title: Andrea Roth

text: Her first big role was in the Canadian horror film "The Club" (1994), directed by Brenton Spencer, and appeared in numerous television series and TV movies before landing her role on "Rescue Me". Her other long role was that of Diana/NeuroBrain on "", who appeared in all episodes. Roth also appeared in the Jet Li action film "War" (2007). Furthermore, she guest-starred on "Blue Bloods" and "Ringer".


title: Andrea Roth

text: On March 29, 2010, Roth gave birth to a daughter with Todd Biermann. The couple married on October 7, 2011.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: Terrance Gordon Sawchuk (December 28, 1929 – May 31, 1970) was a Canadian professional ice hockey goaltender who played 21 seasons in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Detroit Red Wings, Boston Bruins, Toronto Maple Leafs, Los Angeles Kings and the New York Rangers. He won the Calder Trophy, earned the Vezina Trophy in four different seasons, was a four-time Stanley Cup champion, and was elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame the year after his final season, one of only ten players for whom the three year waiting period was waived.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: At the time of his death, Sawchuk was the all-time leader among NHL goaltenders with and with . In the many decades following his death, his NHL win record has been surpassed by only seven goaltenders, and his NHL shutout record has been surpassed by one goaltender, though Sawchuk will forever remain the all-time leader in wins and shutouts by goaltenders who played in the Original Six era (1942 - 1967). In 2017, Sawchuk was named one of the "100 Greatest NHL Players".


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: and raised there until his family moved to Bowman Avenue in East Kildonan, a working-class, formerly Ukrainian section of Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. He was the third of four sons and one adopted daughter of Louis Sawchuk, a tinsmith who had immigrated to Canada as a boy from Galicia, Austria-Hungary (now Ukraine), and his wife Anne ("nee" Maslak), a homemaker. The second son died young from scarlet fever and the oldest, an aspiring hockey goaltender whom Terry idolized, died suddenly of a heart attack at age seventeen. At age twelve, Sawchuk injured his right elbow playing rugby and, not wanting to be punished by his parents, hid the injury, preventing the dislocation from properly healing. Thus, the injury left his right arm with limited mobility and was now also several inches shorter than the left, which bothered him for his entire athletic career. After inheriting his good friend's goalie equipment, Sawchuk began playing ice hockey in a local league and worked for a sheet-metal company installing vents over bakery ovens. His goaltending talent was so evident that at age fourteen a local scout for the Detroit Red Wings had him work out with the team, who later signed him to an amateur contract and sent him to play for their junior team in Galt, Ontario in 1946, where he also finished the eleventh grade but most likely did not graduate from high school. He excelled in many sports. He played baseball for a number of years for the Elmwood Giants first in the Manitoba Senior AA League starting in 1948, when he won the league's batting title, and then in Mandak League. He played in both the infield and the outfield.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: The Red Wings signed Sawchuk to a professional contract in 1947, and he quickly progressed through their developmental system, winning honors as the Rookie of the Year in both the U.S. and American Hockey Leagues. Sawchuk also filled in for seven games when the Detroit goalie Harry Lumley was injured in January 1950. Sawchuk showed such promise that the Red Wings traded Lumley to the Chicago Black Hawks, though he had just led the team to the 1950 Stanley Cup. Nicknamed "Ukey" or "The Uke" by his teammates because of his Ukrainian ancestry, Sawchuk led the Red Wings to three Stanley Cups in five years, winning the Calder Memorial Trophy as the top rookie and three Vezina Trophies for the fewest goals allowed (he missed out the other two years by one goal). He was selected as an All-Star five times in his first five years in the NHL, had fifty-six shutouts, and his goals-against average (GAA) remained under 2.00. In the 1951–52 playoffs, the Red Wings swept both the Toronto Maple Leafs and the Montreal Canadiens, with Sawchuk surrendering five goals in eight games (for a 0.625 GAA), with four shutouts. During the last of these eight games, the Legend of the Octopus began as the first of the eight-limbed molluscs was hurled onto the ice from the stands.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: Sawchuk was ordered by Detroit general manager Jack Adams to lose weight before the 1951–52 season. After his weight loss, his personality seemed to change and he became sullen and withdrawn. He became increasingly surly with reporters and fans, preferring to do crossword puzzles than give interviews. He also struggled for years to regain the weight. Also contributing to his moodiness and self-doubt was the pressure of playing every day despite repeated injuries — there were no backup goaltenders. He frequently played through pain, and during his career he had three operations on his right elbow, an appendectomy, countless cuts and bruises, a broken foot, a collapsed lung, ruptured discs in his back, and severed tendons in his hand. A standup goaltender, he adopted a crouching stance to see through the legs of skaters. Years of crouching in the net caused Sawchuk to walk with a permanent stoop and resulted in lordosis (swayback), which prevented him from sleeping for more than two hours at a time. He also received approximately 400 stitches to his face (including three in his right eyeball) before finally adopting a protective facemask in 1962. In 1966, Life Magazine had a make-up artist apply stitches and scars to Sawchuk's face to demonstrate all of the injuries his face sustained over the years. The make-up artist did not have enough room for everything.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: The Red Wings traded Sawchuk to the Boston Bruins in June 1955 because they had a capable younger goaltender in the minor leagues (Glenn Hall). This devastated Sawchuk. During his second season with Boston, Sawchuk was diagnosed with mononucleosis, but returned to the team after only two weeks. Physically weak, playing poorly, and on the verge of a nervous breakdown and exhaustion, he announced his retirement in early 1957 and was labeled a "quitter" by team executives and several newspapers. Detroit reacquired Sawchuk by trading young forward Johnny Bucyk to Boston. After seven seasons, when they had another promising young goalie (Roger Crozier) ready for promotion from the minor leagues, Detroit left Sawchuk unprotected in the 1964 intra-league waiver draft, and he was quickly claimed by the Maple Leafs. With Sawchuk sharing goaltending duties with the forty-year-old Johnny Bower, the veteran duo won the 1964–65 Vezina Trophy and led Toronto to the 1967 Stanley Cup. In Sawchuk's last game with the Maple Leafs, he stopped 40 of 41 shots in 3-1 victory over the Montreal Canadiens in the Cup clinching game 6. Left unprotected in the June 1967 expansion draft, Sawchuk was the first player selected, taken by the Los Angeles Kings where he played one season before being traded back to Detroit.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: In June 1969, the Red Wings traded Sawchuk and Sandy Snow to the New York Rangers for Larry Jeffrey. Sawchuk played sparingly for the Rangers, starting only six games. On February 1, 1970, in only his fourth start of the season, he recorded his 103rd and final shutout of his career by blanking the Pittsburgh Penguins 6–0. This was also his last NHL win. His last regular season start was on March 14, 1970 in a 7–4 loss to the Chicago Black Hawks. Sawchuk's last playoff start was in a 5–3 playoff quarterfinals loss to the Boston Bruins on April 9, 1970. Sawchuk appeared in his last NHL game on April 14 in the same playoff series. In game 5, after Phil Esposito had scored at 7:59 of the third period to put Boston in the lead, Rangers coach Emile Francis, in an effort to slow down the game, replaced goalie Ed Giacomin with Sawchuk. He was in the net for less than a minute before Giacomin returned and the Rangers lost the game 3–2. Boston went on to win the series 4


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: Sawchuk married Patricia Ann Bowman Morey on August 6, 1953 after a brief courtship. They had seven children, and the family endured many years of Sawchuk's increasing alcoholism, philandering (he impregnated a Toronto girlfriend in 1967), and verbal and physical abuse. Morey threatened to divorce him numerous times, and finally did so in 1969.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: Sawchuk struggled with untreated depression, a condition that often affected his conduct. After the 1969–70 season ended, Sawchuk and Rangers teammate Ron Stewart, both of whom had been drinking, physically fought over expenses for the house they rented together on Long Island, New York. Sawchuk suffered severe internal injuries during the scuffle from falling on top of Stewart's bent knee. At Long Beach Memorial Hospital, Sawchuk's gallbladder was removed and he had a second operation on his damaged and bleeding liver. The press described the incident as "horseplay", and Sawchuk told the police that he accepted full responsibility for the events.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: At New York Hospital Manhattan, another operation was performed on Sawchuk's bleeding liver. He never recovered and died shortly thereafter from a pulmonary embolism on May 31, 1970 at the age of 40. The last reporter to speak to him, a week before his death, was Shirley Fischler (wife of Stan Fischler), who went to see him in the hospital as a visitor, not identifying herself as a reporter. Sawchuk told her the incident with Stewart "was just a fluke, a complete fluke accident." Fischler described him as "so pale and thin that the scars had almost disappeared from his face." A Nassau County grand jury exonerated Stewart and ruled that Sawchuk's death was accidental. Sawchuk was buried in Mount Hope Cemetery in Pontiac, Michigan.


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: During his career, Sawchuk won 501 games (447 regular season and 54 playoff), while recording 115 shutouts, (103 in the regular season and 12 in the playoffs). Sawchuk set the standard for measuring goaltenders, and was publicly hailed as the "best goalie ever" by a rival general manager in 1952, during only his second season. Sawchuk finished his hockey career with 447 wins, a record that stood for thirty years, and his career record of 103 shutouts remained unsurpassed among NHL goaltenders, until Martin Brodeur bested that mark on December 21, 2009. In 1971, Sawchuk was posthumously elected to the Hockey Hall of Fame and awarded the Lester Patrick Trophy for his contribution to hockey in the United States. The Red Wings retired his number 1 in 1994. In 1996, the book "Shutout: The Legend of Terry Sawchuk" by sports author Brian Kendall, was published. A second book "Sawchuk: The troubles and triumphs of the World's Greatest Goalie" was published in 1998 by David Dupuis, with the participation of the Sawchuk family. In 2001, he was honored with his image on a Canadian postage stamp, even though he had become a U.S. citizen in 1959. In 2008, "Night Work: The Sawchuk Poems," a book of poetry about Sawchuk by Randall Maggs, was published. The Terry Sawchuk Arena in his hometown of Winnipeg is named in his honour. In 2019, a film about his life and times was released, titled "Goalie".


title: Terry Sawchuk

text: When he joined the Maple Leafs, Sawchuk originally wore jersey number 24, but switched to 30. In the decades since, NHL goaltenders have chosen numbers in the 30s inspired by his example and that of players like the Canadiens' Patrick Roy, who would have used 30 but was forced to pick another since it was already taken by right winger Chris Nilan (he chose 33, which itself became popular as a choice).


