title: Steph Houghton

text: On 5 December 2013, it was announced that Houghton had signed an agreement to leave Arsenal for new WSL side Manchester City on 1 January 2014. Houghton signed a two-year contract extension with Manchester City on 24 January 2020.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Houghton was involved with England at U16 schools, U19, U20, U21 and U23 level. She was called into the full squad for a match against Germany on 25 October 2006, when Katie Chapman withdrew with an illness. She was an unused substitute in the 5–1 defeat in Aalen. She made her debut in the next match, replacing Emily Westwood after 73 minutes of a 6–0 win over Russia in Milton Keynes on 8 March 2007. Her first start came three days later, in a 1–0 win over Scotland at Adams Park. She missed the 2007 World Cup with a broken leg and Euro 2009 with a damaged cruciate ligament.


title: Steph Houghton

text: In May 2009, Houghton was one of the first 17 female players to be given central contracts by The Football Association. She played in all three games at UEFA Women's Euro 2013 as England finished in last place; she described the result as "a massive disappointment personally and collectively as a squad." In January 2014 she was named the new captain for England's team under coach Mark Sampson, beginning on a 1–1 draw with Norway.


title: Steph Houghton

text: For the 2015 World Cup in Canada, Houghton was again named England's team captain. Houghton scored her first World Cup goal against Norway in the round of 16, and was chosen Player of the Match during the quarterfinals with Canada, which qualified England for their first semi-finals ever.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Houghton earned her 100th England Cap on 11 November 2018 against Sweden at New York Stadium in Rotherham, South Yorkshire. In May 2019 it was announced that Houghton had been selected for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Houghton was called up to the first Great Britain women's side for the 2012 Summer Olympics as a defender. She became the team's record goalscorer from the left–back position, scoring in all three group games to help Great Britain to win the group with a 100% record, as well as making important challenges to help ensure the side progressed without conceding a goal. Houghton was also named left back of the tournament due to her outstanding performance during the games.


title: Steph Houghton

text: On 18 September 2018, Darby announced his retirement from professional football at the age of 29 after being diagnosed with motor neurone disease. She was recognized as one of the BBC's 100 women of 2017.


title: Schwerin

text: Schwerin (; Mecklenburgian Low German: "Swerin"; Latin: "Suerina", "Suerinum") is the capital and second-largest city of the northeastern German state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern as well as of the region of Mecklenburg, after Rostock. It has around 96,000 inhabitants, and is thus the least populous of all German state capitals.


title: Schwerin

text: Schwerin is located on the southwestern shore of Lake Schwerin ("Schweriner See"), the second-largest lake of the Mecklenburg Lake Plateau after the Müritz, and there are eleven other lakes within Schwerin's city limits. The city is surrounded by the district of Northwestern Mecklenburg to the north, and the district of Ludwigslust-Parchim to the south. Schwerin and the two surrounding districts form the eastern outskirts of the Hamburg Metropolitan Region. The name of the city is of Slavic origin, deriving from the root "zvěŕ" ("wild animal") or "zvěŕin" ("game reserve", "animal garden", "stud farm").


title: Schwerin

text: Schwerin was first mentioned in 1018 as "Zuarina" and was granted city rights in 1160 by Henry the Lion, thus it is the oldest city of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. As main residence of the House of Mecklenburg, a dynasty with Slavic roots also known as the Obotrites or Niklotides, Schwerin was the capital of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1379 to 1815, of the Grand Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (after the duke was elevated to the title of a grand duke) from 1815 to 1918, of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin from 1918 to 1934, of the State of Mecklenburg (after it was merged with the Free State of Mecklenburg-Strelitz) from 1934 to 1952, and of the District of Schwerin from 1952 to 1990.


title: Schwerin

text: The romantic Schwerin Palace, situated on Castle Island between Lake Schwerin and Castle Lake, known for its golden dome, the Castle Church, the throne room, and the Niklot statue, used to be the seat of the dukes and grand dukes of Mecklenburg-Schwerin, and since 1990, it is the seat of the state parliament of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern. Schwerin's silhouette is completed by the towers of Schwerin Cathedral, St Paul's Church and St Nicholas' Church. Because of only minor damage in World War II, the city has a largely intact building structure, both in the Altstadt (Old Town) and Schelfstadt (Reed City) quarters.


title: Schwerin

text: Major industries and employers include high technology, machine building, healthcare, government agencies, railway supply, consumer goods and tourism. Schwerin has two academic colleges, the Schwerin campus of the "Fachhochschule des Mittelstands" ("University of Applied Sciences of the Mittelstand"), and the Schwerin campus of the "Hochschule der Bundesagentur für Arbeit" ("University of the Federal Employment Agency"). There is a regional airport in Parchim, southeast of the city, while Hamburg Airport serves as the city's main airport.


title: Schwerin

text: Schwerin is enclosed by lakes. The largest of these lakes, the "Schweriner See", has an area of 60 km. In the middle part of these lakes there was a settlement of the Slavic Obotrite (dated back to the 11th century). The area was called "Zuarin" (Polabian "Zwierzyn"), and the name "Schwerin" is derived from that designation. In 1160, Henry the Lion defeated the Obotrites and captured Schwerin. The town was later expanded into a powerful regional centre. A castle was built on this site, and expanded to become a ducal palace. It is supposedly haunted by the small, impious ghost, called Petermännchen (""Peterman"").


