title: Year Zero (album)

text: After taking a break from touring to complete work on "Year Zero", the Nine Inch Nails live band embarked on a world tour in 2007 dubbed Performance 2007. The tour included the band's first performance in China. Reznor continued to tour with the same band he concluded the previous tour with: Aaron North, Jeordie White, Josh Freese, and Alessandro Cortini. The tour spanned 91dates across Europe, Asia, Australia, and Hawaii.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: Between tour legs Nine Inch Nails gave a performance as part of the "Year Zero" game. A small group of fans received fictional in-game telephone-calls that invited them to a "resistance meeting" in a Los Angeles parking lot. Those who arrived were given "resistance kits", some of which contained cellphones that would later inform the participants of further details. After receiving instructions from the cellphones, fans who attended a fictional Art is Resistance meeting in Los Angeles were rewarded with an unannounced performance by Nine Inch Nails. The concert was cut short as the meeting was raided by a fictional SWAT team and the audience was rushed out of the building.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: Upon its release in April 2007, "Year Zero" sold over 187,000 copies in its first week. The album reached number two on the "Billboard" 200 and peaked in the top 10 in six other countries, including Australia, Canada and the United Kingdom. The album's lead single, "Survivalism" peaked at number 68 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and topped the Modern Rock and Canadian singles charts. The second single, "Capital G", reached number six on the Modern Rock chart.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: In a post on the official Nine Inch Nails website, Reznor condemned Universal Music Groupthe parent company of Interscope Recordsfor its pricing and distribution plans for "Year Zero". He wrote that he hated Interscope for setting the price of the album higher than usual, humorously labeling the company's retail pricing of "Year Zero" in Australia as "ABSURD", and concluding that "as a reward for being a 'true fan' you get ripped off." Reznor went on to say in later years the "climate" of record labels may have an increasingly ambivalent impact on consumers who buy music. Reznor's post, specifically his criticism of the recording industry at large, elicited considerable media attention. Reznor continued his attack on Universal Music Group during a September 2007 concert in Australia, where he urged fans to "steal" his music online instead of purchasing it legally. Reznor went on to encourage the crowd to "steal and steal and steal some more and give it to all your friends and keep on stealin'." Although Universal never replied publicly to the criticism, a spokesperson for the Australian Music Retailers Association said "It is the same price in Australia as it is in the US because of the extra packaging." Due to the pricing dispute, plans to release a "Capital G" maxi-single in Europe were scrapped. The track was instead released as a limited-edition single, without a "Halo number", unlike most official Nine Inch Nails releases.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: "Year Zero" was the last Nine Inch Nails studio album released on Interscope. Reznor announced in October 2007 that Nine Inch Nails had fulfilled its contractual commitments to Interscope and could proceed "free of any recording contract with any label", effectively ending the band's relationship with its record label.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: A remix album, titled "Year Zero Remixed", was released in November 2007. Due to the expiration of his contract with Interscope Records, the album's release, marketing, and promotion were completely in Reznor's control. The album features remixes from artists including The Faint, Ladytron, Bill Laswell, Saul Williams, Olof Dreijer of The Knife, and Sam Fogarino of Interpol. Reznor himself strongly supports fan-made remixes of songs from the album, as evidenced by his decision to upload every song in multi-track form to the then-newly launched Nine Inch Nails remix website. Instrumental versions of the songs on "Year Zero" are available at the site for download in multiple formats, including MP3, WAV, GarageBand, and Ableton Live formats.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: A planned film adaption of "Year Zero" became a television project in 2007. Reznor met with various writers and pitched the idea to television networks. The 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike affected the pre-production stage. Nevertheless, Reznor commented in 2008 that the project is "still churning along", and that he had begun working with American film producer Lawrence Bender. In 2010, Reznor started developing the "Year Zero" miniseries with HBO and BBC Worldwide Productions. Reznor and Bender collaborated with "Carnivàle" writer Daniel Knauf to create the science fiction epic. When asked about the miniseries during an "Ask Me Anything" session on Reddit on November 13, 2012, Reznor said it was "currently in a holding state" and explained, "We [Reznor and Sheridan] didn't find the right match with a writer, and really have been avoiding doing what we should have done from the beginning: write it ourselves. [...] This project means a lot to me and will see the light of day in one form or another." In 2017, during an interview promoting new Nine Inch Nails EP "Add Violence", Reznor said that "They got so far as hiring a writer for it, but then it fell to shit because we never had the right writer. I should have just done it [myself]."


title: Year Zero (album)

text: "Year Zero" received generally favorable reviews from music critics, with an average rating of 76% based on 28 reviews on review aggregator Metacritic. Robert Christgau described "Year Zero" as Reznor's "most songful album", while Thomas Inskeep of "Stylus" magazine praised it as "one of the most forward-thinking 'rock' albums to come down the pike in some time". Rob Sheffield of "Rolling Stone" called the album Reznor's "strongest, weirdest and most complex record since "The Downward Spiral"", and concluded that "he's got his bravado back." "Rolling Stone" ranked it at number 21 on its "Top 50 Albums of 2007" list.


title: Year Zero (album)

text: Several reviewers also commented on the accompanying alternate reality game. Ann Powers of the "Los Angeles Times", praised the album and game concept as "a total marriage of the pop and gamer aesthetics that unlocks the rusty cages of the music industry and solves some key problems facing rock music as its cultural dominance dissolves into dust." In relation to the declining music industry, Joseph Jaffe of "Brandweek" commented that such "mysterious marketing measures [...] are what's desperately needed to gain attention in this uncertain era of distribution dilemmas and sagging sales", also commending acts such as Nine Inch Nails and Radiohead for being "more innovative than marketers". "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a B+, comparing it to "The X-Files" and calling it "A sci-fi concept album whose end-of-days, paranoia-drenched storyline has been disseminated via the Internet". It also stated: "Amid its carefully calibrated sonic assaults, "Year Zero" has a number of tracks that will stop you in yours. Sometimes, it's a matter of dropping the volume [...] Even his use of electronics has shifted to a new level [...] Is the truth in here? Dunno, but Reznor's claim that 'I got my violence in high def ultra-realism' sounds like gospel to us."


title: Year Zero (album)

text: On the fictional world depicted in the album and promotional campaign, the "Cleveland Free Times" commented that the album's fictionalized world and characters "often seemed heavy-handed and forced", but also conceded that "its clotted claustrophobia suited its subject matter". Ann Powers added, "The songs on 'Year Zero,' each from the perspective of a character or characters already existent in the ARG, draw a connection between the music fan's passionate identification with songs and the gamer's experience of becoming someone else online." In 2008, 42 Entertainment won two Webby Awards for its work on the "Year Zero" game, in the categories of "Integrated Campaigns" and "Other Advertising: Branded Content".


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The 1994 NFL season was the 75th regular season of the National Football League. To honor the NFL's 75th season, a special anniversary logo was designed and each player wore a patch on their jerseys with this logo throughout the season. Also, a selection committee of media and league personnel named a special NFL 75th Anniversary All-Time Team, honoring the best NFL players from the first 75 seasons.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The Phoenix Cardinals changed their name to Arizona Cardinals in an attempt to widen their appeal to the entire state of Arizona instead of just the Phoenix area. The name was initially resisted by team owner Bill Bidwill.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: This marked the last season until 2016 that the city of Los Angeles had an NFL team and the last one until 2017 that the city had two. Both the Rams and the Raiders left the city following the season. The Rams moved east to St. Louis, Missouri after being in Los Angeles for 49 years, while the Raiders left after twelve seasons to return to their previous home in Oakland, California. The Rams eventually returned in 2016 after failing to reach an agreement with St. Louis on a new stadium.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The season ended with Super Bowl XXIX when San Francisco defeated San Diego 49–26 at Joe Robbie Stadium. This was the first season of the 1990s to not feature the Buffalo Bills in the Super Bowl.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: This was also the first time in which Christmas Day fell on a Sunday during the regular season. The league established the practice to move most of that weekend's games to the Saturday afternoon of Christmas Eve. Every NFL season afterwards with Christmas Day on a Sunday has followed this same scheduling format. Prior to the 1990 introduction of the bye week, Christmas had fallen within the postseason. In years in which Christmas was on a Sunday, that weekend's games would be split between Saturday, December 24 and Monday, December 26.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The 1994 NFL Draft was held from April 24 to 25, 1994. With the first pick, the Cincinnati Bengals selected defensive tackle Dan Wilkinson from Ohio State.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: A series of four pre-season games that were held at sites outside the United States. On July 31, the Los Angeles Raiders defeated Denver at Estadi Olímpic in Barcelona. On August 7, Minnesota defeated Kansas City at the Tokyo Dome in Tokyo. On August 13, the New York Giants defeated San Diego at Olympiastadion in Berlin. On August 15, Houston defeated Dallas at Estadio Azteca in Mexico City.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The Pro Football Hall of Fame Game, in which Atlanta defeated San Diego, was played on July 30 at Tom Benson Hall of Fame Stadium in Canton, Ohio, the same city where the league was founded. The 1994 Hall of Fame Class included Tony Dorsett, Bud Grant, Jimmy Johnson, Leroy Kelly, Jackie Smith and Randy White.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: This was the final season of selected Green Bay Packers home games in Milwaukee. Recent upgrades to Lambeau Field started to make it more lucrative for the team to play full-time in Green Bay, while Milwaukee County Stadium was becoming outdated for football.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The home of the Indianapolis Colts, the Hoosier Dome, was renamed the RCA Dome after RCA acquired the naming rights