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: Rocket Mortgage, LLC (formerly known as Quicken Loans LLC) is a mortgage loan provider. It is headquartered in the One Campus Martius building in the financial district of Downtown Detroit, Michigan. In January 2018, the company became the largest overall retail lender in the U.S. (it is also the largest online retail mortgage lender). Unlike other large mortgage lenders that depend on deposits, Rocket Mortgage relies on wholesale funding to make its loans and uses online applications rather than a branch system. Amrock and One Reverse Mortgage are also part of the Rocket Mortgage Family of Companies. The company closed more than $400 billion of mortgage volume across all 50 states from 2013 through 2017.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: Rock Financial was founded in 1985 by Dan Gilbert, Ron Berman, Lindsay Gross, and Gary Gilbert. In May 1998, Gilbert took Rock Financial public, launching an IPO underwritten by Bear Stearns.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: The company started to change course in the late 1990s, shifting from a traditional mortgage provider to an online-focused lender. Traditionally, the home mortgage business in America has been fragmented due to varying regulations in each state and locality. Gilbert challenged this orthodoxy, however, by offering loan applications online that were reviewed by experts versed in the regulations of each region but who were located in a central headquarters.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In December 1999, a year and a half after the IPO, Intuit Inc. (makers of QuickBooks, TurboTax, and Quicken) purchased Rock Financial Corp. for $532M. The company was renamed Quicken Loans.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In June 2002, two and a half years after selling the company, Dan Gilbert led a small group of private investors in purchasing the Quicken Loans subsidiary back from Intuit for $64M.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In 2004, Quicken Loans became a defendant in a class action lawsuit. This was filed against the company on behalf of employees who had worked as loan consultants for any Quicken office within the past three years. The claimants alleged that Quicken violated the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) by failing to pay the plaintiffs overtime for working beyond a 40-hour work week. Quicken Loans denied these claims, and said it is not aware of any such violations of the FLSA. On March 17, 2011, a federal jury found in favor of Quicken Loans, ending the seven-year-old lawsuit. The decision means that Quicken Loans is not obligated to pay overtime payments to the plaintiffs.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In August 2007, the entire mortgage industry faced a crisis in obtaining new credit from banking institutions and hedge funds. In response, Quicken Loans discontinued:


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: On November 12, 2007, Gilbert announced a development agreement with the city of Detroit to move the company headquarters downtown, consolidating suburban offices. The construction sites reserved for development by the agreement included the location of the former Statler Hotel on Grand Circus Park and the former Hudson's location. Quicken Loans moved into its downtown headquarters in August 2010. The initial move brought 1,700 employees to the city.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In the spring of 2008, Rock Holdings entered the reverse mortgage market with the acquisition of One Reverse Mortgage.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: Since 2009, Quicken has been headquartered at One Campus Martius facing Campus Martius Park in Detroit. The company also houses its employees in Downtown Detroit's First National Building, The Qube, Chrysler House, One Woodward Avenue, and 1001 Woodward, all owned by Quicken Loans' parent company, Rock Ventures.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In 2014, Quicken Loans grew to be the 2nd largest mortgage lender in the United States, and remains the nation's largest online mortgage lender. The company employs 24,000 people nationwide, with approximately 17,000 now working in the city of Detroit, making it Detroit's largest employer, minority employer, and taxpayer.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In August 2018, Quicken Loans parent Rock Holding acquired Dictionary.com and Thesaurus.com from IAC.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: On October 15, Quicken Loans announced that it was expanding into Canada by opening a tech center across the river in downtown Windsor, Ontario.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: Quicken Loans has consistently been awarded the highest customer satisfaction rating among primary mortgage originators the U.S. for 10 straight years, as well as being one of top 20 companies to work for and a top pick for overall best mortgage lenders, according to Consumers Advocate.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: On July 7, 2020, it was announced that Quicken Loans had filed paperwork with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission to start the process of taking the company public under the name Rocket Companies.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: For the year ended 2020, Quicken Loans originated over 1.1 million loans valued at $313 billion, these figures are almost twice that of the next largest lender in the U.S., United Wholesale Mortgage, which is also headquartered near Detroit.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: On May 12, 2021 Quicken Loans announced that it would be rebranded to Rocket Mortgage, by July 31, 2021.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In 2015, Quicken Loans created Rocket Mortgage, the first lender to perform electronic closings (eClosings) in all 50 states. Upon launch, TechCrunch claimed it was the mortgage industry's “iPhone moment” and compared the application process to TurboTax. Rocket owns three patents around verifying client data, filtering it and sourcing it, and extracting it from external parties. In 2019, it filed another patent for data set selection using multi-source constraints. The most recent patent was filed in October 2020 regarding extracting data sets from external data stores.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: In its first full year, Rocket funded $7 billion in closed loans. J.D. Power named Rocket Mortgage #1 in the nation for client satisfaction in primary mortgage origination in 2020, the 11th consecutive year either Rocket Mortgage or Quicken Loans earned the recognition. As of 2021, Rocket subsidiary Amrock has fulfilled more than 1 million digital mortgage closings.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: Rocket sponsors the Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse, an arena located in downtown Cleveland, Ohio. It is the home of the Cleveland Cavaliers of the National Basketball Association (NBA) and the Cleveland Monsters of the American Hockey League. The arena, formerly known as the Quicken Loans Arena, changed its name to the Rocket Mortgage FieldHouse after the completion of the arena's renovation and expansion in 2019.


title: Rocket Mortgage

text: Rocket Mortgage has launched several initiatives that support its home communities of Detroit, Cleveland, Charlotte, and Phoenix, including veteran homelessness and digital literacy.


title: Johnnycake

text: Johnnycake, also known as journey cake, johnny bread, hoecake, shawnee cake or spider cornbread, is a cornmeal flatbread, a type of batter bread. An early American staple food, it is prepared on the Atlantic coast from Newfoundland to Jamaica. The food originates from the indigenous people of North America. It is still eaten in the West Indies, Dominican Republic, Saint Croix, The Bahamas, Colombia, Bermuda, Curaçao and Florida as well as in the United States and Canada.


title: Johnnycake

text: The modern johnnycake is found in the cuisine of New England and is often claimed as originating in Rhode Island. A modern johnnycake is fried cornmeal gruel, which is made from yellow or white cornmeal mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and sometimes sweetened. In the Southern United States, the term used is "hoecake", although this can also refer to cornbread fried in a pan.


title: Johnnycake

text: The earliest attestation of the term "johnny cake" is from 1739 (in South Carolina); the spelling "journey cake" is only attested from 1775 on the Gulf Coast, but may be the earlier form.


title: Johnnycake

text: The word is likely based on the word "Jonakin", recorded in New England in 1765, itself derived from the word "jannock", recorded in Northern England in the sixteenth century. According to Edward Ellis Morris, the term was the name given "... by the [American] negroes to a cake made of Indian corn (maize)."


title: Johnnycake

text: The term "hoecake" is first attested in 1745, and the term is used by American writers such as Joel Barlow and Washington Irving. The origin of the name is the method of preparation: they were cooked on a type of iron pan called a hoe. There is conflicting evidence regarding the common belief that they were cooked on the blades of gardening hoes.


title: Johnnycake

text: A hoecake can be made either out of cornbread batter or leftover biscuit dough. A cornbread hoecake is thicker than a cornbread pancake.


title: Johnnycake

text: Indigenous peoples of the Americas using ground corn for cooking are credited with teaching Europeans how to make the food. It is also claimed that johnnycakes were made by the Narragansett people as far back as the 1600s.


title: Johnnycake

text: From this culture came one of the main staples of the Southern diet: corn (maize). Corn was used to make all kinds of dishes from the familiar cornbread and grits to liquors such as whiskey and moonshine, which were important trade items. Cornbread was popular during the American Civil War because it was very cheap and could be made in many different sizes and forms. It could be fashioned into high-rising, fluffy loaves or simply fried for a fast meal.


title: Johnnycake

text: To a far greater degree than anyone realizes, several of the most important food dishes that the Southeastern Indians live on today is the "soul food" eaten by both black and white Southerners. Hominy, for example, is still eaten ... Sofkee live on as grits ... cornbread [is] used by Southern cooks ... Indian fritters ... variously known as "hoe cake", ... or "Johnny cake."... Indian boiled cornbread is present in Southern cuisine as "corn meal dumplings", ... and as "hush puppies", ... Southerners cook their beans and field peas by boiling them, as did the Indians ... like the Indians they cure their meat and smoke it over hickory coals.


title: Johnnycake

text: Johnnycakes are an unleavened cornbread made of cornmeal, salt, and water. Early cooks set thick corn dough on a wooden board or barrel stave, which they leaned on a piece of wood or a rock in front of an open fire to bake.


title: Johnnycake

text: In the American south during the 18th century versions were made with rice or hominy flour and perhaps cassava. A 1905 cookbook includes a recipe for "Alabama Johnny Cake" made with rice and 'meal'.


title: Johnnycake

text: The difference between johnnycake and hoecake originally lay in the method of preparation, though today both are often cooked on a griddle or in a skillet. Some recipes call for baking johnnycakes in an oven, similar to corn pones, which are still baked in the oven as they were traditionally.


title: Johnnycake

text: Johnnycakes may also be made using leavening, with or without other ingredients more commonly associated with American pancakes, such as eggs or solid fats like butter. Like pancakes, they are often served with maple syrup, honey, or other sweet toppings.


title: Johnnycake

text: According to the manuscript of "America Eats", a Works Progress Administration (WPA) guide to American food culture in the beginning decades of the twentieth century, Rhode Island "jonny cakes" were made in the 1930s as follows:


title: Johnnycake

text: In preparation, [white corn] meal may or may not be scalded with hot water or hot milk in accordance to preference. After mixing meal with water or milk it is dropped on a smoking hot spider [pan] set atop a stove into cakes about 3"x3"x1/2" in size. The secret of cooking jonny cakes is to watch them closely and keep them supplied with enough sausage or bacon fat so they will become crisp, and not burn. Cook slowly for half an hour, turn occasionally, and when done serve with plenty of butter.


