title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: The Occupied Enemy Territory Administration (OETA) was a joint British, French and Arab military administration over Levantine provinces of the former Ottoman Empire between 1917 and 1920, set up on 23 October 1917 following the Sinai and Palestine Campaign and Arab Revolt of World War I. Although it was declared by the British military, who were in control of the region, it was followed on 30 September 1918 by the 1918 Anglo-French Modus Vivendi in which it was agreed that the British would give the French control in certain areas, and the Hashemites were given joint control of the Eastern area per T.E. Lawrence's November 1918 "Sharifian plan".


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: Following the occupation of the Adana Vilayet (the region of Cilicia) in December 1918, a new territory, OETA North, was set up.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: The administration ended in OETA West and OETA South in 1920 following the assignment of the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate for Palestine at the 19–26 April 1920 San Remo conference.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: In OETA East, British administration ended following the withdrawal of British forces from the territory in November 1919, and the subsequent declaration of the Arab Kingdom of Syria over the same area. The area was split into two after the French defeated King Faisal in July 1920; the northern part of the territory was combined with the French-administered OETA West, and the southern part became a no man's land and later became the Emirate of Transjordan.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: Due to the success of the Turkish War of Independence, Marash, Aintab and Urfa sanjaks of former Aleppo Vilayet remained in Turkey after 1921. Also, Antakya and İskenderun kazas of Aleppo Sanjak in one were separated as the Republic of Hatay in 1938; the republic then instead became a part of Turkey in 1939.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: On 23 October 1918, following the British and Arab forces' defeat of the Ottoman empire, Field Marshal Edmund Allenby announced that Ottoman Syria was to be split into three administrative sub-units, which varied very little from the previous Ottoman divisions:


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: Under this administration the immediate needs of the people were provided for, seed grain and live-stock were imported and distributed, finance on easy terms was made available through the Army bankers, a stable currency was set up and postal services restored. Allenby insisted that as long as military administration was required, it was to remain his responsibility.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: The area was divided into four districts: Jerusalem, Jaffa, Majdal and Beersheba, each under a military governor.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: Both of the first two British administrators, Generals Money and Watson, were removed by London for not favouring the Zionists over the Arabs; when the OETA administration ended, Zionist politician Herbert Samuel was installed as the first civilian administrator. Samuel recorded his acceptance of the role, and the end of military administration, in an often-quoted document: "Received from Major-General Sir Louis J. Bols K.C.B.—One Palestine, complete."


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: OETA East was a joint Arab-British military administration. The Arab and British armies entered Damascus on 1 October 1918, and on 3 October 1918 Ali Rida al-Rikabi was appointed Military Governor of OETA East. Prince Faisal son of King Hussain of Mecca entered Damascus as on 4 October and appointed Rikabi Chief of the Council of Directors (i.e. prime minister) of Syria.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: The boundary definition of OETA East left uncertainties to the south and east, leading to competing claims from the Kingdom of Hejaz and Occupied Iraq respectively – see Occupation of Ma'an and Occupation of Zor for further details.


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: The OETA was established on 23 October 1918, under the accepted rules of military occupation, and defined as follows:


title: Occupied Enemy Territory Administration

text: The OETA administrations were disestablished at different times in each of the regions, following the formal appointment of civil administrations (prior to the formal coming into force of the mandates):


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Walter Robert Szczerbiak Jr. ( ; born March 5, 1977) is an American former professional basketball player and current color analyst for the New York Knicks on MSG Network. He played 10 seasons for four teams in the National Basketball Association, and was named an NBA All-Star during the 2001-02 season. He played college basketball for Miami University, and is one of five players to have his Miami jersey retired.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak was born in Madrid, Spain, to Marilyn and Walter Szczerbiak, a former ABA player who helped lead Real Madrid to three FIBA European Champions Cup (now called EuroLeague) championships. While there, he set a Spanish League single-game scoring record, with 65 points. Szczerbiak spent much of his childhood in Europe, during his father's playing career, where he was taught how to speak Spanish and Italian fluently.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: When Walt retired, he moved his family back to his native Long Island, New York. Szczerbiak played basketball at Cold Spring Harbor High School in Cold Spring Harbor, New York. As a senior in the 1994–95 season he averaged 36.6 points per game and 15.9 rebounds. He was named the winner of the Richard Sangler Award as Nassau County's outstanding boys' basketball player. Szczerbiak competed for the Long Island team in the 1994 Empire State Games. Despite his outstanding high school statistics, the small size of Szczerbiak's school did not win him the attention of East Coast college coaches, and he went unrecruited.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: During the fall of his high school senior year, Szczerbiak and his parents visited the Miami University campus in Oxford, Ohio. The following Monday, despite Walt's wishes for his son to wait before making a decision, Szczerbiak called coach Herb Sendek and committed to play for Miami. Herb Sendek left Miami after 95/96 season and coach Charlie Coles took over and developed Wally Szczerbiak into a starting position.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: In his first two seasons there Szczerbiak averaged 8.0 and 12.8 points. As a junior in 1997–98, he burst onto the scene as one of college basketball's leading scorers, averaging 24.4 points per game and earning first-team All-MAC honors despite missing several games with a broken right wrist.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: In his senior season, Szczerbiak averaged 24.2 points per game and led the Redhawks to the Sweet 16 in the 1999 NCAA tournament as a #10 seed. Szczerbiak scored a career-high 43 points in a first-round win over #7 seed Washington. He followed that with 24 points in a second round toppling of #2 seed Utah, leading the Redhawks to the Sweet 16. Despite Szczerbiak's 23-point performance, they would eventually lose to Kentucky 58–43. Miami finished the season 24–8.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak was named MAC Player of the Year, and first-team All-American by "Basketball News" and "Sports Illustrated" and second-team All-American by the Associated Press (AP).


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak finished his college career with a degree in marketing and Miami's second all-time leading scorer with 1,847 points.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: In 2001, Szczerbiak became the fifth Miami player to have his jersey retired (#32). In 2009, he was inducted into the Miami University Athletic Hall of Fame.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: The Minnesota Timberwolves selected Szczerbiak 6th overall in the 1999 NBA draft. His best year as a pro was in 2002, when he was a coaches' selection to the Western Conference All-Star team. Later he tied a Timberwolves franchise record of 44 points on April 13, 2003, since broken by Kevin Love, Corey Brewer, Andrew Wiggins, Karl-Anthony Towns, Mo Williams, and Derrick Rose. Szczerbiak was coming off the bench for the 2004–05 NBA season. He was uncomfortable with the role and wanted to be a starter. In the 2005–06 season, the former All-Star returned to the starting role.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: On January 26, 2006, Szczerbiak, along with Michael Olowokandi, Dwayne Jones and a conditional first-round draft pick, was traded to the Boston Celtics for Ricky Davis, Mark Blount, Marcus Banks, Justin Reed, and two second-round draft picks.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak underwent surgery in the 2006 offseason to fix a knee which had been injured for several months.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: In the 2006–07 season, Szczerbiak played well early on, including a 35-point performance against the Charlotte Bobcats early in the season. However, he was soon plagued by several injuries to both ankles, which greatly affected his shooting and jumping ability. Szczerbiak decided to have season-ending surgery on his ankles.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: On June 28 (the night of the 2007 NBA draft), the Celtics traded Szczerbiak to the Seattle SuperSonics along with Delonte West and Jeff Green (the 5th overall pick) for Ray Allen and Glen Davis (35th overall).


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: On February 21, 2008, Szczerbiak and West were traded by the SuperSonics to the Cleveland Cavaliers in a three-way deal involving the Chicago Bulls that sent Ira Newble and Donyell Marshall from Cleveland to Seattle, Adrian Griffin from Chicago to Seattle, Cedric Simmons, Drew Gooden, Larry Hughes, and Shannon Brown, from Cleveland to Chicago, and Ben Wallace and Joe Smith from Chicago to Cleveland.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak played in 25 regular season games (one start) with the Cavaliers averaging 8.2 points and 3.2 rebounds. He scored 18 points against Detroit on April 16, 2008. Between the SuperSonics and the Cavaliers, Szczerbiak played in 75 games (two starts) and averaged 11.5 points and 2.9 rebounds.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: During the 2008 NBA Playoffs Szczerbiak started at shooting guard for the Cavaliers, helping the Cavs defeat the Washington Wizards in the first-round by putting up 26 points and shooting 6–13 from the 3 point line in Game Six. For the playoffs, Szczerbiak averaged 10.8 points per game.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: During the 2008–2009 NBA season, Szczerbiak played in 74 games, starting in 5 of them. Given 20 minutes a game, Szczerbiak averaged 7 points, 3.2 rebounds, and 1.1 assists while shooting .450% from the field and .411% from the 3-point line.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak was in discussions with the Denver Nuggets in August 2009, about joining the team on a one-year contract. He reportedly rejected a veteran's minimum contract offer from Denver, opting instead to continue to rehabilitate his knee and possibly test the free agent market later.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak harbored hopes of signing a one-year contract with the New York Knicks. However, on November 5, 2009, Szczerbiak revealed he'd had a third surgery performed on his left knee, which doctors told him would almost certainly end his career. According to his doctors, so little cartilage was left in that knee that a fourth surgery would make it difficult for him to have a normal life.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak succeeded in making the transition to sports broadcasting, becoming a basketball analyst for CBS College Sports.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Currently, Szczerbiak is an analyst at MSG Network covering the New York Knicks as a color analyst backup for Walt Frazier and contributor to the teams' post-game broadcasts.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak is of Ukrainian origin: his grandparents were Ukrainians and met in a refugee camp in West Germany after World War II. After the war, they emigrated to Pittsburgh.


