title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The ruse is successful, and the Commander is in U.S. custody, leaving Destro and his pregnant wife in control of Cobra. This period is short-lived, however, and the Commander soon returns to reclaim Cobra once and for all. During the coup, the Baroness and Wraith (charged with her personal safety) are seemingly killed when the Commander detonates the Night Raven they are aboard.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The Baroness resurfaces, a year after the defeat of the Red Shadows, as a prisoner in the sub-basement of G.I. Joe's new headquarters, the Rock. Her existence is known to only a few, including General Joseph Colton, Duke, and Storm Shadow, who attempts to wrest information from her. But the Baroness is all-consumed by her desire for her baby, which she apparently carried to term, and has been separated from by the G.I. Joe team.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: Storm Shadow passed the information about the Baroness' imprisonment to Snake Eyes, thinking he was about to sacrifice himself to save the G.I. Joe team on Destro's sub. The news then travels to Stalker and Scarlett, who take it upon themselves to confront Colton about the heinous act just as the Phoenix Guard attack the Rock. In the middle of the battle, the Baroness' cell is opened, and she makes her way to the roof, where she confronts and thoroughly thrashes Zarana (who was posing as Phoenix Guard member Friday) before escaping the Joe base.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The Baroness is the focal point of the follow-up story arc, "Sins of the Mother". Confronting Scalpel for his misdeeds, she tortures him with his own scalpel, and leaves him disfigured and near death. She then enlists the help of Major Bludd to enact revenge on G.I. Joe. Sending him to Saudi Arabia to distract the Joes, the Baroness then tracks down and kills Wraith herself. Taking his armor, she strikes a bargain with Red Shadows' leader Wilder Vaughn for the location of Cobra Commander. After dealing with Flint (who had been spying on the Shadows), the Baroness finally confronts Cobra Commander, only to be stopped by Destro himself.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The Joes arrive, including Flint, and are forced to lay down arms. Repeating her actions after the Yakuza incident, Baroness kisses Flint, passing him something that enables him to free himself, and throwing the whole confrontation into upheaval. The situation is quelled, however, when Destro offers Cobra Commander control of M.A.R.S. in exchange for his infant son, Eugene.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: When "World War III" begins, Storm Shadow tracks Destro and the Baroness to Japan where Destro agrees to help G.I. Joe fight Cobra Commander. Appalled that her husband would help "the enemy," Destro turns to her and tells her that it is only a matter of time before Cobra Commander betrays and comes after them. He is right as Cobra Commander has freed Dela Eden from prison and orders her to kill the steel-faced arms dealer and his wife. Storm Shadow then takes the couple to visit the G.I. Joe team in hiding where Destro informs Colonel Colton that he will need a piece of MARS technology to help G.I. Joe defeat it. In an uncomfortable moment, the Baroness turns to Scarlett and asks the red-head if her head still hurts.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: After Barrel Roll and Recondo, who have both managed to infiltrate Cobra and steal a stealth-cloaked Night Raven, the Baroness travels to England where her husband helps re-engineer the Cobra technology that makes the Night Raven practically invincible. The Baroness then gathers her own army, code named—ATHENA FORCE—and fights Alexander Destro's Iron Grenadiers in London where they all surrender when they see Destro at the head of his wife's army. After World War III ends, the Baroness lives in humility as she hugs her son and watches Destro on trial for his crimes against humanity.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In IPC's Battle Action Force comic, Baroness was originally Anna von Stromberg, daughter of Austrian aristocrats. She joined a gang of small-time Communist radicals, encouraging them towards violence. Faking her death and assuming control of the group under the new name the Baroness, she leads them in a series of highly destructive terrorist acts across Europe, taking out oil refineries, air bases and dams. While paying lip service to the group's ideology, she only uses them to prove her strategic abilities to Cobra and get hired. Once Cobra Commander contacts her, she wipes out her group and made her way to Cobra's jungle base.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The larger part of Marvel UK's run of Action Force were simple reprints of the American "G.I. Joe" comic. Most issues, however, feature an original Action Force story, usually a 5-page installment of a larger storyline. The Baroness' role in these issues was minimal, at best.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The Baroness made her first appearance in the "" mini-series, "The MASS Device". She is voiced by actress Morgan Lofting with a European accent, which tends to waver between Germanic and Slavic. Her animated incarnation was a master of disguise, even pretending to be a camera man in a film crew. She is romantically involved with Destro, who often expresses frustration with her. On one occasion, Destro's unfaithfulness to the Baroness led to her bringing about the destruction of his ancestral home in an act of vengeance. The Baroness tends to try to set both herself and Destro up as Cobra's leaders, and shows contempt for other members of Cobra, such as Cobra Commander, Tomax and Xamot and the Dreadnoks.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In the episode "Spell of the Siren", the Baroness discovers a conch shell that hypnotizes men with its song of the Sirens. She uses it to bring most of the G.I. Joes under her spell and seize control of Cobra with Destro. However, her time of ruling Cobra is short-lived, as Xamot manages to escape her and aid the Joes in breaking the spell.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Worlds Without End", a group of Joes encounter an alternate reality in which Cobra rules the United States and G.I. Joe has been all but wiped out. In that reality, the Baroness is a double agent, Steeler's lover, and the only surviving Joe. The episode ends with the Baroness engineering a civil war between Cobra Commander and Destro, allowing the Joes to return to their own reality.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The Baroness is not directly involved in the plot to create Serpentor in season two, but is later seen loyal to him.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: Baroness appeared briefly in the 1987 animated film "". She voices her disapproval against Cobra Commander, and is present at his trial. When the Joes have placed the Broadcast Energy Transmitter (B.E.T.) in a secure area, the Baroness finds its location and reports it to Cobra and Cobra-La.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In DiC's "" cartoon, Baroness is voiced again by Morgan Lofting in Season 1, and by Suzanne Errett-Balcom in Season 2. In the "Operation: Dragonfire" miniseries, she is upset and humiliated to hear that Destro has dumped her in favor for Zarana. The Baroness plots with Gnawgahyde to return Cobra Commander back to human form. After she accomplishes this with Dragonfire energy, she conspires with him to overthrow Serpentor and regain control of Cobra. She convinces Destro to reunite, resulting in him dumping Zarana, and becomes loyal to Cobra Commander once again.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In the "" miniseries, the Baroness and Destro are part of a subplot in which they have taken a team of scientists hostage. Roadblock, Gung-Ho and Stalker have to rescue them before Destro starts killing them. The Baroness was voiced by Grey DeLisle.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "", Baroness appears as Cobra Commander's second-in-command, voiced by Tatyana Yassukovich. She serves as the communications director and PR secretary for Cobra Industries. Like the comics and the other cartoons, Baroness is romantically involved with Destro.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In the episode "Homecoming Pt. 2", Baroness was sent to reclaim the console that the Joes stole from where a Cobra Christmas party was being held which is now on a military train bound for Washington. Wearing a full helmet and using weapons made for her by Destro, Baroness infiltrates the military train and reclaims the console following a fight with Duke and Flint. Minutes later, Baroness is approached by Storm Shadow (who partially helped her on the military train) who would like to form an alliance with her and Cobra Industries.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Fire Fight," Baroness and Doctor Mindbender send Firefly to Green Ridge to burn it to the ground following their protest of a dam that was being built near their town.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Knockoffs", Baroness picked up a Chameleon Mold from a scientist that invented it and ended up mindwiping the scientist so that he could not report it to the authorities. During the transport, Baroness and the Cobra soldiers with her were ambushed by the Joes until Flint and Lady Jaye (who were using Zartan to track the Joes) arrived. Zartan escaped with the Chameleon Mold and the Joes gave pursuit. When asked by Flint on why her men fired on him, Baroness claimed that she thought they were with the Joes. When Flint called in Wild Bill for help, Baroness went with Flint and Lady Jaye stating that Zartan stole something from him. After Zartan was defeated, Baroness reclaimed the Chameleon Mold. Due to a fail-safe feature that locks on to the DNA of the first user and the scientist who invented it having been mindwiped, Baroness ended up visiting Zartan in prison with a "get out of prison" offer that Zartan accepted.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Union of the Snake", Baroness and Doctor Mindbender worked on a mind-control plot involving the Black Adder phones and the siphoning of Tomax and Xamot's psychic abilities. During that time, it is revealed that Baroness' family has done things that made them enemies of the Oktober Guard (namely Red Star). The Joes were able to thwart their plans before Red Star could blow up the Cisarovna Chateau while Tomax and Xamot escaped upon temporarily mind-controlling Baroness and Doctor Mindbender.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Cousins", Baroness and some soldiers accompany Major Bludd in hunting the Joes in Mississippi. Though the Joes repelled them, Major Bludd ended up emerging from the water following an alligator attack where his missing right arm ended up surprising Baroness. In "Going Underground," Baroness operated a remote-controlled burrowing excavator in order to make tunnels for Cobra Industries with Cobra Commander overseeing her work. After Snake Eyes cut the power to the burrowing excavator, Cobra Commander tells Baroness to give him a reason why he shouldn't dispose of her. Baroness tells Cobra Commander that she has Destro and Doctor Mindbender working on a back-up plan.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In "Revelations Pt. 2", Baroness leads a bunch of Bio-Vipers to attack the Joes in order to swipe Scarlett's locket when it turns out that her locket has part of a crystal that is needed in order to power the M.A.S.S. Device. Scarlett and Snake Eyes fight Baroness and Doctor Mindbender in the room where the M.A.S.S. device is. Overwhelming Bio-Vipers end up defeating Scarlett and Snake Eyes where a message that her father had said causes Baroness and Doctor Mindbender to force Scarlett into entering the code to the M.A.S.S. Device using Snake Eyes as bait. The M.A.S.S. Device is a success as Professor Patrick O'Hara emerges from the M.A.S.S. device. After Snake Eyes ends up destroying the M.A.S.S. Device, its destruction causes a wormhole that sucks Baroness and Doctor Mindbender in. It is unknown what happened to them.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In the series "", the Baroness is loyal to Cobra Commander. In a departure from her previous incarnations, her fingers appear to be composed of metal, suggesting they are cybernetic in nature. If so, how much of her hands and arms are robotic is unknown, since they are covered in long gloves with only the fingers exposed. She is also shown to have the ability to create holographic duplicates of herself to distract or confuse her opponents.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: Devil's Due created a mini-series based on "G.I. Joe: Sigma 6". It follows the style and the content of the animated series, spotlighting a different member of Sigma 6 and Cobra in each issue. Baroness appears in issue #4, opposite Scarlett. Baroness kidnaps a prime minister after using members of the Dreadnoks to distract Scarlett. In the end, Scarlett finds her, and after a few taunts from Baroness, Scarlett beats Baroness and recovers the Prime Minister.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: Sienna Miller portrays The Baroness in Stephen Sommers' 2009 film "". In the film, The Baroness was originally Ana Lewis, Duke's fiancée whom he left out of guilt for the presumed death of her brother Rex. She is kidnapped by Rex who uses the perfected nanomites on her; as a result, she becomes a member of Cobra and her hair color is changed from natural blonde to raven black. As a Cobra agent, Baroness is also trained in ninjitsu and martial arts by Storm Shadow, whom she works with to acquire M.A.R.S Industries-created nanomite warheads. She marries Baron Daniel DeCobray, assuming the name of Baroness Anastasia DeCobray, so Cobra can make use of his research to weaponize the nanomite warheads. Baroness initially fails to capture the warheads from G.I. Joe, but she later invades the Pit with Storm Shadow and Zartan, where she steals the warheads and defeats Scarlett in a fight. After capturing Duke in Paris and bringing him to Cobra's Arctic base, Ana overcomes her programming and saves Duke, helping him bring Cobra Commander and Destro to justice. Ana is detained aboard the until the nanomites can be safely removed from her body and then shares a kiss with Duke.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: Baroness appears again in the 2021 reboot film "Snake Eyes", portrayed by Úrsula Corberó. An old enemy of G.I. Joe member Scarlett, who has been observing her activity, Baroness is linked to many terrorist attacks, including killing a member of parliament along with 200 civilians to influence an election. She has also been arming Yakuza boss Kenta with weapons so that he can take control of the Arashikage clan and obtain a magical artifact called the "Jewel of the Sun" for the Cobra organization. Snake Eyes steals the Jewel for Kenta and Baroness in exchange the location of his father's murderer. After Kenta betrays her and reveals he only intends to use the Jewel for himself, Baroness agrees to a temporary alliance with Scarlett and the Arashikage clan, helping them defeat Kenta's forces. In a mid-credits scene, Baroness appears on Tommy Arashikage's private jet and recruits him into Cobra.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: The Baroness is one of the featured villains in the 1985 "" computer game. She is also featured as a boss in the 1992 "G.I. Joe" arcade game.