title: Johnnycake

text: In Australia, "johnny cakes" refers to a quick bread usually known as damper, but cooked as smaller, individually-sized portions, and often pan-fried, rather than as a loaf. It is uncertain if this name was influenced by the term for North American cornmeal bread. However, Australian johnny cakes are made with wheat flour rather than cornmeal; the cakes are baked in the hot coals of a fire or fried in fat in a frying pan (skillet).


title: Johnnycake

text: In the Bahamas, "johnny cake" refers to a bread made with flour, sugar, butter, and water. After being kneaded, the bread is baked until lightly browned, and has a soft and malleable middle. This bread is usually eaten with soup or on its own. The common bread consumed in the Bahamas in 1725 was made of corn and flour. According to Mark Catesby, an English naturalist who visited North America and the Caribbean in the early 1700s, "Their bread is made of Maiz, or Indian Corn, and also of Wheat; the first they cultivate but not sufficient for their consumption. Wheat is imported to them in Flower from the Northern Colonies."


title: Johnnycake

text: Yaniqueques or yanikeke are a Dominican Republic version of the johnnycake, supposedly brought over in the nineteenth century by English-speaking migrants (possibly of Afro-Caribbean descent). These cakes are made with flour, baking powder, butter and water; they are typically deep-fried. They are a popular beach snack, especially in Boca Chica.


title: Johnnycake

text: Johnnycakes refer to flat discs of deep-fried bread dough in Curaçao, other Dutch overseas territories and areas with significant Dutch Antillean communities. It is usually leavened with baking powder or soda and generally does not contain cornmeal. It is usually eaten filled with a slice of Gouda cheese or salted cod.


title: Johnnycake

text: Johnnycake is a traditional staple across the island. Some people call these fried dumplings whilst others say fried johnnycakes. Recipe incorporates flour, sugar, salt, baking powder, margarine or butter and water or milk. Once kneaded, the dough is fried in cooking oil.


title: Johnnycake

text: The modern johnnycake is a staple in the cuisine of New England, and New Englanders claim it originated in Rhode Island. A modern jonnycake is fried gruel made from yellow or white cornmeal that is mixed with salt and hot water or milk, and sometimes sweetened. In the Southern United States, the same food is referred to as a hoecake.


title: 2004 NHL Entry Draft

text: The 2004 NHL Entry Draft was the 42nd NHL Entry Draft. It was held on June 26 and 27, 2004 at the RBC Center in Raleigh, North Carolina. It is especially notable because it was the last NHL event to take place before the beginning of the lockout, which canceled all the games scheduled for the 2004–05 NHL season.


title: Stockfish

text: Stockfish is unsalted fish, especially cod, dried by cold air and wind on wooden racks (which are called "hjell" in Norway) on the foreshore. The drying of food is the world's oldest known preservation method, and dried fish has a storage life of several years. The method is cheap and effective in suitable climates; the work can be done by the fisherman and family, and the resulting product is easily transported to market.


title: Stockfish

text: Over the centuries, several variants of dried fish have evolved. The "stockfish" (fresh dried, not salted) category is often mistaken for the "clipfish", or salted cod, category where the fish is salted before drying. Salting was not economically feasible until the 17th century, when cheap salt from southern Europe became available to the maritime nations of northern Europe.


title: Stockfish

text: Stockfish is cured in a process called fermentation where cold-adapted bacteria matures the fish, similar to the maturing process of cheese.


title: Stockfish

text: In English legal records of the Medieval period, (written in Latin), stock fishmongers are differentiated from ordinary fishmongers when the occupation of a plaintiff or defendant is recorded.


title: Stockfish

text: The word "stockfish" is a loan word from West Frisian "stokfisk" (stick fish), possibly referring to the wooden racks on which stockfish are traditionally dried or because the dried fish resembles a stick. "Stock" may also refer to a wooden yoke or harness on a horse or mule, once used to carry large fish from the sea or after drying/smoking for trade in nearby villages. This etymology is consistent with the fact that "Stockmaß" is German for the height of a horse at the withers.


title: Stockfish

text: Stockfish is Norway's longest sustained export commodity. Stockfish is first mentioned as a commodity in the 13th-century Icelandic prose work "Egil's Saga", where chieftain Thorolf Kveldulfsson, in the year 875 AD, ships stockfish from Helgeland in mid-Norway to Britain. This product accounted for most of Norway's trade income from the Viking Age throughout the Medieval period.


title: Stockfish

text: Preserved cod fed Iceland for centuries, to the extent that it has been described as a local equivalent of bread.


title: Stockfish

text: Stockfish is extremely popular and is widely consumed in Catholic Mediterranean countries, mostly in Portugal and Italy. (Stockfish is called "stoccafisso" in most Italian dialects, but confusingly "baccalà"—which normally refers to salt cod—in the Veneto). In Russian cuisine dried stockfish is a very popular dish which is often eaten with vodka and beer. In the 16th century Russian and Swedish stockfish were sold to many European countries.


title: Stockfish

text: The science of producing good stockfish is in many ways comparable to that of making a good cognac, Parma ham, or a well-matured cheese. Practitioners of the Slow Food movement insist that all these artisanal products must be made on a small scale and given time to mature.


title: Stockfish

text: The fish is prepared immediately after capture. After gutting the fish, it is either dried whole, or split along the spine leaving the tail connected. The fish is hung on the "hjell" from February to May. Stable cool weather protects the fish from insects and prevents an uncontrolled bacterial growth. A temperature just above zero degrees Celsius, with little rain, is ideal. Too much frost will spoil the fish, as ice destroys the fibers in the fish. The climate in northern Norway is excellent for stockfish production. Due to the stable conditions, the stockfish produced in Lofoten and Vesterålen is often regarded as the best. The traditional cod harvest in Lofoten also takes place during the best drying time. Due to a milder and more humid climate, salted/dried whitefish ("klippfisk") was more common in the fisheries districts of Western Norway.


title: Stockfish

text: After its three months hanging on the "hjell", the fish is then matured for another two to three months indoors in a dry and airy environment. During the drying, about 80% of the water in the fish evaporates. The stockfish retains all the nutrients from the fresh fish, only concentrated: it is therefore rich in proteins, vitamins, iron, and calcium.


title: Stockfish

text: After sorting by quality, most of the stockfish is exported to Italy, Croatia and Nigeria. In Norway and Iceland, the stockfish is mostly used as a snack and for lutefisk production. In Italy, the fish (called "stoccafisso") is soaked and used in various courses, and is viewed as a delicacy.


title: Stockfish

text: Low-quality stockfish is also commonly used as supplemental food for pets, primarily as dog food or dog treats.


title: Stockfish

text: The 2012–2015 project SafeTrackFood developed a method of indoor production of stockfish to accelerate the maturing and drying of the fish in a safe manner.


title: Stockfish

text: "Baccalà alla vicentina", an ancient and traditional Italian dish native to Vicenza, is made from stockfish (confusingly from dried and salted cod, although the salted form is known in standard Italian as "baccalà"), and is served on or next to polenta. In the Italian region of Basilicata, the so-called "baccalà alla lucana" is prepared with typical peppers called "cruschi" (dialect word for "crispy"). Dishes made from stockfish (locally called "bakalar") are traditionally eaten on Christmas Eve in Croatia, especially Dalmatia.


title: Stockfish

text: Stockfish is popular in West Africa, where it is used in the many soups that complement the grain staples fufu and garri. It is the main ingredient in the Igbo snack called "Ugba na Okporoko" or "ukazi" amongst the Ohafia people in Abia state in Nigeria. In Abia stockfish is quite popular and a regular ingredient in many local delicacies. Most importers of "okporoko" are based in the town of Aba in Abia State. Among the Umuahia people, at festive periods, the best staple is the Ukazi soup which must necessarily be very well garnished with okporoko or Cod as it is popularly called. The Kwe people, who are a fishing people of the English-speaking part of Cameroon, use stockfish in flavoring their palm nut or banga, which can be eaten with a cocoyam pudding called "kwacoco". The name okporoko for stockfish, among the Igbo of Nigeria refers to the sound the hard fish makes in the pot and literally translates as "that which produces sound in the pot".


title: Erin Hunter

text: Erin Hunter is a collective pseudonym used by the authors Victoria Holmes, Kate Cary, Cherith Baldry, Clarissa Hutton, Inbali Iserles, Tui T. Sutherland, and Rosie Best in the writing of several juvenile fantasy novel series, which focus on animals and their adventures. Notable works include the "Warriors", "Seekers", "Survivors", "Bravelands", and "Bamboo Kingdom" book series. Each of the authors play a different role in the production of the books: Holmes creates the plot for each book, and the others take turns writing the books. Dan Jolley, though not an official Erin Hunter author, also writes the stories for manga published under the Hunter name.


title: Erin Hunter

text: In the year 2003, HarperCollins asked Victoria Holmes to write a fantasy series about feral cats, but, not being a reader of fantasy, she was less than enthusiastic, despite her love of cats. After writing one storyline, Kate Cary was brought in to write the book as Holmes went behind the scenes to supervise details and edit the book. Then, on the third book, "Forest of Secrets", Cherith Baldry joined Erin Hunter. Later, after Sutherland wrote the first "Warriors" field guide, she became the fourth Erin Hunter.


title: Erin Hunter

text: The name "Erin Hunter" was chosen for several reasons. First, if the authors used all of their own names, the books would be placed in different places in a library, making them hard to find. Second, they wanted to pick a surname that would place the books very close to the "Redwall" series by Brian Jacques, which was, at the time, the book series with the closest plot to "Warriors". One of the authors suggested "Hunter", and the others found that it was "perfect" because not only did it place the book series close to Jacques, but it evokes the image of a cat. Victoria Holmes suggested ‘Erin' because she liked the name. One of Victoria Holmes's favorite given names is Erin, and it was accepted for being a strong Celtic name and "not particularly girly".


