title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly has gained publicity for his comical repertoire, such as dancing in the outfield during practice, disguising himself while interviewing the unwitting rapper Nelly, engaging in a lengthy staredown with Los Angeles Dodgers outfielder Scott Van Slyke before a 2013 National League Championship Series game, and wearing a charro jacket to the White House. In 2020, Kelly’s mocking of Carlos Correa complaining about a near hit by pitch became popular online.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly is the son of former NFL player, Joseph Kelly Sr., who spent his college career at Vanderbilt University and played professionally for the then San Diego Chargers. Kelly was born in Anaheim, California, and attended Corona High School in Corona, California. After high school, he attended the University of California, Riverside (UCR), and played college baseball for the Highlanders team. An outfielder in high school, he converted to pitcher in college and served as the closer. He was named Big West Conference Pitcher of the Year in 2007 as a freshman. After his sophomore season in 2008, he played collegiate summer baseball for the Yarmouth–Dennis Red Sox of the Cape Cod Baseball League. In 2009, Kelly posted a 5.65 earned run average (ERA) with a 1–1 win–loss record. Kelly set a Highlanders record with 24 career saves and was named an All-American. His final career stats at UCR included a 4.65 ERA and an 8–11 record in 42 career games.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: The St. Louis Cardinals selected Kelly in the third round of the 2009 MLB draft and signed him on June 15 for $341,000. Kelly made his professional baseball debut with the Batavia Muckdogs of the Class A Short Season New York–Penn League, where he appeared in 16 games (two starts), posting a 4.75 ERA with 30 strikeouts in innings pitched.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In 2010, the Cardinals mainly used Kelly as a starting pitcher with the Class A Quad Cities River Bandits to get him more innings and develop his secondary pitches. He succeeded in the role and remained a starter. For the season, Kelly appeared in 26 games (18 starts) and pitched innings while registering 92 strikeouts and 45 walks with a 4.62 ERA and 6–8 record.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In 2011, Kelly pitched for the Class A-Advanced Palm Beach Cardinals of the Florida State League and then the Double-A Springfield Cardinals of the Texas League. Combined, Kelly appeared in 23 games (22 starts) and pitched 132 innings, recording 113 strikeouts and 59 walks with an 11–6 record and 3.68 ERA. In 2012, with the Triple-A Memphis Redbirds, he posted a 2.86 ERA in 12 games (all starts).


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly made his MLB debut on June 10, replacing the injured Jaime García in the Cardinals' starting rotation. Kelly pitched seven innings in his MLB debut, against the Cleveland Indians, allowing seven hits and one run while striking out four batters; he received a no decision in the game. Once García returned to the rotation, Kelly moved to a bullpen role; however, he impressed team officials so much they considered keeping him in the rotation and moving Lance Lynn to the bullpen. Overall for the 2012 Cardinals, Kelly appeared in 24 games (16 starts) while compiling a 5–7 record, with a 3.53 ERA and 75 strikeouts in 107 innings pitched.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly's first MLB postseason series was the 2012 National League Division Series, against the Washington Nationals. He appeared in three games and pitched innings of relief without giving up a run or a hit; he walked one batter and struck out three batters. The Cardinals then advanced to the 2012 NLCS against the San Francisco Giants. In the deciding Game 7, Kelly came on to pitch in the third inning with the Giants ahead 2–0 with the bases loaded and no outs; he gave up two hits and two walks, lasting just of an inning, and exited with the Giants ahead 7–0, in a game they would go on to win 9–0. Overall, Kelly made four appearances in the series, pitching a total of four innings in relief; he gave up six hits and was charged with two earned runs, while walking three batters and striking out two batters.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: After spring training in 2013, Kelly lost his rotation spot to rookie Shelby Miller and was relegated to the bullpen for much of the first half of the season, seeing little use. However, he became known somewhat as a "stopper" after being reinserted into the rotation to increase its effectiveness. In August, Kelly went 5–0 with a 2.08 ERA. He stranded 83.3% of baserunners as a reliever, and 82% as a starter. He won all three of his starts against the Pittsburgh Pirates, who finished the season three games behind the Cardinals. During the 2013 Cardinals regular season, Kelly had 37 appearances (15 starts), registering a 10–5 record and 2.69 ERA, with 79 strikeouts in 124 innings pitched.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Against the Milwaukee Brewers on September 22, Kelly showcased some of his speed he utilized as a former center fielder when Brewer Carlos Gómez was caught in a rundown between third base and home plate. Gómez, a speedy center fielder himself with 37 stolen bases at the time, was attempting to run back to third base when Kelly took the throw and sprinted after him. Kelly caught up with Gómez, dove, and tagged him out just steps away from the bag.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: On October 6, Kelly made his first postseason start against the Pirates in the 2013 National League Division Series, receiving a no decision in Game 3. He had the same result in Game 1 of the NLCS, followed by a loss to the Los Angeles Dodgers in Game 5.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In Game 6, Kelly and Dodgers outfielder Scott Van Slyke created a stir before the first pitch by engaging in a lengthy staredown. Both men remained on the field after the conclusion of "The Star-Spangled Banner," long after the rest of their teammates departed the field to await the start of the game. They maintained their positions with hats over their chests through the ground crew's preparation of the field and starting pitcher Michael Wacha's warmup pitches. A total of about 15 minutes passed before the annoyed home plate umpire, Greg Gibson, motioned to both players. Both claimed "victory", as Kelly had smiled first, and Van Slyke had first moved from his position.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly made his first World Series start in Game 3, against the Boston Red Sox. He received a no decision in a 5–4 Cardinals win, pitching innings while allowing two hits and two runs, striking out six batters and walking three batters. The Cardinals lost the series in six games.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly won his 2014 debut on April 5 after the Cardinals defeated the Pirates, 6–1, despite allowing 10 base runners in innings. He also doubled off opposing starter Francisco Liriano for his first hit of the season. He spent most of the first half on the disabled list, but rehabbed in Triple-A Memphis and was activated to face the Milwaukee Brewers on July 11.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: He gave up six earned runs in his return, but got a no decision when Matt Holliday, Jhonny Peralta, Kolten Wong, and Matt Adams all homered to give the Cardinals a comeback win. His next start, on July 19 against the Dodgers, was a dominant seven-inning performance that tied his longest career outing. During the 2014 season, Kelly appeared in seven games (all starts) for the Cardinals, pitching 35 innings and compiling a 2–2 record with 4.37 ERA prior to his trade to Boston at the end of July.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Overall, in parts of three seasons with St. Louis, Kelly compiled a 17–14 record with 3.25 ERA and 179 strikeouts over 266 innings pitched in 68 games (38 starts).


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: On July 31, 2014, Kelly was traded to the Boston Red Sox along with first baseman/outfielder Allen Craig for starting pitcher John Lackey and minor league pitcher Corey Littrell. In ten starts for Boston, during August and September, Kelly went 4–2 with a 4.11 ERA while striking out 41 and allowing 32 walks in innings.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In January 2015, Kelly made a guarantee to the Boston media that he would win the AL Cy Young Award the following season. He began the 2015 season on the disabled list. Through his first 15 starts, he suffered through his worst season in the majors, going 2–6 with a 5.74 ERA. He had led all major league pitchers with four errors through July 27. However, in an August resurgence, he won all six starts, including a 3–1 win over the New York Mets on August 29, making him the first Red Sox pitcher since Pedro Martínez to record six wins in one month. He lowered his ERA to 4.94 in August. Kelly was shut down after September 15 due to injury. He finished the season 10–6 in 25 starts for the season with a 4.82 ERA.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Early in the 2016 season, the Red Sox placed Kelly on the disabled list on April 20 with a right shoulder impingement. In his return on May 21, he took a no-hitter through innings against the Cleveland Indians until Juan Uribe broke it up with a double; Boston won, 9–1. However, Kelly pitched only and innings in his next two starts. By the end of the 2016 season, after spending time with the Triple-A Pawtucket Red Sox, Kelly's role with Boston was as a relief pitcher. He ended the 2016 regular season with 20 MLB appearances (six starts) with an ERA of 5.18 and a record of 4–0.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In his new relief role, Kelly made three appearances in the 2016 American League Division Series. He pitched a total of innings, retiring all 11 batters he faced including three strikeouts, as the Red Sox were swept by the Cleveland Indians.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: For the 2017 season, Kelly continued his role as a member of the Red Sox bullpen. During the regular season he made 54 appearances, all in relief, compiling a 2.79 ERA with 4–1 record in 58 innings pitched; he had 52 strikeouts and issued 27 walks. His fastest pitch of 2017 was 102.2 miles per hour, third-best in MLB only to pitches by Aroldis Chapman and Felipe Vázquez. His two-seam and four-seam fastballs had the second-and third-highest average speeds of any MLB pitcher's pitches in 2017, at 98.9 mph.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In the 2017 American League Division Series, Kelly pitched in two of the series' four games, allowing no walks and four hits with one strikeout in innings of scoreless relief, as the Red Sox lost to the eventual World Series winner, the Houston Astros.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Early in the 2018 season, in an April 11 game against the New York Yankees at Fenway Park, Kelly hit Tyler Austin with a pitch, following a slide by Austin in which he was accused of spiking infielder Brock Holt. Austin charged Kelly and started a bench-clearing brawl; four players, including Kelly, were ejected. This was Kelly's first career ejection. On April 12, Kelly was suspended by MLB for six games and fined an undisclosed amount; he subsequently appealed, allowing him to continue playing until the appeal process completed. On April 26, Kelly's appeal was denied, meaning that his suspension would take effect from that point on. During his suspension, Kelly watched a game from the bleacher seats at Fenway Park. He appeared in a career high 73 games for the Red Sox, finishing with a 4.39 ERA in innings. In the postseason, Kelly made nine appearances, pitching innings while allowing one earned run and striking out 13. He was the winning pitcher, in relief, of Game 4 of the World Series, as the Red Sox defeated the Los Angeles Dodgers in five games.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: On December 21, 2018, Kelly signed a three-year, $27 million, contract with the Los Angeles Dodgers. The contract included a $12 million option for a fourth year. Kelly struggled in the early part of the season for the Dodgers and had an 8.35 ERA on June 1, causing him to be booed by the homefield fans. However, after tweaking his delivery he became one of the team's primary bullpen weapons the rest of the season, posting a 3.15 ERA in the second half of the season.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: He finished 2019 with a 5–4 record and one save, and a 4.56 ERA in 55 relief appearances, in which he struck out 62 batters in innings. In Game 5 of the National League Division Series, Kelly gave up a 10th inning grand slam to Howie Kendrick, and was tagged with the loss.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: On July 29, 2020, Kelly was issued an eight-game suspension after throwing at Alex Bregman and Carlos Correa of the Houston Astros and inciting a bench clearing altercation after a strikeout of Correa. He appeared in 12 games in the pandemic shortened 2020 season and allowed two earned runs in 10 innings. He appeared in five games in the postseason, including two in the 2020 World Series against the Tampa Bay Rays. He allowed only one run in innings as the Dodgers won the championship.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: In 2021, Kelly pitched in 48 games for the Dodgers with a 2.86 ERA, two saves and 50 strikeouts in 44 innings. In the postseason, he pitched innings over seven games through the Wild Card Game, NLDS and NLCS, allowing three runs on five hits. While appearing as an opener in Game 5 of the NLCS, he suffered a right biceps strain that shut him down for the rest of the playoffs. On November 6, 2021, the Dodgers declined the 2022 option on Kelly, making him a free agent.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: On March 14, 2022, Kelly signed a two-year, $17 million contract with a club option for the 2024 season with the Chicago White Sox. Kelly began the season on the injured list still recovering from the biceps strain. On May 9, Kelly was activated from the IL. On that same day, he made his White Sox debut against the Cleveland Guardians in the 7th inning going 1 inning while allowing 2 hits and striking out Franmil Reyes for his first White Sox strikeout. Kelly struggled in his first year with the White Sox. Kelly in 2022 went 1–3 with a career worst ERA of 6.08 in 43 games in 37 innings while striking out 53 batters.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly throws a fastball that can reach up to and complements it with a sinking fastball and slider. His sinker shows dramatic horizontal movement, while paradoxically, not showing the kind of vertical movement (sink or drop) of other sinkerballers such as former teammate Justin Masterson – and is one of the fastest in the game, at about . He also throws a changeup to left-handed batters and an infrequent curveball. His control of his pitches — including his fastball — receives compliments.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Joe Kelly married Ashley Parks, daughter of former Minnesota Twins catcher Derek Parks, in November 2013. Kelly shared a condominium, for a time, with Shelby Miller, with whom he competed for a rotation spot during spring training 2013. Kelly met his wife while attending UCR. Kelly also has a son and a set of twins. He and his family reside in Rancho Cucamonga, California.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly has showcased his jocular side on occasions besides the 2013 NLCS. While rapper Nelly, a self-professed Cardinals fan and "unofficial mayor" of St. Louis, interviewed with "Fox Sports Midwest's" Jim Hayes before a game in 2013 featuring his bobblehead giveaway, Hayes welcomed "an older member of the Cardinals organization" to participate. This older member was Kelly wearing a mask of a bald, elderly man. Nelly never guessed it was a prank until Kelly revealed himself after the interview.