title: Wally Szczerbiak

text: Szczerbiak has a brother, Will, nine years his junior, and a sister, Wendy, thirteen years younger. Wendy played college basketball for Lehigh University.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Gabriele Amorth (1 May 1925 – 16 September 2016) was an Italian Catholic priest and exorcist of the Diocese of Rome who performed tens of thousands of exorcisms over his sixty plus years as a priest. As the appointed exorcist for the diocese of Rome, Amorth was the Chief Exorcist of the Vatican.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth was born in Modena, Emilia-Romagna, Italy on 1 May 1925. He was ordained a Roman Catholic priest in 1954 and became an official exorcist in June 1986, under the tutelage of Candido Amantini. He was a member of the Society of St. Paul, the congregation founded by Giacomo Alberione in 1914. In 1990, he founded the International Association of Exorcists and was president until he retired in 2000. He was Honorary President for life of the association until his death.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth's favorite film was "The Exorcist". He thought it substantially correct and based on true events, although the special effects were exaggerated. In an interview with the "London Sunday Telegraph", Amorth stressed that "People need to know what we do."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth died at the age of 91 on 16 September 2016, a short time after he was hospitalised for pulmonary complications.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: "The Pope's Exorcist" is a film about Amorth's work. It will be launched in April 2023. It features Russell Crowe.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: In October 2000, it was reported he had performed over 50,000 exorcisms (which ranged from "a few minutes" to "several hours" in length). In March 2010, he said that the number had increased to 70,000. By May 2013, he said he had performed 160,000 exorcisms in the course of his ministry. According to Amorth, each exorcism does not represent a victim of possession, but rather each exorcism is counted as a prayer or ritual alone, and some possession victims required hundreds of exorcisms.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Edward Peters, a professor of canon law, finds Amorth's claim to have personally performed 30,000 exorcisms over 9 years "astounding". Even accepting Amorth's claim that only 94 of his 30,000 exorcisms represented full-blown possession, that would have required roughly one case a month to be thoroughly examined and processed over nine years with hardly a break. Amorth believed that a person may be possessed by more than one demon at once, sometimes numbering in the thousands, which is what accounts for the high number of reputed demons exorcised.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: When asked whether the devil can strike inside the Vatican City, Amorth stated, "He has tried already. He did it in 1981 by attacking John Paul II by working with those who armed Ali Ağca."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: He attributed the number of exorcisms performed to his opinion that "People have lost the Faith, and superstition, magic, Satanism, or ouija boards have taken its place, which then open all the doors to the presence of demons."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth offered the following guidelines to those exercising the charism of exorcism. Any such person must be highly regarded for his prayer life, faith, acts of charity and judgement. In addition he must rely solely on the "Word of God" and traditional prayer, be completely detached from monetary concerns, profoundly humble and treasure obscurity.


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: He said that the new rite of exorcism is "a farce. An incredible obstacle that is likely to prevent us from acting against the demon." He remarked that the new exorcism rite forbids exorcisms on people who have been reportedly subjected to evil spells. Amorth exclaimed, "Absurd! Evil spells are by far the most frequent causes of possessions and evil procured through the demon: at least 90% of cases. It is as good as telling exorcists they can no longer perform exorcisms." He also noted that it "Solemnly declares that one should not carry out exorcisms if one is not certain of the presence of the devil", while "it is only through exorcism that the demons reveal themselves". He considered the new rite "A blunt weapon...Efficacious prayers, prayers that had been in existence for twelve centuries, were suppressed and replaced by new ineffective prayers."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth wrote two memoirs of his time as an exorcist - "An Exorcist Tells His Story" and "An Exorcist: More Stories". The books include references to official Roman Catholic teachings on demonology while the main emphasis is on Amorth's experience as an exorcist. Both include references to the diagnosis and treatment of spiritual problems. The books briefly cover the topics of demonic contraction and curses. He states, "A curse can originate from such things as maledictions by close relatives, a habit of blaspheming, membership in Freemasonry, spiritic or magic practices, and so on."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Father Amorth wrote more than thirty books in Italian, many of which have been translated into other languages. The following are his books in English:


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth was also interviewed for the second episode of "True Horror with Anthony Head", presented by Anthony Head. He explained he would never perform an exorcism based solely on someone's claims of possession; always directs people to psychiatrists and doctors first, and that when he sees someone is not possessed but the person still insists, he replies: "You have no devil. If you have a problem, talk to a good vet."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: At a film festival in Umbria (where he was invited to introduce the 2011 film about Exorcism called "The Rite"), he is quoted as saying that yoga is satanic because it leads to practice of Hinduism and "all eastern religions are based on a false belief in reincarnation" and "practicing yoga is satanic, it leads to evil just like reading "Harry Potter"."


title: Gabriele Amorth

text: Amorth claimed that Emanuela Orlandi, an Italian schoolgirl who went missing in Rome in 1983, was kidnapped for a sex party by a gang involving Vatican police and foreign diplomats. He said that she was later murdered and her body disposed of. Amorth claimed that girls were recruited at the Vatican for parties, adding that her death "was a crime with a sexual motive."


title: Michael Conforto

text: Michael Thomas Conforto (born March 1, 1993), nicknamed "Scooter", is an American professional baseball outfielder who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the New York Mets. After he played college baseball for the Oregon State Beavers, the Mets selected him in the first round of the 2014 MLB draft with the 10th overall pick. He made his MLB debut in 2015.


title: Michael Conforto

text: Conforto represented the Northwest Region in the Little League World Series in 2004. He attended Redmond High School in Redmond, Washington where he was an honor roll student. He played shortstop on the baseball team and quarterback and safety on the football team. As a football player, Conforto was recruited by Ivy League schools. Meanwhile, Conforto received offers to play baseball at Oregon, Arizona, Arizona State, Washington, Washington State, Stanford and Oregon State.


title: Michael Conforto

text: As a freshman at Oregon State University in 2012, Conforto hit .349/.437/.601 with 13 home runs and 76 runs batted in (RBI) over 58 games. His 76 RBI were an Oregon State single-season record. He was named Freshman Hitter of the Year by the National Collegiate Baseball Writers Association (NCBWA) and was the Pac-12 Freshman of the Year. During the summer he played for the USA Baseball Collegiate National Team. As a sophomore in 2013, Conforto hit .328/.447/.526 with 11 home runs and 47 RBI in 65 games. He helped lead the team to the College World Series, where he went 7 for 16 and was named to the All-Tournament Team. He was named the Pac-12 Player of the Year and was named a first-team All-American by the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA). He again played for the USA Baseball Collegiate National Team during the summer in 2013. Prior to the 2014 season, he was named the preseason "Sporting News" College Baseball Player of the Year. He finished the season hitting .345/.504/.547 with seven home runs and 56 RBI in 59 games. He again was named the Pac-12 Baseball Player of the Year. He was also a finalist for the Golden Spikes Award and the Dick Howser Trophy.


title: Michael Conforto

text: The New York Mets selected Conforto in the first round, with the 10th overall selection, of the 2014 Major League Baseball draft. Conforto signed with the Mets on July 11, 2014, receiving a $2,970,800 signing bonus. He played for the Brooklyn Cyclones of the Class A-Short Season New York–Penn League after he signed.


title: Michael Conforto

text: Conforto started the 2015 season with the St. Lucie Mets of the Class A-Advanced Florida State League and was promoted to the Binghamton Mets of the Class AA Eastern League on June 26, 2015. On July 12, 2015 at Great American Ball Park in Cincinnati, he started in left field for the United States team at the All-Star Futures Game and collected two hits and one assist.


title: Michael Conforto

text: On July 24, 2015, the Mets promoted Conforto to the major leagues. He made his debut later that day, picking up his first major league RBI on a groundout, but going 0-3 while becoming the 1000th player to appear in a game for the Mets. The next day, he collected his first major league hit -an RBI infield hit- as part of a 4 hit game. He hit his first major-league home run on August 3 off Marlins' starter Tom Koehler. He finished the season with 9 home runs in 56 games played. The Mets won the 2015 National League pennant, making Conforto the third player in history to have played in the Little League World Series, College World Series, and Major League World Series, along with pitcher Ed Vosberg and catcher Jason Varitek. Conforto hit two home runs in Game 4 of the 2015 World Series, becoming the first rookie to homer twice in a world series game since Andruw Jones in the 1996 World Series.


title: Michael Conforto

text: Entering 2016, Conforto became the Mets everyday left fielder. After a torrid start in April, Conforto began to slump once May came. From May 1 to June 25, 2016, Conforto's batting average dipped to .130. On June 25, the Mets demoted Conforto to the Las Vegas 51s of the Class AAA Pacific Coast League and called up Brandon Nimmo. He was recalled on July 18 to the Mets. After his return to the Mets, Conforto began playing both corner outfield positions. He made his major league debut in center field on July 23, 2016 as a defensive replacement. For the season, he batted .220/.310/.414 for the Mets.


title: Michael Conforto

text: Conforto started the 2017 season as the Mets fourth outfielder but worked his way to a starting job. He was selected to the 2017 MLB All-Star Game in Miami after hitting .285/.405/.548 through the first half. On August 24, his suffered a season-ending injury during a swing after he dislocated his left shoulder and tore his posterior capsule. He elected to have surgery on September 2. For the 2017 season, Conforto hit 27 home runs with 68 RBIs and a .279 average. In 2018, Conforto hit .243 and led the Mets with 28 home runs, 82 RBIs, and 78 runs scored.


title: Michael Conforto

text: On May 28, 2019, Conforto hit his first major league grand slam against the Los Angeles Dodgers at Dodger Stadium. He finished the season with a .257 average, .856 OPS, and career highs in home runs (33) and RBIs (92).


title: Michael Conforto

text: In 2020 for the Mets, Conforto played in 54 games, batting .322/.412/.515 with 9 home runs and 31 RBI.


title: Michael Conforto

text: In April 2021, Conforto was the batter during a rare walk-off hit by pitch to win a game against the Miami Marlins. The HBP call was controversial, with umpire Ron Kulpa saying after the game he felt his call was in error after reviewing the footage, and Conforto should have been charged with a strike. On September 30, Conforto was entering a game against the Miami Marlins in what could have been his final game as a Met in Citi Field. Conforto went 3 for 5 with 2 RBIs and a double. In the top of the 9th inning, up 12-3, Conforto made the 2nd out of the inning with an impressive diving catch. Following the catch, Conforto received a standing ovation from the fans due to his 7 years with the organization, despite a disappointing 2021 season. Conforto appeared to be in tears and described his emotions during the game as "something I've never really felt before", also acknowledging first base coach Tony Tarasco who held Conforto's hand up in the air before he entered the dugout. He would go on to finish the 2021 season with a career worst slugging percentage and with a batting average and OPS worse than any season aside from 2016.