title: Schwerin

text: In 1358, Schwerin became a part of the Duchy of Mecklenburg, making it the seat of the duchy from then on. About 1500, the construction of the Schwerin Palace began, as a residence for the dukes. After the division of Mecklenburg (1621), Schwerin became the capital of the Duchy of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Between 1765 and 1837, the town of Ludwigslust served as the capital, until Schwerin was reinstated.


title: Schwerin

text: In the mid-1800s, many residents from Schwerin moved to the United States, many to Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Today Milwaukee and Schwerin are sister cities. After 1918, and during the German Revolution, resulting in the fall of all the German monarchies, the Grand Duke abdicated. Schwerin became capital of the Free State of Mecklenburg-Schwerin thereafter.


title: Schwerin

text: During World War II, Schwerin was hit by bombs in July 1940, on 7 April 1945 and 19 April 1945. At the end of World War II, on 2 May 1945, Schwerin was taken by United States troops. It was turned over to the British on 1 June 1945, and one month later, on 1 July 1945, it was handed over to the Soviet forces, as the British and American forces pulled back from the line of contact to the predesignated occupation zones.


title: Schwerin

text: Schwerin was then in the Soviet Occupation Zone which was to become the German Democratic Republic (GDR). Initially, it was the capital of the State of Mecklenburg which at that time included the western part of Pomerania (Vorpommern). After the states were dissolved in the GDR, in 1952, Schwerin served as the capital of the Schwerin district (Bezirk Schwerin).


title: Schwerin

text: After reunification in 1990, the former state of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern was recreated as one of the "Bundesländer". Rostock was a serious contender for state capital but the decision went in favour of Schwerin.


title: Schwerin

text: The urban area of Schwerin is subdivided into 17 local districts, each with a local council. The districts consist of one or more boroughs. The local councilors have between 5 and 15 members depending on the number of inhabitants. They are determined by the city council for the duration of the election period of the city council after each municipal election. The local councilors are to hear important matters concerning the district and have a right of initiative. However, the final decisions are made by the city council of the city as a whole.


title: Schwerin

text: There is a small enclave between the boroughs of Neumühle and Görries, belonging to the neighbouring municipality of Klein Rogahn.


title: Schwerin

text: Schwerin clockwise borders the municipalities of Klein Trebbow (N), Seehof (Mecklenburg), Leezen (Mecklenburg) (lake border and border on Paul's Dam ("Paulsdamm") only), Raben Steinfeld (E), Plate, Banzkow, Lübesse (S), Holthusen, Pampow, Klein Rogahn (W), Wittenförden, Brüsewitz, and Pingelshagen.


title: Schwerin

text: According to the official 2007 Crime Report for Germany, Schwerin was the only German city with a crime rate over 17,000 total offenses committed per 100,000 inhabitants; thus being 1st in the list of Germany's most dangerous cities. The larger cities, such as Berlin, Frankfurt am Main, or Bremen, all have crime rates ranging from 14,000 to 16,000 total offenses committed per 100,000 people. However, Schwerin is the only city where riding a bus (or tram) without a ticket and social security fraud is counted towards the crime rate, significantly boosting the numbers.


title: Gear train

text: A gear train is a mechanical system formed by mounting gears on a frame so the teeth of the gears engage.


title: Gear train

text: Gear teeth are designed to ensure the pitch circles of engaging gears roll on each other without slipping, providing a smooth transmission of rotation from one gear to the next. Features of gears and gear trains include:


title: Gear train

text: The transmission of rotation between contacting toothed wheels can be traced back to the Antikythera mechanism of Greece and the south-pointing chariot of China. Illustrations by the Renaissance scientist Georgius Agricola show gear trains with cylindrical teeth. The implementation of the involute tooth yielded a standard gear design that provides a constant speed ratio.


title: Gear train

text: Gear teeth are designed so the number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle, and so the pitch circles of meshing gears roll on each other without slipping. The speed ratio for a pair of meshing gears can be computed from ratio of the radii of the pitch circles and the ratio of the number of teeth on each gear.


title: Gear train

text: The velocity "v" of the point of contact on the pitch circles is the same on both gears, and is given by


title: Gear train

text: where input gear "A" with radius "r" and angular velocity "ω" meshes with output gear "B" with radius "r" and angular velocity "ω". Therefore,


title: Gear train

text: where "N" is the number of teeth on the input gear and "N" is the number of teeth on the output gear.


title: Gear train

text: The mechanical advantage of a pair of meshing gears for which the input gear has "N" teeth and the output gear has "N" teeth is given by


title: Gear train

text: This shows that if the output gear "G" has more teeth than the input gear "G", then the gear train "amplifies" the input torque. And, if the output gear has fewer teeth than the input gear, then the gear train "reduces" the input torque.


title: Gear train

text: If the output gear of a gear train rotates more slowly than the input gear, then the gear train is called a "speed reducer". In this case, because the output gear must have more teeth than the input gear, the speed reducer amplifies the input torque.


title: Gear train

text: For this analysis, consider a gear train that has one degree of freedom, which means the angular rotation of all the gears in the gear train are defined by the angle of the input gear.


title: Gear train

text: The size of the gears and the sequence in which they engage define the ratio of the angular velocity "ω" of the input gear to the angular velocity "ω" of the output gear, known as the speed ratio, or gear ratio, of the gear train. Let "R" be the speed ratio, then


title: Gear train

text: The input torque "T" acting on the input gear "G" is transformed by the gear train into the output torque "T" exerted by the output gear "G". Assuming the gears are rigid and there are no losses in the engagement of the gear teeth, then the principle of virtual work can be used to analyze the static equilibrium of the gear train.


