors. The Romulan commander tells Kirk that he regrets having met him in combat, that "You and I are of a kind. In a different reality, I could have called you friend." He declines Kirk's offer to take off his crew, telling the Captain that it is not the Romulan way to be taken prisoner. The Commander then triggers his ship's self-destruct system.


title: Balance of Terror

text: "Enterprise" only fatality is Lt. Tomlinson. Kirk goes to the chapel to offer comfort to a grieving Ensign Martine.


title: Balance of Terror

text: "The Star Trek Compendium" stated the episode was essentially a science fiction version of the submarine film "The Enemy Below", depicting a cat-and-mouse game between the "Enterprise" as the American destroyer against a Romulan vessel as the U-boat.


title: Balance of Terror

text: Director Vincent McEveety had seen the 1957 film "The Enemy Below" but only noticed the similarities between its plot and this episode later. He admitted "Obviously, it's the same story."


title: Balance of Terror

text: The soundtrack cue "In the Chapel", played during the opening scene of the wedding ceremony, is an instrumental medley of the 19th century English song "Long, Long Ago" by Thomas Haynes Bayly and the "Bridal Chorus" by Richard Wagner.


title: Balance of Terror

text: The term "photon torpedo" was only invented for a later episode "", but the same effect was used in this one although still called "phaser".


title: Balance of Terror

text: On September 16, 2006, "Balance of Terror" became the first digitally , featuring enhanced and new visual effects, computer generated (CGI) spaceships, and high definition format.


title: Balance of Terror

text: All core Star Trek regular background players appear in this episode: Eddie Paskey (Lt. Lesley and William Shatner stand-in), Frank da Vinci (Lt. Brent and Leonard Nimoy stand-in), William Blackburn (Lt. Hadley and De Forest Kelley stand-in), Ron Veto (Harrison), John Arndt (Fields), and Jeanne Malone (Enterprise yeoman and stand-in for Grace Lee Whitney.)


title: Balance of Terror

text: The episode is frequently praised by critics and regularly appears on lists of the best episodes of "Star Trek". In 2016, "The Washington Post" ranked "Balance of Terror" the third-best episode of the entire "Star Trek" franchise, noting that it investigates the connection between wars and race, that it shows both sides of a conflict in deep space. A 2017 article in "The Washington Post" which ranked the seven captains of "Star Trek" included a special mention of the captain of the Romulan vessel, calling him "The greatest alien captain".


title: Balance of Terror

text: In 2016, "Business Insider" ranked "Balance of Terror" the best episode of "The Original Series". In 2016, SyFy ranked guest star Mark Lenard (the Romulan captain), as the eighth-best guest star on "The Original Series". In 2016, "Empire" ranked this the 43rd-best in a top 50 ranking of the 700 plus "Star Trek" television episodes. Critic Ed Gross praised the episode for exploring the theme of bigotry, and as "a piece of television that manages to conjure genuine suspense as one commander attempts to outmaneuvre the other".


title: Balance of Terror

text: Guest star Mark Lenard, who portrayed the Romulan commander, returned in the episode "Journey to Babel" where he played Sarek, Spock's father. Lenard has the distinction of having played a Romulan, Klingon and Vulcan over the course of the series, the only actor to have done so.


title: Balance of Terror

text: Bryan Fuller called the episode a "favorite" and a "touchstone" which influenced the creation of the story arc in "".


title: Balance of Terror

text: The events of the episode are revisited in the "" episode "A Quality of Mercy", where Christopher Pike (Anson Mount) sees an alternative future wherein he was not disabled and has retained captaincy of the USS "Enterprise". The differences between Pike and Kirk are highlighted; while Pike's preference for peace and mutual respect eventually gain the admiration of the Romulan commander, the peaceful attempt to negotiate with the Romulans, who see the gesture as an act of weakness and determine that the Federation is likewise weak, caused restarting open war with the Romulans, and it is ultimately alternate-future Kirk's brashness, cunning, and luck that barely saved the alternative "Enterprise"; his quality is implied to be what prevented open war with Romulans in the original timeline.


title: Balance of Terror

text: Comic book publisher IDW Publishing released a prequel, "Star Trek Alien Spotlight: Romulans" and a sequel, "Star Trek Romulans: The Hollow Crown". They are not part of the official Star Trek canon.


title: Klang Valley

text: Klang Valley (; ; ) is an urban conglomeration in Malaysia that is centered in the federal territories of Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya, and includes its adjoining cities and towns in the state of Selangor. It is conterminous with Greater Kuala Lumpur, although there are variations between the two.


title: Klang Valley

text: The Klang Valley is geographically delineated by the Titiwangsa Mountains to the north and east and the Strait of Malacca to the west. It extends to Rawang in the northwest, Semenyih in the southeast, and Klang and Port Klang in the southwest. The conurbation is the heartland of Malaysia's industry and commerce. As of 2020, the Klang Valley is home to roughly 8 million people.


title: Klang Valley

text: The valley is named after the Klang River, the principal river that flows through it that starts at Klang Gates Quartz Ridge in Gombak and flows into the Straits of Malacca in Port Klang, The river is closely linked to the early development of the area as a cluster of tin mining towns in the late 19th century. Development of the region took place largely in the East-West direction (between Gombak and Port Klang) but the urban areas surrounding Kuala Lumpur have since grown north and south towards the border with Perak and Negeri Sembilan respectively.


title: Klang Valley

text: There is no official designation of the boundaries that make up the Klang Valley but it is often assumed to comprise the following areas and their corresponding local authorities:


title: Klang Valley

text: Even though the Klang Valley officially consists of separate cities and suburbs, integration between these cities is very high, with a highly developed road network and an expanding integrated rail transit system. Many expressways criss-cross the metropolis making cars the most convenient way to get around. However, this has led to the Klang Valley's notorious traffic jams which span whole kilometres of expressways and make driving during peak hours exhausting. Since the 1990s, new rail systems, such as Rapid KL's light rapid transit (LRT), mass rapid transit (MRT), KTM Komuter, ERL's airport rail links and a monorail have been developed. Most of these systems have gone through extensive expansion as a superproject. The Klang Valley Integrated Transit System, as of now, is currently being upgraded to include a new MRT line and LRT line, as well as a monorail serving Putrajaya. Buses that operate around Klang Valley are also extensive.