title: Michael Conforto

text: Following the 2021 season the Mets offered him a qualifying offer (1-year for $18.4 million) which he also declined and instead sought free agency. The 2021–22 Major League Baseball lockout delayed free agency talks that offseason and Conforto would start the 2022 season as a free agent. His agent, Scott Boras, would later release a statement claiming that an offseason shoulder injury suffered in January 2022 resulted in Conforto not starting the season with a contract. In April, Boras stated that Conforto underwent shoulder surgery and he would not play at all in 2022. Because he didn't sign with a team before the 2022 MLB Draft, the Mets did not receive a compensation draft pick for Conforto rejecting their qualifying offer.


title: Michael Conforto

text: On August 31, 2022 prior to the deadline to be eligible for postseason play, Conforto was offered a two-year contract worth $30 million by the Houston Astros. He would have had to sign before midnight on the 31st to be eligible for postseason play, but chose to turn down the deal.


title: Michael Conforto

text: His mother, Tracie Conforto (née Ruiz) is a three-time Olympic medalist in synchronized swimming, and his father, Mike, an Italian American, played inside linebacker at Penn State. His sister, Jacqueline, played soccer at Azusa Pacific University.


title: Mellified man

text: A mellified man, also known as a human mummy confection, was a legendary medicinal substance created by steeping a human cadaver in honey. The concoction is detailed in Chinese medical sources, including the "Bencao Gangmu" of the 16th century. Relying on a second-hand account, the text reports a story that some elderly men in Arabia, nearing the end of their lives, would submit themselves to a process of mummification in honey to create a healing confection.


title: Mellified man

text: This process differed from a simple body donation because of the aspect of self-sacrifice; the mellification process would ideally start before death. The donor would stop eating any food other than honey, going as far as to bathe in the substance. Shortly, the donor's feces and even sweat would consist of honey. When this diet finally proved fatal, the donor's body would be placed in a stone coffin filled with honey.


title: Mellified man

text: After a century or so, the contents would have turned into a sort of confection reputedly capable of healing broken limbs and other ailments. This confection would then be sold in street markets as a hard to find item with a hefty price.


title: Mellified man

text: Some of the earliest known records of mellified corpses come from Greek historian Herodotus (4th century BCE) who recorded that the Assyrians used to embalm their dead with honey. A century later, Alexander the Great's body was reportedly preserved in a honey-filled sarcophagus, and there are also indications that this practice was known to the Egyptians.


title: Mellified man

text: Another record of mellification is found in the "Bencao Gangmu" (section 52, "Man as medicine") under the entry for "munaiyi" (木乃伊 "mummy"). It quotes the "Chuogeng lu" ( "Talks while the Plough is Resting", c. 1366) by the Yuan dynasty scholar Tao Zongyi (陶宗儀) and Tao Jiucheng (陶九成).


title: Mellified man

text: According to [Tao Jiucheng] in his ["Chuogenglu"], in the lands of the Arabs there are men 70 or 80 years old who are willing to give their bodies to save others. Such a one takes no more food or drink, only bathing and eating a little honey, till after a month his excreta are nothing but honey; then death ensues. His compatriots place the body to macerate in a stone coffin full of honey, with an inscription giving the year and month of burial. After a hundred years, the seals are removed and the confection so formed used for the treatment of wounds and fractures of the body and limbs—only a small amount taken internally is needed for the cure. Although it is scarce in those parts, the common people call it "mellified man" ["miren" 蜜人], or, in their foreign speech, "mu-nai-i". Thus Mr. [Tao], but I myself do not know whether the tale is true or not. In any case, I append it for the consideration of the learned.


title: Mellified man

text: According to Joseph Needham and Lu Gwei-djen, this content was Arabic, but Li Shizhen confused the story with a Burmese custom of preserving the bodies of abbots and high monks in honey, so that "the Western notion of a drug made from perdurable human flesh was combined with the characteristic Buddhist motif of self-sacrifice for others". In her book "", writer Mary Roach observes that the text points out that it does not know the veracity of the mellified man story.


title: Mellified man

text: Bencao Gangmu calls the concoction "miren" (蜜人), translated as "honey person" or "mellified man". "Miziren" (蜜漬人 "honey-saturated person") is a modern synonym. The place it comes from is "tianfangguo", an old name for Arabia or the Middle East. The Chinese "munaiyi" (木乃伊), along with "mummy" loanwords in many other languages, derives from Arabic "mūmīya" (mummy) or from Persian mūmiyâyī (, "mummy"), itself from "mūm" "wax".


title: Mellified man

text: Mellification is a mostly obsolete term for the production of honey, or the process of honeying something, from the Latin "mellificāre" (“to make honey”), or "mel" (“honey”). The Ancient Greek word "mélissa" (μέλισσα) means "bee; honeybee; (poetic) honey".


title: Mellified man

text: Honey has been used in funerary practices in many different cultures. Burmese priests have the custom of preserving their chief abbots in coffins full of honey. Its reputation both for medicinal uses and durability is long-established. For at least 2,700 years, honey has been used by humans to treat a variety of ailments through topical application, but only recently have the antiseptic and antibacterial properties of honey been chemically explained. Because of its unique composition and the complex processing of nectar by the bees which changes its chemical properties, honey is suitable for long-term storage and is easily assimilated even after long preservation. There are cases of honey preservation lasting decades, centuries and even millennia.


title: Mellified man

text: Antibacterial properties of honey are the result of the low water activity causing osmosis, hydrogen peroxide effect, and high acidity. The combination of high acidity, hygroscopic, and antibacterial effects have led to honey's reputation as a plausible way to mummify a human cadaver, despite lack of concrete evidence.


title: Mellified man

text: Both European and Chinese pharmacopeias employed medicines of human origin such as urine therapy, or even other medicinal uses for breast milk. In her book, Roach says the medicinal use of mummies, and the sale of fake ones, is "well documented" in chemistry books of 16th to 18th centuries in Europe, "but nowhere outside Arabia were the corpses volunteers".


title: Mellified man

text: Mummies were a common ingredient in the Middle Ages until at least the eighteenth century, and not only as medicine but as fertilizers and even as paint. The use of corpses and body parts as medicine goes far back—in the Roman Empire the blood of dead gladiators was used as treatment for epilepsy.


title: Mellified man

text: In his book, Bernard Read suggests a connection between the European medieval practices and those of the Middle East and China:


title: Mellified man

text: The underlying theories which sustained the use of human remedies, find a great deal in common between the Arabs as represented by Avicenna, and China through the ["Bencao"]. Body humors, vital air, the circulations, and numerous things are more clearly understood if an extended study is made of Avicenna or the Europeans who based their writings on Arabic medicine. The various uses given in many cases common throughout the civilized world, [Nicholas] Lemery also recommended woman's milk for inflamed eyes, feces were applied to sores, and the human skull, brain, blood, nails and "all the parts of man", were used in sixteenth-century Europe.


title: Krillin

text: Toriyama originally created Krillin along with the Tenka'ichi Budōkai as a method to help add depth to the story, as his editor Kazuhiko Torishima had stated that the series' protagonist, Goku, was too plain. Torishima explained that in order to develop Goku's characterization, they needed someone petty and mischievous to provide contrast, thus leading to the introduction of Krillin. Yūsuke Watanabe, who wrote the screenplay for the film "", had originally written the film to take place at Krillin and Android #18's wedding, but Toriyama wrote it to take place at Bulma's birthday party. Watanabe thought Toriyama made the change because he wanted fans to imagine the wedding for themselves. Toriyama cited Krillin and Bulma's older ages at the end of the manga as a reason he chose for "Battle of Gods" to take place after the Boo arc since they were in their "strongest condition at that time."


title: Krillin

text: Krillin's appearance stays relatively the same for the majority of the series. He is first introduced at age 13, with a shaved head and still dressed in the yellow-and-orange clothing worn at the monastery at which he had been training. He does not possess a visible nose, and has six spots of moxibustion burns on his forehead called "jieba", a reference to the practice of Shaolin monks. Toriyama once stated, seemingly humorously, that Krillin's lack of a nose is because he has a "physical idiosyncrasy" that allows him to breathe through the pores of his skin. Later, he wears the orange "gi" uniform that is presented to both himself and Goku by Kame-Sen'nin in honor of their first martial arts competition. Occasionally he is seen in casual clothes, but for the most part continues to dress for training or fighting at all times. During the Frieza arc, he wears Saiyan armor provided by Vegeta, but during the Cell arc he returns to wearing the orange "gi", accompanied by a blue short-sleeved undershirt and boots. After the defeat of Cell, Krillin stops shaving his head, and grows his black hair out, before later shaving it again during Frieza's resurrection. When he settles down with his family, Krillin is shown wearing a workout outfit consisting of a red "Tacos" T-shirt and brown drawstring pants.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin first appears arriving at Kame-Sen'nin's island to become his apprentice, meeting Son Goku, and the two become rivals. However, after doing the hardships that Kame-Sen'nin assigns, the two become friends. After finishing their training, Kame-Sen'nin has Krillin and Goku compete in the 21st Tenka'ichi Budōkai. Krillin beats the odored fighter Bacterian, who uses his stench as a weapon, and makes it to the semi-finals. However, he is defeated by Jackie Chun, who is really Kame-Sen'nin in disguise preventing his students from becoming arrogant with too many victories. Krillin continues to train with Kame-Sen'nin and helps Goku to collect the Dragon Balls by fighting against General Blue and participating in Baba Uranai's tournament. However, he is quickly defeated by Dracula Man, who bites down on his head, causing blood to pour out. Three years later, Krillin enters the 22nd Tenka'ichi Budōkai. Again, he makes it to the semi-finals by defeating Chaozu, but loses to Goku. Soon after, Krillin is killed by a henchman of Piccolo Daimao, who wanted to steal Goku's Dragon Ball. After Goku defeats Piccolo, Krillin is revived by the Dragon Balls. Another 3 years later, Krillin enters the 23rd Tenka'ichi Budōkai. This time however, he only makes it to the quarter-finals, losing to Piccolo Junior. Krillin then tries to intervene in the fight between Piccolo and Goku when Piccolo gains the upper hand, until realizing he is outclassed.