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The Seattle Seahawks played their first three regular season home games at Husky Stadium because the Kingdome, the Seahawks' regular home field, was undergoing repairs for damaged tiles on its roof. The Seahawks returned to Husky for the 2000 and 2001 seasons while their new stadium was under construction.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: The league honored its 75th season by having each team wear throwback uniforms during selected games. The designs varied widely in their accuracy; many of them were not completely accurate for a number of reasons:


title: 1994 NFL season

text: Some teams occasionally wore their throwbacks in additional games during the season, and the San Francisco 49ers wore them through the Super Bowl. They proved to be so popular that the New York Giants followed the lead of the Jets (who went back to their 1960s logo in 1998) and eventually returned to wearing them full-time, with very slight modifications, in 2000. After the NFL modified its rules to allow teams to wear alternate jerseys in 2002, the San Diego Chargers selected their throwbacks as their third uniforms.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: Instead of wearing their throwbacks in additional games, the Dallas Cowboys celebrated their back-to-back Super Bowl titles by wearing "Double-Star" white alternative jerseys during Thanksgiving and through the playoffs. Similar to their throwbacks, they had blue sleeves and blue stars on each shoulder, but it was the modern star design with white lines and blue borders.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: This was the first season that the then-eight-year old Fox network televised NFL games, taking over the NFC package from CBS. ABC, NBC, TNT, and ESPN renewed their rights to televise "Monday Night Football", the AFC package, Sunday night games during the first half of the season, and Sunday night games during the second half of the season, respectively. All of these networks signed four-year television contracts through the 1997 season. The league also signed an exclusivity agreement with the new direct broadcast satellite (DBS) service DirecTV to launch NFL Sunday Ticket, a satellite television subscription service offering every Sunday afternoon regular season NFL game.


title: 1994 NFL season

text: Fox hired several members from CBS, including its lead broadcast team of Pat Summerall and John Madden; and Dick Stockton and Matt Millen to serve as Fox's #2 team. For the new "Fox NFL Sunday" pregame show, the network hired CBS play-by-play announcer James Brown to be the host, and Terry Bradshaw as the show's lead analyst in basically the same role he had on "The NFL Today" on CBS. The then-recently retired player Howie Long and head coach Jimmy Johnson also joined "Fox NFL Sunday".


title: 1994 NFL season

text: NBC fired O. J. Simpson after he was charged with murder during the off-season. The network also hired Greg Gumbel from CBS to become the new host of "NFL Live!", replacing Jim Lampley. Ahmad Rashad became the show's new co-host, while Joe Gibbs joined Mike Ditka as the show's analysts.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: Aquarius is an American period crime drama television series. The series begins in 1967 Los Angeles. The story is inspired by actual people and events, but it is also made up of fictional characters and stories. It stars David Duchovny as Sam Hodiak, a fictional LAPD detective investigating the case of a missing teenage girl named Emma Karn (Emma Dumont), along with his younger colleague undercover narcotics officer Brian Shafe (Grey Damon). Hodiak finds himself coming up against Charles Manson.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: "Aquarius" was created by John McNamara for NBC. It aired from May 28, 2015, to September 10, 2016. It was one of eight series to receive the Critics' Choice Television Award for Most Exciting New Series in 2015. On October 1, 2016, NBC canceled the series after two seasons.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: The series begins in 1967 Los Angeles. The story is inspired by actual people and events, but it is also made up of fictional characters and stories. It stars David Duchovny as Sam Hodiak, a fictional LAPD detective investigating the case of a missing teenage girl named Emma Karn (Emma Dumont), along with his younger colleague undercover narcotics officer Brian Shafe (Grey Damon). Hodiak finds himself coming up against Charles Manson (portrayed by Gethin Anthony) and his infamous "family", a ragtag group of hippies who follow Manson, and Hodiak discovers that the missing girl is with them. The first season revolves around Manson's increasing influence, while the second season focuses on the Tate murders and Manson's belief in a coming race war he called "helter skelter".


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: Series creator McNamara calls his show "historical fiction" as it is inspired by Manson but not historically accurate. This is also expressed in the episodes' opening slate. It also contains completely fictional storylines in a period setting and involves historical events, politics, music, and social issues of the era. NBC has published a blog of events from 1967 to provide context.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: The soundtrack consists of songs from the 1960s. The episode titles are names of famous songs, or Manson Family songs. These songs are included in the episode itself. The title of the series is a song from 1967 (from the cult musical "Hair"), which gave its name to the era in which the series is set. Season 2 episode titles are names of Beatles songs.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: The series broadcast by NBC is TV-14. It was planned to release an unrated version through other markets. The DVD released in September 2015 contains nudity and language that was left out of the broadcast version to maintain its TV-14 rating.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: The original vision was for the show to span six seasons. NBC announced the renewal of "Aquarius" for a second season on June 25, 2015.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: Season 2 debuted on June 16, 2016, with a two-hour, commercial-free event that constituted the first three episodes.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: "The Summer of Love" is a series of four short webisodes. They are set in San Francisco in 1967 during the Summer of Love, before the events of season 1, where Charlie gathers his first followers Mary, Katie, and Sadie.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: "Aquarius" premiered on May 28, 2015. Following the premiere's broadcast, NBC released all 13 episodes of the first season on its website, the NBC mobile app, and Hulu for a four-week period. The episodes were also televised in their normal weekly timeslot.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: In Australia, the series premiered on May 29, 2015 on streaming service Presto, with all 13 episodes being released for 28 days. Its later television debut on the Seven Network (which co-owns Presto) aired on August 26, 2015. Season 2 aired on the same day as the U.S., on Presto in Australia.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: Metacritic gives season 1 of "Aquarius" a score of 58/100 based on reviews from 36 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: Glenn Garvin of "Reason" praised the series for being more than just another retelling of the Manson story, noting "The epic battles over race, gender, drugs, and the Vietnam war are all on display here." He also praises the "killer 1960s soundtrack".


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: Additionally, the show was nominated for and won Most Exciting New Series at the Critics’ Choice Television Awards in 2015.


title: Aquarius (American TV series)

text: These Nielsen ratings reflect the regular TV broadcast, but do not include the online binge-watching that was made possible by releasing the complete series on demand even before the TV broadcast. Those online view numbers, however, are not publicly available. NBC claims they helped gaining insight into online viewing behavior.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: The Battle of Königsberg, also known as the Königsberg offensive, was one of the last operations of the East Prussian offensive during World War II. In four days of urban warfare, Soviet forces of the 1st Baltic Front and the 3rd Belorussian Front captured the city of Königsberg, present day Kaliningrad, Russia. The siege started in late January 1945 when the Soviets initially surrounded the city. Heavy fighting took place for control of overland connection between Königsberg and the port of Pillau, however by March 1945 Königsberg was hundreds of kilometres behind the main front line in the eastern front. The battle ended when the German garrison surrendered to the Soviets on 9 April after a three-day assault made their position untenable.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: The East Prussian offensive was planned by the Soviet Stavka to prevent flank attacks on the armies rushing towards Berlin. Indeed, East Prussia held numerous troops that could be used for this. During initial Stavka planning, Joseph Stalin ordered Marshal Konstantin Rokossovsky to annihilate the Wehrmacht forces trapped there.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: On 13 January 1945, almost 1,500,000 troops supported by several thousand tanks and aircraft of the 3rd Belorussian Front (11th Guards, 39th, 43rd, 50th, 1st Air, 3rd Air, 4th Air, and 15th Air Armies) entered East Prussia, which had been transformed into a gigantic web of fortifications, defensive lines and minefields. Progress was initially very slow. Red Army troops only advanced 1.5 kilometers the first day, through only three defensive lines. In five days, taking heavy losses, Soviet troops advanced only 20 kilometers and were unable to break through German lines into open ground.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: The initial setback did not last and on 24 January Soviet advance forces reached the shores of the Vistula Lagoon (part of the Baltic Sea), cutting off the German forces in East Prussia from a direct connection with Germany, forcing the Germans to supply the surrounded forces by sea. This operation was accomplished by the 1st Baltic Front under the command of General Hovhannes Bagramyan, also known as Ivan Bagramyan.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: On 25 January 1945, in a tacit acknowledgement that German forces in East Prussia and the Courland Pocket were far behind the new front line, Hitler renamed three army groups. Army Group North became Army Group Courland; Army Group Centre (the army group surrounded in the Königsberg pocket) became Army Group North and Army Group A became Army Group Centre.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Those forces, now redesignated as Army Group North, were compressed by further Soviet attacks into three pockets: one around Königsberg, one on the adjacent Sambia Peninsula, and one on the coast of the Vistula Lagoon to the south-west (the Heiligenbeil Pocket).