title: David Goffin

text: David Goffin (; born 7 December 1990) is a Belgian professional tennis player. His career-high singles ranking is world No. 7. He is currently the Belgian No. 1, and the first Belgian man to be ranked in the top 10. Goffin has won six ATP titles and reached nine other finals, most notably at the 2017 ATP Finals.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin's breakthrough came at the 2012 French Open, where he was a lucky loser making his major debut. He reached the fourth round before losing to Roger Federer in four sets. Goffin has since reached four major quarterfinals, at the 2016 French Open, and the 2017 Australian Open, and the 2019 and 2022 Wimbledon Championships. At the 2017 ATP Finals, Goffin defeated Dominic Thiem, world No. 1 Rafael Nadal and world No. 2 Roger Federer en route to the final where he lost to Grigor Dimitrov.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin plays a baseline-oriented game, and he is considered to be an offensive baseliner, with accurate and powerful groundstrokes. He has a good forehand, which he uses to good effect and to move opponents around the court, but his two-handed backhand is his strongest shot, particularly down-the-line. It is considered to be one of the best two-handers on tour. Both wings are capable of producing winners. He is also one of the best returners in the game, winning 53.9% of second serve return points in 2017. He has a good serve, capable of reaching 125 mph (202 km/h). He is an excellent mover around the court as well, and also excellent at retrieving tricky balls. He is solid at the net, but this isn't one of his major assets.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin is sponsored by Wilson for his racquets and Asics for his clothing and footwear. He uses the Wilson Blade 98 18x20 Countervail racquet.


title: David Goffin

text: As a junior, he compiled a singles win–loss record of 76–40, reaching as high as No. 10 in the junior combined world rankings in July 2008. He took part in only two junior slams, losing in the second round of the French Open and the first round of Wimbledon in 2008.


title: David Goffin

text: Throughout the 2009 season, Goffin played Futures and Challenger tournaments. His best result of the year came when he qualified for Todi, Italy. He won four consecutive matches after qualification, eventually succumbing to Simon Greul, ranked No. 84, in a semifinal in straight sets.


title: David Goffin

text: In 2010, Goffin played Futures and Challenger tournaments throughout the year with varying results. He finished the year ranked No. 233.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin won his first match on the ATP tour at the 2011 Chennai open, defeating India's No. 1, Somdev Devvarman. He lost in the second round to Stanislas Wawrinka.


title: David Goffin

text: In 2012, he reached the quarterfinals of an ATP World Tour tournament for the first time at the 2012 Chennai Open, after defeating top-50 countryman Xavier Malisse and Andreas Beck.


title: David Goffin

text: At the French Open 2012, though he did not win in the last qualifying round of the qualifications, he entered the tournament's main draw as a lucky loser thanks to the withdrawal of Gaël Monfils. In his first round, he faced world no. 27 and 23rd seed for men's singles Radek Štěpánek and beat him in five sets. The second round saw Goffin take on French veteran player Arnaud Clément (who was playing his last French Open) whom he beat in five sets in a match postponed due to rain at a score of 5–1 the previous day. Goffin then beat Łukasz Kubot in the third round to become the first lucky loser to reach the last 16 of a Grand Slam since compatriot Dick Norman at Wimbledon 1995. Goffin was eventually eliminated by third seed Roger Federer, but not before managing to win the first set.


title: David Goffin

text: He received one of the wild cards for Wimbledon, and in the first round he beat 20th seed and 2011 quarterfinalist Bernard Tomic. Then, in the second round, he beat Jesse Levine to advance to the third round, where he ultimately lost to the resurgent 10th seed Mardy Fish.


title: David Goffin

text: At the US Open, he entered the main draw, but lost in the first round to world no. 7, sixth seed, and eventually semifinalist at the tournament Tomáš Berdych.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started the season by making his debut at the 2013 Brisbane International. He defeated wildcard (and crowd favourite) Matthew Ebden, before losing to seventh seed Jürgen Melzer in the second round.


title: David Goffin

text: In the first round of the French Open, he faced then-No. 1, Novak Djokovic. He proved a challenge for Djokovic, but lost the match in straight sets. Goffin's performance as well as Djokovic's laboured efforts in defeating him were the subject of brief attention to the quality of Goffin's playing.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin made it to the third round in Cincinnati, where he was again defeated by Djokovic. He qualified in Winston-Salem and defeated Jack Sock in the first round, but lost to Dmitry Tursunov in the second round. He did not play any tournaments in 2013 after the US Open, where he lost in the first round to Alexandr Dolgopolov.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin had to retire in his second-round match at the Challenger event in New Caledonia, and he withdrew from qualifying for the Australian Open due to a left quadriceps injury.


title: David Goffin

text: From July to August, following his opening round loss at Wimbledon to defending champion Andy Murray, Goffin won four consecutive tournaments. The first three were Challengers, but the fourth was his maiden ATP tour-level title when he won the Austrian Open Kitzbühel, beating Dominic Thiem in the final. During this run, Goffin won 40 out of the 42 sets he played and won 20 consecutive matches.


title: David Goffin

text: In September, after reaching the third round of the US Open for the first time, he won his second career ATP title, the Moselle Open in Metz, France, beating higher seeded players Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfinals and João Sousa in the final. His run from July to September launched him over 75 places up the rankings, putting him into the world's top 40 for the first time in his career.


title: David Goffin

text: At the Swiss Indoors in Basel, he advanced to his first ATP 500 tournament final, beating Milos Raonic in the quarterfinals, his first win over a top-10 player. He lost the final to five-time champion Roger Federer in straight sets; however, his run to the final propelled him to a career-high ranking of No. 22 in the world, a ranking with which he would finish the 2014 season. After having started the year ranked 111th in the world, Goffin ended the season ranked just outside the top 20, a difference of 89 places, and as a result he was awarded the Comeback Player of the Year award by the ATP for 2014.


title: David Goffin

text: 2015 saw Goffin have continued success, reaching two more ATP finals and breaking into the world's top 20, as well as decent runs in the major tournaments. His season was highlighted by being the driving force in the Belgium Davis Cup team's surprise run to the final, which they lost to Great Britain, Goffin being defeated by Andy Murray in the decisive fourth rubber after having earlier won the second rubber against Kyle Edmund.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin reached fourth round for the first time at 2016 Australian Open, where he lost to Roger Federer in straight sets. In March at Indian Wells, he reached his first Masters 1000 semifinal, where he lost to Milos Raonic. He followed it up with another semifinal defeat in Miami, losing to Novak Djokovic in straights sets. He next competed in the Monte Carlo Masters. He defeated Feliciano Lopez in the first round. He then played Fernando Verdasco and won in a close match. He then lost to lucky loser Marcel Granollers. Goffin then competed in the BMW Open. In his first match, he defeated Victor Estrella Burgos. He then played Alexander Zverev and lost. At the Mutua Madrid Open despite having four match points, he lost in the first round to Lucas Pouille. Then he competed in the Rome Masters. He won his first match against Leonardo Mayer. He next played Jack Sock in the second round, winning in straight sets. He then played world No. 8 Tomáš Berdych and defeated him without losing a single game. In the quarterfinals, he lost to second seed Andy Murray.