title: Krillin

text: Several years later, in the span of a day, Krillin is attacked by Raditz while attending a reunion, and is unable to save Gohan from Piccolo, who takes him for training. A year afterward, Krillin confronts the Saiyan invaders Vegeta and Nappa along with his friends, following months of training in preparation for their arrival. After Yamcha's death, he avenges his friend by killing most of the Saibermen. In the battle against Nappa, Krillin tries to get involved in his fight with Tenshinhan after Nappa severs the latter's arm, though is stopped by Nappa. Krillin double teams Nappa with Piccolo, creating multiple copies of themselves with the "Tri-Form" and failing thanks to the clones cutting their power. Krillin later goes toe-to-toe with Nappa alone, launching a "Kienzan" at him that Nappa almost catches before Vegeta warns him, and is saved from an attack from Nappa by Piccolo. After Nappa is defeated, and Goku arrives, Krillin requests that he fight Vegeta elsewhere to prevent their friends' corpses from being destroyed. He and Gohan leave the battlefield but return after Gohan worries for Goku, who is being crushed by Vegeta in his Oozaru form. Krillin unsuccessfully attempts cutting Vegeta's tail in a sneak attack, and later is given the "Genki Dama" to launch at Vegeta by Goku, which misses initially but is bounded back by Gohan. After Vegeta yields from further conflict given his extensive injuries, Krillin takes Yajirobe's sword and moves in to kill him, but agrees to spare his life per Goku's request. He then travels with Gohan and Bulma to planet Namek to use the Namekian Dragon Balls to revive their dead friends, since the Earth's Dragon Balls vanished due to Piccolo's death. Once there, they save a young Namekian called Dende from death at the hands of Frieza's henchmen. Krillin receives an increase in power from Guru, the grand elder of the Namekians, when he unlocks his hidden potential. After a few close encounters with Vegeta, Krillin and Gohan are forced to team up with him in order to fight Frieza's strongest warriors, the Ginyu Force. They are overpowered by them until Goku arrives and defeats the Force. After Krillin and Gohan collect the seven Dragon Balls and wish back Piccolo, they begin a battle against Frieza, during which Krillin is stabbed in the chest, removes Frieza's tail following being healed by Dende, thereby distracting Frieza from continuing to crush Gohan to death, and injures Vegeta in an attempt to capitalize on his Saiyan ability to grow stronger when in a near-death state at Vegeta's request. After a long fight between Goku and Frieza, Goku decides to use the "Genki-dama", Krillin giving his energy to Piccolo so he can stall Frieza and attacking Frieza himself with his last bit of strength. When the group recovers from the "Genki-dama", and Frieza emerges unscathed, the latter detonates Krillin from the inside, killing him instantly, which triggers Goku's first ever transformation into a Super Saiyan. After Frieza's defeat, Krillin is revived by the Namekian Dragon Balls.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin trains for three years to confront Dr. Gero who tries to use his androids to kill Goku. Krillin is momentarily forced to leave his friends with the androids to take Yamcha away from the battlefield in the aftermath of his deadly encounter with Gero, who Krillin finds the base of and signals the others to his location after having a fight with Gero. When the Androids, #16, #17 and #18 are released, Krillin is the only hero present that does not engage #17 and #18 due to his fear. After the duo defeat his friends, Krillin unsuccessfully pleads for the androids to spare Goku's life, and becomes infatuated with the female #18 after she kisses him on the cheek, and he then heals his defeated friends. After Krillin encounters the artificial life form Cell, Krillin and Trunks travel to Dr. Gero's laboratory basement, where Krillin kills the present timeline version of Cell and the two discover the weakness to the androids is a deactivating controller, which Bulma constructs and gives to Krillin. Krillin soon after encounters #18 with the module and after a period of deliberation, destroys it. Because of this, regardless of his efforts, Cell absorbs her and achieves his perfect form. Enraged over her loss, Krillin engages Cell in combat, the latter standing in place while Krillin's attacks have no effect and striking Krillin only once, placing Krillin in a near-death state. After Krillin is revived by Trunks, he warns Trunks of Cell's strength, having been able to sense his true power right before being attacked. He moves Vegeta away from the impending fight between Trunks and Cell, healing Vegeta during the battle between the two. He later participates in the Cell Games, a martial arts tournament created by Cell for entertainment, and fights one of the Cell Juniors who attack him and his friends, but is saved by Gohan. After Gohan punches Cell in the stomach, he regurgitates Android #18 and Krillin cares for her comatose body while Gohan destroys Cell. After Cell's death, Krillin then travels to the lookout, where he uses the second wish from the Dragon Balls to remove the bombs from #17 and #18.


title: Krillin

text: Seven years later, Krillin has quit fighting, settled down with #18, with whom he has a daughter named . This left Goku confused, until Krillin explained that Android 18 is a cyborg (meaning she is human still), and she was able to have a baby with him. However, after learning of Goku's return from the afterlife to compete in the 25th Tenka'ichi Budōkai, he decides to also participate, also being encouraged to do so for the money by #18. During Goten and Trunks' match, Krillin worries that Trunks' energy attack will hit the crowd. Krillin wins his sole match, against Pintar, during the competition with ease. After the Kaiō-shin enlists several of Krillin's friends to help him defeat the wizard Bobbidi, Krillin joins them, in doing so forfeiting his entry in the tournament, but is stopped from assisting any further thanks to Dabura turning him into stone with his spit. Upon Dabura's death however, Krillin is freed and he saves Goten and Trunks from the impact of Vegeta's self-explosion. Krillin later evacuates Earth after Majin Boo's awakening. When Boo has transformed, he finds the temple and locate Krillin and his friends. After escaping the "Room of Spirit and Time", he kills everyone present; in the anime, Krillin is the first to be killed after trying in vain to distract Boo so his friends can retreat. During Goku and Vegeta's fight against Boo, Krillin is brought back to life by the Namekian Dragon Balls and gives his energy to Goku's "Genki-Dama" attack, which is used to destroy Boo.


title: Krillin

text: In the film, "", Krillin attends Bulma's birthday party; he later backs down from engaging Beerus due to not knowing his power. He then watches Son Goku's battle with the god. In "", Krillin works as a police officer and after having his head shaven by Android 18, joins in the fight against the resurrected Frieza afterward, being one of the survivors of Earth's second destruction before its reversal by Whis.


title: Krillin

text: After the events of the last two films, Krillin assists in acquiring two more members for his universe's team in a tournament, namely Piccolo and Majin Boo, after learning about it from Android #18 and reunites with Trunks, who he tries to stop from attacking Android #18 when she greets him, revealing her as his wife. #18 tries to get Krillin a gift with the Dragon Balls until being convinced by Bulma her presence alone is good enough for him, and Krillin later participates in a baseball game between Universes 6 and 7. Krillin tries stopping a pair of wrongdoers when he is knocked out by an arriving Gohan in his Saiyaman guise. Krillin agrees to train with Goku after some reluctance and the two travel to get Paradise Grass from an island, encountering large, physical versions of past enemies that Krillin becomes fearful of. The two are revealed to be in the "Forest of Fear", Krillin saving Goku from a phantom of Super Shenron that the two destroy together. Krillin is requested by Goku and Gohan for participation in the Tournament of Power; he accepts. Krillin eliminates Universe 4's Shosa and Majora before being eliminated himself by Frost. Krillin's shouts of encouragement for Android 18 contribute to her victory over Universe 2's Ribrianne, and he feeds Vegeta a Senzu Bean after his elimination by Universe 11's Jiren.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin later appears in a flashback after Frieza intends to provoke the wild Saiyan, Broly, into becoming a Super Saiyan, remembering the time that he murdered Krillin that sparked Goku's own transformation on Namek. He then promptly kills Broly's father, Paragus, in order to initiate the transformation in Broly, who was fighting Goku at the time.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin appears in two of the three "Dragon Ball" films; in the , Krillin is used as leverage by Lucifer to convince Goku to give the Sleeping Princess to him; and in the , Krillin trains for the World Martial Arts Tournament, held in Mifan.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin appears in twelve out of the thirteen non-canon "Dragon Ball Z" films; in the , he assists during the battle against Garlic Junior after he kidnaps Gohan; in the , Krillin battles Dr. Willow, firing a Kamehameha wave in an unsuccessful attempt to defeat him; in the , Krillin unintentionally brings Turles to Earth by using the Dragon Balls to restore the forest after a fire and fights the Saiyan's henchmen; in the , Krillin tries to prevent the Earth from being destroyed by a meteorite containing Lord Slug and his henchmen; in the , Krillin shelters Goku after he is injured by Cooler and is defeated in a fight with Salza; in the , Krillin travels to New Namek and combats Cooler's forces; in the , Krillin avoids fighting Android 13 though is injured during the battle; in the , Krillin tours New Planet Vegeta; in the , Krillin participates in a tournament and fights Zangya; in the , Krillin comes to the aid of Trunks and Goten in combating Broly; in the , Krillin, Android 18, Goten and Trunks combat the bio-engineered Broly in a factory; in the , Krillin appears before Hirudegarn is released;. In the anime-only sequel, "Dragon Ball GT", an elderly Krillin was once again murdered, this time by a brainwashed Android 17, which angers a tearful Android 18 into fighting her brother. With her assistance, Goku is able to avenge Krillin by destroying the now-transformed #17, called Super 17. Krillin was later resurrected using the Dragon Balls, and later appears on Master Roshi's island, and spars with his old friend, Goku, one last time, until he vanishes suddenly.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin is voiced by Mayumi Tanaka in the original Japanese anime and in all related media. Toriyama chose Tanaka after hearing her portrayal of the protagonist Giovanni in the film "Night on the Galactic Railroad". When Krillin and Yajirobe, another character voiced by Tanaka, appeared in the same scenes, she gave the latter a Nagoya dialect in order to distinguish them.