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: By late January 1945 the 3rd Belorussian Front had surrounded Königsberg on the landward side, severing the road down the Samland peninsula to the port of Pillau, and trapping the 3rd Panzer Army and approximately 200,000 civilians in the city. The civilian provisions were so meagre that civilians were faced with three bleak alternatives:


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Hundreds chose to cross the front line, but about 2,000 women and children a day chose to cross the ice on foot to Pillau. On his return from a visit to Berlin, Erich Koch the Gauleiter of East Prussia chose to stay in the relative safety of Pillau to organise the evacuation rather than return to Königsberg. The first evacuation steamer from Pillau carrying 1,800 civilians and 1,200 casualties reached safety on the 29 January.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Throughout February, there was desperate fighting as the Germans tried to maintain the narrow connection between Königsberg and Samland. For a time, Soviet troops were successful in severing that connection and cutting the city off completely.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: However, on 19 February the 3rd Panzer Army and the 4th Army attacked from the direction of Pillau, managing to force open a corridor from Königsberg to Pillau. Led by a captured Soviet T-34 tank, this attack was spearheaded by the 1st Infantry Division from Königsberg, intended to link with General Hans Gollnick's XXVIII Corps, which held parts of the Samland peninsula, including the vital port of Pillau. Capturing the town of Metgethen, the unit opened the way for the 5th Panzer Division to join with Gollnick's forces near the town of Gross Heydekrug the next day. This action solidified the German defense of the area until April, re-opening the land route from Königsberg to Pillau, through which supplies could be delivered by ship and the wounded and refugees could be evacuated. This month-long battle is sometimes called the first siege of Königsberg.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: In March the situation had stabilized – by now, the main front line had moved hundreds of kilometers to the west, and capturing the city took a much lower priority for the Soviets. Even so, the garrison was intact and showed no signs of surrender. Eventually the Soviet command decided to capture the city by assault rather than a siege.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Assaulting Königsberg was not to be an easy task. Garrisoned inside the city were five divisions (69th, 367th, 548th, 561st), for a total of 130,000 troops, along with impressive defensive positions constructed in 1888 that included fifteen forts interconnected by tunnels with integrated accommodations for the troops, and designed to withstand the bombardment of super-guns being designed in that era following the siege of Paris (1870–1871). The Germans still held a narrow land connection to the adjacent German pocket on the Samland peninsula. The capture of the city necessitated this frantically shielded connection be separated. The German troops on the peninsula, the so-called Samland Group, could be expected to stage counter-attacks to prevent this from happening.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Königsberg was, according to Winston Churchill, "a modernised heavily defended fortress". Three concentric rings of fortifications surrounded the city: the outer ring of defences reinforced by 12 forts outside the town, the middle ring in the outskirts and the inner city, a single fortress of anti-tank defences, barricades and landmines, along with several other forts.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: In order to face such defensive power, the Soviet command planned to heavily rely on aviation and artillery support, with densities reaching 250 guns per kilometre in some areas. The German troops were also subjected to propaganda, explaining that their resistance was futile, and that the front line was far behind them — that they were trapped in a "pocket" and that it would be best to surrender. However, this propaganda had little to no effect.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: After four days of preparatory artillery bombardment, the assault started on 6 April 1945. The assault was planned to be "star-like". Troops would attack from many points around the perimeter and meet in the center of the city, compartmentalising the remaining defenders into isolated groups incapable of mutual support. There were two main fronts: North (held by the 39th and 43rd Armies which included the 208th Rifle Division) and South (11th Guards Army). The 50th Army was stationed in the northeast part of the front. One corps was to hold the line while two corps with a total of six rifle divisions, plus artillery, armor and engineer reinforcements, took part in the attack.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: In the southern sector of the front, the assault began at sunrise with heavy shelling, enduring three hours, trailed by the primary assault wave. The Soviet rifle divisions quickly went through the first defense line, because its defenders had been largely eliminated and the remainder were demoralized by several days of intense bombing. By noon, the Soviet leading regiments reached the second defensive line, where their progression was halted by stronger opposition, forcing Soviet commanders to use their reserve forces. Three hours later, the second defense line was overrun in several places.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: An especially bitter fight raged in the vicinity of Fort Eight. Built at the end of the 19th century and modernized since, the fort had thick walls, considerable firepower and was surrounded by a deep moat, making a frontal assault almost impossible. Despite heavy artillery fire, its defenders prevented any attempt to approach the walls. Only at dusk were Soviet forces able to reach the moat and start using explosives to try to breach the walls.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: In the main attack axis in the north, the attack started at the same time. By noon, the first defense line had fallen and the second line was badly shaken and broken in several places. In the afternoon, however, progress became increasingly slow, especially on the right flank, where German forces stationed in the western outskirts of the city (the so-called Samland Group) attempted several flanking attacks.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Fort Five, claimed to be the best fortification of the entire Königsberg position, formed a strong resistance point. In front of such a situation, Soviet commanders decided to surround it and leave it behind, leaving the rear guard troops time to prepare a new assault.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: At dusk the battle stalled, allowing both sides to consolidate their lines, regroup their forces and bring reserves to the front line. This first day had mixed results, since Soviet progress was not as good as expected. However, both city defenses and the defenders' morale were seriously shaken, and troops, including officers, began to surrender periodically.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: During this first day of assault, bad weather prevented the Soviet troops from using precision bombing with as much effect as they would have liked. Additionally, even fortified, the terrain conquered by the Soviet troops during this day was not so densely populated as the central city would be, reducing problems associated with urban warfare.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: During the night, the German troops attempted several counterattacks, using their last reserves. Despite the bitter engagements and heavy losses on both sides, the counterattacks were driven off. The most active part of the front was still the one facing the Samland group, where a dozen such counterattacks were attempted.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Better weather conditions allowed the Red Army to make good use of daylight precision bombing. Several hundred bombers belonging to 1st, 3rd and 15th Air Armies, supported with Baltic Fleet aviation, bombarded the downtown and the Samland Group's bridgeheads.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Meanwhile, Fort Eight, blocked by Soviet troops, was still a strong pocket of resistance. After several unsuccessful attacks, a more cunning plan was developed. Using smoke screens to conceal their approach and flamethrowers to weaken the defense positions, several hundred men managed to cross the moat and enter the fortress, where bitter close combat began. Once the outer defenses were weakened, a massive frontal assault began. Finally, the assault succeeded and the remainder of the garrison surrendered.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: During the day, the 11th Guards Army sought to reach the Pregel river, eliminating all resistance on the southern side. However, their advance was slowed in the central area of the city, where every building had to be literally taken apart along with its defenders. A particularly bitter skirmish took place in the main railway station and its platforms, where almost every railcar was transformed into a firing point, and Soviet troops had to use armor and gun support to advance, taking heavy losses. Only by dusk was the area completely neutralized, allowing the attackers to approach the third inner defence perimeter, protecting the entrance to the city centre itself.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: In the north, Fort Five proved to be a strong pocket of resistance as well. Soviet sappers finally managed to place explosives at the base of the walls, breaching them and allowing for a direct assault. As with the assault on Fort Eight, bitter close combat began in the fort, lasting all night and ceasing only in the morning when the last troops surrendered.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: At the end of the day, seeing that further resistance was pointless, General Otto Lasch radioed Adolf Hitler's headquarters and asked for permission to surrender. Hitler's answer was "fight to the last soldier".


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: During the night, the Pregel was crossed by the 11th Guards Army and despite enemy fire by dawn a full bridgehead was established on the opposite bank. Continuing their advance northwards, they linked up with the northern troops, completing the encirclement and cutting off the Samland group from the city.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: In the afternoon, Marshal Aleksandr Vasilevsky once again asked the defenders to surrender. This offer was refused and the German forces attempted to break out of the encirclement, attacking both from the city centre and the Samland bridgehead. The latter managed to advance several kilometres before being stopped. Although another attack was prepared, the Germans' lack of air defenses allowed Soviet Ilyushin Il-2 ground attack aircraft to destroy a large number of troops. During this campaign, Soviet aviation generally proved very effective.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: By the end of the day, it was clear that any attempt by the Samland group to break out of the encirclement would be pointless. However, victory was nowhere near, as almost 40,000 men were garrisoned in the city centre, which was regularly subjected to heavy shelling.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: During the last day of the battle, the besieged German defenders were overwhelmed and the defence coordination fell apart. Having been comprehensively defeated, and in the realisation that further resistance was futile, Otto Lasch decided on his own initiative to send emissaries to negotiate the surrender. At 18:00, the emissaries arrived at the Soviet lines, and a delegation was sent to Lasch's bunker. Shortly before midnight, the surrender was acknowledged.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: Almost 80% of the city was destroyed; first by the Royal Air Force in August 1944, and then by Soviet shelling in April 1945.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: During the operation the main forces of German East Prussia group were destroyed. Only the Army Detachment Samland remained operational, but was annihilated by 25 April, in the Soviet Samland offensive.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: The operation was a major success for the Soviet Army due to the comparatively low casualties suffered during the capture of the heavily fortified stronghold. The capture was celebrated in Moscow with an artillery salvo by 324 cannons firing 24 shells each. A Medal "For the Capture of Königsberg" was established and 98 military units were named after the Königsberg operation.


title: Battle of Königsberg

text: After the war, following the transfer of northern half of East Prussia to the Russian SFSR, Königsberg was renamed Kaliningrad, and was installed with predominantly Russian (and, to a lesser extent, Belarusian and Ukrainian) settlers from other areas of the Soviet Union. This area is now known as the Kaliningrad Oblast.


title: Galactic year

text: The galactic year, also known as a cosmic year, is the duration of time required for the Sun to orbit once around the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. One galactic year is 230 million Earth years. The Solar System is traveling at an average speed of 230 km/s (828,000 km/h) or 143 mi/s (514,000 mph) within its trajectory around the galactic center, a speed at which an object could circumnavigate the Earth's equator in 2 minutes and 54 seconds; that speed corresponds to approximately 1/1300 of the speed of light.


title: Galactic year

text: The galactic year provides a conveniently usable unit for depicting cosmic and geological time periods together. By contrast, a "billion-year" scale does not allow for useful discrimination between geologic events, and a "million-year" scale requires some rather large numbers.


title: Rekha filmography

text: Rekha is an Indian actress who has had a prolific career in Hindi films, and is acknowledged as one of the finest actresses of Indian cinema. She first appeared as a child artist in two Telugu-language films "Inti Guttu" (1958) and "Rangula Ratnam" (1966), but her career as a lead started with the Kannada film "Operation Jackpot Nalli C.I.D 999" in 1969. In that same year, she starred in her first Hindi film, "Anjana Safar", which was delayed for ten years due to censorship problems. Her first Hindi release was "Sawan Bhadon" (1970), a commercial success which established her as a rising star. She followed with roles in "Raampur Ka Lakshman" (1972), "Kahani Kismat Ki" (1973), and "Pran Jaye Par Vachan Na Jaye" (1974), to mainstream success but little recognition for her acting, and press criticism of her looks and overweight. Rekha was motivated to improve her acting and appearance and managed a well-publicised transformation, both physically and in terms of her screen persona and command of the Hindi language. Her work in the 1976 drama "Do Anjaane" was better received, and critical recognition of her roles as a rape victim in "Ghar" and a courtesan in "Muqaddar Ka Sikandar" (1978) marked the beginning of the most successful period of her career.