title: Erin Hunter

text: Victoria Holmes was born in Berkshire, England. Holmes was the original author of the series with HarperCollins requesting her to write the series. After inviting Kate Cary to do the actual writing of the book, she moved behind the scenes to help edit and supervise the details.


title: Erin Hunter

text: Holmes grew up on a farm in England. She learned how to ride horses at age two. Later she attended Oxford University, whose buildings "inspired an interest in history". She now lives in London where she works as the editor for the series.


title: Erin Hunter

text: On 5 April 2011, the Bookperk website ran a special for signed copies of "Warriors: Omen of the Stars #4: Sign of the Moon". Because Erin Hunter is not an actual person, these books were signed by Victoria Holmes on her behalf.


title: Erin Hunter

text: Kate Cary was the second author brought on board to write for the "Warriors" series. Holmes chose Cary to write the first book after Holmes had finished one storyline. In the first series ("The Prophecies Begin") she wrote "Into the Wild", "Fire and Ice" and "Rising Storm". In the second series ("") she wrote "Dawn". In the third series ("") she wrote "The Sight", "Dark River" and "Eclipse". In the fourth series ("") she wrote "Fading Echoes" and "The Last Hope".


title: Erin Hunter

text: She was born in England on 4 November 1967. She later moved to Scotland where she lived for 12 years before going back to England where she currently resides. Besides the "Warriors" series, she has also written the book "Bloodline," and its sequel, "Reckoning".


title: Erin Hunter

text: Cherith Baldry was the third author brought in to the Erin Hunter team. She was born on 21 January 1947. Holmes invited her to join when they were writing the third book, "Forest of Secrets," after seeing her writing style and feeling that it was similar to Kate Cary's.


title: Erin Hunter

text: Tui T. Sutherland was born in Caracas, Venezuela, but currently lives in the United States, which makes her the only non-British author of the series. Her first credit to the Erin Hunter team was the field guide "Secrets of the Clans". Sutherland was also an editor of the "Warriors" series, until she quit editing to become a full-time writer. She went on to write the novel series "Wings of Fire".


title: Erin Hunter

text: Inbali Iserles has written three books so far, the third, fifth and sixth books of the "Survivors" series: "Darkness Falls", "The Endless Lake" and "Storm of Dogs". She also publishes animal fantasy novels under her own name, including "The Tygrine Cat" and the "Foxcraft" trilogy.


title: Erin Hunter

text: Gillian Philip is the author of "The Empty City" and "A Hidden Enemy", the first two books in the "Survivors" series. She lives in the northeast Scottish Highlands. Philip has toured the United States twice as the face of the Erin Hunter responsible for "Survivors". In addition to "Survivors", she has written the "Rebel Angels" series ("Firebrand, Bloodstone, Wolfsbane" and the forthcoming "Icefall"); the "Darke Academy" series, and young adult novels including "Bad Faith, Crossing The Line" and "The Opposite of Amber". As of July 2020, Philip no longer writes Erin Hunter books.


title: Erin Hunter

text: Clarissa Hutton is the author of several Warriors books, including "Thunderstar's Echo" and the three stories in "Path of a Warrior".


title: Erin Hunter

text: In "Warriors", "Seekers" and "Bravelands", a specific order is followed. First, Holmes, the editor, sends in the preliminary script and outline to Cary, Baldry or Sutherland, depending on who writes the book. Then, the author develops Holmes' ideas into a single book which is sent back to Holmes for one last check-over and edit. After she finishes, she sends it to HarperCollins for publication.


title: Erin Hunter

text: For the "Survivors" series, there is a different approach taken. The whole team gets together and creates a detailed story outline and develops the characters together. Then, the writing itself is done by a single author, who is allowed to change something significant about the plot or characters if they feel that a certain character would not act a specific way.


title: Erin Hunter

text: With four different authors, Holmes has said that the book "'sounds' like Erin, because she has a very distinctive voice". She compares the style of the authors to a different language where a stray line or word can stick out. Holmes says that she is in charge of editing and making sure that the book sounds correct. Erin Hunter books are all told in a third person limited narrative, though the focal point character changes from series to series, book to book, and sometimes from chapter to chapter.


title: United States Civil Administration of the Ryukyu Islands

text: The was the civil administration government in the Ryukyu Islands, Japan (centered on Okinawa Island), replacing the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands (itself created at the conclusion of World War II) in 1950, and functioning until the islands were returned to Japan in 1972.


text: Following signing of the Instrument of Surrender, 2 September 1945, Ryukyu Islands were administered by Department of the Navy, 21 September 1945 – 30 June 1946, with Commanding Officer, Naval Operating Base, Okinawa functioning as chief military government officer under authority of Commander-in-Chief U.S. Pacific Fleet. Transfer of administration from Department of the Navy to War Department authorized by Joint Chiefs of Staff (JCS) approval, 1 April 1946, of JCS 819/11, 5 March 1946, with added proviso of JCS 819/12, 22 March 1946. Pursuant to implementing instructions of General Headquarters U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific (GHQ AFPAC), Okinawa Base Command redesignated Ryukyus Command, effective 1 July 1946, by General Order 162, Headquarters U.S. Army Forces, Western Pacific, and made responsible for administration under a Deputy Commander for Military Government. Ryukyu Islands administered successively by Ryukyus Command, 1 July – 30 November 1946; Philippines-Ryukyus Command, 1 December 1946 – 31 July 1948; and Ryukyuan Command, 1 August 1948 – 15 December 1950. USCAR established, effective 15 December 1950, by a directive of Headquarters Far East Command (HQ FEC, formerly GHQ AFPAC), AG 091.1 (5 December 1950) RCA, December 5, 1950, implementing a JCS memorandum, SM 2474-50, 11 October 1950, directing Commander-in-Chief Far East, Gen. Douglas MacArthur, to organize a civil administration for the Ryukyu Islands in accordance with JCS 1231/14, 4 October 1950. USCAR continued to function under Department of the Army (formerly War Department), 1950–71. Amami Island Group of Ryukyu Islands was returned to Japan by the Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Amami Islands, signed 24 December 1953, and made effective 25 December 1953. USCAR abolished following entrance into force, 15 May 1972, of the Agreement between the United States of America and Japan concerning the Ryukyu Islands and the Daito Islands, signed 17 June 1971, by which the remaining island groups of the Ryukyu Islands, including the Okinawa Island Group, were returned to Japan.


text: After the Battle of Okinawa in World War II, the United States Navy initially administered the Okinawa group while the other three groups came under Army control. On 18 July 1945, the Navy transferred control to U.S. Army Forces in the Pacific (AFPAC), but on 21 September assumed control again, organizing the United States Military Government of the Ryukyu Islands. Finally on 1 July 1946, the Army took control again, organising the Ryukyu Command from the previous Okinawa Base Command. On 1 January 1947, AFPAC was reorganised as Far East Command and a unified Ryukyu Command, including a military government apparatus, was placed under General Headquarters, Far East Command (GHQ FECOM), in Tokyo.


text: In 1952, Japan signed the Treaty of San Francisco and admitted the control of Okinawa by the U.S. government. USCAR, which was a subordinate organization of the forces of the United States, surveilled the Ryukyuan Government and could overrule all the decisions made by the Ryukyuan Government.


text: The official currency was the B yen from 1948 to 1958, when the B yen was abolished and the US dollar was brought into use. The government printed Ryukyuan postage stamps and passports. Cars drove on the right in contrast to the main islands of Japan. The island switched to driving on the left in 1978 to bring it in line with Japan.


text: "Article 3:" Japan will concur in any proposal of the United States to the United Nations to place under its trusteeship system, with the United States as the sole administering authority, Nansei Shoto south of 29 degrees north latitude (including the Ryukyu Islands and the Daitō Shoto), Nanpō Shoto south of Sofu Gan (including the Bonin Islands, Rosario Island and the Volcano Islands) and Parece Vela and Marcus Island. Pending the making of such a proposal and affirmative action thereon, the United States will have the right to exercise all and any powers of administration, legislation and jurisdiction over the territory and inhabitants of these islands, including their territorial waters.


text: "Article 4b:" Japan recognizes the validity of dispositions of property of Japan and Japanese nationals made by or pursuant to directives of the United States Military Government in any of the areas referred to in Articles 2 and 3.


text: After a formal agreement reached on 17 June 1971, control of Okinawa was given back to Japan on 15 May 1972, and USCAR was abolished. This completed the disposition of this Japanese property by USMG.