title: Krillin

text: Canadian actress-musician Wanda Nowicki performed the English voice of Krillin (here named Bongo) in the rare Harmony Gold dub of "". When "Dragon Ball Z" received a short-lived English dub by Saban Entertainment, Funimation, and Ocean Productions in the mid 1990s, Krillin was voiced by Terry Klassen. He reprised his role in the Ocean dub of the latter half of the series produced by AB Groupe for European and Canadian markets. Another short-lived English dub produced by Harmony Gold in the late-1980s featured Wanda Nowicki as the voice of Krillin. In the Blue Water 2003 re-dub of "Dragon Ball", he is voiced by Mike Thiessen. Dan Gascon voiced him in the Blue Water dub of "Dragon Ball GT". When the series' full production was taken over by Funimation in the US, Krillin was voiced by Laurie Steele as a child in "Dragon Ball" and Sonny Strait as an adult in all media released to the US. Strait got cast as the role following his audition in Texas. He found the character's constant deaths amusing and thought him comical: "Krillin is the party. If you don’t wish back the party, you’re going to be bored." Other English voice actors include Sharon Mann, Brian Beacock, and Julie Maddalena.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin has many abilities including super-strength, super-speed, and the ability to fly using his "ki" energy, known as . His main techniques include the , an attack he learned from Master Roshi, which enables him to emit a powerful "ki" energy blast from his hands. , another "chi" attack, involves firing two blasts, one from each hand, and merging them before directing the blast above an opponent where it will break up and rain down on them, he was only seen using this twice—the first time was very successful as he managed to wipe out three Saibamen with it. From Tenshinhan, he obtained the , an attack Krillin is capable of using to blind his opponents, sometimes used to make a quick escape. One of his signature techniques is the , where he puts a hand in the air to create an electric floating disc, using it to slice through his enemies. Lacking the other protagonists' advantage of getting stronger every time he is injured, Krillin is however the strongest Earthling and was recognized as having a great array of techniques by Vegeta. In the later parts of the "Dragon Ball Super" series, Krillin learns to improve and develop variants of his "Kienzan" and "Solar Flare" techniques, giving him a tactical edge in battle.


title: Krillin

text: In a filler episode of "Dragon Ball", Krillin trains with Kame-Sen'nin and after the 23rd Tenka'ichi Budōkai, Krillin can be seen on a plane with his friends.


title: Krillin

text: In filler episodes of "Dragon Ball Z", during the Saiyan arc, Krillin fails to tell Chi-Chi of Goku's passing after being tasked with informing her, though does inform Yamcha when coming to one of his baseball games followed by recruiting him for training with Kami, and trains for the Saiyans by facing members of their race from the past using the Pendulum Room. Before the Namek arc, Krillin encounters a group of children who help him find Namek and spends some time on a fake version of the planet searching for Dragon Balls during a distraction and preventing his ship from being stolen. After the Namek arc, Krillin is one of a few not affected by the Black Water Mist set by Garlic Jr., Krillin having to fight his friends before journeying to Kami's Lookout, where he appears to fall under the effects of the Black Water Mist, only to be revealed as faking as part of a plan by Piccolo. Krillin's near-death state by the hands of the Spice Boys, Spice and Vinegar, triggers Gohan's power boost and subsequent killing of the pair. During this time, he breaks up with Maron once he becomes convinced she deserves better than himself, learning afterward that she would have married him. During the Cell arc, he stops Cell from murdering a girl and her younger brother and while waiting for the Cell Games, celebrates Gohan's birthday. In the Boo arc, Krillin charges Boo after Boo escapes the Room of Spirit and Time, being easily defeated and attacks Boo again in the afterlife. After Boo's defeat, Krillin attends a gathering with his family.


title: Krillin

text: In "Dragon Ball GT", Krillin is killed by Android #17 after succeeding in snapping Android #18 from his brainwashing and trying to persuade him against his developing villainy. His death prompts #18 to seek vengeance and assist Goku in defeating Super 17. Krillin is revived by Shenlong after the defeat of Omega Shenron and has a match with Goku, who decided to leave Earth. He is shown in "GT" sporting a mustache, wearing grey pants, shirt and tie with a cardigan in his few appearances.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin appears in multiple "Dragon Ball"-related video games, sometimes as a playable character. He also appears in the crossover game "Jump Superstars". In the 1992 Videkko game "Dragon Ball: Get Together! Goku World", Krillin along with Goku, Trunks, Bulma, and Gohan travels back in time to examine event in the past. In the 2002 game "", Cell has a nightmare where he accidentally absorbs Krillin and becomes , the form making him weaker. In the 2015 video game "", Krillin serves as a mentor to the player character, teaching his "Kienzan". He also appears during Android 18's mentorship of the player, fighting them alongside her. In the Frieza arc, Krillin and Vegeta being defeated by Frieza, leaving Gohan alone to fight the tyrant, causes Goku to exit the healing chamber still wounded. In the final fight against Demigra, Krillin gives energy to the player. In the 2016 game "Dragon Ball Xenoverse 2", during the Frieza arc, the player assists Krillin in battling Zarbon, and Krillin later leaves the player to fight Lord Slug and Turles alone per the player's request. In the 2018 game "Dragon Ball FighterZ", after clones of various heroes and villains from the series appear, Krillin investigates the origin of them before being knocked out by his own clone. Following Goku rescuing him, the two rescue various allies from clones until encountering Cell, who Krillin becomes aggressive toward for his defeat of Android 18.


title: Krillin

text: In June 1988, Krillin along with other "Dragon Ball" characters were featured in two public safety announcement shorts. The first was entitled , and the second called where he along with Kame-Sen'nin, Yamcha, and later Goku become volunteer fire fighters.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin also appears in the "Dragon Ball" and "One Piece" crossover manga "Cross Epoch" where he and Tony Tony Chopper run the "Kuri-Chopa Marine Train Coster". In 2003, he would appear in the interactive feature entitled . Where he and Gohan attempt to save visitors of at Fuji Television's orb section from drowning, while Goku battles Frieza. In the 2004 followup , Krillin is one of the seven "Dragon Ball" characters who delivers the Dragon Balls to restore the aqua city of Odaiba after Goku and Monkey D. Luffy's battle with Eneru.


title: Krillin

text: Krillin has performed many songs throughout the years. These songs feature his voice actor Mayumi Tanaka in character singing cheerfully about certain thing pertaining to Krillin. First with the song "Asa - Hiru - Yoru - Kimi - Boku" from the album "Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection IV: Character Special" released in 1990. Then with "Ichido wa Kekkon Shitai Manbo" from "Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 8: Character Special 2" released in 1991. Where he happily sings about the desire to get married. And the title track from "Dragon Ball Z Hit Song Collection 17: Hippy Hoppy Shake!!" released in 1995.


title: Krillin

text: Before and after "Dragon Ball Z" debuting in the U.S. in 1996, Krillin became a part of the country's pop culture. In 1994, the character was featured on the cover of Voodoo Glow Skulls' first full-length album "Who Is, This Is?", though his face was removed in the 2012 digital re-release. The song "Blessing" by Chance the Rapper mentions Krillin referencing Android 18 to the lyricist's delight. Krillin appears in an episode of "Mad" watching the other "Dragon Ball" characters after they are drafted for the Oakland A's by Billy Beane in a parody of the film "Moneyball".


title: Krillin

text: Krillin is a popular character in the series; in 2004 Japanese fans voted him the seventh most popular character. In January 2007, Oricon held a poll in which they asked Japanese fans of manga and anime which characters from any series they would most like to see in spin-off series. Krillin ranked third in the men's poll and sixth in the overall poll. In 2016, Krillin was ranked No. 3 on the saikoplus.com list "10 Most Popular Characters in Dragon Ball Z". When younger fans would belittle the character as weak, Krillin's voice actress Mayumi Tanaka said she would explain to them that Krillin and Yamcha are the strongest earthlings, the other characters are all aliens. She also said it was more fun to play Krillin when he was a dirty-minded bad kid, that she was not fond of him growing his hair out and was shocked when he died for the first time.