title: Baroness (G.I. Joe)

text: In the video game "", she is the first boss, who is fought towards the end of the "Arctic Arsenal" act. She is voiced by Grey DeLisle.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Dumfries and Galloway (; ) is one of 32 unitary council areas of Scotland and is located in the western Southern Uplands. It covers the historic counties of Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire, the latter two of which are collectively known as Galloway. The administrative centre and largest settlement is the town of Dumfries. The second largest town is Stranraer, on the North Channel coast, some to the west of Dumfries.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Following the 1975 reorganisation of local government in Scotland, the three counties were joined to form a single region of Dumfries and Galloway, with four districts within it. The districts were abolished in 1996, since when Dumfries and Galloway has been a unitary local authority. For lieutenancy purposes, the area is divided into three lieutenancy areas called Dumfries, Wigtown and the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright, broadly corresponding to the three historic counties.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: To the north, Dumfries and Galloway borders East Ayrshire, South Ayrshire, and South Lanarkshire; in the east the Borders; and to the south the county of Cumbria in England and the Solway Firth.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The Dumfries and Galloway Council region is composed of counties and their sub-areas. From east to west:


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The term "Dumfries and Galloway" has been used since at least the 19th century – by 1911 the three counties had a united sheriffdom under that name. Dumfries and Galloway covers the majority of the western area of the Southern Uplands, it also hosts Scotland's most Southerly point, at the Mull of Galloway in the west of the region.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The region has a number of south running water systems which break through the Southern Uplands creating the main road, and rail, arteries north–south through the region and breaking the hills up into a number of ranges.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The A701 branches off the M74 at Beattock, goes through the town of Moffat, climbs to Annanhead above the Devil's Beef Tub (at the source of the River Annan) before passing the source of the River Tweed and carrying on to Edinburgh. Until fairly recent times the ancient route to Edinburgh travelled right up Annandale to the Beef Tub before climbing steeply to Annanhead. The present road ascends northward on a ridge parallel to Annandale but to the west of it which makes for a much easier ascent.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: From Moffat the A708 heads north east along the valley of Moffat Water (Moffatdale) on its way to Selkirk. Moffatdale separates the Moffat hills (to the north) from the Ettrick hills to the south.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Transport in the region is operated by bus companies Houston's, McEwan's, Stagecoach Western and McCall's coaches, and train operators ScotRail, TransPennine Express and Avanti West Coast.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The region has seven working railway stations. All are on the Glasgow South Western Line, except Lockerbie which is on the West Coast Main Line.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The mainline from Dumfries railway station via Newton Stewart to Stranraer Harbour railway station, was closed under the Beeching cuts. The line previously connected London Euston and the West Coast Main Line with the ferries to Larne Harbour railway station and the Port of Belfast.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The Port Road line to Stranraer was the last to go in June 1965, leaving only the original G&SWR main line open to serve the Stranraer. The Beeching cuts ended the Castle Douglas and Dumfries Railway and Portpatrick and Wigtownshire Railway has resulted in adverse mileage to connect Stranraer with a longer line via Kilmarnock and Ayr.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The area is served by buses which connect the main population centres. Express bus services link the main towns with Glasgow, Ayr, Edinburgh and Carlisle. Local bus services also operate across the region.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Dumfries and Galloway is home to two ports which have services to Northern Ireland, both are in the West of the region. Stena Line and P&O Irish Sea both have a port in the village of Cairnryan.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The region also has no commercial airports; the nearest are Glasgow Prestwick Airport and Carlisle Lake District Airport. The region does host a number of private airfields.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Police Scotland is the police force for the region. Its predecessor, Dumfries and Galloway Constabulary (dissolved 2014) was the smallest police force in the United Kingdom. The Scottish Fire and Rescue Service (formerly Dumfries and Galloway Fire and Rescue Service) provides firefighting services across the region. The Coastguard, Lifeboats, Moffat mountain rescue and Galloway Mountain Rescue also offer emergency services across Dumfries and Galloway.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Nith Inshore Rescue is based at Glencaple. This independent lifeboat provides water rescue cover for the River Nith, surrounding rivers and inland water. Nith Inshore Rescue is a declared facility for HM Coastguard, the control centre and overseeing authority responsible for call outs.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: NHS Dumfries and Galloway provides healthcare services across the region. The two main hospitals are the Dumfries and Galloway Royal Infirmary in Dumfries and Galloway Community Hospital in Stranraer.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The region is known as a stronghold for several rare and protected species of amphibian, such as the Natterjack toad and the Great crested newt. There are also RSPB Nature Reserves at the Mull of Galloway, Wood of Cree (Galloway Forest Park), Ken Dee Marshes (near Loch Ken) and Mereshead (near Dalbeattie on the Solway Firth)


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: There are five 7Stanes mountain biking centres in Dumfries and Galloway at Dalbeattie, Mabie, Ae, Glentrool and Kirroughtree. The Sustrans Route 7 long distance cycle route also runs through the region. There is excellent hill walking in the Moffat Hills, Lowther Hills


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Dumfries and Galloway is well known for its arts and cultural activities as well as its natural environment.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The major festivals include the region-wide Dumfries & Galloway Arts Festival, and Spring Fling Open Studios. Other festivals include Big Burns Supper in Dumfries and the Wigtown Book Festival in Wigtown – Scotland's national book town.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Prior to 1975, the area that is now Dumfries and Galloway was administered as three separate counties: Dumfriesshire, Kirkcudbrightshire, and Wigtownshire. The counties of Scotland originated as sheriffdoms, which were established from the twelfth century, consisting of a group of parishes over which a sheriff had jurisdiction. An elected county council was established for each county in 1890 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1889.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The three county councils were abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, which established a two-tier structure of local government across Scotland comprising upper-tier regions and lower-tier districts. A region called Dumfries and Galloway was created covering the area of the three counties, which were abolished as administrative areas. The region contained four districts:


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Further local government reform in 1996 under the Local Government etc. (Scotland) Act 1994 saw the area's four districts abolished, with the Dumfries and Galloway Council taking over the functions they had previously performed. The council continues to use the areas of the four abolished districts as committee areas. The four former districts are also used to define the area's three lieutenancy areas, with Nithsdale and Annandale and Eskdale together forming the Dumfries lieutenancy, the Stewartry district corresponding to the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright lieutenancy, and the Wigtown district corresponding to the Wigtown lieutenancy.