title: Rekha filmography

text: Through most of the 1980s and early 1990s, she was one of the leading actresses in Hindi cinema. Her comic role in "Khubsoorat" (1980) earned her a first Filmfare Award for Best Actress. Further mainstream success came with roles in a myriad of family and drama films such as "Baseraa" (1981), "Silsila" (1981), "Ek Hi Bhool" (1981), "Jeevan Dhaara" (1982), and "Agar Tum Na Hote" (1983). During this period, she extended her work into arthouse films, a movement of neo-realist films known in India as parallel cinema, often to favourable reviews. These films included "Kalyug" (1981), "Umrao Jaan" (1981), "Vijeta" (1982), "Utsav" (1984), and "Ijaazat" (1987). Her acclaimed portrayal of the eponymous classical courtesan in "Umrao Jaan" won her the National Film Award for Best Actress. Her work during the decade included sporadic dubbing and playback singing. Having credited her physical change to diet and yoga practice, she released an exercise video, "Rekha's Mind and Body Temple" (1983). A period of decline during the middle of the decade was followed by "Khoon Bhari Maang", among the first of a new trend of women-centred revenge films, which starred Rekha in the role of a woman avenging her attempted murder by her husband, and earned her a second Best Actress Filmfare Award.


title: Rekha filmography

text: Her work was much less frequent in subsequent decades. Most of her films in early 1990s mostly met with lukewarm reviews and were rejected by the audience. She was cast in several parts similar to that in "Khoon Bhari Maang", the great majority of which failed to leave a similar mark, except for considerable success with "Phool Bane Angaray" (1991). In 1996, she won a third Filmfare Award, in the Best Supporting Actress category, for her negative turn of an underworld don in the action thriller "Khiladiyon Ka Khiladi" (1996), one of the year's highest-earning Hindi films. She accepted parts in two controversial films: a Kama Sutra instructor in "" (1996) and a housewife moonlighting as a prostitute in "" (1997), to critical acclaim but some public scrutiny. In the 2000s, she was praised for her supporting roles in the 2001 dramas "Zubeidaa" and "Lajja", and started playing mother roles, among which was her role in the science fiction "Koi... Mil Gaya" (2003) and its superhero sequel "Krrish" (2006). While her leading roles in the comedies "Bachke Rehna Re Baba" (2005) and "Kudiyon Ka Hai Zamana" (2006) were met with disapproval by critics, her supporting part in "Yatra" (2006) was better reviewed. This was followed by a long hiatus from film work, during which she appeared twice over the following decade in "Sadiyaan" (2010) and "Super Nani" (2014).


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The DY Patil Stadium, also known as DY Patil Sports Stadium, is a multi-purpose stadium at D. Y. Patil campus at Nerul in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India. It was designed by Hafeez Contractor. It is a privately owned ground and is the home of D.Y. Patil Sports Academy. It is primarily a cricket stadium however is used for many different events from cricket and football, to music concerts and special events.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The stadium was officially inaugurated on 4 March 2008 and was briefly the home ground for IPL team Mumbai Indians. It hosted three IPL matches for the Mumbai Indians and has also hosted the 2008 Indian Premier League Final and 2010 Indian Premier League Final. The IPL returned to DY Patil Stadium in 2022 where the ground will host 20 games in the group stages. It is one of four grounds beings used for all groups stage games.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: It used to be the second home ground of the club Mumbai City FC. The stadium also has hosted football matches for 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and 2022 AFC Women's Asian Cup.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In 2014 it was announced that DY Patil Stadium will be the home ground of the ISL franchise Mumbai City FC. All Mumbai City FC home matches were played in the DY Patil stadium. It has also hosted the Final of Hero ISL 2014 between Atlético de Kolkata and Kerala Blasters FC. The stadium also hosted 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup. It was picked over Cooperage Ground. It will be used again for the 2020 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup for the final.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The capacity of 55,000 makes it the ninth-largest cricket ground in India. The stadium makes use of bucket seats and cantilever roofs that eliminate the need for columns. On the other hand, the stadium has a 120-person capacity air-conditioned media center. The upper level of the viewing galleries has 60 private corporate boxes.This stadium also holds an inter-school cricket match for D.Y Patil International school every year.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: A unique feature of the stadium is the cantilever roof which eliminates the need for any supports thus providing the spectators with an unobstructed view of the match from any place within the stand.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: It is also the location for the TMGA DY Patil Sports Centre. The facilities include 4 tennis hard courts, an outdoor football rink, an outdoor basketball court, 3 indoor badminton courts, 2 swimming pools and a high performance gym at the TMGA DY Patil Sports Centre. There is also a 5-star restaurant under construction.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The Dr. D.Y. Patil Sports Academy (DYPSA) organized India's first official T20 tournament in 2005. The tournament is hosted annually at the stadium and includes:


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The DY Patil T20 Tournament typically runs between February and April and is a breeding ground for young talented stars in India as well as highly experienced cricketers.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: Mumbai Cricket Association (MCA) Times Shield matches are played at DY Patil, on both the main stadium pitch and university oval.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The Road Safety World Series international T20 tournament used DY Patil stadium pitch for a number of games, before Covid-19 impacted the tournament in 2020 resulting in the games moving to Raipur, India.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The Indian Premier League has used DY Patil Stadium pitch as a host venue since 2008. Many teams have used the stadium pitch, university oval and nursery ground training facilities for squad training.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The tournament kicked off on 6 October with a New Zealand v/s Turkey match which was a stalemate, followed by Paraguay v/s Mali with 5 total goals scored and Paraguay edging out as the winner with the final score being 3–2. The second matchday(9 October) witnessed matches between Turkey and Mali followed by a match between Paraguay and New Zealand which saw a 4-2 scoreline. Paraguay followed this up with another magnificent performance on 12 October, cementing their round of 16 berths by topping group B. Ensuring that was the most anticipated match, USA vs. Colombia, which finished with Colombia registering a 3–1 win over the US in a hard-fought match that saw both teams qualify for the round of 16 from group A.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The round of 16 matches on 18 October saw Ghana beat Niger 2-0 leading the Black Starlets to the quarter-finals.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The semi-final was the last FIFA U17 WC match hosted at the DY Patil Stadium. It saw complete hysteria as the enthusiastic crowd of 37,847 spectators cheered on throughout the dynamic Mali v/s Spain match.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: D Y Patil Stadium served as the home ground for Mumbai City FC in the inaugural season of the Indian Super League. Legends like Fredrik Ljungberg and Nicolas Anelka had graced the stadium while playing for Mumbai City FC. The final of the tournament was hosted at DY Patil Stadium, with Atletico de Kolkata beating Kerala Blasters.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: D Y Patil Stadium served as the home ground for Mumbai City FC for the second season running. Sunil Chettri was signed by Mumbai City FC for a record-breaking deal and played most of the home games at the stadium. The most notable memory at the stadium was when Chettri scored a hat-trick against NorthEast United FC.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The 7th between India and Australia during Australia's 2009 tour of India to be played on 11 November 2009. It was supposed to be the first international cricket match to take place but was canceled due to heavy rain.It finally hosted its first international match on 9 December 2022 as India women's cricket team knocked horns with Australian women's cricket team on their tour in India.Two matches of that series were played in this stadium.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In Inaugural Season Of IPL ( IPL 2008 ) It hosted the final, In IPL 2010, the stadium hosted 6 matches including the opening match, the semi-finals, the 3rd place playoff and the final.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: It has hosted Football matches of Indian Super League for the club Mumbai City FC, Hosted first-ever ISL Final in 2014, the stadium hosted some matches of the 2017 FIFA U-17 World Cup and will be used again for the 2022 FIFA U-17 Women's World Cup, It is one of the venues 2022 Women's Asian Cup.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: There are 2 full cricket grounds (Stadium Pitch and University Oval), 1 additional training ground (The Nursery Grounds) which is also a full size and FIFA accredited football pitch, a netting and training area, fully operational Gym and Sports Centre, and a restaurant (under construction)