title: Krillin

text: Various publications for manga, anime and other media have commented on Krillin's character, adding praise and criticism to his development and traits in the series. Anime News Network writer Carl Kimlinger liked Krillin and Goku's childhood, noting it to be the warmth that the later "Dragon Ball Z" anime does not have. Also believing the first anime to have more development than the sequel, Tim Jones from Them Anime Reviews cited how Krillin was not a friend to Goku when first introduced. David F. Smith of IGN comments that Krillin and #18's relationship really help make the storyline more interesting. Additionally, he liked Krillin's appearances in the fight against Cell as he has more screen time than the main character, Goku. Although Chris Beveridge from Mania Entertainment thought that Krillin had a drastic change in "Dragon Ball GT", he mentioned that fans from the previous series would like some of its episodes due to the appearance of Krillin and other older characters.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: The "Dolphin" class (Hebrew: הצוללות מסדרת דולפין) is a diesel-electric submarine developed in Israel and constructed by Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft AG (HDW) in Kiel, Germany, for the Israeli Navy. The first boats of the class were based on the export-only German 209-class submarines, but modified and enlarged. The "Dolphin" 1 sub-class is slightly larger than the German Navy Type 212 in length and displacement. The three newer air-independent propulsion (AIP) equipped boats are similar to the Type 212 vessels in underwater endurance, but are longer, nearly 500 tonnes heavier in submerged displacement and have a larger crew than either the Type 212 or the Type 214.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: The "Dolphin 2" class are the largest submarines to have been built in Germany since World War II. The "Dolphin"-class boats are the most expensive single vehicles in the Israel Defense Forces. The "Dolphin" class replaced the aging , which had served in the Israeli navy since the late 1970s. Each "Dolphin"-class submarine is capable of carrying a combined total of up to 16 torpedoes and Popeye Turbo submarine-launched cruise missiles (SLCMs). The cruise missiles have a range of at least and are widely believed to be equipped with a 200 kiloton nuclear warhead containing up to of plutonium. The latter, if true, would provide Israel with an offshore nuclear second strike capability.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: The first batch of the class – the three "Dolphin"-I submarines – are set to be replaced by the newer "Dakar"-class submarines from 2031 onwards.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: First budgeted in July 1989 and ordered in January 1990, by November the order for the submarines was cancelled. This was due to budget reallocation aimed at countering Iraqi threats made against Israel following the Iraqi invasion and annexation of neighboring Kuwait during the leadup to the 1991 Gulf War. Funding for the first two boats ("Dolphin" and "Leviathan") was fully subsidized by the German government to restart the construction program and the third ("Tekumah") received a 50% subsidy. During the first Gulf War, it was revealed that German firms had assisted Iraq with modernizing its ballistic missile and chemical weapon programs, thanks in part to lax enforcement by German customs, in violation of the Missile Technology Control Regime protocols which West Germany had acceded to in 1987. These enhanced missiles brought Israeli cities into Iraqi targeting range for the first time, and the Iraqi weapons research program included factories and necessary supplies for the creation of weaponized mustard and nerve gas. Though not a belligerent in the Gulf War, Israeli cities were nevertheless bombarded by these upgraded Iraqi missiles. To compensate Israel for war-related damage and economic losses and keep German shipyards occupied with a high profile project in the post Cold War defense spending downturn, then Chancellor of Germany Helmut Kohl approved an assistance package to German industry including the construction of two "Dolphin"-class submarines.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: The names "Dolphin" and "Leviathan" hail from the retired Israeli WWII-era submarines of the British T class; the third boat "Tekuma" (translation: Revival) commemorates , the third Israeli boat of the T class which was lost in 1968 with all Israeli crew in the Mediterranean Sea during delivery. The names of the newer boats and are taken from retired s, which were themselves named after even older Israeli S-class submarines.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: In 2006 Israel signed a contract with ThyssenKrupp to purchase two additional submarines from its HDW subsidiary. The two new boats are an upgraded version displacing 28% heavier than the older "Dolphin"s, featuring an air-independent propulsion system, similar to the one used on German Type 212 submarines. On 6 July 2006, the Government of Germany decided to finance an advance to start the construction, about €170 million, planned for delivery in 2012. The two submarines cost, overall, around €1.3 billion, of up to one-third was subsidized by Germany. In 2010, both Israel and Germany denied having talks regarding the potential purchase of a sixth submarine. Yet in 2011, Israel ordered a sixth "Dolphin"-class submarine, for which it was reported to pay the unsubsidized cost of US$1 billion. However, in July 2011, during a meeting between German Defense Minister Thomas de Maizière and Israeli Prime Minister Binyamin Netanyahu and Defense minister Ehud Barak, an agreement was reached to subsidize €135 million of the US$500–700 million cost of the sixth submarine.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: In 2016, it was revealed that a new sonar developed by Rafael Advanced Defense Systems had begun to be fitted on all "Dolphin" submarines in the last two years. The new capabilities provided to the "Dolphin" submarines by the Israeli sonar also include detection of vessels with a low noise signature. The algorithms used in the sonar systems enable it to ignore many of the noises that can disrupt the range of the systems' activity, while detecting very distant noises.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: In late 2016 reports emerged of negotiations for the purchase of three additional ThyssenKrupp built submarines. The former Defense Minister Moshe Ya’alon, who opposed the acquisition during his tenure, called for the Attorney General Avichai Mandelblit to investigate the negotiations which included Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu's personal attorney David Shimron for work while on retainer to the offices of Miki Ganor which represents ThyssenKrupp in Israel. As of 23 November 2016 A.G. Mandelblit has decided to ask the state prosecutor to move forward with an investigation into the case. In July 2021 with the newly formed government in power and the Netenyahu lead government out of power MK Gantz the new Defense Minister as well as MK Sa'ar began an official process into initiating a state investigation into the case 3000 submarine procurement case saying "An official inquiry committee that will investigate all aspects of the affair is the need of the hour". However, the government's submarine procurement investigation has been delayed as the ThyssenKrupp negotiations for the purchase of new submarines with additional capabilities is ongoing and likely to cost €2.4B.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: In October 2017, Israel and Germany confirmed that they finalised a memorandum of understanding covering the Israeli Navy's purchase of three more "Dolphin"-class submarines to be delivered starting in 2027. The deal was formally signed in January 2022 with the then envisaged delivery of the first boat occurring within nine years. These boats will replace the first three of the class which by then will be about 30 years old. Germany will provide industrial subsidies to German companies building and outfitting the submarines covering a third of purchase costs.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: Each submarine is fitted with 6 × torpedo tubes, and 4 × torpedo tubes. The very large 650 mm tubes can be used for laying mines, larger submarine-launched cruise missiles, or swimmer delivery vehicles, and with liners the tubes could be used for standard torpedoes and submarine-launched missiles. The boats were first armed with Atlas Elektronik DM2A3 torpedoes using wire-guided active homing to deliver a warhead at a maximum speed of to a target over away, in passive homing mode a speed of and a range up to is possible. Israel has also procured the more advanced DM2A4 torpedo, successor to their DM2A3s, which are electrically propelled, equipped with fiber optic communications and has countermeasure resistant signals processing and mission logic. A wet and dry compartment is installed for deploying underwater special operations teams.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: "Jane's Defence Weekly" reports that the "Dolphin"-class submarines are believed to be nuclear armed, offering Israel a sea-based, second strike capability. In adherence to Missile Technology Control Regime rules the US Clinton administration rejected an Israeli request in 2000 to purchase Tomahawk long range SLCMs. The U.S. Navy has deployed nuclear armed and conventional Tomahawk missiles for its submarine fleet which are launched from standard heavy 533 mm torpedo tubes. The Federation of American Scientists and GlobalSecurity.org report that the four larger torpedo tubes are capable of launching Israeli built nuclear-armed Popeye Turbo cruise missiles (a variant of the Popeye standoff missile), and the U.S. Navy recorded an Israeli submarine-launched cruise missile test in the Indian Ocean ranging .


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: The "Dolphin" class uses the ISUS 90-1 TCS weapon control system supplied by STN Atlas Elektronik, for automatic sensor management, fire control, navigation, and operations. The installed radar warning receiver is a 4CH(V)2 Timnex electronic support measures system, scanning from 5GHz to 20GHz frequency bands and able to pinpoint radar sites with accuracy between 5 and 10 degrees of angle (depending on frequency). The surface search radar is an Elta unit operating on I band. The sonar suite includes the advanced Atlas Elektronik CSU 90 hull-mounted passive and active search and attack sonar. The PRS-3 passive ranging sonar is also supplied by Atlas Elektronik, the flank array is a FAS-3 passive search sonar. A notable design feature is the prismatic hull cross-section and smoothly faired transitions from the hull to the sail, improving the boat's stealth characteristics. The ship and internal features are constructed of nonmagnetic materials, significantly reducing the chances of it being detected by magnetometers or setting off magnetic naval mines. The submarines have two Kollmorgen periscopes. The "Dolphin"s can mount an external special forces hangar aft of their sail.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: The "Dolphin"s are equipped with three V-16 396 SE 84 diesel engines built by MTU Friedrichshafen (now Tognum), developing sustained power. The submarines are equipped with three Siemens 750kW alternators, and a Siemens 2.85MW sustained-power motor driving a single shaft. The propulsion system provides a speed of submerged and a snorkeling speed of . The hull is rated for dives up to . The maximum unrefuelled range is traveling on the surface at and over at submerged; they are designed to remain unsupplied for up to 30 days on station.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: According to news reports the submarines are normally based in the Mediterranean, although one "Dolphin" class was sent to the Red Sea for exercises, briefly docking at the naval base of Eilat in June 2009, which Israeli media interpreted as a warning to Iran. In 2009 the Israeli newspaper Haaretz, quoting an Israeli defence official, reported that the very small Eilat naval station is unsuited strategically to base the "Dolphin"-class boats, specifically noting the tight entrance of the Gulf of Aqaba at the Straits of Tiran as one held by potential adversaries including Saudi Arabia on the east and the demilitarized Egyptian Sinai to the west. Eilat is a strip of coast between Egypt and Jordan. According to The London Sunday Times, the Israeli Navy decided in May 2010 to keep at least one submarine equipped with nuclear-tipped SLCM there permanently as a deterrent in response to rumored ballistic missiles moved from Syria to Lebanon.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: If the boats are based at the larger Haifa naval base, access to the Persian Gulf area either requires openly sailing on the surface through the Egyptian controlled Suez Canal as permitted in the Egypt–Israel peace treaty or a long voyage sailing around Africa. According to the Convention of Constantinople signed by the ruling great powers of the time including the UK, France, and the Ottoman Empire on March 2, 1888; "The Suez Maritime Canal shall always be free and open, in time of war as in time of peace, to every vessel of commerce or of war, without distinction of flag." Denied crossing at the Suez Canal and blockade of the Straits of Tiran occurred in both in 1956 and 1967 leading to Israel twice seizing the Sinai to break the blockade. The Egypt–Israel peace treaty allows for the free passage of Israeli vessels through the Suez Canal, and recognizes the Strait of Tiran and the Gulf of Aqaba as international waterways. Even if a Red Sea or Indian Ocean base is unavailable other nations have used submarine tenders, ships that resupply, rearm, and refuel submarines at sea, when nearby friendly bases are unavailable.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: According to two contradictory Sudanese media reports, in November or December 2011 two Israeli air raids against Gaza-bound weapon smugglers in Sudan were accompanied by Israeli submarine activity off the Sudanese coast. The Sudanese government claims no strikes took place.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: In February 2012, Ynet, the online version of the Israeli newspaper "Yediot Achronot", reported that for security reasons applicants for the submarine service with dual citizenship or citizenship in addition to Israeli, which is common in Israel with a relatively high percentage of olim (immigrants), must officially renounce all other citizenships to be accepted into the training program.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: Israel National News and the Jerusalem Post both had articles on Sunday, July 14, 2013, which quote that day's London Sunday Times saying that the July 5 Israeli missile strike against the Syrian port of Latakia, previously reported by CNN as an Israel Air Force strike, was made in coordination with the United States, and long range missiles were launched from a "Dolphin"-class submarine. The attack targeted newly unloaded Russian-made Yakhont long range high performance anti-ship missiles and associated radars.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: In December, 2020, an IDF submarine transited the Suez Canal and the Red Sea, en route to the Persian Gulf in possible preparation for any Iranian retaliation over the November assassination of a senior Iranian nuclear scientist, Mohsen Fakhrizadeh.


title: Dolphin-class submarine

text: Although unconfirmed by either the German or Israeli government, it is speculated that the Drakon will be longer than previous boats of its class and may have new weapon capabilities, including a vertical launch system (VLS). Illustrations released by ThyssenKrupp Marine Systems (TKMS), the prime contractor, show it with an enlarged sail and distinctly changed hullform. TKMS went on to describe the Dakar as “a completely new design, which is to be specifically engineered to fulfill the operational requirements of the Israeli Navy.”