title: David Goffin

text: At the 2016 French Open, he played the first round against wild card Grégoire Barrère. He won in straight sets. In the second round, he played against qualifier Carlos Berlocq and won again in straight sets. In the third round, he won in a more than 3 hours match against Nicolás Almagro. In the fourth round, he won in four sets against Ernests Gulbis. His tournament ended in the quarterfinals, where he lost to Dominic Thiem in four sets. At Wimbledon, he won in the first and second round in straight sets. In the third round, he needed four sets to win against Denis Istomin. In the fourth round, he lost to Milos Raonic after he had a 2–0 advance in sets.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin reached the third round of the men's singles at the 2016 Olympics in Rio, beating Sam Groth and Dudi Sela before unexpectedly losing to Thomasz Bellucci.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin was upset in the first round of the 2016 U.S. Open, losing in four sets to 19-year-old American Jared Donaldson. Goffin took part in the Tour Finals as a reserve after Gaël Monfils had to withdraw due to injury. Goffin was defeated by Novak Djokovic in the round-robin stage.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started 2017 at the World Tennis Championship in Abu Dhabi. He defeated Jo-Wilfried Tsonga in the quarterfinals and top seed Andy Murray in the semifinals, before losing to Rafael Nadal in the final. At the Qatar Open, he defeated Robin Haase in the opening round before losing to Fernando Verdasco in the second round. Goffin reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam for the second time in Melbourne, following victories over Reilly Opelka, Radek Štěpánek, Ivo Karlović and Dominic Thiem. He was then defeated in straight sets by Grigor Dimitrov.


title: David Goffin

text: In February, Goffin defeated defending champion Roberto Bautista Agut to reach the final of the Sofia Open. There, he lost in straight sets again to Dimitrov. A week later, he recorded his first victory over Dimitrov in the quarterfinals of the Rotterdam Open. Goffin went on to reach his second-straight final, but lost in three sets to Jo-Wilfried Tsonga. This resulted in him achieving a top ten ranking for the first time, becoming the first Belgian man to do so.


title: David Goffin

text: After losing in the Round of 16 at both Indian Wells and Miami, Goffin led the Belgian Davis Cup team to victory over Italy in the World Group quarterfinals by winning both of his singles rubbers against Andreas Seppi and Paolo Lorenzi.


title: David Goffin

text: At the Monte Carlo Masters, Goffin defeated World No. 9 Dominic Thiem and World No. 2 Novak Djokovic to reach the semifinals. There, he lost in straight sets to the eventual champion, Rafael Nadal. He went on to reach the quarterfinals in Madrid and the round of 16 in Rome, falling to Nadal and Marin Cilic, respectively.


title: David Goffin

text: At the 2017 French Open, Goffin was forced to retire whilst leading his third round match against Horacio Zeballos. He injured his right ankle when he tripped on a tarpaulin by the side of the court.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin returned to the tour in July with early losses at Umag and Gstaad. Following second and first round losses in Montréal and Cincinnati, respectively, Goffin reached the fourth round of the US Open for the first time. There, he lost to Andrey Rublev in straight sets. He then led Belgium to another Davis Cup victory against Australia in the World Group semifinals with four-set wins in both his singles rubbers against Nick Kyrgios and John Millman. With this win, Belgium reached its second Davis Cup final in three years, having lost to Great Britain in the 2015 final.


title: David Goffin

text: In October, Goffin won back-to-back titles in Shenzen and Tokyo. His title in Shenzhen was his third career title and first on the main tour since 2014, having lost in his six previous finals. By winning his first ATP 500 title in Tokyo, Goffin returned to the top ten, having been absent since May.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin qualified outright for the season-ending ATP Finals for the first time, having played as an alternate for Gaël Monfils in 2016. In the round-robin stage, victories over World No. 1 Rafael Nadal and Dominic Thiem secured him the runner-up spot in the Pete Sampras Group, behind Grigor Dimitrov. He beat Roger Federer for the first time in his career in the semifinal, ending a six match losing streak against him. Goffin became the sixth player to beat Federer and Nadal at the same event and the first since Nikolay Davydenko in 2009 to beat the top two-ranked players at year-end finals. In the final, Goffin was beaten by Dimitrov, 7–5, 4–6, 6–3. He ended the year with a career-high ranking of No. 7.


title: David Goffin

text: In his final event of the season, Goffin represented Belgium in the Davis Cup World Group final against France in Villeneuve d'Ascq, France on 24–26 November. Despite Goffin winning both his singles rubbers against Lucas Pouille and Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, the Belgian team were defeated 2–3. Goffin ended the year having won all six of the singles rubbers he played in 2017, against France, Italy in the quarterfinals, and Australia in the semifinals.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started the season at the Australian Open but was upset in the second round by Julien Benneteau. He rebounded from this disappointing start to the year by winning both of his singles rubbers against Attila Balazs and Márton Fucsovics to help Belgium win its Davis Cup World Group first round tie against Hungary and set up a quarterfinal matchup against the United States. Goffin then reached back-to-back semifinals at the Open Sud de France and the Rotterdam Open, where he lost to Richard Gasquet and Grigor Dimitrov, respectively. In Rotterdam, Goffin was forced to retire from his semifinal match against Dimitrov after a ball ricocheted off his racquet and hit him in the left eye. Due to swelling caused by the injury, Goffin withdrew from the Marseille Open, where he would have been the top seed. Two weeks later he also had to withdrew from Indian Wells. Goffin made his comeback in Miami, but was eliminated by João Sousa in his first match, having won only a game. After the Miami Open he had to return to Belgium to check his eye. Because of this check-up he wasn't able to participate in the World Group quarterfinals against the United States. Belgium lost by 4 rubbers to 0.


title: David Goffin

text: He reached the quarterfinals of the Monte Carlo Masters, where he lost to Grigor Dimitrov. He then competed at Barcelona, where he reached the semifinals, falling to eventual champion Rafael Nadal. At Rome, he reached the quarterfinals where he lost to defending champion Alexander Zverev. At the 2018 French Open, he reached the fourth round before losing to Marco Cecchinato, who went on to upset Novak Djokovic in the quarterfinals. In the grass season, Goffin lost in the first round of both Queen's and Wimbledon.