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: The first election to the Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council was held in 1974, initially operating as a shadow authority alongside the outgoing authorities until the new system came into force on 16 May 1975. A shadow authority was again elected in 1995 ahead of the reforms which came into force on 1 April 1996. Political control of the council since 1975 has been as follows:


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Since 2007 the council has been required to designate a leader of the council. The leader may also act as the convener, chairing council meetings, or the council may chose to appoint a different councillor to be convener. Prior to 2007 the council sometimes chose to appoint a leader, and sometimes did not. The leaders since 2007 have been:


title: Dumfries and Galloway

text: Since 2007 elections have been held every five years under the single transferable vote system of election. This system was introduced by the Local Governance (Scotland) Act 2004 to achieve a reasonably proportionately representative outcome. Election results since 1995 have been as follows:


"Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" is a frequently anthologized short story written by Joyce Carol Oates. The story first appeared in the Fall 1966 edition of "Epoch" magazine. It was inspired by three Tucson, Arizona murders committed by Charles Schmid, which were profiled in "Life" magazine in an article written by Don Moser on March 4, 1966. Oates said that she dedicated the story to Bob Dylan because she was inspired to write it after listening to his song "It's All Over Now, Baby Blue". The story was originally named "Death and the Maiden".


title: Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?

text: Connie is an attractive, self-conscious 15-year-old girl. She has a strained relationship with her mother, who is jealous of her youth and beauty. Her mother constantly compares her to her sister, who is plain and hard-working. Her father is fairly distant and busy with work.


text: Connie enjoys going out with friends to the mall and "a drive-in restaurant where the older kids hung out". It is there, while enjoying the company of a boy, that she first sees Arnold Friend, a stranger in a gold convertible covered with cryptic writing. He says "Gonna get you, baby" to her, and she turns away from him.


text: A while later, her family goes to a Sunday barbeque, leaving Connie home alone. Connie enjoys this time alone, listening to music and feeling happy with simply being alive. A car comes up on the driveway, and Connie comes down from her room to see who it is. It's Arnold Friend, who asks Connie to come along with him and a friend of his on a ride. Connie is initially unsure, and declines his offer. He insists that she actually does want to ride with them. He addresses her by name, and when she asks him how he knows it, he tells her he knows her family won't be home for a while, and that he has been asking around about her to other children. His friend merely listens to the music absentmindedly.


text: Arnold tries to convince Connie to come out of her house but she is still unsure and slightly unsettled. She suddenly thinks to ask how old he is; he deflects the question, finally telling her he's only 18. However, she can see that he is probably closer to, and maybe older than, 30. She begins to be truly frightened, and tells them to leave, but Arnold insists they won't leave till she comes with them. He declares that he is her lover, to her shocked terror, and she threatens to call the police. He says if she does, he'll come into the house. She rushes to lock the door, but he tells her he could easily break it down. She tells the men that her father is coming, and Arnold threatens to hurt her family when they return unless she comes out to the car.


text: Overwhelmed with emotion, Connie retreats inside the house. Though she picks up the phone to call for help, she is unable to bring herself to use it; instead, she screams and wails in a panic until all her fear turns into emptiness. After Arnold continues gently, menacingly threatening her from outside the house, Connie accepts her fate and finally comes out, feeling nothing. It is heavily insinuated that he and the other man plan to take her to a secondary location to sexually assault or possibly murder her.


text: Connie: A beautiful girl who loves life. She is unsatisfied with her family, especially her mother, and seeks fulfillment elsewhere. She loves listening to music and is essentially a typical teenager.


text: Arnold Friend: A mysterious figure who visits Connie while her family is not at home and continuously demands that Connie to get in the car and go on a ride with him. He attempts to be smooth talking, yet his strange, performative and threatening behaviour make Connie uneasy and scared to be with him.


text: Ellie: Arnold's friend who is very strange and sits in Arnold's car when they go to Connie's house. He listens to music and mostly stays back as Arnold tries to smooth talk his way to get Connie in the car with them.


text: Connie's Mother: Was once very beautiful when she was younger and is now a frustrating figure in Connie's life. They often argue.


text: June: The older sister of Connie, who is basically the opposite of her. She does everything that her family asks of her, and is doted on by their mother.


text: Considerable academic analysis has been written about the story, with scholars divided on whether it is intended to be taken literally or as allegory. Several writers focus on the series of numbers written on Friend's car, which he indicates are a code of some sort, but which is never explained:


text: "Now, these numbers are a secret code, honey," Arnold Friend explained. He read off the numbers 33, 19, 17 and raised his eyebrows at her to see what she thought of that, but she didn't think much of it.


text: Literary scholars have interpreted this series of numbers as different Biblical references (the title appears to have been taken from Judges 19:17), as an underlining of Friend's sexual deviancy, or as a reference to the ages of Friend and his victims.


text: The narrative has also been viewed as an allegory for initiation into sexual adulthood, an encounter with the devil, a critique of modern youth's obsession with sexual themes in popular music, or as a dream sequence.


text: The story was loosely adapted into the 1985 film "Smooth Talk", starring Laura Dern and Treat Williams. Oates wrote an essay about the adaptation, ""Where Are You Going, Where Have You Been?" and Smooth Talk: Short Story Into Film," in 1986.


text: The story has also been cited as an inspiration for Rose McGowan's 2014 short film "Dawn" as well as The Blood Brothers' 2003 song "The Salesman, Denver Max".


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie is a 2017 American animated adventure comedy television film based on the Nickelodeon series "Hey Arnold!", which was created by Craig Bartlett and originally aired from 1996 to 2004. Following the 2002 film "", "The Jungle Movie" expands on the fifth season two-part episode "The Journal".


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: The film serves as either the definitive series finale or a prelude to a potential revival. It answered questions left after the original run ended, including the whereabouts of Arnold's missing parents. It originally aired in the United States on November 24, 2017, on Nickelodeon, while also being simulcast on Nicktoons and TeenNick. In 2018, it won an Emmy for Outstanding Individual Achievement in Animation.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: During the summer after their fifth grade year, Arnold and his best friend Gerald plan to make a humanitarian video to win a trip to San Lorenzo, a Central American country, where Arnold's parents were last seen. They try to record themselves making a house out of junk for one of their friends, the eccentric Monkeyman, but as they are filming, the local homeless, claiming the junk as their property, storm in and destroy the home, leaving Arnold heartbroken and demoralised.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: Helga, who secretly has a longtime crush on Arnold, uses various video footage she has compiled over the years showing Arnold's good deeds, and everyone in town surprises Arnold with the video. Arnold's teacher Mr. Simmons reveals to everyone that Arnold's video won the competition and he, his classmates of P.S. 118, and Helga's older sister, Olga, fly to San Lorenzo.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: While on the plane, Arnold's pet pig Abner stows away in his backpack. When everyone arrives in San Lorenzo, they are greeted by Arnold's parents' old friend, Eduardo. Aboard a ship, Eduardo privately warns Arnold of the jungle's dangers and gives him an amulet said to lead them to the "Green-Eyed People", the residents of San Lorenzo's lost city. Later that night, Helga tries to confess her feelings to Arnold, but the boat is attacked by pirates. After learning the secret that Arnold kept from them, Gerald, Helga and the others shun him.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: When the group reaches a base camp, "Eduardo" reveals himself to be a mercenary named Lasombra, who disguised himself as Eduardo to deceive Arnold and the others. He and his men imprison everyone, explaining that the contest was a trick to lure Arnold to San Lorenzo so he could use him to find the lost city and its treasures and reveals the whole class the deal he and Arnold made, causing them to shun him even more. After hearing Arnold cry for his parents and realizing he had nothing to do with Lasombra's plot, Helga and Gerald manage to escape and free Arnold, and use Arnold's father's old journal to find the city; unbeknownst to them, Lasombra anticipated this and placed a tracking device on Arnold's green eyed necklace. Arnold and his friends manage to evade the lost city's traps, while Lasombra pursues them, sacrificing most of his men to the traps.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: Meanwhile, Abner escapes and makes it back to Arnold's grandparents, Grandpa Phil and Grandma Gertie, who see this as a sign that Arnold is in trouble. The two meet with Helga's parents Big Bob and Miriam at the airport, who had received an SOS message from Helga's intelligent best friend, Phoebe. The group flies a rental plane to San Lorenzo, where they help the other kids defeat Lasombra's gang.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: Arnold and the others reach the city, finding it populated by children due to a "sleeping sickness" that has left its adult population comatose for nine years. The group finds a statue said to contain the Corazón, a treasure that may lead to a cure for the sickness. Lasombra corners them, taking Arnold hostage and stealing the statue. While Gerald and Helga give chase, Lasombra forces Arnold to open the statue using the amulet. When Lasombra tries to take the Corazón within, the statue's defense system shoots him in the forehead with a poisoned dart, sending Lasombra over a cliff.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: A mysterious man arrives and reveals himself to be the real Eduardo, who explains that the pirate "attacking" them earlier was him trying to rescue the group from Lasombra. Lasombra climbs back up from the cliff and gets into a brief scuffle with Eduardo, knocking the Corazón off the cliff, before succumbing to the poison and plummeting to his death. The group returns to the city, and Arnold finally sees his parents, Miles and Stella, who have also contracted the sleeping sickness. Without the Corazón to release the cure to the infected population, Helga uses her precious locket containing a photo of Arnold as a replacement. The temple releases the cure and the infected are revived. Arnold and the city's children reunite with their parents, and Arnold thanks Helga for her loyalty and finally realizes the depths of her feelings for him, and the two share a kiss long awaited by the audience.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: A few months later, life as normal has resumed at Arnold's grandparents' boarding house, though now with Miles and Stella living there as well. Arnold says goodbye to his parents as he heads off for his first day of sixth grade with Gerald, Phoebe, and Helga. Gerald and Phoebe are seen holding hands walking to school together, while Arnold and Helga are also implied to be a couple despite Helga pretending to remain hostile towards Arnold once in public to avoid embarrassment. Arnold's parents walk with him and his friends to school and Arnold promises his mom and dad that they will see him at 3:30 as the doors close shut behind him.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: The voice cast for the film is made up of 20 actors from the original series, and 11 new cast members to replace former actors who retired, grew up, or died.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: In 1998, when Nickelodeon renewed "Hey Arnold!" for a fourth season, they offered series creator Craig Bartlett a chance to develop two feature-length films based on the series: one as a TV movie or direct-to-video, called "Arnold Saves the Neighborhood", and another slated for a theatrical release. Nickelodeon asked Bartlett to do "the biggest idea he could think of" for the theatrical film. After looking at the series, Bartlett decided to make the theatrical feature as a spiritual sequel/follow-up to the Season 5 episode "Parents Day", and have Arnold try to solve the question of what happened to Miles and Stella, his parents. This became known as "Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie". In 2001, executives at Nickelodeon and Paramount Pictures decided to give the made-for-TV movie "Arnold Saves the Neighborhood" a theatrical release instead in 2002, under the title of "" to attract the attention of the public, after successful test screenings. Around this time, Nickelodeon also asked Bartlett to produce a special one-hour "prequel" episode called "The Journal" that would serve as a lead-in to the second film. The episode aired on Nickelodeon on November 11, 2002.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: However, "Hey Arnold!: The Movie" was a critical and commercial failure, resulting in the cancellation of "The Jungle Movie" and leaving "Hey Arnold!" with an unresolved cliffhanger ending.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: During subsequent years, Bartlett shared many details, characters and plot points of the film; however, he did not reveal any significant spoilers in the event that the film might someday get made. Around 2009, many fans started online petitions to convince Nickelodeon to greenlight "The Jungle Movie". In 2011, reruns of "Hey Arnold!" on TeenNick's late-night classic Nickelodeon programming block The '90s Are All That increased public attention in the series and its cancelled film. In October 2012, Bartlett revealed that he was back at Nickelodeon having meetings with them. In December 2014, it was revealed that Bartlett and Nickelodeon's executives were interested in reviving "Hey Arnold!".


