title: History of Asia

text: Following major events such as the Nader Shah's invasion of the Mughal Empire, Battle of Plassey, Battle of Buxar and the long Anglo-Mysore Wars, most of South Asia was colonised and governed by the British Empire, thus establishing the British Raj. The "classic period" ended with the death of Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb, although the dynasty continued for another 150 years. During this period, the Empire was marked by a highly centralized administration connecting the different regions. All the significant monuments of the Mughals, their most visible legacy, date to this period which was characterised by the expansion of Persian cultural influence in the Indian subcontinent, with brilliant literary, artistic, and architectural results. The Maratha Empire was located in the south west of present-day India and expanded greatly under the rule of the Peshwas, the prime ministers of the Maratha empire. In 1761, the Maratha army lost the Third Battle of Panipat against Ahmad shah Durrani king of Afghanistan which halted imperial expansion and the empire was then divided into a confederacy of Maratha states.


title: History of Asia

text: The European economic and naval powers pushed into Asia, first to do trading, and then to take over major colonies. The Dutch led the way followed by the British. Portugal had arrived first, but was too weak to maintain its small holdings and was largely pushed out, retaining only Goa and Macau. The British set up a private organization, the East India Company, which handled both trade and Imperial control of much of India.


title: History of Asia

text: The commercial colonization of India commenced in 1757, after the Battle of Plassey, when the Nawab of Bengal surrendered his dominions to the British East India Company, in 1765, when the company was granted the "diwani", or the right to collect revenue, in Bengal and Bihar, or in 1772, when the company established a capital in Calcutta, appointed its first Governor-General, Warren Hastings, and became directly involved in governance.


title: History of Asia

text: The Maratha states, following the Anglo-Maratha wars, eventually lost to the British East India Company in 1818 with the Third Anglo-Maratha War. The rule lasted until 1858, when, after the Indian rebellion of 1857 and consequent of the Government of India Act 1858, the British government assumed the task of directly administering India in the new British Raj. In 1819 Stamford Raffles established Singapore as a key trading post for Britain in their rivalry with the Dutch. However, their rivalry cooled in 1824 when an Anglo-Dutch treaty demarcated their respective interests in Southeast Asia. From the 1850s onwards, the pace of colonization shifted to a significantly higher gear.


title: History of Asia

text: The Dutch East India Company (1800) and British East India Company (1858) were dissolved by their respective governments, who took over the direct administration of the colonies. Only Thailand was spared the experience of foreign rule, although, Thailand itself was also greatly affected by the power politics of the Western powers. Colonial rule had a profound effect on Southeast Asia. While the colonial powers profited much from the region's vast resources and large market, colonial rule did develop the region to a varying extent.


title: History of Asia

text: The Great Game was a political and diplomatic confrontation between Great Britain and Russia over Afghanistan and neighbouring territories in Central and South Asia. It lasted from 1828 to 1907. There was no war, but there were many threats. Russia was fearful of British commercial and military inroads into Central Asia, and Britain was fearful of Russia threatening its largest and most important possession, India. This resulted in an atmosphere of distrust and the constant threat of war between the two empires. Britain made it a high priority to protect all the approaches to India, and the "great game" is primarily how the British did this in terms of a possible Russian threat. Historians with access to the archives have concluded that Russia had no plans involving India, as the Russians repeatedly stated.


title: History of Asia

text: The Great Game began in 1838 when Britain decided to gain control over the Emirate of Afghanistan and make it a protectorate, and to use the Ottoman Empire, the Persian Empire, the Khanate of Khiva, and the Emirate of Bukhara as buffer states between both empires. This would protect India and also key British sea trade routes by stopping Russia from gaining a port on the Persian Gulf or the Indian Ocean. Russia proposed Afghanistan as the neutral zone, and the final result was diving up Afghanistan with a neutral zone in the middle between Russian areas in the north and British in the South. Important episodes included the failed First Anglo-Afghan War of 1838, the First Anglo-Sikh War of 1845, the Second Anglo-Sikh War of 1848, the Second Anglo-Afghan War of 1878, and the annexation of Kokand by Russia. The 1901 novel "Kim" by Rudyard Kipling made the term popular and introduced the new implication of great power rivalry. It became even more popular after the 1979 advent of the Soviet–Afghan War.


title: History of Asia

text: By 1644, the northern Manchu people had conquered Ming dynasty and established a foreign dynasty—the Qing dynasty—once more. The Manchu Qing emperors, especially Confucian scholar Kangxi, remained largely conservative—retaining the bureaucracy and the scholars within it, as well as the Confucian ideals present in Chinese society. However, changes in the economy and new attempts at resolving certain issues occurred too. These included increased trade with Western countries that brought large amounts of silver into the Chinese economy in exchange for tea, porcelain, and silk textiles. This allowed for a new merchant-class, the compradors, to develop. In addition, repairs were done on existing dikes, canals, roadways, and irrigation works. This, combined with the lowering of taxes and government-assigned labor, was supposed to calm peasant unrest. However, the Qing failed to control the growing landlord class which had begun to exploit the peasantry and abuse their position.


title: History of Asia

text: By the late 18th century, both internal and external issues began to arise in Qing China's politics, society, and economy. The exam system with which scholars were assigned into the bureaucracy became increasingly corrupt; bribes and other forms of cheating allowed for inexperienced and inept scholars to enter the bureaucracy and this eventually caused rampant neglect of the peasantry, military, and the previously mentioned infrastructure projects. Poverty and banditry steadily rose, especially in rural areas, and mass migrations looking for work throughout China occurred. The perpetually conservative government refused to make reforms that could resolve these issues.


title: History of Asia

text: China saw its status reduced by what it perceived as parasitic trade with Westerners. Originally, European traders were at a disadvantage because the Chinese cared little for their goods, while European demand for Chinese commodities such as tea and porcelain only grew. In order to tip the trade imbalance in their favor, British merchants began to sell Indian opium to the Chinese. Not only did this sap Chinese bullion reserves, it also led to widespread drug addiction amongst the bureaucracy and society in general. A ban was placed on opium as early as 1729 by the Yongzheng Emperor, but little was done to enforce it. By the early 19th century, under the new Daoguang Emperor, the government began serious efforts to eradicate opium from Chinese society. Leading this endeavour were respected scholar-officials including Imperial Commissioner Lin Zexu.


title: History of Asia

text: After Lin destroyed more than 20,000 chests of opium in the summer of 1839, Europeans demanded compensation for what they saw as unwarranted Chinese interference in their affairs. When it was not paid, the British declared war later the same year, starting what became known as the First Opium War. The outdated Chinese junks were no match for the advanced British gunboats, and soon the Yangzi River region came under threat of British bombardment and invasion. The emperor had no choice but to sue for peace, resulting in the exile of Lin and the making of the Treaty of Nanking, which ceded the British control of Hong Kong and opened up trade and diplomacy with other European countries, including Germany, France, and the USA.


title: History of Asia

text: Northeast China came under influence of Russia with the building of the Chinese Eastern Railway through Harbin to Vladivostok. The Empire of Japan replaced Russian influence in the region as a result of the Russo-Japanese War in 1904–1905, and Japan laid the South Manchurian Railway in 1906 to Port Arthur. During the Warlord Era in China, Zhang Zuolin established himself in Northeast China, but was murdered by the Japanese for being too independent. The former Chinese emperor, Puyi, was then placed on the throne to lead a Japanese puppet state of Manchukuo. In August 1945, the Soviet Union invaded the region. From 1945 to 1948, Northeast China was a base area for Mao Zedong's People's Liberation Army in the Chinese Civil War. With the encouragement of the Kremlin, the area was used as a staging ground during the Civil War for the Chinese Communists, who were victorious in 1949 and have controlled ever since.


title: History of Asia

text: When it became the 19th century, the king of Joseon was powerless. Because the noble family of the king's wife got the power and ruled the country by their way. The 26th king of Joseon dynasty, Gojong's father, Heungseon Daewongun wanted the king be powerful again. Even he wasn't the king. As the father of young king, he destroyed noble families and corrupt organizations. So the royal family got the power again. But he wanted to rebuild Gyeongbokgung palace in order to show the royal power to people. So he was criticized by people because he spent enormous money and inflation occurred because of that. So his son, the real king Gojong got power.


title: History of Asia

text: The 26th king of Joseon, Gojong changed the nation's name to "Daehan Jeguk". It means the Korean Empire. And he also promoted himself as an emperor. The new empire accepted more western technology and strengthened military power. And Korean Empire was going to become a Neutral Nation. Unfortunately, in the Russo-Japanese war, Japan ignored this, and eventually Japan won against Russian Empire, and started to invade Korea. Japan first stole the right of diplomacy from Korean Empire illegally. But every western country ignored this invasion because they knew Japan became a strong country as they defeated Russian Empire. So emperor Gojong sent diplomats to a Dutch city known as The Hague to let everyone know that Japan stole the Empire's right illegally. But it was failed. Because the diplomats couldn't go into the conference room. Japan kicked Gojong off on the grounds that this reason. 3 years after, In 1910, Korean Empire became a part of Empire of Japan. It was the first time ever after invasion of Han dynasty in 108 BC.


title: History of Asia

text: The European powers had control of other parts of Asia by the early 20th century, such as British India, French Indochina, Spanish East Indies, and Portuguese Macau and Goa. The Great Game between Russia and Britain was the struggle for power in the Central Asian region in the nineteenth century. The Trans-Siberian Railway, crossing Asia by train, was complete by 1916. Parts of Asia remained free from European control, although not influence, such as Persia, Thailand and most of China. In the twentieth century, Imperial Japan expanded into China and Southeast Asia during the World War II. After the war, many Asian countries became independent from European powers. During the Cold War, the northern parts of Asia were communist controlled with the Soviet Union and People's Republic of China, while western allies formed pacts such as CENTO and SEATO. Conflicts such as the Korean War, Vietnam War and Soviet invasion of Afghanistan were fought between communists and anti-communists. In the decades after the Second World War, a massive restructuring plan drove Japan to become the world's second-largest economy, a phenomenon known as the Japanese post-war economic miracle. The Arab–Israeli conflict has dominated much of the recent history of the Middle East. After the Soviet Union's collapse in 1991, there were many new independent nations in Central Asia.