title: David Goffin

text: At Washington, Goffin reached the quarterfinals where he was defeated by Stefanos Tsitsipas. He lost in the first round of the 2018 Rogers Cup to Milos Raonic. He then saw a good performance at the Cincinnati Masters, defeating sixth seed Kevin Anderson and fourth seed Juan Martín del Potro on his way to the semifinals facing Roger Federer, where he was forced to retire due to injury after losing the first set tiebreak. At the 2018 US Open, he matched his 2017 performance, reaching the fourth round where he lost to Marin Čilić in straight sets. He had to end his season after a loss to Andy Murray in the Shenzhen Open in September because of pain in his elbow.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin began his season at the Qatar Open where in singles he was upset by Ričardas Berankis in the first round. In the doubles with Pierre-Hugues Herbert he claimed his first ATP doubles title. He reached the third round of the Australian Open, where he lost to Daniil Medvedev. After early losses at Lyon and Rotterdam, he made the semifinals in Marseille, where he lost to top seed Stefanos Tsitsipas. In the clay season, he reached one semifinal, at the Estoril Open, again being defeated by Tsitsipas. At the French Open, he was defeated in the third round by Rafael Nadal.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin had a productive grass season, reaching the quarterfinals at 's-Hertogenbosch and reaching the final of the ATP 500 event in Halle. Despite being unseeded, Goffin defeated eighth seed Guido Pella and second seed Alexander Zverev en route to the final, where he was defeated by top seed and nine-time champion Roger Federer. At Wimbledon, Goffin was seeded 21st, defeating Bradley Klahn, Jérémy Chardy, 11th seed Daniil Medvedev, and Fernando Verdasco to reach his first quarterfinal at the tournament. There, he was defeated by top seed and defending champion Novak Djokovic.


title: David Goffin

text: In the North American hard court season, Goffin suffered early defeats in Washington and Montreal. Defending a semifinal appearance at the Cincinnati Masters, Goffin was the 16th seed. He defeated Taylor Fritz, Guido Pella, Adrian Mannarino before receiving a walkover over Yoshihito Nishioka in the quarterfinals. He defeated Richard Gasquet in straight sets in the semifinals to reach his first Masters 1000 final. There, he was defeated by ninth seed Daniil Medvedev. In the US Open, Goffin reached the round of 16 where he was defeated by Roger Federer in straight sets.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started the year by representing Belgium at the first edition of the ATP Cup. In their first tie against Moldova, he won his match over Radu Albot. Against England, he dropped his match to Dan Evans. at the 2020 Australian Open beating Jeremy Chardy, and Pierre-Hugues Herbert, before losing in four sets to Andrey Rublev. At the Open Sud de France, Goffin was defeated by Vasek Pospisil in the semi finals. Later, at the Rotterdam Open, Goffin was seeded fourth but was defeated by Jannik Sinner.


title: David Goffin

text: At the Open 13 and Western & Southern Open, Goffin lost to Egor Gerasimov and Jan-Lennard Struff respectively. At the US Open, he lost to Denis Shapovalov in the round of 16. This was his 4th round for a fourth straight year at this Grand Slam.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started 2021 at the Antalya Open. Seeded second, he reached the semifinals where he lost to fourth seed and eventual champion, Alex de Minaur. As the top seed at the first edition of the Great Ocean Road Open, he was defeated in the second round by rising star Carlos Alcaraz. Seeded 13th at the Australian Open, he was eliminated in the first round by Australian wildcard Alexei Popyrin in five sets, despite holding four match points in the fourth set.


title: David Goffin

text: Seeded second at the Open Sud de France, Goffin won his fifth ATP tour singles title beating top seed, Roberto Bautista Agut, in the final. Seeded sixth at the Rotterdam Open, he was beaten in the second round by qualifier Jérémy Chardy. Seeded sixth in Doha, he fell in his second-round match to Taylor Fritz. Seeded fifth at the Dubai Championships, he lost in the second round to Kei Nishikori. Seeded eighth at the Miami Open, he was defeated in the second round by James Duckworth.


title: David Goffin

text: Seeded 11th at the Monte-Carlo Masters, his first clay-court tournament of the season, Goffin reached the quarterfinals beating Marin Čilić, qualifier Marco Cecchinato, and fifth seed Alexander Zverev. He was eliminated in his quarterfinal match by Dan Evans, who had upset world No. 1, Novak Djokovic, in the previous round. Seeded eighth at the Barcelona Open, he retired during his third-round match against Cam Norrie due to a leg injury. He returned from injury in June at the Italian Open. Seeded 12th, he was beaten in the second round by qualifier Federico Delbonis. Seeded fourth in Lyon, he lost in the second round to Aljaž Bedene. Seeded 13th at the French Open, he was defeated in the first round by Lorenzo Musetti.


title: David Goffin

text: Turning to the grass-court season, Goffin, the seventh seed at the Halle Open, retired in the first round against Corentin Moutet due to an ankle injury. As a result, he missed Wimbledon due to the same injury.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin returned to the scene in August at the Western & Southern Open in Cincinnati. Seeded 15th, he was beaten in the first round by Guido Pella. Seeded 27th at the US Open, he was defeated in the first round by American Mackenzie McDonald. On September 9, 2021, he announced on Instagram that he would miss the rest of the season due to a knee injury.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started his 2022 season at the first edition of the 2022 Melbourne Summer Set 1. Seeded fourth, he lost in the second round to Alex Molčan. Seeded eighth at the Sydney Classic, he retired during his quarterfinal match against Andy Murray due to a knee injury. Ranked No. 45 at the Australian Open, he was defeated in the first round by 24th seed Dan Evans.