title: Gear train

text: Let the angle "θ" of the input gear be the generalized coordinate of the gear train, then the speed ratio "R" of the gear train defines the angular velocity of the output gear in terms of the input gear:


title: Gear train

text: The formula for the generalized force obtained from the principle of virtual work with applied torques yields:


title: Gear train

text: The "mechanical advantage" of the gear train is the ratio of the output torque "T" to the input torque "T", and the above equation yields:


title: Gear train

text: The speed ratio of a gear train also defines its mechanical advantage. This shows that if the input gear rotates faster than the output gear, then the gear train amplifies the input torque. And if the input gear rotates slower than the output gear, the gear train reduces the input torque.


title: Gear train

text: The simplest example of a gear train has two gears. The "input gear" (also known as drive gear) transmits power to the "output gear" (also known as driven gear). The input gear will typically be connected to a power source, such as a motor or engine. In such an example, the output of torque and rotational speed from the output (driven) gear depend on the ratio of the dimensions of the two gears.


title: Gear train

text: The teeth on gears are designed so the gears can roll on each other smoothly (without slipping or jamming). In order for two gears to roll on each other smoothly, they must be designed so the velocity at the point of contact of the two pitch circles (represented by "v") is the same for each gear.


title: Gear train

text: Mathematically, if the input gear "G" has the radius "r" and angular velocity formula_8, and meshes with output gear "G" of radius "r" and angular velocity formula_9, then:


title: Gear train

text: The number of teeth on a gear is proportional to the radius of its pitch circle, which means the ratios of the gears' angular velocities, radii, and number of teeth are equal. Where "N" is the number of teeth on the input gear and "N" is the number of teeth on the output gear, the following equation is formed:


title: Gear train

text: This equation shows that if the number of teeth on the output gear "G" is larger than the number of teeth on the input gear "G", then the input gear "G" must rotate faster than the output gear "G".


title: Gear train

text: A double reduction gear comprises two pairs of gears, as single reductions, in series. In the diagram, the red and blue gears give the first stage of reduction and the orange and green gears give the second stage of reduction. The total reduction is the product of the first stage of reduction and the second stage of reduction.


title: Gear train

text: It is essential to have two coupled gears, of different sizes, on the intermediate layshaft. If a single intermediate gear was used, the overall ratio would be simply that between the first and final gears, the intermediate gear would only act as an idler gear: it would reverse the direction of rotation, but not change the ratio.


title: Gear train

text: Gear teeth are distributed along the circumference of the pitch circle so the thickness "t" of each tooth and the space between neighboring teeth are the same. The pitch "p" of the gear, which is the distance between equivalent points on neighboring teeth along the pitch circle, is equal to twice the thickness of a tooth,


title: Gear train

text: The pitch of a gear "G" can be computed from the number of teeth "N" and the radius "r" of its pitch circle


title: Gear train

text: In order to mesh smoothly two gears "G" and "G" must have the same sized teeth and therefore they must have the same pitch "p", which means


title: Gear train

text: This equation shows that the ratio of the circumference, the diameters and the radii of two meshing gears is equal to the ratio of their number of teeth,


title: Gear train

text: In other words, the gear ratio, or speed ratio, is inversely proportional to the radius of the pitch circle and the number of teeth of the input gear.


title: Gear train

text: A gear train can be analyzed using the principle of virtual work to show that its torque ratio, which is the ratio of its output torque to its input torque, is equal to the gear ratio, or speed ratio, of the gear train.


title: Gear train

text: This means the input torque "Τ" applied to the input gear "G" and the output torque "Τ" on the output gear "G" are related by the ratio


title: Gear train

text: In a sequence of gears chained together, the ratio depends only on the number of teeth on the first and last gear. The intermediate gears, regardless of their size, do not alter the overall gear ratio of the chain. However, the addition of each intermediate gear reverses the direction of rotation of the final gear.


title: Gear train

text: An intermediate gear which does not drive a shaft to perform any work is called an gear. Sometimes, a single idler gear is used to reverse the direction, in which case it may be referred to as a "reverse idler". For instance, the typical automobile manual transmission engages reverse gear by means of inserting a reverse idler between two gears.


title: Gear train

text: Idler gears can also transmit rotation among distant shafts in situations where it would be impractical to simply make the distant gears larger to bring them together. Not only do larger gears occupy more space, the mass and rotational inertia (moment of inertia) of a gear is proportional to the square of its radius. Instead of idler gears, a toothed belt or chain can be used to transmit torque over distance.


title: Gear train

text: If a simple gear train has three gears, such that the input gear "G" meshes with an intermediate gear "G" which in turn meshes with the output gear "G", then the pitch circle of the intermediate gear rolls without slipping on both the pitch circles of the input and output gears. This yields the two relations


title: Gear train

text: Notice that this gear ratio is exactly the same as for the case when the gears "G" and "G" engage directly. The intermediate gear provides spacing but does not affect the gear ratio. For this reason it is called an "idler" gear. The same gear ratio is obtained for a sequence of idler gears and hence an idler gear is used to provide the same direction to rotate the driver and driven gear. If the driver gear moves in the clockwise direction, then the driven gear also moves in the clockwise direction with the help of the idler gear.


title: Gear train

text: In the photo, assuming the smallest gear is connected to the motor, it is called the drive gear or input gear. The somewhat larger gear in the middle is called an idler gear. It is not connected directly to either the motor or the output shaft and only transmits power between the input and output gears. There is a third gear in the upper-right corner of the photo. Assuming that gear is connected to the machine's output shaft, it is the output or driven gear.