title: History of Asia

text: Prior to World War II, China faced a civil war between Mao Zedong's Communist party and Chiang Kai-shek's nationalist party; the nationalists appeared to be in the lead. However, once the Japanese invaded in 1937, the two parties were forced to form a temporary cease-fire in order to defend China. The nationalists faced many military failures that caused them to lose territory and subsequently, respect from the Chinese masses. In contrast, the communists' use of guerilla warfare (led by Lin Biao) proved effective against the Japanese's conventional methods and put the Communist Party on top by 1945. They also gained popularity for the reforms they were already applying in controlled areas, including land redistribution, education reforms, and widespread health care. For the next four years, the nationalists would be forced to retreat to the small island east of Fujian province, known as Taiwan (formerly known as Formosa), where they remain today. In mainland China, People's Republic of China was established by the Communist Party, with Mao Zedong as its state chairman.


title: History of Asia

text: The communist government in China was defined by the party cadres. These hard-line officers controlled the People's Liberation Army, which itself controlled large amounts of the bureaucracy. This system was further controlled by the Central Committee, which additionally supported the state chairman who was considered the head of the government. The People's Republic's foreign policies included the repressing of secession attempts in Mongolia and Tibet and supporting of North Korea and North Vietnam in the Korean War and Vietnam War, respectively. By 1960 China and the USSR became adversaries, battling worldwide for control of local communist movements.


title: History of Asia

text: Today China plays important roles in world economics and politics. China today is the world's second largest economy and the second fastest growing economy.


title: History of Asia

text: From the mid-18th century to the mid-19th century, large regions of India were gradually annexed by the East India Company, a chartered company acting as a sovereign power on behalf of the British government. Dissatisfaction with company rule in India led to the Indian Rebellion of 1857, which rocked parts of north and central India, and led to the dissolution of the company. India was afterwards ruled directly by the British Crown, in the British Raj. After World War I, a nationwide struggle for independence was launched by the Indian National Congress, led by Mahatma Gandhi, and noted for nonviolence. Later, the All-India Muslim League would advocate for a separate Muslim-majority nation state.


title: History of Asia

text: In August 1947, the British Indian Empire was partitioned into the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan. In particular, the partition of Punjab and Bengal led to rioting between Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs in these provinces and spread to other nearby regions, leaving some 500,000 dead. The police and army units were largely ineffective. The British officers were gone, and the units were beginning to tolerate if not actually indulge in violence against their religious enemies. Also, this period saw one of the largest mass migrations anywhere in modern history, with a total of 12 million Hindus, Sikhs and Muslims moving between the newly created nations of India and Pakistan (which gained independence on 15 and 14 August 1947 respectively). In 1971, Bangladesh, formerly East Pakistan and East Bengal, seceded from Pakistan through an armed conflict sparked by the rise of the Bengali nationalist and self-determination movement.


title: History of Asia

text: During the period when the Korean War occurred, Korea divided into North and South. Syngman Rhee became the first president of South Korea, and Kim Il-sung became the supreme leader of North Korea. After the war, the president of South Korea, Syngman Rhee tries to become a dictator. So the April Revolution occurred, eventually Syngman Rhee was exiled from his country.


title: History of Asia

text: In 1963, Park Chung-hee was empowered with a military coup d'état. He dispatched Republic of Korea Army to Vietnam War. And during this age, the economy of South Korea outran that of North Korea.


title: History of Asia

text: Although Park Chung-hee improved the nation's economy, he was a dictator, so people didn't like him. Eventually, he is murdered by Kim Jae-gyu. In 1979, Chun Doo-hwan was empowered by another coup d’état by military. He oppressed the resistances in the city of Gwangju. That event is called 'Gwangju Uprising'. Despite the Gwangju Uprising, Chun Doo-hwan became the president. But the people resisted again in 1987. This movement is called 'June Struggle'. As a result of Gwangju Uprising and June Struggle, South Korea finally became a democratic republic in 1987.


title: History of Asia

text: Roh Tae-woo (1988–93), Kim Young-sam (1993–98), Kim Dae-jung (1998–2003), Roh Moo-hyun (2003–2008), Lee Myung-bak (2008–2013), Park Geun-hye (2013–2017), Moon Jae-in (2017–) were elected as a president in order after 1987. In 1960, North Korea was far wealthier than South Korea. But in 1970, South Korea begins to outrun the North Korean economy. In 2018, South Korea is ranked #10 in world GDP ranking.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: A Deva (देव Sanskrit and Pāli; Mongolian тэнгэр, tenger) in Buddhism is a type of celestial beings or gods who share the god-like characteristics of being more powerful, longer-lived, and, in general, much happier than humans, although the same level of veneration is not paid to them as to Buddhas.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Other words used in Buddhist texts to refer to similar supernatural beings are devatā ("deities") and devaputta ("son of god"). While the former is a synonym for deva ("celestials"), the latter refers specifically to one of these beings who is young and has newly arisen in its heavenly world.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Deva refers to a class of beings or a path of the six paths of the incarnation cycle. It includes some very different types of beings which can be ranked hierarchically according to the merits they have accumulated over lifetimes. The lowest classes of these beings are closer in their nature to human beings than to the higher classes of deva. Devas can be degraded to humans or the beings in the three evil paths once they have consumed their merits.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: The Devas fall into three classes depending upon which of the three dhātus, or "realms" of the universe they are born in.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: The devas of the "Ārūpyadhātu" have no physical form or location, and they dwell in meditation on formless subjects. They achieve this by attaining advanced meditational levels in another life. They do not interact with the rest of the universe.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: The devas of the "Rūpadhātu" have physical forms, but are genderless and passionless. They live in a large number of "heavens" or deva-worlds that rise, layer on layer, above the earth. These can be divided into five main groups:


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Each of these groups of deva-worlds contains different grades of devas, but all of those within a single group are able to interact and communicate with each other. On the other hand, the lower groups have no direct knowledge of even the existence of the higher types of deva at all. For this reason, some of the Brahmās have become proud, imagining themselves as the creators of their own worlds and of all the worlds below them (because they came into existence before those worlds began to exist).


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: The devas of the "Kāmadhātu" have physical forms similar to, but larger than, those of humans. They lead the same sort of lives that humans do, though they are longer-lived and generally more content; indeed sometimes they are immersed in pleasures. This is the realm that Māra has greatest influence over.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: The higher devas of the Kāmadhātu live in four heavens that float in the air, leaving them free from contact with the strife of the lower world. They are:


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: The lower devas of the Kāmadhātu live on different parts of the mountain at the center of the world, Sumeru. They are even more passionate than the higher devas, and do not simply enjoy themselves but also engage in strife and fighting. They are:


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: ""Furthermore, you should recollect the devas: 'There are the devas of the Four Great Kings, the devas of the Thirty-three...""


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Sometimes included among the devas, and sometimes placed in a different category, are the "Asuras", the opponents of the preceding two groups of devas, whose nature is to be continually engaged in war.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Humans are said to have originally had many of the powers of the devas: not requiring food, the ability to fly through the air, and shining by their own light. Over time they began to eat solid foods, their bodies became coarser and their powers disappeared.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: There is also a humanistic definition of 'deva' [male] and 'devi' [female] ascribed to Gotama Buddha: a god is a moral person. This is comparable to another definition, i.e. that 'hell' is a name for painful emotions.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Devas are invisible to the human eye. The presence of a deva can be detected by those humans who have opened the "Divine eye" (), (Pāli: dibbacakkhu), (Chinese: 天眼), an extrasensory power by which one can see beings from other planes. Their voices can also be heard by those who have cultivated divyaśrotra, a power similar to that of the ear.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Most devas are also capable of constructing illusory forms by which they can manifest themselves to the beings of lower worlds; higher and lower devas sometimes do this to each other.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Devas do not require the same kind of sustenance as humans do, although the lower kinds do eat and drink. The higher orders of deva shine with their own intrinsic luminosity.


title: Deva (Buddhism)

text: Devas are also capable of moving great distances speedily, and of flying through the air, although the lower devas sometimes accomplish this through magical aids such as a flying chariot.


title: Globe Soccer Awards

text: The Globe Soccer Awards are football awards organised by the European Club Association (ECA) in conjunction with the European Association of Player's Agents (EFAA) and delivered by the organisation Globe Soccer. The award ceremony is held in the city of Dubai in the United Arab Emirates, which brings together the main representatives of the world of football (FIFA, ECA, UEFA), the League of the United Arab Emirates, major world clubs and their managers, encouraging an exchange of views on the world of football as a major goal, alongside transfer-related issues and the football market.


title: Globe Soccer Awards

text: The first meeting was held in 2009, but the first prizes were not awarded until 2010, with three being awarded. In 2011 the number of awards and categories was increased, reaching up to six. The 2012 edition delivered a larger number, reaching ten football-related categories.


title: Globe Soccer Awards

text: At the 2012 Globe Soccer Awards ceremony, the organisation decided to award a special award to recognise the best Player of the 20th Century.