title: Class Action Park

text: Class Action Park is a 2020 documentary film. The documentary's subject is the American amusement park Action Park, which was located in Vernon Township, New Jersey and was known for the popularity it had among locals and infamous for the poor safety record of the attractions located on its grounds.


title: Class Action Park

text: The film premiered virtually at the 2020 Florida Film Festival and was released a week later on HBO Max.


title: Class Action Park

text: "Class Action Park" begins by chronicling the life of penny stockbroker Eugene Mulvihill, who is described as having become rich from pump-and-dump schemes. It outlines his path to opening Vernon Township's Action Park in 1978. He envisioned it as a park with "no rules".


title: Class Action Park

text: The first two-thirds of the film features former Action Park guests and employees reflecting on the park's more dangerous rides, such as the Cannonball Loop, the SuperSpeed Waterfalls, the Alpine Slides and the Tarzan Swings, and reflects on the park itself and its general atmosphere and culture. The life of Eugene Mulvihill is also chronicled, including a discussion of his legal issues, which often involved Action Park. For example, a land dispute with the state of New Jersey is said to have been resolved after the state got tired of dealing with him.


title: Class Action Park

text: The last third of the film focuses on the dangers of Action Park by chronicling the deaths that occurred there, as well as documenting the story of George Larsson Jr.'s death while riding the Alpine Slides in 1980, which was the first death at Action Park. It was covered up by the park in order to avoid reporting his death to New Jersey authorities. It was claimed that they didn't need to, as he was not a member of the general public. Action Park claimed that Larsson died as an employee of the park riding the slide at night during a rain shower, but in fact, all three claims were untrue. The suggestion that Mulvihill corrupted Vernon Township officials during Action Park's existence is also mentioned, as are the downfall of the park and Mulvihill's death. The film ends with the interviewees reflecting on Action Park as a whole, with one stating that its vision continues to live on in schemes such as Fyre Festival and Theranos. Another calls it an '80s movie in real life that will never happen again. Footage of George Larsson Jr.'s parents visiting his grave is shown.


title: Class Action Park

text: The film also mentions that Donald Trump considered investing in the park at one point, but backed out after finding Mulvihill's vision for the park to be too risky.


title: Class Action Park

text: "Class Action Park" was the number one film on HBO Max for the week following its premiere date of August 27, 2020. The film has been praised by many critics for pointing out the dark side of the park and talking about the people who died at the park, as opposed to glorifying the park's nostalgia. , of the reviews compiled on Rotten Tomatoes are positive, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, "Disturbing and thrilling in equal measure, "Class Action Park" is a raucous chronicle of the infamous water park that was as beloved as it was dangerous."


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: The Little Mermaid is an American animated television series produced by Walt Disney Television Animation based on the 1989 Disney film of the same name. It features the adventures of Ariel as a mermaid prior to the events of the film. This series is the third Disney television series to be spun off from a major animated film. Some of the voice actors of the film reprise their roles in the series, among them Jodi Benson as Ariel, Samuel E. Wright as Sebastian, Kenneth Mars as King Triton and Pat Carroll as Ursula. Other voice actors include Edan Gross and Bradley Pierce as Flounder, and Jeff Bennett as Prince Eric.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: "The Little Mermaid" premiered in the fall of 1992, on September 11, with the animated prime time special called "A Whale of a Tale", then moved to Saturday mornings. This series originally appeared on CBS, with an original run from 1992 to November 26, 1994. Some of the episodes contain musical segments, featuring original songs written for the series. The opening theme to the show is an instrumental combination of the songs "Part of Your World", "Under the Sea" and "Kiss the Girl". The overture for the 2007 stage musical of "The Little Mermaid" is similar to this.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: "The Little Mermaid" television series is a prequel to the movie of the same name. The story is set between the 2008 prequel film "" and the 1989 film, and follows Ariel's adventures as a mermaid still living under the sea with her father King Triton, Sebastian the crab and Flounder the fish. Various episodes highlight her relationships with her friends, father and sisters, and usually involve Ariel foiling the attempts of various enemies that intend ill harm to her, her family and friends, or her kingdom. "Ariel's Beginning" contains events that contradict the television series (such as Ariel's youth and first meeting with Flounder), making the TV series and the prequel independent continuities.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: After the success of the 1989 film, The Walt Disney Company planned to produce a children's television series for its Disney Channel cable outlet called "The Little Mermaid's Island". The proposed series would feature puppets from Jim Henson's Creature Shop interacting with a "live" Ariel. But after Jim Henson's untimely death along with production difficulties and as the video release of "The Little Mermaid" soared in sales during 1990 and early 1991, Disney quietly dropped plans for "The Little Mermaid's Island" in favor of a more ambitious plan: an animated weekly series for CBS. The new show would be about the adventures of Ariel and her friends before the events in the film.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: Jamie Mitchell, an artist and graphic designer who worked on "Disney's Adventures of the Gummi Bears", was named the producer and director of the new series. Patsy Cameron and Tedd Anasti were the story editors and wrote almost all of the episodes for the show's second and third seasons. Their previous joint work included Hanna-Barbera's "The Smurfs", the animated "Beetlejuice" and Disney's "DuckTales". Some of the artists and technicians on the feature film also contributed to the TV series. Mark Dindal, chief of special animated effects for the film, was a consultant for special effects on the TV show. Robby Merkin, who worked with Alan Menken and Howard Ashman on arranging the songs for the film, worked as the arranger and music producer for the first season of the TV show.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: Studios in China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Vietnam, Korea, Japan and the Philippines contributed animation to the series.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: The show's broadcast debut in September 1992 was in the form of a half-hour prime-time special, "The Little Mermaid: A Whale of a Tale". Its Saturday morning debut came the very next day. The show's time slot was 8:30 a.m., following another new animated series, "Fievel's American Tails", based on the animated film "An American Tail". "The Little Mermaid" series drew a fair bit of media attention, including more than one spot on "Entertainment Tonight", because it was the first series based directly on a Disney animated feature and was a rare television cartoon concerning a strong female character. The show kept its time slot the following year with its second season.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: For the series' third season, the show was moved to the 8 a.m. time period and was the lead-in for a new Disney animated series, "Aladdin". The third season was the final season to be produced; CBS elected not to buy another batch of episodes. On October 2, 1995, Disney Channel began rerunning the show seven days a week.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: Disney Channel reran the series from October 2, 1995 to September 29, 2002 and again from September 5, 2006, to July 4, 2010. It was also shown on Toon Disney until January 25, 2008. The series then aired on Disney Junior from the channel's launch in 2012 until 2014. However in Russia continued air this show until the channel closed in 2022.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: Seven VHS cassettes containing 14 episodes of the series were released in the United States and Canada. Almost simultaneously, the series' three double-feature LaserDiscs containing their 12 episodes were also released.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: 11 VHS cassettes containing 22 episodes of the series were released in Europe, Australia and New Zealand, and South Africa. Thes titles were also released on VHS, LaserDisc and Video CD in Mexico, South America, and Asia.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: The series has not yet been officially released on DVD. However, four episodes were released as part of the "Disney Princess" DVD releases.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: As of August 24, 2018, all 31 episodes of the series are available for purchase on the iTunes Store and Amazon Prime Video in two volumes in High Definition (HD).


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: Since the service's launch on November 12, 2019, the series has been available with the exception of the pilot episode ("Whale of a Tale") through The Walt Disney Company's streaming platform Disney+, but the episodes have been cropped to 16:9.


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: Common Sense Media gave the series a two out of five stars, writing, "Spin-off sinks for everyone except besotted fans."


title: The Little Mermaid (TV series)

text: The series received a spin-off entitled "Sebastian the Crab", which aired as a segment of the TV series "Marsupilami". The segments star Sebastian, and are set outside of the sea, taking place after the wedding between Ariel and Eric in the film.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: The eighth season of the American science fiction television series "The X-Files" commenced airing in the United States on November 5, 2000, concluded on May 20, 2001, and consisted of twenty-one episodes. Season eight takes place after Fox Mulder's (David Duchovny) alien abduction in the seventh season. The story arc for the search of Mulder continues until the second half of the season, while a new arc about Dana Scully's (Gillian Anderson) pregnancy is formed. This arc would continue, and end, with the next season. The season explores various themes such as life, death, and belief.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: For this season, Duchovny elected to return only as an intermittent main character, appearing in only half of the episodes. Actor Robert Patrick was hired as a replacement for Mulder, playing John Doggett. The season also marked the first appearance of Annabeth Gish as Monica Reyes, who would become a main character in the ninth season. In addition to the cast change, series creator Chris Carter updated the opening credits, which had remained unchanged since the first season.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Season eight was received well by critics but was less warmly received by fans, many of whom were unhappy that Duchovny reduced his role and that Patrick took over as co-lead alongside Anderson. Ratings for the season were initially strong, but it eventually averaged a total of 13.53 million viewers, down from the seventh season's 14.2 million. Concurrent with the airing of this season, Carter and "The X-Files" production team created and aired a short-lived spinoff titled "The Lone Gunmen".