title: Joe Kelly (pitcher)

text: Kelly's mother, Andrea Valencia, is Mexican-American. Earlier in the 2013 season, Kelly was spotted dancing salsa in the outfield. He attributed this urge to dance salsa to moves his mother taught him after urging him to take lessons when he was a child. Kelly notably wore a charro jacket in celebration of his Mexican heritage to the Dodgers’ championship trip to the White House following the 2020 season, trending on the internet as a meme and leading multiple fans to sell photoshopped pictures of Kelly in front of the Tapatio logo.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: Kono's inspiration for the first "Clock Tower" title came from watching Italian film director Dario Argento's horror films, especially his film "Phenomena" (1985). The game began as an experimental project with a low budget and small staff. It sold well enough to prompt a direct sequel which competed with Capcom's "Resident Evil" (1996). Developer Human Entertainment went out of business in 2000, after which Sunsoft purchased the "Clock Tower" intellectual property. Together with Capcom, they developed "Clock Tower 3" without creator Kono's input which was a critical and commercial failure.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: The "Clock Tower" games have received mixed reviews. They are often praised for their high levels of presentation and horror elements, but criticized for their cumbersome and archaic gameplay. The first game solidified Human Entertainment as a developer and heavily influenced the survival horror genre. Although no "Clock Tower" titles have been released since 2002, the series did see two spiritual successors. The first was in the form of "Haunting Ground" (2005) for the PlayStation 2 which was similar to "Clock Tower 3". The second was "NightCry" (2016) for Windows, which was directed by Kono and crowdfunded through Kickstarter. A film based on the series was rumored from 2006 to 2011, but never materialized.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: The first three games in the "Clock Tower" series are point-and-click adventure games with survival horror elements. The fourth game is a pure survival horror game and departs from many of the series' classic characteristics. Throughout the series, gameplay is generally centered on hiding and escaping from enemy pursuers without any weapons. Normally, this enemy is Scissorman, a man wielding a pair of shears. When the player character is alarmed or frightened, the game enters "panic mode". During this mode, they become difficult to control, are more prone to tripping or falling, and are more likely to be killed. When not escaping from an enemy, the player explores the environment to solve puzzles and advance the narrative. Most of the titles feature a variety of multiple endings, encouraging repeated playthroughs.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: The first game in the series, "Clock Tower" (1995), was developed by Human Entertainment with direction led by Hifumi Kono. He was inspired by the works of Italian horror film director Dario Argento, and wanted to create a game in homage to his films. The game borrows many ideas from his 1980s films, and especially from "Phenomena" (1985). "Clock Tower" was an experimental project for Human Entertainment and was developed with a small budget and staff. It was released on the Super Famicom on 14 September 1995 in Japan. The game sold well and was later re-released with some gameplay and graphical changes under the title "Clock Tower: The First Fear" on PlayStation, Windows, and WonderSwan. No versions of the game have been released outside Japan; however, fan translations exist.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: Human Entertainment began work on a sequel, "Clock Tower" (1996), also known as "Clock Tower 2" in Japan. With a team of about 30 people, it was their first game to utilize a 3D graphics engine, although team veterans preferred to have used 2D graphics instead. With the announcement of Capcom's "Resident Evil" (1996) during development, the team was impressed and challenged themselves to create higher quality graphics. ASCII Entertainment marketed "Clock Tower" in North America as one of the first true horror games for the PlayStation console. It was released in Japan on 13 December 1996, North America on 1 October 1997, and in Europe in February 1998. The game sold close to half a million copies. Kono attributed some of this success to "Resident Evil" generating interest in horror games.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: The third game, "Clock Tower II: The Struggle Within", known in Japan as "Clock Tower: Ghost Head", was released in Japan in 1998 and North America in 1999. It was the first game in the series not directed by Kono, and released to critical failure. In Japan, the title is considered a spin-off.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: Human Entertainment went out of business in 2000, and Sunsoft became the owner of the "Clock Tower" intellectual property. A new game in the series, "Clock Tower 3," was announced in April 2001, with Capcom co-producing it with Sunsoft. Japanese film director Kinji Fukasaku directed the cutscenes. The game was first shown at E3 in May 2002, where a non-playable demo was on show at the Capcom booth. Released in December later that year, "Clock Tower 3" was a commercial failure. Capcom had projected sales of at least 450,000, but by the end of 2003, it had only sold 122,022 units. "Clock Tower 3"s commercial failure is speculated as the reason why Capcom and Sunsoft have not revisited the series since. Kono tried speaking to a publisher to run a reboot or re-release of the series, but they did not agree because they felt horror games were difficult to market.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: Capcom's 2005 survival horror title "Haunting Ground" has been called a spiritual successor to the "Clock Tower" series by fans and critics. The gameplay has been compared heavily to "Clock Tower 3", but distinguishes itself by providing the player character with a dog companion which can attack enemies and solve puzzles. "Haunting Ground" was generally found to be average survival horror fare for the era, but the sexual objectification of the main character, Fiona, has been repeatedly highlighted as one of the game's strongest elements. Critics felt that the game's voyeuristic presentation and gameplay make Fiona appear more fragile, building a disturbing atmosphere. Kono created his own interpretation of a spiritual successor in the form of "NightCry" (2016), which features similar gameplay to the original "Clock Tower" games that he had directed. The game was crowdfunded through Kickstarter with a $300,000 budget. It received mixed reviews, being cited for bugs and dated gameplay.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: The "Clock Tower" series has received mixed critical reception across its history. In retrospective reviews, the first title, "Clock Tower" (1995), received praise for its haunting atmosphere but was criticized for tedious puzzles and exploration. Despite these criticisms, it is considered instrumental in establishing the survival horror genre and a creating a model for future horror games to follow. Its sequel, "Clock Tower" (1996), was met with mixed reception as well. The horror themes and atmosphere were well-received, but the game's point-and-click gameplay and slow pace were found to be inferior to the growing landscape of action games on the PlayStation, especially Capcom's first "Resident Evil" title, which was released the same year. The third title, "Clock Tower II", was met with unfavorable reviews. Critics heavily criticized the slow point-and-click interface and the flawed trial-and-error gameplay. "Clock Tower 3" received similar reviews to the first two titles. The graphics, atmosphere and storyline received positive reviews, but again, the gameplay was a point of criticism. Critics believed the boss fights and repetitive hiding and chasing gameplay mechanics were weak.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: Scissorman is often compared to Nemesis from "" because he stalks his victims and disappears and reappears at various intervals throughout the games. He is also often identified as one of the scariest characters in video games because of his unrelenting nature and the difficulty to escape him.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: A film adaption of the "Clock Tower" series was first announced in June 2006. The film was to be directed by Chilean director Jorge Olguin. Todd Farmer, Jake Wade Wall, and David Coggeshall were set to write the script. In the pitched story, Alyssa Hamilton is called by her mother and told not to return home. After investigating, Alyssa uncovers that she possess a secret power enabling her to destroy evil servants that live off murdered victim's souls. She learns how to wield a weapon to defeat these evil forces. Production was set to begin in December 2006.