title: Globe Soccer Awards

text: Similarly, at the Globe Soccer 2020 Awards ceremony, the organisation decided to simultaneously award a series of special awards known as the 21st Century Awards, which seek to recognise the most important figures in football in the period 2001–2020. The award ceremony was attended by different personalities linked to the world of football, in which highlights the president of FIFA Gianni Infantino who had delivered a speech at the conference.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League (; abbreviated "QMJHL" in English, "LHJMQ" in French) is one of the three major junior ice hockey leagues that constitute the Canadian Hockey League. The league includes teams in the provinces of Quebec, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Edward Island. The current president of the QMJHL is Gilles Courteau.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: The President's Cup is the championship trophy of the league. The QMJHL champion then goes on to compete in the Memorial Cup against the OHL and WHL champions, and the CHL host team. The QMJHL had traditionally adopted a rapid and offensive style of hockey. Former QMJHL players hold many of the Canadian Hockey League's career and single season offensive records.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: Hockey Hall of Fame alumni of the QMJHL include Mario Lemieux, Guy Lafleur, Ray Bourque, Pat LaFontaine, Mike Bossy, Denis Savard, Michel Goulet, Luc Robitaille, and goaltenders Patrick Roy and Martin Brodeur.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: The Quebec Major Junior Hockey League was founded in 1969, through the merger of best teams from the existing Quebec Junior Hockey League and the Metropolitan Montreal Junior Hockey League, declaring themselves a "major junior" league. Of the original eleven QMJHL teams, eight came from the QJHL, two from the MMJHL, and the Cornwall Royals, from Cornwall, Ontario, near the Quebec border, who transferred from the Central Junior A Hockey League. The Rosemont National and Laval Saints transferred from the MMJHL. The eight teams from the QJHL were the Drummondville Rangers, Quebec Remparts, Saint-Jérôme Alouettes, Shawinigan Bruins, Sherbrooke Castors, Sorel Éperviers, Trois-Rivières Ducs and the Verdun Maple Leafs.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: Most of the teams were within a few hours' drive of Montreal. From the first season in 1969–70, only Shawinigan remains in the same city with an uninterrupted history, although the team's name has changed to the Cataractes.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: In 1972 the QMJHL had been in operation for three years, and wanted a team in the province's largest city. It threatened a lawsuit to force the Montreal Junior Canadiens of the Ontario Hockey Association into the Quebec-based league. Over the summer of 1972, the OHA granted the Junior Habs a "one-year suspension" of operations, while team ownership transferred the team and players into the QMJHL, renaming themselves the Montreal Bleu Blanc Rouge in the process. The OHA then reactivated the suspended franchise for the 1973–74 season in Kingston, Ontario, under new ownership and with new players, calling the team the Kingston Canadians.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: QMJHL teams have won the Memorial Cup twelve times since 1969, with the Shawinigan Cataractes, Saint John Sea Dogs, the Granby Prédateurs, the Hull Olympiques, Halifax Mooseheads, Rouyn-Noranda Huskies, Rimouski Océanic, and the Acadie-Bathurst Titan each winning once, the Quebec Remparts winning twice (once in their first edition 1969–1985, and once in their second edition 1997–present) and the Cornwall Royals winning three times.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: Starting in 1994, the QMJHL began to expand further east, outside of Quebec. The "Q" filled the void in Atlantic Canada after the exodus of American Hockey League franchises, when the AHL had a strong presence in the 1980s and 1990s; all of the Maritime Division cities save for Bathurst, New Brunswick are former homes of AHL franchises. To date, Fredericton, New Brunswick is the lone former AHL market that has not established a QMJHL franchise.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: In recent seasons, the QMJHL has been scouting players from the Atlantic Canada region along with a surge in players coming out of the New England area: the QMJHL has territorial rights to draft and recruit players from New England as part of an agreement where players from the United States can be drafted by the CHL league that is in a similar geographic area.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: This is a list of Canadian Hockey League career and single season records accomplished by QMJHL players.


title: Quebec Major Junior Hockey League

text: The Memorial Cup has been captured fourteen times by QMJHL teams since the league's founding in 1969:


title: Jackpot (2019 film)

text: Jackpot is a 2019 Indian Tamil-language fantasy comedy film written and directed by Kalyaan. The film stars Jyothika and Revathi, in lead roles, while Samuthirakani, Mansoor Ali Khan, Yogi Babu and Anandaraj playing supporting roles. Revathi plays the character of Masha for the third time after "Arangetra Velai" and "Gulaebaghavali". The film is produced by actor Suriya under his production banner 2D Entertainment. The music for the film is scored by Vishal Chandrasekhar. The principal photography of the film commenced on 12 February 2019. The film was released on 2 August 2019. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics.The film was a box office hit.


title: Jackpot (2019 film)

text: The film opens in 1918 and follows a milkman who accidentally stumbles upon an inexhaustible vessel (Akshaya Patra) while digging for a well. He fills it with cows milk, however, when he continues digging the well, he is surprised that the vessel produced a lot of milk from a small amount. He uses the vessel to change his fortune and become rich, but not for long as it eventually gets stolen by two people. Many years later, the vessel is found by an old lady who sells idlis by a riverbank and she uses it to feed more people. She passes on the secret about the vessel and its power to Akshaya (Jyothika) and Masha (Revathi), who says she had buried the vessel due to fear that someone might steal it from her. She says that she has buried it in Maanasthan's (Anandaraj)) rice mill near a bull shed. Akshaya and Maasha get the help of Mottai (Rajendran) and Rahul Vijay (Yogi Babu). How they get their hands on the vessel while dealing with Maanasthan and Bhai (Mansoor Ali Khan) forms the crux of the story.


title: Jackpot (2019 film)

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by Vishal Chandrasekhar on lyrics of Vivek, Arunraja Kamaraj, Lady Kash and Ku. Karthik.


title: Jackpot (2019 film)

text: According to "Behindwoods",it stated that "Jyothika and Revathy charmingly playing to the gallery and Anandraj's comedies make Jackpot a one time watch" giving it a 2.2/5. While "The Times of India" giving three stars out of five, gave a positive review "Though the story has nothing new to offer except the plot surrounding the vessel, the film manages to entertain, thanks to some of the comic scenes which are devoid of double-entendre. The background score, however, reminds us of music from a few other movies. The two songs do not add much value to the story but look vibrant on the screen. An unapologetically made fun film, this may appeal to those who love watching movies in this genre." Baradwaj Rangan of Film Companion South wrote "...the writing is all over the place and the director seems to have other concerns. He wants to project his heroine as a “mass” star. She gets to do slo-mo walks. She gets to beat up many men. She gets to mouth lines delivered on screen by other “mass” heroes. All this simply kills the mood".


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Sir Jeffrey Mark Donaldson (born 7 December 1962) is a Northern Irish politician who has served as leader of the Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) since June 2021. He has been the Member of Parliament (MP) for Lagan Valley since 1997, and leader of the DUP in the UK House of Commons since 2019. As of 2022, he is Northern Ireland's longest-serving MP.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson is a member of the Orange Order and served in the Ulster Defence Regiment during the Troubles. He was also the campaign manager for the UUP MP Enoch Powell's successful re-election campaigns in 1983 and 1986. He was the Ulster Unionist Party (UUP) candidate for Lagan Valley at the 1997 general election, and was elected as an MP to the House of Commons. He simultaneously represented the same constituency as a Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) in the Northern Ireland Assembly from 2003 to 2010. Donaldson is known for his opposition to UUP leader David Trimble's support of the Good Friday Agreement during the Northern Ireland peace process, especially from 1998 to 2003. In 2003, Donaldson resigned from the UUP, becoming a member of the DUP in the following year.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson served in the Northern Ireland Executive from 2008 to 2009 as a Junior Minister for First Minister Peter Robinson. After Nigel Dodds lost his seat at the 2019 general election, Donaldson became the DUP Westminster leader. He was a candidate in the May 2021 Democratic Unionist Party leadership election, losing to Edwin Poots. After Poots resigned the following month, Donaldson was elected unopposed to succeed Poots in the June DUP leadership election; he was confirmed in the post by the party's ruling executive on 30 June. He was once again elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly in the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, but he subsequently chose to remain as a Westminster MP and not take up his seat.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson was born in Kilkeel, County Down, in Northern Ireland, where he was the oldest of five boys and three girls. He attended Kilkeel High School, where he excelled at debating, then Castlereagh College. At the age of sixteen he joined the Orange Order, and then the Ulster Unionist Party's Young Unionists.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Two of Donaldson's cousins were killed by the Provisional Irish Republican Army while serving in the Royal Ulster Constabulary: Sam Donaldson was killed in 1970 and Alex Donaldson, a Chief Inspector, died in a mortar attack on a Newry police station in 1985.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson served with the Kilkeel company of the 3rd Battalion Ulster Defence Regiment (3 UDR), where he was later promoted to corporal.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: From 1982 to 1984 he was the constituency agent for the Ulster Unionist MP Enoch Powell, managing Powell's successful re-election campaigns in 1983 and 1986. He then worked as personal assistant to the UUP leader James Molyneaux until Molyneaux retired from politics in 1997.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: In October 1985, at the age of 22, following the death of Raymond McCullough, Donaldson was elected with a large majority in a by-election to the Northern Ireland Assembly to represent South Down. In April 1986 Donaldson partook in a unionist demonstration attempting to blockade a conference of the Ulster Teachers' Union held in Newcastle, County Down, in protest at the Anglo-Irish Agreement. Demonstrators blocked teachers' cars and scuffled with the police; at one point protestors broke through police lines and attacked Education Minister Brian Mawhinney's car with flag poles. After further violence arrests were made. Donaldson told reporters afterward "What we're saying to Brian Mawhinney here today is that he may think that he is an Ulsterman but the people of Ulster... want no part of a man who has betrayed the people of Ulster." Mawhinney labelled the protestors "thugs". In June that year after Secretary of State for Northern Ireland Tom King ordered the dissolution the Assembly, Donaldson was one of twenty-one unionist representatives who refused to leave the chamber at Stormont and was eventually physically removed from the building by the Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC).


