title: 2017–18 NHL season

text: In the First Round, the lower seeded wild card in the conference played against the division winner with the best record while the other wild card played against the other division winner, and both wild cards were de facto #4 seeds. The other series matched the second and third place teams from the divisions. In the first two rounds, home ice advantage was awarded to the team with the better seed. Thereafter, it was awarded to the team that had the better regular season record.


title: 2017–18 NHL season

text: The following players led the league in regular season points at the conclusion of games played on April 7, 2018.


title: 2017–18 NHL season

text: The following goaltenders led the league in regular season goals against average at the conclusion of games played on April 8, 2018, while playing at least 1,800 minutes.


title: 2017–18 NHL season

text: The league's awards were presented at the NHL Awards ceremony, that was held following the 2018 Stanley Cup playoffs on June 20 at the Las Vegas Hard Rock Hotel and Casino. Finalists for voted awards were announced during the playoffs and winners were presented at the award ceremony. Voting concluded immediately after the end of the regular season. The Presidents' Trophy, the Prince of Wales Trophy and Clarence S. Campbell Bowl are not presented at the awards ceremony. The Lester Patrick Trophy is announced during the summer and presented in the fall. For the first time, the Professional Hockey Writers' Association voted to release each voters' ballot to the public after the awards ceremony.


title: 2017–18 NHL season

text: The following is a list of notable players who played their first NHL game during the 2017–18 season, listed with their first team.


title: 2017–18 NHL season

text: The following is a list of players of note who played their last NHL game in 2017–18, listed with their team:


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash, or calcimine, kalsomine, calsomine, or lime paint is a type of paint made from slaked lime (calcium hydroxide, Ca(OH)) or chalk calcium carbonate, (CaCO), sometimes known as "whiting". Various other additives are sometimes used.


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash cures through a reaction with carbon dioxide in the atmosphere to form calcium carbonate in the form of calcite, a type of reaction generally known as carbonation or by the more specific term, carbonatation.


title: Whitewash

text: It is usually applied to exteriors; however, it has been traditionally used in interiors of food preparation areas, particularly rural dairies, because of its mildly antibacterial properties. Whitewash can be tinted for decorative use and is sometimes painted inside structures such as the hallways of apartment buildings. However it can rub off onto clothing to a small degree. In Britain and Ireland, whitewash was used historically in interiors and exteriors of workers' cottages and still retains something of this association with rural poverty. In the United States, a similar attitude is expressed in the old saying "Too proud to whitewash and too poor to paint."


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash is especially compatible with masonry because it is absorbed easily and the resultant chemical reaction hardens the medium.


title: Whitewash

text: Lime wash is pure slaked lime in water. It produces a unique surface glow due to the double refraction of calcite crystals. Limewash and whitewash both cure to become the same material.


title: Whitewash

text: When whitewash or limewash is initially applied, it has very low opacity, which can lead novices to overthicken the paint. Drying increases opacity and subsequent curing increases opacity even further.


title: Whitewash

text: Limewash relies on being drawn into a substrate unlike a modern paint that adheres to the surface. The process of being drawn in needs to be controlled by damping down. If a wall is not damped, it can leave the lime and pigments on the surface powdery; if the wall is saturated, then there is no surface tension and this can result in failure of the limewash. Damping down is not difficult but it does need to be considered before application of the limewash.


title: Whitewash

text: Additives traditionally used include water glass, glue, egg white, Portland cement, salt, soap, milk, flour, and soil.


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash is sometimes coloured with earths to achieve colours spanning the range of broken white, cream, yellow and a range of browns.


title: Whitewash

text: The blue laundry dye (such as Reckitt's "Dolly Blue" in the UK, Ireland and Australia, Loulaki in Greece, or Mrs. Stewart's Bluing in North America), formerly widely used to give a bright tinge to boiled white textiles, was a common 19th century addition.


title: Whitewash

text: Historically, pig's blood was added to give the colour Suffolk pink, a colour still widely used on house exteriors in some areas of the UK. If animal blood is applied excessively, however, its iron oxide can compromise the lime binder's strength.


title: Whitewash

text: Pozzolanic materials are occasionally added to give a much harder wearing paint finish. This addition, however, creates a short open time and therefore requires timely application of the altered paint.


title: Whitewash

text: Cement addition makes a harder wearing paint in white or grey. Open time is short, so this is added at point of use. However, the use of cement restricts the breathable aspects of the limewash and is advised to not be applied to historic buildings.


title: Whitewash

text: Basic limewash can be inadequate in its ability to prevent rain-driven water ingress. Additives are being developed but these have the potential for affecting free vapor permeability. For this reason silicate paints, more common in Germany, are gaining popularity in the UK over limewash.


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash is applied to trees, especially fruit trees, to prevent sun scald. Most often only the lower trunk is painted. In Poland painting the whole trunk is also said to help keep the body of the tree cool in late winter and early spring months and hence help prevent fruit trees from blooming too soon, i.e. when warm sunny days could promote rapid tree warming, rising sap and bloom and intermittent frosty nights could damage outer tree rings and destroy the young buds and blossoms.


title: Whitewash

text: In the middle of the 20th century, when family farms with dairy barns were common in the Upper Midwest of the United States, whitewash was a necessary part of routine barn maintenance.


title: Whitewash

text: A traditional animal barn contains a variety of extremely rough surfaces that are difficult to wash and keep clean, such as stone and brick masonry, and also rough-cut lumber for the ceiling. If left alone, these surfaces collect dust, dirt, insect debris and wastes, and can become very dirty.


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash aids in sanitation by coating and smoothing over the rough surfaces. Successive applications of whitewash build up layers of scale that flake off and, in the process, remove surface debris. The coating also has antimicrobial properties that provide hygienic and sanitary benefits for animal barns.


title: Whitewash

text: Whitewash was painted on the internal walls of Royal Navy vessels during the Age of Sail to improve light levels inside a vessel's gundeck, reduce bacteria and prevent wear and tear on hull timbers. It was also used during the Second World War by the German armed forces as an easy-to-apply winter camouflage for soft- and hard-skinned vehicles, aircraft and helmets.


title: Whitewash

text: No success has been reported with primers and other glues over top of a peeling wall. The only approach is to scrape it off. The chalk releases the paint in large flakes or small chips. While working, the wall sections of paint will appear to be solid and later come off easily. It is a long process.


title: Whitewash

text: The incident of Tom Sawyer whitewashing a fence as punishment is a famous image in American literature. It appears in "The Adventures of Tom Sawyer" written in 1876 by Mark Twain.


title: Whitewash

text: In the 1934 film, "Fugitive Lovers", Madge Evans drops a bottle of cosmetics that she calls her "Calcimine".


title: Whitewash

text: Metaphorically, whitewashing refers to suppression or "glossing over" (possibly a close parallel construction) of potentially damaging or unwelcome information. In many British Commonwealth areas, a whitewash refers to a game in which one side fails to score at all; the usage is especially found in cricket.


title: Beatie Edney

text: Born in London, she is the daughter of actress Sylvia Syms and her husband Alan Edney. Her brother is Benjamin Edney and her cousin is musician Nick Webb. Edney first came to audiences' attention as Heather MacLeod in the 1986 film "Highlander", the first entry in the "Highlander" series. She returned to the role again in the 2000 film "Highlander: Endgame".


title: Beatie Edney

text: In 1987, Edney performed the title role in the television production of "The Dark Angel" with Peter O'Toole. In 1990, she appeared in the Bruce Beresford film "Mister Johnson", alongside Pierce Brosnan and Edward Woodward.


title: Beatie Edney

text: Her many television appearances include a leading role in the 1986 television series "Lost Empires", based on the novel by J.B. Priestley, in which she acted alongside Colin Firth. She has also appeared in episodes of a host of successful British television dramas such as "Rosemary & Thyme", "A Touch of Frost", "Prime Suspect", "Inspector Morse" (and its spin-off "Lewis"), "Agatha Christie's Poirot" (episode "The Mysterious Affair at Styles") and "Wallander". In 1994, Edney played the role of Louisa Gradgrind in the television adaptation of Charles Dickens' "Hard Times". In 1995, she had a starring role in the Channel 4 sitcom "Dressing for Breakfast".


title: Beatie Edney

text: In 2012, she played Queen Charlotte in "The Madness of King George III", at the Apollo Theatre, London. Other stage appearances included "The Girlfriend Experience" at the Royal Court.


title: Beatie Edney

text: Edney played the leading role of Prudie in the BBC's 2015 revival of "Poldark". In 2019 she caused controversy by accusing the BBC of ageism for not inviting her to a première, but she later apologised, saying there had been a "mix-up".


title: Hearts of Iron

text: Hearts of Iron is a grand strategy video game developed by Paradox Development Studio and published by Strategy First. Based on the Europa Engine, it was originally released in 2002 for Microsoft Windows. A Mac OS version was released by Virtual Programming the following year. In 2004, Atari, SA published "Hearts of Iron: Platinum", an updated version that sought to improve several aspects of the game.


title: Hearts of Iron

text: "Hearts of Iron" allows the player to take control of a nation in the world and guide it through World War II and the years immediately before and after it. "Hearts of Iron" is the first game in the eponymous series of grand strategy wargames. Three additional games have been released in the series: "Hearts of Iron II", "Hearts of Iron III", and "Hearts of Iron IV".


title: Hearts of Iron

text: Players play as a nation in the world in the years leading up to, during, and immediately after World War II. There are three main alliances in the game: the Allies, the Axis, and the Comintern. Nations in the game can attempt to join these alliances. Players can also control their nation's economy, government, and military. The game ends when there is only one alliance left or when the end date is reached; the winning alliance is determined through a victory point system, with points being given to alliances that control key regions or cities.


title: Hearts of Iron

text: A sequel to "Hearts of Iron", "Hearts of Iron II", was released in 2005. Two spin-offs were created for "Hearts of Iron II": "" and "". The third game in the series, "Hearts of Iron III" was released on August 7, 2009. "Hearts of Iron – The Card Game" was released as a free-to-play, browser-based collectible card game on October 3, 2011. "East vs. West – A Hearts of Iron Game" was scheduled to release in 2014, but was canceled. "Hearts of Iron IV", the fourth main installment in the series, was released on June 6, 2016.