title: Clock Tower (series)

text: Two years later, the film was set to begin production in November 2008 in Los Angeles by another studio. Martin Weisz was set to direct the film, and Brittany Snow would star in it. In November 2011, David R. Ellis said that he was directing the film. No news has been announced of the film since, and Ellis died in 2013.


title: Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.

text: Earl Winfield Spencer Jr. (September 20, 1888 – May 29, 1950) was a pioneering U.S. Navy pilot who served as the first commanding officer of Naval Air Station San Diego. He was the first husband of Wallis Simpson, who later married Prince Edward, Duke of Windsor.


title: Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.

text: Known as Win, he was born in Kinsley, Kansas, son of Earl Winfield Spencer Sr., a socially prominent Chicago stockbroker, and the former Agnes Lucy Hughes of Jersey. He graduated from the United States Naval Academy in 1910 and in 1917 was sent to San Diego with instructions to set up a permanent naval air station, which was to be used for training exercises, and he became its first commanding officer.


title: Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.

text: Commander Spencer died in Coronado, California. He is buried at Fort Rosecrans National Cemetery in San Diego, California, with his wife Lillian.


title: Earl Winfield Spencer Jr.

text: He was portrayed by actor Ryan Hayward in "W.E.", the 2011 British romantic drama film about the love of Wallis and King Edward VIII co-written and directed by Madonna.


title: The Sickness

text: The Sickness is the debut studio album by American heavy metal band Disturbed. It was released on March 7, 2000, by Giant and Reprise Records. The album peaked at number 29 on the US "Billboard" 200, and spent a total of 106 weeks on the chart. It was Disturbed's only album to not hit number one on the US "Billboard" 200 until their seventh album "Evolution" debuted at number 4 in 2018. In 2018, "The Sickness" was certified five times platinum by the RIAA for shipments of over five million copies in the US, making it the band's most successful album.


title: The Sickness

text: "The Sickness" was Disturbed's first studio release since the band's formation in 1994. Reflecting on the band's early days, lead vocalist David Draiman said in a 2015 interview, "People think it was like this meteoric rise. It really wasn't. We beat the hell out of ourselves for two or three years as a local band, our own self-promotional mega-machine, every band member in a different venue of the city every time a rock show would come through town, passing out our promotional material — cassettes, stickers, t-shirts, whatever we could. [This was] in addition to playing strategically where we thought it made sense and in addition to building our following on the south side of Chicago. So there was a long period of time before that and a lot of struggle in a city that wasn't conducive to hard rock and heavy metal. Chicago was an alternative town. It was Smashing Pumpkins, Local H. It was not metal. So we were blacklisted. We couldn't even play inner-city clubs. We weren't cool enough. We were too metal. That was something that wasn't considered cool enough. We had to force our way in."


title: The Sickness

text: However, as the late 1990s brought a shift in focus in the rock industry toward a heavier sound, the band secured a record deal with Giant Records and Disturbed got their big break. Prior to the album's recording, the band sought to refine its sound. Lead guitarist Dan Donegan took a different approach than usual and adopted a style that did not incorporate guitar solos: "In the beginning, before we were even signed, I'd solo all over the place and it didn't really work, so I pretty much cut out the solos altogether until the last album or two. That's the way it's worked with us. Over time we've pushed each other to become better musicians," Donegan said in a 2011 interview with "Guitar World".


title: The Sickness

text: According to Draiman, it was challenging for him to become comfortable with writing about the personal themes contained throughout the album's lyrics, saying, "It's very frightening. Because here you go, you've decided to be open and bare a part of your soul to these people, and lay it out on a platter for them to observe. So until you know that the listeners are getting any part of what you're saying, it's incredibly frightening."


title: The Sickness

text: With Draiman on vocals and Donegan on guitar, the two were joined by Mike Wengren on drums and Steve "Fuzz" Kmak on bass. Seeking help with the album's production process, the band turned to producer Johnny K, who had gone to high school with Donegan's brother. By the time work on the album had started, a bond had already formed and Johnny K had begun working with the band as the producer for their album. In an interview with "Guitar Edge", Johnny K spoke about the process, saying, "They fought hard to get me to do their record. They didn't want to go to L.A. and make a record that wouldn't be any better than their demos. I felt that with a budget and time, I could make a record everyone would really like [...] I pushed them as hard as I could, and we felt successful before it sold one copy. All of that hard work, and the fact that they are such a good band, made it easy for me to get other jobs. People liked it and would say, 'Who did the Disturbed album? Let's get him.'"


title: The Sickness

text: Recording sessions took place in late 1999, and on March 7, 2000, "The Sickness" was released; however, the album was not an instant success. The lead single from the album, "Stupify", was released in April of 2000. "[It] was actually a hard sell at radio," Draiman said. "It's not like it shot up. They worked it. Giant Records at the time, they worked it. They pushed it to where it got enough awareness that it did start to chart decently." The track addressed themes of racism and discrimination, loosely based on one of Draiman's own experiences. It would go on to reach No. 12 on the Mainstream Rock chart and No. 10 on Modern Rock and remains one of their most popular songs. It was followed by the singles "Down with the Sickness" in October of the same year, "Voices" the following November, and "The Game" in February 2001.


title: The Sickness

text: On March 23, 2010, a reissue of the album was released that was remastered, slightly remixed and includes B-sides, new artwork, and exclusive online content. This reissue celebrates the tenth anniversary of the release of the album and is available for the first time in Standard Black vinyl format.


title: The Sickness

text: Disturbed's guitarist, Dan Donegan, commented on the reissue: "[...] it's the album that put us on the map and launched our career. So we went back into the studio and we remixed it, we're having it remastered, we're gonna put a couple of bonus tracks on there and touch up some of the packaging and the artwork. Just a little collector's item, a little tribute to that album for the fans".


title: The Sickness

text: The two songs included in the reissue, "God of the Mind" and "A Welcome Burden", are also included in a B-side compilation called "The Lost Children".


title: The Sickness

text: In January 2020, Disturbed announced that they were going on tour for "The Sickness 20th Anniversary Tour" with Staind and Bad Wolves. The tour was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic. "The Sickness" was re-released to mark the album's 20th anniversary. It includes all of the original songs remastered and live versions of the songs. "The Sickness 20th Anniversary Tour" was rescheduled for July and September 2021 but was once again canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic and restrictions.


title: The Sickness

text: The album received positive reviews upon release. Steve Huey from AllMusic commented "But even if it has a few less-than-compelling moments, "The Sickness" overall comes off as the work of a band who really doesn't have far to go to achieve total control of its sound and compositional skills, and that makes it a terrific debut album."


title: The Sickness

text: In 2013, "Loudwire" featured "The Sickness" in their "Top 25 Debut Hard Rock Albums" list, placing the album at number 24.


title: Blessthefall

text: Blessthefall (stylized as blessthefall or BLESSTHEFALL prior to 2013) was an American metalcore band from Phoenix, Arizona, signed to Rise Records. The band was founded in 2004 by guitarist Mike Frisby, drummer Matt Traynor, and bassist and vocalist Jared Warth. Their debut studio album, "His Last Walk", with original vocalist Craig Mabbitt, was released April 10, 2007. Their second studio album, "Witness", with second vocalist Beau Bokan, was released October 6, 2009. Their third studio album, "Awakening", was released on October 4, 2011. Their fourth studio album, "Hollow Bodies", was released on August 20, 2013. "To Those Left Behind" is the band's fifth studio album, released on September 18, 2015. Their sixth and final studio album, "Hard Feelings", was released on March 23, 2018. Following Traynor's departure, Warth became the band's only remaining original member before they disbanded in 2022.


title: Blessthefall

text: Blessthefall grew out of the high school practice sessions of rhythm guitarist Mike Frisby, lead guitarist Miles Bergsma, drummer Matt Traynor, bassist and vocalist Jared Warth, keyboardist and vocalist Andrew Barr and later, vocalist Craig Mabbitt. Mabbitt's arrival resulted in Barr moving to strictly keyboards. Barr then departed in early 2005, with Warth picking up the keyboards when necessary. After founding member Miles Bergsma left to attend college at the Berklee College of Music in Boston, they released a three-track EP and newcomer Eric Lambert (Bergmas's replacement) became the lead guitarist to form their first solid line-up. Phoenix-area gigs with Greeley Estates and an openly religious orientation got the band local press and a deal with Warner subsidiary, Science Records. The band then toured with Alesana and Norma Jean across the United States and Canada. Their debut album, "His Last Walk", was released on April 10, 2007, to mixed reviews. It peaked at No. 32 on the U.S. "Billboard" Heatseekers chart. The album sold over 65,000 copies, and its singles sold over 100,000 copies.


title: Blessthefall

text: Blessthefall toured with Escape the Fate, LoveHateHero, Before Their Eyes, and Dance Gavin Dance on the Black on Black tour during September and October 2007. They were also part of the Underground Operations Tour and Loathing Tour 2007, opening for Protest the Hero and All That Remains, along with fellow opening bands, Threat Signal and the Holly Springs Disaster. They were a part of From First to Last's fall headlining tour, starting November 1 with A Skylit Drive and Vanna. The band also completed the entire 2007 Warped Tour circuit nationwide.


title: Blessthefall

text: While on their first European tour (with Silverstein) in late 2007, Craig Mabbitt left the band during the United Kingdom portion to spend more time with his daughter, whose childhood he felt he was missing out on. For the remainder of the tour, Jared Warth filled in for vocals while playing keyboards. When Mabbitt later attempted to return to Blessthefall, the band members decided not to let him back in, preferring to move on without him. On December 15, 2007, Blessthefall posted a blog on their MySpace page announcing their parting ways with Mabbitt, while Mabbitt posted a bulletin on his personal MySpace page stating his willingness to return to the band. Despite the departure, Mabbitt has remained great friends with the band.


title: Blessthefall

text: Craig Mabbitt stated that the day after he finished recording his first album with Escape the Fate, "This War Is Ours", he got a phone call from Blessthefall's management asking him to return to the band, but he refused. Mabbitt felt there was too much bad blood with their management. He also felt the band knew he had just finished a new album and that it was just bad timing, especially as he had begged to be back in for the previous eight months.


title: Blessthefall

text: The final song the band recorded and released with Mabbitt, called "I Wouldn't Quit If Everyone Quit", was released on the reissue of "His Last Walk".