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: In 1996 he was first-placed candidate on the UUP list for the Northern Ireland Forum elections, virtually guaranteeing him a seat. Donaldson, by this time serving as Assistant Grand Master of the Orange Order, was a prominent figure in the ongoing Drumcree conflict over a yearly loyalist parade in the town of Portadown. He justified unionist demonstrators cutting off Belfast International Airport by saying "in a democracy people have the right to protest and unfortunately some people get inconvenienced". This led to his selection in 1997 as a candidate for the Westminster Parliament; he was elected at the 1997 general election as the Member of Parliament (MP) for the Lagan Valley constituency, succeeding James Molyneaux. At that time he was tipped as a potential future leader of the Ulster Unionist Party.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson stated in Richard English's book, "Armed Struggle", that because of a "deep sense of injustice that I felt had been perpetrated against my people and specifically against my family", he joined both the Ulster Defence Regiment and the Ulster Unionist Party at the age of 18 to oppose the IRA both militarily and politically.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: In 1998, Donaldson was in the Ulster Unionist Party's negotiating team for the Good Friday Agreement. However, on the morning of the day the agreement was concluded on 10 April 1998, Donaldson walked out of the delegation. He rejected some of the arrangements, notably the lack of a link between Sinn Féin's admittance to government and IRA decommissioning.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Disagreements over the Good Friday Agreement negotiations planted the seeds of discontent between the figurehead of the anti-agreement faction of the UUP (Donaldson) and the pro-agreement party leader (Trimble). Donaldson was not allowed to stand in the 1998 assembly election as a party rule stopped MPs, apart from the leader and deputy leader, from going forward as assembly candidates.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson engineered several party council meetings in protest against David Trimble's policies. The council, however, backed Trimble's leadership, and on 23 June 2003, along with fellow MPs David Burnside and Martin Smyth, Donaldson resigned the Ulster Unionist whip at Westminster. The MPs remained party members and in November 2003 Assembly election Donaldson was elected to the Northern Ireland Assembly for the UUP as an MLA for Lagan Valley.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Following the success of the rival Democratic Unionist Party (DUP) in the same Assembly election of 2003, he reiterated his call for Trimble's immediate resignation, but the party continued to back Trimble. On 18 December 2003 Donaldson, Norah Beare MLA and Arlene Foster announced their resignation from the UUP, and on 5 January 2004 they announced that they had joined the DUP.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson was returned to the House of Commons of the United Kingdom in the 2005 UK general election and in 2007 was appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom, entitling him to the honorific style of "The Right Honourable". At the March 2007 Northern Ireland Assembly election, he was re-elected as an MLA for Lagan Valley.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: In July 2009, "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Donaldson had repaid £555 claimed for pay-to-view films in overnight hotel stays. In total, Donaldson submitted claim forms, including receipts, for 68 pay-to-view movies. The newspaper claimed "hotel sources confirmed that films he put on his expenses during 2004 and 2005 were in the highest price category offered to guests, covering the latest blockbusters and adult movies" although no evidence is offered that he did and Donaldson issued an official statement denying watching any content of an adult or pornographic nature.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson was appointed to government by First Minister Peter Robinson, and held the position of Junior Minister in the Office of the First Minister and deputy First Minister from 2008 to 2009. Being also an MP, he lost his position due to the DUP's phasing out of "double jobbing". Following his re-election to the House of Commons at the general election in May 2010, Donaldson stood down from the Northern Ireland Assembly on 10 June, and was replaced on 16 June by Paul Givan.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: On 3 May 2021, exactly 100 years from when Northern Ireland was effectively established, Donaldson declared his candidacy for the leadership of the DUP to replace Arlene Foster. On 14 May, he was defeated by Edwin Poots MLA, by 19 votes to 17.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: On 17 June, Poots resigned after only 21 days in post. Poots had faced an internal revolt against his decision to proceed without delay to nominate Paul Givan as First Minister after Sinn Féin had reached an agreement with the Westminster government about an Irish Language Act. The "Belfast Telegraph" described the events as "one of the most tumultuous days in the DUP's 50-year history".


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: On 21 June, Donaldson declared his candidacy for the leadership of the DUP to replace Edwin Poots, pledging to make the Northern Ireland Protocol his main priority. He was the sole candidate. The party's electoral college, which met on 26 June, endorsed him as leader-designate and he was confirmed in the post by the party's ruling executive on 30 June.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: In July 2021 Donaldson said in a UTV interview that he intended to resign his seat as a Westminster MP and become Northern Ireland First Minister before the 2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election, but also said that he did not yet know precisely how he would bring this about.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: On 23 August 2021, Prime Minister Boris Johnson appointed Donaldson as the UK's trade envoy to Cameroon, in addition to his role as the trade envoy to Egypt.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: It was announced on 24 August 2021, that Donaldson was planning to stand as a candidate for Lagan Valley in the Assembly election the following year, if he is unable to get co-opted to a vacant seat in the time leading up to the election. Plans were drawn up to temporarily re-allow "double jobbing", which would have allowed Donaldson to be in the Assembly and remain an MP. However, these plans were dropped, so, if Donaldson becomes a member of the Assembly, he will cease to be an MP, triggering a by-election. Donaldson was elected to the Assembly in the May 2022 election, but declined to take up his seat, with the party instead co-opting Emma Little-Pengelly. Donaldson said he would not take up his Assembly seat until the situation over the Northern Ireland Protocol is resolved.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson opposed the Good Friday Agreement (GFA). He supported Brexit, but called for the Northern Ireland Protocol agreed between the UK and the EU in December 2020, which establishes a customs and regulatory border in the Irish Sea separating Northern Ireland from Great Britain, to be reformed or revoked. Despite his earlier rejection of the GFA, he stated in January 2021 that the Protocol "actually undermines the Good Friday agreement".


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson has been accused of making anti-Catholic comments. In 2009, Social Democratic and Labour Party (SDLP) deputy leader Alasdair McDonnell demanded an apology from Donaldson and a retraction of his claim that Catholics owed allegiance in the first instance to the Pope and the Holy See.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: In March 2019, Donaldson was one of 21 MPs who voted against LGBT inclusive sex and relationship education in English schools. He opposes same-sex marriage in Northern Ireland, legalised by the British Government in December 2019. Jeffrey Donaldson has repaid £555 to the House of Commons’ fees office after charging dozens of pay-to-view movies to the tax payer.The former junior minister made claims for 68 pay-to-view movies at London hotels where he stayed in 2004 and 2005, according to the Daily Telegraph.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Donaldson was sworn in as a member of the Privy Council of the United Kingdom in 2007. This allows him the Honorific Style "The Right Honourable" for life.


title: Jeffrey Donaldson

text: Speaking of his national identity, Donaldson says that he is “Irish and British, Northern Irish and British, and British.” He notes that he is a member of the Irish Presbyterian church, which is organised on an all-Ireland basis. He supports Ulster and Ireland in rugby, Lisnagarvey hockey club (which plays for Ireland), Ireland in cricket, and Northern Ireland in football. He describes his national identity as geographically Irish, but also as being "part of a wider group of nations that is British". He believes that there is no contradiction in identifying as Irish, Northern Irish and British.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Sue Anna Garina Dodd (born July 20, 1996), professionally known as Sue Ramirez (), is a Filipino-American actress, model and singer. Her first major role was as supporting cast member on the ABS-CBN remake of the TV drama Mula Sa Puso (2011). She appeared in the television dramas "" (2011–12), "" (2012), "Annaliza" (2013–2014), "Pangako Sa 'Yo (2015)", "Dolce Amore" (2016), "La Luna Sangre" (2017), "Hanggang Saan" (2017–18), "FPJ's Ang Probinsyano" (2018) and "A Soldier's Heart" (2020). She was nominated in the 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Movies as New Movie Actress of the Year for the film "Just the Way You Are".


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Sue Ramirez was born as Sue Anna Garina Dodd in Parañaque, Philippines. Her Filipino mother Concepcion Garina is from Sipalay City, Negros Occidental, and her father James Peter Dodd was a White American retired senior officer of the US state department. Sue is the youngest among her siblings, with two sisters and two brothers; only she has dual Filipino and American citizenship. She attended high school at Sacred Heart School in Parañaque. Ramirez's father died in 2013.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In 2010, Ramirez auditioned for Star Magic with the song "Angels Brought Me Here" by Guy Sebastian, and was accepted, with her first project with ABS-CBN being teen variety show "Shoutout!" She entered show business with the hopes of paying for her father's medical expenses.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Ramirez began her acting career playing Nicole Matias in the ABS-CBN remake of "Mula sa Puso." Her character is the only child of the antagonists Ysmael Matias and Selina Pereira-Matias, who goes against her parents and becomes associated with the protagonist, Olivia "Via" Pereira-Amarillo. The series premiered in March 2011 and ran for one season with ninety-eight episodes. Anna Larrucea was originally cast for her role. In the same year, Ramirez made her film debut with a minor role in "Aswang", followed by a supporting role in ABS-CBN's drama television series "".


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Ramirez's lead role in ABS-CBN's 2012 remake of "!Oka Tokat" is often cited as her second major role. She portrayed Luna, the clairvoyant haunted by her ability of foresight, who strives to hone and accept her ability while experiencing difficulties in belonging in the community. She was paired with Paul Salas as her first "love team" partner. The series premiered in February 2012 and ran for one season with fifteen episodes. In the same year, Ramirez reprised her role in the to ABS-CBN's drama television series "Angelito: Batang Ama", followed by a supporting role in an episode in ABS-CBN's anthology drama "Maalaala Mo Kaya – Baul".


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In 2013, Ramirez starred as Luisa "Louie" Celerez in ABS-CBN's "Annaliza", the remake of the television series of the same name produced by GMA Network. She was announced to be part of the supporting cast after ABS-CBN's announcement that they have received the rights to remake the television series from the original director, Gil C. Soriano.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In 2014, Ramirez appeared in another episode in ABS-CBN's anthology drama "Maalaala Mo Kaya – Panyo", followed by a supporting role in an episode in ABS-CBN's dramatization of actual cases brought and settled in the Supreme Court and Court of Appeals, as well as a special participation in ABS-CBN's comedy drama "Dream Dad".