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The stadium underwent Rs. 30 crores worth of refurbishment, including changing the roof, building 16 emergency exit bridges, two additional dressing rooms, and setting up four training grounds in the vicinity.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: A 500 KW solar plant was installed to take care of more than 70 percent of the electrical requirements of the stadium as an initiative to minimize the unfavorable environmental effect of the stadium.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: There are diesel generators that have been installed to guard against interrupted power supply during games. These lights were upgraded for the 2022 IPL to replace filament lights with LED for increased lux rating with lower energy consumption.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: For the ground, 200 tons of clay were imported from South Africa. The pitch was prepared based on the advice and guidance of Neil Tainton and John Klug from South Africa. Stadiums around India typically have outfields made from red soil. When it rains, the outfield tends to become sluggish and heavy. To minimise the interruption because of rain, the outfield here is sand-based. A completely concealed underground drainage system helps quickly remove water. A practise ground with 10 practice pitches is also on the campus next to the main stadium.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: Individual bucket seats are available to spectators. There are no pillars obstructing the views of the ground. Two giant LED screens provide scores, replays, and other information.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: Spectators are monitored by a network of digital cameras producing images of very high quality, which are sent to security agencies. Axis cameras (the product of a Sweden-based company), like the ones installed in Mons-Bergen football stadium in Belgium, have been installed for the first time in India. The surveillance system is highly advanced when compared to conventional CCTVs. The stadium is designed to be earthquake-proof, with fire-fighting and evacuation facilities.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: There are luxury suites with attached restrooms. Catering support is provided in the main pavilion area.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In December 2015, Hardwell was invited by Shailendra Singh to perform for the World's Biggest Guestlist event at the venue, waiving his personal appearance fee in favor of donating all of the proceeds to charity. For the record-setting show, Guestlist4Good opened 75,000 spots on Hardwell's personal guestlist for over 125,000 pre-registered fans, while also accepting pledges and donations with the goal of providing educational aid for 2,800 children as they age from 8 to 18.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In May 2017, Justin Bieber played to a crowd of 56,000 at the stadium as a part of the Purpose Tour which was the first time that he had performed in India.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In December 2017, the World's Biggest Guestlist Festival, 2-day event was held, organised by Shailendra Singh and Guestlist4Good, with Hardwell, W&W, Nucleya, Adnan Sami, Shaan, Mithoon, KillTheBuzz, Suyano, Aditi Singh Sharma, Armaan Malik performing. 75,000 fans were in attendance on the second day, United we Are by Hardwell, and the event supported the education of 100,000 underprivileged Indian children through Magic Bus.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In May 2013, a grand musical concert 'Nhau Tujhiya Preme' (Bathing in Shower of Your Love) was held at the stadium. It was a spiritual musical event wherein around 50 abhyanga (spiritual poetries) were sung and attended by around 35000 devotees from various regions across the world.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: In September 2019, U2 announced a concert in the stadium on 15 December, as part of The Joshua Tree Tour 2019.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: On 16 November 2019, Dua Lipa and Katy Perry headlined the One Plus Music Festival. This is Katy Perry's first time performing in India since 2012.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: On 4 December 2019, the 98th Birthday celebrations of Pramukh Swami Maharaj, with a gathering of more than 90000 devotees, were held. Home Minister of India - Amit Shah, Former CM & leader of opposition in Maharashtra Devendra Fadnavis, Dilip Joshi were also present.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: On 15 December 2019, U2 played a sold-out show in front of over 42,000 at their first concert in India.


title: DY Patil Stadium

text: The Guinness Book of Records lists the "Largest health awareness lesson (single venue)" as 51,861 participants, achieved by Dr. Shri Nanasaheb Dharmadhikari Pratishthan (India) at the stadium on 20 December 2013.


title: Computer fan

text: A computer fan is any fan inside, or attached to, a computer case used for active cooling. Fans are used to draw cooler air into the case from the outside, expel warm air from inside and move air across a heat sink to cool a particular component. Both axial and sometimes centrifugal (blower/squirrel-cage) fans are used in computers. Computer fans commonly come in standard sizes, such as 92mm, 120mm (most common), 140mm, and even 200-220mm. Computer fans are powered and controlled using 3-pin or 4-pin fan connectors.


title: Computer fan

text: While in earlier personal computers it was possible to cool most components using natural convection (passive cooling), many modern components require more effective active cooling. To cool these components, fans are used to move heated air away from the components and draw cooler air over them. Fans attached to components are usually used in combination with a heat sink to increase the area of heated surface in contact with the air, thereby improving the efficiency of cooling. Fan control is not always an automatic process. A computer's BIOS can control the speed of the built-in fan system for the computer. A user can even supplement this function with additional cooling components or connect a manual fan controller with knobs that set fans to different speeds.


title: Computer fan

text: In the IBM PC compatible market, the computer's power supply unit (PSU) almost always uses an exhaust fan to expel warm air from the PSU. Active cooling on CPUs started to appear on the Intel 80486, and by 1997 was standard on all desktop processors. Chassis or case fans, usually one exhaust fan to expel heated air from the rear and optionally an intake fan to draw cooler air in through the front, became common with the arrival of the Pentium 4 in late 2000.


title: Computer fan

text: Fans are used to move air through the computer case. The components inside the case cannot dissipate heat efficiently if the surrounding air is too hot. Case fans may be placed as "intake fans", drawing cooler outside air in through the front or bottom of the chassis (where it may also be drawn over the internal hard drive racks), or "exhaust fans", expelling warm air through the top or rear. Some ATX tower cases have one or more additional vents and mounting points in the left side panel where one or more fans may be installed to blow cool air directly onto the motherboard components and expansion cards, which are among the largest heat sources.


title: Computer fan

text: Standard axial case fans are 40, 60, 80, 92, 120, 140, 200 and 220 mm in width and length. As case fans are often the most readily visible form of cooling on a PC, decorative fans are widely available and may be lit with LEDs, made of UV-reactive plastic, and/or covered with decorative grilles. Decorative fans and accessories are popular with case modders. Air filters are often used over intake fans, to prevent dust from entering the case and clogging up the internal components. Heatsinks are especially vulnerable to being clogged up, as the insulating effect of the dust will rapidly degrade the heatsink's ability to dissipate heat.


title: Computer fan

text: While the power supply (PSU) contains a fan with few exceptions, it is not to be used for case ventilation. The hotter the PSU's intake air is, the hotter the PSU gets. As the PSU temperature rises, the conductivity of its internal components decrease. Decreased conductivity means that the PSU will convert more of the input electric energy into thermal energy (heat). This cycle of increasing temperature and decreased efficiency continues until the PSU either overheats, or its cooling fan is spinning fast enough to keep the PSU adequately supplied with comparatively cool air. The PSU is mainly bottom-mounted in modern PCs, having its own dedicated intake and exhaust vents, preferably with a dust filter in its intake vent.


title: Computer fan

text: Used to cool the CPU (central processing unit) heatsink. Effective cooling of a concentrated heat source such as a large-scale integrated circuit requires a heatsink, which may be cooled by a fan; use of a fan alone will not prevent overheating of the small chip.


title: Computer fan

text: Used to cool the heatsink of the graphics processing unit or the memory on graphics cards. These fans were not necessary on older cards because of their low power dissipation, but most modern graphics cards designed for 3D graphics and gaming need their own dedicated cooling fans. Some of the higher powered cards can produce more heat than the CPU (dissipating up to 350 watts), so effective cooling is especially important. Since 2010, graphics cards have been released with either axial fans, or a centrifugal fan also known as a blower, turbo or squirrel cage fan.


title: Computer fan

text: Used to cool the heatsink of the northbridge of a motherboard's chipset; this may be needed where the system bus is significantly overclocked and dissipates more power than as usual, but may otherwise be unnecessary. As more features of the chipset are integrated into the central processing unit, the role of the chipset has been reduced and the heat generation reduced also.


title: Computer fan

text: Fans may be mounted next to or onto a hard disk drive for cooling purposes. Hard drives can produce considerable heat over time, and are heat-sensitive components that should not operate at excessive temperatures. In many situations, natural convective cooling suffices, but in some cases fans may be required. These may include -


title: Computer fan

text: A case fan may be mounted on a radiator attached to the case, simultaneously operating to cool a liquid cooling device's working fluid and to ventilate the case. In laptops, a single blower fan often cools a heat sink connected to both CPU and GPU using heat pipes. In gaming laptops and mobile workstations, two or more heavy duty fans may be used. In rack-mounted servers, a single row of fans may operate to create an airflow through the chassis from front to rear, which is directed by passive ducts or shrouds across individual components' heat sinks.


title: Computer fan

text: Due to the low pressure, high volume air flows they create, most fans used in computers are of the axial flow type; centrifugal and crossflow fans type. Two important functional specifications are the airflow that can be moved, typically stated in cubic feet per minute (CFM), and static pressure. Given in decibels, the sound volume figure can be also very important for home and office computers; larger fans are generally quieter for the same CFM.


title: Computer fan

text: The dimensions and mounting holes must suit the equipment that uses the fan. Square-framed fans are usually used, but round frames are also used, often so that a larger fan than the mounting holes would otherwise allow can be used (e.g., a 140 mm fan with holes for the corners of a 120 mm square fan). The width of square fans and the diameter of round ones are usually stated in millimeters. The dimension given is the outside width of the fan, not the distance between mounting holes. Common sizes include 40 mm, 60 mm, 80 mm, 92 mm, 120 mm and 140 mm, although


title: Computer fan

text: 8 mm, 17 mm, 20 mm, 25 mm, 30 mm, 35 mm, 38 mm, 45 mm, 50 mm, 70 mm, 200 mm, 220 mm, 250 mm and 360 mm sizes are also available. Heights, or thickness, are typically 10 mm, 15 mm, 25 mm or 38 mm.


title: Computer fan

text: Typically, square 120 mm and 140 mm fans are used where cooling requirements are demanding, as for computers used to play games, and for quieter operation at lower speeds. Larger fans are usually used for cooling case, CPUs with large heatsink and ATX power supply. Square 80 mm and 92 mm fans are used in less demanding applications, or where larger fans would not be compatible. Smaller fans are usually used for cooling CPUs with small heatsink, SFX power supply, graphics cards, northbridges, etc.


title: Computer fan

text: The speed of rotation (specified in revolutions per minute, RPM) together with the static pressure determine the airflow for a given fan. Where noise is an issue, larger, slower-turning fans are quieter than smaller, faster fans that can move the same airflow. Fan noise has been found to be roughly proportional to the fifth power of fan speed; halving the speed reduces the noise by about 15 dB. Axial fans may rotate at speeds of up to around 38,000 rpm for smaller sizes.


title: Computer fan

text: Fans may be controlled by sensors and circuits that reduce their speed when temperature is not high, leading to quieter operation, longer life, and lower power consumption than fixed-speed fans. Fan lifetimes are usually quoted under the assumption of running at maximum speed and at a fixed ambient temperature.


title: Computer fan

text: A fan with high static pressure is more effective at forcing air through restricted spaces, such as the gaps between a radiator or heatsink; static pressure is more important than airflow in CFM when choosing a fan for use with a heatsink. The relative importance of static pressure depends on the degree to which the airflow is restricted by geometry; static pressure becomes more important as the spacing between heatsink fins decreases. Static pressure is usually stated in either mm Hg or mm HO.