title: Gear train

text: The input gear in this gear train has 13 teeth and the idler gear has 21 teeth. Considering only these gears, the gear ratio between the idler and the input gear can be calculated as if the idler gear was the output gear. Therefore, the gear ratio is driven/drive = 21/13 ≈1.62 or 1.62:1.


title: Gear train

text: At this ratio, it means the drive gear must make 1.62 revolutions to turn the driven gear once. It also means that for every one revolution of the driver, the driven gear has made 1/1.62, or 0.62, revolutions. Essentially, the larger gear turns slower.


title: Gear train

text: The third gear in the picture has 42 teeth. The gear ratio between the idler and third gear is thus 42/21, or 2:1, and hence the final gear ratio is 1.62x2≈3.23. For every 3.23 revolutions of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns one revolution, or for every one revolution of the smallest gear, the largest gear turns 0.31 (1/3.23) revolution, a total reduction of about 1:3.23 (Gear Reduction Ratio (GRR) = 1/Gear Ratio (GR)).


title: Gear train

text: Since the idler gear contacts directly both the smaller and the larger gear, it can be removed from the calculation, also giving a ratio of 42/13≈3.23. The idler gear serves to make both the drive gear and the driven gear rotate in the same direction, but confers no mechanical advantage.


title: Gear train

text: Belts can have teeth in them also and be coupled to gear-like pulleys. Special gears called sprockets can be coupled together with chains, as on bicycles and some motorcycles. Again, exact accounting of teeth and revolutions can be applied with these machines.


title: Gear train

text: For example, a belt with teeth, called the timing belt, is used in some internal combustion engines to synchronize the movement of the camshaft with that of the crankshaft, so that the valves open and close at the top of each cylinder at exactly the right time relative to the movement of each piston. A chain, called a timing chain, is used on some automobiles for this purpose, while in others, the camshaft and crankshaft are coupled directly together through meshed gears. Regardless of which form of drive is employed, the crankshaft-to-camshaft gear ratio is always 2:1 on four-stroke engines, which means that for every two revolutions of the crankshaft the camshaft will rotate once.


title: Gear train

text: Automobile drivetrains generally have two or more major areas where gearing is used. Gearing is employed in the transmission, which contains a number of different sets of gears that can be changed to allow a wide range of vehicle speeds, and also in the differential, which contains the final drive to provide further speed reduction at the wheels. In addition, the differential contains further gearing that splits torque equally between the two wheels while permitting them to have different speeds when travelling in a curved path. The transmission and final drive might be separate and connected by a driveshaft, or they might be combined into one unit called a transaxle. The gear ratios in transmission and final drive are important because different gear ratios will change the characteristics of a vehicle's performance.


title: Gear train

text: A 2004 Chevrolet Corvette C5 Z06 with a six-speed manual transmission has the following gear ratios in the transmission:


title: Gear train

text: In 1st gear, the engine makes 2.97 revolutions for every revolution of the transmission's output. In 4th gear, the gear ratio of 1:1 means that the engine and the transmission's output rotate at the same speed, referred to as the "direct drive" ratio. 5th and 6th gears are known as overdrive gears, in which the output of the transmission is revolving faster than the engine's output.


title: Gear train

text: The Corvette above has an axle ratio of 3.42:1, meaning that for every 3.42 revolutions of the transmission's output, the wheels make one revolution. The differential ratio multiplies with the transmission ratio, so in 1st gear, the engine makes 10.16 revolutions for every revolution of the wheels.


title: Gear train

text: The car's tires can almost be thought of as a third type of gearing. This car is equipped with 295/35-18 tires, which have a circumference of 82.1 inches. This means that for every complete revolution of the wheel, the car travels . If the Corvette had larger tires, it would travel farther with each revolution of the wheel, which would be like a higher gear. If the car had smaller tires, it would be like a lower gear.


title: Gear train

text: With the gear ratios of the transmission and differential and the size of the tires, it becomes possible to calculate the speed of the car for a particular gear at a particular engine RPM.


title: Gear train

text: For example, it is possible to determine the distance the car will travel for one revolution of the engine by dividing the circumference of the tire by the combined gear ratio of the transmission and differential.


title: Gear train

text: It is also possible to determine a car's speed from the engine speed by multiplying the circumference of the tire by the engine speed and dividing by the combined gear ratio.


title: Gear train

text: A close-ratio transmission is a transmission in which there is a relatively little difference between the gear ratios of the gears. For example, a transmission with an engine shaft to drive shaft ratio of 4:1 in first gear and 2:1 in second gear would be considered wide-ratio when compared to another transmission with a ratio of 4:1 in first and 3:1 in second. This is because the close-ratio transmission has less of a progression between gears. For the wide-ratio transmission, the first gear ratio is 4:1 or 4, and in second gear it is 2:1 or 2, so the progression is equal to 4/2 = 2 (or 200%). For the close-ratio transmission, first gear has a 4:1 ratio or 4, and second gear has a ratio of 3:1 or 3, so the progression between gears is 4/3, or 133%. Since 133% is less than 200%, the transmission with the smaller progression between gears is considered close-ratio. However, the difference between a close-ratio and wide-ratio transmission is subjective and relative.


title: Gear train

text: Close-ratio transmissions are generally offered in sports cars, sport bikes, and especially in race vehicles, where the engine is tuned for maximum power in a narrow range of operating speeds, and the driver or rider can be expected to shift often to keep the engine in its power band.