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In 2015, Ramirez starred as Michelle Gutierrez in a series of episodes in ABS-CBN's "Wansapanataym", followed by a special participation in the Nasaan Ka Nang Kailangan Kita remake of the film of the same name. In the same year, Ramirez participated in the fourth batch of the fifth season of "Kapamilya, Deal or No Deal", hosted by Luis Manzano, where she was chosen to play in the May 13, 2015 episode and received ₱100,000. Ramirez once again appeared in two episodes in "Maalaala Mo Kaya – Shattered Dreams" and "Maalaala Mo Kaya – Selfless Love" and a supporting role in the afternoon drama series All of Me as Kristel Sebastian.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Ramirez gained further popularity after joining the second half (Book 2) of the teleserye "Pangako Sa 'Yo" (2015) as Joy "Ligaya" Miranda, the "third wheel" of the show's primary "love team" Yna Macaspac (Kathryn Bernardo) and Angelo Buenavista (Daniel Padilla). In the same year, Sue Ramirez received her first nomination in the 32nd PMPC Star Awards for Movies as New Movie Actress of the Year for the film "Just the Way You Are" (2015).


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In 2016, Ramirez was given the role of Angel (Serena's biological sister played by Liza Soberano) in "Dolce Amore" and topbilled the viral story of Genesis, a Filipino artist who sold his paintings for a mother who suffered from severe illness in "Maalaala Mo Kaya – Paru-paro". She also joined the longest-running musical variety show in the Philippines ASAP. In the same year, Ramirez was chosen to be the new" Honorary Tourism Ambassador for Korea to the Philippines", replacing actress Jessy Mendiola.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Year after, Ramirez appeared as the Young Margaret Divinagracia played by Coney Reyes in 2017 Philippine fantasy drama "My Dear Heart" and as one of the celebrity contestants in the Philippine adaptation of Israeli reality show "I Can Do That". In the same year, Ramirez had a reunion with the loveteam "Kathniel" in the horror-action fantasy drama television series "La Luna Sangre".


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In the last Quarter of 2017, Sue Ramirez led the cast of the horror movie "The Debutantes" together with Miles Ocampo, Michelle Vito, Jane de Leon and Chanel Morales. It was also announced that Ramirez will join the Main Cast of the Philippine television drama series "Hanggang Saan" with veteran actress Sylvia Sanchez and will be part of the 2017 Metro Manila Film Festival entry "" with Vic Sotto and Dawn Zulueta.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: In 2019, she portrayed a full-service sex worker in the film "Cuddle Weather" alongside RK Bagatsing.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: She currently portrays Lexy Lucero, a woman in a relationship with a married man, in the Kapamilya teleserye "The Broken Marriage Vow" as main antagonist, which began airing in January 2022.


title: Sue Ramirez

text: Since 2020, she has been dating actor and politician Javi Benitez, the son of politician Albee Benitez.


title: Billy Ray (screenwriter)

text: Billy Ray (born 1962) is an American screenwriter and film director. He began writing for television and movies in 1994 with "Color of Night." He has written numerous films including "Captain Phillips" (2013) and "Richard Jewell" (2019).


title: Billy Ray (screenwriter)

text: Ray was born in Los Angeles, and raised in Encino, Los Angeles, California. He is from a Jewish family, and attended Steven Wise Temple and Birmingham High School. Starting in 2003, he began to direct as well as write; his first film was "Shattered Glass," inspired by the true story of Stephen Glass, a journalist who fabricated a majority of his stories. He was nominated for the Most Promising Filmmaker by the Chicago Film Critics Association and an Independent Spirit Award for Best Screenplay for his work on this film. "Breach" (2007), which Ray co-wrote and directed, tells a similar story about Robert Hanssen, an FBI agent convicted of spying for the Soviet Union and later, Russia, for more than two decades, and Eric O'Neill, who worked as his assistant and helped bring about his downfall.


title: Billy Ray (screenwriter)

text: He is perhaps best known for writing the screenplay to the 2012 blockbuster, "The Hunger Games", and his Academy Award-nominated screenplay for the 2013 film, "Captain Phillips". Ray also worked with the advertising agency Barkley to help write the AMC Theatres 2021 "We Make Movies Better" campaign starring Nicole Kidman.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Lindsay Elizabeth Buziak (November 2, 1983 – February 2, 2008) was a Canadian real estate agent who was murdered on a property viewing in Saanich, a suburb of Victoria, British Columbia, on February 2, 2008 after being lured to meet a couple (a man and a woman) posing as prospective clients. They had told her they were looking for a million dollar home. Buziak was apprehensive about going to the viewing because of the odd way someone with her low profile had been contacted directly for such a large deal. However she went despite her misgivings after being reassured. The sophisticated and pre-planned setting up of her homicide is believed to indicate she was personally targeted by experienced criminals with inside information. The main theories as to motive are she was believed to be a potential informant after seeing something she was not intended to, or there was some personal reason. Buziak was not involved in criminal activity, but had friends from a wide range of backgrounds.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Lindsay Elizabeth Buziak was born on November 2, 1983, to Jeff Buziak and Evelyn Buziak ("née" Reitmayer). She had one sister, Sara. In 2008, 24-year-old Lindsay Buziak was an ambitious Victoria real estate agent who had made a promising start to her career and was described by her family, friends, and colleagues as being popular and caring. Her boyfriend, Jason Zailo, is part of a prominent and wealthy family that owns a successful real estate business.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: In late January 2008, Buziak received a call from a woman who told Buziak that she and her husband were looking urgently for a home to buy, with a budget of $1 million. The caller had a foreign accent and used what later turned out to be a fake name. Unnerved by the nature of the call, Buziak asked the caller how she had gotten her personal cell phone number, as she was a relatively junior employee. The caller said that a previous client of Buziak's had passed it on to her.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Buziak told her boyfriend, Jason Zailo, and her father, Jeff Buziak, about the call and revealed her concerns. Zailo encouraged Buziak to take on the client because of the high commission she would get from the sale, and to reassure her, Zailo offered to be outside the property in his car in case anything went wrong. Buziak found a suitable property and made an appointment with the client to view it at 5:30 p.m. on Saturday, February 2, 2008.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: On Saturday, February 2, 2008, Buziak and Zailo ate a late lunch at a restaurant, paying the bill at 4:24 p.m. They left separately in their own vehicles. It is believed that Buziak went home to change clothes before the viewing. Zailo traveled to an auto shop to pick up a colleague. Zailo was running late, and CCTV at the auto shop showed him and his colleague leaving at 5:30 p.m. Zailo and Buziak had exchanged several text messages and Buziak was aware that Zailo would be late.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: The street on which the house is located, De Sousa Place, is a small cul-de-sac containing four houses. Number 1702 is at the outer end of the cul-de-sac, on the intersection of De Sousa Place and a main thoroughfare, Torquay Drive. The side of the property and the fence of the back garden run parallel to Torquay Drive.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Despite the client telling Buziak that she would come alone, a couple turned up for the viewing. At 5:30 p.m., two witnesses saw a 6-foot-tall Caucasian man with dark hair and a blonde-haired woman aged between 35 and 45 wearing a distinctively patterned dress walking up the cul-de-sac. The witnesses then saw Lindsay shake hands with the couple, and from the body language of their greeting it appeared that she had never met them before. The three of them then entered the house.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Zailo and his colleague arrived at the cul-de-sac at about 5:40 p.m. As they were driving up to the property, Zailo saw a figure through the glass of the front door.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Zailo parked outside the property for about 10 minutes. He then decided to drive back out to Torquay Drive and park there, as he did not want to be "a nosey, interfering boyfriend". After waiting another 10 minutes parked on Torquay Drive, Zailo texted Buziak to ask if she was okay. Buziak never opened this message.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: After twenty minutes had passed since Zailo had arrived and seen the couple go back into the house, Zailo went to the front door and found it locked when he tried to open it. Through the mottled glass on the front door, he saw Buziak's shoes in the entrance hall, but there was no sign of movement and no one answered his repeated knocks at the door. At this point, he called 911. While Zailo was on the line with the operator, his colleague found a gap in the fence in the back garden, entered the garden and saw that the back patio door was wide open. He called out to Zailo, who told the operator that they were going into the house. Zailo then hung up.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Zailo's colleague came through the main level of the home to unlock the front door to let Zailo in. Zailo immediately ran upstairs and found Buziak lying in a pool of blood in the master bedroom. Zailo called 911 a second time and the emergency services arrived soon after.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Buziak was pronounced dead when the paramedics arrived. She had been stabbed multiple times. There were no defensive wounds, indicating that she had probably been initially stabbed from behind and had no inkling of what was about to happen. None of Buziak's possessions had been stolen and she had not been sexually assaulted.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Zailo and his colleague were taken into custody but were released without charge after their version of events was verified and the timestamped surveillance footage from the auto shop proved that they could not have committed the murder. According to the Saanich Police Department, Zailo has been interviewed several times over the years and has always cooperated with the police. He has also passed a polygraph test.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Due to the complete lack of DNA, fingerprints or any other physical evidence at the scene, it is believed that the murder was well-organized and carried out by people who had perhaps killed before. The police are satisfied that the killers were leaving through the front door when Zailo drove up to the property, and that they then fled through the back door, leaving the back patio door open and passing through the fence and back to a vehicle, which was presumably parked somewhere on or near Torquay Drive. This is consistent with the witness statements of the unknown couple walking (rather than driving) up the cul-de-sac, and the fact that all the vehicles on the cul-de-sac once the police arrived were accounted for.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: The cell phone used by the unknown woman to call Buziak was purchased in Vancouver several months before the murder and had never been used until that call was made. It was activated under the name of Paulo Rodriguez, which authorities believe is a fake name. It was registered to a legitimate address in Vancouver, which is a business address, but it is believed that the business has no connection with the case and that its address was simply chosen at random. The phone was deactivated soon after the murder and has not been used since. Cell phone tower "pings" show that the phone travelled on the ferry from Vancouver the day before the murder. Authorities believe the phone was used for the sole purpose of the murder and was discarded afterwards. This supports their theory that the murder was planned.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: The family of Jason Zailo were investigated due to their connections with the cul-de-sac. De Sousa Court is named after developer Joe De Sousa, a friend and business associate of Shirley Zailo, Jason's mother. Part of the cul-de-sac was still under construction at the time of the murder, and De Sousa himself was at the location an hour before the murder, supervising the construction work. However, the police have stated that no one in the Zailo family is a suspect.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: In September 2010, the American network NBC aired a "Dateline" episode, "Dream House Murder." The Saanich Police Detectives, Horsley and McColl revealed that in December 2007, about 8 weeks prior to her murder, Buziak tried to contact the friend of her ex-boyfriend while on a visit to Calgary. On January 22, 2008, the largest drug bust in Alberta's history took place and the friend was arrested as being a major participant in the illegal drug trafficking operation. It was speculated that Buziak's murder may have been ordered by a drug cartel because she was believed to be a police informant. The detectives investigated the possibility but quickly ruled it out as a motive because she was not an informant and the personal nature of her murder did not fit a hired killer's method of operation. Crime scene investigator Yolanda McClary and veteran Homicide Detective Dwayne Stanton both agree that Buziak's murder was not a contracted murder related to a drug cartel; it was brutal but too amateurish. Both seasoned investigators stated that they do believe that Buziak's murder was very personal and planned by someone very close to her; someone who had access to inside information from the Re/Max office where she worked.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Speculation regarding another drug bust related to this group of people was also investigated as a link to Buziak's murder. An individual's phone had been tapped because of his high level of involvement in the trafficking and sale of illegal narcotics in British Columbia and Alberta. During the wiretaps, law enforcement uncovered information that led to the BC Legislature Raids in 2003. Buziak's and her boyfriend's phones at the time were also tapped because of his association with this group. Although this theory was interesting, it was quickly dismissed because Buziak was never known to be involved in drug use or trafficking and was not on the witness list released to the defense during the trial.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: Later in 2008, a close friend of Buziak's, called Nikki, claimed that she was awakened by a telephone call in the middle of the night from an unknown number. As she was half-asleep, she did not register much of what the female caller was saying, but she noticed that the caller had a strange accent that she could not place. She became scared when she remembered that Buziak had reported that her unidentified client (and possible murderer) had an odd accent that she could not put her finger on, and which she thought may have been fake. Now fully alert, she called the number back but no one picked up. She called repeatedly, "20 or 30 times," until someone answered. The person on the other end of the line was Shirley Zailo. Nikki asked Shirley why she called her and how she had her number, as they did not know each other. Shirley replied that she meant to call another Nikki, her secretary, and that she didn't know why this Nikki's number was in her contact list but presumed that her son Jason Zailo must have added it. Shirley Zailo categorically denies that this event occurred, and it has not been publicly revealed whether Nikki's claim was followed up by the authorities.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: In February of each year, Buziak's father Jeff leads an annual walk in remembrance of Buziak and to keep her case in the public eye.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: In August 2017, a public message was posted on the investigative website run by Jeff Buziak. The message, which contained misspellings throughout, stated: "I killed Lindsey [sic] and stupid cops will never prove it."


