title: Animal glue

text: This adhesive is mostly used as glue, sizing, or varnish, although it is not as frequently used as other adhesives because it is water-soluble. Other aspects, such as difficulty of storage in a wet state, requirement for fresh raw materials (the animal skin cannot be rotten or grease-burned), make this product more difficult to find and use. Factories now produce other forms of adhesives, as the process for animal glue is complex and tricky to follow. Animal glues will also darken with age and shrink as they dry, giving them the potential to harm wood, paper, or works of art. Too much handling and too many changes in temperature or humidity could cause further harm. Some companies, such as those in Canada, still produce animal, hide and hoof glues from horses. Recently, animal glue has been replaced by other adhesives and plastics, but remains popular for restoration.


title: Animal glue

text: Animal glue was the most common woodworking glue for thousands of years until the advent of synthetic glues, such as polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and other resin glues, in the 20th century. Today it is used primarily in specialty applications, such as lutherie, pipe organ building, piano repairs, and antique restoration. Glass artists take advantage of hide glue's ability to bond with glass. As the glue hardens it shrinks, chipping the glass.


title: Animal glue

text: It has several advantages and disadvantages compared to other glues. The glue is applied hot, typically with a brush or spatula. Glue is kept hot in a glue pot, which may be an electric unit built for the purpose, a double boiler, or simply a saucepan or crock pot to provide a warm water bath for the container of glue. Most animal glues are soluble in water, useful for joints which may at some time need to be separated. Alcohol is sometimes applied to such joints to dehydrate the glue, making it more brittle and easier to crack apart. Steam can also be used to soften glue and separate joints.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue is made from animal hide (animal skin) and is often used in woodworking. It may be supplied as granules, flakes, or flat sheets, which have an indefinite shelf life if kept dry. It is dissolved in water, heated and applied warm, typically around 60 °C (140 °F). Warmer temperatures quickly destroy the strength of hide glue. Commercial glue pots, simple water baths or double boilers may be used to keep the glue hot while in use. As hide glue cools, it gels quickly. At room temperature, prepared hide glue has the consistency of stiff gelatin, which is in fact a similar composition. Gelled hide glue does not have significant strength, so it is vital to apply the glue, fit the pieces, and hold them steady before the glue temperature drops much below 50 °C (120 °F). All glues have an "open time", the amount of time the glue remains liquid and workable. Joining parts after the open time is expired results in a weak bond. Hide glue's open time is usually a minute or less. In practice, this often means having to heat the pieces to be glued, and gluing in a very warm room, though these steps can be dispensed with if the glue and clamp operation can be carried out quickly.


title: Animal glue

text: Where hide glue is in occasional use, excess glue may be held in a freezer, to prevent spoilage from the growth of microorganisms. Hide glue has some gap filling properties, although modern gap-filling adhesives, such as epoxy resin, are better in this regard.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue that is liquid at room temperature is also possible through the addition of urea. In stress tests performed by Mark Schofield of Fine Woodworking Magazine, "liquid hide glue" compared favourably to normal hide glue in average strength of bond. "However, any liquid hide glue over six months old can be suspect because the urea eventually hydrolyzes the protein structure of the glue and weakens it – even though the product was 'protected' with various bactericides and fungicides during manufacture."


title: Animal glue

text: Animal hides are soaked in water to produce "stock." The stock is then treated with lime to break down the hides. The hides are then rinsed to remove the lime, any residue being neutralized with a weak acid solution. The hides are heated, in water, to a carefully controlled temperature around . The "glue liquor" is then drawn off, more water added, and the process repeated at increasing temperatures.


title: Animal glue

text: The significant disadvantages of hide glue – its thermal limitations, short open time, and vulnerability to micro-organisms – are offset by several advantages. Hide glue joints are reversible and repairable. Recently glued joints will release easily with the application of heat and steam. Hide glue sticks to itself, so the repairer can apply new hide glue to the joint and reclamp it. In contrast, PVA glues do not adhere to themselves once they are cured, so a successful repair requires removal of the old glue first – which usually requires removing some of the material being glued.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue creates a somewhat brittle joint, so a strong shock will often cause a very clean break along the joint. In contrast, cleaving a joint glued with PVA will usually damage the surrounding material, creating an irregular break that is more difficult to repair. This brittleness is taken advantage of by instrument makers. For example, instruments in the violin family require periodic disassembly for repairs and maintenance. The top of a violin is easily removed by prying a palette knife between the top and ribs, and running it all around the joint. The brittleness allows the top to be removed, often without significant damage to the wood. Regluing the top only requires applying new hot hide glue to the joint. If the violin top were glued on with PVA glue, removing the top would require heat and steam to disassemble the joint (causing damage to the varnish), then wood would have to be removed from the joint to ensure no cured PVA glue was remaining before regluing the top.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue also functions as its own clamp. Once the glue begins to gel, it pulls the joint together. Violin makers may glue the center seams of top and back plates together using a "rubbed joint" rather than using clamps. This technique involves coating half of the joint with hot hide glue, and then rubbing the other half against the joint until the hide glue starts to gel, at which point the glue becomes tacky. At this point the plate is set aside without clamps, and the hide glue pulls the joint together as it hardens.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue regains its working properties after cooling if it is reheated. This property can be used when the glue's open time does not allow the joint to be glued normally. For example, a cello maker may not be able to glue and clamp a top to the instrument's ribs in the short one-minute open time available. Instead, the builder will lay a bead of glue along the ribs, and allow it to cool. The top is then clamped to the ribs. Moving a few inches at a time, the maker inserts a heated palette knife into the joint, heating the glue. When the glue is liquefied, the palette knife is removed, and the glue cools, creating a bond. A similar process can be used to glue veneers to a substrate. The veneer and/or the substrate is coated with hot hide glue. Once the glue is cold, the veneer is positioned on the substrate. A hot object such as a clothes iron is applied to the veneer, liquefying the underlying glue. When the iron is removed, the glue cools, bonding the veneer to the substrate.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue joints do not creep under loads. PVA glues create plastic joints, which will creep over time if heavy loads are applied to them.


title: Animal glue

text: Hide glue is supplied in many different gram strengths, each suited to specific applications. Instrument and cabinet builders will use a range from 120 to 200 gram strength. Some hide glues are sold without the gram strength specified. Experienced users avoid this glue as the glue may be too weak or strong for the expected application.


title: Animal glue

text: Rabbit-skin glue is more flexible when dry than typical hide glues. It is used in the sizing or priming of oil painters' canvases. It also is used in bookbinding and as the adhesive component of some recipes for gesso and compo.


title: Animal glue

text: Fish glue is made from the bones or tissues of fish. Isinglass is made specifically from the swim bladders, and is collagen-based. Fish glues were used in Ancient Egypt and Classical Antiquity in the Mediterranean; they continued to be used in Europe in Late Antiquity and the Medieval period, and are still used in niche applications today. It is brittle when dried, so it has sometimes been mixed with plasticizers such as molasses and honey. It was used in art, woodworking, lutherie, and for gluing paper and bone.


title: Lala Sloatman

text: Lala Cassandra Sloatman (born October 12, 1970) is an American model, actress and costumer. Her uncle was musician Frank Zappa; her cousins are Ahmet, Diva, Moon and Dweezil Zappa. She is frequently billed by her first name only, and sometimes as Lala Zappa.


title: Lala Sloatman

text: Born in Winter Park, Florida, Sloatman's first name is the Hawaiian form of Laura. Her father is second-generation Marine John ("Dunt") Sloatman III , whose sister Gail was the wife of rock musician Frank Zappa. Sloatman ultimately moved to Santa Barbara, California, and after that to Los Angeles. She has numerous half-siblings on both sides of her family.


title: Lala Sloatman

text: In the 1980s, Sloatman appeared in the films "Watchers" (1988) and "Dream a Little Dream" (1989), alongside her then-boyfriend Corey Haim. Haim personally suggested her for the lead in a third movie, "Prayer of the Rollerboys" (1991), but she lost out to Patricia Arquette. Sloatman's additional movie work includes "Bunny Bunny Bunny" (a short film which co-starred her cousin Moon and Kyle Richards), "Pump Up the Volume" (1990), "" (1993, as Lauren Holly's college roommate), "Buy One, Get One Free*" (1996), "Manfast" (2003), "Net Games" (2003, as a sexy serial killer) and Sofia Coppola's "Somewhere" (2010).


title: Lala Sloatman

text: She dated Corey Haim in the late 1980s, and C. Thomas Howell in the early 1990s. Lala has a daughter, Lula. Sloatman was married to Black Crowes lead singer Chris Robinson from 1996 to 1998.


title: Wholphin

text: A wholphin (portmanteau of whale + dolphin) is an extremely rare cetacean hybrid born from a mating of a female common bottlenose dolphin ("Tursiops truncatus") with a male false killer whale ("Pseudorca crassidens"). The name implies a hybrid of whale and dolphin, although taxonomically, both are within the oceanic dolphin family, which is within the toothed whale parvorder. Wholphins have been born in captivity and have also been reported in the wild.


title: Wholphin

text: The first wholphin in the United States and the first to survive was Kekaimalu, born at Sea Life Park in Hawaii on May 15, 1985; her name means "from the peaceful ocean". Kekaimalu proved fertile when she gave birth at a very young age. The calf died after a few days. In 1991, Kekaimalu gave birth again, to her daughter, Pohaikealoha. For two years, she cared for the calf, but did not nurse it; it was hand-reared by trainers. Pohaikealoha died at age 9. On December 23, 2004, Kekaimalu had her third calf, daughter Kawili Kai, sired by a male bottlenose. The calf did nurse and was very playful. Only months after birth, it was the size of a one-year-old bottlenose dolphin. All three calves were three-quarters bottlenose dolphin and one-quarter false killer whale. , Kekaimalu and Kawili Kai remain in captivity in Sea Life Park.