title: Hearts of Iron

text: The game received "average" reviews according to the review aggregation website Metacritic. Tom Chick of "Computer Games Magazine" summarized "Hearts of Iron" as "an ambitious mess, a noble mess, certainly a well-intentioned mess, but ultimately a mess nonetheless".


title: Hearts of Iron

text: "Hearts of Iron: Platinum" was released in 2004 with the intention of improving several elements of the original game. According to Metacritic, "Hearts of Iron: Platinum" received slightly more favorable reviews than the original "Hearts of Iron".


title: Hearts of Iron

text: The game was banned in the People's Republic of China because of the game's depiction of Taiwan under Japanese control and Tibet, Sinkiang, and Manchuria as independent nations (historically, Manchuria was a Japanese puppet state and Taiwan was under Japanese control for most of the time period depicted in the game).


title: Melinda McGraw

text: Melinda McGraw (born October 25, 1968) is an American actress. She has starred in movies such as "The Dark Knight" (2008), "Wrongfully Accused" (1998), and "Skateland" (2010), and is also known for her television performances on "Mad Men", "Men of a Certain Age", "X-Files", "The West Wing", and "NCIS".


title: Melinda McGraw

text: The youngest of three daughters, she grew up in Cambridge and Dover in the Boston area. Her father served as a diplomat for the Agency of International Development before becoming an executive with a major hotel in Boston. She attended the Buckingham Browne & Nichols School in Cambridge and got her start in acting with the Boston Children's Theater.


title: Melinda McGraw

text: After attending Bennington College, McGraw was accepted to the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London (one of only seven women admitted in her year). Theatrical performances in the West End and elsewhere in Britain followed, among them "Don Carlos", "The Foreigner" and "Twelfth Night". She returned to the U.S. in 1990.


title: Melinda McGraw

text: McGraw's first major on-screen role was as Detective Cydavia "Cyd" Madison on "The Commish" (1992–1994). While on the set, she met actor Nicholas Lea and the pair dated for a few years. McGraw later earned recognition for her role as Melissa Scully, Dana Scully's ill-fated sister, in four episodes of "The X-Files" ("One Breath", "The Blessing Way", "Paper Clip", and "Christmas Carol"). Coincidentally, Alex Krycek, the recurring antagonist responsible for Melissa's death, was played by Nicholas Lea.


title: Melinda McGraw

text: McGraw has starred in "The Pursuit of Happiness" (1995), "Soul Man" (1997–1998), "Living in Captivity" (1998), "" (2002), and "Center of the Universe" (2004). Notable guest appearances include "Quantum Leap", "Night Court", "Seinfeld", "Cybill", "The Larry Sanders Show", "Mad About You", "The District", "The Practice", and "Inconceivable". She has been featured in four episodes of "Desperate Housewives" as Annabel Foster and was cast in "Neighbors", an ABC pilot for 2005-06 that was not picked up.


title: Melinda McGraw

text: In 2006, McGraw played Jane Braun, campaign advisor to Presidential candidate Arnold Vinick, in several episodes of "The West Wing" and appeared in an episode of "Bones". She played U.S. Attorney Valerie Por in "Close to Home" and Hartley Green in "Saving Grace" in 2007, as well as Annette Barron in two episodes of "Journeyman".


title: Melinda McGraw

text: McGraw appeared in 2008's "The Dark Knight" (the sequel to "Batman Begins") as Lieutenant Gordon's wife, Barbara. She guest-starred in the "" episode "Crush" as Samantha Copeland. She had a recurring role as seductive adulteress Bobbie Barrett in the second season of AMC's "Mad Men". McGraw co-starred with Kelsey Grammer on the ABC sitcom "Hank" before its cancellation on November 11, 2009. She enjoyed a recurring role as Erin, Scott Bakula's love interest, on the TNT original series "Men of a Certain Age" in 2010–11. In 2011 and 2012, she made guest appearances in the 9th season of "NCIS" in the episodes "Devil's Triangle", "Devil's Trifecta" and "Devil's Triad" as Diane Sterling, an ex-wife of both Leroy Jethro Gibbs and Tobias Fornell. In season 12 of the series, her character's arc was closed when she was murdered in the episode "Check". McGraw appeared again as Diane in 2019, but as a ghost in the episode “Daughters” (season 16). In 2013 she appeared in ABC series "Scandal".


title: Melinda McGraw

text: McGraw is married to composer/recording artist Steve Pierson, and they have a daughter Lucy. They all belong to Pierson's band Jambo, which performs roots music for children.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The Guerrilla war in the Baltic states was an armed struggle which was waged by the Latvian, Lithuanian, and Estonian partisans, called the Forest Brothers (also: the "Brothers of the Wood" and the "Forest Friars"; , , ), against the Soviet Union during the Soviet invasion and occupation of the three Baltic states both during and after World War II. Similar anti-Soviet Central and Eastern European resistance groups fought against Soviet and communist rule in Bulgaria, Poland, Romania, and western Ukraine.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The Red Army occupied the independent Baltic states in 1940–1941 and, after a period of German occupation, it re-occupied them in 1944–1945. As Stalinist repression intensified over the following years, some 50,000 residents of these countries used the heavily forested countryside as a natural refuge and base for armed anti-Soviet insurgency.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: According to some estimates, 10,000 partisans in Estonia, 10,000 partisans in Latvia, and 30,000 partisans in Lithuania and many more supporters of them were involved in the insurgency. This war continued to be waged as an organized struggle until 1956, when the superiority of the Soviet security forces, largely in the form of agents who infiltrated the insurgent groups, caused the native population to resort to other forms of resistance.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The term Forest Brothers first came into use in the Baltic region during the chaotic Russian Revolution of 1905. Varying sources refer to forest brothers of this era either as peasants revolting or as schoolteachers seeking refuge in the forest. This term Forest Brothers was used and known only in occupied Estonia and Latvia, but in Lithuania partisans were called originally: (Green People), (Forest People) or just (Partisans).


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Estonia, Latvia, and Lithuania gained their independence in 1918 after the collapse of the Russian Empire. The ideals of nationalism and self-determination had taken hold with many people as a result of having the independent states of Estonia and Latvia for the first time since the 13th century. At the same time, Lithuanians re-established a sovereign state, which had a rich former history, having been the largest country in Europe during the 14th century, but which was occupied by the Russian Empire since 1795. Allied declarations such as the Atlantic Charter had offered promise of a post-war world in which the three Baltic states could re-establish themselves. Having already experienced occupation by the Soviet regime followed by the Nazi regime, many people were unwilling to accept another occupation.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Unlike Estonia and Latvia where the Germans conscripted the local population into military formations within the Waffen-SS, Lithuania never had its own Waffen-SS division. In 1944 the Nazi authorities had created an ill-equipped but 20,000-strong "Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force" under General Povilas Plechavičius to combat Soviet partisans led by Antanas Sniečkus. The Germans, however, quickly came to see this force as a nationalist threat to their occupation regime. The senior staff were arrested on May 15, 1944, with General Plechavičius being deported to the concentration camp in Salaspils, Latvia. However, approximately half of the remaining forces formed guerrilla units and dissolved into the countryside in preparation for partisan operations against the Red Army as the Eastern Front approached.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The guerrilla operations in Estonia and Latvia had some basis in Adolf Hitler's authorization of a full withdrawal from Estonia in mid-September 1944 – he allowed any soldiers of his Estonian forces, primarily the 20th Waffen-SS Division (1st Estonian), who wished to stay and defend their homes to do so – and in the fate of Army Group Courland, among the last of Hitler's forces to surrender after it became trapped in the Courland Pocket on the Courland Peninsula in 1945. Many Estonian and Latvian soldiers, and a few Germans, evaded capture and fought as Forest Brothers in the countryside for years after the war. Others, such as Alfons Rebane and Alfrēds Riekstiņš escaped to the United Kingdom and Sweden and participated in Allied intelligence operations in aid of the Forest Brothers.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: While the Waffen-SS was found guilty of war crimes and other atrocities and declared a criminal organization after the war, the Nuremberg Trials explicitly excluded conscripts in the following terms:


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: In 1949–1950 the United States Displaced Persons Commission investigated the Estonian and Latvian divisions and on September 1, 1950, adopted the following policy:


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The Latvian government has asserted that the Latvian Legion, primarily composed of the 15th and 19th Latvian Waffen-SS divisions, was neither a criminal nor collaborationist organization.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The ranks of the resistance swelled with the Red Army's attempts at conscription in the Baltic states after the war, with fewer than half the registered conscripts reporting in some districts. The widespread harassment of disappearing conscripts' families pushed more people to evade authorities in the forests. Many enlisted men deserted, taking their weapons with them.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: With the German invasion of the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, Joseph Stalin made a public statement on the radio calling for a scorched earth policy in the areas to be abandoned on July 3. About 10,000 Forest Brothers, which had organized themselves into countrywide Omakaitse (Home Guard) organizations, attacked the forces of the NKVD, destruction battalions and the 8th Army (Major General Ljubovtsev), killing 4,800 and capturing 14,000. The battle of Tartu lasted for two weeks, and destroyed a large part of the city. Under the leadership of Friedrich Kurg, the Forest Brothers drove out the Soviets from Tartu, behind the Rivers Pärnu – Emajõgi line. Thus they secured South Estonia under Estonian control by July 10. The NKVD murdered 193 people in Tartu Prison on their retreat on July 8.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The German 18th Army crossed the Estonian southern border on July 7–9. The Germans resumed their advance in Estonia by working in cooperation with the Forest Brothers and the Omakaitse. In North Estonia, the destruction battalions had the greatest impact, being the last Baltic territory captured from the Soviets. The joint Estonian-German forces took Narva on August 17 and the Estonian capital Tallinn on August 28. On that day, the red flag shot down earlier on Pikk Hermann was replaced with the flag of Estonia by Fred Ise only to be replaced yet again by a German "Reichskriegsflagge" a few hours later. After the Soviets were driven out from Estonia, German Army Group North disarmed all the Forest Brother and Omakaitse groups.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Southern Estonian partisan units were yet again summoned in August 1941 under the name of Estonian Omakaitse. Members were initially selected from the closest circle of friends. Later, candidate members were asked to sign a declaration that they were not members of a Communist organization. Estonian "Omakaitse" relied on the former regulations of Estonian Defence League and Estonian Army, insofar as they were consistent with the laws of German occupation. The tasks of the "Omakaitse" were as follows:


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: On 15 July, the "Omakaitse" had 10,200 members; on 1 December 1941, 40,599 members. Until February 1944 membership was around 40,000.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: By the late 1940s and early 1950s the Forest Brothers were provided with supplies, liaison officers and logistical coordination by the British (MI6), American, and Swedish secret intelligence services. This support played a key role in directing the Baltic resistance movement, however it diminished significantly after MI6's Operation Jungle was severely compromised by the activities of British spies (Kim Philby and others) who forwarded information to the Soviets, enabling the MGB to identify, infiltrate and eliminate many Baltic guerrilla units and cut others off from any further contact with Western intelligence operatives.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The conflict between the Soviet armed forces and the Forest Brothers lasted over a decade and cost at least 50,000 lives. Estimates for the number of fighters in each country vary. Misiunas and Taagepera estimate that figures reached 30,000 in Lithuania, between 10,000 and 15,000 in Latvia and 10,000 in Estonia. On the other hand, professor Heinrihs Strods, basing on NKVD report, claims that in 1945, 8916 partisans were killed in Lithuania, 715 in Latvia and 270 in Estonia, which makes Lithuanian loses around 90%. Even though the real numbers were even larger, many believe this reveals the ratio of the size of resistance among the three countries.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: In Estonia 14,000–15,000 men participated in the fighting between 1944 and 1953: The Forest Brothers were most active in Võru county along the borderlands between Pärnu and Lääne counties that included significant activity between Tartu and Viru counties as well. From November 1944 to November 1947, they carried out 773 armed attacks killing about 1000 Soviets and their supporters. At its peak in 1947, the organization controlled dozens of villages and towns, creating considerable nuisance to the Soviet supply transports that required an armed escort. August Sabbe, one of the last surviving Forest Brothers, was discovered in 1978 by KGB agents posing with his fellow fishermen. Instead of surrendering he leaped into the Võhandu stream and got hooked onto a log, drowning in the process. The KGB insisted that the 69-year-old Sabbe had drowned while trying to escape, a theory difficult to credit given the shallow water and lack of cover at the site. Another noted member of Forest Brothers was Kalev Arro, who evaded capture by disguising himself as a vagrant while hiding in the forests of southern Estonia for 20 years. He was killed in a shooting encounter with KGB agents in 1974.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: There were numerous attempts to hunt down relatives of the Forest Brothers. One of the Estonians who managed to escape the deportations was Taimi Kreitsberg. She recalled that Soviet officials "...took me to Võru, I was not beaten there, but for three days and nights I was given neither food nor drink. They told me they were not going to kill me, but torture me [until] I betrayed all the bandits. For about a month they dragged me through woods and took me to farms that were owned by the relatives of Forest Brothers, and they sent me in as an instigator to ask for food and shelter while the Chekists themselves waited outside. I told people to drive me away, as I had been sent by the security organs."


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: In Latvia, preparations for partisan operations were begun during the German occupation, but the leaders of these nationalist units were arrested by Nazi authorities. Longer-lived resistance units began to form at the end of the war; their ranks were composed of former Latvian Legion soldiers as well as civilians. On 8 September 1944 in Riga, the leadership of the Latvian Central Council adopted a Declaration on the restoration of the State of Latvia. It was intended to restore de facto independence to the Latvian republic. In addition it was hoped international supporters would take advantage of the interval between changeovers of the occupying powers. The Declaration prescribed that the "Satversme" is the fundamental law of the restored Republic of Latvia, and provided for the establishment of a Cabinet of Ministers that would organise the restoration of the State of Latvia.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Some of the most prominent LCC accomplishments are related to its military branch – General Jānis Kurelis group (the so-called "kurelieši") with Lieutenant Roberts Rubenis battalion which carried out the armed resistance against Waffen SS forces.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The number of active combatants peaked at between 10,000 and 15,000, while the total number of resistance fighters was as high as 40,000. One author gives a figure of up to 12,000 grouped into 700 bands during the 1945–55 decade, but definitive figures are unavailable. Over time, the partisans replaced their German weapons with Soviet makes. The Central Command of Latvian resistance organizations maintained an office on Matīsa Street in Riga until 1947. In some 3,000 raids, the partisans inflicted damage on uniformed military personnel, party cadres (particularly in rural areas), buildings, and ammunition depots. The Communist authorities reported 1,562 Soviet personnel killed and 560 wounded during the entire resistance period.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: One account of a typical Forest Brothers action is provided by Tālrīts Krastiņš. He, a reconnaissance soldier of the 19th Waffen Grenadier Division of the SS (2nd Latvian), was recruited with 15 other Latvians into a Nazi stay-behind unit at the close of the war. Escaping to the forest, the group, led by Krastiņš, avoided all contact with local residents and relatives, robbing trucks for money while simultaneously maintaining an apartment in the center of Riga for reconnaissance operations. At first they operated by assassinating low-level Communist party managers, but later focused their efforts on attempting to assassinate the head of the Latvian SSR, Vilis Lācis. The group recruited a Russian woman working at the Supreme Soviet of the Latvian SSR who informed them about Lācis' transportation schedule. They set up a roadside ambush when Lācis was traveling from Riga to Jūrmala, but shot up the wrong car. The second attempt likewise relied on a female collaborator, but one who proved to be an undercover NKVD agent. The entire group was apprehended and sentenced to prison in 1948.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The Latvian Forest Brothers were most active in the border regions, including Dundaga, Taurkalne, Lubāna, Aloja, and Līvāni. In the eastern regions, they had ties with the Estonian Forest Brothers; and in the western regions, with the Lithuanians. As in Estonia and Lithuania, the partisans were killed off and infiltrated by the MVD and NKVD over many years. As in Estonia and Lithuania, assistance from Western Intelligence was severely compromised by Soviet counter-intelligence and Latvian double agents such as Augusts Bergmanis and Vidvuds Sveics. Furthermore, the Soviets gradually consolidated their rule in the cities: help from rural civilians was not as forthcoming, and special military and security units were sent to control the partisans. The last groups emerged from the forest in 1957 to promptly surrender to the authorities.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Among the three countries, the resistance was best organized in Lithuania, where guerrilla units controlled whole regions of the countryside until 1949. Their armaments included Czech Skoda guns, Russian Maxim heavy machine guns, assorted mortars and a wide variety of mainly German and Soviet light machine guns and submachine guns. When not in direct battles with the Red Army or special NKVD units, they significantly delayed the consolidation of Soviet rule through ambush, sabotage, assassination of local Communist activists and officials, freeing imprisoned guerrillas, and printing underground newspapers.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: On July 1, 1944, Lithuanian Freedom Army (Lithuanian: Lietuvos laisvės armija, LLA) declared the state of war against Soviet Union and ordered all its able members to mobilize into platoons, stationed in forests and do not leave Lithuania. The departments were replaced by two sectors – operational, called "Vanagai" (Hawks or Falcons; abbreviated VS), and organizational (abbreviated OS). "Vanagai", commanded by Albinas Karalius (codename Varenis), were the armed fighters while the organizational sector was tasked with passive resistance, including supply of food, information, and transport to "Vanagai". In the middle of 1944, Lithuanian Freedom Army had 10,000 members. The Soviets killed 659 and arrested 753 members of the Lithuanian Freedom Army by January 26, 1945. Founder Kazys Veverskis was killed in December 1944, the headquarters were liquidated in December 1945. This represented the failure of highly centralized resistance, as the organization was too dependent on Veverskis and other top commanders. In 1946 remaining leaders and fighters of LLA started to merge with Lithuanian partisans. In 1949 all members of presidium of Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters – captain Jonas Žemaitis-Tylius, Petras Bartkus-Žadgaila, Bronius Liesys-Naktis ir Juozas Šibaila-Merainis came from LLA.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Supreme Committee for the Liberation of Lithuania (Lithuanian: "Vyriausiasis Lietuvos išlaisvinimo komitetas", VLIK), was created on November 25, 1943. VLIK published underground newspapers and agitated for resistance against Nazis. Gestapo arrested most influential members in 1944. After the reoccupation of Lithuania by the Soviets, VLIK moved to the West set its goal to maintain non-recognition of Lithuania's occupation and dissemination of information from behind the iron curtain – including the information provided by the Lithuanian partisans.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Former members of Lithuanian Territorial Defense Force, Lithuanian Freedom Army, Lithuanian Armed Forces, Lithuanian Riflemen's Union formed the basis of Lithuanian partisans. Farmers, Lithuanian officials, students, teachers, even the pupils joined the partisan movement. The movement was actively supported by the society and the Catholic church. It is estimated that by the end of 1945, 30,000 armed people stayed in forests in Lithuania.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The partisans were well-armed. During the 1945–1951 Soviet repressive structures seized from partisans 31 mortars, 2,921 machine guns, 6,304 assault rifles, 22,962 rifles, 8,155 pistols, 15,264 grenades, 2,596 mines, and 3,779,133 cartridges. The partisans usually replenished their arsenal by killing "istrebiteli", members of Soviet secret-police forces or by purchasing ammunition from Red Army soldiers. Every partisan had binoculars and few grenades. One grenade was usually saved to blow themselves and their faces to avoid being taken as prisoner, since the physical tortures of Soviet MGB/NKVD were very brutal and cruel , and be recognised, to prevent their relatives from suffering.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: To combat the guerilla, in May 1948 the Soviets carried out the largest deportation from Lithuania, Operation Spring, when some 40 to 50 thousand people associated with "forest brothers" were deported to Siberia.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Captured Lithuanian Forest Brothers themselves often faced torture and summary execution while their relatives faced deportation to Siberia (cf. quotation). Reprisals against anti-Soviet farms and villages were harsh. The NKVD units, named "People's Defense Platoons" (known by the Lithuanians as pl. "stribai", from the – "destroyers", i.e., the destruction battalions), used shock tactics such as displaying executed partisans' corpses in village courtyards to discourage further resistance.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The report of a commission formed at a KGB prison a few days after the October 15, 1956, arrest of Adolfas Ramanauskas ("Vanagas"), chief commander of the Union of Lithuanian Freedom Fighters, noted the following:


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Juozas Lukša was among those who managed to escape to the West; he wrote his memoirs in Paris – Fighters for Freedom. Lithuanian Partisans Versus the U.S.S.R. and was killed after returning to Lithuania in 1951.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Pranas Končius (code name "Adomas") was one of the few last Lithuanian anti-Soviet resistance fighters, killed in action by Soviet forces on July 6, 1965 (some sources indicate he shot himself in order to avoid capture on July 13). He was awarded the Cross of Vytis posthumously in 2000.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Benediktas Mikulis, one of the last known partisans to remain in the forest, emerged in 1971. He was arrested in the 1980s and spent several years in prison.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: By the early 1950s, the Soviet forces had eradicated most of the Forest Brother resistance. Intelligence gathered by the Soviet spies in the West and MGB infiltrators within the resistance movement, in combination with large-scale Soviet operations in 1952, managed to end the campaigns against them.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Many of the remaining Forest Brothers laid down their weapons when offered an amnesty by the Soviet authorities after Joseph Stalin's death in 1953, although isolated engagements continued into the 1960s. The last individual guerrillas are known to have remained in hiding and evaded capture into the 1980s, by which time the Baltic states were pressing for independence through peaceful means. (See Sąjūdis, The Baltic Way, Singing Revolution)


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Many Forest Brothers persisted in the hope that Cold War hostilities between the West, which never formally recognized the Soviet occupation, and the Soviet Union might escalate to an armed conflict in which the Baltic states would be liberated. This never materialized, and according to Mart Laar many of the surviving former Forest Brothers remained bitter that the West did not take on the Soviet Union militarily. (See also Yalta Conference). When the brutal suppression of the Hungarian Revolution in 1956 did not bring about an intervention by, or a supportive response from, Western Powers, organized resistance in the Baltic States declined further.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: As the conflict was relatively undocumented by the Soviet Union (the Baltic fighters were formally charged as common criminals), some consider it and the Soviet-Baltic conflict as a whole to be an unknown or forgotten war. Discussion of resistance was suppressed under the Soviet regime. Writings on the subject by Baltic emigrants were often labelled as examples of "ethnic sympathy" and disregarded. Laar's research efforts, begun in Estonia in the late 1980s, are considered to have opened the door for further study.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: In 1999, the Lithuanian Seimas (parliament) enacted a declaration of independence that had been made on February 16, 1949, the 31st anniversary of the February 16, 1918, declaration of independence, by elements of the resistance unified under the "Movement of the Struggle for the Freedom of Lithuania".


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: In Latvia and Lithuania, Forest Brothers veterans receive a small pension. In Lithuania, the third Sunday in May is commemorated as Partisans' Day. In 2005 there were about 350 surviving Forest Brothers in Lithuania.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: In a 2001 lecture in Tallinn, U.S. Senator John McCain acknowledged the Estonian Forest Brothers and their efforts.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The Canadian film "Legendi loojad" (Creators of the Legend) about the Estonian Forest Brothers was released in 1963. The film was funded by donations from Estonians in exile.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The 1966 Soviet drama film "Nobody Wanted to Die ()" by Soviet-Lithuanian film director Vytautas Žalakevičius shows the tragedy of the conflict in which "a brother goes against the brother." The film garnered Žalakevičius the USSR State Prize and international recognition, and is the best-known film portrayal of the conflict.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The popular Soviet Latvian TV film Long Road in the Dunes (1980–1982) touches the topic of Latvian Forest Brothers from a Soviet perspective.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: A 1997 documentary film "We Lived for Estonia" tells the story of the Estonian Forest Brothers from the viewpoint of one of the participants.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Another popular Latvian TV series, "Likteņa līdumnieki", produced by Latvijas Televīzija from 2003 to 2008, shows the impact of the struggle (and other historical events from 1885 to 1995) on the life of the Nārbuļi family and their homestead.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The 2004 film "Utterly Alone" () portrays the travails of Lithuanian partisan leader Juozas Lukša, who travelled twice to Western Europe in attempts to gain support for the armed resistance.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The 2005 documentary film "Stirna" tells the story of Izabelė Vilimaitė (codenames "Stirna" and "Sparnuota"), an American-born Lithuanian who moved to Lithuania with her family in 1932. A medical student and pharmacist, she was an underground medic and source of medical supplies for the partisans, eventually becoming a district liaison. She infiltrated the local Komsomol (Communist Youth), was discovered, captured, and escaped twice. After going underground full-time, she was suspected of having been turned by the KGB as an informant and was nearly executed by the partisans. Her bunker was eventually discovered by the KGB and she was captured a third time, interrogated and killed.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The 2007 Estonian film "Sons of One Forest ()" follows the story of two Forest Brothers in southern Estonia, who fight with an Estonian from the Waffen-SS against the Soviet occupants.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The 2013 novel "Forest Brothers" by Geraint Roberts, follows the fortune of a disgraced British Navy officer who returns to Estonia in 1944 for British Intelligence. Many of the people from his past who aid him have taken to the forest, during the ongoing conflict between Germany and the Soviet Union.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: Recent examples in Latvian cinematography include the 2014 film "Alias Loner" (), depicting the story of high-ranking resistance fighter and Catholic priest Antons "Vientulis" Juhņevičs and the 2019 TV series "Sarkanais mežs" ("Red Forest") about Latvian agents sent by MI6 into Soviet-occupied Latvia to find support among local partisans under Operation Jungle.


title: Guerrilla war in the Baltic states

text: The last known Forest Brother was Jānis Pīnups, who did not come out of hiding until 1995. He had deserted from the Red Army in 1944 and he was presumed missing in action by Soviet authorities in Latvia. He was rendered unconscious and left for dead during a battle. He decided to return to his home, where he hid in the nearby forest out of fear that his family would be deported, if his desertion was discovered. About 25 years after he went into hiding, he was forced to seek medical assistance and he started to act more freely thereafter. Still, only his siblings and, later on, only his nearest neighbors were aware of who he was, even the rest of his family did not learn that he had not been killed in the war until he came out of hiding.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Government of Kerala is the subnational government of the Indian state of Kerala. The government is led by a chief minister, who selects all the other ministers. The chief minister and their most senior ministers belong to the supreme decision-making committee, known as the cabinet.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Ministers of the Kerala Government are responsible to the Kerala Legislative Assembly; they make statements in the assembly and take questions from members of the assembly. The government is dependent on Kerala Legislative Assembly to make primary legislation. Legislative assembly elections are held every five years to elect a new assembly, unless there is a successful vote of no confidence in the government or a two-thirds vote for a snap election in the assembly, in which case an election may be held sooner. After an election, the governor selects as chief minister the leader of the party most likely to command the confidence of the assembly, usually by possessing a majority of MLAs.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Under the Indian constitution, executive authority lies with the governor, although this authority is exercised only by, or on the advice of, the chief minister and the cabinet. In most cases, the cabinet members exercise power directly as leaders of the government departments, though some cabinet positions are sinecures to a greater or lesser degree.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Like in other Indian states, the executive arm of the state is responsible for the day-to-day management of the state. It consists of the governor, the chief minister and the Council of Ministers. The chief minister and the council of ministers also have been appointed by the governor. The governor summons prorogues and dissolves the legislature. He can close the legislative assembly on the recommendation of the chief minister. Judiciary has been separated from the executive in Kerala like other Indian states.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The executive authority is headed by the Chief Minister of Kerala, who is the de facto head of state and is vested with most of the executive powers; the Legislative Assembly's majority party leader is appointed to this position by the Governor. The present Chief Minister is Pinarayi Vijayan, who took office on 25 May 2016. Generally, the winning party decides the chief minister. In many cases, the party focuses a chief ministerial candidate during the election.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The Council of Ministers, which answers to the Legislative Assembly, has its members appointed by the Governor; the appointments receive input from the Chief Minister. They are collectively responsible to the legislative assembly of the State. Generally, the winning party and its chief minister chooses the ministers list and submit the list for the Governor's approval.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The governor is appointed by the President for a term of five years. The executive and legislative powers lie with the Chief Minister and his council of ministers, who are appointed by the governor. The governors of the states and territories of India have similar powers and functions at the state level as that of the president of India at the national level. Only Indian citizens above 35 years of age are eligible for appointment. Governors discharge all constitutional functions, such as the appointment of the chief minister, sending reports to the president about failure of constitutional machinery in a state, or with respect to issues relating to the assent to a bill passed by legislature, exercise or their own opinion.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The legislature comprises the governor and the legislative assembly, which is the highest political organ in the state. The governor has the power to summon the assembly or to close the same. All members of the legislative assembly are directly elected, normally once in every five years by the eligible voters who are above 18 years of age. The current assembly consists of 140 elected members and one member nominated by the governor from the Anglo-Indian community. The elected members select one of its own members as its chairman who is called the speaker. The speaker is assisted by the deputy speaker who is also elected by the members. The conduct of a meeting in the house is the responsibility of the speaker.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The main function of the assembly is to pass laws and rules. Every bill passed by the house has to be finally approved by the governor before it becomes applicable.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The normal term of the legislative assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first meeting. But while a proclamation of state of emergency is in operation, the said period will be extended by Parliament by Laws for a period not exceeding one year at a time.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Kerala State has been divided into 14 districts, 27 revenue divisions, 14 district panchayats, 75 taluks, 152 CD blocks, 1453 revenue villages, 941 Gram panchayats, 6 corporations and 87 municipalities. The business of the state government is transacted through the various secretariat departments based on the rules of business. Each department consists of secretary to the government, who is the official head of the department and such other under secretaries, junior secretaries, officers, and staffs subordinate to him/her. The "Chief secretary" superintending control over the whole secretariat and staff attached to the ministers.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The department is further divided into sections, each of which is under the charge of a section officer. Apart from these sections, dealing with the subjects allotted to them, there are other offices sections, assigned with specific duties. When there is more than one secretary in a department, there shall be a clear separation of work.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The Kerala State Emblem is a derivative version of the royal coat of arms of the Kingdom of Travancore. The state emblem symbolises two elephants guarding the "Imperial Shanku", or conch, in its imperial crest. This crest was the insignia of Lord Sree Padmanabha (a form of Lord Vishnu) - the national deity of Travancore. "Shanku" was considered one of the common emblems of a majority of the Kerala feudal kingdoms. The Kingdom of Cochin and Zamorin's Malabar also had conch as state emblems. When the kingdoms of Cochin and Travancore merged in 1949, for a brief period, the crest carried a wheel or chakra in the centre with "Shanku" on top of it. With the accession of Malabar into Travancore-Cochin, the state of Kerala was formed in 1957. During this time, the royal coat of arms of the Travancore kingdom was modified by placing the "Lion Capital of Ashoka" on top of the imperial conch. The Travancore Royal Family uses the erstwhile Royal Coat of Arms of Travancore today, whereas Sree Padmanabhaswamy Temple of Trivandrum uses only the imperial conch crest as its coat of arms.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The state animal of Kerala is the elephant, and the government emblem has two elephants in it. The state bird is the great Indian hornbill (ML:മലമ്പുഴക്കി വേഴാമ്പല്). The state flower is the golden shower (ML:കണിക്കൊന്ന), and the state tree is the coconut. The state fish is the pearlspot or karimeen (കരിമീന്).