title: Blessthefall

text: Shortly after this, on September 26, 2008, the band announced that they had made Beau Bokan the new lead singer and keyboardist. Bokan joined the band after leaving Take the Crown, a group who released an EP and a full-length album but broke up due to the departures of James Campbell and Tony Gonzalez, lack of management, and financial burdens.


title: Blessthefall

text: In May 2009, after their tour with Silverstein, Norma Jean, and Before Their Eyes, the band headed into the studio to record their second album, "Witness". On May 13 the band signed to Fearless Records and worked on the album with producer Elvis Baskette.


title: Blessthefall

text: On June 3, the band announced via MySpace that they were officially finished with the recording of their new album and that it was to be released in the autumn. They also had a mid-year tour with August Burns Red and Enter Shikari. In July, Blessthefall released a song clip on their MySpace page titled "God Wears Gucci", released on iTunes for download on August 11, 2009. In September 2009, the band uploaded another track on their MySpace page titled "What's Left of Me". "Witness" was released on October 6, 2009.


title: Blessthefall

text: In June 2010, Blessthefall toured New Zealand in support of Saosin, and in Australia in support of Story of the Year and Saosin. Blessthefall played across Auckland, Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane and Adelaide.


title: Blessthefall

text: After the release of "Witness", the band co-headlined the Atticus Fall Tour with Finch, Drop Dead, Gorgeous, and Vanna from October 10, 2009, through to November 19. Other bands on the tour included Of Mice & Men and Let's Get It.


title: Blessthefall

text: In October 2009, the band announced on YouTube that they were working on a music video for "What's Left of Me", which was released December 14, 2009, on MySpace Metal.


title: Blessthefall

text: In 2009, the band took home the Best Noise/Screamo Band Award, as well as the Best Hardcore Band Award at the 2009 Arizona Ska Punk Awards. One year later, the band was once again awarded the Best Hardcore Band Award at the 2010 awards ceremony.


title: Blessthefall

text: In April 2010, the band was featured on the "Punk Goes Classic Rock" album, covering "Dream On" by Aerosmith.


title: Blessthefall

text: Their song "To Hell and Back", released on "Witness", was released on the soundtrack to Ubisoft's "". The game trailer was released on April 9, 2010.


title: Blessthefall

text: On February 15, 2011, the band announced that Mike Frisby had left the band to pursue another path leaving bassist and vocalist Jared Warth and drummer Matt Traynor the remaining two founding members of the band. Elliott Gruenberg, formerly of Before Their Eyes, Legacy, and Settle the Sky, would be permanently on guitar. Bokan confirmed that Blessthefall would not play at Warped Tour 2011, but rather would be recording their third full-length album, which began in Orlando, Florida on May 17, 2011. Michael "Elvis" Baskette, who produced their previous album, also produced this effort. The band had hoped to feature guest vocalists including Ronnie Radke of Falling in Reverse (previously of Escape the Fate) and Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying, but it was later confirmed that there would be no guest vocals.


title: Blessthefall

text: Blessthefall joined Emmure, Alesana, Motionless in White and other bands on the All Stars Tour. The band headlined the Fearless Friends tour with The Word Alive, Motionless in White, Tonight Alive, and Chunk! No Captain Chunk!. They released the official video of "Promised Ones" on November 11, 2011, which starts with the intro song of the album titled "Awakening". According to a video interview with Lambert and Bokan, Blessthefall planned on entering the studio in February to record an EP with Tim Lambesis of As I Lay Dying. Later Matt Traynor confirmed that this was not true. Due to time restraints they had to put off the recording of the EP until after Warped Tour. Plans for this EP have since been scrapped according to guitarist Eric Lambert in an interview with Bryan Stars.


title: Blessthefall

text: On October 4, 2012, the band confirmed that they were writing a fourth album. Recording of this album started on April 19, 2013 and finished on May 21, 2013. "Hollow Bodies" was subsequently released on August 20, 2013, reaching No. 15 on the "Billboard" 200 album charts with 21,888 copies sold in its first week. The entire album was actually streamed through Billboard's website one week before the actual release. Joey Sturgis produced the album.


title: Blessthefall

text: Three singles were released, including "You Wear a Crown But You're No King", "Déjà Vu" and "See You on the Outside".


title: Blessthefall

text: The band toured in the Warped Tour 2013, alongside Motion City Soundtrack, Big D and the Kids Table, Five Knives, Itch, Echosmith and Goldhouse.


title: Blessthefall

text: On January 17, 2014, the band announced their upcoming North American tour to promote "Hollow Bodies".


title: Blessthefall

text: On May 1, 2015, the band announced they were working on a new album. On June 11, 2015, they announced that it would be titled "To Those Left Behind". It was released on September 18, 2015. On July 14, the band released the official audio for the song "Up in Flames" from the album. On August 4, the band announced the release date of their second single, "Walk on Water", which was released on August 7 along with the online preorders.


title: Blessthefall

text: On September 28, 2016, the band announced they were touring with Crown the Empire, New Years Day, and Too Close to Touch. The band was announced on March 22, 2017, to be playing on Warped Tour 2017.


title: Blessthefall

text: On January 26, 2018, they announced they have signed a new record deal with Rise Records. Their sixth studio album, "Hard Feelings", was released through Rise Records, on March 23.


title: Blessthefall

text: On August 17, 2018, drummer Matt Traynor announced he will be departing from the band, citing his family being the main reason, after their headlining Hard Feelings tour with The Word Alive.


title: Blessthefall

text: After a ten year anniversary tour for "The Witness" in the latter half of 2019, the band ceased to update their social media accounts, with the last tweet being posted on January 9, 2020. In December 2022, the four remaining members removed the band from their personal social media profiles, implying the band had come to a quiet end.


title: Blessthefall

text: The band's style has been described as metalcore, post-hardcore, Christian metal (although frontman Beau Bokan has stated that they don't want to be considered a Christian band), and screamo.


title: Futakuchi-onna

text: A is a type of yōkai or Japanese monster. They are characterized by their two mouths – a normal one located on her face and a second one on the back of the head beneath the hair. There, the woman's skull splits apart, forming lips, teeth and a tongue, creating an entirely functional second mouth.


title: Futakuchi-onna

text: In Japanese mythology and folklore, the futakuchi-onna belongs to the same class of stories as the rokurokubi, kuchisake-onna and the yama-uba, women afflicted with a curse or supernatural disease that transforms them into yōkai. The supernatural nature of the women in these stories is usually concealed until the last minute, when the true self is revealed.


title: Futakuchi-onna

text: The origin of a futakuchi-onna's second mouth is often linked to how little a woman eats. In many stories, the soon-to-be futakuchi-onna is a wife of a miser and rarely eats. To counteract this, a second mouth mysteriously appears on the back of the woman's head. The second mouth often mumbles spiteful and threatening things to the woman and demands food. If it is not fed, it can screech obscenely and cause the woman tremendous pain. Eventually, the woman's hair begins to move like a pair of serpents, allowing the mouth to help itself to the woman's meals. While no food passes through her normal lips, the mouth in the back of her head consumes twice than the other one would. In another story, the extra mouth is formed when a stingy woman was accidentally hit in the head by her husband's axe while he was chopping wood, and the wound never heals. Other stories have the woman as a mother who lets her stepchild die of starvation while keeping her own offspring well fed; presumably, the spirit of the neglected child lodges itself in the stepmother's or the surviving daughter's body to exact revenge.


title: Futakuchi-onna

text: In a small village there lived a stingy miser who, because he could not bear the expense of paying for food for a wife, lived entirely by himself.


title: Futakuchi-onna

text: One day he met a woman who was full of beauty; with every villager admiring her looks. Although she did not eat anything, the miser immediately took the woman as his wife. Because she never ate a thing, and was still a hard worker, the old miser was extraordinarily thrilled with her, but on the other hand he began to wonder why was his storage of rice was steadily decreasing.


title: Futakuchi-onna

text: One day the man pretended to leave for work, but instead stayed behind to spy on his new wife. To his horror, he saw his wife's hair part on the back of her head, her skull split wide open revealing a gaping mouth. She unbound her hair, which reached out like tentacles to grab the rice and shove it into the hungry mouth. He immediately ran away of fear, after a horror moment about his wife having a mouth in the back of her head.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Most Illustrious Order of Saint Patrick is a dormant British order of chivalry associated with Ireland. The Order was created in 1783 by King George III at the request of the then Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, The 3rd Earl Temple (later created Marquess of Buckingham). The regular creation of knights of the Order lasted until 1922, when most of Ireland gained independence as the Irish Free State, a dominion within what was then known as the British Commonwealth of Nations. While the Order technically still exists, no knight of St Patrick has been created since 1936, and the last surviving knight, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, died in 1974. Charles III, however, remains the Sovereign of the Order, and one officer, the Ulster King of Arms (now represented in the office of Norroy and Ulster King of Arms), also survives. St Patrick is patron of the order; its motto is "Quis separabit?", Latin for "Who will separate [us]?": an allusion to the Vulgate translation of Romans 8:35, "Who shall separate us from the love of Christ?"