title: Gear train

text: Factory 4-speed or 5-speed transmission ratios generally have a greater difference between gear ratios and tend to be effective for ordinary driving and moderate performance use. Wider gaps between ratios allow a higher 1st gear ratio for better manners in traffic, but cause engine speed to decrease more when shifting. Narrowing the gaps will increase acceleration at speed, and potentially improve top speed under certain conditions, but acceleration from a stopped position and operation in daily driving will suffer.


title: Gear train

text: "Range" is the torque multiplication difference between 1st and 4th gears; wider-ratio gear-sets have more, typically between 2.8 and 3.2. This is the single most important determinant of low-speed acceleration from stopped.


title: Gear train

text: "Progression" is the reduction or decay in the percentage drop in engine speed in the next gear, for example after shifting from 1st to 2nd gear. Most transmissions have some degree of progression in that the RPM drop on the 1-2 shift is larger than the RPM drop on the 2-3 shift, which is in turn larger than the RPM drop on the 3-4 shift. The progression may not be linear (continuously reduced) or done in proportionate stages for various reasons, including a special need for a gear to reach a specific speed or RPM for passing, racing and so on, or simply economic necessity that the parts were available.


title: Gear train

text: Range and progression are not mutually exclusive, but each limits the number of options for the other. A wide range, which gives a strong torque multiplication in 1st gear for excellent manners in low-speed traffic, especially with a smaller motor, heavy vehicle, or numerically low axle ratio such as 2.50, means the progression percentages must be high. The amount of engine speed, and therefore power, lost on each up-shift is greater than would be the case in a transmission with less range, but less power in 1st gear. A numerically low 1st gear, such as 2:1, reduces available torque in 1st gear, but allows more choices of progression.


title: Gear train

text: There is no optimal choice of transmission gear ratios or a final drive ratio for best performance at all speeds, as gear ratios are compromises, and not necessarily better than the original ratios for certain purposes.


title: Tamara Podemski

text: Tamara Podemski (born October 16, 1977) is a Canadian film and television actress and writer. She is known for her supporting role as Alison Trent in the television series "Coroner", for which she won the Canadian Screen Award for Best Supporting Actress in a Drama Series at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards in 2021.


title: Tamara Podemski

text: Her father is an Israeli Jew from Kfar Saba, and her mother is an Anishinaabe from the Muscowpetung band of First Nations people in Saskatchewan. Her paternal grandparents were from Poland, and moved to Canada after World War II. Her sisters, Jennifer Podemski and Sarah Podemski are also actors. All three sisters appear together in the FX series "Reservation Dogs".


title: Tamara Podemski

text: Podemski was a Canadian Screen Award nominee for Best Writing in a Factual Program or Series at the 8th Canadian Screen Awards in 2020, for her work on her sister's documentary series "Future History".


title: Tamara Podemski

text: She won a special jury award for dramatic performance at the 2006 Sundance Film Festival, and was an Independent Spirit Award nominee for Best Supporting Female at the 23rd Independent Spirit Awards in 2007, for her performance in the film "Four Sheets to the Wind".


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The 43rd Ryder Cup Matches were held in the United States from September 24–26, 2021, on the Straits course at Whistling Straits, Haven, Wisconsin. Europe was the holder of the Ryder Cup after its win over the United States in 2018 at Le Golf National.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The United States, fielding its youngest team in its history, regained the Ryder Cup in 2021 with a record 19–9 victory. This was the largest margin of victory in a Ryder Cup since 1967. Continental Europe joined the Ryder Cup in 1979; this is Europe's heaviest defeat in Ryder Cup history. Combined with its 2016 win at Hazeltine, the United States won back-to-back Ryder Cups on home soil for the first time since 1979 and 1983.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: Due to several tournaments, including a number of majors, shifting their schedules due to the COVID-19 pandemic (including one major being canceled and one being moved to November), the Ryder Cup was originally scheduled to take place only five days after the final round of the rescheduled U.S. Open, from September 25 to 27, 2020.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: On July 8, 2020, the PGA of America announced the postponement of the event to September 24 to 26, 2021, because of the pandemic. The next Ryder Cup will now be held in 2023 and further odd years, while the Presidents Cup was also rescheduled into 2022 and further even years, resetting the annual rotation of both events to how they were scheduled before the September 11 attacks in 2001.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The Ryder Cup is a match play event, with each match worth one point. The event took place from September 24–26, 2021 at the Whistling Straits in Kohler, Wisconsin. The event was played over three days, with four foursomes (alternate shots) and four fourball matches on the first day. The second day followed with the same matches, and the third day had twelve singles matches. The event was played between teams of twelve representing the United States and Europe. As the hosting team, the United States captain determined which matches were played during the morning session, and which were played in the afternoon.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: With a total of 28 points available, 14 points were required to win the Cup, and 14 points were required for the defending champion to retain the Cup. All matches were played to a maximum of 18 holes.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The United States qualification rules were announced on February 20, 2019. These were amended on August 5, 2020. The qualification rules are similar to those used for the 2018 Ryder Cup. The majority of the team are selected from the Ryder Cup points list, which is based on prize money won in important tournaments, with one point awarded for every $1,000 earned unless otherwise stated below. The team consists of:


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The leading 15 players in the final points list after the final qualifying event, the BMW Championship, were:


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The European team qualification rules were announced on May 8, 2019. There was one significant change from the previous Ryder Cup, with the number of captain's picks reduced from four to three. Following the postponement, points were frozen from after the Qatar Masters until January 1, 2021, with the new end date and amendments to the points multipliers expected to be announced before then. The team consisted of:


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: Both team captains were announced in early 2019; Pádraig Harrington was named as the European team captain on January 8, and Wisconsin native Steve Stricker as the U.S. team captain on February 20.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: For the U.S. team, in October 2019, Stricker announced Jim Furyk as his first vice-captain. On May 11, 2020, Zach Johnson and Davis Love III were revealed as the next two vice-captains. On September 1, 2021, Stricker named his final two vice-captains, Phil Mickelson and Fred Couples.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: For the European team, in September 2019, Harrington announced Robert Karlsson as his first vice-captain. In May 2020, he accidentally revealed Luke Donald as his second vice-captain during an interview. In June 2021, Harrington announced two more of his vice-captains, Martin Kaymer and Graeme McDowell. On September 15, 2021, nine days ahead of the tournament, Henrik Stenson was named as the fifth and final European vice-captain.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The hosting United States team contained eight (of their twelve) players in the top 10 of the world rankings, while also containing eight players under the age of 30 and six rookies, the most in one team since 2008. Based on the Official World Golf Rankings prior to the event, ten of the U.S. players were ranked ahead of Europe's second-highest-ranked player (No. 14, Viktor Hovland).


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: Viktor Hovland (Norway) and Bernd Wiesberger (Austria) were the first players from their countries to qualify for a Ryder Cup team. Lee Westwood was the oldest player to represent the European team since Christy O'Connor Snr in 1973.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The opening round of four foursomes matches started at 7:05 am local time. Pairings were announced at the Opening Ceremony on Thursday. The first point was won by Europe, with Jon Rahm and Sergio García winning, 3 and 1, against Justin Thomas and Jordan Spieth. The first point for the United States was won by Dustin Johnson and Collin Morikawa winning, 3 and 2, against Paul Casey and Viktor Hovland. After winning the first five holes, the second American point was won by Patrick Cantlay and Xander Schauffele by winning 5 and 3, over Rory McIlroy and Ian Poulter. The final point of the session, third overall for the United States to take a 3–1 lead was won by Brooks Koepka and Daniel Berger winning, 2 and 1, against Lee Westwood and Matt Fitzpatrick.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The first result of the afternoon fourball matches came in the third match, which Tony Finau and Harris English won, 4 and 3, over Rory McIlroy and Shane Lowry, giving Team USA an overall 4–1 lead. Team USA won the second point of the session when Dustin Johnson and Xander Schauffele won, 2 and 1, against Paul Casey and Bernd Wiesberger, giving the Americans a 5–1 lead. The second overall match and third points of the session was tied between Bryson DeChambeau and Scottie Scheffler and Jon Rahm and Tyrrell Hatton, giving the United States a 5–1 lead. In the final match, Justin Thomas and Patrick Cantlay tied their match with Tommy Fleetwood and Viktor Hovland giving the Americans 3 points to Europe's 1 point for the afternoon session. The United States ended day 1 with a 6–2 lead, the largest first-day lead for either side since the 2004 Ryder Cup.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: Rahm and García won the opening foursomes match, 3 and 1, against Koepka and Berger, despite being three down after five holes. Johnson and Morikawa won six of the first nine holes on their way to winning 2 and 1 over Casey and Hatton. Spieth and Thomas won their first points of the week with a 2 up victory over Wiesberger and Hovland. Cantlay and Schauffele won their second match as partners, earning the Americans their third point of the session with a 2 and 1 victory against Westwood and Fitzpatrick. The United States team ended the Saturday morning session with a 9–3 lead.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: In the afternoon fourball matches, Lowry and Hatton both earned their first full point of the week with a 1 up victory over Finau and English. Rahm and García continued their dominance as a pairing, earning their third point as partners with a 2 and 1 win against Koepka and Spieth. The third match of the day was all square through 13 holes but the American pairing of Scheffler and DeChambeau won the next four holes for a 3 and 1 victory against Fleetwood and Hovland. The final match of the day saw Johnson and Morikawa earn their third overall point as a pairing with a 4 and 3 victory against Poulter and McIlroy. With the session shared 2–2, the United States team maintained its six-point lead. The 11–5 lead was the largest lead through two days of a Ryder Cup since 1975.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: Team Europe won the opening singles match of the day when McIlroy defeated Schauffele, 3 and 2, however the United States team went on to win six of the next eight matches to regain the Ryder Cup. Scheffler birdied five of the first six holes and ultimately defeated the previously unbeaten Rahm, 4 and 3; Cantlay remained unbeaten for the week with a 4 and 2 victory over Lowry; and DeChambeau, having eagled the opening hole after driving the green, never trailed in his 3 and 2 win over García to take the team to 14 points. The cup winning point came when Morikawa and Hovland tied their match, bringing the overall score to 14–6.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: In the remaining matches, Koepka defeated Wiesberger, 2 and 1; Thomas won five of the first nine holes in defeating Tyrrell Hatton, 4 and 3; Johnson made 8 birdies in his 1 up victory against Casey, going a record tying 5–0–0 on the week; team Europe earned two full points when Poulter won, 3 and 2, against Finau and Westwood won the 18th hole for a 1 up victory over English; Spieth and Fleetwood tied their match. Finally, Berger secured a 1 up victory over Fitzpatrick to give the United States team a record 19 points.