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: In September 2015, Nickelodeon announced officially during an interview with "Entertainment Weekly" that they were considering reviving many of their old properties, and that "Hey Arnold!" was one of them. On November 23, 2015, Nickelodeon reported that they were working on a "Hey Arnold!" TV film that would answer all the fans' questions, including the whereabouts of Arnold's parents, with Bartlett set to write and produce. On March 1, 2016, it was announced that the film would be released in 2017. The next day, Bartlett confirmed officially that the TV film would be "The Jungle Movie" and that it would be released as a two-hour TV film.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: According to Bartlett, the story of "The Jungle Movie" was originally written and produced between 1998 and 2001 by Steve Viksten, Jonathan Greenberg and himself. Storyboards were drafted by Raymie Muzquiz and test footage was produced.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: In the years following the film's cancellation, Bartlett confirmed many plot points of the film, such as the revelation of Arnold's name during the opening sequence and that Arnold still had the map of the jungle of San Lorenzo that he found in "The Journal". He also revealed that Lasombra was searching for La Corazón, a fabulous jewel and sacred relic of the Green-Eyed people, the tribe that Miles and Stella helped in the past. Helga's and Arnold's relationship would also take a next step, after Helga kissed Arnold in the climax of the "Hey Arnold!: The Movie". Bartlett mentioned in an interview that "The Jungle Movie" was the first thing he pitched when he came back to Nickelodeon.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: In June 2016, Bartlett confirmed that the TV film was written to take place with the kids going into the fifth grade, one year after the ending of the original series. In July 2016, "Variety" showed various artworks of the main characters.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: As revealed in a promo during the NickSplat premiere, the script for the film was originally twice as long. One particular gag that was cut was the parade sequence in San Lorenzo in which Olga appears on a parade float, and Helga appears on another dressed as a monkey. In the final version, there is only a very brief shot of the parade.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: On June 13, 2016, it was reported that Francesca Marie Smith, Anndi McAfee, Justin Shenkarow, Olivia Hack, Nika Futterman, Dan Butler, Dan Castellaneta, Tress MacNeille, Antoinette Stella, Carlos Alazraqui, Dom Irrera, Maurice LaMarche, Kath Soucie, Danielle Judovits, Danny Cooksey, Jim Belushi and "Hey Arnold!" creator Craig Bartlett himself were attached to reprise their respective roles as Helga, Phoebe, Harold, Rhonda, Olga, Mr. Simmons, Grandpa, Grandma, Stella, Eduardo, Ernie, Bob Pataki, Miriam, Big Patty, Stoop Kid, Coach Wittenberg and Miles; while Lane Toran and Jamil Walker Smith, the original voices of Arnold and Gerald, were attached to return, but as the voices of San Lorenzo tour guides, while being replaced by Mason Vale Cotton and Benjamin Flores Jr. respectively; and Alfred Molina was cast as Lasombra, the film's main antagonist. The next day, it was reported that Gavin Lewis, Jet Jurgensmeyer, Aiden Lewandowski, and Laya Hayes were respectively cast as Eugene, Stinky, Sid and Nadine.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: Jim Lang, who previous composed the music for the original series, returned to compose music for the film.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: On July 10, 2017, Nickelodeon released an "exclusive first look" at the new character designs narrated by Bartlett. Eleven days later, on July 21, to coincide with the "Hey Arnold!" panel at San Diego Comic-Con, a short scene from the film was released, in which Arnold is presented with a special film about all the good deeds he has done for his neighborhood. The film's official trailer was released on October 6, 2017. An additional trailer was released on the NickSplat YouTube channel on November 7, 2017.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: During the month of November, NickSplat (a programming block on TeenNick that regularly features the series) aired "Hey Arnold!" episodes every night from 12:00 to 1:00 AM (ET/PT). From November 17 to 24, NickSplat aired a marathon of all the episodes of the series, nightly from 12:00 to 6:00 AM (ET/PT).


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: The film premiered on YTV in Canada on January 5, 2018, and had a limited 3-day theatrical premiere in Australia during February 2018 exclusively to certain Hoyts cinemas locations, before airing on Nickelodeon Australia on March 2, 2018 and probably coming soon for movie premiere on 9Go!.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: On March 9, 2018, the film received a one-day limited release at select Showcase Cinemas locations in the United States.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: The television film was released on DVD in Region 1 on February 13, 2018 by Paramount Home Entertainment. It was then released on DVD in Region 2 on August 13, 2018 by Paramount Home Entertainment.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: The television film was released on Hulu on October 1, 2019. Later, it was released on Netflix on November 1, 2019, along with other Nickelodeon TV shows and films, marking a return of Nickelodeon content on Netflix since 2013.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: "The A.V. Club" graded it with an "A−" complimenting the film for preserving the original series' "warm tone and careful pacing, its willingness to let its young characters absorb dramatic moments and contemplate within silences." IGN.com gave the film a score of 7.5 out of 10, noting "the little, unexpected homages to what made "Hey, Arnold!" such a joy originally that mark the high points of "The Jungle Movie"." "Den of Geek"s Shamus Kelly gave it a score of 3 out of 5, giving a more decidedly mixed opinion of the film, praising the opening moments of the film but criticizing the scenes in San Lorenzo. On Rotten Tomatoes it holds an approval rating of 100% based on 8 reviews, with an average rating of 7.9/10.


title: Hey Arnold!: The Jungle Movie

text: The original broadcast of the film was watched by 1.63 million total viewers when it premiered on Nickelodeon with simulcasts on TeenNick and Nicktoons, with a combined 0.46 rating in the 18–49 demo. On Nickelodeon, the film leaked into Nick at Nite, causing the ratings to be reported separately for each hour of the film, since Nielsen considers Nick at Nite a separate network despite being on the same channel. The combined average was 1.268 million total viewers, with 1.390 million total viewers for the Nickelodeon hour and 1.146 million total viewers for the Nick at Nite hour, with an average 0.39 rating in the 18–49 demo. On TeenNick and Nicktoons, the film was watched by 128,000 total viewers (0.04 18–49) and 234,000 total viewers (0.03 18–49), respectively.


title: Weather station

text: A weather station is a facility, either on land or sea, with instruments and equipment for measuring atmospheric conditions to provide information for weather forecasts and to study the weather and climate. The measurements taken include temperature, atmospheric pressure, humidity, wind speed, wind direction, and precipitation amounts. Wind measurements are taken with as few other obstructions as possible, while temperature and humidity measurements are kept free from direct solar radiation, or insolation. Manual observations are taken at least once daily, while automated measurements are taken at least once an hour. Weather conditions out at sea are taken by ships and buoys, which measure slightly different meteorological quantities such as sea surface temperature (SST), wave height, and wave period. Drifting weather buoys outnumber their moored versions by a significant amount.


title: Weather station

text: In addition, at certain automated airport weather stations, additional instruments may be employed, including:


title: Weather station

text: More sophisticated stations may also measure the ultraviolet index, leaf wetness, soil moisture, soil temperature, water temperature in ponds, lakes, creeks, or rivers, and occasionally other data.


title: Weather station

text: Except for those instruments requiring direct exposure to the elements (anemometer, rain gauge), the instruments should be sheltered in a vented box, usually a Stevenson screen, to keep direct sunlight off the thermometer and wind off the hygrometer. The instrumentation may be specialized to allow for periodic recording otherwise significant manual labour is required for record keeping. Automatic transmission of data, in a format such as METAR, is also desirable as many weather station's data is required for weather forecasting.