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Most British orders of chivalry cover the entire United Kingdom, but the three most exalted ones each pertain to one constituent country only. The Order of St Patrick, which pertains to Ireland, is the most junior of these three in precedence and age. Its equivalent in England, the Most Noble Order of the Garter, is the oldest order of chivalry in the British Isles, dating from the mid fourteenth century. The Scottish equivalent is the Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, dating in its present form from 1687.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The order was founded in 1783, a year after the grant of substantial autonomy to Ireland, as a means of rewarding (or obtaining) political support in the Irish Parliament. The Order of the Bath, founded in 1725, was instituted for similar reasons. The statutes of the Order restricted membership to men who were both knights and gentlemen, the latter being defined as having three generations of "noblesse" (meaning ancestors bearing coats of arms) on both their father's and mother's side. In practice, however, only Irish peers and British princes were ever appointed to the Order. The cross of St Patrick (a red saltire on a white background) was chosen as one of the symbols of the Order. A flag of this design was later incorporated into the Union Flag. Its association with St Patrick or with Ireland prior to the foundation of the Order is unclear, however. One of the first knights was the 2nd Duke of Leinster, whose arms carry the same cross.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The last non-Royal member appointed to the Order was the 3rd Duke of Abercorn in 1922, who served as the first Governor of Northern Ireland. When the Irish Free State left the United Kingdom in December of that same year, the Irish Executive Council under W. T. Cosgrave chose to make no further appointments to the Order.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Since then, only three people have been appointed to the Order, all members of the British Royal Family. The then-Prince of Wales (the future King Edward VIII and later Duke of Windsor) was appointed in 1927 and his younger brothers, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, in 1934 and Prince Albert, Duke of York (later King George VI), in 1936.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Constitution of Ireland of 1937 provides that "Titles of nobility shall not be conferred by the State" (Article 40.2.1°) and "No title of nobility or of honour may be accepted by any citizen except with the prior approval of the Government" (Article 40.2.2°). Legal experts are divided on whether this clause prohibits the awarding of membership of the Order of St Patrick to Irish citizens, but some suggest that the phrase "titles of nobility" implies hereditary peerages and other noble titles, not lifetime honours such as knighthoods. This argument does not address the words "or of honour" however.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The last living non-royal recipient, the 9th Earl of Shaftesbury, died in 1961. Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, at his death in 1974, was the last surviving knight. However, the Order is technically extant with a Sovereign and one officer, Norroy and Ulster King of Arms.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Prime Minister Winston Churchill suggested reviving the Order in 1943 to recognise the services in North Africa of General the Hon. Sir Harold Alexander, a member of an Ulster Scots family from County Tyrone, but the opinion of the other ministers and civil servants was that it would upset the diplomatic balance between London and Dublin. Taoiseach Seán Lemass considered reviving the Order during the 1960s, but did not take a decision.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The British monarch is the Sovereign of the Order of St Patrick. The Lord Lieutenant of Ireland, the monarch's representative in Ireland, served as the Grand Master. The office of Lord Lieutenant was abolished in 1922; the last Lord Lieutenant and Grand Master was The 1st Viscount FitzAlan of Derwent. Initially, the statutes of the Order did not provide that the Grand Master be admitted to the Order as a matter of right. While some Lords Lieutenant were in fact appointed to the Order, this seems to have been the exception rather than the rule. In 1839, Queen Victoria altered this and, though not a member during his Grand Mastership, he was permitted to retain the insignia after his term of office.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Order originally consisted of fifteen knights in addition to the Sovereign. In 1821, however, George IV appointed six additional knights; he did not issue a Royal Warrant authorising the change until 1830. William IV formally changed the statutes in 1833, increasing the limit to twenty-two knights.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The original statutes, based heavily on those of the Order of the Garter, prescribed that any vacancy should be filled by the Sovereign upon the nomination of the members. Each Knight was to propose nine candidates, of whom three had to have the rank of Earl or higher, three the rank of Baron or higher, and three the rank of Knight or higher, and a vote taken. In practice this system was never used; the Grand Master would nominate a Peer, the Sovereign would usually assent, and a chapter meeting held at which the knights "elected" the new member. The Order of St Patrick differed from its English and Scottish counterparts, the Orders of the Garter and the Thistle, in only ever appointing peers and princes. Women were never admitted to the Order of St Patrick; they were not eligible to become members of the other two orders until 1987. The only woman to be part of the Order was Queen Victoria, in her capacity as Sovereign of the Order. Although it was associated with the established Church of Ireland until 1871, several Catholics were appointed to the order throughout its history.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Order of St Patrick initially had thirteen officers: the Prelate, the Chancellor, the Registrar, the Usher, the Secretary, the Genealogist, the King of Arms, two heralds and four pursuivants. Many of these offices were held by clergymen of the Church of Ireland, then the established church. After the disestablishment of the Church in 1871, the ecclesiastics were allowed to remain in office until their deaths, when the offices were either abolished or reassigned to lay officials. All offices except that of Registrar and King of Arms are now vacant.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The office of Prelate was held by the Lord Archbishop of Armagh, the most senior clergyman in the Church of Ireland. The Prelate was not mentioned in the original statutes, but created by a warrant shortly afterwards, apparently because the then Archbishop asked to be appointed to the post. Since the death of the last holder in 1885, the office has remained vacant.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Church of Ireland's second highest cleric, the Lord Archbishop of Dublin, originally served as the Chancellor of the Order. From 1886 onwards, the office was held by the Chief Secretary for Ireland. Since the abolition of the position of Chief Secretary in 1922, the office of Chancellor has remained vacant.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Dean of St Patrick's Cathedral was originally the Registrar of the Order. In 1890, on the death of the Dean who had held the post in at the time of disestablishment, the office was attached to that of the King of Arms of the Order. This position was held by Ulster King of Arms, Ireland's chief heraldic official, a post which had been created in 1552. In 1943, this post was in effect divided in two, reflecting the partition of Ireland in the Government of Ireland Act 1920. The position, insofar as it related to Northern Ireland, was combined with that of Norroy King of Arms (who had heraldic jurisdiction in the north of England). The post of Norroy and Ulster King of Arms still exists, and thus continues to hold the offices of Registrar and King of Arms of the Order of St Patrick. The office of Ulster King of Arms, insofar as it related to the Irish Free State (now officially called Ireland), became the position of Chief Herald of Ireland.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Order had six other heraldic officers, many more than any other British order. The two heralds were known as Cork and Dublin Heralds. Three of the four pursuivancies were untitled, the fourth was held by Athlone Pursuivant, founded in 1552.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Usher of the Order was "the Usher at Arms named the Black Rod". The Gentleman Usher of the Black Rod in Ireland was distinct from the English officer of the same name, though like his counterpart he had some duties in the Irish House of Lords.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The offices of Secretary and Genealogist were originally held by members of the Irish House of Commons. The office of Secretary has been vacant since 1926. The position of Genealogist was left vacant in 1885, restored in 1889, but left vacant again in 1930.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: For important occasions, such as Coronations and investitures of new members of the Order, Knights of St Patrick wore elaborate vestments:


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Grand Master's insignia were of the same form and design as those of the Knights. In 1831, however, William IV presented the Grand Master with a star and badge, each composed of rubies, emeralds and Brazilian diamonds. These two insignia were designated "Crown Jewels" in the Order's 1905 Statutes, and the designation "Irish Crown Jewels" was emphasised by newspapers when they were stolen in 1907, along with the collars of five Knights; they have not since been recovered.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: A number of items pertaining to the Order of St Patrick are held in museums in both the Republic of Ireland and Northern Ireland. The robes of The 4th Baron Clonbrock, the 122nd Knight of the Order, are on display in the National Museum of Ireland, Dublin; the robe belonging to The 3rd Earl of Kilmorey is held by the Newry Museum; the National Gallery and Genealogical Museum in Dublin both have Stars of the Order; and the Ulster Museum (part of the National Museums and Galleries of Northern Ireland) in Stranmillis has a large collection on display and two mantles in storage. The Irish Guards take their capstar and motto from the Order.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Chapel of the Order was originally in St Patrick's Cathedral in central Dublin. Each member of the Order, including the Sovereign, was allotted a stall in the choir of the Chapel, above which his (or her, in the case of Queen Victoria) heraldic devices were displayed. Perched on the pinnacle of a knight's stall was a helm, decorated with mantling and topped by his crest. Above the crest, the knight's heraldic banner was hung, emblazoned with his coat of arms. At a considerably smaller scale, to the back of the stall was affixed a piece of brass (a "stall plate") displaying its occupant's name, arms and date of admission into the Order. Upon the death of a Knight, the banner and crest were taken down and replaced with those of his successor. After the disestablishment of the Church of Ireland in 1871, the Chapel ceased to be used; the heraldic devices of the knights at the time were left in place at the request of Queen Victoria.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: The Order was without a ceremonial home until 1881 when arrangements were made to display banners, helms and hatchment plates (the equivalent of stall plates, in the absence of stalls) in the Great Hall, officially called St. Patrick's Hall, in Dublin Castle. On the establishment of the Irish Free State, the banners of the living knights were removed. When the Hall was redecorated in 1962 it was decided that it should be hung with the banners of the members of the Order in 1922. The existing banners were repaired or new ones made; it is these banners which can be seen today. The Hall, which was renamed St Patrick's Hall from its association with the Order, also served as the Chancery of the Order. Installation ceremonies, and later investitures, were held here, often on St Patrick's Day, until they were discontinued. A banquet for the Knights was often held in the Hall on the occasion of an installation. St Patrick's Hall now serves as the location for the inauguration of the President of Ireland.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Unlike many of the other British Orders, the stall plates (or hatchment plates) do not form a continuous record of the Knights of the Order. There are only 34 stall plates for the 80 or so knights appointed before 1871 (although others were destroyed in a fire in 1940) and 40 hatchment plates for the 60 knights appointed subsequently. In the case of the stall plates this was perhaps due to their size, 30 × 36 cm (12 × 14 in).


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Since the members of the Order were required to be knights, and in practice had higher rank, many of the privileges of membership were rendered moot. As knights they could prefix "Sir" to their forenames, but the form was never used in speech, as they were referred to by their peerage dignities. They were assigned positions in the order of precedence, but had higher positions by virtue of their peerage dignities.