title: SV-98

text: The SV-98 ("Snaiperskaya Vintovka Model 1998") is a Russian bolt-action sniper rifle designed by Vladimir Stronskiy. In 2003 special operations troops were armed with the 7.62 mm 6S11 sniper system comprising the SV-98 sniper rifle (index 6V10) and 7N14 sniper enhanced penetration round. The rifle has been used in combat during operations in Chechnya and Ukraine.


title: SV-98

text: The SV-98 sniper rifle is based on the Record full bore sport shooting rifle series also made by Izhmash. Izhmash also produces Record target rifles chambered in .308 Winchester, 7.62×54mmR and .338 Lapua Magnum which are similar to the SV-98.


title: SV-98

text: According to the manufacturer the SV-98 sniper rifle is designed to engage various targets at a range up to .


title: SV-98

text: The heart of the SV-98 is a cold-hammer forged receiver and a cold-hammer forged free-floating heavy barrel which can be chrome lined to order. The manually operated bolt action has a rotating bolt with three symmetrically-spaced frontal lugs. The barrel has 4 grooves right-hand rifling and a 320 mm (1 in 12.6 in) twist rate and features a threaded muzzle which can accept the standard provided conical birdcage-pattern muzzle brake or a specially designed 23db (A) suppressor that requires the use of subsonic ammunition. The rifle was developed to fire 7.62×54mmR 7N1 standard sniper, 7N14 enhanced penetration sniper or "Extra" match grade sports cartridges.


title: SV-98

text: The SV-98 is equipped with iron sights (shrouded front and an up to in increments adjustable tangent-type rear sight) and a Picatinny rail on top of the receiver that can be used to mount Russian and foreign made telescopic sights and other aiming optics with an appropriate rail interface system. According to several internet sources, a standard telescopic sight used on this rifle is the PKS-07 7× fixed-magnification scope. The manufacturer however states the Russian made 1P69 3-10×42 variable magnification telescopic sight with a sighting range of up to is used as standard day light optical sight. The 1PN113 3.7× fixed magnification night sight is used as the standard low light optical sight.


title: SV-98

text: The ambidextrous laminated plywood stock features an adjustable butt plate that can be regulated for length of pull, height and pitch and has a height and length adjustable cheek comb. A fiber glass reinforced polymer stock was also offered. A front attachment point is situated at the foreend for mounting an integral folding bipod and the stock is prepared for mounting an integral rear monopod. The length of both bipod legs is independently adjustable and the rear monopod folds into the stock. A carrying handle can be attached to the stock in order to prevent the operator from grasping the rifle by its aiming optics during quick position changes or on the march.


title: SV-98

text: The trigger mechanism displays an adjustable trigger pull of . The safety lever is located behind the bolt handle and the safety locks the trigger, immobilizes the sear and prevents the rotary bolt from turning.


title: SV-98

text: The staggered (or double) column detachable box magazine is made out of glass fiber reinforced nylon with metal inserts and holds 10 rounds. To reduce recoil, jump, flash and sound signature, the SV-98 can be supplied with a TGP-V tactical suppressor. An anti-mirage strap can be fixed between the front and rear sights.


title: SV-98

text: Internet sources report differing information regarding the attainable accuracy of fire, though the quality of the ammunition used is often mentioned as a very important factor in obtaining good accuracy.


title: SV-98

text: A civilian version produced in 2010, this does not have provisions to install a suppressor and a carry handle.


title: SV-98

text: In 2013 an upgraded SV-98 variant was developed by Izhmash featuring an adjustable aluminum skeleton type stock. Izhmash expects the upgraded variant to be more economical to produce and offer improved maintainability and accuracy of fire. It has been tested by Izhmash since 2013.


title: SV-98

text: The upgraded sniper rifle features an aluminum alloy receiver providing enhanced performance and lower cost of production. The adjustable stock is ambidextrous. The buttstock length is adjustable and the position of the butt plate and comb adjusts by length and height. It also features a bipod in the forearm and a leg in the buttstock; adjustment of each leg is independent. In travel position the bipod is folded into the forearm, and the rear leg – into the buttstock, and, thus, do not enlarge the overall dimensions of the weapon.


title: SV-98

text: The upgraded SV-98 can also be equipped with a tactical suppressor to reduce the sound blast, blowback and flash when it is being fired. It also features a Picatinny rail on top of the receiver to mount Russian-made and foreign-made optics. It comes with a standard 1P69 optical sight with a 3–10× variable magnification and is equipped with an open sight. The rifle safety catch locks the trigger, inerts the sear and prevents the rotary bolt from turning (unlocking).


title: SV-98

text: In 2017 Kalashnikov Concern took over production of the SV-98. It has a lightweight skeleton stock made of aluminium alloys, a Picatinny rail for optical scopes on the top of its upper receiver, a folding stock, and an integrated bipod. It is chambered for the 7N1 or 7N14 7.62×54mmR sniper cartridges and has a magazine capacity of 10 rounds. The sniper rifle has a combat weight of 7.8 kg, a length of 1,200 mm (including a barrel of 650 mm), and an effective firing range of 1,000 m. It can be equipped with a suppressor instead of the organic muzzle brake to reduce the sound blast, blowback and flash when it is being fired. It is primarily intended for the snipers of the Russian Ground Forces.


title: SV-98

text: According to a source in the local defence industry, the military has ordered a small batch of SV-98 sniper rifles for operational test and evaluation. The Kalashnikov SV-98 was introduced in service in May 2020.


title: SV-98

text: Based on the Record full bore sport shooting rifle series Izhmash also developed the SV-338, SV-338M, and SV-338 M1 sniper rifles chambered for the .338 Lapua Magnum (8.6×70mm or 8.58×70mm) cartridge. These rifles feature scaled-up magnum bolt actions but are similar to the SV-98.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In Christianity, the title Son of God refers to the status of Jesus as the divine son of God the Father. In Trinitarian Christianity, it also refers to his status as God the Son, the second divine person or hypostasis of the Trinity.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: It derives from several uses in the New Testament and early Christian theology. The terms "son of God" and "son of the " are found in several passages of the Old Testament.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In the introduction to the Genesis flood narrative, refers to "sons of God" who married the daughters of men and is used in a polytheistic context to refer to angels.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In some versions of Deuteronomy, the Dead Sea Scrolls refer to the sons of God rather than the sons of Israel, probably in reference to angels. The Septuagint reads similarly.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , David calls God his father. God in turn tells David that he will make David his first-born and highest king of the earth.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Psalm 2 is thought to be an enthronement text. The rebel nations and the uses of an iron rod are Assyrian motifs. The begetting of the king is an Egyptian one. Israel's kings are referred to as the son of the . They are reborn or adopted on the day of their enthroning as the "son of the ".


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Some scholars think that Psalm 110 is an alternative enthronement text. Psalm 110:1 distinguishes the king from the . The LORD asks the king to sit at his right hand. Psalm 110:3 may or may not have a reference to the begetting of kings. The exact translation of 110:3 is uncertain. In the traditional Hebrew translations his youth is renewed like the morning dew. In some alternative translations the king is begotten by God like the morning dew or by the morning dew. One possible translation of 110:4 is that the king is told that he is a priest like Melchizedek. Another possibility is to translate Melchizedek not as a name but rather as a title "Righteous King". If a reference is made to Melchizedek this could be linked to pre-Israelite Canaanite belief. The invitation to sit at the right hand of the deity and the king's enemy's being used as footstools are both classic Egyptian motifs, as is the association of the king with the rising sun. Many scholars now think that Israelite beliefs evolved from Canaanite beliefs. Jews have traditionally believed that Psalm 110 applied only to King David. Being the first Davidic king, he had certain priest-like responsibilities.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Some believe that these psalms were not meant to apply to a single king, but rather were used during the enthronement ceremony. The fact that the Royal psalms were preserved suggests that the influence of Egyptian and other near eastern cultures on pre-exile religion needs to be taken seriously. Ancient Egyptians used similar language to describe pharaohs. Assyrian and Canaanite influences among others are also noted.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , God promises David regarding his offspring that "I will be to him as a father and he will be to me as a son." The promise is one of eternal kingship.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In Isaiah 9:6, the next king is greeted, similarly to the passages in Psalms. Like Psalm 45:7–8 he is figuratively likened to the supreme king God. Isaiah could also be interpreted as the birth of a royal child, Psalm 2 nevertheless leaves the accession scenario as an attractive possibility. The king in 9:6 is thought to have been Hezekiah by Jews and various academic scholars.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , God refers to himself as the father of Israel and Ephraim as his first born son. Ephraim in Jeremiah refers collectively to the northern kingdom.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In the Book of Ecclesiasticus 4:10, in the Hebrew text, God calls a person who acts righteously his son. The Greek reads slightly differently; here, he will be "like a son of the Most High".


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Through the centuries, the theological development of the concept of Son of God has interacted with other Christological elements such as pre-existence of Christ, Son of man, the hypostatic union, etc. For instance, in Johannine "Christology from above" which begins with the pre-existence of Christ, Jesus did not become Son of God through the virgin birth, he always was the Son of God. The term "Son of God" is also found as a small fragment along with other Dead Sea Scrolls, numbered as 4Q246.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Early Christians developed various view of how Jesus related to God and what role he played in God's plan for salvation.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: By the 2nd century, differences had developed among various Christian groups and to defend the mainstream view in the early Church, Irenaeus introduced the confession: "One Christ only, Jesus the Son of God incarnate for our salvation". By referring to incarnation, this professes Jesus as the pre-existing Logos, i.e. The Word. It also professes him as both Christ and the only-begotten Son of God.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: To establish a common ground, the Nicene Creed of 325 began with the profession of the Father Almighty and then states belief:


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: "...in one Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, the only-begotten of his Father, of the substance of the Father, God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God, begotten, not made, being of one substance with the Father."