title: Weather station

text: A personal weather station is a set of weather measuring instruments operated by a private individual, club, association, or business (where obtaining and distributing weather data is not a part of the entity's business operation). Personal weather stations have become more advanced and can include many different sensors to measure weather conditions. These sensors can vary between models but most measure wind speed, wind direction, outdoor and indoor temperatures, outdoor and indoor humidity, barometric pressure, rainfall, and UV or solar radiation. Other available sensors can measure soil moisture, soil temperature, and leaf wetness. The quality, number of instruments, and placement of personal weather stations can vary widely, making the determination of which stations collect accurate, meaningful, and comparable data difficult. There are a comprehensive number of retail weather stations available.


title: Weather station

text: Personal weather stations typically involve a digital console that provides readouts of the data being collected. These consoles may interface to a personal computer where data can be displayed, stored, and uploaded to websites or data ingestion/distribution systems. Open-source weather stations are available that are designed to be fully customizable by users.


title: Weather station

text: Personal weather stations may be operated solely for the enjoyment and education of the owner, while some owners share their results with others. They do this by manually compiling data and distributing it, distributing data over the Internet, or sharing data via amateur radio. The Citizen Weather Observer Program (CWOP) is a service which facilitates the sharing of information from personal weather stations. This data is submitted through use of software, a personal computer, and internet connection (or amateur radio) and are utilized by groups such as the National Weather Service (NWS) when generating forecast models. Each weather station submitting data to CWOP will also have an individual Web page that depicts the data submitted by that station. The Weather Underground Internet site is another popular destination for the submittal and sharing of data with others around the world. As with CWOP, each station submitting data to Weather Underground has a unique Web page displaying their submitted data. The UK Met Office's Weather Observations Website (WOW) also allows such data to be shared and displayed.


title: Weather station

text: Home weather stations include hygrometers, pyranometers, thermometers, barographs, and barometers. Commonly wall mounted and made by manufacturers such as Airguide, Taylor, Springfield, Sputnik and Stormoguide.


title: Weather station

text: A weather ship was a ship stationed in the ocean as a platform for surface and upper air meteorological measurements for use in weather forecasting. It was also meant to aid in search and rescue operations and to support transatlantic flights. The establishment of weather ships proved to be so useful during World War II that the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) established a global network of 13 weather ships in 1948. Of the 12 left in operation in 1996, nine were located in the northern Atlantic Ocean while three were located in the northern Pacific Ocean. The agreement of the weather ships ended in 1990. Weather ship observations proved to be helpful in wind and wave studies, as they did not avoid weather systems like merchant ships tended to and were considered a valuable resource. The last weather ship was , known as weather station M ("jilindras") at 66°N, 02°E, run by the Norwegian Meteorological Institute. MS "Polarfront" was removed from service January 1, 2010. Since the 1960s this role has been largely superseded by satellites, long range aircraft and weather buoys. Weather observations from ships continue from thousands of voluntary merchant vessels in routine commercial operation; the Old Weather crowdsourcing project transcribes naval logs from before the era of dedicated ships.


title: Weather station

text: Weather buoys are instruments which collect weather and oceanography data within the world's oceans and lakes. Moored buoys have been in use since 1951, while drifting buoys have been used since the late 1970s. Moored buoys are connected with the seabed using either chains, nylon, or buoyant polypropylene. With the decline of the weather ship, they have taken a more primary role in measuring conditions over the open seas since the 1970s. During the 1980s and 1990s, a network of buoys in the central and eastern tropical Pacific Ocean helped study the El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Moored weather buoys range from in diameter, while drifting buoys are smaller, with diameters of . Drifting buoys are the dominant form of weather buoy in sheer number, with 1250 located worldwide. Wind data from buoys has smaller error than that from ships. There are differences in the values of sea surface temperature measurements between the two platforms as well, relating to the depth of the measurement and whether or not the water is heated by the ship which measures the quantity.


title: Weather station

text: Synoptic weather stations are instruments which collect meteorological information at synoptic time 00h00, 06h00, 12h00, 18h00 (UTC) and at intermediate synoptic hours 03h00, 09h00, 15h00, 21h00 (UTC). Every weather station has assigned station unique code by WMO for identification.


title: Weather station

text: The common instruments of measure are anemometer, wind vane, pressure sensor, thermometer, hygrometer, and rain gauge.


title: Weather station

text: The weather measures are formatted in special format and transmit to WMO to help the weather forecast model.


title: Weather station

text: A variety of land-based weather station networks have been set up globally. Some of these are basic to analyzing weather fronts and pressure systems, such as the synoptic observation network, while others are more regional in nature, known as mesonets.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Catherine Elizabeth Moran (; born 5 April 1975) is an English journalist, author, and broadcaster at "The Times", where she writes three columns a week: one for the Saturday Magazine, a TV review column, and the satirical Friday column "Celebrity Watch".


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Moran was named British Press Awards (BPA) Columnist of the Year for 2010, and both BPA Critic of the Year 2011 and Interviewer of the Year 2011. In 2012, she was named Columnist of the Year by the London Press Club, and Culture Commentator at the Comment Awards in 2013.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Moran was born in Brighton, the eldest of eight children; she has four sisters and three brothers. Her father, who is of Irish extraction, was a "psychedelic rock pioneer" drummer who "did session work with many well-known bands in the Sixties" later "confined to the sofa by osteoarthritis". Moran lived in a three-bedroom council house in Wolverhampton with her parents and siblings, an experience she described as akin to "The Hunger Games".


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Moran attended Springdale Junior School and was then educated at home from the age of 11, having attended Wolverhampton Girls' High School for only three weeks. She and her siblings received no formal education from their parents; the local council allowed this, as home education is legal in England. Moreover, according to Ms Moran, they were "the only hippies in Wolverhampton". The children frequently occupied their time with simple games, such as throwing mud at their house. Moran describes her childhood as happy, but revealed she left home as soon as she was able to do so at the age of 18.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Moran was convinced throughout her teenage years that she would become a writer. At the age of 13 in October 1988 she won a Dillons young readers' contest for an essay on "Why I Like Books" and was awarded £250 of book tokens. At the age of 15, she won "The Observer"'s Young Reporter of the Year. She began her career as a journalist for "Melody Maker", the weekly music publication, at the age of 16. Moran also wrote a novel called "The Chronicles of Narmo" at the age of 16, inspired by having been part of a home-schooled family.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: In 1992, she launched her television career, hosting the Channel 4 music show "Naked City", which ran for two series and featured a number of then up-and-coming British bands such as Blur, Manic Street Preachers and the Boo Radleys. Johnny Vaughan co-presented with her on "Naked City".


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Moran's upbringing inspired her TV drama/comedy series, "Raised by Wolves", which began airing in the UK on Channel 4 in December 2013.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: In July 2012, Moran became a Fellow of the University of Aberystwyth. In April 2014, she was named as one of Britain's most influential women in the BBC "Woman's Hour" power list 2014.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: Moran's semi-autobiographical novel, "How to Build a Girl", is set in Wolverhampton in the early 1990s. It is the first of a planned trilogy, to be followed by "How to Be Famous", and concluding with "How To Change The World". Moran co-wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of the same name alongside John Niven. She also served as an executive producer on the film, directed by Coky Giedroyc, and starring Beanie Feldstein, Alfie Allen, Paddy Considine and Sarah Solemani.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: In 2011, Ebury Press published Moran's book "How to Be a Woman" in the UK, which details her early life including her views on feminism. As of July 2012, it had sold over 400,000 copies in 16 countries. In September 2020 Ebury Press published its sequel, "More Than a Woman", which explores middle age.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: In August 2013, she organised a 24-hour boycott of Twitter in protest against the organisation's perceived failure to deal adequately with offensive content posted, sometimes anonymously, on public figures' Twitter feeds.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: In 2014, her Twitter feed became a controversial addition to the list of English A-Level set texts. In June 2014 the Reuters Institute for the Study of Journalism reported she was the most influential British journalist on Twitter.


title: Caitlin Moran

text: In December 1999, Moran married "The Times"' rock critic Peter Paphides in Coventry; they have two daughters, born in 2001 and 2003.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Java Platform, Micro Edition or Java ME is a computing platform for development and deployment of portable code for embedded and mobile devices (micro-controllers, sensors, gateways, mobile phones, personal digital assistants, TV set-top boxes, printers). Java ME was formerly known as Java 2 Platform, Micro Edition or J2ME. As of December 22, 2006, the Java ME source code is licensed under the GNU General Public License, and is released under the project name phoneME.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The platform uses the object-oriented Java programming language. It is part of the Java software-platform family. Java ME was designed by Sun Microsystems, acquired by Oracle Corporation in 2010; the platform replaced a similar technology, PersonalJava. Originally developed under the Java Community Process as JSR 68, the different flavors of Java ME have evolved in separate JSRs. Oracle provides a reference implementation of the specification, but has tended not to provide free binary implementations of its Java ME runtime environment for mobile devices, rather relying on third parties to provide their own. As of 2008, all Java ME platforms are currently restricted to JRE 1.3 features and use that version of the class file format (internally known as version 47.0). Should Oracle ever declare a new round of Java ME configuration versions that support the later class file formats and language features, such as those corresponding to JRE 1.5 or 1.6 (notably, generics), it will entail extra work on the part of all platform vendors to update their JREs.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Java ME devices implement a "profile". The most common of these are the Mobile Information Device Profile aimed at mobile devices, such as cell phones, and the Personal Profile aimed at consumer products and embedded devices like set-top boxes and PDAs. Profiles are subsets of "configurations", of which there are currently two: the Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) and the Connected Device Configuration (CDC).


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: There are more than 2.1 billion Java ME enabled mobile phones and PDAs. It was popular in sub-$200 devices such as Nokia's Series 40. It was also used on the Bada operating system and on Symbian OS along with native software. Users of Windows CE, Windows Mobile, Maemo, MeeGo and Android can download Java ME for their respective environments ("proof-of-concept" for Android).