title: David Goffin

text: Seeded eighth and defending champion at the Open Sud de France in Montpellier, Goffin lost in the second round to Adrian Mannarino. In Rotterdam, he was beaten in the first round by Alex de Minaur. At the Qatar ExxonMobil Open, he lost in the first round to Emil Ruusuvuori. At the Dubai Championships, he was defeated in the first round by qualifier Taro Daniel. Representing Belgium in the Davis Cup tie against Finland, Goffin won both of his matches over Otto Virtanen and Emil Ruusuvuori. In the end, Belgium beat Finland 3-2. At the Indian Wells Masters, he was eliminated in the first round by Jordan Thompson in three sets. Seeded eighth at the Arizona Classic, he reached the quarterfinals where he lost to Liam Broady. In Miami, he was ousted from the tournament in the second round by 17th seed and world No. 19, Pablo Carreño Busta.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started his clay-court season at the Grand Prix Hassan II in Marrakesh, Morocco. Ranked No. 74, his lowest position since July 2014 when he was then World No. 78, he reached his first final since February 2021 by defeating qualifier, Damir Džumhur, in the first round, Pablo Andújar in the second round to reach the quarterfinals for his 300th match win, Roberto Carballés Baena in the quarterfinals, and Federico Coria in the semifinals. He won his sixth ATP singles title by beating Alex Molčan in the final. Due to winning the title in Marrakesh, his ranking improved from No. 74 to No. 47. Accepting a wildcard into the main draw at the Monte-Carlo Masters, he defeated last year semifinalist, Dan Evans, in the second round. He lost in the third round to eventual finalist Alejandro Davidovich Fokina. At the Serbia Open, he was beaten in the first round by eighth seed Filip Krajinović. Getting past qualifying at the Madrid Open, he made it to the third round where he lost in a three hour and nine-minute three-set match to third seed, world No. 4, and five-time champion, Rafael Nadal, despite having four match points. As a result, he returned to the top 50 in the rankings at World No. 48 on 9 May 2022. At the Italian Open, he upset 11th seed and world No. 12, Hubert Hurkacz, in the first round for his first top-15 win of the season. He was defeated in the second round by Jenson Brooksby. Ranked No. 48 at the French Open, he defeated 24th seed and world No. 27, Frances Tiafoe, in the second round to reach the third round at this Major for the first time in 3 years. He lost in the third round to 12th seed and world No. 13, Hubert Hurkacz.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin was forced to skip the beginning of the grass season due to a left leg injury he sustained after losing to Hurkacz at Roland Garros. Ranked No. 39, he returned to action during the week of June 13th at the Halle Open. He lost in the first round to world No. 1 and eventual finalist, Daniil Medvedev. After 3 years of absence, ranked No. 58 at Wimbledon, he beat 23rd seed and world No.28, Frances Tiafoe, in the fourth round in five sets to reach the quarterfinals at this Major for the second time. He lost in the quarterfinals to ninth seed, world No. 12, and home crowd favorite, Cam Norrie.


title: David Goffin

text: Goffin started his US Open series in August at the Citi Open in Washington, D.C. He lost in the first round to American Jack Sock. At the National Bank Open in Montreal, he was ousted from the tournament in the first round by Albert Ramos Viñolas. Getting past qualifying at the Western & Southern Open, he lost in the first round to fellow qualifier Marcos Giron. Goffin played his final tournament before the final Grand slam of the year at the Winston-Salem Open. He lost in the first round to eventual finalist Laslo Đere. At the US Open, he lost in the first round as well.


title: David Goffin

text: He qualified at the 2022 Astana Open as a lucky loser after the late withdrawal of Holger Rune. In the first round, he defeated top seed and World No. 1 Carlos Alcaraz in straight sets, earning Goffin his third career victory over a reigning World No. 1.


title: David Goffin

text: Since 2018 Goffin has been in a relationship with Stephanie Tuccitto, who he married on 18 September 2021.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Kathrine Virginia Switzer (born January 5, 1947) is an American marathon runner, author, and television commentator.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: In 1967, she became the first woman to run the Boston Marathon as an officially registered competitor. During her run, race manager Jock Semple assaulted Switzer, trying to grab her bib number and thereby remove her from official competition. After knocking down Switzer's trainer and fellow runner Arnie Briggs when he tried to protect her, Semple was shoved to the ground by Switzer's boyfriend, Thomas Miller, who was running with her, and she completed the race.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: The AAU banned women from competing in races against men as a result of her run, and it was not until 1972 that the Boston Marathon established an official women's race.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer was born in Amberg, Germany, the daughter of a major in the United States Army. Her family returned to the United States in 1949. She graduated from George C. Marshall High School in Fairfax County, Virginia, then attended Lynchburg College. She transferred to Syracuse University in 1967, where she studied journalism and English literature. She earned a bachelor's degree there in 1968 and a master's degree in 1972.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: After transferring from Lynchburg to Syracuse, Switzer sought permission to train with the men's cross-country running program. Permission was granted, and cross-country assistant coach Arnie Briggs began training with her. Briggs insisted a marathon was too far for a "fragile woman" to run, but he conceded to Switzer: "If any woman could do it, you could, but you would have to prove it to me. If you ran the distance in practice, I’d be the first to take you to Boston." By the winter of 1967, Switzer was training for the upcoming Boston Marathon, tackling courses in Syracuse and on the roads between Syracuse and Cazenovia, New York, 20 miles away.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Technically, the rule book for the Boston Marathon made no mention of gender. But it was widely understood that women were prohibited from running in official competition: the rules of the AAU, which governed the Marathon, declared that women could not compete in AAU-sanctioned races over a mile and a half.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: This exclusion of women from a premier athletic event was already drawing high-profile challenges. In 1966, Bobbi Gibb had tried to enter the race officially and had been rejected by BAA Director Will Cloney with the explanation that women were physiologically incapable of running 26 miles. Gibb ran the full 1966 race anyway, jumping unobserved onto the course near the starting pen in the middle of the pack. She finished with a time of 3:21:40, ahead of two-thirds of the runners. But Gibb wore no runner's bib and was not an official entrant.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Kathrine Switzer had decided that she would run as an official competitor despite the prohibitions. She registered using her assigned AAU number, and paid the full race fee. The required certificate of fitness and the application signature she provided were both submitted under the name 'K.V. Switzer.' Switzer later said she signed the application "as I always sign my name." She also stated that her name had been misspelled on her birth certificate, so she often used her initials to avoid confusion. She had a male runner collect her bib - number 261 - before the race.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer's father was supportive of his daughter's entry into the race, and on race day, other runners assembling for the start greeted her with support and enthusiasm, leading her to feel "very welcome". She ran among others from her running club, including coach Arnie Briggs and her boyfriend Tom Miller.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: As Gibb had the year earlier, Switzer wore a hooded sweatshirt to cover her long hair and avoid attention, but a few miles into the course, the hood slipped off and it became clear that a woman was running the Boston Marathon as an official entrant.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: At this point, John "Jock" Semple jumped off the following press truck and charged after Switzer. Semple was one of the Marathon's indispensable characters, an irascible Scots-born former runner who was described in Sports Illustrated as "Mr. Boston Marathon himself." Semple had been volunteering to manage the race for decades, and had kept the event afloat during years when press and runners alike lost interest in the marathon. He did much of the actual organizing of the race, processed most of the applications, and wrangled the mob of runners to the start of the course on race day. He was also a strict traditionalist who considered the Marathon to be "sacred," and was well known in Marathon circles for his custom of charging angrily after participants he found insufficiently serious about the race. In the mid-1960s he chased a contestant running in an Uncle Sam outfit, repeatedly dashing cups of water in the runner's face. In 1957, he reportedly was almost charged with attempted assault after he threw himself bodily at a racer running in webbed snorkeler's shoes and a grotesque mask. To Semple, women competing in defiance of the rules were as out of line as the costume-wearing pranksters he decried as "weirdies."