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Augustine of Hippo wrote at length on the Son of God and its relationship with the Son of man, positioning the two issues in terms of the dual nature of Jesus as both divine and human in terms of the hypostatic union. He wrote:


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: But since he is the only Son of God, by nature and not by grace, he became also the Son of Man that he might be full of grace as well.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: However, unlike "Son of God", the proclamation of Jesus as the Son of man has never been an article of faith in Christianity. The interpretation of the use of "the Son of man" and its relationship to Son of God has remained challenging and after 150 years of debate no consensus on the issue has emerged among scholars.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Just as in Romans 10:9–13 Paul emphasized the salvific value of "professing by mouth" that Jesus is Lord (Kyrion Iesoun), Augustine emphasized the value of "professing that Jesus is the Son of God" as a path to salvation.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: For Thomas Aquinas (who also taught the Perfection of Christ), the "'Son of God' is God as known to God". Aquinas emphasized the crucial role of the Son of God in bringing forth all of creation and taught that although humans are created in the image of God they fall short and only the Son of God is truly like God, and hence divine.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Of all the Christological titles used in the New Testament, "Son of God" has had one of the most lasting impacts in Christian history and has become part of the profession of faith by many Christians. In the mainstream Trinitarian context the title implies the divinity of Jesus as part of the Trinity of Father, Son and the Spirit.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: The New Testament quotes Psalm 110 extensively as applying to the son of god. A new theological understanding of Psalm 110:1 and 110:4, distinct from that of Judaism, evolved. Jesus himself quotes Psalm 110 in , and . The meanings and authenticity of these quotations are debated among modern scholars. Various modern critical scholars reject that David wrote this psalm. In the Masoretic Text many Psalm including this one are explicitly attributed to David. The superscription is "of David a psalm." Some have suggested that this indicates that Psalm 110 was not written by David. The superscription as it stands is ambiguous. However, Jewish tradition ascribes Psalm 110 and indeed all Psalms to king David. In Christianity David is considered to be a prophet. The New Testament records several psalms as having been spoken through David by the Holy Spirit. explicitly calls David a prophet. Jesus himself affirms the authorship of this psalm by David in Mark 12:36 and Matthew 22:43. In the Christian reading, David the king is presented as having a lord other than the Lord God. The second lord is the Messiah, who is greater than David, because David calls him "my lord". In Hebrew, the first "Lord" in Psalm 110 is "Yahweh" (יהוה), while the second is referred to as "adoni" (אדני), (my "adon"), a form of address that in the Old Testament is used generally for humans but also, in , for the theophanic Angel of the Lord. The Greek-speaking Jewish philosopher Philo, a contemporary of Jesus, identified the Angel of the Lord with his version of the logos distinct from the later Christian logos.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: It is debated when exactly Christians came to understand Psalm 110 as introducing a distinction of persons in the Godhead and indicating that Jesus was more than a human or angelic messiah, but also a divine entity who was David's lord. Hebrews 1:13 again quotes Psalm 110 to prove that the Son is superior to angels. Psalm 110 would play a crucial role in the development of the early Christian understanding of the divinity of Jesus. The final reading of Psalm 110:1 incorporated a Preexistent Son of God greater than both David and the angels. The Apostles' Creed and the Niceno-Constantinopolitan Creed would all included references to Psalm 110:1.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Psalm 2 can be seen as referring to a particular king of Judah, but has also been understood to reference the awaited Messiah. In the New Testament, Adam, and, most notably, Jesus Christ References to Psalm 2 in the New Testament are less common than Psalm 110. The passages in Acts, Hebrews and Romans that refer to it give the appearance of being linked with Jesus’ resurrection and/or exaltation. Those in the Gospels associate it with Jesus' baptism and transfiguration. The majority of scholars believe that the earliest Christian use of this Psalm was in relation to his resurrection, suggesting that this was initially thought of as the moment when he became Son, a status that the early Christians later extended back to his earthly life, to the beginning of that earthly life and, later still, to his pre-existence, a view that Aquila Hyung Il Lee questions.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: The terms "sons of God" and "son of God" appear frequently in Jewish literature, and leaders of the people, kings and princes were called "sons of God". What Jesus did with the language of divine sonship was first of all to apply it individually (to himself) and to fill it with a meaning that lifted "Son of God" beyond the level of his being merely a human being made like Adam in the image of God, his being perfectly sensitive to the Holy Spirit (), his bringing God's peace (; ) albeit in his own way (, ), or even his being God's designated Messiah.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In the New Testament, the title "Son of God" is applied to Jesus on many occasions. It is often used to refer to his divinity, from the beginning of the New Testament narrative when in the angel Gabriel announces: "the power of the Most High shall overshadow thee: wherefore also the holy thing which is begotten shall be called the Son of God."


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: The declaration that Jesus is the Son of God is echoed by many sources in the New Testament. On two separate occasions the declarations are by God the Father, when during the Baptism of Jesus and then during the Transfiguration as a voice from Heaven. On several occasions the disciples call Jesus the Son of God and even the Jews scornfully remind Jesus during his crucifixion of his claim to be the Son of God."


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: However, the concept of God as the father of Jesus, and Jesus as the exclusive divine Son of God is distinct from the concept of God as the Creator and father of all people, as indicated in the Apostles' Creed. The profession begins with expressing belief in the "Father almighty, creator of heaven and earth" and then immediately, but separately, in "Jesus Christ, his only Son, our Lord", thus expressing both senses of fatherhood within the Creed.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: The Gospel of Mark begins by calling Jesus the Son of God and reaffirms the title twice when a voice from Heaven calls Jesus: "my Son" in and .


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , after Jesus walks on water, the disciples tell Jesus: "You really are the Son of God!" In response to the question by Jesus, "But who do you say that I am?", Peter replied: "You are Christ, the Son of the living God". And Jesus answered him, "Blessed are you, Simon Bar-Jonah! For flesh and blood has not revealed this to you, but my Father who is in heaven" (). In , while Jesus hangs on the cross, the Jewish leaders mock him to ask God help, "for he said, I am the Son of God", referring to the claim of Jesus to be the Son of God. and include the exclamation by the Roman commander: "He was surely the Son of God!" after the earthquake following the Crucifixion of Jesus.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , in the Annunciation, before the birth of Jesus, the angel tells Mary that her child "shall be called the Son of God". In (and ), when Jesus casts out demons, they fall down before him, and declare: "You are the Son of God."


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , John the Baptist bears witness that Jesus is the Son of God and in Martha calls him the Messiah and the Son of God. In several passages in the Gospel of John assertions of Jesus being the Son of God are usually also assertions of his unity with the Father, as in : "If you know me, then you will also know my Father" and "Whoever has seen me has seen the Father".


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , the Jews cry out to Pontius Pilate "Crucify him" based on the charge that Jesus "made himself the Son of God." The charge that Jesus had declared himself "Son of God" was essential to the argument of the Jews from a religious perspective, as the charge that he had called himself King of the Jews was important to Pilate from a political perspective, for it meant possible rebellion against Rome.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Towards the end of his Gospel (in ), John declares that the purpose for writing it was "that you may believe that Jesus is the Messiah, the Son of God".


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In , after the Conversion of Paul the Apostle, and following his recovery, "straightway in the synagogues he proclaimed Jesus, that he is the Son of God."


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: According to the Synoptic Gospels, Jesus referred to himself obliquely as "the Son" and even more significantly spoke of God as "my Father" (; ; ). He not only spoke like "the Son" but also acted like "the Son" in knowing and revealing the truth about God, in changing the divine law, in forgiving sins, in being the one through whom others could become children of God, and in acting with total obedience as the agent for God's final kingdom. This clarifies the charge of blasphemy brought against him at the end (); he had given the impression of claiming to stand on a par with God. Jesus came across as expressing a unique filial consciousness and as laying claim to a unique filial relationship with the God whom he addressed as "Abba".


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Even if historically he never called himself "the only" Son of God (cf. ; ), Jesus presented himself as Son and not just as one who was the divinely appointed Messiah (and therefore "son" of God). He made himself out to be more than only someone chosen and anointed as divine representative to fulfil an eschatological role in and for the kingdom. Implicitly, Jesus claimed an essential, "ontological" relationship of sonship towards God which provided the grounds for his functions as revealer, lawgiver, forgiver of sins, and agent of the final kingdom. Those functions (his "doing") depended on his ontological relationship as Son of God (his "being"). Jesus invited his hearers to accept God as a loving, merciful Father. He worked towards mediating to them a new relationship with God, even to the point that they too could use "Abba" when addressing God in prayer. Yet, Jesus' consistent distinction between "my" Father and "your" Father showed that he was not inviting the disciples to share with him an identical relationship of sonship. He was apparently conscious of a qualitative distinction between his sonship and their sonship which was derived from and depended on his. His way of being son was different from theirs.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In the Gospel of John, Jesus is the eternally pre-existent Son who was sent from heaven into the world by God (e.g., ; ; ). He remains conscious of the divine pre-existence he enjoyed with the Father (, ). He is one with the father (; ) and loved by the Father (; ; ; ). The Son has the divine power to give life and to judge (; ; ; ). Through his death, resurrection, and ascension the Son is glorified by the Father (), but it is not a glory that is thereby essentially enhanced. His glory not only existed from the time of the incarnation to reveal the Father (), but also pre-existed the creation of the world (). Where Paul and the author of Hebrews picture Jesus almost as the elder brother or the first-born of God's new eschatological family (; ), John insists even more on the clear qualitative difference between Jesus' sonship and that of others. Being God's "only Son" (; ), he enjoys a truly unique and exclusive relationship with the Father.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: At least four of these themes go back to the earthly Jesus himself. First, although one has no real evidence for holding that he was humanly aware of his eternal pre-existence as Son, his "Abba-consciousness" revealed an intimate loving relationship with the Father. The full Johannine development of the Father-Son relationship rests on an authentic basis in the Jesus-tradition (; ; ; ). Second, Jesus not only thought of himself as God's Son, but also spoke of himself as sent by God. Once again, John develops the theme of the Son's mission, which is already present in sayings that at least partly go back to Jesus (; ; ), especially in , where it is a question of the sending of a "beloved Son". Third, the Johannine theme of the Son with power to judge in the context of eternal life finds its original historical source in the sayings of Jesus about his power to dispose of things in the kingdom assigned to him by "my Father" () and about one's relationship to him deciding one's final destiny before God (). Fourth, albeit less insistently, when inviting his audience to accept a new filial relationship with God, Jesus — as previously seen — distinguished his own relationship to God from theirs. The exclusive Johannine language of God's "only Son" has its real source in Jesus' preaching. All in all, Johannine theology fully deploys Jesus' divine sonship, but does so by building up what one already finds in the Synoptic Gospels and what, at least in part, derives from the earthly Jesus himself.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In their own way, John and Paul maintained this distinction. Paul expressed their new relationship with God as taking place through an "adoption" (; ), which makes them "children of God" () or, alternatively, "sons of God" (; (). John distinguished between the only Son of God (; ) and all those who through faith can become "children of God" (; ; and ). Paul and John likewise maintained and developed the correlative of all this, Jesus' stress on the fatherhood of God. Over 100 times John's Gospel names God as "Father". Paul's typical greeting to his correspondents runs as follows: "Grace to you and peace from "God our Father" and the/our Lord Jesus Christ" (; ; ; ; ; ; ). The greeting names Jesus as "Lord", but the context of "God our Father" implies his sonship.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Paul therefore distinguished between their graced situation as God's adopted children and that of Jesus as Son of God. In understanding the latter's "natural" divine sonship, Paul firstly spoke of God "sending his own Son in the likeness of sinful nature and to deal with sin" (). In a similar passage, Paul says that "when the fullness of time had come God sent his Son, born of a woman, born under the law" (). If one examines these three passages in some detail, it raises the question whether Paul thinks of an eternally pre-existent Son coming into the world from his Father in heaven to set humanity free from sin and death () and make it God's adopted children (). The answer will partly depend, first, on the way one interprets other Pauline passages which do not use the title "Son of God" (; ). These latter passages present a pre-existent Christ taking the initiative, through his "generosity" in "becoming poor" for us and "assuming the form of a slave". The answer will, second, depend on whether one judges and to imply that as a pre-existent being the Son was active at creation. without explicitly naming "the Son" as such, runs:


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: There is one God, the Father, from whom are all things and for whom we exist, and one Lord, Jesus Christ, through whom are all things and through whom we exist.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Calling God "the Father" clearly moves one toward talk of "the Son". In the case of , the whole hymn () does not give Jesus any title. However, he has just been referred to () as God's "beloved Son".


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: Third, it should be observed that the language of "sending" (or, for that matter, "coming" with its stress on personal purpose (; ) by itself does not necessarily imply pre-existence. Otherwise one would have to ascribe pre-existence to John the Baptist, "a man sent from God", who "came to bear witness to the light" (; cf. ). In the Old Testament, angelic and human messengers, especially prophets, were "sent" by God, but one should add at once that the prophets sent by God were never called God's sons. It makes a difference that in the cited Pauline passages it was God's Son who was sent. Here being "sent" by God means more than merely receiving a divine commission and includes coming from a heavenly pre-existence and enjoying a divine origin. Fourth, in their context, the three Son of God passages here examined (Rom. 8:3, 32; Gal. 4:4) certainly do not focus on the Son's pre-existence, but on his being sent or given up to free human beings from sin and death, to make them God's adopted children, and to let them live (and pray) with the power of the indwelling Spirit. Nevertheless, the Apostle's soteriology presupposes here a Christology that includes divine pre-existence. It is precisely because Christ is the pre-existent Son who comes from the Father that he can turn human beings into God's adopted sons and daughters.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: When in , Peter states: "You are Christ, the Son of the living God", Jesus not only accepts the titles, but calls Peter "blessed" because his declaration had been revealed him by "my Father who is in Heaven". According to John Yieh, in this account the evangelist Matthew is unequivocally stating this as the church's view of Jesus.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In the Sanhedrin trial of Jesus in when the high priest asked Jesus: "Are you the Messiah, the Son of the Blessed One?" In the next verse, Jesus responded "I am". Jesus' claim here was emphatic enough to make the high priest tear his robe.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In the new Testament Jesus uses the term "my Father" as a direct and unequivocal assertion of his sonship, and a unique relationship with the Father beyond any attribution of titles by others:


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: In a number of other episodes Jesus claims sonship by referring to the Father, e.g. in when he is found in the temple a young Jesus calls the temple "my Father's house", just as he does later in in the Cleansing of the Temple episode. In and Jesus allows himself to be called the Son of God by the voice from above, not objecting to the title.


title: Son of God (Christianity)

text: References to "my Father" by Jesus in the New Testament are distinguished in that he never includes other individuals in them and only refers to "his" Father, however when addressing the disciples he uses "your" Father, excluding himself from the reference.


title: War of aggression

text: A war of aggression, sometimes also war of conquest, is a military conflict waged without the justification of self-defense, usually for territorial gain and subjugation.


title: War of aggression

text: Wars without international legality (i.e. not out of self-defense nor sanctioned by the United Nations Security Council) can be considered wars of aggression; however, this alone usually does not constitute the definition of a war of aggression; certain wars may be unlawful but not aggressive (a war to settle a boundary dispute where the initiator has a reasonable claim, and limited aims, is one example).


title: War of aggression

text: In the judgment of the International Military Tribunal at Nuremberg, which followed World War II, "War is essentially an evil thing. Its consequences are not confined to the belligerent states alone, but affect the whole world. To initiate a war of aggression, therefore, is not only an international crime; it is the supreme international crime differing only from other war crimes in that it contains within itself the accumulated evil of the whole."


title: War of aggression

text: Article 39 of the United Nations Charter provides that the UN Security Council shall determine the existence of any act of aggression and "shall make recommendations, or decide what measures shall be taken in accordance with Articles 41 and 42, to maintain or restore international peace and security".


title: War of aggression

text: The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court refers to the crime of aggression as one of the "most serious crimes of concern to the international community", and provides that the crime falls within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). However, the Rome Statute stipulates that the ICC may not exercise its jurisdiction over the crime of aggression until such time as the states parties agree on a definition of the crime and set out the conditions under which it may be prosecuted. At the Kampala Review Conference on 11 June 2010, a total of 111 State Parties to the Court agreed by consensus to adopt a resolution accepting the definition of the crime and the conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction over this crime. The relevant amendments to the Statute entered into force on July 17, 2018 after being ratified by 35 States Parties.


title: War of aggression

text: The origin of the concept, the author Peter Maguire argues, emerged from the debate on Article 231 of the Treaty of Versailles of 1919: "Germany accepts the responsibility of Germany and her allies for causing all the loss and damage to which the Allied and Associated Governments and their nationals have been subjected as a consequence of the war imposed upon them by the aggression of Germany and her allies." Maguire argues:


title: War of aggression

text: Two Conventions for the Definition of Aggression were signed in London on 3 and 4 July 1933. The first was signed by Czechoslovakia, Romania, the Soviet Union, Turkey and Yugoslavia, and came into effect on 17 February 1934, when it was ratified by all of them but Turkey. The second was signed by Afghanistan (ratified 20 October 1933), Estonia (4 December), Latvia (4 December), Persia (16 November), Poland (16 October), Romania (16 October), the Soviet Union (16 October) and Turkey, which ratified both treaties on 23 March 1934. Finland acceded to the second convention on 31 January 1934. The second convention was the first to be registered with the League of Nations Treaty Series on 29 March 1934, while the first was registered on 26 April. As Lithuania refused to sign any treaty including Poland, it signed the definition of aggression in a separate pact with the Soviet Union on 5 July 1933, also in London, and exchanged ratifications on 14 December. It was registered in the Treaty Series on 16 April 1934.


title: War of aggression

text: The signatories of both treaties were also signatories of the Kellogg–Briand Pact prohibiting aggression, and were seeking an agreed definition of the latter. Czechoslovakia, Romania and Yugoslavia were members of the Little Entente, and their signatures alarmed Bulgaria, since the definition of aggression clearly covered its support of the Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization. Both treaties base their definition on the "Politis Report" of the Committee of Security Questions made 24 March 1933 to the Conference for the Reduction and Limitation of Armaments, in answer to a proposal of the Soviet delegation. The Greek politician Nikolaos Politis was behind the inclusion of "support for armed bands" as a form of aggression. Ratifications for both treaties were deposited in Moscow, as the convention was primarily the work of Maxim Litvinov, the Soviet signatory. The convention defined an act of aggression as follows:


title: War of aggression

text: The League prerogative under that convention to expel a League member found guilty of aggression was used by the League Assembly only once, against the Soviet government itself, on December 14, 1939, following the Soviet invasion of Finland.


title: War of aggression

text: In 1945, the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal defined three categories of crimes, including "crimes against peace". This definition was first used by Finland to prosecute the political leadership in the war-responsibility trials in Finland. The principles were later known as the Nuremberg Principles.


title: War of aggression

text: In 1950, the Nuremberg Tribunal defined Crimes against Peace, in Principle VI, specifically Principle VI(a), submitted to the United Nations General Assembly, as:


title: War of aggression

text: See: "Nuremberg Trials:" "The legal basis for the jurisdiction of the court was that defined by the Instrument of Surrender of Germany, political authority for Germany had been transferred to the Allied Control Council, which having sovereign power over Germany could choose to punish violations of international law and the laws of war. Because the court was limited to violations of the laws of war, it did not have jurisdiction over crimes that took place before the outbreak of war on September 1, 1939."


title: War of aggression

text: For committing this crime, the Nuremberg Tribunal sentenced a number of persons responsible for starting World War II. One consequence of this is that nations who are starting an armed conflict must now argue that they are either exercising the right of self-defense, the right of collective defense, or – it seems – the enforcement of the criminal law of "jus cogens". It has made formal declaration of war uncommon after 1945.


title: War of aggression

text: Associate Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas charged that the Allies were guilty of "substituting power for principle" at Nuremberg: "I thought at the time and still think that the Nuremberg trials were unprincipled. Law was created ex post facto to suit the passion and clamor of the time."