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: In 2020, the "Capital Daily" requested a release of public records relating to the case, and reported previously unpublished information. The documents revealed that police were aware of two different "crime phones" used by the suspects; one with a Vancouver number only used to contact Buziak, and another used to check the voicemail of the first. They also reported strange Internet activity during the time just before her murder, and that police initially suspected that "violent criminals" on her Facebook friends list "may have played a role" in the murder.


title: Murder of Lindsay Buziak

text: In February 2021, Saanich police said that advancements in DNA analysis and other technology had created new leads in the case. The United States Federal Bureau of Investigation has been working with investigators on the case since early 2020.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: 22 Bishopsgate, also known as Twentytwo, is a commercial skyscraper in London, England. Completed in 2020, it occupies a prominent site in Bishopsgate, in the City of London financial district, and stands at tall with 62 storeys. The project replaces an earlier plan for a tower named The Pinnacle, on which construction was started in 2008 but suspended in 2012 following the Great Recession, with only the concrete core of the first seven storeys. The structure was later subjected to a re-design, out of which it became known by its postal address, 22 Bishopsgate. It is the second tallest building in the United Kingdom.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: Under the original plans, The Pinnacle was to become the second-tallest building in both the United Kingdom and the European Union after The Shard, also in London. The Economic Development Corporation of Saudi Arabia and its development manager, Arab Investments, which largely funded the construction, invested £500 million in it in return for a majority stake in the structure. However, the build was put on hold due to a lack of additional funding and letting commitments.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In 2013 it was reported that a review of the design and construction process, undertaken by original architects Kohn Pedersen Fox, agents CBRE and the developers, had been completed, with the building's "helter skelter" style exterior set to be retained. In 2015, the site was sold to a consortium led by Axa Real Estate and a re-design with a simpler exterior, ultimately excluding the costly "helter skelter" shape, was submitted for public consultation before application for planning permission.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In April 2016, it was confirmed that property company Lipton Rogers and its joint venture partner, Axa IM – Real Assets, would complete the £1bn development in 2019. At 278 metres, the building was set to be the tallest in the City of London at that time and, due to potential loss of light to surrounding buildings, there had been objections to the development from several parties. However, City of London granted permission after considering the potential benefits of developing the building including the introduction of more floorspace to the area and the creation of new jobs.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In 2017, plans were approved which redesigned the building and reduced its height further to 255 m due to concerns that the cranes used for its construction could interfere with the flight paths of the nearby London City Airport. However, these plans were withdrawn after approval was granted for the previous 278-metre design.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: The architects of The Pinnacle were Kohn Pedersen Fox and the developer was the fund management company Union Investment. The height of the tower was initially proposed at , but this was scaled down to following concerns from the Civil Aviation Authority. The revised design included approximately of office space.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: The Bishopsgate Tower, as it was first called, was submitted for planning permission in June 2005 and approved in April 2006. The twisting design of its roof and the curling patterns in the façade were based on various organic forms in nature such as armadillos, mushrooms and seashells, and led to the building being nicknamed "The Helter Skelter". The upper floors were to contain restaurants and the highest public viewing platform in the UK.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: The Pinnacle's original design also provided more solar panelling than any other building in the country, with of photovoltaic cells, capable of generating up to 200 kW of electricity. It would also have had a double-layered skin like the nearby gherkin-shaped 30 St Mary Axe, allowing it to respond dynamically to climatic changes and to utilise effective climate control with low energy consumption. To control construction costs, every panel on the tower would be of exactly the same size.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In August 2006 Keltbray began test-piling on site. Demolition began on the smaller of the two existing buildings in November 2006. In February 2007 it was reported that the Bishopsgate Tower had been purchased by Arab Investments, and that the structure would be renamed as The Pinnacle.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In May 2007 it was announced that full funding had been secured and that The Pinnacle was likely to be built speculatively. In June 2007 demolition began on Crosby Court, the larger of the two existing buildings on the site.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In August 2007 Arab Investments signed a pre-construction contract with Multiplex to build the tower.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: Demolition of the existing site began in mid-2007. It was scheduled to be completed by February 2008, however this was delayed until April 2008 because of an injunction won in December 2007 by Hiscox, an insurance company based in neighbouring Great St. Helen's. The company complained about noise pollution from the work. The injunction obtained by Hiscox Syndicates & Another against The Pinnacle Ltd & Others in January 2008 afforded protection on three points:


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: The injunction was successfully varied at a hearing in June 2008. An application to vary the terms of the injunction in connection with access was granted and a new Order made by the Technology and Construction Court.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: Alternative access across the site ensured that access to the car park entrance was maintained whilst demolition above and adjacent to the highway continued.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In late May 2008, a mobile crane and piling rig were on site preparing for construction. It was reported that law firm Davies Arnold Cooper was to take up of office space, and subsequently that the restaurant which was to be at the top of the tower was let. The tower was well under construction, with steel rebar cages already inserted into the ground, which formed part of the piles that would hold the weight of the tower. In November 2008 another piling rig came into use on the site, as well as steel plates for the piles.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: By March 2009 the largest-ever piles in the UK had been laid (the previous record holder was Moor House with foundations 57 m deep, and these were only built to that depth in 2002 to allow Crossrail to eventually pass under it). The piles were sunk 48.5 m below sea level, and 65.5 m below the site (surpassing Moor House's depth by 8.5 m).


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In summer 2009 piling had been completed and workers began excavating deep down, ready to begin constructing the basements. The first crane base was put into place in October 2009.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In June 2011 Arab Investments announced that they had secured the near £500 million shortfall in the project, meaning that construction work could resume, and by December 2011 the core had reached the sixth floor. A £140 million loan was provided by HSH Nordbank, a lender based in Hamburg, which was subsequently extended three times.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In March 2012 the project was halted until at least early 2013, due to problems regarding the pre-let. In December 2012 a settlement offered by Arab Investments to contractors Brookfield Multiplex paved the way for construction to resume "potentially very soon". However, in February 2013 it was reported that the part-built skyscraper could be demolished and rebuilt from scratch based on a less expensive scheme. The following month it was understood that several architects had submitted bids to re-design The Pinnacle, including Ken Shuttleworth, the co-designer of 30 St Mary Axe.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In April 2013 it was suggested that The Pinnacle would not restart construction under its original design. However, by December 2013, after an extensive design review, alterations to the interior floor plans were made but the costly exterior was retained with no significant changes.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In February 2015 the site was acquired by a consortium led by Axa Real Estate in a deal worth £550 million. The building was completely re-designed and a new application for planning permission was submitted in summer 2015 following consultation. That application was approved in November 2015. The concrete central core of the original design was completely removed by December 2015, and construction of the new building commenced in January 2016.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: The new building, renamed as 22 Bishopsgate, is planned to be tall with 62 storeys. It is estimated the tower will provide approximately of office space and for restaurants, retail outlets and viewing galleries.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: During the EU Referendum campaign, the developer, Axa, had stated that while they were "committed to the development", they may "revisit the options" if there was a vote to leave the EU. However, despite the leave vote on 23 June, construction continued. The 7th floor of the building is a co-working space with desks, meeting rooms, phone booths, and an event space.