title: Government of Kerala

text: Elections to the state assembly are held every five years. Elections are generally held for Parliament, State assembly and regional panchayats. Due to the large numbers of eligible voters, over 21 million, elections are usually held on several dates. Like all other Indian states, the minimum age of registration of a voter is 18 years.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Kerala has a unique position in India as one of the most politicised states. It has the nation's largest politically aware population, which actively participates in state politics.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Politics in Kerala is dominated by two political fronts: the Communist Party of India (Marxist)-led Left Democratic Front (LDF) and the Indian National Congress-led United Democratic Front (UDF) since late 1970s. These two coalitions have alternated in power since 1982. According to the 2016 Kerala Legislative Assembly election, the LDF has a majority in the state assembly (92/140).


title: Government of Kerala

text: The political alliance has strongly stabilised and, with rare exceptions, most of the coalition partners maintain loyalty to the alliance. As a result of this, power has alternated between these two fronts since 1979.


title: Government of Kerala

text: In terms of individual parties, the state has strong leanings towards socialism and thus Communist parties have made strong inroads in Kerala. The Malabar region, particularly Kannur and Palakkad, are considered the heartland of the Communist parties. The Kollam and Alapuzha districts, where trade unions have a strong presence, are generally inclined to Left parties, though several times the UDF has won. The CPI(M) led LDF did a clean sweep of 11–0 over UDF and NDA in Kollam district during 2016 Local body election. The largest Communist party is the CPIM and the second largest is the CPI.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The Indian National Congress, which leads the UDF coalition, has had a very strong presence in Kerala since pre-Independence days. The Congress party has great popularity in the Thrissur, Ernakulam, Kottayam, Pathanamthitta and Thiruvananthapuram regions, whereas it has a strong influence in some parts of Idukki regions.


title: Government of Kerala

text: The Bharatiya Janata Party (the Party that currently leads the Government of India) is also active in Kerala, but is not part of either coalition. It does not have any elected Parliament member, and has lost its one Legislative Assembly member in the 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election and selected members in all the Corporations, several Municipal Councils and a large number of Local Panchayats. The party enjoys popularity in the districts of Thiruvananthapuram and Kasaragod.


title: Government of Kerala

text: Kerala was declared as the first complete digitally administered state of India on 27 February 2016. The "India Corruption Survey 2019" by Transparency International declared Kerala the least-corrupt state in India. The state topped in the country to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals according to the annual report of NITI Aayog published in 2019. The Public Affairs Index-2020 released by the Public Affairs Centre, India, designated Kerala as the best governed Indian state.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Editions of the word board game Scrabble in different languages have differing letter distributions of the tiles, because the frequency of each letter of the alphabet is different for every language. As a general rule, the rarer the letter, the more points it is worth.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Most languages use sets of 100 tiles, since the original distribution of ninety-eight tiles was later augmented with two blank tiles. In tournament play, while it is acceptable to pause the game to count the tiles remaining in the game, it is not acceptable to mention how many tiles are remaining at any time. Several online tools exist for counting tiles during friendly play.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Scrabble editions listed in this section are officially licensed by Hasbro (for North America) or Mattel (for the rest of the world).


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The total number of points is 187. Diacritical marks (such as "é" in words borrowed from French) are ignored.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: When Alfred Butts invented the game, he initially experimented with different distributions of letters. A popular story claims that Butts created an elaborate chart by studying the front page of "The New York Times" to create his final choice of letter distributions.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 2004, Super Scrabble was launched. For international distribution outside the United States and Canada, and under license from Mattel, the game is manufactured by Leisure Tends' Tinderbox Games; and, for distribution within the United States and Canada, under license from Hasbro, the game is manufactured by Winning Moves. This set is composed of 200 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Super Scrabble contains more letters that are overlined and fewer letters that are underlined than would be obtained by combining two standard English sets.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Circa 1953, the Production and Marketing Company had provided license to the private company Leon Toys of Johannesburg, South Africa in the manufacture and production of Scrabble. Alongside the English language version of Scrabble the company also produced the first Afrikaans language version of the game under the name Krabbel, an Afrikaans translation of "Scrabble". This language set of the game had the following 100 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Absent in both the original and standard set of Afrikaans are the letters "C", "Q", "X", and "Z". The infrequent "X" and "Z" may still be represented by the use of a blank, yet the letters "C" and "Q", not used in Afrikaans but only in a few loanwords, may not be.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Although Arabic letters have up to four forms, Scrabble tiles use the isolated form. In some sets, as found in some Arabic-based alphabets that are not the standard modern Arabic, a dotless "yeh" ("alif maqsura") may be used ى, and for the letter "he" the final form ھ (heh doachashmee) may appear, as it is in some Arabic-based alphabets, as in Urdu, the isolated form of the letter. The pattern of using the isolated forms in composing words is also found in Arabic crosswords and in the Scrabble3D Persian Scrabble set and is one of the rare situations when Arabic letters are not connected to each other.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Nevertheless, there are special tiles for the "C" with cedilla "Ç" ("ce trencada"), the ligature "L·L" representing the geminated "L" ("ela geminada"), as well as the digraph "NY". "K", "W", and "Y" are absent because they are only used in loanwords or, for "Y", the digraph "NY". Blanks cannot be used to represent "K", "W", or "Y", which means that playing an "N" tile followed by a blank tile to form the digraph "NY" is not allowed. Official rules treat the "Q" tile as just one letter, but usually Catalan players use the "Q" tile like the "QU" digraph and all Catalan Scrabble Clubs use this "de facto" rule. While Ç is a separate tile, other diacritic marks are ignored.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Q" and "W" are absent because they are only used in loanwords, though Q and W can be played with a blank. "X" is also used only in loanwords, but it is more frequent than "Q" and "W", so it is included. The digraphic letter "CH" does not appear in this edition and is not representable by the blank (joker); "CH" is instead played as two distinct letters C and H.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Prior to 1993, there was no official Czech Scrabble. Instead, there was a Scrabble clone called "Pismenkovka" which was created in the 1970s, which had a "CH" tile. Pismenkovka sets contain these tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Originally this set did not include an "X" tile (because it is only used in loanwords) and instead had a seventh "O" tile.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Before March 1998, there was a difference between the Dutch and the Flemish version: the Dutch version had 2 IJ tiles with a value of 4 points. Furthermore, it had only 1 F and only 4 S tiles. The Flemish version never had IJ tiles, it was as described above. The Dutch version is now in line with the Flemish one. Instead of the


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "C", "Q", "W", "X" and "Y" are absent because these letters are only used in foreign words and are not an official part of the alphabet. Arguably F, Š, Z and Ž do not exist either, but they were included so that loanwords can be played.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: This distribution lacks "Q", "Š", "X", "Z", "Ž", and "Å", since they are virtually absent in Finnish. "W" was not originally present in the distribution, but it was added by 2019. Arguably "B", "C", "F", "G" (outside the digraph "NG"), and "W" do not exist in Finnish either, but they are included as they are used for borrowed words, and "F" in some western dialects.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: One user on Scrabble3D proposed adding one A, one L, and one P, and removing one D, one M, and one U for balance in the main 102-tile distribution. The fifth U is kept to make the Q playable. The "Alternative distribution" adds one A and one P and removed one D and one U to the 102-tile distribution.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Another user on Scrabble3D proposed adding the letter ẞ, worth 8 points, removing an S tile, and decreasing the value of the Y. Percentages of each letter were shown in the dictionary, and a new distribution was established, still with 102 tiles. The resulting distribution has been implemented as the "Eszett" distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Before the current 102-tile set, German language sets had 119 tiles. With the larger sized tile pool, players had eight tiles at a time on their racks, as opposed to the standard seven. The letter distribution for this larger set is:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: German sets marketed as Foreign Language Editions produced by Selchow & Righter had 100 tiles with the following distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In the mid-1950s, licensed by James Brunot's Production and Marketing Company, the wooden-toy company J. Schowanek KG. of Piding (Bavaria), Germany produced the earliest German-language edition with a different 100-tile distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 2008, a German edition of the Mattel-licensed product, Super Scrabble, was released by the game publisher Piatnik. The set is composed of the following 200 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The underlines indicate the distribution contains one tile fewer for the letter than would be if the 102 tiles of the current language set were simply doubled. Scrabble3D allows a special "Alternative distribution", which adds two A's one P and removes one D and two U's.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Note that the quasi-letter ß "(Eszett)" is not used in any distribution except for the new Scrabble3D one. This is because its capital version did not exist officially in standard German orthography prior to 2017 and the letter itself is unused in Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Instead, the character is substituted by SS. However, the umlauts Ä, Ö and Ü must not be replaced by AE, OE or UE when playing (as would usually be done in German crosswords where ß is also replaced by SS). Other diacritics, which may occur in some foreign words, are ignored (é = E, œ = OE etc.).