title: War of aggression

text: The relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations mentioned in the RSICC article 5.2 were framed to include the Nuremberg Principles. The specific principle is "Principle VI.a" "Crimes against peace", which was based on the provisions of the London Charter of the International Military Tribunal that was issued in 1945 and formed the basis for the post World War II war crime trials. The Charter's provisions based on the Nuremberg Principle VI.a are:


title: War of aggression

text: The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance, signed in Rio de Janeiro on September 2, 1947, included a clear definition of aggression. Article 9 stated:


title: War of aggression

text: In addition to other acts which the Organ of Consultation may characterize as aggression, the following shall be considered as such:


title: War of aggression

text: The discussions on definition of aggression under the UN began in 1950, following the outbreak of the Korean War. As the western governments, headed by Washington, were in favor of defining the governments of North Korea and the People's Republic of China as aggressor states, the Soviet government proposed to formulate a new UN resolution defining aggression and based on the 1933 convention. As a result, on November 17, 1950, the General Assembly passed resolution 378, which referred the issue to be defined by the International Law Commission. The commission deliberated over this issue in its 1951 session and due to large disagreements among its members, decided "that the only practical course was to aim at a general and abstract definition (of aggression)". However, a tentative definition of aggression was adopted by the commission on June 4, 1951, which stated:


title: War of aggression

text: Aggression is the use of force by a State or Government against another State or Government, in any manner, whatever the weapons used and whether openly or otherwise, for any reason or for any purpose other than individual or collective self-defence or in pursuance of a decision or recommendation by a competent organ of the United Nations.


title: War of aggression

text: On December 14, 1974, the United Nations General Assembly adopted Resolution 3314, which defined the crime of aggression. This definition is not binding as such under international law, though it may reflect customary international law.


title: War of aggression

text: This definition makes a distinction between "aggression" (which "gives rise to international responsibility") and "war of aggression" (which is "a crime against international peace"). Acts of aggression are defined as armed invasions or attacks, bombardments, blockades, armed violations of territory, permitting other states to use one's own territory to perpetrate acts of aggression and the employment of armed irregulars or mercenaries to carry out acts of aggression. A war of aggression is a series of acts committed with a sustained intent. The definition's distinction between an "act" of aggression and a "war" of aggression make it clear that not every act of aggression would constitute a crime against peace; only war of aggression does. States would nonetheless be held responsible for acts of aggression.


title: War of aggression

text: The wording of the definition has been criticised by many commentators. Its clauses on the use of armed irregulars are notably vague, as it is unclear what level of "involvement" would entail state responsibility. It is also highly state-centric, in that it deems states to be the only actors liable for acts of aggression. Domestic or transnational insurgent groups, such as those that took part in the Sierra Leone Civil War and the Yugoslav Wars, were key players in their respective conflicts despite being non-state parties; they would not have come within the scope of the definition.


title: War of aggression

text: The Definition of Aggression also does not cover acts by international organisations. The two key military alliances at the time of the definition's adoption, NATO and the Warsaw Pact, were non-state parties and thus were outside the scope of the definition. Moreover, the definition does not deal with the responsibilities of individuals for acts of aggression. It is widely perceived as an insufficient basis on which to ground individual criminal prosecutions.


title: War of aggression

text: While this Definition of Aggression has often been cited by opponents of conflicts such as the 1999 Kosovo War and the 2003 Iraq War, it has no binding force in international law. The doctrine of "Nulla poena sine lege" means that, in the absence of binding international law on the subject of aggression, no penalty exists for committing acts in contravention of the definition. It is only recently that heads of state have been indicted over acts committed in wartime, in the cases of Slobodan Milošević of Serbia and Charles Taylor of Liberia. However, both were charged with war crimes, i.e., violations of the laws of war, rather than with the broader offence of "a crime against international peace" as envisaged by the Definition of Aggression.


title: War of aggression

text: The definition is not binding on the Security Council. The United Nations Charter empowers the General Assembly to make recommendations to the United Nations Security Council but the Assembly may not dictate to the Council. The resolution accompanying the definition states that it is intended to provide guidance to the Security Council to aid it "in determining, in accordance with the Charter, the existence of an act of aggression". The Security Council may apply or disregard this guidance as it sees fit. Legal commentators argue that the Definition of Aggression has had "no visible impact" on the deliberations of the Security Council.


title: War of aggression

text: The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court lists the crime of aggression as one of the most serious crimes of concern to the international community, and provides that the crime falls within the jurisdiction of the International Criminal Court (ICC). However, Article 5.2 of the Rome Statute states that "The Court shall exercise jurisdiction over the crime of aggression once a provision is adopted in accordance with articles 121 and 123 defining the crime and setting out the conditions under which the Court shall exercise jurisdiction with respect to this crime. Such a provision shall be consistent with the relevant provisions of the Charter of the United Nations." The Assembly of States Parties of the ICC adopted such a definition in 2010 at the Review Conference in Kampala, Uganda.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: The Merchant of Venice is a 2004 romantic drama film based on Shakespeare's play of the same name. It is the first full-length sound film in English of Shakespeare's playother versions are videotaped productions which were made for television, including John Sichel's 1973 version and Jack Gold's 1980 BBC production.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: The title character is the merchant Antonio (Jeremy Irons), not the Jewish moneylender Shylock (Al Pacino), who is traditionally viewed as the antagonist and more prominent character. This adaptation follows the text but omits much. Director Michael Radford believed that Shylock was Shakespeare's first great tragic hero who reaches a catastrophe due to his own flaws. The film begins with text and a montage of how the Jewish community is abused by the Christian population of Venice and brings attention to the fact that, as a convert, Shylock would have been cast out of the Jewish ghetto in Venice.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: A co-production between the United Kingdom, Italy, and Luxembourg, "The Merchant of Venice" was screened non-competitively at the 61st edition of the Venice Film Festival on 4 September 2004 in what was touted as its world premiere (the film was in fact screened 3 September 2004 at the Telluride Film Festival).


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: Bassanio, a young Venetian, wants to travel to Belmont to woo the beautiful and wealthy heiress Portia. He approaches his friend Antonio, a merchant, for 3000 ducats needed to subsidize his travelling expenditures for three months. As all of Antonio's ships and merchandise are tied at sea, Antonio approaches the Jewish moneylender Shylock for a loan. Shylock, spiteful of Antonio because he had insulted and spat on him (for being a Jew) the previous Wednesday, proposes a condition. If Antonio is unable to repay the loan at the specified date, Shylock will be free to take a pound of Antonio's flesh from wherever he pleases. Although Bassanio does not want Antonio to accept such a condition for his sake, Antonio, surprised by what he sees as the moneylender's generosity, signs the agreement. With money at hand, Bassanio leaves for Belmont with another friend Gratiano.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: At Belmont, Portia has no lack of suitors. Portia's father, however, has left a will stipulating each of her suitors to choose one of three caskets: one each of gold, silver, and lead. In order to be granted an opportunity to marry Portia, each suitor must agree in advance to live out his life as a bachelor were he to select wrongly. The suitor who correctly looks past the outward appearance of the caskets will find Portia's portrait inside and win her hand. After two suitors, the Princes of Morocco and Aragon choose incorrectly, Bassanio makes the correct choice, that of the leaden casket.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: At Venice, all ships bearing Antonio's goods are reported lost at sea, leaving him unable to satisfy the bond. Shylock is determined to exact revenge from Christians after his daughter Jessica flees his home to convert to Christianity and elope with the Christian Lorenzo, taking a substantial amount of Shylock's wealth with her. With the bond at hand, Shylock has Antonio arrested and brought before court.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: At Belmont, Portia and Bassanio have just been married, along with his friend Gratiano and Portia's handmaid Nerissa. He receives a letter telling him that Antonio has defaulted on his loan from Shylock. Shocked, Bassanio and Gratiano leave for Venice immediately, with money from Portia, to save Antonio's life. Unbeknown to Bassanio and Gratiano, Portia and Nerissa leave Belmont to seek the counsel of Portia's cousin, Bellario, a lawyer, at Padova.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: The dramatic center of the play comes in the court of the Duke of Venice. Shylock refuses Bassanio's offer, despite Bassanio increasing the repayment to 6000 ducats (twice the specified loan). He demands the pound of flesh from Antonio. The Duke, wishing to save Antonio but unwilling to set a dangerous legal precedent of nullifying a contract, refers the case to Balthasar, a young male "doctor of the law" who is actually Portia in disguise, with his/her lawyer's clerk, who is Nerissa in disguise. Portia asks Shylock to show mercy, but Shylock refuses. Thus, the court allows Shylock to extract the pound of flesh.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: At the very moment Shylock is about to cut Antonio with his knife, Portia points out a flaw in the contract. The bond only allows Shylock to remove the flesh, not blood, of Antonio. If Shylock were to shed any drop of Antonio's blood in doing so, his "lands and goods" will be forfeited under Venetian laws.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: Defeated, Shylock accedes to accept monetary payment for the defaulted bond, but is denied. Portia pronounces none should be given, and for his attempt to take the life of a citizen, Shylock's property will be forfeit, half to the government and half to Antonio, and his life will be at the mercy of the Duke. The Duke pardons his life before Shylock can beg for it, and Antonio holds his share "in use" (that is, reserving the principal amount while taking only the income) until Shylock's death, when the principal will be given to Lorenzo and Jessica. At Antonio's request, the Duke grants remission of the state's half of forfeiture, but in return, Shylock is forced to convert to Christianity and to bequeath the rest of his property to Lorenzo and Jessica.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: Bassanio does not recognize his disguised wife. He offers to give him/her a present. First she declines, but after he insists, Portia requests his ring and his gloves. He gives the gloves away without a second thought, but gives the ring only after much persuasion from Antonio, as earlier in the play he promised his wife never to lose it, sell it or give it away.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: At Belmont, Portia and Nerissa taunt their husbands before revealing they were really the lawyer and his clerk in disguise.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: After all the other characters make amends, all ends happily (except for Shylock) as Antonio learns that three of his ships have returned safely after all.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: "The Merchant of Venice" received generally positive reviews; it has a "fresh" rating of 72% at Rotten Tomatoes based on 124 critic reviews, with the consensus, "A respectable if uneven take on the Bard's "The Merchant of Venice"." On Metacritic the film has an average score of 63/100. Most critics praised both the interpretation of the Shylock character by Michael Radford and Al Pacino and the dark, realistic look of the streets of Venice, for which production designer Bruno Rubeo was honoured by the Italian National Syndicate of Film Journalists. Reception to the film's treatment of antisemitism was mixed, with some critics praising Radford's contextualizing choices but feeling that they were nonetheless unable to fully prevent Shylock from being an antisemitic caricature, and others feeling that Shylock's villainy was sanitized in order to make him into an overly sympathetic victim of prejudice. The film was noted for its emphasis on the love triangle aspect of Bassanio's relationships with Antonio and Portia, including a kiss between Bassanio and Antonio.