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Knights used the post-nominal letters "KP". When an individual was entitled to use multiple post-nominal letters, KP appeared before all others, except "Bt" and "Btss" (Baronet and Baronetess), "VC" (Victoria Cross), "GC" (George Cross), "KG" (Knight of the Garter) and "KT" (Knight of the Thistle).


title: Order of St Patrick

text: Knights could encircle their arms with a depiction of the circlet (a blue circle bearing the motto) and the collar; the former is shown either outside or on top of the latter. The badge is depicted suspended from the collar. They were also entitled to receive heraldic supporters. This high privilege was, and is, only shared by members of the Royal Family, peers, Knights and Ladies of the Garter, Knights and Ladies of the Thistle, and Knights and Dames Grand Cross of the junior orders. (Of course, Knights of St Patrick, normally all being members of the British Royal Family or peers, were mostly entitled to supporters in any event.)


title: Accidents and incidents involving the V-22 Osprey

text: The Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey is an American military tiltrotor aircraft with an accident history that has generated controversy over its perceived safety. The aircraft was developed by Bell Helicopter and Boeing Helicopters; the companies partner in its manufacture and support.


text: The V-22 Osprey has had 13 hull loss accidents that have resulted in a total of 51 fatalities. During testing from 1991 to 2006, there were four crashes resulting in 30 fatalities. Since becoming operational in 2007, the V-22 has had eight crashes, including two combat-zone crashes, and several other accidents and incidents that resulted in a total of 21 fatalities.


text: On 11 June 1991, a miswired flight control system led to two minor injuries when the left nacelle struck the ground while the aircraft was hovering in the air, causing it to bounce and catch fire at the New Castle County Airport in Delaware. The pilot, Grady Wilson, suspected that he may have accidentally set the throttle lever the opposite direction to that intended, exacerbating the crash if not causing it.


text: On 20 July 1992, pre-production V-22 #4's right engine failed and caused the aircraft to drop into the Potomac River by Marine Corps Base Quantico with an audience of Department of Defense and industry officials. Flammable liquids collected in the right nacelle and led to an engine fire and subsequent failure. All seven on board were killed and the V-22 fleet was grounded for 11 months following the accident. A titanium firewall now protects the composite propshaft.


text: A V-22 loaded with Marines, to simulate a rescue, attempted to land at Marana Northwest Regional Airport in Arizona on 8 April 2000. It descended faster than normal (over ) from an unusually high altitude with a forward speed of under when it suddenly stalled its right rotor at , rolled over, crashed, and exploded, killing all 19 on board.


text: The cause was determined to be vortex ring state (VRS), a fundamental limitation on vertical descent which is common to helicopters. At the time of the mishap, the V-22's flight operations rules restricted the Osprey to a descent rate of at airspeeds below (restrictions typical of helicopters); the crew of the accident aircraft had descended at over twice this rate. Another factor that may have triggered VRS was the operation of multiple aircraft in close proximity, also believed to be a risk factor for VRS in helicopters.


text: Subsequent testing showed that the V-22 and other tiltrotors are generally less susceptible to VRS than helicopters; VRS entry is more easily recognized, recovery is more intuitive for the pilot, altitude loss is significantly less, and, with sufficient altitude ( or more), VRS recovery is relatively easy. The V-22 has a safe descent envelope as large as or larger than most helicopters, further enhancing its ability to enter and depart hostile landing zones quickly and safely. The project team also dealt with the problem by adding a simultaneous warning light and voice that says ""Sink Rate"" when the V-22 approaches half of the VRS-vulnerable descent rate.


text: On 11 December 2000, a V-22 had a flight control error and crashed near Jacksonville, North Carolina, killing all four aboard. A vibration-induced chafing from an adjacent wiring bundle caused a leak in the hydraulic line, which fed the primary side of the swashplate actuators to the right side rotor blade controls. The leak caused a Primary Flight Control System (PFCS) alert. A previously-undiscovered error in the aircraft's control software caused it to decelerate in response to each of the pilot's eight attempts to reset the software as a result of the PFCS alert. The uncontrollable aircraft fell and crashed in a forest. The wiring harnesses and hydraulic line routing in the nacelles were subsequently modified. This caused the Marine Corps to ground its fleet of eight V-22s, the second grounding in 2000.


text: A MV-22B experienced an uncommanded engine acceleration while turning on the ground at Marine Corps Air Station New River, NC. Since the aircraft regulates power turbine speed with blade pitch, the reaction caused the aircraft to go airborne with the Torque Control Lever (TCL, or throttle) at idle. The aircraft rose into the air (initial estimates suggested 20 to 30 feet) and then fell to the ground, causing damage to its starboard wing; the damage was valued at approximately US$7 million. It was later found that a miswired cannon plug to one of the engine's two Full Authority Digital Engine Controls (FADEC) was the cause. The FADEC software was also modified to decrease the time needed for switching between the redundant FADECs to eliminate the possibility of a similar mishap occurring in the future. The aircraft was found to be damaged beyond repair and stricken from Navy's list in July 2009.


text: In April 2010, a CV-22 crashed near the city of Qalat in Zabul Province, Afghanistan. Three US service members and one civilian were killed and 16 injured in the crash. Initially, it was unclear if the accident was caused by enemy fire. The loaded CV-22B was at its hovering capability limit, landing at night near Qalat (altitude approx. 5,000 feet) in brownout conditions, in turbulence due to the location in a gully. The USAF investigation ruled out brownout conditions, enemy fire, and vortex ring state as causes. The investigation found several factors that significantly contributed to the crash: these include low visibility, a poorly-executed approach, loss of situational awareness, and a high descent rate.


text: Brig. Gen. Donald Harvel, board president of the first investigation into the crash, fingered the "unidentified contrails" during the last 17 seconds of flight as indications of engine troubles. Harvel has become a critic of the aircraft since his retirement and states that his retirement was placed on hold for two years to silence him from speaking publicly about his concerns about the aircraft's safety. The actual causes of the crash may never be known because US military aircraft destroyed the wreckage and black box recorder. Former USAF chief V-22 systems engineer Eric Braganca stated that the V-22's engines normally emit puffs of smoke and the data recorders showed that the engines were operating normally at that time.


text: On 11 April 2012, an MV-22 from the VMM-261 on crashed near Tan Tan and Agadir, Morocco, during a joint training exercise, named "African Lion". Two Marines were killed and two others were seriously injured, and the aircraft was lost. U.S. investigators found no mechanical flaw with the aircraft, and human error was determined to be the cause.


text: On 13 June 2012, a USAF CV-22 crashed at Eglin Air Force Base in Florida during training. All five aboard were injured; two were released from the hospital shortly after. The aircraft came to rest upside-down and received major damage. The cause of the crash was determined to be pilot error, with the CV-22 flying through the proprotor wash of another aircraft. The USAF restarted formation flight training in response.


text: One of three Osprey aircraft participating in a training exercise at Bellows Air Force Station (Waimanalo, Oahu, Hawaii) suffered from dust intake to the right engine, sustained a hard landing with fuselage damage and caught fire. The accident led to the deaths of two U.S. Marines, and injuries to 20 others. The accident caused Marines to recommend improved air filters, and require reduced hover time in dust from 60 to 30 seconds, although most pilots rarely spend more than 10 seconds in dusty conditions.


text: On 13 December 2016 at 10:00p.m., an MV-22 crashed while landing onto a reef in shallow water off the Okinawa coastline of Camp Schwab where the aircraft broke apart. All five crew members aboard with Marine Aircraft Group 36, 1st Marine Aircraft Wing were rescued. Two crew members were injured, and all were transported for treatment. Ospreys in Japan were grounded the following day. An investigation into the mishap was launched. Preliminary reports indicated that, during in-flight refueling with a HC-130, the refueling hose was struck by the Osprey's rotor blades. On 18 December, after a review of MV-22 safety procedures, the III Marine Expeditionary Force (IIIMEF) announced that it would resume flight operations, concluding that they were confident that the mishap was due "solely to the aircraft's rotor blades coming into contact with the refueling line."


text: On 5 August 2017, a U.S. Marine Corps MV-22 Osprey assigned to Marine Medium Tiltrotor Squadron 265 with the 31st Marine Expeditionary Unit after taking off from the amphibious assault ship struck the and then crashed in Shoalwater Bay on the east coast of Australia. 23 personnel were rescued, with three confirmed dead.


text: On 28 September 2017, a V-22 Osprey operating in Syria as part of Operation Inherent Resolve was damaged beyond repair in a hard landing. Two people on board the aircraft were injured. The non–salvageable Osprey burned shortly after the crash.


text: On 18 March 2022, a U.S. Marine Corps MV-22B participating in military exercise Cold Response crashed in the Gråtådalen valley in Beiarn, Norway. The aircraft was carrying a crew of four Marines. All four crew members were confirmed dead shortly after Norwegian authorities discovered the crash site. Investigators concluded that the causal factor of the crash was pilot error due to low altitude steep bank angle maneuvers exceeding the aircraft's normal operating envelope. Investigators note that an unauthorized personal GoPro recording device was found at the crash site and was in use at the time of the crash. “Such devices are prohibited on grounds that they can incentivize risktaking and serve as a distraction; that may have been the case with Ghost 31,” the report reads.


text: An Osprey belonging to 3rd Marine Aircraft Wing crashed near Glamis, California on June 8, 2022, killing five Marines onboard. Initial reports erroneously claimed there was nuclear material on board the aircraft. Among the fatalities was Captain John J. Sax, son of the former baseball major leaguer and LA Dodger Steve Sax.


text: A V-22 experienced compressor stalls in its right engine in the middle of its first transatlantic flight to the United Kingdom for the Royal International Air Tattoo and Farnborough Airshow on 11 July 2006. It had to be diverted to Iceland for maintenance. A week later it was announced that other V-22s had been having compressor surges and stalls, and the Navy launched an investigation into it.


text: It was reported that a serious nacelle fire occurred on a Marine MV-22 at New River in December 2006.


text: A V-22 experienced a hydraulic leak that led to an engine-compartment fire before takeoff on 29 March 2007.


text: An MV-22 Osprey of VMMT-204 caught on fire during a training mission and was forced to make an emergency landing at Camp Lejeune on 6 November 2007. The fire, which started in one of the engine nacelles, caused significant aircraft damage, but no injuries.


text: After an investigation, it was determined that a design flaw with the engine air particle separator (EAPS) caused it to jam in flight, causing a shock wave in the hydraulics system and subsequent leaks. Hydraulic fluid leaked into the IR suppressors and was the cause of the nacelle fires. As a result, all Block A V-22 aircraft were placed under flight restrictions until modification kits could be installed. No fielded Marine MV-22s were affected, as those Block B aircraft already incorporated the modification.


text: An Air Force CV-22 suffered a Class A mishap with more than a $1 million in damage during FY 2009. No details were released.


text: On 7 July 2011, an MV-22 crew chief from VMM-264 squadron fell nearly 200 ft to his death in southwestern Afghanistan.


text: In early October 2014, an MV-22 Osprey lost power shortly after takeoff from the . The aircraft splashed down in the Arabian Sea and was briefly submerged before the pilots regained control and landed on the carrier deck. One marine drowned after his life preserver failed to inflate when he bailed out of the aircraft. The accident was attributed to the aircraft being accidentally started in maintenance mode, which reduces engine power by 20 percent.