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC) contains a strict subset of the Java-class libraries, and is the minimum amount needed for a Java virtual machine to operate. CLDC is basically used for classifying myriad devices into a fixed configuration.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: A configuration provides the most basic set of libraries and virtual-machine features that must be present in each implementation of a J2ME environment. When coupled with one or more profiles, the Connected Limited Device Configuration gives developers a solid Java platform for creating applications for consumer and embedded devices.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The configuration is designed for devices with 160KB to 512KB total memory, which has a minimum of 160KB of ROM and 32KB of RAM available for the Java platform.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Designed for mobile phones, the Mobile Information Device Profile includes a GUI, and a data storage API, and MIDP 2.0 includes a basic 2D gaming API. Applications written for this profile are called MIDlets. Almost all new cell phones come with a MIDP implementation, and it is now the de facto standard for downloadable cell phone games. However, many cellphones can run only those MIDlets that have been approved by the carrier, especially in North America.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: "JSR 271: Mobile Information Device Profile 3" (Final release on Dec 9, 2009) specified the 3rd generation Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP3), expanding upon the functionality in all areas as well as improving interoperability across devices. A key design goal of MIDP3 is backward compatibility with MIDP2 content.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The Information Module Profile (IMP) is a profile for embedded, "headless" devices such as vending machines, industrial embedded applications, security systems, and similar devices with either simple or no display and with some limited network connectivity.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Originally introduced by Siemens Mobile and Nokia as JSR-195, IMP 1.0 is a strict subset of MIDP 1.0 except that it doesn't include user interface APIs — in other words, it doesn't include support for the Java package codice_1. JSR-228, also known as IMP-NG, is IMP's next generation that is based on MIDP 2.0, leveraging MIDP 2.0's new security and networking types and APIs, and other APIs such as codice_2 and codice_3, but again it doesn't include UI APIs, nor the game API.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The Connected Device Configuration is a subset of Java SE, containing almost all the libraries that are not GUI related. It is richer than CLDC.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The Foundation Profile is a Java ME Connected Device Configuration (CDC) profile. This profile is intended to be used by devices requiring a complete implementation of the Java virtual machine up to and including the entire Java Platform, Standard Edition API. Typical implementations will use some subset of that API set depending on the additional profiles supported. This specification was developed under the Java Community Process.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The Personal Basis Profile extends the Foundation Profile to include lightweight GUI support in the form of an AWT subset. This is the platform that BD-J is built upon.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Sun provides a reference implementation of these configurations and profiles for MIDP and CDC. Starting with the JavaME 3.0 SDK, a NetBeans-based IDE will support them in a single IDE.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: In contrast to the numerous binary implementations of the Java Platform built by Sun for servers and workstations, Sun does not provide any binaries for the platforms of Java ME targets with the exception of an MIDP 1.0 JRE (JVM) for Palm OS. Sun provides no J2ME JRE for the Microsoft Windows Mobile (Pocket PC) based devices, despite an open-letter campaign to Sun to release a rumored internal implementation of PersonalJava known by the code name "Captain America". Third party implementations are widely used by Windows Mobile vendors.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Operating systems targeting Java ME have been implemented by DoCoMo in the form of DoJa, and by SavaJe as SavaJe OS. The latter company was purchased by Sun in April 2007 and now forms the basis of Sun's JavaFX Mobile.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The open-source Mika VM aims to implement JavaME CDC/FP, but is not certified as such (certified implementations are required to charge royalties, which is impractical for an open-source project). Consequently, devices which use this implementation are not allowed to claim JavaME CDC compatibility.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: The Linux-based Android operating system uses a proprietary version of Java that is similar in intent, but very different in many ways from Java Me.


title: Java Platform, Micro Edition

text: Typical applications domains are industrial control, machine-to-machine, medical, e-metering, home automation, consumer, human-to-machine-interface, ...


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: USS "Enterprise" (NCC-1701-D), or "Enterprise"-D, is a starship in the "Star Trek" media franchise. Under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard, it is the main setting of "" (1987–1994) and the film "Star Trek Generations" (1994). It has also been depicted in various spinoffs, films, books, and licensed products.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: "The Next Generation" occurs in the 24th century, 78 years after the adventures of Captain James T. Kirk and the starship "Enterprise". Andrew Probert's "Enterprise"-D updates Matt Jefferies' iconic 1960s "Enterprise" design, depicting a ship supporting a larger crew on a longer mission "to boldly go where no one has gone before."


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Paramount Television Group and "Star Trek" creator Gene Roddenberry announced the development of a new "Star Trek" series in October 1986. Because the "Enterprise" had been "just as important to [the original "Star Trek"] as Kirk, Spock, and McCoy," the new ship was critical.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Whereas Captain Kirk led a five-year mission, the new crew would be outfitted for a mission of at least 10 years. To sustain such a journey, the new vessel would be twice as long, eight times the volume, and include the crew's families. Roddenberry also wanted the ship to depict an improved quality of life for its crew: it would be brighter, less militaristic, and have sleeker and more refined interfaces than the original "Enterprise". He wanted the "Enterprise" to convey a harmony between science and quality of life.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: The "Enterprise"s registry was originally "NCC-1701-7". The "7" became a "G" to be consistent with the new USS "Enterprise", with registry NCC-1701-"A", at the conclusion of "" (1986). A February 1987 revision to the "Next Generation" writers' manual specified the show's "Enterprise" as the "NCC-1701-D", carrying a crew of 907 and their families; by March, the crew complement was 1,012 and specified the show occurring 78 years after the original "Star Trek".


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Artists Andrew Probert, Rick Sternbach, and Michael Okuda were among the earliest "Next Generation" hires, and they had worked on "Star Trek" films. Probert, a concept artist, focused first on the bridge because that would be a frequent filming location. Roddenberry envisioned the bridge as having a forward viewscreen four times larger than in "Star Trek", and for there to be a conference table on the bridge itself. As production design continued, the table was shifted to a conference room adjacent to the bridge, and an open bridge design formed. Probert designed a transporter to be near the bridge, but Roddenberry preferred that it be further away so characters could have conversations on their way to the transporter room.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Knowing the bridge would need to match up with the exterior design, Probert pinned up a "what if?" painting he'd made shortly after finalizing the "Enterprise" redesign for 1979's "" as a referent. Unbeknownst to Probert, story editor David Gerrold took the image to a producers meeting. The producers liked the design and directed Probert to make it the basis for the new vessel. The sleeker lines and rounded contours that informed the interior design also influenced the exterior. The ship's many windows are meant to allow the crew to be in touch with their environment.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: The new "Enterprise" retains the hallmarks of Matt Jefferies' design for the original "Enterprise": a saucer section, engineering section, and a pair of engine nacelles. Probert did this in part to assuage skeptical fans who were concerned about the original "Enterprise" being "replaced". The design instead shifted placement and proportion: for example, the saucer section was enlarged and the warp nacelles shifted lower. Slanting the nacelle support pylons forward conveyed a sense of intense forward movement. Fans got their first look at the "Enterprise" in the July 1987 issue of "Starlog".


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Probert's design did not originally include the ability for the saucer and engineering sections to separate, and producers rejected his initial concepts for incorporating it. Probert said his biggest design challenge was creating a ship that looked as good in two pieces as it did in one piece. He had meant to add landing gear to the saucer's underside as he had with the film franchise "Enterprise", but he got "distracted" and never added them.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: In October 1986, producers began planning the show's sets, including efforts to reuse props and materials from the film franchise. The films' engineering, sickbay, corridor, crew quarters, and bridge were redressed for "The Next Generation". To save money in the first season, the observation lounge's windows were covered with carpet to become sickbay; a new lounge set was created for the second season. A multipurpose set that served as the cargo bay, shuttlecraft bay, holodeck, and gymnasium was built from scratch. While the bridge "seems immense," the set had the same width as the original series bridge and was longer. A lounge set was created in unused soundstage space after the first season: producers realized their existing sets were workspaces, and they wanted an area to depict the crew at rest.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: The production crew did everything possible "within reason" both to recreate first-season sets and to imagine futuristic upgrades for the series finale, "" (1994), which presents the ship in three different time periods. Some props and details, such as the first-season conference room starship models, had been saved and were reused for the flashback scenes. Sets for the future scenes reused props from other episodes that posit the "Enterprise"s appearance further in the future.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Producers were aware that audiences had grown accustomed to the cinematic quality of models and effects in the franchise's films. They considered using only CGI models and effects, but anxiety about whether the vendor could consistently deliver high-quality work led to that idea's rejection. The producers turned to Industrial Light & Magic (ILM), who had worked on the "Star Trek" films, for the "Encounter at Farpoint" pilot.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: In March 1987, an ILM team led by Greg Jein and Ease Owyeung began building filming miniatures based on Probert's designs. They created two models for $75,000: a model and a model that separated into the saucer and engineering sections. The models were made of fiberglass and cast resin over aluminum frames, and neon lights and incandescents provided the models' interior lighting. ILM created several stock footage shots and effects, including the "Enterprise"s jump to warp. The warp jump was featured in the show's opening sequence, but most of the other shots were too static and "didn't pan out." New "Enterprise" shots were created as necessary for each episode, and effects supervisor Robert Legato had over 350 such shots in his library by the seventh season. Legato disliked filming the six-foot model: its size made it hard to shoot for long shots, and its lack of surface details—some of which were drawn with pencil—made it difficult to use in close-ups. Jein supervised construction of a miniature for the third season that was more detailed than the first two.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Production designer Herman Zimmerman had more freedom for "Star Trek Generations" than he had on previous "Star Trek" films. Producers wanted to ensure "Generations" stayed true to the television series while also taking advantage of the film production's scope and budget. Interiors were relit and received several cosmetic changes, such as redesigned consoles, metallic accents, and replacing backlit displays with monitors. Some changes, like enhanced detailing and a redesigned bridge ceiling, were necessitated by the film cameras' higher resolution. The increased budget allowed for the creation of sophisticated new sets, such as the stellar cartography lab.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: John Knoll led ILM's visual effects for the film, including an all-CGI warp jump effect for the "Enterprise". ILM rewired and updated its six-foot "Enterprise" model for the saucer separation sequence. ILM made a saucer section model to "crash" into an planet surface model. An model of the saucer's forward edge was used for close-ups of the crashed ship.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: Starfleet commissions the "Galaxy"-class USS "Enterprise" in 2363 under the command of Captain Jean-Luc Picard. The flagship of the United Federation of Planets, it is on a mission "to boldly go where no one has gone before." The crew explores the galaxy and makes first contact with several new species, including the Q Continuum and the Borg. A pair of two-part episodes depict a shift in command—to William Riker in "" and Edward Jellico in ""—but leadership reverts to Picard at the end of both arcs. The "Enterprise" also briefly appears in other franchise spinoffs: the pilots of "" (1993) and "" (2020) and the finale of "" (2005).