title: The Merchant of Venice (2004 film)

text: In 2005, the film had a Royal Premiere in the presence of Prince Charles and received a BAFTA nomination for Best Costume Design.


title: Thurible

text: A thurible (via Old French from Medieval Latin ) is a metal censer suspended from chains, in which incense is burned during worship services. It is used in Christian churches including the Roman Catholic, Eastern Orthodox, Assyrian Church of the East and Oriental Orthodox, as well as in some Lutheran, Old Catholic, United Methodist, Reformed, Presbyterian Church USA, Anglican churches (with its use almost universal amongst Anglo Catholic Anglican churches). In Roman Catholic, Lutheran, and Anglican churches, the altar server who carries the thurible is called the "thurifer". The practice is rooted in the earlier traditions of Judaism in the time of the Second Jewish Temple.


title: Thurible

text: Beyond its ecclesiastical use, the thurible is also employed in various other spiritual or ceremonial traditions, including some Gnostic Churches, Freemasonry (especially in the consecration of new lodges), and in Co-Freemasonry. Thuribles are sometimes employed in the practice of ceremonial magic.


title: Thurible

text: The workings of a thurible are quite simple. Each thurible consists of a censer section, chains (typically three or four, although single-chain thuribles also exist), a metal ring around the chains (used to lock the lid of the censer section in place), and usually (although not always) a removable metal crucible in which the burning charcoals are placed. Many thuribles are supplied with a stand, allowing the thurible to be hung safely when still hot, but not in use. Burning charcoal is placed inside the metal censer, either directly into the bowl section, or into a removable crucible if supplied, and incense (of which there are many different varieties) is placed upon the charcoal, where it melts to produce a sweet smelling smoke. This may be done several times during the service as the incense burns quite quickly. Once the incense has been placed on the charcoal the thurible is then closed and used for censing.


title: Thurible

text: The word "thurible" comes from the Old French , which in turn is derived from the Latin term . The Latin is further formed from the root , meaning 'incense'. is an alteration of the Ancient Greek word (), which is derived from () "to sacrifice".


title: Thurible

text: The Roman Missal, as revised in 1969, allows the use of incense at any Mass: in the entrance procession; at the beginning of Mass to incense the cross and the altar; at the Gospel procession and proclamation; after the bread and the chalice have been placed upon the altar, to incense the offerings, the cross, and the altar, as well as the priest and the people; at the elevation of the host and the chalice after the consecration. In Benediction of the Blessed Sacrament and Eucharistic Adoration in the Roman Rite, incense is also used, and is required if the Blessed Sacrament is exposed in a monstrance rather than being in a ciborium. Incense is also burnt on the altar during its consecration by a bishop in the Roman Rite of the Catholic Church.


title: Thurible

text: The number of swings of the thurible to be used when incensing persons or objects is specified in the General Instruction of the Roman Missal:


title: Thurible

text: Another server, previously called a boat boy and now more commonly a boat bearer, may carry a boat or container of incense with a small spoon to add grains as the thurible burns low.


title: Thurible

text: These rules, except for the manner of incensing the offerings at Mass, applied also before 1969. Earlier editions of the Roman Missal prescribe that the offerings be incensed by forming over them with the thurible three crosses and then three circles, the first two anticlockwise and last clockwise, while also saying a prescribed prayer with the words matching the strokes. They also direct that incensing the altar be done with single swings at 29 designated points of an altar attached to the rear wall of the sanctuary, and at 22 points of a freestanding altar.


title: Thurible

text: The 1960 Code of Rubrics, incorporated into the 1962 Roman Missal, envisaged the use of incense at Solemn Mass and "Missa cantata", but not at Low Mass.


title: Thurible

text: In the Ambrosian Rite, the thurible has no top cover, and is swung clockwise before censing a person or object.


title: Thurible

text: Use of incense was abandoned in the Church of England by the turn of the 19th century and was later thought to be illegal. Today, the use of incense in an Anglican church is a fairly reliable guide to churchmanship, that is, how 'high' (more Catholic in liturgical style) or how 'low' (more Protestant) the individual church is. Anglo-Catholic churches may use generous quantities of incense. In recent years, some middle-of-the-road Anglican churches have taken to using incense a few times a year for special occasions. The use of incense and chimes is colloquially called "bells and smells" by members of high church parishes, some as an inside joke, while others see it as a pejorative.


title: Thurible

text: The number of points within the liturgy at which an Anglican church may use incense varies. If incense is used at the entrance procession, a thurifer holding the smoking thurible leads the procession and on arrival at the altar the bishop or priest presiding censes it either immediately after the introit or during the "Gloria in excelsis Deo", if this is sung. Incense may also be used at the reading of the gospel: after the announcement of the gospel, the book is censed left, centre and right.


title: Thurible

text: If an Anglican church uses incense at only one point of the service, it does so at the offertory. The gifts and the altar are first censed; then follows censing of the priest (three swings of the thurible), of the other clergy (single swing to the gospel side and another to the epistle side), the choir (single or triple swing to either side) and the congregation (a swing to the gospel side, another to the epistle side and another to the middle).


title: Thurible

text: Incense is also used at Solemn Evensong, which by definition is a sung celebration of vespers with use of incense.


title: Thurible

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church and the Byzantine Rite Eastern Catholic Churches make frequent use of incense, not only at the Divine Liturgy (Eucharist), but also at Vespers, Matins and a number of other occasional services (see Euchologion). During funeral services and memorial services (Panikhida), the censer is swung almost continuously.


title: Thurible

text: Incense is understood as symbolizing the sanctifying grace of the Holy Spirit and the prayers of the Saints rising to heaven. Incense is offered by the priest or deacon during the services. In some traditions, the "ecclesiarch" (sacristan) and his assistant ("paraecclesiarch") will perform the censing at specific moments of the service.


title: Thurible

text: The thurible (, ; Church Slavonic: Кадило, Кадильница, ) is usually silver, brass or gold plated (combining in itself at the offering of incense the three gifts of the Biblical Magi: gold, frankincense, and myrrh). The thurible consists of a metal bowl (usually with a base so it can stand upright) into which the charcoal and incense are placed, and a lid (often topped with a cross), pierced by holes to allow the fragrance from the incense to escape. The censer will usually have three outer chains (for the Holy Trinity) attached to the bowl, and a fourth inner chain (for the Oneness of God) attached to the lid. The three outer chains are gathered together and attached to a round conical plate attached to a ring; the inner chain passes through a hole in the conical plate and is attached to another ring to make it easier to lift the lid. In the Greek and some Russian practice twelve bells will be attached to the chains (their ringing symbolizes the teaching of the twelve Apostles). Sometimes the bowl and lid of the thurible are decorated with crosses or icons in repousse, and may even be decorated with semi-precious stones. When not in use the thurible is usually hung from a hook in the sanctuary.


title: Thurible

text: When censing, the priest or deacon holds the censer below the conical plate with only one hand (the right hand) allowing it to swing freely. He will make the Sign of the Cross with the censer by making two vertical swings and a third horizontal swing (the three swings together symbolizing the Holy Trinity).


title: Thurible

text: When the temple (church building) is censed, the priest or deacon will move in a sunwise (clockwise) direction, moving to his right as he censes in order the Holy Table (altar), sanctuary, Iconostasis, walls of the temple, clergy and faithful. There are two types of censing: a Greater Censing (which encompasses the entire temple and all of the people therein), and a Lesser Censing (which, depending upon the liturgical context, consists of censing only a portion of the temple and the people).


title: Thurible

text: During some censings, especially the Greater Censing, the clergyman who is performing the censing will often carry a candle in his left hand. During Bright Week (the week which begins on Easter Sunday) the priest and the deacon will carry special Paschal candles at every censing, even the Lesser Censing. While carrying the Paschal candles, the priest or deacon will greet the members of the congregation with the Paschal greeting while censing them. Simple tapers are carried while censing during funerals and memorial services.


title: Thurible

text: During the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantine Empire) the emperor used to be permitted to offer incense on the Feast of the Nativity (no doubt as a memorial of the gifts of the Magi), but was permitted to perform no other priestly function.


title: Thurible

text: If no priest is available, incense may be offered by a reader or senior layman, but with a hand censer which has no chains on it, but rather a handle (it often has bells as well, suspended from the handle or around the rim). The hand censer is also used in some monasteries even when a priest is present for certain censings which are done by a monastic other than a vested priest or deacon.


title: Thurible

text: During Holy Week it is customary in some places for even the priest and deacon to use the hand censer for all of the censings, as a sign of humility and mourning at the Passion of Christ.


title: Thurible

text: The faithful will often burn incense, using a hand censer, in the home during Morning and Evening Prayers, and it is not unusual for the head of the household to bless the Holy Icons and all of the members of the household with a hand censer.


title: Thurible

text: The boat boy or boat bearer is a junior altar server position found in Catholic and Anglican churches. The role of a boat boy is to assist the thurifer, the senior altar server who carries the thurible. The boat bearer carries the boat, a small metal container, Latin , which holds the supplies of incense. The boat has a small spoon inside which is used to transfer the grains of incense onto the red-hot charcoals in the thurible. Although at times the boat bearer transfers the incense himself, more usually he simply holds the boat open as the priest performs this task.


title: Thurible

text: In "The Miller's Tale" of Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales", it is noted that Absolon, " [Middle English spelling of censer] " (lines 3340–3342).