text: The Criminal Code of Ryukyu restricted the flying of any national flags except the flag of the United States. The protesters against the Ryukyu government flew the Hinomaru, the flag of Japan. Civil ships of Ryukyu flew an ensign derived from the International maritime signal flag for "D" instead of Japanese or American ensigns. The ensign changed to "Hinomaru below a triangular flag labeled "Ryukyus" and "琉球" (Japanese for "Ryukyu") in 1967.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Batman: Beyond the White Knight is an American comic book published by DC Comics under its Black Label imprint. The eight-issue limited series—written and illustrated by Sean Murphy, lettered by AndWorld Design and colored by Dave Stewart—began its monthly publication on March 29, 2022 and is scheduled to end at some point in the same year. It is the sequel to both "" (2017–18) and "" (2019–20), and is also the fifth installment in Murphy's self-titled Murphyverse line. It is also an adaptation of the animated television series "Batman Beyond" (1999–2001), with the plot of the comic book being based on the original premise of the TV show.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" takes place twelve years after the events which are described in the previous volume "Batman: Curse of the White Knight", which ended with Bruce Wayne exposed as Batman to the general public and donating his entire fortune to the people of Gotham City, and then turning himself in to the police. Since that, the city has evolved into a futuristic megalopolis known as "Neo-Gotham". Following the murder of his father Warren, young Terry McGinnis—under the orders of his employer Derek Powers—steals a technologically advanced Batsuit to become the new Batman and avenge his father's death. At the same time, a middle-aged Bruce escapes from prison in an attempt to rid Neo-Gotham of Batman for good, all while a civil war slowly rages through the city and Powers transforms into the supervillain Blight.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" received a generally positive response from critics and readers alike, with praise for the comic's plot, dialogue and dynamics between characters, art style, and faithfulness to the source material. A two-issue limited series titled ""—which serves as both a prequel and a spin-off to "Batman: Beyond the White Knight"—began publication on August 2, 2022 and ended on the 23rd of the same month.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" occurs twelve years succeeding the defeat of terrorist Jean-Paul Valley—also known as Azrael—at the hands of wealthy industrialist Bruce Wayne, shortly before the latter surrenders to police custody after exposing his secret identity as the vigilante Batman to the public, with Bruce voluntarily giving his fortune to the people of Gotham City by infusing the money into the city's budget, then dissolving and transforming his own company Wayne Enterprises into various nonprofit organizations, all with the aim of helping to renew the city and help the less fortunate. However, Bruce's actions inadvertently led to him being put on trial after his former employee Derek Powers filed a lawsuit against him, which allowed Powers to successfully acquire all of the Wayne family's assets; this, in turn, permitted Powers to prevent the dissolution of Wayne Enterprises and become its new CEO, thereby rebranding the company as Wayne-Powers Enterprises and preventing any of the charitable organizations Bruce created from having any effect on the city.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Over the past twelve years, Powers has used much of Gotham's budget intended to help the city to instead fund the paramilitary police group known as the Gotham Terrorist Oppression Unit (GTO)—led by Commander Dick Grayson, Bruce's second adopted son and former crime-fighting partner Nightwing—providing it with a vast array of high-tech weapons and equipment such as armored uniforms and specialized combat vehicles, all stylized in the likeness of Batman. Although the GTO overconsumes Gotham's budget, a portion of the money was still used to tremendously evolve the city into a technologically advanced megalopolis that is currently known as "Neo-Gotham", which has become a GTO-controlled police state that is heavily monitored by surveillance cameras and where crime is virtually non-existent, although tax rates on homelessness, suicides and depression have increased. As a result, the once vigilante Batgirl-turned-Commissioner Barbara Gordon and the Gotham City Police Department (GCPD) have severed ties with the GTO and are staunchly opposed to it, with tensions between the two parties slowly building into a civil war in Neo-Gotham. In addition, Bruce continues to serve time at Stonegate Penitentiary, being closely watched by Captain Jason Todd, Bruce's first adopted son and former sidekick Robin, who currently acts as the brutal vigilante Red Hood.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: High school student Terry McGinnis is sent by his employer Powers to steal the Beyond suit—a "special" Batsuit created by Bruce years earlier when he was still Batman, but which he never got to wear because it was considered too dangerous—from a historic site where the ruins of Wayne Manor and the Batcave are located. However, Terry is discovered by the site guards and, to avoid getting caught, he dons the Beyond suit, allowing him to beat down the guards and flee the scene. At Stonegate, Bruce prevents Jason from being killed by a cult-like gang dedicated to the now-deceased Valley called the Sons of Azrael in the midst of a riot, which is forcibly stopped with the arrival of the GTO. While escorting him back to his cell, GTO officer Duke Thomas shows Bruce footage of Terry wearing the Beyond suit he stole, and Bruce deduces that Powers is the one behind the robbery. Meanwhile, after a fierce argument with her daughter Jackie Quinzel, reformed criminal and retired vigilante Harley Quinn discovers that she has run away from home and finds in Jackie's room classified documents regarding Harley's murder of the psychotic criminal Joker. Back at Stonegate, Bruce reconciles with Jason before breaking out of prison to put an end to Powers' plans. Upon arriving in Neo-Gotham, Bruce comes across a seemingly resurrected Joker.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: A month earlier, Dick and the GTO witness how Terry beats up the criminal known as Mr. Fixx for allegedly murdering Warren McGinnis, Terry's father and Powers' former employee and best friend. Dick then intervenes on Terry's behalf and, rather than taking him into custody, introduces him to Powers, who reveals to Terry that Fixx was actually hired to kill Warren. Learning of this fact, Terry agrees to work for Powers in exchange for his help in locating and exacting revenge on those responsible for Warren's death. In the present, the Joker in front of Bruce informs him that he is actually a consciousness-based AI of the real Joker's sane alter ego —Harley's late husband and father to Jackie and her twin brother Bryce Quinzel. The AI, calling himself "Jack" and appearing to Bruce as a hologram only he can see, explains to him that he is being projected from a microchip inside Bruce's head that was previously inserted by the original Napier following Bruce's first apprehension by the GTO. At the GTO headquarters, Duke quits his job upon refusing to obey Dick's order to arrest Jason for letting Bruce escape. While wandering around Neo-Gotham, Bruce is confronted by Dick, who he manages to defeat and immobilize with Jack's help. Realizing he lacks resources, Bruce sneaks into an old safe house of his to equip himself, but is approached by Harley, who has been given the house by him as a dwelling for her and her children. Much to Jack's confusion, Harley confesses to being married to Bruce.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Powers sends Terry to infiltrate several facilities around Neo-Gotham to steal various pieces of technology that Powers believes will help fix the malfunctioning Beyond suit, which he plans to use in a secret project he is working on. Powers later tells Terry that Bruce is the one who hired Fixx to kill Warren. At Harley's house, she explains that Powers was going to force her to testify against Bruce in the trial twelve years earlier, and that she married Bruce only because marital privileges would prevent that from happening. Duke tries to rejoin the GCPD, but is turned down by Barbara, who instead gives him a Robin suit and requests that, as a vigilante, he assist Bruce in taking down Powers. Wearing a modified Batsuit, Bruce reveals to Jack that in the past, Powers deduced his secret identity as Batman, but rather than publicly disclosing it, Powers proposed that as long as Bruce continued to fund him, not only would he not reveal Bruce's identity, he would also develop equipment for him to use in his crusade; albeit reluctantly, Bruce accepted Powers' proposal. Attempting to infiltrate the GCPD, Bruce encounters Terry, who—dressed as Batman—overpowers Bruce and tries to question him about his alleged role in Warren's death, but Duke appears as Robin to aid Bruce in fighting Terry, with the ensuing conflict between the three of them causing Bruce to fall off the roof where the fight was taking place and land on top of a car.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: In late November 2018, while working on the limited series "" (2019–20), the sequel to "" (2017–18), comic book creator Sean Murphy revealed in an interview with "DC Daily" host Tiffany Smith that he planned to introduce Terry McGinnis—the successor to Bruce Wayne as Batman in the animated television series "Batman Beyond" (1999–2001)—to the Murphyverse, the comic book line overseen by Murphy himself. On the subject of presenting his own depiction of "Batman Beyond" in the "White Knight" series, Murphy said: "I'd like to eventually bridge the entire thing series into "Batman Beyond". I'm not sure what I'm gonna do with it or how I'm gonna introduce Terry, but I have an idea that will explain why Gotham [City] looks so gothic and "Batman Beyond" looks so futuristic, and how did this city change so fast. I think I have a way to explain that". Later interviews with Graeme McMillan of "The Hollywood Reporter" and Paul Shirey of JoBlo.com would reinforce the above statement concerning the creation of a sequel to "Batman: White Knight" and "Batman: Curse of the White Knight" based on "Batman Beyond". In early December 2019, Murphy confirmed on Twitter that he was indeed developing a new installment in the Murphyverse titled "Batman: Beyond the White Knight".