title: 22 Bishopsgate

text: In November 2016, a new planning application was submitted which slightly altered the design of the proposed building, as well as reducing its height by 23 metres and to 59 floors to allow for "a cleaner, more elegant resolution to the top of the building in the context of air-traffic control constraints". The application was approved in February 2017. However, these plans were withdrawn, with the developer confirming that the 62-storey, 278 m scheme will be built.


title: Michael Kurilla

text: Michael Erik Kurilla (born May 16, 1966) is a United States Army general who serves as the 15th commander of United States Central Command since April 1, 2022. He previously served as the commanding general of the XVIII Airborne Corps and before that as the chief of staff of the United States Central Command.


title: Michael Kurilla

text: Born in California and raised in Elk River, Minnesota, Kurilla received a bachelor’s degree in aerospace engineering from the United States Military Academy, an MBA from Regis University, and a masters degree in national security studies from the National War College. After graduating from West Point, he was commissioned into the U.S. Army as an infantry officer in 1988. During his early career Kurilla participated in the United States invasion of Panama and the Gulf War, as well as operations in Haiti, Kosovo, and Bosnia.


title: Michael Kurilla

text: From 2004 to 2014, he was stationed in the geographic area of responsibility of the U.S. Central Command, deploying to Iraq, Afghanistan, and Syria. In 2005, he deployed to Iraq as the commander of 1st Battalion, 24th Infantry Regiment, 1st Brigade, 25th Infantry Division. He was awarded a Bronze Star with "V" device after a battle in Mosul in which he "was shot three times but continued to fire back at insurgents while directing his troops." He is a former commander of the 75th Ranger Regiment. From 2012 to 2014 he was the Assistant Commanding General of Joint Special Operations Command. He served as commander of the 82nd Airborne Division from 2016–2018 and Chief of Staff of U.S. Central Command from 2018–2019. He assumed command of the XVIII Airborne Corps in October 2019. In 2022, he deployed to Germany to oversee U.S. troop deployments in response to the 2021–2022 Russo-Ukrainian crisis.


title: Larry Drake

text: Larry Richard Drake (February 21, 1950 – March 17, 2016) was an American actor and comedian. He was best known as Benny Stulwicz in "L.A. Law", for which he won two Primetime Emmy Awards. He also appeared as Robert G. Durant in both "Darkman" and "", a homicidal mental patient who escapes an insane asylum in the slasher black comedy "Dr. Giggles", and was the voice of Pops in "Johnny Bravo".


title: Larry Drake

text: Larry Richard Drake was born in Tulsa, Oklahoma, on February 21, 1950, the son of Raymond John Drake, a drafting engineer for an oil company, and Lorraine Ruth (née Burns), a homemaker. He graduated from Tulsa Edison High School and the University of Oklahoma.


title: Larry Drake

text: Drake is mostly remembered for his portrayal of developmentally disabled Benny Stulwicz in "L.A. Law", from 1987 until the show's end in 1994, for which he twice won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series. in 1988 and 1989. He returned to the role of Benny in "", a "reunion movie" that aired on NBC in 2002.


title: Larry Drake

text: He appeared in numerous film and television roles, including "Time Quest", "Dark Asylum", "Paranoid", "Bean", "Overnight Delivery", "The Beast", "The Journey of August King", "Murder in New Hampshire", "Dr. Giggles", "Darkman", "", "The Taming of the Shrew", "American Pie 2", and "Dark Night of the Scarecrow". He was a regular on "Prey". Drake provided the voice of Pops in "Johnny Bravo". In 2007, he co-starred in "Gryphon", a Sci-Fi Pictures original film.


title: Larry Drake

text: Drake was married from 1989 to 1991 to Ruth de Sosa, an actress and producer known for her roles in "The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles" and "Planes, Trains and Automobiles".


title: Larry Drake

text: On March 17, 2016, Drake was found dead in his Los Angeles home at the age of 66. Drake's manager, Steven Siebert, reported that the actor had some health problems in the months before his death. It was later reported that Drake suffered from a rare form of blood cancer that caused his blood to thicken.


title: Cloudburst

text: A cloudburst is an extreme amount of precipitation in a short period of time, sometimes accompanied by hail and thunder, which is capable of creating flood conditions. Cloudbursts can quickly dump large amounts of water, e.g. 25 mm of precipitation corresponds to 25,000 metric tons per square kilometre (1 inch corresponds to 72,300 short tons over one square mile). However, cloudbursts are infrequent as they occur only via orographic lift or occasionally when a warm air parcel mixes with cooler air, resulting in sudden condensation. At times, a large amount of runoff from higher elevations is mistakenly conflated with a cloudburst. The term "cloudburst" arose from the notion that clouds were akin to water balloons and could burst, resulting in rapid precipitation. Though this idea has since been disproven, the term remains in use.


title: Cloudburst

text: Rainfall rate equal to or greater than per hour is a cloudburst. However, different definitions are used, e.g. the Swedish weather service SMHI defines the corresponding Swedish term "skyfall" as per minute for short bursts and per hour for longer rainfalls. The associated convective cloud can extend up to a height of above the ground.


title: Cloudburst

text: During a cloudburst, more than of rain may fall in a few minutes. The results of cloudbursts can be disastrous. Cloudbursts are also responsible for flash flood creation.


title: Cloudburst

text: Rapid precipitation from cumulonimbus clouds is possible due to the Langmuir precipitation process in which large droplets can grow rapidly by coagulating with smaller droplets which fall down slowly. It is not essential that cloudbursts occur only when a cloud clashes with a solid body like a mountain, they can also occur when hot water vapor mingles into the cold resulting in sudden condensation.


title: Cloudburst

text: While satellites are extensively useful in detecting large-scale weather systems and rainfall, the resolution of the precipitation radars of these satellites are usually smaller than the area of cloudbursts, and hence they go undetected. Weather forecast models also face a similar challenge in simulating the clouds at a high resolution. The skillful forecasting of rainfall in hilly regions remains challenging due to the uncertainties in the interaction between the moisture convergence and the hilly terrain, the cloud microphysics, and the heating-cooling mechanisms at different atmospheric levels.


title: Cloudburst

text: In the Indian subcontinent, a cloudburst usually occurs when a monsoon cloud drifts northwards, from the Bay of Bengal or Arabian Sea across the plains, then onto the Himalayas and bursts, bringing rainfall as high as 75 millimetres per hour.


title: Cloudburst

text: The uplands adjacent to the Front Range of Colorado and the streams which drain the Front Range are subject to occasional cloudbursts and flash floods. This weather pattern is associated with upslope winds bringing moisture northwestward from the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Stereo Love

text: "Stereo Love" is a song recorded by Romanian DJ Edward Maya with Moldovan-Romanian musician Vika Jigulina, released as their debut single in 2009 from Maya's album, "The Stereo Love Show". The refrain is from "Bayatılar", composed by Azerbaijani musician Eldar Mansurov. It became a worldwide hit in nightclubs and rose to the top of eleven national music charts and was certified eight-times Platinum in Norway, seven-times Platinum in Sweden, and Gold or higher in ten additional countries.


title: Stereo Love

text: The song and the music video were both included on the compilation "NRJ Music Awards 2010". The music video was filmed in Mykonos, Greece, as Maya stated in an interview that Greece "was a place that I fell in love with". The song won the Top Dance Song Award at the 2011 "Billboard" Music Awards.


title: Stereo Love

text: "Stereo Love" is set in common time with a moderate tempo of 127 beats per minute. It is set in the key of C minor with a simple chord progression of Cm–A–E–Gm. The song is most notable for featuring a riff played with an accordion by Maya.


title: Stereo Love

text: Lyrically, the song speaks of a passionate love between two people that is now dying, and their struggle to rekindle that flame.


title: Stereo Love

text: In the autumn of 2009, during his stay in Greece, Azerbaijani composer Eldar Mansurov contacted the Romanian Office for Copyright claiming the refrain of "Stereo Love" was a copy of a tune from his popular 1989 composition "Bayatılar". In the video clip, the composer of "Stereo Love" was indicated as "anonymous". Both the Office and Edward Maya later confirmed that Mansurov's work was in fact used in the making of "Stereo Love". Maya commented by saying he was "fascinated" by the accordion version of "Bayatılar" he had come across on the Internet earlier in 2009 and claimed he had tried to contact the author but failed due to his busy schedule. On 19 January 2010, Edward Maya arrived in Baku, Azerbaijan, where he signed an agreement with Eldar Mansurov affirming their co-authorship of "Stereo Love".


title: Stereo Love

text: The keyboard riff of this song was also used as a theme to "Zalim", a ubiquitous song written by the Turkish singer and songwriter Sezen Aksu, first recorded and released in 1995 by her former bassist and backing vocalist Levent Yüksel which was a hit that year, and then in 1996 by Sezen Aksu herself.


title: Stereo Love

text: On the issue date 17 October 2009, the song debuted at number 12 on the French Digital Singles Chart. It became number one on 22 November 2009, with more than 6,142 copies sold. It reached its highest-weekly sales on 3 January 2010 with 9,763 sales. The song remained at number one for a total of eight-consecutive weeks. On the issue date 22 November 2009, "Stereo Love" debuted at number 2 on the French Physical Singles Chart and became number one on 27 December 2009. In Belgium, the single entered at number 40 on 28 November 2009 and reached a peak of number 2 eleven weeks later. In the Netherlands, it was ranked for two weeks atop, eleven weeks in the top 10 and 17 weeks in the top 40. In Switzerland, the single debuted at number 3 and peaked at number 2. It began at the number-one spot in the French-speaking part of Switzerland (Romandy), where it stayed 5 weeks. In the UK, the song entered the UK Singles Chart at number 4. In Ireland, the first week of release, the unofficial DJ Team version proved to be more popular (number 8 on the IRMA chart) than Edward Maya's (number 17); however, on 21 May 2010 the former dropped three places to number 11 while the latter jumped eleven positions to number 6 just before reaching a week later the top of the chart where it has been for four-consecutive weeks.