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Four different Hebrew language distributions were published by the owners or licensees of the Scrabble brand. In these sets the final form letters ך, ם, ן, ף and ץ are not available and the normal form is used.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The most recent edition for Hebrew was published in 2008 by J. W. Spear & Sons, a subsidiary of Mattel UK with 100 tiles in the following distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: A version produced in the late 1980s by J. W. Spear & Sons under the Spears Games label has these 104 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 1977 J. W. Spear & Sons published their original 97-tile Hebrew language version under the tradename נא-שבץ™ (Hebrew: "Scrabble"):


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Just two years earlier, in 1975, Selchow & Righter released their Foreign Language Edition of Hebrew with the following 98-tile distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "DZ" and "DZS", which are fairly rare in Hungarian, have no tiles, nor do "Q", "W", "X" and "Y" (outside the digraphs "GY", "LY", "NY" and "TY"), which are only used in loanwords, as part of the extended Hungarian alphabet. You can still use a blank as a "Q", "W", "X" or "Y", but not as "DZ" or "DZS". Using a "D" tile and a "Z" tile to make "DZ" is not allowed, and neither is putting together "D", "Z" and "S" to make "DZS".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 2016, Tinderbox games under license from Mattel produced Icelandic-language sets using these 104 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Earlier in 2016, to address a realized need for an improved letter distribution for the Icelandic-language, sets under the name Krafla, independent of the Scrabble brand, were produced and made available. From that year, this version has been sanctioned by Iceland's Scrabble clubs for their tournaments and for the national championship. Netskrafl (meaning "Net Scrabble"), a popular online crossword game website, supports the Krafla distribution. Krafla has the following 100 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Absent in all editions of Icelandic Scrabble are the letters C, Q, W and Z. None of these occur in Icelandic words and therefore may not be played with a blank.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Q", and "X", are absent because they are only present in loanwords and are very rare. "F", "V", and "Z" are also present only in loanwords, but they are not very rare, so they are included.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "J", "K", "Q", "V", "W", "X", "Y", and "Z" are absent since they are rarely used in the Irish language.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: An alternate set, proposed by Scrabble3D along with the official set, was proposed to have these 100 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Note that "H" is not in this set because it is only used at the beginning of the words starting with vowels, which is against the rules there. Note: This set uses the old orthography. In the new orthography, the dotted letters are replaced by the digraph of the letter without the dot followed by H.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Italian-language Scrabble applied a special rule that when a player exchanges tiles on his turn, he could request opponent to pass his turn. Both players have one chance each for one game. The sets consist of these 120 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Diacritic marks are ignored. The letters "J", "K", "W", "X", and "Y" are absent since these letters do not exist in the standard Italian alphabet, although they are sometimes used in loanwords. However, you can still use a blank to represent these five absent letters.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Prior to the 1980s, Italian scrabble was called "Scalaparola", and the sets included these 120 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Scarabeo" is an Italian variant of Scrabble that is much more popular in its native country than the original game. It is played with a 17×17 board, and uses these 130 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 1948, Selchow & Righter released their Foreign Language Edition of Italian with the following 120-tile distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The official distribution was made "in conjunction with scholars from the University of Cambridge and elsewhere, together with the Cambridge Schools Classics Project." This distribution distinguishes U from V, with the semi-vocalic V scoring five times the points.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The second distribution, developed by the Centre for Medieval Studies of the University of Toronto, uses these 100 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: An extension of the second distribution for Latin Paleography, developed by the Centre for Medieval Studies of the University of Toronto, uses these 120 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The point value of "Ↄ" is unknown, but it is believed to be 3. "Ↄ", which represents con, can only be played as the first tile of a word. "Ꝝ", which represents rum, and ";", which represents is or us, can only be played as the last tile of a word. "Ę" (e caudata), also written as "æ", represents ae. "Ē" represents em or en. "&" represents et. "Ī" represents im or in. "œ" represents oe. "Ꝑ" represents per, "P̄" represents prae. "Ꝓ" represents pro. "V̄" represents vm or vn (as there was no U at the time). Note that "W", unlike "Ę"/"æ" and "œ", which were created at the same time, has no tile because there is no vv digraph in Latin. "ıı" represents 2 minims: ii, v, or n. "ııı" represents 3 minims: iii, iv, in, vi, ni, or m.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: However, with this set, according to the rules, if a blank is used as a "Y" it is worth 10 points, if a blank is used as a "Z" it is worth 15 points, and if a blank is used as a "K" it is worth 20 points. Each of those letters are so high in points, because they are used only in borrowed words. The score of 20 for a "K" is the highest known point value for any letter in any Scrabble score distribution worldwide.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Y" is absent in all sets except the paleographic extension of the first set and the fourth set because it is rare in Latin. "K" and "Z" are absent in all sets because they are rare in Latin, while "J" is not considered separate from "I" in all sets except the third one, in which it is not included because it is rare in Latin. "W" is also absent in all sets because it did not exist in ancient times, and is used only in modern borrowed words.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Q", "W", "X", and "Y" are absent, because they are not used in modern standard Latvian. "F" and "H" are present only in loanwords, but are considered part of standard Latvian, so they are included.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters "Q", "W" and "X" are absent, because they are not used in Lithuanian. "F" and "H" are present only in loanwords, but are considered part of standard Lithuanian, so they are included.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "C", "Q", "U", "W," and "X" are absent because these letters are not used in Malagasy. Diacritical marks are ignored.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Q", "V" and "X" are absent because they are only present in loanwords. So are "F" and "Z", but these two are not so rare.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters "Q", "X" and "Z" are absent since these letters are rarely used in Norwegian. These letters and the foreign letters "Ä", "Ö" and "Ü", which are used in a few Norwegian words, can be played with a blank.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: This set has been used since 2000. Before that year, a slightly different configuration was used: Ź was worth 7 points, F was worth 4 points, and there were 2 F's, and 8 A's.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Literaki, a Polish online Scrabble-based game, uses the same distribution, but the maximum number of points for a tile is 5.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Alexander has released Scriba, which was based on the Swedish game Alfapet. The distribution has 108 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters "Q", "V" and "X" have always been absent (since they are used in foreign words). Blank tiles cannot be used to represent these except on the Internet Scrabble Club.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: While "Ç" is a separate tile, other diacritical marks are ignored. "K", "W", and "Y" are absent, since they are only present in loanwords in Portuguese, and were not even official letters until 2009.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Both distributions lack "K", "Q", "W" and "Y", since they are only used in foreign words. However, you can still use a blank to represent these letters. The letter "X" is also used only in loanwords, but it is not so rare, so it is included.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Russian-language Scrabble sets, which use Cyrillic letters, contain 104 tiles using this distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 1954, Selchow & Righter released their Foreign Language Edition of Russian with the following 124-tile distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Q", "W", "Ě", "Ö", "Ř", and "Ü" are absent because they are only used in loanwords, but may be represented with a blank. The letter "X" is also only used in loanwords, but it is not so rare, so it is included. The digraphs "CH", "DZ", and "DŽ", although considered single letters in the Slovak alphabet, are played as pairs of letters.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Slovenský spolok Scrabble does not recommend using this new version, because the letters and their point values do not correspond to their frequency in Slovak.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Arguably the "Q" and "W" tiles should still not be included, but the manufacturer decided to, so that loanwords can be played. In the tournament rules for accepted words, however, there are only a few words with "W" (not including their inflections) and almost none with "Q". Some players play these two just as two more blanks, or they just remove them from the set altogether.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Stress accents and diaereses are disregarded. The letters "K" and "W" are absent since these two letters are only used in words of foreign origin. According to FISE ("Federación Internacional de Scrabble en Español") rules, a blank cannot be used to represent "K" or "W".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Using one "C" and one "H" tile in place of the "CH" tile, two "L" tiles for the "LL" tile, or two "R" tiles for the "RR" tile is also not allowed in Spanish Scrabble.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Spanish-language sets sold within North America (known as "Scrabble – Edición en Español") use - including "K" and "W" but without "CH" - these 103 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Spanish-language sets sold within Latin America under the name Escarbar (a Spanish word for "Scrabble") - including "K" and "CH" but without "RR" and "W" - use these 108 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: An unofficial practice in some variants of Spanish Scrabble is the permit of words with QU to be played with the Q and with or without the following U. This variant practice eliminates the Q-without-U difficulty that may otherwise occur.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Swedish-language Scrabble sets (until 1990 sold in Sweden as "Alfapet", but that became a different game) use these 100 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "Å", "Ä" and "Ö" have separate tiles; other diacritics like that on "É" are ignored (except "Ü"). "Q" and "W", found only in loanwords, are absent but can be played with a blank. "Ü" and "Æ" require a blank, and as of 2010 only occur in one and three playable words respectively: müsli and three forms of Laestadianism ("læstadianism" in Swedish).