title: Computer fan

text: The type of bearing used in a fan can affect its performance and noise. Most computer fans use one of the following bearing types:


title: Computer fan

text: If a fan is not desirable, because of noise, reliability, or environmental concerns, there are some alternatives. Some improvement can be achieved by eliminating all fans except one in the power supply which also draws hot air out of the case.


title: Computer fan

text: Systems can be designed to use passive cooling alone, reducing noise and eliminating moving parts that may fail. This can be achieved by:


title: Kobe Tai

text: Tai was a contract performer with Vivid Entertainment. In 2011, "Complex" ranked her first on its list of "The Top 50 Hottest Asian Porn Stars of All Time".


title: Kobe Tai

text: In addition to her roles in porn films, Tai (billed as "Carla Scott") appeared in the mainstream movie "Very Bad Things", portraying a stripper at a bachelor party, and sang background vocals for Marilyn Manson's song, "New Model No. 15", on the album "Mechanical Animals".


title: Kobe Tai

text: She was an Opening Night Guest of Honor along with Asia Carrera at the Big Apple Anime Fest's Midnight Anime Concourse.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Anton Ciprian Tătărușanu (; born 9 February 1986) is a Romanian professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for club AC Milan.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: He started his senior career in Romania with Juventus București, going on to represent Gloria Bistrița and FC Steaua București in the country. Tătărușanu made over 180 appearances in all competitions for the latter, and in the summer of 2014 joined Fiorentina on a free transfer. After three seasons with the "Viola", he moved to France with spells at Nantes and Lyon. In September 2020, Tătărușanu transferred back to Italy and signed for AC Milan.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Tătărușanu earned 73 caps for the Romania senior team, with which he made his debut in 2010. He was a member of the squad that participated at the UEFA Euro 2016, starting in all three group stage matches of the competition. Four years later, Tătărușanu announced his retirement from the national team at age 34.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Born in Bucharest, Tătărușanu began his football career with local Juventus București. He later joined Gloria Bistrița, making his first division debut in a 1–0 away victory over Unirea Urziceni on 23 May 2007.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: In May 2008, it was announced that 22-year-old Tătărușanu was transferred to FC Steaua București for a fee of €1.5 million. He spent the following season on loan at Gloria Bistrița, as the "Roș-albaștrii" already had a first-choice goalkeeper in the person of Róbinson Zapata.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Tătărușanu made his European debut on 16 July 2009, in a 2–0 victory against Hungarian side Újpest in the UEFA Europa League. On 2 August, he played his first Liga I game for Steaua in a 2–0 win over Ceahlăul Piatra Neamț. On 19 August 2010, he helped his team progress further to the Europa League group stage after making two saves at the penalty shootout against Grasshopper.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: In June 2011, it was reported that Napoli submitted a €3 million bid for the transfer of Tătărușanu, but the offer was rejected. During his spell in the capital, he amassed competitive totals of 187 games and won four domestic trophies.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Tătărușanu refused to renew his contract with Steaua București and left the club on Bosman ruling, subsequently signing a five-year deal with Italian team Fiorentina on 9 June 2014. He made his debut for the "Viola" on 18 September, in a 3–0 Europa League group stage victory over Guingamp.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: He totalled seven appearances in the competition, including a 1–1 round of 32 draw at Tottenham Hotspur. On 6 January 2015, he played his first Serie A match, a 0–1 loss to Parma. Tătărușanu was then chosen in the starting eleven for eight consecutive games, until a 1–1 draw with Torino. He made his last appearance of the 2014–15 season in the final league fixture, a 3–0 win over Chievo.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Following the departure of Neto to Juventus in July 2015, Tătărușanu became the undisputed first-choice goalkeeper for Fiorentina, with his good display earning him the "Gazeta Sporturilor"'s 2015 Romanian Footballer of the Year award.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: In late July 2017, Tătărușanu was transferred by French club Nantes for an undisclosed fee. He made his competitive debut on 12 August in a 0–1 defeat to Marseille, being named man of the match for his performance. On 20 December 2017, he finished second behind Constantin Budescu in the 2017 Romanian Footballer of the Year award.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: Tătărușanu amassed 37 appearances in his first campaign with "the Canaries", all in the Ligue 1, and managed to keep twelve clean sheets. In early April 2019, he saved two penalty kicks in successive matches; the first in a 0–3 Coupe de France loss to Paris Saint-Germain, and the second in a 0–1 league loss to Toulouse.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: On 13 June 2019, Tătărușanu chose to stay in France and joined Olympique Lyonnais as a free agent. He recorded his debut on 18 December that year, in a Coupe de la Ligue 4–1 win against Toulouse. He only played six matches overall during his one-year spell at Lyon, as he was considered a backup option to regular starter Anthony Lopes.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: On 12 September 2020, AC Milan announced Tătărușanu as their new player after he agreed to a three-year deal with the club. One day earlier, Lyon had revealed the transfer fee for the 34-year-old to be €500,000.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: In the position of second-choice goalkeeper behind Gianluigi Donnarumma, he made his debut on 26 October in a 3–3 league draw with Roma, after the former tested positive for COVID-19. Tătărușanu played in a Derby della Madonnina in the Coppa Italia in January 2021, being praised for his performance in the media despite his team being defeated 2–1 by Inter Milan.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: The next season, Milan continued with Tătărușanu as their backup goalkeeper, this time behind Mike Maignan, Milan's acquisition after the departure of Donnarumma to Paris Saint-Germain in the summer. On 13 October 2021, Maignan was operated on his left wrist and ruled out for two and a half months. With Tătărușanu in goal, Milan went on a four-game winning streak in the Serie A against Hellas Verona, Bologna, Torino and Roma. On 7 November, Tătărușanu was Milan's goalkeeper in the Milan Derby, where he made a penalty save against Lautaro Martínez in an eventual 1–1 draw.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: In August 2009, Tătărușanu was selected by manager Răzvan Lucescu in Romania's squad for a match with Hungary. His full international debut came on 17 November 2010, in a 1–1 draw against Italy. Tătărușanu became a bronze medalist at the Cyprus International Football Tournament in 2011.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: He was picked for the preliminary 28-man UEFA Euro 2016 squad and eventually made it to the final list. He played in all three matches of the eventual group-stage exit, including the opener against hosts France.


title: Ciprian Tătărușanu

text: On 19 November 2020, the day after earning his 73rd cap for the country in a 1–1 UEFA Nations League draw with Northern Ireland, Tătarușanu publicly announced his retirement from the national team.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Positioning refers to the place that a brand occupies in the minds of the customers and how it is distinguished from the products of the competitors and different from the concept of brand awareness. In order to position products or brands, companies may emphasize the distinguishing features of their brand (what it is, what it does and how, etc.) or they may try to create a suitable image (inexpensive or premium, utilitarian or luxurious, entry-level or high-end, etc.) through the marketing mix. Once a brand has achieved a strong position, it can become difficult to reposition it.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Positioning is one of the most powerful marketing concepts. Originally, positioning focused on the product and with Al Ries and Jack Trout grew to include building a product's reputation and ranking among competitor's products. Schaefer and Kuehlwein extend the concept beyond material and rational aspects to include 'meaning' carried by a brand's mission or myth. Primarily, positioning is about "the place a brand occupies in the mind of its target audience". Positioning is now a regular marketing activity or strategy. A national positioning strategy can often be used, or modified slightly, as a tool to accommodate entering into foreign markets.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: The origins of the positioning concept are unclear. Scholars suggest that it may have emerged from the burgeoning advertising industry in the period following World War I, only to be codified and popularized in the 1950s and 60s. The positioning concept became very influential and continues to evolve in ways that ensure it remains current and relevant to practising marketers.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: David Ogilvy noted that while there was no real consensus as to the meaning of positioning among marketing experts, his definition is "what a product does, and who it is for". For instance, Dove has been successfully positioned as a bar of soap for women with dry hands, vs. a product for men with dirty hands.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Al Ries and Jack Trout advanced several definitions of positioning. In an article, "Industrial Marketing", published in 1969, Jack Trout stated that positioning is a mental device used by consumers to simplify information inputs and store new information in a logical place. He said this is important because the typical consumer is overwhelmed with unwanted advertising, and has a natural tendency to discard all information that does not immediately find a comfortable (and empty) slot in their mind. In "Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind", the duo expanded the definition as "an organized system for finding a window in the mind. It is based on the concept that communication can only take place at the right time and under the right circumstances".


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Positioning is closely related to the concept of perceived value. In marketing, value is defined as the difference between a prospective customer's evaluation of the benefits and costs of one product when compared with others. Value can be expressed in numerous forms including product benefits, features, style, value for money.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: The precise origins of the positioning concept are unclear. Cano (2003), Schwartzkopf (2008), and others have argued that the concepts of market segmentation and positioning were central to the tacit knowledge that informed brand advertising from the 1920s, but did not become codified in marketing textbooks and journal articles until the 1950s and 60s.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Al Ries and Jack Trout are often credited with developing the concept of product or brand positioning in the late-1960s with the publication of a series of articles, followed by a book. Ries and Trout, both former advertising executives, published articles about positioning in "Industrial Marketing" in 1969 and "Advertising Age" in 1972. By the early 1970s, positioning became a popular word with marketers, especially those in advertising and promotion. In 1981, Ries and Trout published their now-classic book, "Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind". However, the claim that Ries and Trout devised the concept has been challenged by marketing scholars. According to Stephen A. Fox, Al Ries, and Jack Trout "resurrected the concept and made it their trademark."