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Semple charged at Switzer and tried to rip her numbered bib off of her running clothes, to prevent her from continuing as an official competitor. In her memoir, she wrote:


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Semple succeeded in removing one of Switzer's gloves, but did not remove her bib. When Switzer's coach Arnie Briggs attempted to protect Switzer, Semple knocked him out of the way. Soon after, Switzer's boyfriend, Tom Miller, a 235-pound ex-football player and nationally ranked hammer thrower who was running with her, threw his shoulder into Semple and knocked him to the ground. Semple complained in a 1968 interview about Miller's success in stopping his assault, saying, "That guy's a hammer thrower, for cripes' sake!"


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer finished the marathon in approximately 4 hours and 20 minutes. Semple's attack was captured by photographers and the melee on the course made international headlines. The symbolism of Switzer's escape from Semple's charge far overshadowed the success of Bobbi Gibb, who ran the race for the second time and was the first woman to cross the 1967 finish line, with a time almost an hour faster than Switzer's. As she had in 1966, Gibb ran without a bib. She was not challenged during the race.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Semple later claimed that Switzer had been issued a number through an "oversight" in the entry screening process.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Boston Athletic Association director Will Cloney—who had rejected Bobbi Gibb's entry into the 1966 Boston Marathon—was asked his opinion of Switzer competing in the race. Although the race rule book made no mention of gender and Switzer had a valid race registration, Cloney said: "Women can't run in the Marathon because the rules forbid it. Unless we have rules, society will be in chaos. I don't make the rules, but I try to carry them out. We have no space in the Marathon for any unauthorized person, even a man. If that girl were my daughter, I would spank her."


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Because Switzer had successfully slipped through the entry restrictions, the AAU formally barred women from all competitions with male runners, with violators losing the right to compete in any race. Switzer, with other female runners, tried to convince the Boston Athletic Association to allow women to participate in the marathon. Finally, in 1972, the Boston Marathon established an official women's race.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer was the women's winner of the 1974 New York City Marathon, with a time of 3:07:29 (59th overall). Her personal best time is 2:51:37, at Boston in 1975.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer was named Female Runner of the Decade (1967–77) by "Runner's World Magazine". She later became a television commentator for marathons, starting with the 1984 Olympic women's marathon, and received an Emmy Award for her work. In 1979, the Supersisters trading card set was produced and distributed; one of the cards featured Switzer's name and picture.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer wrote "Running and Walking for Women over 40" in 1997. She released her memoir, "Marathon Woman", in April 2007, on the 40th anniversary of her first running of the Boston Marathon. In April 2008, "Marathon Woman" won the Billie Award for journalism for its portrayal of women in sports.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: She was inducted into the National Women's Hall of Fame in 2011 for creating a social revolution by empowering women around the world through running. Since 1967, she has worked to improve running opportunities for women.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: In 2015, Switzer launched a global non-profit called 261 Fearless with an ambassador program, club training system, and events. 261 Fearless uses running as a means to empower women to overcome life obstacles and embrace healthy living.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: For the 2017 Boston Marathon—her ninth time running the race, and the 50th anniversary of her first time—she was assigned bib number 261, the same number she had been assigned in 1967. She was placed in wave 1 and corral 1 and finished in 4:44:31. She was leading a team of runners from 261 Fearless, and rather than being the only woman officially in the race like in 1967, she was joined by over 13,700 women—almost half of the total runners. That same year, the Boston Athletic Association announced it would not assign bib number 261 to any future runners, as an honor for Switzer.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Also in 2017, she ran the New York City Marathon for the first time since 1974; she finished in 4:48:21.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: In May 2018, Switzer was the commencement speaker at the 164th commencement of Syracuse University, and received an honorary doctorate of humane letters degree.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: In 1968, Switzer married Tom Miller, the man who had put an end to Semple's attack in 1967. They divorced in 1973. Switzer subsequently married and divorced public relations executive Philip Schaub. She married British-born New Zealand runner and author Roger Robinson in 1987.


title: Kathrine Switzer

text: Switzer eventually made amends with Semple after he changed his mind with regard to women in sports. The two became close friends, and she last visited him shortly before Semple's death in 1988.


title: Astral body

text: The astral body is a subtle body posited by many philosophers, intermediate between the intelligent soul and the mental body, composed of a subtle material. In many recensions the concept ultimately derives from the philosophy of Plato though the same or similar ideas have existed all over the world well before Plato's time: it is related to an astral plane, which consists of the planetary heavens of astrology. The term was adopted by nineteenth-century Theosophists and neo-Rosicrucians.


title: Astral body

text: The idea is rooted in common worldwide religious accounts of the afterlife in which the soul's journey or "ascent" is described in such terms as "an ecstatic.., mystical or out-of body experience, wherein the spiritual traveller leaves the physical body and travels in his/her subtle body (or dreambody or astral body) into ‘higher’ realms". Hence "the "many kinds of 'heavens', 'hells', and purgatorial existences believed in by followers of innumerable religions" may also be understood as astral phenomena, as may the various "phenomena of the séance room". The phenomenon of apparitional experience is therefore related, as is made explicit in Cicero's "Dream of Scipio".


title: Astral body

text: The astral body is sometimes said to be visible as an aura of swirling colours. It is widely linked today with out-of-body experiences or astral projection. Where this refers to a supposed movement around the real world, as in Muldoon and Carrington's book "The Projection of the Astral Body", it conforms to Madame Blavatsky's usage of the term. Elsewhere, this latter is termed "etheric", while "astral" denotes an experience of dream-symbols, archetypes, memories, spiritual beings and visionary landscapes.


title: Astral body

text: Neoplatonists agreed with Plato as to the immortality of the rational soul but disagreed as to whether man's "irrational soul" was immortal and celestial ("starry", hence astral) or whether it remained on earth and dissolved after death. The late Neoplatonist Proclus, who is credited the first to speak of subtle "planes", posited two subtle bodies or "carriers" ("okhema") intermediate between the rational soul and the physical body. These were; 1) the astral vehicle which was the immortal vehicle of the Soul and 2) the spiritual ("pneuma") vehicle, aligned with the vital breath, which he considered mortal.