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The United States went 7–3–2 in singles matches to defeat Europe 19–9. This was the largest margin of victory in a Ryder Cup since the United States beat Great Britain and Ireland by 10 points in 1975 (in a format in which 32 rather than 28 match points were decided).


title: 2021 Ryder Cup

text: The 2021 Ryder Cup was televised in the United States by Golf Channel, NBC and on NBC streaming site Peacock. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, the event was broadcast by Sky Sports; the broadcaster re-branded its Sky Sports Golf channel as Sky Sports Ryder Cup for the week of the event. Both owned by Comcast, both the Golf Channel and Sky Sports held joint broadcasts, particularly during their morning buildup shows for each day. Highlights were also shown on BBC in the UK each night.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: Nocebo is a Filipino-Irish psychological thriller film directed by Lorcan Finnegan from a screenplay by Garret Shanley. The film stars Eva Green, Mark Strong and Chai Fonacier.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: Christine (Eva Green), is an English fashion designer, specifically for childrenswear. While at work, she gets a call and seemingly receives terrible news. While she is shocked, a tick-infested dog approaches her. Its ticks were shaken off from its body with one landing on the back of her neck.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: Eight months later, Christine is taking medications for her mysterious illness. Busy with finding work, she asks her husband, Felix (Mark Strong) to pick up their daughter, Bobs (Billie Gadsdon). After a failed attempt at a pitch, Christine shakily heads back home frustrated as her condition does not seem to get any better.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: Moments later, Christine answers the door for a woman named Diana (Chai Fonacier), who claims to be the caregiver that Christine hired but seemingly forgot. Felix and Bobs are both distrustful of Diana, a stranger now suddenly living with their family. Bobs exclaims Diana must call her by her full name, Roberta, as they are not friends. Meanwhile, Christine and Felix argue about Diana which she overhears from the vents on her room.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: With Christine's condition. Diana volunteers to make dinner for the family, cooking a Visayan dish called humba. Felix and Bobs make microaggressive comments regarding the dish, such as Felix saying it was "surprisingly good" after eating it.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: Later, Christine gets sudden pains in her arms after reaching for a glass to drink. Diana comes to her aid, insisting she can "make it go away". Diana seemingly cures Christine's pains by hovering her hands over the painful area, leaving the entire family confused.


title: Nocebo (film)

text: The film's ending track featured the Filipino song "Pugon" (2016) by The General Strike, which references the 2015 Kentex slipper factory fire, the third worst fire incident in the Philippines, to which the film's subplot is loosely based from. The end credits display the statement "JUSTICE FOR ALL KENTEX FIRE VICTIMS" after mentioning the song's credits.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat (born 25 August 1994) is an Indian wrestler. She became the first Indian woman wrestler to win gold in both Commonwealth and Asian Games. She is the only Indian woman wrestler to win multiple medals at the World Wrestling Championships. Phogat became the first Indian athlete to be nominated for Laureus World Sports Awards in 2019.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Phogat comes from a successful family of wrestlers, with her cousins and being international wrestlers and Commonwealth Games medalists as well.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh is the daughter of wrestler Rajpal Phogat and cousin of wrestlers Geetha and Babita. Both her cousins have won gold in 55 kg category in Commonwealth Games.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In allowing her cousins and herself to pursue competitive wrestling, her father and uncle had to deal with immense pressure and opposition from the community in their village in Haryana. They were adjudged as going against the morals and values of their community. Her cousin, Ritu Phogat, too is an international level wrestler and has won a gold medal at the 2016 Commonwealth Wrestling Championship.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: On 13 December 2018, she married her long-time boyfriend and fellow wrestler Somvir Rathee of Bakhta Khera village of Jind district, who is a two times gold medalist in the national championship. The couple knew each other since 2011 and both work for the Indian Railways where they met and fell in love.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In world championship 2019, she bagged her maiden world championship medal (Bronze). She bagged Gold in Asian Games and Commonwealth Games in 2018 came in the 50 kg category. In Matteo Pellicone Ranking Series in Rome, the 26 years old crushed Canada's Diana Mary Helen Weicker 4–0 in the 53 kg final.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In 2013 Asian Wrestling Championships in New Delhi, India, Vinesh won the bronze medal in the women's freestyle 52 kg category, winning 3:0 in the bronze medal bout through the repechage round to Tho-Kaew Sriprapa of Thailand.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In the first round, Vinesh won 3:1 against Nanami Irie of Japan. She then lost 1:3 in the quarter-finals to Tatyana Amanzhol of Kazakhstan who qualified for the final thus qualifying the Indian grappler for the repechage round.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In an exclusive tournament held in Johannesburg, South Africa, Vinesh finished second and won the silver medal in the women's freestyle 51 kg category, losing in the final round to Odunayo Adekuoroye of Nigeria.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh represented India in the women's freestyle 48 kg category at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, and won the gold medal.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In the quarter-finals, Vinesh faced Rosemary Nweke of Nigeria and beat her 5–0. Her semi-finals opponent was Jasmine Mian of Canada whom she beat 4–1. In the gold medal bout, she faced home favourite Yana Rattigan of England and won the gold medal, beating her 3–1.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: At 2014 Asian Games in Incheon, South Korea, Vinesh won the bronze medal in the women's freestyle 48 kg category.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: In the Round of 16, Vinesh faced Yongmi Pak from the People's Republic of Korea and beat her 3:1. Her quarter-finals opponent was Dauletbike Yakhshimuratova of Uzbekistan whom she overcame easily with a 5:0 scoreline. She lost 1:3 in the semi-finals to Eri Tosaka of Japan but qualified for the bronze medal bout and beat Narangerel Eredenesukh of Mongolia to win 10-0 easily after referee stopped the bout (classification points 4:0).