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: The third season of "Gilmore Girls", an American dramedy television series, began airing on September 24, 2002 on The WB. The season concluded on May 20, 2003, after 22 episodes. The season was aired on Tuesday nights at 8/7c.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: Lorelai has to break the news to Richard and Emily that she and Christopher aren't getting back together, although this does result in her mending her rift with Luke. Rory is estranged from Christopher for a time but later gets back in touch, resulting in the girls attending Sherry's baby shower and supporting her in labor until Christopher arrives. Lorelai has trouble getting back into dating, receiving a dinner invite from Kirk, intermittently dating Alex (the business partner of an old friend of Sookie's), and having a brief reunion with Max.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: Rory tries to forget about her kiss with Jess by throwing herself into her relationship with Dean, but Dean breaks up with her when she spends a dance marathon obsessing over Jess and his girlfriend, Shane. Rory and Jess begin dating, but Rory finds Jess isn't as attentive or reliable as Dean was. Dean starts dating one of her old classmates, Lindsay Lister, and they become engaged. Jess takes a job at Wal-Mart to buy a car and skips class to take extra shifts. He is told he hasn't done enough to graduate and, as a result, can't take Rory to the prom. He acts out by trying to pressure Rory in to having sex, and engages in a fist fighting with Dean. After a visit from his estranged father, Jimmy, Jess leaves town without telling Luke or Rory. He reconnects with Jimmy in California.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: Lane finds a band to be drummer with and Lorelai and Rory let them practice in the garage. Lane starts dating bandmate Dave Rygalski in secret, using her mother's preferred prom date Young Chui as cover. Things become complicated when Yung Chui fall in love with Lane, and Dave won't be able to take Lane to the prom because her mother doesn't approve. Lane gets drunk at a party, calls her mother and tells her everything. Dave pleads their case and Mrs. Kim lets them go to the prom together, but still grounds Lane afterwards. Paris starts dating Jamie, a student from Princeton that she and Rory met in Washington D.C., but falls out with Rory when she thinks Rory told student council rival Francie about her and Jamie. However, it's Rory that Paris turns to when she sleeps with Jamie, fails to get into Harvard, and ultimately has a nervous breakdown. Luke rents the premises next to the diner to Taylor, who plans to open a soda shop. Luke ends up dating Taylor's solicitor, Nicole Leahy.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: Richard takes Lorelai and Rory on a trip to Yale, where he has secretly set up an interview for Rory. Lorelai is incensed, especially when Rory makes Yale one of her backup applications, but they both realize it is where Rory really wants to go. Richard gives Lorelai $75,000 from an investment he made when she was born and she uses it to pay her parents back for Rory's school fees. Emily interprets this as Lorelai cutting ties with them and there is a falling out. Richard's financial gift results in Rory being refused financial aid.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: The Independence Inn is gutted by a fire and Lorelai, Sookie and Michel struggle to keep it open as a B&B. Lorelai and Sookie renew plans to buy the Dragonfly Inn after Fran dies. Sookie discovers she is pregnant. Independence Inn closes and Lorelai is unable to afford Dragonfly since she needs to pay Rory's university fees. Rory borrows the money from Richard and Emily in return for reinstating Friday night dinners.


title: Gilmore Girls (season 3)

text: Lorelai and Rory are planning to go backpacking in Europe while Luke is planning to go on a cruise with Nicole. Lorelai and Sookie are able to buy the Dragonfly now that Lorelai doesn't have to pay for Yale. Rory gives the valedictorian's speech at graduation, paying tribute to her grandparents and Lorelai, and the season ends with Rory and Lorelai looking around Chilton for the last time.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps is a mountain range in southeast Australia. It comprises an interim Australian bioregion, and is the highest mountain range in Australia. The range straddles the borders of eastern Victoria, southeastern New South Wales, and the Australian Capital Territory. It contains Australia's only peaks exceeding in elevation, and is the only bioregion on the Australian mainland in which deep snow falls annually. The range comprises an area of .


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps is part of the Great Dividing Range, the series of mountain and hill ranges and tablelands that runs about from northern Queensland, through New South Wales, and into the northern part of Victoria. This chain of highlands divides the drainage of the rivers that flow to the east into the Pacific Ocean from those that flow west into the drainage of the Murray–Darling Basin (and thence to the Southern Ocean) or into inland waters, such as Lake Eyre, which lie below sea level, or else evaporate rapidly.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps consists of two biogeographic sub regions: the Snowy Mountains, including the Brindabella Range, located in New South Wales and the Australian Capital Territory; and the Victorian Alps, located in Victoria. The latter region is also known as the "High Country", particularly within a cultural or historical context.


title: Australian Alps

text: Unlike the high mountain ranges found in places like the Rockies (highest peak ), the European Alps (highest peak ) or the Himalayas (highest peak ), the Australian Alps was not formed by two continental plates colliding and pushing up the Earth's rocky mantle to form jagged, rocky peaks. Instead, the Australian Alps consists of a high plateau, with significantly softer rolling hills spread across a long, wide plateau that was lifted thousands of feet up by the movement of magma when Gondwana began to break up between 130 and 160 million years ago. The highest peak in the Australian Alps is Mount Kosciuszko ().


title: Australian Alps

text: Formation of the Australian Alps was largely complete by around 100 million years ago, but during the past 90 million years, a number of minor uplift episodes have occurred, with occasional eruptions of basalt lava from small volcanoes, which has flowed across the landscape and down some of the valleys, filling in the low-lying areas to form the flat landscapes of these high plains.


title: Australian Alps

text: During the Pleistocene ice age, commencing around 2 million years ago, when ice caps formed on many high ranges around the world, as well as at the poles, small glaciers were formed on the very highest parts of the Australian Alps, mostly in the vicinity of Mount Kosciuszko. Whilst no glaciers remain today, evidence of their past presence can be found in the numerous tarns and cirques found in that region, such as Club Lake, Blue Lake, and Hedley Tarn.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps are important for conservation, recreation, and as a water drainage basin, with much of the range's eastern slopes having its runoff diverted artificially into the Murray River and its tributary the Murrumbidgee River through the civil engineering project of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.


title: Australian Alps

text: The range's natural ecology is protected by large national parks, in particular the Kosciuszko National Park in New South Wales and the adjoining Alpine National Park in Victoria. These are managed cooperatively as the Australian Alps National Parks by agencies of the Australian government and the state governments of this region.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps also contains the only skiing areas of mainland Australia. Along with the town of Cabramurra, New South Wales, these are practically the only permanent settlements in the area. Several medium-sized towns can be found in the valleys below the foothills, such as Jindabyne, New South Wales, Corryong, Victoria, and Mount Beauty.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps are not as high or as steep as the European Alps, New Zealand's Southern Alps, or the Andes Mountains, and most of its peaks can be reached without using mountaineering equipment.


title: Australian Alps

text: Within the Australian Alps there live hundreds of species of birds, reptiles, amphibians, and fish. Of these hundreds of various wildlife, there are approximately 40 native mammals, 200 bird species, 30 reptile species, 15 amphibians, 14 native fish species, and a wide variety of invertebrates. Additionally, many non-native species have been introduced to the Alps, creatures such as the European Rabbit, House Mouse, the Red Fox, all alongside various other species of wildlife, including dogs, cats, horses, pigs. These are all examples of foreign wildlife that have been introduced within the Australian Alps and recognise it as their habitat.


title: Australian Alps

text: Among this wide variety of different species of wildlife, there are different habitat requirements for each of the mentioned species, regardless of whether it is native or introduced. In addition to rock outcrops and decaying logs, there is often vegetation that provides food and shelter or a combination of these factors. Consequently, topography, soil type, and temperature determine the type of vegetation in an area and how animal populations are distributed.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps has been classified by BirdLife International as an Important Bird Area. The range's montane forests and woodlands support large breeding populations of flame robins and pilotbirds.


title: Australian Alps

text: The bogong moth seasonally migrates long distances towards and from the Australian Alps and gregariously aestivates in caves and other sites throughout the mountain range during the summer to avoid high temperatures and lack of larval food resources. The moth is a food source for many species living within the region, such as the endangered mountain pygmy possum. However, the moth has also been a biovector of arsenic, transporting it from lowland feeding sites over long distances into the mountains, leading to the bioaccumulation of the element in the environment and animals in the mountain range.


title: Australian Alps

text: Due to its mostly hot, dry climate, bushfires in Australia occur frequently, particularly in the well-forested areas of the Australian Alps. The Alps, particularly on the Victorian side of the border (known as the Victorian Alps), are periodically subject to major bushfires and have been almost entirely burnt through by bushfires on various occasions, notably; Black Thursday in 1851, Black Friday (1939), and during fires in 2003 and 2006-07.


title: Australian Alps

text: Certain native flora in Australia have evolved to rely on bushfires as a means of reproduction, and fire events are an interwoven and an essential part of the ecology of the continent. In some eucalypt and banksia species, for example, fire causes seed pods to open, allowing them to germinate. Fire also encourages the growth of new grassland plants. Other species have adapted to recover quickly from fire.


title: Australian Alps

text: Nevertheless, damage to surrounding human habitations and native fauna can be extensive and occasionally catastrophic. The 2003 Canberra bushfires severely affected almost 70% of the Australian Capital Territory's pasture, forests (pine plantations), and nature parks. After burning for a week through the Brindabella Ranges above Canberra, the fires entered the suburbs of the city on 18 January 2003. Four people died and more than 500 homes were destroyed or severely damaged. The Victorian Black Saturday bushfires were particularly intense in parts of the Victorian High Country and destroyed several towns, including Kinglake and Marysville. The fires killed 173 people, Australia's highest-ever loss of life from a bushfire. Statewide, the fires burned out over 400,000 hectares and destroyed 2,029 properties.