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Speaking with Dustin Holland of "Comic Book Resources" ("CBR") and Matthew Aguilar of ComicBook.com about bringing a distinct version of Terry to "Batman: Beyond the White Knight", Murphy emphasized how important it was to him that the character be "unique, but sort of familiar at the same time", with part of his approach to him revolving around introducing Terry as an antagonist at the beginning of the story: "The trick there is like Terry is the antagonist for a bit, but I also don't want to make him a bad guy". Likewise, he simplified that Terry is not an evil person, just someone traumatized by the loss of his father Warren McGinnis and who is looking for a replacement role model in his life. In this way, Murphy hoped to explore Terry's complex nature and establish an engaging dynamic between him and Bruce, the latter who, in Murphy's words, "ages like a fine wine". Additionally, Terry is depicted as being multiracial (partly of Asian and Irish descent) in this book; this was a creative shift the author made to the character's ethnicity, something that was never addressed or specified by the production team of the original TV show, with many of its viewers assuming Terry was Asian for his physical appearance and Irish for his last name, a fact that Murphy was not initially aware of when he decided to diversify the character.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: In May 2020, during a meeting with Jeff Spry of Syfy Wire, the author described the latest volume of the Murphyverse as a "sci-fi thriller", with its predecessors being a political thriller ("Batman: White Knight") and a historical thriller ("Batman: Curse of the White Knight"), respectively. Furthermore, Murphy unveiled some plot details for "Batman: Beyond the White Knight", while hinting at potential supervillains to make appearances in the volume—keeping in mind specific characters like corrupt businessman Derek Powers and criminal groups like the Jokerz and the Royal Flush Gang—who according to Murphy, fit his "grounded" concept of antagonist that he tends to work with; he chose Powers due to his own belief that he is "the only logical choice of villain for a "Batman Beyond"-inspired sequel", and teased that—like the TV series—the book would include Powers' transformation into Blight, a form that has been described as a "glowing skeleton man". To turn Powers into a more empathetic character, Murphy added to him a compelling backstory involving Victor Fries / Mr. Freeze and Thomas Wayne, as well as "a personal grudge between [Powers] and Batman". Later, when asked why he prefers to write about complicated, redeemable antagonists for his stories, Murphy affirmed that it is his own interest in detailing the complexities of each villain that motivates him to portray them as sympathetic characters, regardless of whether the audience is rooting for them or not. He also mentioned that "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" has a comedic element that none of the other books in the "White Knight" series have.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Shortly after the announcement of "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" in December 2021, it was noticed by Jesse Schedeen of "IGN" midway through an interview how bizarre it seemed that Gotham could progress from "a grungy urban hellscape into the futuristic Neo-Gotham" in the span of just twelve years, and Murphy hinted that this sudden advance would be an important element in the series' plot, responding that "Gotham is able to evolve relatively quickly into Neo-Gotham because Bruce gave his fortune away at the end of ["Batman: Curse of the White Knight"]. And this influx of money (resources, social programs, etc.) changes everything". In February 2022, Murphy revealed that the character Duke Thomas would adopt the mantle of Robin in "Batman: Beyond the White Knight", an idea that Murphy originally attempted to include in earlier volumes of the "White Knight" series, but was unable to carry out beforehand in part due to his staff's massive discouragement, which arose due to the belief that the character would not look well dressed in a Robin costume; Murphy assured them that Duke would look "cool" like a "Mortal Kombat" character. The comic also features the appearance of characters such as Bruce's pet dog Ace the Bat-Hound, and the criminal Mr. Fixx.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: To illustrate Terry in the Beyond Batsuit in a way dissimilar to what most artists have done with the character, Murphy used different inking techniques—focusing more on texture than detail—to give the character a unique guise so he would never look twice the same as Batman. Moreover, Murphy likened Terry's black and red Batsuit to the blue and red costume belonging to the Marvel Comics character Spider-Man; he did not want to make any significant changes to the former's design, opining that this particular Batsuit is "so perfect the way it was originally conceived that it's hard to really add stuff to it without mucking it up". Alternatively, Murphy opted to incorporate simple yet small details into the Beyond suit, such as red vents at the elbows, knees and around the chest, for example. As for middle-aged Bruce's Batsuit, Murphy designed a makeshift costume for the character, replacing the cape with a hooded trench coat, spray painting over the bat symbol on the chest, and ditching the cowl, with Murphy arguing that there's no need to hide Bruce's face, as everyone in the book knows he was Batman. Murphy also designed the Batsuit-like uniforms of the GTO members to look like "overbearing RoboCops" in order to contrast those of the GCPD officers, who in the story represent the blue-collar cops as opposed to the "worst version of a police department" that is the GTO.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Regarding Neo-Gotham's design, which he integrated with elements of "Batman Beyond", Murphy conceded that evolving the book's scenario—from the "gothic, jaded streets of Gotham" of the previous volumes to a "neo-noir nightmare of a not-so-distant utopia"—has been one of the funniest aspects of creating "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" for him, saying: "I really missed working in Gotham and it feels so great to be back. Drawing Neo-Gotham as an upgraded, retrofitted futurescape has been a blast. I'm working hard to blend the "Beyond" aesthetic with the "White Knight" world". He also added—"I'm looking forward to drawing flying cars and all that kind of stuff again. The last time I got to do sci-fi was "Tokyo Ghost" (2015–16), and I really enjoyed it. So it will be interesting to take that and interpret it through Gotham, of what Gotham will look like in the future". Murphy's desire for Neo-Gotham was to give it a distinct presence, focusing on the roads and highways like veins that enter and leave the city from all directions, and also making sure not to keep Neo-Gotham too clean with elements of future architecture so it wouldn't look like a nighttime equivalent of Metropolis. Ultimately, Murphy analogized "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" to the "Blade Runner" franchise, the primary point of comparison being the futuristic setting that both works share, with him asserting that he wanted to design a "Blade Runner"-like city in Neo-Gotham: "I think every artist sort of wants "Blade Runner" and I've done it a few times in my career. Drawing traditional Gotham was great for the last two volumes, but I was really looking forward to drawing sort of "Blade Runner" "Batman Beyond", sort of Neo-Gotham".


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: For "Batman Beyond"s flying Batmobile, Murphy tried to envision it as a strange spaceship while at the same time still trying to think of it as a car, which was a complicated and unusual process for him as this Batmobile had no wheels and he is used to designing cars with wheels, which is where a car comes to life in his opinion. To help him reshape the vehicle, Murphy made a model out of cardboard, paper, glue and paint, unsuccessfully trying to base the car's design on the one seen in the classic cartoon that, in his own words, "looks like two commas stuck together". Instead, he decided to give the Batmobile's appearance a personal touch, though he claims he did take some inspiration from the TV show. Murphy has also declared that several other iterations of the Batmobile from various Batman-related media would make appearances throughout the series, including the version of the vehicle seen in the animated television show "" (1992–95), as well as those featured in the films "Batman" (1989) and "Batman Returns" (1992) by Tim Burton and "The Batman" (2022) by Matt Reeves.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: As the title suggests, the original purpose of the series was to adapt the basic premise of "Batman Beyond", with Murphy commenting—"This series is designed to check all the boxes of what readers love about "Batman Beyond"". However, he decided not to make a straightfoward retelling of the show's storyline, instead focusing on a different approach by reinventing it in order to establish the plot of "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" as something not only familiar, but unique in relation to the TV series. Murphy also teased that ""Batman Beyond" and Terry McGinnis fans will get everything they loved about the animated series, as well as a few twists". Aside from the TV series, "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" slightly differently adapts some plot elements from the animated film "" (2000), such as the eponymous villain of the title having his consciousness transferred into a microchip. As inspiration for "Batman: Beyond the White Knight", the author admitted that he took influences from Frank Miller's miniseries "The Dark Knight Returns" (1986) and several other Batman publications and storylines, not to cite the aforementioned "Blade Runner", but also the Marvel character Spider-Man 2099 and the Japanese manga "Ghost in the Shell" (1989–91) by Masamune Shirow, among others.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" was written and illustrated by Murphy, lettered by AndWorld Design, and colored by Dave Stewart, the latter who replaced Matt Hollingsworth as colorist; Hollingsworth colored the earlier volumes of the "White Knight" series. "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" was officially announced in December 2021 by DC Comics, as the fifth installment in the Murphyverse line, whose titles are published under DC's Black Label imprint. "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" was originally scheduled for release in 2021, but has been pushed back to 2022, with the eight issues released by DC at monthly intervals, the first being published on March 29, 2022. However, due to a printing error, the first issue of the comic book had to be reprinted for publication on May 3, 2022. A collected edition in prestige format titled "Batman: Beyond the White Knight Showcase Edition", containing the first two issues of the series, was released on May 31, 2022. After releasing its fourth issue on June 28, 2022, "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" will take a two-month break in July and August before resuming publication on September 27, 2022 with its fifth issue.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Reviewing "Batman: Beyond the White Knight", Sayantan Gayen of "CBR" stated: ""Batman: Beyond the White Knight" is a dialogue-focused, character-driven comic book that relies heavily on exposition, be it monologues or character interactions, to explain the timelapse. One of the most awaited titles this year, "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" knocks it out of the park with an enthralling start to what will surely be another blockbuster series". Later, Gayen noted how the series' story is divided into multiple narratives, each portraying a different dilemma for every character as they are used to slowly expose the comic's plot. Gayen then highlighted the design of both the Batsuits worn by Terry and Bruce, while also praising Murphy's art style and Stewart's coloring. Sergio Pereira of "CBR"—while more critical of the series' narrative than Gayen—ultimately hailed Murphy's art style as the comic's main selling point, saying that "it's easy to get lost in the detail and grandeur of the scenery as the art leaps off the page and grabs the reader's eye".


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: In his review, Matthew Aguilar of ComicBook.com gave "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" a rating of 5 out of 5, writing: ""Batman: Beyond the White Knight" captures your attention instantly with its eye-catching visuals, but it's the oh-so-human family dynamics at the center of it all that makes it so damn great. If you've been on the fence as to diving into the "White Knight" universe, this is the perfect place to start, and if you do you might find yourself jumping all the way in. Trust me, you won't regret it, and I can't wait to see where things go from here". Aguilar also declared that the series lives up to his high expectations, being one of his favorite DC stories. Ray Goldfield of GeekDad gave "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" a score of 8 out of 10, calling it a "full-on noir reinvention of the classic cartoon", although he was unsure whether this genre suited the style of the animated series. However, Goldfield still found the comic book intriguing despite its fast-paced tone and what the reviewer believed were predictable cliffhangers, though he also admitted to feeling a certain skepticism as the book progressed. In addition, Goldfield commented that while the comic—in his opinion—was nearly indistinguishable from the original "Batman Beyond" animated series, the former was able to differentiate itself from the latter by presenting some "unique twists" in the mythology originally pertaining to the TV show.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: Joshua Lapin-Bertone of "DC Comics.com" linked "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" to the proverbial phrase "Clothes don't make the man" when stating that the comic book reflected the general belief that a person should not be solemnly judged by their appearance; Lapin-Bertone argued that Murphy, in order to fully embody this idea in the comic, utilized the characters' shadows to demonstrate that the way they dress contradicts who they really are. For example, Bruce Wayne, despite having abandoned his vigilante identity for over twelve years in the book, still "embodies Batman in everything he does", with the shape of his shadow corroborating the popular hypothesis of Batman being the character's true self. Additionally, with Terry McGinnis in possession of a dangerously powerful Batsuit in the book, Lapin-Bertone questioned whether just wearing the suit makes one Batman or not, while also wondering what kind of shadow Terry would cast by the end of the series.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: In late February 2022, Murphy stated that the eighth and final issue of "Batman: Beyond the White Knight" would serve as a set-up for a Justice League-centric comic book.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: A two-issue spin-off limited series titled "Batman: White Knight Presents: Red Hood"—co-written by Murphy and Clay McCormack, illustrated by Simone Di Meo and colored by Stewart—was officially announced in April 2022, with publication expected to begin on August 2, 2022 and end on the 23rd of the same month. It is the sixth installment in the Murphyverse, as a title under DC's Black Label. "Batman: White Knight Presents: Red Hood" takes place between the fourth and fifth issues of "Batman: Beyond the White Knight", and centers on Jason Todd, the eponymous Red Hood of the title, as he joins forces with a young Mongolian girl named Gan—whom he also begins training to become the "ultimate" Robin—to help her protect her neighborhood from Walter Shreeve, the civilian identity of the sound-based supervillain Shriek.


title: Batman: Beyond the White Knight

text: In December 2021, Murphy stated that he has "at least" one sequel planned for "Batman: Beyond the White Knight".