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Originally (starting in 1954), Swedish Scrabble sets (called Alfa-pet, made by the Swedish company Alga, since 1983 a member of the BRIO Group) used a slightly different distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Note that Z was absent in this distribution as it is almost exclusively used in loanwords. However, it could be played with a blank.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Between 1956 and 1961, the makers of Alfa-pet revised the distribution, altering the number of tiles for the letters "B", "E", "N", "O", "P", "S", and "U". The letter "C" was reduced in value to 5 and the "X" was increased to 10:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Circa 1961, the hyphen was dropped from the game's name, and the original Swedish distribution of the game had been restored. Sometime in the 1980s, produced under BRIO's subsidiary, Joker, the number of "T"s in the set were reduced by one and an 8-point "Z" tile was added.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In 2002, under the ownership of Mattel and its brand name Scrabble, the Swedish language set tile values of the "C" and "Z" were changed, respectively, to 8 and 10.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Though Alga had lost its license to Mattel Europa in the early 1990s in the production of the game, the company held onto its ownership of the name Alfapet. subsequently it produced a different yet similar crossword board game. Played on a different grid layout, this game is played with a distribution which contains these 120 tiles, with "Q" but not "W":


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The black tile may be put in front of a word to create another word adjacent to the black tile and thus diagonally away from the original word. The arrows lets the player change the direction of a word anywhere between the first and last letter of the word, and are always placed under letters. Anyway, "Q" is only used in loanwords in modern Swedish, so it is included.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Since the letters "Â", "Î", and "Û" are considered modified versions of their base forms in Turkish, they are played as "A", "İ", and "U", respectively. The letters "Q", "W", and "X" are not used in Turkish and therefore do not appear in the set. Blanks may not represent these letters.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Optimum Ukrainian-language Scrabble sets, which use Cyrillic letters, contain 104 tiles using this distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Since there are specific tiles for the digraphs that are considered to be separate letters in Welsh orthography (such as "DD"), it is not permissible to use the individual letters to spell these out. Diacritics on letters are ignored.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The digraph "PH" also exists in Welsh, but is omitted because it is used almost exclusively in mutated words, which the rules disallow. "K", "Q", "V", "X" and "Z" do not exist in Welsh. "J" does not exist in traditional Welsh either, but it is included as it is used in some borrowed words.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Anglo-Saxon uses the letter "K", but it only occurs in one word ("kyning", usually written "cyning") and loanwords, so there is no tile for it. Anglo-Saxon uses the letter "Z", but it is a very rare spelling of "TS", and is used in loanwords for the sound of Z in modern English, so there is no tile for it. "J", "V", and "Q" are only used in loanwords. Anglo-Saxon uses the letter "Ƿ", but it was replaced by "W" in this set because it can be easily confused with P. Anglo-Saxon also uses the letter "Ȝ", but it is a typographic variant of G, so that is used instead.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Armenian-language editions use the following 146 tiles. The board is 17x17 instead of 15x15. This version is called (, meaning "words game").


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The uncommon digraphic letters "sh" (sometimes represented with the IPA symbol ʃ; a regional variant of s) and "kh" (only used in loanwords) are absent as they are now considered obsolete.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Diacritical marks are ignored. "C", "Q", "V", "W" and "Y" are absent because they are only used in loanwords. Digraphs can be formed with two tiles.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The games uses the Abakada alphabet; hence the foreign letters of the present Filipino alphabet, "C", "F", "J", "Q", "V", "X", "Z", and even "Ñ", are absent. None of these letters can be played with a blank. Also, "N" and "G" being played in place of "NG" is not allowed.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "C", "Q", and "X" are absent because they are only used in loanwords or, in the case of "C", the digraphs "CH" and "C'H". However, these letters can be played with a blank. Diacritical marks are ignored.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "J" has no tile because it is only used in a few native words ("jy/je", "bleujen") and in loanwords from English or French. "X" and "Z" have no tiles because these letters are only used in loanwords. This set uses the Standard Written Form with alternative spellings allowed. Apostrophes and diacritical marks are ignored. Any grammatical form may be used. This set was created by Ian Jackson in September 2018.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters "F", "P", "R", and "V", which are used only in loanwords in Dakelh and are very infrequent, are absent. The letters "Q" and "X" are also absent because these letters are not used in Dakelh.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Stress accents and diaereses are disregarded. This is called Letrad@s.GZ (originally Scrabble.GZ). Arguably "J", "K", "W", and "Y" do not exist in Galician, but they are included here as they are sometimes used in borrowed words. Blanks do not exist in this game.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Grave accents are ignored. Digraphs and trigraphs can be played with multiple tiles. "GHW", "ND", "NH", "NJ", and "RH" are not included, as these digraphs and trigraphs are very rare in Gwichʼin. "C", "P", "Q", and "X" are also absent because these letters are not used in Gwichʼin, or, in the case of "C", outside the digraph "CH". Arguably "B", "F", and "M" are not used in Gwichʼin either, but they are included as these letters are used for borrowed words.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "X" has no tile as it is only used in loanwords in Haitian Creole. "C", "Q" and "U" are absent, since they are not used in Haitian Creole, or, in the case of "C", outside the digraph "CH", and "U" outside the digraphs "OU" and "UI".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: This version is made for Hausa in Nigeria. In Niger, a Ƴ tile would be used instead of a 'Y tile. "P" has no tile, as it is only used in loanwords in Hausa and is very infrequent. "SH" has no tile because it is not a letter in all Hausa alphabets. "R̃", which was created to distinguish the two "R" phonemes, has no tile as the phonemes are not always distinguished by Hausa speakers. "Q", "V", and "X" have no tiles because these letters are not used at all in Hausa.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: There is no official Hawaiian-language edition of Scrabble, but one suggested version contains these 100 tiles:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "B", "C", "D", "F", "G", "J", "Q", "R", "S", "T", "V", "X", "Y", and "Z" have no tiles as they are not used in Hawaiian. For the sake of the geocache this is connected to, the distribution had to be modified a bit. For example, there should be 28 A's, 7 E's, 11 K's, and 6 U's. The diacritical marks and the okina "<nowiki>'</nowiki>" are ignored.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: While "C" is only used in the digraph "CH", the "C" was likely included because the "CH" is played with a "C" and an "H". It is unknown if a blank can be used to represent "CH". "Q" and "X" are not included as these letters are not used in Igbo.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: ɒ and a are not included as they are allophones of ɑ in varieties of English that have the father–bother merger, including most of the United States. e is an allophone of eɪ. ɫ is an allophone of l. ɱ is an allophone of m. o is an allophone of oʊ. ɾ and r are allophones of ɹ. ʌ is an allophone of ə. ʍ is an allophone of w. ʔ is not considered a phoneme in English. The affricates ts and dz do not have their own tiles, and so must be formed with two. But for a few exceptional cases, the sounds ɐ, β, ʙ, ɓ, c, cʼ, ɕ, ç, ɗ, ɖ, ɘ, ɣ, ɤ, ɠ, ɢ, ʛ, ħ, ʜ, ɦ, ɥ, ɧ, ɨ, ɟ, ʄ, ʝ, kʼ, ɭ, ɬ, ɮ, ʟ, ɯ, ɰ, ɲ, ɳ, ɴ, ø, ɵ, œ, ɶ, pʼ, q, qʼ, ɻ, ɽ, ɺ, ʀ, ʁ, ʂ, tʼ, ʈ, ʉ, ʋ, ⱱ, x, χ, y, ʏ, ʎ, ʐ, ʑ, ʡ, ʕ, and ʢ, ǀ, ǁ, ǃ, ʘ, and ǂ are not used in American English. An extended version has 1 ʙ worth 14, 1 ʛ worth 12, 1 ħ worth 9, 1 kʼ worth 11, 1 ɮ worth 11, 1 ɲ worth 13, 1 ʉ worth 11, 1 ⱱ worth 11, 1 ǃ worth 16, and 1 ʘ worth 18.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The obsolete letters (WI) and (WE), the letter now exclusively used as a grammatical particle, and the lengthener have no tiles.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: In this version, words are played as they are written in all-kana text, and 9 tiles are played at a time. That is, in the 214-tile variant, the word "ヨーロッパ" ("yōroppa" "Europe") is played with the tiles "よ", "blank", "ろ", "っ", and "ぱ" (there is no tile for "ー"), while in the 100-tile variant, it is played as "よ", "お", "ろ", "つ", and "は".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The obsolete letters "ゐ" and "ゑ", letters only used in loanwords "ぇ", "ゎ", "ぃ", "ぁ", "ぅ", and "ぉ", along with the lengthener "ー", have no tiles (with the first three letters and the lengthener being playable with a blank). Blank tiles may be played as standalone diacritics "゛" and "゜".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "L", "Q" and "X" are absent as they do not exist in Japanese. "V", which exists only in loanwords, is absent because of its rare frequency. It can be used for a blank with 20 points reward for each play. - represents long vowel. Romaji scrabble games consist of all 3 scripts used in Japanese language - Hiragana, Katakana and Kanji in romanized form.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: This version does not use the long vowel "-". For instance, 東京(Tokyo) is played as "toukyou", 優秀(excellent) is played as "yuushuu" and ユース(youth) is played as "yuusu".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The "-" for long vowels is optional (not in the standard set). "V" has no tile, but can be played with a blank.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letter tiles may show Klingon symbols (pIqaD), their renderings in the English alphabet, or both.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: An older Klingon distribution by a different manufacturer (which is also not official) uses these 102 tiles (the first game was missing the blanks):


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: These versions are separate from Hasbro's own licensed "Star Trek Scrabble" game, in which players can receive bonus points by playing Klingon words using standard English-language tiles.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Marketed as L33t Tiles by the now defunct Wiremelon, LLC, editions of an English-L33tspeak variant of Scrabble contain 103 letter tiles in the following distribution:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The combination XO is absent as it is only used in 7 words (, , , , , , and ). The combination ZO is absent as it is only used in 7 words (, , , , , , and ). The combination Y is absent as it is only used in 1 word (). The letter . occurs in Lojban, but it is so infrequent that it has no tile. Blanks can be used to represent any of the above letters (including .) and digrams (including XO, ZO, and Y). The letter occurs in Lojban, but only in digrams and never as one letter. The letters "H", "Q", and "W" are absent, because these letters are not used in Lojban.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Diacritical marks are ignored. "B", "C", "D", "F", "G", "J", "L", "Q", "S", "V", "X", "Y", and "Z" are absent because these letters are not used in Māori, or, for "G", outside the "NG" digraph.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Note that "B", "D", "J", "Q", and "C" (which is a rare alternative spelling of the digraph "TS") have no tiles because these letters are not used in Na'vi. Note that "G" is only used in the "NG" digraph (and is also a rare alternative spelling of that digraph), and "X" is only used in the "KX", "PX", and "TX" digraphs. You cannot use a blank to represent the digraphs "KX", "LL", "NG", "PX", "RR", "TS", "TX", or the diphthongs "AW", "AY", "EW", or "EY" (which are sometimes considered as digraphs). This set was created by LearnNa'vi.org. Shortly after, the idea of revising the set to have the digraphs as single tiles (removing the "G" and "X" tiles) was proposed, but that has not taken effect so far.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters B, D, E, F, G, J, O, R, V and Z are not used in Nuxalk and therefore have no tiles. The 7 is included in the set because it is an actual letter in Nuxalk. It is used to replace ' if you don't have a tile ending with '. Arguably "H" and "7" do not exist in Nuxalk, but they are included as they are used for borrowed words, or in the case of "7", optionally at the beginning of a word.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "K", "W", and "Y" are absent because they are only used in loanwords. It is unknown if blanks can be used to represent "K", "W", or "Y".