title: Stereo Love

text: Outside of Europe, "Stereo Love" also enjoyed success in the Middle East, US, and Canada. It debuted on the U.S. "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 93 on the week ending 23 October 2010 and peaked at number 16. In 2011, it peaked at number 11 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart.


title: Stereo Love

text: In the United States, the single entered the "Billboard" Hot Dance Airplay chart at number 23 in the 17 April 2010 issue. During its second week it slipped to number 25, but in its fourth week saw a major move in the 8 May 2010 issue, moving from number 25 to number 8, the biggest-jump ever on the chart, and ultimately reaching the number one position three times. The single was released by Ultra Music, the same label that also scored another top 10 hit in 2010 with another song, "Hot" by Romanian singer Inna, which also went all the way to number one, thus giving Ultra Music the distinction of having artists from the same country reach number one in the same year with debut singles on the same chart. It would become the number one Dance Airplay single of 2010 on the "Billboard" Year-End issue. As of September 2012, the song has sold 2,226,000 copies in the US.


title: Stereo Love

text: On the Italian FIMI chart the song peaked at number 4 for two non-consecutive weeks in April 2010 and spent 17 weeks within the top 10. "Stereo Love" is the longest-charting song in the history of the European Hot 100, accumulating 47 weeks.


title: Stereo Love

text: The official "Stereo Love" music video has received over 520 million YouTube views, with other copies and forms of the song and video receiving several million views. The music video was also the most popular video uploaded on Spinnin' Records' YouTube channel until 10 April 2014, when the views were surpassed by Martin Garrix's music video for his song "Animals." The music video for "Stereo Love" was shot in the island of Mykonos, in Greece.


title: Stereo Love

text: Ultra Music hired Canadian singer Mia Martina to record an official remix of Maya's "Stereo Love". The rights to an official remix were acquired by Ultra Music from Romanian label Cat Music. As the writer and producer of the song, Maya is paid royalties every time all of the remixes are played and sold of the song, including the official remix featuring Martina.


title: Stereo Love

text: It was released to the United States on iTunes on 10 August 2010 and in the Canadian market in September 2010 from Martina's debut album, "Devotion". The music video was directed by Marc André Debruyne.


title: Stereo Love

text: The original version by Maya and Vika Jigulina was already a top 20 hit on the Canadian Hot 100, peaking at number 19 before it was outpeaked by the version promoted with Mia Martina, reaching number 10.


title: Pinky swear

text: To make a pinky promise, or pinky swear, is a traditional gesture most commonly practiced amongst children involving the locking of the pinkies of two people to signify that a promise has been made. The gesture is taken to signify that the person can break the finger of the one who broke the promise. The tradition appears to be a relatively modern invention, possibly as a continuation of older finger traditions.


title: Pinky swear

text: In North America, it is most common amongst school-aged children or adults and close friends and has existed since at least 1860, when the "Dictionary of Americanisms" listed the following accompanying promise:


title: Pinky swear

text: Pinky swearing has origins in Japan from 1600-1803, where it is called and often additionally confirmed with the vow .


title: Pinky swear

text: Recently, in South Korea, the hooked pinky has been followed by a "seal", wherein the thumbs touch each other while the pinkies are still hooked.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Lemnoideae is a subfamily of flowering aquatic plants, known as duckweeds, water lentils, or water lenses. They float on or just beneath the surface of still or slow-moving bodies of fresh water and wetlands. Also known as bayroot, they arose from within the arum or aroid family (Araceae), so often are classified as the subfamily Lemnoideae within the family Araceae. Other classifications, particularly those created prior to the end of the twentieth century, place them as a separate family, Lemnaceae.


title: Lemnoideae

text: These plants have a simple structure, lacking an obvious stem or leaves. The greater part of each plant is a small organized "thallus" or "frond" structure only a few cells thick, often with air pockets (aerenchyma) that allow it to float on or just under the water surface. Depending on the species, each plant may have no root or may have one or more simple rootlets.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Reproduction is mostly by asexual budding (vegetative reproduction), which occurs from a meristem enclosed at the base of the frond. Occasionally, three tiny "flowers" consisting of two stamens and a pistil are produced, by which sexual reproduction occurs. Some view this "flower" as a pseudanthium, or reduced inflorescence, with three flowers that are distinctly either female or male and which are derived from the spadix in the Araceae. Evolution of the duckweed inflorescence remains ambiguous due to the considerable evolutionary reduction of these plants from their earlier relatives.


title: Lemnoideae

text: The flower of the duckweed genus "Wolffia" is the smallest known, measuring merely 0.3 mm long. The fruit produced through this occasional reproduction is a utricle, and a seed is produced in a bag containing air that facilitates flotation.


title: Lemnoideae

text: One of the more important factors influencing the distribution of wetland plants, and aquatic plants in particular, is nutrient availability. Duckweeds tend to be associated with fertile, even eutrophic conditions. They can be spread by waterfowl and small mammals, transported inadvertently on their feet and bodies, as well as by moving water. In water bodies with constant currents or overflow, the plants are carried down the water channels and do not proliferate greatly. In some locations, a cyclical pattern driven by weather patterns exists in which the plants proliferate greatly during low water-flow periods, then are carried away as rainy periods ensue.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Duckweed is an important high-protein food source for waterfowl. The tiny plants provide cover for fry of many aquatic species. The plants are used as shelter by pond-water species such as bullfrogs and fish such as bluegills. They also provide shade and, although frequently confused with them, can reduce certain light-generated growths of photoautotrophic algae.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Duckweed is consumed as a poor person's food in some parts of Southeast Asia, namely Laos, Thailand, and Myanmar. It contains more protein than soybeans, so sometimes it is cited as a significant potential food source.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Some initial investigations to what extent duckweed could be introduced in European markets show little consumer objection to the idea. NASA's Caves of Mars Project identified duckweed as a top candidate for growing food on Mars.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Despite some of these benefits, because duckweed thrives in high-nutrient wetland environments, the plants can be seen as a nuisance species when conditions favor excessive proliferation in environments that are traditionally low in nutrients or oligotrophic.


title: Lemnoideae

text: One example of this problem occurs within the Everglades, a mostly oligotrophic environment, when excess chemicals (that include fertilizers) are carried by storm runoff, or surface runoff, into its waterways.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Urban runoff and agricultural pollution then begin to introduce increased levels of nutrients into the surrounding wetlands and waterways, which can cause a disruption to native ecology. These conditions allow for the invasion of a fast growing species such as duckweed to establish themselves, spread, and displace other native species such as sawgrass, and over time, result in widespread changes to the ecology of native sawgrass and slough habitats within the Everglades.


title: Lemnoideae

text: The duckweeds have long been a taxonomic mystery, and usually have been considered to be their own family, the Lemnaceae. They primarily reproduce asexually. Flowers, if present at all, are small. Roots are either very much reduced, or absent entirely. They were suspected of being related to the Araceae as long ago as 1876, but until the advent of molecular phylogeny, testing this hypothesis was difficult.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Starting in 1995, studies began to confirm their placement in the Araceae and since then, most systematists consider them to be part of that family.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Their position within their family has been slightly less clear; however, several twenty-first century studies place them in the position shown below. Although they are in the same family as "Pistia", another aquatic plant, they are not closely related.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Duckweed genome sizes have a ten-fold range (150~1,500 MB), potentially representing diploids to octaploids. The ancestral genus of "Spirodela" has the smallest genome size (150 MB, similar to "Arabidopsis thaliana"), while the most derived genus, "Wolffia", contains plants with the largest genome size (1,500 MB). DNA sequencing has shown that "Wolffiella" and "Wolffia" are more closely related than the others. "Spirodela" is at the basal position of the taxon, followed by "Lemna", "Wolffiella", and "Wolffia", which is the most derived.


title: Lemnoideae

text: To identify different duckweed genomes, a DNA-based molecular identification system was developed based on seven plastid-markers proposed by the Consortium for the Barcode of Life. The "atpF-atpH" non-coding spacer was chosen as a universal DNA barcoding marker for species-level identification of duckweeds.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Extinct free-floating aquatic plants and pollen with affinities to the Lemnoideae first appear in the fossil record during the Late Cretaceous (Maastrichtian) as evidenced by floating leaves described as "Aquaephyllum auriculatum" from Patagonia, Argentina, and the lemnoid pollen genus "Pandaniidites".


title: Lemnoideae

text: Fossils of floating leaves with rootlets from the Paleocene of southern Saskatchewan, Canada, that were originally described as "Lemna" ("Spirodela") "scutata" by John William Dawson in 1885, have been redescribed as "Limnobiophyllum". In addition to western North America, "Limnobiophyllum" has been reported from the Paleocene of eastern Russia and the Miocene of the Czech Republic. Unusually complete specimens from the Paleocene of Alberta, Canada, range from single leaves up to about 4 cm in diameter to rosettes of up to four leaves, some of which were connected to adjacent plants by stolons, and a few of which bear remains of flowers with anthers that contain "Pandaniidites" pollen. Occurrences of lemnoid seeds described as "Lemnospermum" have also been reported.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Research and applications of duckweeds are promoted by two international organizations, The International Lemna Association and the International Steering Committee on Duckweed Research and Applications.


title: Lemnoideae

text: In July 2008, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Joint Genome Institute announced that the Community Sequencing Program would fund sequencing of the genome of the giant duckweed, "Spirodela polyrhiza". This was a priority project for DOE in 2009. The research was intended to facilitate new biomass and bioenergy programs. The results were published in February 2014. They provide insight into how this plant is adapted to rapid growth and an aquatic lifestyle.


title: Lemnoideae

text: Duckweed is being studied by researchers around the world as a possible source of clean energy. In the U.S, in addition to being the subject of study by the DOE, both Rutgers University and North Carolina State University have ongoing projects to determine whether duckweed might be a source of cost-effective, clean, renewable energy. Duckweed is a good candidate as a biofuel because it grows rapidly, produces five to six times as much starch as corn per unit of area, and does not contribute to global warming. Duckweed removes carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, and it may have value for climate change mitigation.