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Some scholars credit advertising guru, David Ogilvy, with developing the positioning concept in the mid-1950s, at least a decade before Ries and Trout published their now-classic series of articles. In their early writing, Ries and Trout suggest that the positioning concept was widely used in the advertising industry before the 1950s. Ogilvy's writings indicate that he was well aware of the concept and drilled his creative team with this idea from at least the 1950s. Among other things, Ogilvy wrote that "the most important decision is how to position your product", and "Every advertisement is part of the long-term investment in the personality of the brand." Ogilvy is on record as having used the positioning concept in several campaigns in the mid-1950s and early 1960s, well before Ries and Trout published their articles on the positioning. In relation to a Dove campaign launched in 1957, Ogilvy explained, "I could have positioned Dove as a detergent bar for men with dirty hands, but chose instead to position it as a toilet bar for women with dry skin. This is still working 25 years later." In relation to a SAAB campaign launched in 1961, Ogilvy later recalled that "In Norway, the SAAB car had no measurable profile. We positioned it as a car for winter. Three years later it was voted the best car for Norwegian winters."


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Yet other scholars have suggested that the positioning concept may have much earlier heritage, attributing the concept to the work of advertising agencies in both the US and the UK in the first decades of the twentieth century. Cano, for example, has argued that marketing practitioners followed competitor-based approaches to both market segmentation and product positioning in the first decades of the twentieth century; long before these concepts were introduced into the marketing literature in the 1950s and 60s. From around 1920, American agency, J. Walter Thompson (JWT), began to focus on developing brand personality, brand image, and brand identity—concepts that are very closely related to positioning. Across the Atlantic, the English agency, W. S. Crawford's Ltd, began to use the concept of 'product personality' and the 'advertising idea' arguing that in order to stimulate sales and create a 'buying habit' advertising had to 'build a definitive association of ideas round the goods'. For example, in 1915 JWT acquired the advertising account for Lux soap. The agency suggested that the traditional positioning as a product for woolen garments should be broadened so that consumers would see it as a soap for use on all fine fabrics in the household. To implement, Lux was repositioned with a more up-market posture and began a long association with expensive clothing and high fashion. Cano has argued that the positioning strategy JWT used for Lux exhibited an insightful understanding of the way that consumers mentally construct brand images. JWT recognized that advertising effectively manipulated socially shared symbols. In the case of Lux, the brand disconnected from images of household drudgery and connected with images of leisure and fashion.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: As advertising executives in their early careers, both Ries and Trout were exposed to the positioning concept via their work. Ries and Trout codified the tacit knowledge that was available in the advertising industry; popularizing the positioning concept with the publication of their articles and books. Ries and Trout were influential in diffusing the concept of positioning from the advertising community through to the broader marketing community. Their articles were to become highly influential. By the early 1970s, positioning became a popular word with marketers, especially those that were working in the area of advertising and promotion. In 1981 Ries and Trout published their classic book, "Positioning: The Battle for Your Mind" (McGraw-Hill 1981). The concept enjoys ongoing currency among both advertisers and marketers as suggested by Maggard who notes that positioning provides planners with a valuable conceptual vehicle, which is effectively used to make various strategy techniques more meaningful and more productive.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Several large brands – Lipton, Kraft, and Tide – developed "precisely worded" positioning statements that guided how products would be packaged, promoted, and advertised in the 1950s and 1960s. The article, "How Brands Were Born: A Brief History of Modern Marketing," states, "This marked the start of almost 50 years of marketing where 'winning' was determined by understanding the consumer better than competitors and getting the total 'brand mix' right. This early positioning tactic was focused on the product itself – its "form, package size, and price", according to Al Ries and Jack Trout


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: The positioning concept continues to evolve. Traditionally called product positioning, the concept was limited due to its focus on the product alone. In addition to the previous focus on the product, positioning now includes building a brand's reputation and competitive standing. John P. Maggard notes that positioning provides planners with a valuable conceptual vehicle for the implementation of more meaningful and productive marketing strategies. Many branding practitioners make positioning a part of brand strategy and even label it as "brand positioning". However, in the book "Get to Aha! Discover Your Positioning DNA and Dominate Your Competition", Andy Cunningham proposes that branding is actually "derived from positioning; it is the emotional expression of positioning. Branding is the yang to positioning's yin, and when both pieces come together, you have a sense of the company's identity as a whole".


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Positioning is part of the broader marketing strategy which includes three basic decision levels, namely segmentation, targeting and positioning, sometimes known as the S-T-P approach:


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: In general terms, there are three broad types of positioning: functional, symbolic, and experiential position. Functional positions resolve problems, provide benefits to customers, or get favorable perception by investors (stock profile) and lenders. Symbolic positions address self-image enhancement, ego identification, belongingness and social meaningfulness, and affective fulfillment. Experiential positions provide sensory and cognitive stimulation.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Both theorists and practitioners argue that the positioning statement should be written in a format that includes an identification of the target market, the market need, the product name and category, the key benefit delivered and the basis of the product's differentiation from any competing alternatives. A basic template for writing positioning statements is as follows: "For (target customer) who (statement of the need or opportunity), the (product name) is a (product category) that (statement of key benefit – that is, compelling reason to buy). Unlike (primary competitive alternative), our product (statement of primary differentiation)." An annotated example of how this positioning statement might be translated for a specific application appears in the text-box that follows.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Notes: "Annotations, added in square brackets, were not in the original positioning statement, but are included here to show how the general format and elements of positioning statements described in the preceding discussion, have been applied to the specific example, which in this case is Volvo."


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Differentiation is closely related to the concept of positioning. Differentiation is how a company's product is unique, by being the first, least expensive, or some other distinguishing factor. A product or brand may have many points of difference, but they may not all be meaningful or relevant to the target market. Positioning is something (a perception) that happens in the minds of the target market whereas differentiation is something that marketers do, whether through product design, pricing or promotional activity.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: To be successful in a particular market a product must occupy an "explicit, distinct and proper place in the minds of all potential and existing consumers". It has to also be relative to other rival products with which the brand competes. This may require considerable research of customer perceptions and competitor activity in order to ensure that the points of difference are meaningful in the minds of customers. Perceptual mapping (discussed below) is often used for this type of research.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Visibility and recognition is what product positioning is all about as the positioning of a product is what the product represents for a buyer the business is targeting. As markets become increasingly competitive, buyer have more purchase choices, and the process of setting one brand apart from rival brands is critical success factor. It is vital that a product or service needs to have a clear identity and placement to the needs of the consumers targeted as they will not only purchase the product, but can warrant a larger margin for the company through increased added value.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: To identify suitable positions that a company or brand might occupy in a given market, analysts often turn to techniques such as perceptual mapping or correspondence analysis. Perceptual maps are a diagrammatic representation of consumers' mental perceptions of the relative place various brands occupy within a category. Traditionally perceptual mapping selects two variables that are relevant to consumers (often, but not necessarily, price and quality) and then asks a sample of the market to explain where they would place various brands in terms of the two variables. Results are averaged across all respondents, and results are plotted on a graph to indicate how the "average" member of the population views the brand that make up a category and how each of the brands relates to other brands within the same category. While perceptual maps with two dimensions are common, multi-dimensional maps are also used. A key advantage of perceptual mapping is that it can identify gaps in the market which the firm may choose to 'own.'


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: The following statistical procedures have been found to be useful in carrying out positioning analysis:


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: The right positioning strategy at the right time can help a brand build a powerful image in the mind of consumer(s). From time to time, the current positioning strategy fails to resonate. This could be due to new market entrants, changed customer preferences, structural change within the target market (such as ageing, segment creep) or simply that customers have forgotten about a brand and its position. When this happens, the company may need to consider a number of options:


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Repositioning involves a deliberate attempt to alter the way that consumers view a product or brand. Repositioning can be a high risk strategy, but sometimes there are few alternatives.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Fishbein and Rosenberg's attitude models indicate that it is possible for a business to influence and change the positioning of the brand by manipulating various factors that will affect a consumer's attitude. Research on persons' attitudes suggests that a brand's position in a prospective consumer's mind is likely to be determined by the "combined total of a number of product characteristics such as the price, quality, durability, reliability, colour, and flavour". The consumer places important weights on each of these product characteristics and it can be possible by using things such as promotional efforts to realign the weights of price, quality, durability, reliability, colour and flavour of which can then help adjust the position of a brand in the mind of the prospective consumer. Companies engaging in repositioning can choose to downplay some points of difference and emphasize others.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: In volatile markets, it can be necessary – even urgent – to reposition an entire company, rather than just a product line or brand. When Goldman Sachs and Morgan Stanley suddenly shifted from investment to commercial banks, for example, the expectations of investors, employees, clients and regulators all needed to shift, and each company needed to influence how these perceptions changed. Doing so involves repositioning the entire firm. This is especially true of small and medium-sized firms, many of which often lack strong brands for individual product lines. In a prolonged recession, business approaches that were effective during healthy economies often become ineffective and it becomes necessary to change a firm's positioning. Upscale restaurants, for example, which previously flourished on expense account dinners and corporate events, may for the first time need to stress value as a sale tool.


title: Positioning (marketing)

text: Repositioning a company involves more than a marketing challenge. It involves making hard decisions about how a market is shifting and how a firm's competitors will react. Often these decisions must be made without the benefit of sufficient information, simply because the definition of "volatility" is that change becomes difficult or impossible to predict.


title: Milet (singer)

text: milet is a Japanese singer-songwriter who spent her youth in Canada and is currently residing in Tokyo to pursue her musical career. She started her career in 2018.


title: Milet (singer)

text: On March 6, 2019, her first live show, "Milet Special Show Case @Billboard-Live Tokyo", was held at Billboard Live Tokyo. In that same year, several of her songs were featured in various media. Her songs "Us" and "Again and Again" were used as the openings for Japanese TV dramas "Gisou Furin" and "Joker x Face" respectively, while her songs "Drown", "Prover" and "Tell me" were used as the second ending for the anime adaptation of "Vinland Saga" and the second ending of anime series "," respectively.