title: Astral body

text: The word "astral" means "of the stars", thus the astral plane, consisting of the celestial spheres, is held to be an astrological phenomenon: "The whole of the astral portion of our earth and of the physical planets, together with the purely astral planets of our System, make up collectively the astral body of the Solar Logos". There are "seven types of astral matter" by means of which "psychic changes occur periodically".


title: Astral body

text: Such ideas greatly influenced medieval religious thought and are visible in the Renaissance medicine of Paracelsus and Servetus. In the romantic era, alongside the discovery of electromagnetism and the nervous system, there came a new interest in the spirit world. Franz Anton Mesmer spoke of the stars, animal magnetism and magnetic fluids. In 1801, the English occultist Francis Barrett wrote of a herb's "excellent astral and magnetic powers" – for herbalists had categorised herbs according to their supposed correspondence with the seven planetary influences.


title: Astral body

text: In the mid-nineteenth century the French occultist Eliphas Levi wrote much of "the astral light", a factor he considered of key importance to magic, alongside the power of will and the doctrine of correspondences. He considered the astral light the medium of all light, energy and movement, describing it in terms that recall both Mesmer and the luminiferous ether.


title: Astral body

text: Levi's idea of the astral was to have much influence in the English-speaking world through the teachings of The Golden Dawn, but it was also taken up by Helena Blavatsky and discussed in the key work of Theosophy, "The Secret Doctrine". Levi seems to have been regarded by later Theosophists as the immediate source from which the term was adopted into their sevenfold schema of planes and bodies, though there was slight confusion as to the term's proper use.


title: Astral body

text: Blavatsky frequently used the term "astral body" in connection with the Indian "linga sharira" which is one of the seven principles of human life. However, she said that "there are various astral bodies". For example, she talked of one as being constituted by "the lower manas and volition, kama" According to the Theosophical founder William Q. Judge "There are many names for the Astral Body. Here are a few: Linga Sarira, Sanskrit, meaning design body, and the best one of all; ethereal double; phantom; wraith; apparition; doppelgänger; personal man; perispirit; irrational soul; animal soul; Bhuta; elementary; spook; devil; demon. Some of these apply only to the astral body when devoid of the corpus after death."


title: Astral body

text: C.W. Leadbeater and Annie Besant (Theosophical Society Adyar), equated it with Blavatsky's "Kama" (desire) principle and called it the "Emotional body". "Astral body", "desire body", and "emotional body" became synonymous, and this identification is found in later Theosophically inspired thought. The astral body in later Theosophy is "the vehicle of feelings and emotions" through which "it is possible...to experience all varieties of desire". We have a "life in the astral body, whilst the physical body is wrapped in slumber". So the astral body "provides a simple explanation of the mechanism of many phenomena revealed by modern psycho-analysis". To this extent, then, the "astral body" is a reification of the dream-world self.


title: Astral body

text: According to Max Heindel's Rosicrucian writings, the Desire body is made of desire stuff, from which human beings form feelings and emotions. It is said to appear to spiritual sight as an ovoid cloud extending from sixteen to twenty inches beyond the physical body. It has a number of whirling vortices (chakras) and from the main vortex, in the region of the liver, there is a constant flow which radiates and returns. The desire body exhibits colors that vary in every person according to his or her temperament and mood.


title: Astral body

text: However, the astral body (or "Soul body") must be evolved by means of the work of transmutation and will eventually be evolved by humanity as a whole. According to Heindel, the term "astral body" was employed by the mediaeval Alchemists because of the ability it conferred to traverse the "starry" regions. The "Astral body" is regarded as the "Philosopher's Stone" or "Living Stone" of the alchemist, the "Wedding Garment" of the Gospel of Matthew and the "Soul body" that Paul mentions in the First Epistle to the Corinthians


title: Astral body

text: Many other popular accounts of post-Theosophical ideas appeared in the late 20th century. Barbara Brennan's "Hands of Light" distinguishes between the emotional body and the astral body. She sees these as two distinct layers in the seven-layered "Human Energy Field". The emotional body pertains to the physical universe, the astral body to the astral world. The Mother sometimes referred to the astral body and experiences on the astral plane. The Indian master Osho occasionally made use of a modified Theosophical terminology.


title: Astral body

text: According to Samael Aun Weor, who popularised Theosophical thought in Latin America, the astral body is the part of human soul related to emotions, represented by the sephirah Hod in the kabbalistic Tree of Life. However the common person only has a kamarupa, body of desire or "lunar astral body," a body related to animal emotions, passions and desires, while the true human emotional vehicle is the solar astral body, which can be crystallised through Tantric sex. The solar astral body is the first mediator between the Cosmic Christ, Chokmah, and the individual human soul.


title: Astral body

text: "What is called the ‘body-Kesdjan,’ or, as they themselves later began to name this being-part of theirs—of which, by the way, contemporary beings know only by hearsay—the ‘Astral-body.’"


title: Astral body

text: "At first on the planet itself the ‘second-being-body,’ i.e., the body-Kesdjan, together with the ‘third-being-body’ separate themselves from the ‘fundamental-planetary-body’ and, leaving this planetary body on the planet, rise both together to that sphere where those cosmic substances— from the localizations of which the body-Kesdjan of a being arises—have their place of concentration.


title: Astral body

text: “And only there, at the end of a certain time, does the principal and final sacred Rascooarno occur to this two-natured arising, after which such a ‘higher being-part’ indeed becomes an independent individual with its own individual Reason."


title: Astral body

text: According to Gurdjieff it is an independent arising which is intermediate between the physical body and the Soul.


title: Astral body

text: Gurdjieff refers to the astral body as the "body Kesdjan" or "vessel of the soul": it is of the sun and all planets, just as the physical body is of the earth. While it is not developed one is a "human being only in quotation marks", who cannot be considered in any meaningful sense to have a soul and who will "die like a dog".


title: Astral body

text: There is no scientific evidence that an astral body exists. Psychologist Donovan Rawcliffe, who assumes the existence of the astral body to be a myth, has written that "delusions and hallucinations due to acenesthesia or hysteria have undoubtedly helped to perpetuate the myth of the astral body."


title: Cartoonist

text: A cartoonist is a visual artist who specializes in both drawing and writing cartoons (individual images) or comics (sequential images). Cartoonists differ from comics writers or comic book illustrators in that they produce both the literary and graphic components of the work as part of their practice. Cartoonists may work in a variety of formats, including booklets, comic strips, comic books, editorial cartoons, graphic novels, manuals, gag cartoons, storyboards, posters, shirts, books, advertisements, greeting cards, magazines, newspapers, webcomics, and video game packaging.