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Instead of the pre-rendered backgrounds of the "Resident Evil" games that preceded it, "Dino Crisis" uses an original real-time engine with 3D environments. Gameplay features traditional survival horror mechanics including action and puzzles, and it was developed to have more consistent visceral terror with the dinosaurs being quick, intelligent, and violent. Capcom would later market the game as "panic horror" as opposed to "survival horror" due to these design changes. The team used carnivorous animals as references for animating the dinosaurs and programming their behaviors. Mikami's vision for the game was not completely fulfilled, as he wanted to develop more complex dinosaur artificial intelligence. However, he did believe the team was able to create sufficiently detailed environments despite hardware limitations.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: "Dino Crisis" was a critical and commercial success, with the PlayStation version selling over 2.4 million copies. Critics drew heavy comparisons to "Resident Evil", with some describing it as ""Resident Evil" with dinosaurs". They also praised the game's intensity, graphics, and gameplay. Some criticism was directed towards the lack of dinosaur variety, repetitive environments, and tedious puzzles. "Dino Crisis" was ported to Dreamcast and Windows in 2000, and was re-released for the PlayStation Network in 2006. Two different versions for the Game Boy Color were in development, but both were cancelled.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: "Dino Crisis" features survival horror gameplay that is very similar to Capcom's early "Resident Evil" titles. Regina can walk, run, turn, backpedal, push and climb objects, and perform a 180-degree turn. A map is available which will show Regina's location, destination, save points, and locked doors. Save points are rooms which will prompt the player to save upon exiting them. Some doors are locked by a D.D.K. (digital disk key) device. To open these doors, the player will need both a code disc and input disc which can then be used to decipher a code and unlock the door. There are also force fields of red beams throughout the complex which can be activated to block access to intruders.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Regina's inventory may include key items, weapons, ammo, and medical supplies—the latter two of which she can only hold a limited amount. She can also mix certain items in order to upgrade them or make completely new ones, such as anesthetic darts. These items can be stored in "emergency boxes", which need be unlocked with special items called "plugs" before they are usable. Each emergency box is color coded as either red, green, or yellow. Each box can access the contents of any other unlocked box of the same color.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: The player can move with weapons drawn and use automatic targeting functions. Enemies can knock Regina's weapon out of her hand, at which point she'll have to retrieve it. Sometimes "DANGER" may flash on the screen in perilous situations, at which point the player should push all the controller buttons as rapidly as possible to survive. If Regina becomes injured, she will hold her arm or struggle to walk. Med Paks can be used to heal Regina's health. Sometimes a trail of blood may appear, indicating that Regina is bleeding and will continue to lose health. Hemostats can be used to stop bleeding injuries. Two types of medical supplies are available in the game: Med Paks, which heals player health, and Hemostats, which stop bleeding injuries. If Regina dies, the player may continue from the room she died in. After five "Continues" are exhausted, the player must continue from their last save point.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: In 2009, the Secret Operation Raid Team (SORT) sends an agent, Tom, to investigate a research facility on Ibis Island. He learns that Dr. Edward Kirk, a world-renowned scientist who was reported dead three years ago, is leading a secret weapons project within the facility. SORT sends four agents (Regina, Gail, Rick, and Cooper) to acquire Kirk and return him to custody. The team arrives on the island under cover of darkness, dropping in via parachute. Cooper is blown off course and lands in the jungle away from the others. Lost in the dark, he is chased down by a "Tyrannosaurus rex" and eaten. The other three agents, unaware of his death, proceed with the mission.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Once inside the base, the agents discover the eviscerated and partially devoured corpses of security personnel and scientists. After splitting up to restore power to the facility, Gail goes missing. Whilst searching for him, Regina is confronted by a "Velociraptor". Re-uniting with Rick, the two determine it was the dinosaurs that caused the bloodbath at the base. Although their mission to recover Dr. Kirk still stands, it is now more important to signal for a rescue. Regina sets out to activate the main antenna to contact their airlift. On her way, she is attacked by another "Velociraptor" and is rescued by Gail, who then leaves to continue searching for Dr. Kirk. After restoring communications, Regina heads back to the control room and they receive a signal on their communicators. Believing it might be Cooper or Tom in trouble, Rick wants to investigate. Gail shoots down the idea, wanting to follow up on a closed-circuit television sighting that might have been Kirk. The player must choose which course of action to follow.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: If the player follows Gail, they go after an unknown man, but end up losing him. Rick then tells Regina that Tom's dead. If the player follows Rick, they come across Tom, badly injured and near death. Rick takes him to the medical room, however, a "Velociraptor" attacks them, but Tom sacrifices himself to kill it and save Rick. Later, Regina and the team manage to locate Kirk and apprehend him. As they are preparing to leave via helicopter, the "T. rex" returns and destroys the helicopter, forcing them to flee back into the base while Kirk manages to escape. Regina and Rick flee into the facility and locate keys to a watercraft, but find a vortex in the way of getting to it. Rick speculates this is the spacetime distortion that brought the dinosaurs back. The two split up to find an alternate route off the island, and Regina ends up being held at gunpoint by Dr. Kirk. He is about to kill her when the gun is shot out of his hand by Gail, and they arrest him again.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Kirk reveals that the dinosaurs were brought to their time by an experiment he was running using his Third Energy technology. A rift in space was created and a pocket of the island from their time was exchanged with the same from the past, bringing dinosaurs back into their time. Kirk then tells them that if the reactors are set to overload, the energy coming from them and the vortex should cancel each other out if they come into contact. After Regina gets the stabilizer and initializer and uses them to overload the reactors, the energy shakes the base, causing a vent to fall on Gail allowing Kirk to get free again. The team heads towards the waterway to escape the blast, but Gail says they still need to capture the doctor. He starts to hobble away on his gun to go after Kirk, and orders Regina and Rick to leave without him if he does not return in thirty minutes. Regina is given the choice to either go after Dr. Kirk with Gail, or escape with Rick.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Different endings are possible based on the choice the player makes. The endings all involve a battle with the "T. rex" and escaping the island via a watercraft or helicopter. If Regina chases Kirk, Gail reveals that the whole mission was a front and the government did not want Kirk, but instead wanted the Third Energy to use in warfare. After giving Regina a disk containing all the data for Third Energy, Gail dies from his injuries. Regina, Rick, and Dr. Kirk then escape the island. Another ending sees Regina knocking out Gail and leaving instead of chasing Dr. Kirk, allowing him to escape. In the game's best ending, Regina knocks out Gail and chases Kirk by herself, resulting in his capture and the team escaping by helicopter. Regina, regardless of ending, summarizes the fate of all the characters in an email to her superiors, then declaring herself ready for her next assignment.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: "Dino Crisis" was directed and produced by Shinji Mikami, and developed by a team dubbed Capcom Production Studio 4. It is a spiritual successor to Mikami's popular "Resident Evil" series, which Mikami and his team wanted to move away from the fantasy elements of and make something more real. He cited "" and "Aliens" as influences, and liked dinosaurs because they were large, strong, fearsome, and violent. The game was developed and marketed as "panic horror" as opposed to the "survival horror" branding of "Resident Evil". It was made to have more consistent fright, with the dinosaurs being more intelligent, quick, and able to chase the player room-to-room. Mikami described "Resident Evil" as "horror in the fun house" and "Dino Crisis" as more visceral horror akin to riding a roller coaster.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: "Dino Crisis" utilizes an original 3D engine with real-time environments, as opposed to the pre-rendered backgrounds of the "Resident Evil" series. Mikami chose a real-time engine to enable better cinematic action and more dramatic character depictions that would otherwise be impossible. With the real-time engine came the challenge of hardware limitations, making it difficult for the team to create detailed environments. The team had to forego a jungle scene because of this issue. Mikami did however believe the team was able to create sufficiently detailed environments despite the hardware's polygon limitations. Like "Resident Evil", the game takes place indoors in an enclosed environment. Mikami wanted to keep the claustrophobic feelings, thinking it was better to build fear.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Since it is unknown how dinosaurs moved in real life, the team had to use their imagination and animals such as crocodiles and dogs as reference. The animators first scanned in drawings, then used animation tools to see what was possible to animate. The dinosaur artificial intelligence was based on lions, tigers, and other carnivores that are not afraid of humans. Mikami's vision for the dinosaurs was not completely fulfilled. He wanted to include more complex dinosaur artificial intelligence, with the dinosaurs each having individual personalities that could understand the player's condition and ambush them. The dinosaur animations and cries also did not turn out as he originally envisioned them. The number of dinosaurs in the North American version was increased from the Japanese version, although the number of species remained the same.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: "Dino Crisis" was first revealed at the 1999 Spring Tokyo Game Show. The game was initially released in Japan in July 1999, two months before "". Ports were released for the Sega Dreamcast console and Windows platform in 2000. The Japanese Playstation version of the game has a software-protection that detects if a mod-chip is installed in the console, refusing to start even if the cd-rom is original. The protection can be bypassed disabling the mod-chip or using action-replay codes. A top-down interpretation of "Dino Crisis" was in development by UK company M4 for the Game Boy Color, but was cancelled. M4 would later develop "Resident Evil Gaiden" for the system instead. Another UK firm called Fluid Studios was also developing a version of the game for the Game Boy Color. It would have contained all four characters from the original version, as well as seven maps, a hundred different rooms, and five types of dinosaurs; this game was also canceled.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: "Dino Crisis" was met with mostly positive reviews. Critics compared "Dino Crisis" to the "Resident Evil" series while also drawing comparisons to "Jurassic Park" and describing the game as ""Resident Evil" with dinosaurs". Despite these similarities, reviewers found the game "enhances and alters" the "Resident Evil" formula with "strength of its own merits". The game was a commercial success, being a bestseller in Japan. During its debut week in Japan, "Dino Crisis" achieved sales above 300,000 units, making it the country's best-selling game from July 14 through July 21. The PlayStation version of the game ultimately sold 2.4 million copies worldwide, and is listed as Capcom "Platinum Title".