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: In 2371, as depicted in "Star Trek Generations", the attack and heavily damage the "Enterprise". A warp drive coolant leak causes an explosion that destroys the stardrive section. The saucer section crash lands on the surface of Veridian III and is damaged beyond repair.


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: The "Enterprise" is itself a protagonist in "The Next Generation". Each episode's opening voiceover, which states that "these are the voyages of the starship "Enterprise"," frames the narrative as belonging to the ship rather than the crew. Jonathan Frakes, who played first officer William Riker, said, "When we negotiate our contracts, Paramount's company line is that the ship is in fact the star of the show!"


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: "io9" ranked the "Enterprise"-D as the fifth best version of the franchise's "Enterprise"s, with "Popular Mechanics" calling it the third best and SyFy ranking it the second best. Space.com said the "Enterprise" brief appearance is the highlight of the opening scene of "" first episode (2020).


title: USS Enterprise (NCC-1701-D)

text: In October 2006, the six-foot "Enterprise" miniature was auctioned at Christie's, along with other models, props, costumes, and set pieces from the "Star Trek" franchise. Its projected value was $25,000 to $35,000, but the final sale price was $576,000—the most expensive item in the auction.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: The IIHF World Junior Championship (WJC), or simply the "World Juniors" in ice hockey circles, is an annual event organized by the International Ice Hockey Federation (IIHF) for national under-20 ice hockey teams from around the world. It is traditionally held in late December, ending in early January. The tournament usually attracts the top hockey players in this age category.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: The main tournament features the top ten ranked hockey nations in the world, comprising the 'Top Division', from which a world champion is crowned. There are also three lower pools—Divisions I, II and III—that each play separate tournaments playing for the right to be promoted to a higher pool, or face relegation to a lower pool.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: The competition's profile is particularly high in Canada, and this is partly for historical reasons in that prior to NHL players being allowed in the Winter Olympics, this was a rare tournament where the best western players faced the best players from the Soviet bloc, and the only other tournament of similar stature where this occurred was the irregularly scheduled Canada Cup invitational tournament. The tournament's stature in Canada can also be credited to Canada's strong performance in the tournament (it has won the gold medal nineteen times since its inception), the role of hockey in Canadian culture, along with strong media coverage and fan attendance. As such, in recent years, nearly half of the tournaments have been held in Canadian cities, with the remainder being held in Europe and the United States.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Canada is the defending champion of the tournament, after defeating Finland to win the 2022 edition in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: The first official tournament was held in 1977, although the first three tournaments from 1974 to 1976 were held unofficially. The tournament has been dominated by the teams from Canada and Soviet Union/CIS/Russia, together accounting for 31 of the 45 overall gold medals awarded (through 2021). The USSR won the first four official tournaments, while the Canadians put together five straight championships between 1993 and 1997, and another five straight from 2005 to 2009. Canada leads the all-time gold medal count with 19 golds, while the Soviet Union, the CIS and Russia combined have 13 golds.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: When it began, the World Junior Championship was a relatively obscure tournament. It has since grown in prestige, particularly in Canada, where the tournament ranks as one of the most important events on the sports calendar and during the holiday season. "The Globe and Mail" writer Bruce Dowbiggin credits TSN, along with Canada's strong performance at the tournament, for turning it from an obscure non-event when it acquired the rights in 1991 (which had started to grow in prominence due to the 1987 Punch-up in Piestany) to one of Canada's most beloved annual sports events, and at the same time cementing the link between Canadian nationalism and hockey, and inspiring the NHL's Winter Classic. Based on increasing attendances for countries repeatedly hosting the event, the popularity of the tournament seems to be growing in other nations as well.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: At editions of the tournament held in the country, games involving Team Canada consistently sell out NHL arenas, offering large profit guarantees to Hockey Canada and the IIHF. In the 21st century, Canada has and will continue to host the tournament every second or third year due to the significantly greater following the tournament has in Canada compared to other participating countries.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Buffalo, New York, in the United States, hosted the tournament in 2011 and 2018; in both cases, proximity to Canada's population core in Southern Ontario was a key factor in the city winning the bidding rights.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: The tournament offers one of the most prestigious stages for young hockey players, significantly boosting a player's value for upcoming NHL Entry Drafts.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: One of the most infamous incidents in WJC history occurred in 1987 in Piestany, Czechoslovakia (now part of Slovakia), where a bench-clearing brawl occurred between Canada and the Soviet Union. It began when the Soviet Union's Pavel Kostichkin took a two-handed slash at Canadian player Theoren Fleury. The Soviet Union's Evgeny Davydov then came off the bench, eventually leading to both benches emptying. The officials, unable to break up the numerous fights, left the ice and eventually tried shutting off the arena lights, but the brawl lasted for 20 minutes before the IIHF declared the game null and void. A 35-minute emergency meeting was held, resulting in the delegates voting 7–1 (the sole dissenter was Canadian Dennis McDonald) to eject both teams from the tournament. The Canadian team chose to leave rather than stay for the end-of-tournament dinner, from which the Soviet team was banned.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: While the Soviets were out of medal contention, Canada was playing for the gold medal and was leading 4–2 at the time of the brawl. The gold medal ultimately went to Finland, hosts Czechoslovakia took the silver and Sweden, who had previously been eliminated from medal contention, was awarded the bronze.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Hockey Canada stated in January 2019 that Canada would also host the tournament in 2024, 2026, 2028, and 2031, though the 2022 and 2024 events have now been swapped between Canada and Sweden due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Canada, Finland and Sweden have participated in all 44 IIHF Ice Hockey World Junior Championships as well as the three unofficial World Junior Championships. USSR/CIS/Russia (when the Soviet Union broke up, Russia remained in Pool A, while all other former Soviet republics started competing in Pool C in 1993) and Czechoslovakia/Czech Republic have also participated in all official and unofficial World Junior Championships, and the United States has participated in all except the unofficial tournament in 1976.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: When Czechoslovakia peacefully split in 1993, the Czech Republic remained in Pool A but Slovakia was placed in Pool C (now Division II). Slovakia was promoted to the top division for the 1996 Championships and has remained there since.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Starting with the 1996 tournament, the competition was increased from an 8-team round-robin to the current 10-team format, including elimination rounds. Since then, Switzerland has become a regular participant.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Germany has been a frequent participant in the top pool, having played there roughly half the time in the past decade. Latvia, Belarus, and Kazakhstan have also each made a number of top division appearances since the early 1990s. Less frequent top pool appearances have been made by Austria, Denmark, France, Japan, Norway, Poland and Ukraine.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: At the most recent championship, held in Canada in 2022, participating teams included Austria, Canada, the Czech Republic, Finland, Germany, Latvia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, and the United States.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: If a player who has never played in IIHF-organized competition wishes to switch national eligibility, he must have played in competitions for two consecutive years in the new country without playing in another country, as well as show his move to the new country's national association with an international transfer card. In case the player has previously played in IIHF-organized competition but wishes to switch national eligibility, he must have played in competitions for four consecutive years in the new country without playing in another country, he must show his move to the new country's national association with an international transfer card, as well as be a citizen of the new country. A player may only switch national eligibility once.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: At the conclusion of each tournament, the Directorate of the IIHF presents awards to the Top Goalie, Forward and Defenceman of the tournament. The media attending the event select an All-Star team separately from this.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: The following television networks and websites broadcast World Junior Championship games on television or online.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: TSN is the IIHF's main broadcast partner for this tournament. TSN.ca carries all games excluding relegation games live, as well as most games on demand after their completion.


title: IIHF World Junior Championship

text: Starting with the 2013 tournament, a paywall and geo-block was implemented on TSN's online coverage. The same system applies to Canadian cable subscribers and subscribers of TSN's streaming service - users cannot stream the tournament outside of Canada on TSN Direct.


title: Phaedo

text: Phædo or Phaedo (; , "Phaidōn" ), also known to ancient readers as "On The Soul", is one of the best-known dialogues of Plato's middle period, along with the "Republic" and the "Symposium." The philosophical subject of the dialogue is the immortality of the soul. It is set in the last hours prior to the death of Socrates, and is Plato's fourth and last dialogue to detail the philosopher's final days, following "Euthyphro", "Apology", and "Crito".


title: Phaedo

text: One of the main themes in the "Phaedo" is the idea that the soul is immortal. In the dialogue, Socrates discusses the nature of the afterlife on his last day before being executed by drinking hemlock. Socrates has been imprisoned and sentenced to death by an Athenian jury for not believing in the gods of the state (though some scholars think it was more for his support of "philosopher kings" as opposed to democracy) and for corrupting the youth of the city.