title: Cartoonist

text: Cartoonists may also be denoted by terms such as comics artist, comic book artist, graphic novel artist or graphic novelist.


title: Cartoonist

text: Ambiguity may arise because "comic book artist" may also refer to the person who only illustrates the comic, and "graphic novelist" may also refer to the person who only writes the script.


title: Cartoonist

text: The English satirist and editorial cartoonist William Hogarth, who emerged in the 18th century, poked fun at contemporary politics and customs; illustrations in such style are often referred to as "Hogarthian". Following the work of Hogarth, political cartoons began to develop in England in the latter part of the 18th century under the direction of its great exponents, James Gillray and Thomas Rowlandson, both from London. Gillray explored the use of the medium for lampooning and caricature, calling the king (George III), prime ministers and generals to account, and has been referred to as the father of the political cartoon.


title: Cartoonist

text: While never a professional cartoonist, Benjamin Franklin is credited with the first cartoon published in "The Pennsylvania Gazette" in 1754: "Join, or Die", depicting the American colonies as segments of a snake. In the 19th century, professional cartoonists such as Thomas Nast, whose work appeared in "Harper's Weekly", introduced other familiar American political symbols, such as the Republican elephant.


title: Cartoonist

text: Calum MacKenzie, in his preface to the exhibition catalog, "The Scottish Cartoonists" (Glasgow Print Studio Gallery, 1979) defined the selection criteria:


title: Cartoonist

text: Many strips were the work of two people although only one signature was displayed. Shortly after Frank Willard began "Moon Mullins" in 1923, he hired Ferd Johnson as his assistant. For decades, Johnson received no credit. Willard and Johnson traveled about Florida, Maine, Los Angeles, and Mexico, drawing the strip while living in hotels, apartments and farmhouses. At its peak of popularity during the 1940s and 1950s, the strip ran in 350 newspapers. According to Johnson, he had been doing the strip solo for at least a decade before Willard's death in 1958: "They put my name on it then. I had been doing it about 10 years before that because Willard had heart attacks and strokes and all that stuff. The minute my name went on that thing and his name went off, 25 papers dropped the strip. That shows you that, although I had been doing it ten years, the name means a lot."


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: The Canadian Surface Combatant, formerly the Single Class Surface Combatant Project is the name given to the procurement project that will replace the and warships with up to 15 new ships beginning in the mid to late 2020s as part of the National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: The replacement vessels will be somewhat larger than the existing "Halifax" class, and presumably provide a wide-area air defence capability, anti-submarine as well as anti-ship warfare capability. The design of these ships is currently underway and both the total number of ships and their capability will be dependent on the budget that is allocated to the project. In 2017, a new defence policy framework, entitled "Strong, Secure and Engaged", was unveiled which promised significantly greater resources for the Surface Combatant Project - i.e. in the range of $60 billion. By 2021, the Parliamentary Budget Officer estimated the cost for the program of 15 Type 26 ships as $77.3 billion, "rising to $79.7 billion if there is a one-year delay in the start of construction and $82.1 billion if there is a two-year delay".


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: On 19 October 2018, it was announced that the Type 26 was the "preferred design" and the government "will now enter into negotiations with the winning bidder to confirm it can deliver everything promised in the complex proposal." However, after litigation by one of the failed bids, Alion Canada, was announced in November 2018, the government was ordered to postpone any discussion of contracts until the investigation by the Canadian International Trade Tribunal was complete. The Trade Tribunal dismissed the complaint for lack of standing on 31 January 2019, and the Canadian government announced they had signed the $60 billion contract with the winning bidders on 8 February 2019. Alion appealed the decision to Federal Court, but discontinued its challenge in November 2019.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: The Single Class Surface Combatant Project is a naval procurement program for the Royal Canadian Navy created to replace the aging "Iroquois"-class anti-air warfare destroyers and "Halifax"-class multi-role frigates. The "Iroquois" and "Halifax" ships have come to the end or are nearing the end of their service lives and require replacement. The "Iroquois" class was originally scheduled for retirement around 2010 after 40 years in service; the ships were then expected to have their service lives extended until replacements were commissioned. However, all four have been decommissioned, the last being in March 2017. The "Halifax" class is projected to end their service lives in the 2020s.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: The navy had investigated adopting the active phased array radar (APAR), leading observers to suggest that APAR and the associated SMART-L would equip the Single-Class Surface Combatant or upgraded "Halifax"-class ships during the Frigate Equipment Life Extension (FELEX) project. Upgrades to the existing "Halifax" class with such a system would likely be difficult since the APAR requires its own mast and might make the "Halifax"-class design top-heavy.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: In the 2008 Canadian National Shipbuilding Procurement Strategy, $26 billion was planned for the construction of the 15 vessels of the Single Class Surface Combatant Project. The first ships were slated to become available in 2026. The initial plan called for separate bids for design and integration of systems aboard the vessels. The government later investigated merging those bids.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: On 26 October 2012 a letter of interest was published by Public Works and Government Services Canada to announce a session in which interested firms could find out the needs of DND for the new class and the project in general. The closing date was 5 November 2012. On 20 January 2015, Irving Shipbuilding was named the prime contractor for the program. The role of the lead contractor gave Irving Shipbuilding overall control of the project, and the company had already won the right to build the vessels at its yard in Halifax, Nova Scotia. This led to questions concerning the bidding process and the awarding of the contracts. In fall 2015, high increases in costs were reported, more than doubling to $30 billion from $14 billion for the new warships. The total cost of the naval ship building program rose from $26.2 billion to $42 billion in a study. This put in jeopardy the number of ships that could be produced and raised the prospect of ships with reduced capabilities.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: In November 2015, seven companies were pre-qualified for the combat systems integrator role. Atlas Elektronik, DCNS, Lockheed Martin Canada, Saab Australia, Selex ES, Thales Nederland and ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Canada all made the shortlist. For the warship designer role, the following companies were pre-qualified: Alion-JJMA, BAE Systems, DCNS, Fincantieri, Navantia, Odense Maritime Technology and ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems Canada.


title: Canadian Surface Combatant

text: On 13 June 2016, Minister of Public Services and Procurement Judy Foote announced that the government would buy and modify an off-the-shelf design for the new warships, instead of designing them from scratch. The minister said a competitive bid for an existing design would knock about two years off the process and save money. The nearly $2 billion saving in research and development costs would allow for more ships to be built and the integration of more advanced technology with increased capability, over the long term.