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: At the end of the seventh season finale, "Requiem", Fox Mulder (David Duchovny) was abducted by aliens. Dana Scully (Gillian Anderson) meets Special Agent John Doggett (Robert Patrick), the leader of an FBI taskforce organized to conduct a search for Mulder. Although the search ultimately proves unsuccessful, Doggett is assigned to the X-Files and works with Scully to look for explanations to several cases. When Scully learns that several women have reportedly been abducted and impregnated with alien babies, she begins to question her own pregnancy and fears for her unborn child.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Doggett introduces Scully to Special Agent Monica Reyes (Annabeth Gish), an FBI specialist in ritualistic crime, shortly before Mulder's deceased body suddenly appears in a forest at night. Following Mulder's funeral, Assistant Director Walter Skinner (Mitch Pileggi) is threatened by Alex Krycek (Nicholas Lea) that he must kill Scully's baby before it is born. Billy Miles (Zachary Ansley), a multiple abductee who disappeared on the same night as Mulder, is returned deceased but his dead body is resurrected and restored to full health. Mulder also returns from death, with Scully supervising his recovery. Fully rejuvenated, Mulder investigates several X-Files, against orders to do so, but soon gets fired, leaving Doggett in charge of the cases. Mulder continues to provide input in an unofficial capacity.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Reluctantly accepting Krycek's assistance, Mulder, Doggett and Skinner learn that an alien virus recently created in secret by members of the United States government has replaced several humans, including Miles and several high-ranking FBI personnel, with so-called alien "Super Soldiers". Krycek claims that the soldiers are virtually unstoppable aliens who want to make sure that humans will not survive the colonisation of Earth. They have learned that Scully's baby is a miraculously special child and are afraid that it may be greater than them. They have only recently learned of the baby's importance, which is why Krycek told Skinner to kill the unborn child earlier. When Miles arrives at the FBI Headquarters, Mulder, Doggett, Skinner and Krycek help Scully to escape along with Reyes, who drives her to a remote farm. Shortly after Skinner kills Krycek, Scully delivers an apparently normal baby, while the alien super soldiers surround her. Without explanation, the aliens leave the area as Mulder arrives. While Doggett and Reyes report to the FBI Headquarters, Mulder takes Scully and their newborn son, William, back to her apartment.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: The eighth season of "The X-Files" takes place in a science fiction environment and employs the common science fiction concepts of strongly differentiated characters fighting an unequivocally evil enemy, in this case, the alien Colonists. The first episode of the season, "Within" explores "loss", "loneliness" and "pain" after the disappearance of Mulder. "Per Manum" included basic themes common in the series, such as "dark, foreboding terror", an "overriding sense of paranoia", and "the fear of the unknown", among others. Later on, death and resurrection emerged as a major sub-theme during the season, starting with "The Gift", wherein John Doggett is killed and resurrected, and later in "Deadalive" when Mulder is brought back to life after apparently being dead for three months. This sub-theme would continue well into the ninth season. The main story arc of the season dealt with the idea that, at times, humanity is a greater danger to itself. This theme is made manifest by the Syndicate and the human conspiracy with the aliens.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: The series' original title sequence, crafted in 1993 during the show's first season had remained unchanged for seven seasons. With the partial loss of Duchovny after the seventh-season finale, the decision was made to update the credits, which were first featured in the premiere episode of season eight, "Within". The opening sequence now included new images, updated FBI badge photos for Duchovny and Anderson, and the addition of Patrick to the main cast. Duchovny's badge features in the opening credits only when he appears in an episode. The opening contains images of Scully's pregnancy and, according to Frank Spotnitz, shows an "abstract" explanation for Mulder's absence in this season, with him falling into an eye.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: After the partial departure of Duchovny, Carter decided to focus almost solely on the character of Doggett during the first half of the season. This led to some unhappiness from the cast and critics, most notably Duchovny and Anderson. According to Tom Kessenich in his book "Examinations", Anderson reportedly "wasn't thrilled" with the lack of attention her character was getting; instead, the writers were crafting episodes solely for Doggett because he was the show's new "voice". Duchovny, on the other hand, was unhappy because Mulder's abduction was never properly examined. Reportedly, Duchovny offered to write and direct an episode based around the concept of Mulder being trapped in the alien spaceship, as seen in the season opener "Within" and "Without". Carter, however, nixed the idea because "it was not about Doggett."


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Frank Spotnitz recalled that he and Chris Carter were enthusiastic about the storytelling opportunities offered by the changing line-up, saying: "Suddenly it was this new toolbox, these new characters, these new actors, these new dynamics to play, and the storytelling really changed in those last two seasons and was really exciting for us to get to, to explore you know, your characters and the kinds of stories we could tell with you that we’d never could have or would have told with, with just Mulder and Scully in the show." He compared the tone to "The Twilight Zone".


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: The show's seventh season was a time of closure for "The X-Files". Characters within the show were written out—including Cigarette Smoking Man (William B. Davis) and Mulder's mother (Rebecca Toolan)—and several plot threads were resolved, including the fate of Fox Mulder's sister Samantha. Furthermore, after settling his contract dispute, Duchovny quit the show. This contributed to uncertainties over the likelihood of an eighth season. Carter and most fans felt the show was at its natural endpoint with Duchovny's departure, and Carter penned "Requiem", the finale episode of the seventh season, as a possible series finale. However, at the last minute, a new season was ordered and Duchovny agreed to star part-time, returning for 12 episodes instead of 21. Due to this change, the producers found it difficult to write Duchovny's character out of the script, but also eventually explain Mulder's absence if there were to be an upcoming season. Eventually, it was decided to have the character abducted by aliens.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Hoping to continue the series, Carter introduced a new central character to replace Mulder: John Doggett. More than 100 actors auditioned for the role, with only about ten considered by the producers. Lou Diamond Phillips and Hart Bochner were among the auditionees, and Phillips, Bochner and Bruce Campbell (who played Wayne Weinsider in a previous episode of "The X-Files") were considered for the role, but the producers eventually choose Robert Patrick. The season also introduced Monica Reyes (portrayed by Annabeth Gish), who would become a main character in the following season.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Chris Carter, who also served as executive producer and showrunner during the season, wrote or co-wrote the bulk of the episodes for the season, with nine of the twenty one episodes. Of the nine, four were co-written with executive producer Frank Spotnitz. Carter also wrote five episodes solo, and Spotnitz wrote four episodes solo. The rest of the writing staff contributed one or two episodes. Vince Gilligan was promoted to executive producer and wrote one episode. John Shiban was promoted to co-executive producer and wrote one episode. David Amann was promoted to producer and wrote one episode. Jeffrey Bell was promoted to executive story editor and wrote one episode. Greg Walker was promoted to executive story editor and wrote two episodes. Steven Maeda was promoted to story editor and wrote two episodes. Daniel Arkin, who wrote a freelance episode for the series previously, returned to contribute to the story for one episode.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Kim Manners was promoted to co-executive producer and directed the most of episodes of the season with seven. Directors who directed multiple episodes for the season included Tony Wharmby who directed four, Rod Hardy directed three, and Richard Compton directed two. Peter Markle, Terrence O'Hara, and Barry K. Thomas each directed one episode. Carter directed a single episode, while writer Spotnitz made his directorial debut.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Reportedly, Patrick was cast due to the hopes that his featured role in "" (1991) would attract a great 18- to 35-year-old male demographic to the show. Early on, Fox executives reported a 10 percent overall increase in the demographic, solely due to Patrick's casting. "Within", the season's first episode, earned a Nielsen household rating of 9.5, meaning that it was seen by 9.5% of the nation's estimated households. The episode was viewed by 15.87 million viewers, which marked an 11% decrease from the seventh season opener, "The Sixth Extinction." The highest-rated episode of the season was "This is Not Happening", which was viewed by 16.9 million viewers, making it the most-watched episode of the series, in terms of viewers, since "The Sixth Extinction". The season finale, "Existence", earned a Nielsen household rating of 8.4, meaning that it was seen by 8.4% of the nation's estimated households. The episode was watched by 14 million viewers, overall. The nine episodes of the season that did not feature Mulder averaged only 13 million viewers, whereas the twelve episodes that did feature Mulder averaged 13.93 million viewers, almost a difference of one million. The season averaged a total of 13.53 million viewers, down from the seventh season's 14.2 million.


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: During 2000, companies were paying Fox $225,000 for every 30-second spot that would air between acts of "The X-Files". Many Information technology (IT) companies were buying commercials during the show, largely due to the fact that "many ['coders IT geeks'] get their weekly fix of science fiction from this prime-time show."


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: The show's eighth season received mixed to positive reviews from critics. "The A.V. Club" noted that the first eight seasons of "The X-Files" were "good-to-great", and that the eighth season of the show was "revitalized by the new 'search for Mulder' story-arc." John C. Snider of SciFiDimensions gave the season a favorable review, calling it "great" and describing its episodes as "pretty strong". Collin Polonowonski of DVD Times said that the season included "more hits than misses overall" but was throughout negative about the mythology episodes claiming them to be the "weakest" episodes in the season. Many critics eventually accepted Doggett's character. Anita Gates of "The New York Times" said that most fans had "accepted" the introduction of the character and further stated that he actually looked "Like a Secret Service Agent." Carter commented on the character, saying "Everybody likes Robert Patrick and the character", but further stating that the fans "miss" Duchovny's character, Mulder. Dave Golder of "SFX" called Patrick "superb" and noted that his entrance in the series "inject[ed] a sense of pragmatism and good old-fashioned plain-speaking in to the show which we didn't realise was missing until we got it." "Entertainment Weekly" reviewer Ken Tucker said that Patrick's portrayal of Doggett was "hardboiled alertness", giving mostly positive reviews about his inclusion. Cynthia Littleton of "The Hollywood Reporter" described the season as the show's "swan song".


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: Not all reviews were positive. Jesse Hassenger from PopMatters gave a negative review to the season, claiming that Patrick was mis-cast and calling David Duchovny's appearances as Fox Mulder shallow. Golder criticized the season for "recycling plots with gusto" and for featuring Mulder falling into Scully's eye in the opening credits, noting that it "gives Duchovny too much of a lingering presence on the show, reinforcing prejudices against Patrick as some kind of 'imposter'."


title: The X-Files (season 8)

text: "This Is Not Happening" was nominated for an American Society of Cinematographers award for cinematography. Robert Patrick won a Saturn Award in the category "Best Television Actor" in 2001 for his role as Doggett, that year Gillian Anderson was nominated in the category "Best Actress on Television" and the series itself was nominated in the category "Best Network Television Series" in the Saturn Awards, but failed to win. Anderson was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild award the very same year in the category "Outstanding Performance by a Female Actor in a Drama Series". "The X-Files" won its last Emmy Award with "Deadalive", and Bill Roe received a nomination for "Outstanding Cinematography for a Single-Camera Series".


title: Sleeping Murder

text: Sleeping Murder: Miss Marple's Last Case is a work of detective fiction by Agatha Christie and first published in the UK by the Collins Crime Club in October 1976 and in the US by Dodd, Mead and Company later in the same year. The UK edition retailed for £3.50 and the US edition for $7.95.