title: Australian Alps

text: Within the Australian Alps, the roughly 120 active alpine huts mostly date back to the early cattlemen's days, early skiing huts, and early research and surveying huts. Many of these have remained in use by fly fishers (seasonal), hikers, and skiing groups throughout the year. Most of these huts are maintained by volunteers through the Kosciuszko Huts Association and the local National Parks and Wildlife Service.


title: Australian Alps

text: Some of the more noteworthy huts include Moscow Villa Hut, Valentine Hut, Seaman's Hut, and Mawsons Hut. In recent year, many huts have been lost through lack of maintenance and bush fire, as occurred with the Pretty Plain Hut and Mount Franklin Chalet, which were destroyed by the Canberra bushfires of 2003.


title: Australian Alps

text: The Australian Alps are the main region in which skiing in Australia takes place (although skiing is also possible in Tasmania). Skiable terrain stretches through large areas of territory from June to October. New South Wales is home to Australia's highest snow country, oldest ski fields, and largest resort. Recreational skiing in Australia began around 1861 at Kiandra, New South Wales, when Norwegian gold miners introduced the idea to the frozen hills around the town. The first and longest-surviving ski club in the world, the Kiandra Snow Shoe Club, is believed to have been formed at Kiandra in that year. Steeper slopes and more reliable snows lie further to the south, and in the 20th century, the focus of recreational skiing in New South Wales shifted southward, to mountains in and around the Kosciuszko Main Range region, where Australia's best vertical drop is found at Thredbo and Australia's biggest resort, Perisher is now found. The State of Victoria is the one with the largest number of skiing areas in Australia.


title: Australian Alps

text: Mount Bogong, with its peak at 1986 m above sea level, is the highest peak in Victoria. The surrounding Bogong High Plains is one of the largest areas of snow country in Australia. It includes the leading resorts of Falls Creek and Mount Hotham. Recreational and practical skiing was being practised in the Victorian Alps by the 1880s and 1890s with skis made from local timbers, and making use of single steering poles. Skiing began at Mount Buffalo in the 1890s, and a chalet was constructed in 1910. Australia's first ski tow was constructed near Mount Buffalo in 1936.


title: Australian Alps

text: Cross-country skiing is possible in the ACT, as well as in New South Wales and Victoria, but downhill skiing can only be done in New South Wales and Victoria:


title: Yaanai

text: Yaanai () is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language action drama film written and directed by Hari and produced by Vedikkaranpatti S. Sakthivel, under the banner of Drumsticks Productions. The film stars Arun Vijay and Priya Bhavani Shankar in the lead roles while


title: Yaanai

text: Ramachandra Raju, Samuthirakani, Rajesh, Raadhika Sarathkumar, Aishwarya, Ammu Abhirami, Yogi Babu and Pugazh appear in other prominent roles. The film's music and score is composed by G. V. Prakash Kumar, with cinematography handled by Gopinath and editing done by Anthony. The film revolves around an influential family, who is held responsible for the death of a man's son, where the younger son takes up the responsibility of protecting his family, but has to face personal obstacles.


title: Yaanai

text: This is the second collaboration of Arun Vijay and Priya Bhavani Shankar after "" and Vijay's first collaboration with Hari. It was shot extensively across Tamil Nadu including Ramanathapuram, Rameshwaram, Thoothukudi, Palani and the final schedule was wrapped up in Karaikudi.


title: Yaanai

text: "Yaanai" was released in theatres on 1 July 2022, The film was initially scheduled to be released in theaters on 6 May 2022, and got postponed to 17 June 2022, but got postponed again due to Kamal Haasan-starrer "Vikram".


title: Yaanai

text: P.R.V. is an influential person in Ramanathapuram district, running multiple business ventures all over the Rameswaram. He has 4 sons, 3 of whom: Ramachandran, Sivachandran, and Jayachandran are from his first wife, who died, and the youngest, Ravichandran, from his second wife Muthaaram. PRV loves all of his sons. Ravi loves his brothers dearly, but they always disregard him as their half-brother. Ramachandran manages the main business with 2 two brothers, while Ravi manages their low-income properties. Samuthiram, P.R.V.'s old friend from Rameswaram, blames his family for the death of his younger son, Pandi, and is out to avenge him with his elder son/Pandi's twin brother, Lingam, who is currently in prison. Ravi is the loving protector of P.R.V.'s family, always looking out and preventing his family from getting hurt. He also falls for Jebamalar, who eventually reciprocates his feelings.


title: Yaanai

text: Lingam soon gets released from prison after serving 7 years for killing a cop, who killed Pandi. Ravi realizes that Lingam is out for his family's blood, and secretly tries to protect his family. He soon stumbles upon his half-niece and Ramachandran's daughter, Selvi aka Paapa, with a Muslim boy, Raheem. Although Ravi accepts their relationship, he tries to prevent her from hasty decisions. However, Paapa elopes with Raheem, with the help of Jebamalar, unbeknownst to anyone. Ravi's caste fanatic half-brothers blame him for his inaction, despite knowing of Paapa's affair, and oust him and Muthaaram from their house. P.R.V. dies from the resulting distress. During his funeral, Ravi was not allowed to look at his father, for one last time, but Lingam and Samuthiram were let in. This incident enraged Muthaaram, and she ridicules the PRV brothers. Ramachandran, having lost his respect and family status, orders Pappa's death, to protect his honor.


title: Yaanai

text: Ravi decides to take things on his own and tries to locate Pappa. After intense efforts, he finds Pappa in Nagore, but Raheem is missing. Ravi brings her back to their house, where Ramachandran attempts to kill her, but Ravi stops Ramachandran and warns him. The PRV brothers decide to team up with Lingam to kill Ravi's household. Ravi tracks down Raheem, who was kidnapped by Lingam and reunites Raheem with his parents. At night, Lingam's men barge into Ravi's house while he is not home. Although Pappa and Muthaaram try to stop them from breaking in, Lingam and his men managed to enter and begin to attack them. Ravi arrives in time to protect his family from Lingam's attack. Ramachandran gets backstabbed by some of his own men, having been bribed by Lingam, who tries to double-cross the brothers, but he manages to survive the attack. Muthaaram and Pappa get brutally injured and are admitted to the hospital.


title: Yaanai

text: Ravi enters their house and tearfully reveals that he had chosen to sever the ties with the family, and reminds him of how he chose to work with Lingam, who went on to backstab him. A guilty Ramachandran reconciles with Ravi, but Lingam kidnaps one of Ravi's brother's child. Ravi begs Lingam to leave her alone, but Lingam doesn't budge. However, Samuthiram is disgusted at Lingam for trying to kill a child instead of the brothers's and distracts him for the child to escape. Lingam proceeds to kill Samuthiram and chases after the girl. Ravi arrives in time to save her and starts chasing Lingam to an island nearby. Ravi thrashes Lingam, but spares him, since he is about to become a father, thus ending the feud peacefully. Pappa, along with Raheem, reunites with Ramachandran. Ravi is also finally accepted as the brother of PRV brothers.


title: Yaanai

text: The film was tentatively titled as "AV33". On September 9, 2021, the film's official title was unveiled as "Yaanai" by 33 prominent Indian celebrities such as Anurag Kashyap, Vijay Sethupathi, Arya, Pa. Ranjith, Vignesh Shivan, Keerthy Suresh and many more others.


title: Yaanai

text: Priya Bhavani Shankar was cast in as the female lead opposite Arun Vijay, marking their second collaboration after "". Ramachandra Raju was reported to play dual roles in the film while veteran actress Radhika and other actors and actresses like Yogi Babu, Samuthirakani, and Ammu Abhirami appear were cast in other pivotal roles.


title: Yaanai

text: G. V. Prakash Kumar composed the soundtrack and background score of the film while collaborating with actor Arun Vijay for first time and director Hari for second time after Seval. The lyrics for the songs are wriiten by Snehan, Ekadasi, Arivu and Hari. The first single "Yelamma Yela" was released on 13 January 2022. The second single " Bodhaiya Vittu Vaale" was released on 11 February 2022. The third single is "Sandaaliye" was released on 17 June 2022. The full album was released by Drumsticks Productions on 30 June 2022.


title: Yaanai

text: The teaser trailer of the film was released on 23 December 2021. The film was initially planned for release in theatres on 6 May 2022,but got postponed due to lack of adequate screens. It was later scheduled for 17 June 2022, but got postponed again due to Kamal Haasan's "Vikram" for record breaking success. The film was finally released in theatres on 1 July 2022.


title: Yaanai

text: The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film was bought by ZEE5 and the satellite rights of the film was bought by Zee Tamil and Zee Thirai. The film is scheduled to digitally stream on ZEE5 from 19 August 2022. after completing its 50 day theatrical run.


title: Yaanai

text: The film opened well with an opening day gross of 15 crore. The film managed to do better on its second day, a weekend, with an increase in box office collections by 22% for a total gross of 30 crore. On its third day, the film grossed 18 crore. The film performed well grossing over 41 crore in Tamil Nadu and 16.3 crore from other territories for a total gross of around 56 crores on day 17. The film have grossed around 70 crore nearing its theatrical end, and went on to become one of the


title: Yaanai

text: M Suganth of "The Times of India" gave 3.0 out of 5 and wrote "Some of the characters are also interesting. If not for Lingam, Samuthirakani's Ramachandran, a casteist, self-centered rich man, would have been the antagonist of the film, and Hari builds his character's are pretty well. Even Ravi isn't perfect, with his views constantly shifting, and Arun Vijay does a good job in putting across this character as a flawed man who means good. We see that he is a product of the casteist, patriarchal culture that he's grown up in, but will always put being humane above all else. Priya Bhavani Shankar and Radikaa score in the couple of scenes that they get while Yogi Babu impresses more in one emotionally charged scene compared to the numerous attempts at comedy."