text: On 29 January 2017, an MV-22 experienced a hard landing during the Yakla raid in Al Bayda, Yemen against Al-Qaeda in the Arabian Peninsula militants, causing two injuries to U.S. troops. The aircraft could not fly afterward and was destroyed by U.S. airstrikes.


title: Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan (national security advisor)

text: Tahnoun bin Zayed Al Nahyan (born 4 December 1968) is the son of the founder of the United Arab Emirates, Sheikh Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan and serves as the National Security Advisor of UAE. He has previously served as Deputy National Security Advisor in 2013. He manages a business portfolio that supports national security interests and the UAE's opaque corporate sector.


text: He is part of the ruling family in Abu Dhabi. He is the brother of UAE President Sheikh Mohamed bin Zayed Al Nahyan. His other brothers are Sheikh Hamdan bin Zayed, Sheikh Hazza bin Zayed, Sheikh Mansour bin Zayed and Sheikh Abdullah bin Zayed Al Nahyan, UAE's foreign minister.


text: He is chairman of ADQ (a state holding company), First Abu Dhabi Bank (the UAE's largest lender), Royal Group (a conglomerate) and International Holding Company.


text: Sheikh Tahnoun received Yossi Cohen, the Head of Israeli Intelligence Agency, Mossad on 18 August 2020, after the success of the UAE-Israel peace accord.


text: On 16 August 2020, "The Wall Street Journal" reported about the administration led by US President Donald Trump of imposing several sanctions against the regime of Syrian President Bashar al-Assad, targeting financial-support networks aiding the President from outside the country, to coerce Damascus into peace talks. According to financial records reviewed by "The Wall Street Journal", Sheikh Tahnoun deposited about $200,000 into the bank accounts held by the niece of Syrian President Assad, Aniseh Shawkat, over a period of several years as her sponsor. The UK authorities seized several of these bank accounts in 2019, claiming that hundreds of thousands of dollars deposited in the accounts of Ms Aniseh helped circumvent European Union’s sanctions against the Syrian regime funds. Sheikh Tahnoun, Aniseh Shawkat and her attorney Zubair Ahmad did not respond when reached out for comment.


text: The Central Intelligence Agency of the United States was condemned for spying to all nations in the Arab world and Middle East region, except the UAE, despite the Gulf nation having hired former CIA officials for its Project Raven to spy on political targets, including several American in 2014. Sheikh Tahnoun was the Deputy National Security Advisor to UAE back then.


text: Multiple ex-CIA officials have told Reuters that the agency does not gather "human intelligence" from the UAE informant because it shares common enemies with the United States. Retired CIA official "Norman Roule" defended the US for not spying on the Emirates, stating that the actions committed by Abu Dhabi have "contributed to the war on terror, particularly against al-Queda [Qaeda] in Yemen. "


text: Sheik Tahnoun runs the Royal Group, which is a UAE conglomerate. In 2021, the company was involved in controversial deals to re-sell Russia's Sputnik vaccine to poor countries at substantial mark-ups.


text: Sheikh Tahnoun was named in the lobbying scandal of Tom Barrack, advisor and fundraiser of former US President Donald Trump. As per the indictment against Barrack, he was charged with lobbying the former administration on behalf of the UAE government and royals without registering himself as a foreign agent of the Gulf nation. The indictment cites three Emirati officials as number 1, 2 and 3, which as per people familiar with the matter are, Sheikh Tahnoun as the Emirati Official 2 and his brother and Abu Dhabi Crown Prince Sheikh Mohammed bin Zayed Al Nahyan as Emirati Official 1. The director of the Emirati intelligence service on the other hand was named as Official 3 in the indictment. In 2022, Barrack was found not guilty on all charges.


text: In October 2021, the International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) released a report based on over 11.9 million documents, which also mentioned the name of Tahnoun bin Zayed, alongside Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum and Hazza bin Zayed Al Nahyan.


text: Sheikh Tahnoun is an avid practitioner and patron of martial arts, especially Brazilian jiu-jitsu. In 1998, he created the ADCC Submission Fighting World Championship alongside his BJJ instructor Nelson Monteiro.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: Institute of National Importance (INI) is a status that may be conferred on a premier public higher education institution in India by an act of Parliament of India, an institution which "serves as a pivotal player in developing highly skilled personnel within the specified region of the country/state". Institutes of National Importance receive special recognition, higher autonomy and funding from the Government of India.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: Schools of Planning and Architecture (SPA) are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the 'School of Planning and Architecture Act, 2014' and its subsequent amendments.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: National Institutes of Design (NID) are declared as Institution of National Importance through the 'National Institute of Design Act 2014' and its subsequent amendments.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: National Institute of Food Technology Entrepreneurship and Management (NIFTEM) and Indian Institute of Food Processing Technology (IIFPT) are declared Institutes of National Importance through the National Institutes of Food Technology, Entrepreneurship and Management Act, 2021.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: Indian Institutes of Management (IIM) are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the Indian Institutes of Management Act, 2017 and its subsequent amendments.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: All India Institutes of Medical Sciences (AIIMS) are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the 'All India Institute of Medical Sciences Act, 1956' and its subsequent amendments.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: National Institutes of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the 'National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Act, 1998' and its subsequent amendments.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: Indian Institutes of Science Education and Research (IISER) are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the amendments in the National Institutes of Technology, Science Education and Research Act, 2007.


title: Institutes of National Importance

text: As of July 2021, there are 161 Institutes of National Importance under various Acts of Parliament. These INIs include: 23 IITs, 15 AIIMSs, 20 IIMs, 31 NITs, 25 IIITs, 7 IISERs, 7 NIPERs, 5 NIDs, 3 SPAs, 2 NIFTEMs, 5 Central universities, 4 Medical research institutes, and 14 other specialized institutes.


title: Albert Warner

text: Abraham "Albert" Warner (born Aaron Wonsal, July 23, 1884 – November 26, 1967) was an American film executive who was one of the founders of Warner Bros. He established the production studio with his brothers Harry, Sam, and Jack L. Warner. He served as the studio's treasurer, until he sold his stock in 1956.


title: Albert Warner

text: Abraham "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser", later Abraham Warner, was born in the village Krasnosielc, Poland (then part of Congress Poland within the Russian Empire). He was the son of Benjamin "Wonsal" or "Wonskolaser," a shoemaker born in Krasnosielc, and Pearl Leah Eichelbaum, both Polish Jews. He came to Baltimore, Maryland with his mother and siblings in October 1889 on the steamship "Hermann" from Bremen, Germany. Their father had preceded them, immigrating to Baltimore in 1888 and following his trade in shoes and shoe repair. He changed the family name to Warner, which was used thereafter. As in many Jewish immigrant families, some of the children gradually acquired anglicized versions of their Yiddish-sounding names. Abraham and Jacob were late among the children to do so, becoming "Albert" and "Jack" after they came of age. However, his nickname was "Abe."


title: Albert Warner

text: In Baltimore, the money Benjamin Warner earned in the shoe repair business was not enough to provide for his growing household. He and Pearl had another daughter, Fannie, not long after they arrived. Benjamin moved the family to Canada, inspired by a friend's advice that he could make an excellent living bartering tin wares with trappers in exchange for furs. Sons Jacob and David Warner were born in London, Ontario. After two arduous years in Canada, Benjamin and Pearl Warner returned to Baltimore, bringing along their growing family. Two more children, Sadie and Milton, were added to the household there. In 1896, the family relocated to Youngstown, Ohio, following the lead of Harry Warner, who established a shoe repair shop in the heart of the emerging industrial town. Benjamin worked with his son Harry in the shoe repair shop until he secured a loan to open a meat counter and grocery store in the city's downtown area.


title: Albert Warner

text: In the late 1890s, Albert became fascinated by the bicycle craze that swept through the USA. and his older brother Harry opened a bicycle shop in Youngstown together as well. The two also tried to open a bowling alley together, but were unsuccessful.


title: Albert Warner

text: Albert Warner stayed in school longer than any his three brothers. In 1900, Warner entered Youngstown's Rayen High School, where he served as quarterback for the school's football team. Warner eventually dropped out, and eventually got a job in Chicago as a salesman for the soap company Swift and Company. Warner's life would soon pursue a new direction after brother Sam was able to purchase Kinetoscope in 1903.


title: Albert Warner

text: As a young man, along with his brother Sam, Albert Warner entered the nickelodeon business, and started displaying copies of "The Great Train Robbery" from a Kinetoscope at carnivals in Ohio and Pennsylvania in 1903; Sam ran the projector and Albert sold tickets. In 1905, Harry agreed to join his two brothers' business and sold his Youngstown bicycle shop. During this time, the three brothers purchased a building in New Castle, Pennsylvania; with their new building, the brothers established their first theater, The Cascade Movie Palace. The theater was so successful that the brothers were able to purchase a second theater in New Castle as well. This makeshift theatre, called the Bijou, was furnished with chairs borrowed from a local undertaker. In 1907, the three brothers acquired fifteen additional theaters in the state of Pennsylvania, and named their new business The Dusquesne Amusement Supply Company. The three brothers then rented an office in the Bakewell building in downtown Pittsburgh with a loan from Max Fleischer. Harry then sent Sam to New York to purchase and ship films for their Pittsburgh exchange company, while he and Albert remained in Pittsburgh to run the business.


title: Albert Warner

text: In 1909, the brothers sold the Cascade Theater to open a second film exchange company in Norfolk, Virginia; through this second film exchange, younger brother Jack joined his three brothers' business. Afterwards, Sam and Jack went to Norfolk, while Harry and Albert stayed in Pittsburgh. However, one serious threat to the Warners film company was the advent of Thomas Edison's Motion Picture Patents Company (also known as the Edison Trust), which charged distributors exorbitant fees. In 1910, the Warners sold the family business to the General Film Company, for "$10,000 in cash, $12,000 in preferred stock, and payments over a four-year period for a total of $52,000". After selling their business, the brothers found work distributing films for Carl Laemmle's Independent Motion Picture Company in Pittsburgh. In 1912, Sam Warner would help the brothers earn a $1,500 profit by distributing the Italian film "Dante's Inferno" in the United States. Harry Warner, encouraged by the success of "Dante's Inferno" and wary of Edison's growing monopoly, decided to leave Laemmle and establish an independent film production company for himself and his three brothers, Warner Features; Albert and Harry opened an office in New York, while Sam was sent to operate the company's new Los Angeles film exchange division, and Jack was sent to run the company's new San Francisco film exchange division. In 1918, thanks in part to a loan from Ambassador James W. Gerald, the brothers expanded operations and established a studio near Hollywood, California Sam and Jack moved to the West Coast to produce films while Albert and Harry remained on the East Coast to handle distribution.