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Although Persian letters have up to four forms, Scrabble tiles use the isolated form. The pattern of using the isolated forms in composing words is also found in the Arabic Scrabble set and in Arabic crosswords and is one of the rare situations when Arabic letters are not connected to each other. This set was created by Scrabble3D.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The V is used to represent Ü. The digraphic letters ZH, CH and SH have no tiles. Instead, they are played putting a Z, C or S tile in front of an H tile.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The distribution was modified a bit (Dropping "NG" due to its rarity, adding more "A", "E", and "I" tiles, and changing the number of tiles to 100).


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: "H" is absent because it is only used in lenited consonants. "Á", "É", and "Ó" are absent since they are rarely used in the Scottish Gaelic language. "J", "K", "Q", "V", "W", "X", "Y", and "Z" are absent since they are not used in the Scottish Gaelic language. This version is used by Scrabble3D.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The games uses the Abakada alphabet; hence the foreign letters of the present Filipino alphabet, "C", "F", "J", "Q", "V", "X", "Z", and even "Ñ", are absent. None of these letters can be played with a blank. "N" and "G" being played in place of "NG" is allowed.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: There are two Tamil language sets: an easy version, which plays some combining vowel signs separately, and a difficult version, which plays all letters with vowel signs as individual tiles.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Tamil scrabble is played on a 45×45 board (or a 15×15×15 board in 3D), and 20 tiles are on a rack at a time (but can be lowered to as low as 15 for experts). Note that ங, ஙா, ஙி, ஙீ, ஙு, ஙூ, ஙெ, ஙே, ஙை, ஙொ, ஙோ, ஙௌ, ஞி, ஞீ, ஞு, ஞூ, ஞெ, ஞே, ஞை, ஞொ, ஞோ, ஞௌ, டௌ, ணொ, ணௌ, நௌ, யௌ, ரௌ, லௌ, ழீ, ழூ, ழெ, ழே, ழொ, ழோ, ழௌ, ளௌ, றௌ and னௌ have no tiles because they are very rare in Tamil; these letters can still be played with a blank. Also, ஸ், ஸ, ஸா, ஸி, ஸீ, ஸு, ஸூ, ஸெ, ஸே, ஸை, ஸொ, ஸோ, ஸௌ, ஜ், ஜ, ஜா, ஜி, ஜீ, ஜு, ஜூ, ஜெ, ஜே, ஜை, ஜொ, ஜோ, ஜௌ, ஷ், ஷ, ஷா, ஷி, ஷீ, ஷு, ஷூ, ஷெ, ஷே, ஷை, ஷொ, ஷோ, ஷௌ, ஹ், ஹ, ஹா, ஹி, ஹீ, ஹு, ஹூ, ஹெ, ஹே, ஹை, ஹொ, ஹோ, ஹௌ, க்ஷ், க்ஷ, க்ஷா, க்ஷி, க்ஷீ, க்ஷு, க்ஷூ, க்ஷெ, க்ஷே, க்ஷை, க்ஷொ, க்ஷோ, க்ஷௌ and ஶ்ரீ have no tiles because these are only used in Sanskrit loanwords; these letters can still be played with a blank. ஶ், ஶ, ஶா, ஶி, ஶீ, ஶு, ஶூ, ஶெ, ஶே, ஶை, ஶொ, ஶோ and ஶௌ have no tiles because these are only used in very few Sanskrit loanwords, but can still be played with a blank. Tamil Scrabble can be also played with smaller boards with smaller letter sets (with as low as 15 tiles on the rack, depending on the set) or with larger boards with larger letter sets.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters "C", "Q", "V", "X", and "Z" have no tiles as these letters are rarely used in Tswana. However, they can still be played with a blank. Note that "Ê" and "Ô" have no tiles because these are now usually written without the circumflex.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Prior to December 4, 2016, Tswana versions used a slightly different set using 104 tiles. There was no "Š" tile, there were 11 "O"'s and 9 "L"'s, the "S" was worth only 1 point, and the "B" was worth only 4 points.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Note that F, J, W, and Z have no tiles because these letters are not used in Vietnamese. 8 tiles are on a rack instead of the standard 7.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: The letters ㄘ ("C)", ㄔ ("CH"), ㄈ ("F)", ㄎ ("K)", ㄆ ("P)", and ㄙ ("S)" are used in Zhuyin, but so infrequently that they have no tiles.


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: Cross Dices is a game that involves 14 lettered dice (6 for each face of the dice). You throw the dice and form as many linked words as possible within 1–2 minutes. It was created by Cayro, The Games. The 84 total faces distribute as it follows:


title: Scrabble letter distributions

text: W and Ñ are absent because Ñ is only used in the Spanish language and W is only used in loanwords and arguably doesn't exist in Spanish. Arguably, K does not exist in Spanish either, but it's not so rare, so it's included.


title: Rob Pike

text: Robert "Rob" Pike (born 1956) is a Canadian programmer and author. He is best known for his work on the Go programming language and at Bell Labs, where he was a member of the Unix team and was involved in the creation of the Plan 9 from Bell Labs and Inferno operating systems, as well as the Limbo programming language.


title: Rob Pike

text: He also co-developed the Blit graphical terminal for Unix; before that he wrote the first window system for Unix in 1981. Pike is the sole inventor named in US patent 4,555,775.


title: Rob Pike

text: Over the years Pike has written many text editors; sam and acme are the most well known and are still in active use and development.


title: Rob Pike

text: Pike, with Brian Kernighan, is the co-author of "The Practice of Programming" and "The Unix Programming Environment". With Ken Thompson he is the co-creator of UTF-8. Pike also developed lesser systems such as the vismon program for displaying faces of email authors.


title: Rob Pike

text: Pike also appeared once on "Late Night with David Letterman", as a technical assistant to the comedy duo Penn & Teller.


title: Rob Pike

text: Pike has worked for Google since 2002. While at Google, he has been involved in the creation of the programming languages Go and Sawzall.


title: Rob Pike

text: Pike is married to author and illustrator Renée French; the couple live in both the US and Australia.


title: Adaptations of Agatha Christie

text: The French-language television series adapted thirty-six of Christie's works of detective fiction. It included a four-part mini-series set in 1930s France (2006) and a distinct two-series run with Series One also set in 1930s France (2009–2012, 11 episodes) and Series Two set in mid-1950s to 1960s France (2013–2020, 27 episodes).


title: Adaptations of Agatha Christie

text: Starring Melinda Walker as Emily Trefusis, Stephen Tompkinson as Charles Enderby, John Moffatt as Mr. Rycroft and Geoffrey Whitehead as Inspector Narracott


title: Adaptations of Agatha Christie

text: Geoffrey Whitehead as Justice Wargrave, Lyndsey Marshal as Vera Claythorne, Alex Wyndham as Philip Lombard, John Rowe as Dr. Armstrong, and Joanna Monro as Emily Brent


title: Adaptations of Agatha Christie

text: In 2004, the Japanese broadcasting company Nippon Hōsō Kyōkai turned Poirot and Marple into animated characters in the anime series "Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple", introducing Mabel West (daughter of Miss Marple's mystery-writer nephew Raymond West, a canonical Christie character) and her duck Oliver as new characters.


title: APT (software)

text: Advanced package tool, or APT, is a free-software user interface that works with core libraries to handle the installation and removal of software on Debian, and Debian-based Linux distributions. APT simplifies the process of managing software on Unix-like computer systems by automating the retrieval, configuration and installation of software packages, either from precompiled files or by compiling source code.


title: APT (software)

text: APT is a collection of tools distributed in a package named "apt". A significant part of APT is defined in a C++ library of functions; APT also includes command-line programs for dealing with packages, which use the library. Three such programs are codice_1, codice_2 and codice_3. They are commonly used in examples because they are simple and ubiquitous. The "apt" package is of ""important"" priority in all current Debian releases, and is therefore included in a default Debian installation. APT can be considered a front-end to codice_4, friendlier than the older codice_5 front-end. While codice_4 performs actions on individual packages, APT manages relations (especially dependencies) between them, as well as sourcing and management of higher-level versioning decisions (release tracking and version pinning).


title: APT (software)

text: APT is often hailed as one of Debian's best features, which Debian developers attribute to the strict quality controls in Debian's policy.


title: APT (software)

text: A major feature of APT is the way it calls codice_4 — it does topological sorting of the list of packages to be installed or removed and calls codice_4 in the best possible sequence. In some cases, it utilizes the codice_9 options of codice_4. However, it only does this when it is unable to calculate how to avoid the reason codice_4 requires the action to be forced.