title: Phaedo

text: By engaging in dialectic with a group of Socrates's friends, including the two Thebans, Cebes, and Simmias, Socrates explores various arguments for the soul's immortality in order to show that there is an afterlife in which the soul will dwell following death. Phaedo tells the story that following the discussion, he and the others were there to witness the death of Socrates.


title: Phaedo

text: The "Phaedo" was first translated into Latin from Greek by Apuleius but no copy survived, so Henry Aristippus produced a new translation in 1160.


title: Phaedo

text: The dialogue is told from the perspective of one of Socrates's students, Phaedo of Elis, who was present at Socrates's death bed. Phaedo relates the dialogue from that day to Echecrates, a Pythagorean philosopher.


title: Phaedo

text: The scene is set in Phlius where Echecrates who, meeting Phaedo, asks for news about the last days of Socrates. Phaedo explains why a delay occurred between his trial and his death, and describes the scene in a prison at Athens on the final day, naming those present. He tells how he had visited Socrates early in the morning with the others. Socrates's wife Xanthippe was there, but was very distressed and Socrates asked that she be taken away. Socrates relates how, bidden by a recurring dream to "make and cultivate music", he wrote a hymn and then began writing poetry based on Aesop's Fables.


title: Phaedo

text: Socrates tells Cebes to "bid him (Socrates's friend Evenus) farewell from me; say that I would have him come after me if he be a wise man" Simmias expresses confusion as to why they ought hasten to follow Socrates to death. Socrates then states "... he, who has the spirit of philosophy, will be willing to die; but he will not take his own life." Cebes raises his doubts as to why suicide is prohibited. He asks, "Why do you say ... that a man ought not to take his own life, but that the philosopher will be ready to follow one who is dying?" Socrates replies that while death is the ideal home of the soul, man, specifically the philosopher, should not commit suicide except when it becomes necessary.


title: Phaedo

text: Man ought not to kill himself because he possesses no actual ownership of himself, as he is actually the property of the gods. He says, "I too believe that the gods are our guardians, and that we men are a chattel of theirs". While the philosopher seeks always to rid himself of the body, and to focus solely on things concerning the soul, to commit suicide is prohibited as man is not sole possessor of his body. For, as stated in the "Phaedo": "the philosopher more than other men frees the soul from association with the body as much as possible". Body and soul are separate, then. The philosopher frees himself from the body because the body is an impediment to the attainment of truth.


title: Phaedo

text: Did you ever reach them (truths) with any bodily sense? – and I speak not of these alone, but of absolute greatness, and health, and strength, and, in short, of the reality or true nature of everything. Is the truth of them ever perceived through the bodily organs? Or rather, is not the nearest approach to the knowledge of their several natures made by him who so orders his intellectual vision as to have the most exact conception of the essence of each thing he considers?


title: Phaedo

text: The philosopher, if he loves true wisdom and not the passions and appetites of the body, accepts that he can come closest to true knowledge and wisdom in death, as he is no longer confused by the body and the senses. In life, the rational and intelligent functions of the soul are restricted by bodily senses of pleasure, pain, sight, and sound. Death, however, is a rite of purification from the "infection" of the body. As the philosopher prepares for death his entire life, he should greet it amicably and not be discouraged upon its arrival, for since the universe the gods created for us in life is essentially "good," why would death be anything but a continuation of this goodness? Death is a place where better and wiser gods rule and where the most noble souls serve in their presence: "And therefore, so far as that is concerned, I not only do not grieve, but I have great hopes that there is something in store for the dead ... something better for the good than for the wicked."


title: Phaedo

text: The soul attains virtue when it is purified from the body: "He who has got rid, as far as he can, of eyes and ears and, so to speak, of the whole body, these being in his opinion distracting elements when they associate with the soul hinder her from acquiring truth and knowledge – who, if not he, is likely to attain to the knowledge of true being?"


title: Phaedo

text: Cebes voices his fear of death to Socrates: "... they fear that when she [the soul] has left the body her place may be nowhere, and that on the very day of death she may perish and come to an end immediately on her release from the body ... dispersing and vanishing away into nothingness in her flight."


title: Phaedo

text: In order to alleviate Cebes's worry that the soul might perish at death, Socrates introduces his first argument for the immortality of the soul. This argument is often called the "Cyclical Argument". It supposes that the soul must be immortal since the living come from the dead. Socrates says: "Now if it be true that the living come from the dead, then our souls must exist in the other world, for if not, how could they have been born again?". He goes on to show, using examples of relationships, such as asleep-awake and hot-cold, that things that have opposites come to be from their opposite. One falls asleep after having been awake. And after being asleep, he awakens. Things that are hot came from being cold and vice versa. Socrates then gets Cebes to conclude that the dead are generated from the living, through life, and that the living are generated from the dead, through death. The souls of the dead must exist in some place for them to be able to return to life.


title: Phaedo

text: Cebes realizes the relationship between the "Cyclical Argument" and Socrates' "Theory of Recollection". He interrupts Socrates to point this out, saying:


title: Phaedo

text: ... your favorite doctrine, Socrates, that our learning is simply recollection, if true, also necessarily implies a previous time in which we have learned that which we now recollect. But this would be impossible unless our soul had been somewhere before existing in this form of man; here then is another proof of the soul's immortality.


title: Phaedo

text: Socrates' second argument, the "Theory of Recollection", shows that it is possible to draw information out of a person who seems not to have any knowledge of a subject prior to his being questioned about it (a priori knowledge). This person must have gained this knowledge in a prior life, and is now merely recalling it from memory. Since the person in Socrates' story is able to provide correct answers to his interrogator, it must be the case that his answers arose from recollections of knowledge gained during a previous life.


title: Phaedo

text: Socrates presents his third argument for the immortality of the soul, the so-called "Affinity Argument", where he shows that the soul most resembles that which is invisible and divine, and the body resembles that which is visible and mortal. From this, it is concluded that while the body may be seen to exist after death in the form of a corpse, as the body is mortal and the soul is divine, the soul must outlast the body.


title: Phaedo

text: As to be truly virtuous during life is the quality of a great man who will perpetually dwell as a soul in the underworld. However, regarding those who were not virtuous during life, and so favored the body and pleasures pertaining exclusively to it, Socrates also speaks. He says that such a soul as this is:


title: Phaedo

text: ... polluted, is impure at the time of her departure, and is the companion and servant of the body always and is in love with and bewitched by the body and by the desires and pleasures of the body, until she is led to believe that the truth only exists in a bodily form, which a man may touch and see, and drink and eat, and use for the purposes of his lusts, the soul, I mean, accustomed to hate and fear and avoid that which to the bodily eye is dark and invisible, but is the object of mind and can be attained by philosophy; do you suppose that such a soul will depart pure and unalloyed?


title: Phaedo

text: Persons of such a constitution will be dragged back into corporeal life, according to Socrates. These persons will even be punished while in Hades. Their punishment will be of their own doing, as they will be unable to enjoy the singular existence of the soul in death because of their constant craving for the body. These souls are finally "imprisoned in another body". Socrates concludes that the soul of the virtuous man is immortal, and the course of its passing into the underworld is determined by the way he lived his life. The philosopher, and indeed any man similarly virtuous, in neither fearing death, nor cherishing corporeal life as something idyllic, but by loving truth and wisdom, his soul will be eternally unperturbed after the death of the body, and the afterlife will be full of goodness.


title: Phaedo

text: Simmias confesses that he does not wish to disturb Socrates during his final hours by unsettling his belief in the immortality of the soul, and those present are reluctant to voice their skepticism. Socrates grows aware of their doubt and assures his interlocutors that he does indeed believe in the soul's immortality, regardless of whether or not he has succeeded in showing it as yet. For this reason, he is not upset facing death and assures them that they ought to express their concerns regarding the arguments. Simmias then presents his case that the soul resembles the harmony of the lyre. It may be, then, that as the soul resembles the harmony in its being invisible and divine, once the lyre has been destroyed, the harmony too vanishes, therefore when the body dies, the soul too vanishes. Once the harmony is dissipated, we may infer that so too will the soul dissipate once the body has been broken, through death.


title: Phaedo

text: Socrates pauses, and asks Cebes to voice his objection as well. He says, "I am ready to admit that the existence of the soul before entering into the bodily form has been ... proven; but the existence of the soul after death is in my judgment unproven." While admitting that the soul is the better part of a man, and the body the weaker, Cebes is not ready to infer that because the body may be perceived as existing after death, the soul must therefore continue to exist as well. Cebes gives the example of a weaver. When the weaver's cloak wears out, he makes a new one. However, when he dies, his more freshly woven cloaks continue to exist. Cebes continues that though the soul may outlast certain bodies, and so continue to exist after certain deaths, it may eventually grow so weak as to dissolve entirely at some point. He then concludes that the soul's immortality has yet to be shown and that we may still doubt the soul's existence after death. For, it may be that the next death is the one under which the soul ultimately collapses and exists no more. Cebes would then, "... rather not rely on the argument from superior strength to prove the continued existence of the soul after death."


title: Phaedo

text: Seeing that the Affinity Argument has possibly failed to show the immortality of the soul, Phaedo pauses his narration. Phaedo remarks to Echecrates that, because of this objection, those present had their "faith shaken," and that there was introduced "a confusion and uncertainty". Socrates too pauses following this objection and then warns against misology, the hatred of argument.


title: Phaedo

text: Socrates then proceeds to give his final proof of the immortality of the soul by showing that the soul is immortal as it is the cause of life. He begins by showing that "if there is anything beautiful other than absolute beauty it is beautiful only insofar as it partakes of absolute beauty".