title: Milet (singer)

text: On June 3, 2020, Milet released her debut album "Eyes", which hit number one on Oricon Albums Chart. She collaborated on the album with guitarist Toru of One OK Rock and Man with a Mission member Kamikaze Boy.


title: Milet (singer)

text: Starting from October 4, 2020, Milet became a DJ host for the radio series "Music Freaks", streaming every Sunday from 22:00 to 24:00 (JST) on the Osaka radio station FM802 from a studio in Minami-morimachi. The radio broadcasts are stated to last one year.


title: Milet (singer)

text: Her single "Ordinary Days" was used as the ending theme for the live-action drama adaptation of Police in a Pod, which aired from July 7 to September 15, 2021.


title: Milet (singer)

text: On November 12, 2020, the song "Who I Am" premiered on YouTube and was subsequently featured as the title track of her sixth mini-album, which released on December 2, 2020. "Who I Am" and the song "The Hardest" were both respectively used as the opening and ending themes of the Japanese television drama "Shichinin no Hisho".


title: Milet (singer)

text: Milet debut in the popular annual TV music show, 71st NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen, on 31 December 2020 with the song "Inside You".


title: Milet (singer)

text: On August 8, 2021, she performed at the closing ceremony of the 2020 Tokyo Olympics. She covered the song "Hymne à l'amour", originally sung by Edith Piaf. On November 18, 2021, she represented Japan in the 10th Asia-Pacific Broadcasting Union (ABU) TV Song Festival, performing her first big hit "Inside You" remotely. On December 31, 2021, she participated in the "NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen" for the second consecutive year, performing "Fly High."


title: Milet (singer)

text: On April 22, 2022, Milet released a teaser lyric video for a new single entitled "Walkin' in My Lane", which serves as the theme song to the live-action drama adaptation of the manga Yangotonaki Ichizoku. It was pre-released on streaming services on April 29, and was fully released on May 25, 2022, along with "Love When I Cry" and "My Dreams Are Made of Hell."


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Patrick Bergin Connaughton ( ; born January 6, 1993) is an American professional basketball player for the Milwaukee Bucks of the National Basketball Association (NBA), where he primarily plays as a shooting guard.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Connaughton previously played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish baseball and men's basketball teams. He was selected by the Baltimore Orioles in the fourth round of the 2014 MLB Draft. The Brooklyn Nets selected him in the second round of the 2015 NBA Draft and traded him to the Portland Trail Blazers. In 2021, during his sixth season in the NBA, he won his first championship with the Bucks.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Connaughton attended St. John's Preparatory School in Danvers, Massachusetts, where he starred in three sports, playing quarterback in football and multiple positions in both baseball and basketball. He received major interest in baseball from schools in the National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA) Division I, with Boston College (BC), the University of Virginia, and his original first choice, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, who all made him scholarship offers.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Connaughton's sporting trajectory changed during the summer between his junior and senior years. At that time, he had only received a basketball offer from home-state Bentley University, in NCAA's Division II. He suddenly emerged as a major basketball prospect after what "ESPN.com" writer Jeff Goodman called "one spectacular week" at the Amateur Athletic Union national tournament in Orlando, Florida, including a game where he had 33 points and 20 rebounds. Connaughton himself would later say, "That week completely changed my entire life." He then began receiving multiple offers in basketball as well as baseball, with many schools willing to let him play both sports. He eventually chose the University of Notre Dame over BC, the University of Miami, the University of California, Los Angeles, and Vanderbilt University.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: In 2011, Connaughton's senior year, he was named the Gatorade Massachusetts Boys Basketball Player of the Year. As a pitcher for the baseball team, he had an 11–2 win–loss record with a 1.75 earned run average (ERA) and 160 strikeouts in 90 innings pitched as a senior. According to the baseball scouting site "Perfect Game", Connaughton was rated as the 33rd-best player in that year's Major League Baseball (MLB) draft, but he fell to the 4th round, where he was selected by the San Diego Padres, when he made it clear he planned to attend college. He followed through on his commitment to Notre Dame, choosing not to sign with the Padres.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: At Notre Dame, Connaughton played for the Notre Dame Fighting Irish as a member of their college baseball and college basketball teams. In his freshman year for the basketball team, Connaughton was one of three players to appear in all of Notre Dame's 34 games. He averaged 7.0 points per game, 4.4 rebounds per game, and 0.9 assists per game while playing 24.1 minutes per game. The Fighting Irish appeared in the 2012 NCAA Men's Division I Basketball Tournament, but lost to Xavier University in the second round. Connaughton scored 10 points with two assists and two rebounds in 34 minutes of play during the loss. He then joined the baseball team as a relief pitcher.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: As a sophomore, in 2013, Connaughton averaged 8.9 points per game for the basketball team, and had a 1.71 ERA for the baseball team. In the summer of 2013, he pitched in collegiate summer baseball for the Harwich Mariners of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In his junior year, he averaged 13.8 PPG for the basketball team and had a 3.92 ERA in ten games started, which included two complete games, for the baseball team.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: After his junior year, he was forthright about his intent to return to Notre Dame for his senior basketball season, despite warnings that it would impact his prospects for the upcoming baseball draft. He was drafted by the Baltimore Orioles of Major League Baseball (MLB) in the fourth round, with the 121st overall selection, of the 2014 MLB Draft. One high-ranking MLB executive believed that Connaughton would have been drafted in the first two rounds had he not been committed to returning to Notre Dame for his senior basketball season, telling Goodman, "He definitely cost himself some money," as he expected Connaughton could have earned $1 million if he was willing to quit basketball. He agreed to terms with the Orioles, receiving a signing bonus of over $400,000, with the Orioles permitting Connaughton to play basketball for the Irish in his senior year.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: As a senior, Notre Dame's basketball team won its first Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC) championship. He took part in a 2015 tournament game against Kentucky for a Final Four berth, narrowly lost by his team after having sustained a lead until the six-second mark. Connaughton was determined to finish his degree at Notre Dame, and had a 3.0 grade point average with the university's Mendoza College of Business. He ultimately graduated from Notre Dame in spring 2015.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Connaughton made his professional baseball debut with the Aberdeen IronBirds of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League, in which he registered a fastball. At the end of July 2014, he left the IronBirds to return to the Fighting Irish basketball team. Even though the Orioles allowed him to pursue an NBA career, they never made any attempts to recoup the $428,000 signing bonus. As a result, the ballclub continued to control his contractual baseball rights through 2020, which could have been extended for six additional years if Baltimore places him on its major league roster. The Orioles did not add him to their major league roster in that span, meaning Connaughton would be free to sign with any team if he decides to return to baseball.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Connaughton was drafted with the 41st pick by the Brooklyn Nets in the 2015 NBA draft. His draft rights, along with Mason Plumlee, were then traded to the Portland Trail Blazers for Steve Blake and the draft rights to the 23rd pick in the draft, Rondae Hollis-Jefferson. He signed a three-year deal with the Trail Blazers on July 9. The first two years of the contract were guaranteed, with the stipulation that Connaughton would not be allowed to play professional baseball during that timespan. He made his debut for the Trail Blazers on October 30, 2015, scoring five points in a loss to the Phoenix Suns. He appeared in 34 games for the Trail Blazers as a rookie.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: On April 13, 2017, in the Blazers' 2016–17 season finale, Connaughton scored a career-high 19 points in a 103–100 loss to the New Orleans Pelicans.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: In the Trail Blazers' 2017–18 season opener on October 18, 2017, Connaughton scored a career-high 24 points while making 4 of 6 3-pointers in a 124–76 win over the Phoenix Suns.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: On August 1, 2018, Connaughton signed with the Milwaukee Bucks. He competed in the Slam Dunk Contest at the 2020 NBA All-Star Game, dunking over Milwaukee Brewers outfielder Christian Yelich and finishing third in the tournament.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: On August 20, 2020, Connaughton scored 15 points and grabbed 11 rebounds in a 111–96 Game 2 win during the Bucks first round postseason matchup against the Orlando Magic.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: Connaughton won his first NBA championship on July 20, 2021, averaging 9.2 points per game and 5.8 rebounds per game while shooting 44.1% from 3-point range in six games in the NBA Finals as the Bucks defeated the Phoenix Suns.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: On November 10, 2021, Connaughton scored a season-high 23 points and made a career-high seven three-point shots during a 112-100 win over the New York Knicks. On February 14, 2022, he underwent right hand surgery and was ruled out for at least a month. On April 27, during the first round of the 2022 NBA Playoffs, Connaughton scored 20 points in just 23 minutes of playing time in a decisive 116–100 Game 5 win over the Chicago Bulls.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: On June 22, 2022, Connaughton opted into his $5.7M player option to remain with the Bucks. Later, on July 13, 2022, Connaughton signed a three-year, $28.5M extension with the Bucks.


title: Pat Connaughton

text: In Goodman's 2015 story on Connaughton and his decision between two sports, many key individuals in his life testified to his character. His father Len noted, "Patrick is of high moral character and wasn't going to lie to people. That eliminated a bunch of [MLB] teams from taking him at all." Notre Dame head basketball coach Mike Brey added, "In my 15 years here, no one has been more responsible than Pat Connaughton. He's an unbelievable ambassador for us and has shown tremendous loyalty." Family adviser Sam Samardzija, brother of former San Francisco Giants pitcher and former Notre Dame baseball and football star Jeff Samardzija, said about Connaughton, "He's not common—kind of like Jeff and [NFL quarterback] Russell Wilson. Not a lot of guys like him come around. He's just wired differently."