title: Albert Warner

text: Between the years 1919 and 1920, the studio was not able to garnish any profits. During this time, banker Motley Flint helped the Warners pay off their debts. Shortly afterwards, the four brothers then decided to relocate their studio from Culver City to Sunset Boulevard. The studio rebounded in 1921, after the success of the studio's film "Why Girls Leave Home". As a result of the financial success of the film, its director, Harry Rapf, was appointed the studio's new head producer. On April 4, 1923, following the studio's successful film "The Gold Diggers", Warner Bros., Inc. was officially established. Albert remained in New York, where he ran the company's distribution and finances.


title: Albert Warner

text: Warner Bros' first film, "Where the North Begins", drew success for the brothers not seen since "My Four Years in Germany". The film also made the dog Rin Tin Tin the studio's first star. Newcomer director Darryl Zanuck's career was also greatly boosted because of his productions of Rin Tin Tin as well. Zanuck would eventually become a top producer for the studio as well, and between 1928 and 1933, served as Jack Warner's right-hand man and executive producer, a position whose responsibilities included the day-to-day production of films.


title: Albert Warner

text: After establishing Warner Bros. Pictures, the studio had overdrawn $1,000,000 (the amount which Warner had loaned from Flint). At this, Albert convinced Harry not to purchase the screenrights to the hit play "Rain". Harry then decided to help ease the company's financial status by acquiring forty theaters in the state of Pennsylvania.


title: Albert Warner

text: More success would also come for the studio after the brothers hired German director Ernst Lubitsch as head director; Rapf had departed the studio and accepted an offer to work at MGM. Lubitsch's first film at the studio, "The Marriage Circle", became the studio's most successful film of 1924, and was also on the "New York Times" best list for the year. The studio's 1924 film "Beau Brummel" also made John Barrymore a top star at the studio. Despite the success the brothers now had, they still could not compete with the "big three" studios (First National, Paramount, and MGM)


title: Albert Warner

text: In 1925, Albert's older brother Harry and a large group of independent film-makers assembled in Milwaukee, Wisconsin, to challenge the monopoly the big three had over the film industry. Harry and the other independent film-makers at the Milwaukee convention agreed to spend $500,000 in newspaper advertisements; this action would help benefit Warner Bros. profits. With help from a loan supplied by Goldman, Sachs head banker Waddill Catchings, Warner would find a way to successfully respond to the growing concern the big three studios further induced to Warner Bros., and expanded the company's operations by purchasing the Brooklyn theater company Vitagraph. Through this purchase, the Warners now had theaters in the New York area.


title: Albert Warner

text: In 1925, Sam Warner had also acquired a radio station, KWBC. After acquiring this radio station, Sam decided to make an attempt to use synchronized sound in future Warner Bros. pictures. However, Sam Warner had initial reservations about the idea, in which he is quoted as saying "Who the hell wants to hear actors talk?" when his brother, CEO Harry Warner proposed the idea to him. Under Warner and his brothers leadership, the company came to own and operate some 250 theaters in which to screen its films, and was a successful pioneer of the sound film industry and the company still thrives today. However, by February 1926 the brothers' radio business had failed, and the studio suffered a net loss of $333,413.


title: Albert Warner

text: After a period of refusing to accept the usage of sound in the company's films, Harry Warner now agreed to use synchronized sound in Warner Bros. shorts, as long as it just for usage of background music, Harry then made a visit to Western Electric's Bell Laboratories in New York (which his younger brother Sam had earlier visited) and was impressed. One problem that occurred for the Warners was the fact that the high-ups at Western Electric were anti-Semitic. Sam was able to convince the high-ups to sign with the studio after his wife Lina wore a gold cross at a dinner he attended with Western Electric. Afterwards, Harry signed a partnership agreement with Western Electric to use Bell Laboratories to test the sound-on-film process.


title: Albert Warner

text: After the agreement was signed, Vitaphone was established, and Sam and Jack decided to take a big step forward make Don Juan. The film began with eight Vitaphone features filmed in sound. Despite the success it had at the box office, the film was not able to match its expensive budget. Harry was now further convinced not to use any more sound in Warner Bros. pictures.


title: Albert Warner

text: With Harry now refusing to allow further Vitaphone productions, Paramount head Adolph Zukor took advantage of the situation and tried to offer Sam a deal as an executive producer for his studio if he brought Vitaphone with him. Sam easily accepted Zukor's offer, but the offer died after Paramount lost money in the wake of Rudolph Valentino's death in late 1926. By April 1927, the Big Five studios (First National, Paramount, MGM, Universal, and Producers Distributing) had put the Warners in financial ruin, and Western Electric renewed the Warner's Vitaphone contract with terms that it was no longer exclusive and that other film company's could test sound with Western Electric as well; the Warners were even forced to sell some of their stock to Harry Cohn, the head of the independent film company Columbia Pictures. Eventually, Harry agreed to accept Sam's demands to continue with Vitaphone productions, and the studio soon began production of the first talkie, "The Jazz Singer"; soon after its release, "The Jazz Singer" would indeed help establish the Warners as, arguably, the three most important figures in the film industry. On October 5, 1927 Sam would die and younger brother Jack was granted with the power to head all of the studio's production, despite the fact that Jack still did not have as much power over the studio as Harry did, as he was only the studio's vice president.


title: Albert Warner

text: With the success of the "Jazz Singer", more talkies followed. With the large sums of money the Warners now had on-hand, Harry was able to expand business operations further. Harry Warner was able to acquire the Stanley Corporation for the studio, This purchase gave them a share in rival First National Pictures, of which Stanley owned one-third. After this purchase, Warner was soon able to acquire William Fox's one third remaining share in First National and was now officially the majority stockholder of the company. Harry, after purchasing a string of music publishers, was even able to establish a music subsidiary-Warner Bros. Music- and buy out additional radio companies, foreign sound patents, and a lithograph company as well; In 1929, with the large amount of money he now had made off of the studio's valuable subsidiaries, Albert acquired a large home in Rye, Westchester County, New York, which he dubbed "Caradel Hall."


title: Albert Warner

text: With the Wall Street Crash of 1929 officially marking the beginning of the Great Depression, Albert saw that the studio was in need of additional star power in order to survive. Following Albert's advice, Jack and Harry Warner acquired three Paramount stars (William Powell, Kay Francis, and Ruth Chatterton) for studio salaries doubled from their previous ones. This move proved to be a success, and stockholders maintained confident in the Warners. In late 1929, Jack Warner would hire sixty-one-year-old actor George Arliss to star in the studio's film "Disraeli". To everybody's surprise, the film "Disraeli" was a success, and Arliss would win an Oscar for Best Actor for his role in the film and star in nine more films with the studio as well.


title: Albert Warner

text: With the collapse of the market for musicals, Warner Bros., under production head Darryl F. Zanuck, turned to more realistic and gritty storylines, 'torn from the headlines' pictures that some said glorified gangsters; Warner Bros. soon became known as "gangster studio. The studio's first gangster film "Little Caesar" was a great success at the box office. And Edward Robinson was cast a star in many of the wave of gangster films the studio produced after Little Caesar. The studio's next gangster film, "The Public Enemy", would also make James Cagney arguably the studio's new top star, and the Warners were now further convinced to make more gangster films as well.


title: Albert Warner

text: Another gangster film the studio produced was the critically acclaimed "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang", starring Paul Muni. In addition to Cagney and Robinson, Paul Muni was also given a big push as one of the studio's top gangster stars after appearing in the successful film "I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang". The film got audiences in the United States to question the legal system in the United States, and by January 1933, the film's protagonist Robert Elliott Burns - who was still imprisoned in New Jersey - and a number of different chain gang prisoners nationwide in the United States were able to appeal and were released. In January 1933, Georgia chain gang warden J Harold Hardy - who was also made into a character in the film - sued the studio for displaying "vicious, brutual and false attacks" against him in the film. After appearing in the film "The Man Who Played God", Bette Davis would also become a top star for the studio as well. In 1933, the studio's very successful film "42nd Street" would revive the studio's musicals Most these new musicals featured Ruby Keeler and Dick Powell as the stars, and were mostly directed by Busby Berkeley.


title: Albert Warner

text: By 1931, however, the studio would begin to feel the effects of the Depression as the general public became unable to afford the price for movie tickets. In 1931, the studio would reportedly suffer a net loss of $8,000,000.00. The following year, the studio would suffer an additional $14,000,000.00 net loss as well.


title: Albert Warner

text: In 1933, relief for the studio came after Franklin Roosevelt became US president in 1933 and US economy rebounded due to the New Deal; because of this economic rebound, box office profits for Warner Bros. existed once again. However, this same year, the studio's long time head producer Darryl F. Zanuck quit, because: 1) Harry Warner's relationship with Zanuck became strained after Harry was strongly against allowing Zanuck film "Baby Face" to step outside the Hays Code boundaries; and 2) the studio reduced Zanuck's salary as a result of the financial woes the Great Depression gave the studio's net profits, and Harry still refused to raise his salary in the wake of the New Deal's rebound. Zanuck produced his letter of resignation to Jack Warner, and went on to establish his own company. In the wake of Zanuck's resignation, Harry Warner agreed to again raise the salary for the studio's employees.


title: Albert Warner

text: In 1933, the studio was also able to bring newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst's Cosmopolitan films into the Warner Bros. fold. Hearst had previously been signed with MGM, but he ended his ties with the company after a dispute with the company's head producer Irving Thalberg over the treatment of Marion Davies; Davies was a longtime mistress of Hearst, and was now struggling to draw box office success. Through the studios partnership with Hearst, Harry's younger brother Jack was also able to sign Davies to a studio contract as well. Hearst's company and Davies' films, however, could not increase the studio's net profits. In 1934, Warner officially purchased the Teddington Studio as well.