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Critics generally praised the action and intensity of the game, which was heightened by the real-time engine and soundtrack. "GamePro" found the game to have a great mix of action and strategy, with dinosaur AI that keeps the action fresh. IGN described the game as "vicious, flesh-tearing fright", noting the fast-paced gameplay during action sequences. Some praise was directed towards the realism of the game, with the dinosaur behaviors and bleeding mechanics noted. The real-time graphics were generally liked, with critics describing them as "sharp", "sterile", and "clean". GameSpot praised the character models, lighting effects, and found "the use of polygonal backgrounds enhances the feeling of fear even more than "Resident Evil"". The dinosaurs were a consistent point of discussion among critics. "GamePro" found the dinosaurs "imbued with an excellent AI that keeps the action fresh and exciting", although some found the variety of dinosaurs to be lacking. Despite the game being "90% Raptors", which IGN found not as scary as monsters from "Resident Evil", they found the dinosaur sound effects to be well done.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: Game Revolution had a more critical review of "Dino Crisis" than others, saying the game expanded on the worse elements of "Resident Evil" while also ruining the good elements. They were impressed by the graphics but thought the environments looked too similar and got boring after a short time. Overall, they believed the game to be worse than "Resident Evil 2", pointing out the game's shorter length, more tedious puzzles, weaker action, and lesser scare factor.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: The Dreamcast and Windows ports received mixed reviews from multiple sources, criticized for adding very little enhancements to take advantage of their superior hardware. The graphics were viewed as dated on Windows, with IGN calling it "choppy" and pointing out the poor resolution upscaling. The Dreamcast port was essentially identical to the PlayStation version, with a graphical advantage of not suffering from the texture-distortion effect produced by the PlayStation. On the Dreamcast, "", another Capcom survival horror game, was viewed as a superior experience.


title: Dino Crisis (video game)

text: An action-shooter sequel titled "Dino Crisis 2" was released for the PlayStation in 2000 to positive reception. In 2002, Capcom released "Dino Stalker", a lightgun game for the PlayStation 2 to mixed reviews. Finally, an action-based game, "Dino Crisis 3", was released in 2003 for the Xbox to mixed reviews. The protagonist of "Dino Crisis", Regina, has been featured as a playable character in the tactical role-playing game "Namco x Capcom" for the PlayStation 2. Her outfit is also available to wear in "" and in "Dead Rising 3" via downloadable content.


title: Memory management

text: Memory management is a form of resource management applied to computer memory. The essential requirement of memory management is to provide ways to dynamically allocate portions of memory to programs at their request, and free it for reuse when no longer needed. This is critical to any advanced computer system where more than a single process might be underway at any time.


title: Memory management

text: Several methods have been devised that increase the effectiveness of memory management. Virtual memory systems separate the memory addresses used by a process from actual physical addresses, allowing separation of processes and increasing the size of the virtual address space beyond the available amount of RAM using paging or swapping to secondary storage. The quality of the virtual memory manager can have an extensive effect on overall system performance.


title: Memory management

text: In some operating systems, e.g. OS/360 and successors, memory is managed by the operating system. In other operating systems, e.g. Unix-like operating systems, memory is managed at the application level.


title: Memory management

text: Memory management within an address space is generally categorized as either manual memory management or automatic memory management.


title: Memory management

text: The task of fulfilling an allocation request consists of locating a block of unused memory of sufficient size. Memory requests are satisfied by allocating portions from a large pool of memory called the "heap" or "free store". At any given time, some parts of the heap are in use, while some are "free" (unused) and thus available for future allocations.


title: Memory management

text: Several issues complicate the implementation, such as external fragmentation, which arises when there are many small gaps between allocated memory blocks, which invalidates their use for an allocation request. The allocator's metadata can also inflate the size of (individually) small allocations. This is often managed by chunking. The memory management system must track outstanding allocations to ensure that they do not overlap and that no memory is ever "lost" (i.e. that there are no "memory leaks").


title: Memory management

text: The specific dynamic memory allocation algorithm implemented can impact performance significantly. A study conducted in 1994 by Digital Equipment Corporation illustrates the overheads involved for a variety of allocators. The lowest average instruction path length required to allocate a single memory slot was 52 (as measured with an instruction level profiler on a variety of software).


title: Memory management

text: Since the precise location of the allocation is not known in advance, the memory is accessed indirectly, usually through a pointer reference. The specific algorithm used to organize the memory area and allocate and deallocate chunks is interlinked with the kernel, and may use any of the following methods:


title: Memory management

text: Fixed-size blocks allocation, also called memory pool allocation, uses a free list of fixed-size blocks of memory (often all of the same size). This works well for simple embedded systems where no large objects need to be allocated, but suffers from fragmentation, especially with long memory addresses. However, due to the significantly reduced overhead this method can substantially improve performance for objects that need frequent allocation / de-allocation and is often used in video games.


title: Memory management

text: In this system, memory is allocated into several pools of memory instead of just one, where each pool represents blocks of memory of a certain power of two in size, or blocks of some other convenient size progression. All blocks of a particular size are kept in a sorted linked list or tree and all new blocks that are formed during allocation are added to their respective memory pools for later use. If a smaller size is requested than is available, the smallest available size is selected and split. One of the resulting parts is selected, and the process repeats until the request is complete. When a block is allocated, the allocator will start with the smallest sufficiently large block to avoid needlessly breaking blocks. When a block is freed, it is compared to its buddy. If they are both free, they are combined and placed in the correspondingly larger-sized buddy-block list.


title: Memory management

text: This memory allocation mechanism preallocates memory chunks suitable to fit objects of a certain type or size. These chunks are called caches and the allocator only has to keep track of a list of free cache slots. Constructing an object will use any one of the free cache slots and destructing an object will add a slot back to the free cache slot list. This technique alleviates memory fragmentation and is efficient as there is no need to search for a suitable portion of memory, as any open slot will suffice.


title: Memory management

text: Many Unix-like systems as well as Microsoft Windows implement a function called for dynamically allocating stack memory in a way similar to the heap-based . A compiler typically translates it to inlined instructions manipulating the stack pointer. Although there is no need of manually freeing memory allocated this way as it is automatically freed when the function that called returns, there exists a risk of overflow. And since alloca is an "ad hoc" expansion seen in many systems but never in POSIX or the C standard, its behavior in case of a stack overflow is undefined.


title: Memory management

text: A safer version of alloca called , which reports errors, exists on Microsoft Windows. It requires the use of . gnulib provides an equivalent interface, albeit instead of throwing an SEH exception on overflow, it delegates to malloc when an overlarge size is detected. A similar feature can be emulated using manual accounting and size-checking, such as in the uses of in glibc.


title: Memory management

text: In many programming language implementations, the runtime environment for the program automatically allocates memory in the call stack for non-static local variables of a subroutine, called automatic variables, when the subroutine is called, and automatically releases that memory when the subroutine is exited. Special declarations may allow local variables to retain values between invocations of the procedure, or may allow local variables to be accessed by other subroutines. The automatic allocation of local variables makes recursion possible, to a depth limited by available memory.


title: Memory management

text: Garbage collection is a strategy for automatically detecting memory allocated to objects that are no longer usable in a program, and returning that allocated memory to a pool of free memory locations. This method is in contrast to "manual" memory management where a programmer explicitly codes memory requests and memory releases in the program. While automatic garbage collection has the advantages of reducing programmer workload and preventing certain kinds of memory allocation bugs, garbage collection does require memory resources of its own, and can compete with the application program for processor time.


title: Memory management

text: Virtual memory is a method of decoupling the memory organization from the physical hardware. The applications operate on memory via "virtual addresses". Each attempt by the application to access a particular virtual memory address results in the virtual memory address being translated to an actual "physical address". In this way the addition of virtual memory enables granular control over memory systems and methods of access.


title: Memory management

text: In virtual memory systems the operating system limits how a process can access the memory. This feature, called memory protection, can be used to disallow a process to read or write to memory that is not allocated to it, preventing malicious or malfunctioning code in one program from interfering with the operation of another.


title: Memory management

text: Even though the memory allocated for specific processes is normally isolated, processes sometimes need to be able to share information. Shared memory is one of the fastest techniques for inter-process communication.


title: Memory management

text: Memory is usually classified by access rate into primary storage and secondary storage. Memory management systems, among other operations, also handle the moving of information between these two levels of memory.


title: Memory management

text: IBM System/360 does not support virtual memory. Memory isolation of jobs is optionally accomplished using protection keys, assigning storage for each job a different key, 0 for the supervisor or 1–15. Memory management in OS/360 is a supervisor function. Storage is requested using the codice_1 macro and freed using the codice_2 macro, which result in a call to the supervisor (SVC) to perform the operation.


title: Memory management

text: In OS/360 MVT, suballocation within a job's "region" or the shared "System Queue Area" (SQA) is based on "subpools", areas a multiple of 2 KB in size—the size of an area protected by a protection key. Subpools are numbered 0–255. Within a region subpools are assigned either the job's storage protection or the supervisor's key, key 0. Subpools 0–127 receive the job's key. Initially only subpool zero is created, and all user storage requests are satisfied from subpool 0, unless another is specified in the memory request. Subpools 250–255 are created by memory requests by the supervisor on behalf of the job. Most of these are assigned key 0, although a few get the key of the job. Subpool numbers are also relevant in MFT, although the details are much simpler. MFT uses fixed "partitions" redefinable by the operator instead of dynamic regions and PCP has only a single partition.


title: Memory management

text: Each subpool is mapped by a list of control blocks identifying allocated and free memory blocks within the subpool. Memory is allocated by finding a free area of sufficient size, or by allocating additional blocks in the subpool, up to the region size of the job. It is possible to free all or part of an allocated memory area.


title: Memory management

text: The details for OS/VS1 are similar to those for MFT and for MVT; the details for OS/VS2 are similar to those for MVT, except that the page size is 4 KiB. For both OS/VS1 and OS/VS2 the shared "System Queue Area" (SQA) is nonpageable.


title: Memory management

text: In MVS the address space includes an additional pageable shared area, the "Common Storage Area" (CSA), and an additional private area, the "System Work area" (SWA). Also, the storage keys 0-7 are all reserved for use by privileged code.


title: Nevil Shute

text: Nevil Shute Norway (17 January 189912 January 1960) was an English novelist and aeronautical engineer who spent his later years in Australia. He used his full name in his engineering career and Nevil Shute as his pen name, in order to protect his engineering career from inferences by his employers (Vickers) or from fellow engineers that he was '"not a serious person" or from potentially adverse publicity in connection with his novels, which included "On the Beach" and "A Town Like Alice".