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: At the 2015 Asian Championships in Doha, Phogat won the silver medal in her category after losing the final to Yuki Irie of Japan. In the qualifying tournament for the 2016 Rio Olympics held in Istanbul, she won in the final round beating Polish wrestler Iwona Matkowska, and qualified for the Olympics in the process.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: At the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio, Vinesh reached the Quarter Finals and lost to Sun Yanan of China owing to a knee injury.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat won the gold medal in women's 50 kg freestyle wrestling at 2018 Commonwealth Games in Gold Coast.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat won the gold medal at the 2018 Asian Games and became first Indian woman wrestler to win gold in the Asian Games. Phogat beat Japan's Yuki Irie in Women's 50 kg Freestyle Wrestling gold medal match 6–2.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh won the bronze medal in 2019 Asian Wrestling Championships by defeating World Championships bronze medallist Qianyu Pang of China.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat bagged her third consecutive gold in women's 53 kg category after winning the Poland Open wrestling tournament in Warsaw.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat bagged a maiden World Championship medal in the women's 53 kg category after pinning Maria Prevolaraki in the Bronze medal match. She became the first Indian wrestler to qualify for the Tokyo Olympics 2020 by virtue of her top six finish.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat defeated 2017 world champion Vanesa Kaladzinskay to win the gold medal in February 2021 at the tournament held in Kiev.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh opened up a 4–0 lead in the 53 kg final with a throw which she initiated with a left-leg attack but Kaladzinskay made it 4–4 with her brilliant move.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: The Belarusian put pressure on the Indian with another four-point throw but with 25 seconds to go, Vinesh's move fetched her four more points for a 10–8 lead. She got into a position from where she pinned Kaladzinskay to ensure herself a gold.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Since the coronavirus halted all competitions in 2020, it was the first competition for Vinesh in 2021, who is the only Indian woman wrestler to have qualified for the Tokyo Games.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh Phogat won her second gold medal in as many weeks with a dominant win in the event and reclaimed the top rank in the her category.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh blanked Canada's Diana Mary Helen Weicker 4-0 where she scored all her points in the first period and held on to her lead in the second to ensure a top-of-the-podium finish.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: The Indian had entered the event as world number three but is back to world number one by jumping 14 points. The Canadian was ranked as low as 40 before the tournament but is now just behind Vinesh at number two.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: Vinesh did not concede a single point at this tournament, winning two of her three bouts by pinning her rivals while getting injury walkouts in the other two in the eight-woman field.


title: Vinesh Phogat

text: She won the gold medal in the women's 53 kg event at the 2022 Commonwealth Games held in Birmingham, England. She won one of the bronze medals in the 53 kg event at the 2022 World Wrestling Championships held in Belgrade, Serbia.


title: Mayko Nguyen

text: Mayko Nguyen is a Canadian actress of Vietnamese descent. She was born on April 19, 1980 in Vancouver, Canada. She has appeared in "ReGenesis", "Rookie Blue", "Killjoys", and "Hudson and Rex".


title: Mayko Nguyen

text: Nguyen has had lead and recurring roles on a variety of television series, including "Bloodletting and Miraculous Cures", "Cracked" and "Slasher". Nguyen's most notable television roles are Mayko Tran on "ReGenesis", Sue Tran on "Rookie Blue" and Delle Seyah Kendry on "Killjoys".


title: Mayko Nguyen

text: Nguyen is also a stage actress, and performed in "The Unending" during the 2016 Toronto Fringe Festival, and "Salt-Water Moon" in the spring of 2016.


title: Mayko Nguyen

text: Starting 2019, she also stars in the Citytv show "Hudson & Rex", a serial police drama where a police detective has a German Shepherd as a partner. Her character is the coroner and occasionally goes out on cases.


title: Day of the Dead (TV series)

text: Day of the Dead is an American horror television series based on the film of same name that premiered on Syfy on October 15, 2021.


title: Day of the Dead (TV series)

text: In February 2020, it was announced Syfy had given a straight to series order of 10 episodes for a series based on "Day of the Dead". The show will be written by Jed Elinoff and Scott Thomas who also will serve as showrunners. In October 2020, it was announced Keenan Tracey, Daniel Doheny, Natalie Malaika, Morgan Holmstrom and Kristy Dawn Dinsmore had been cast as regulars in the series. The series premiered on October 15, 2021.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Peter Gary Tatchell (born 25 January 1952) is a British human rights campaigner, originally from Australia, best known for his work with LGBT social movements.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell was selected as the Labour Party's parliamentary candidate for Bermondsey in 1981. He was then denounced by party leader Michael Foot for ostensibly supporting extra-Parliamentary action against the Thatcher government. Labour subsequently allowed him to stand in the 1983 Bermondsey by-election in February 1983, in which the party lost the seat to the Liberals. In the 1990s he campaigned for LGBT rights through the direct action group OutRage!, which he co-founded. He has worked on various campaigns, such as Stop Murder Music against music lyrics allegedly inciting violence against LGBT people and writes and broadcasts on various human rights and social justice issues. He attempted a citizen's arrest of Zimbabwean President Robert Mugabe in 1999 and again in 2001.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In April 2004, Tatchell joined the Green Party of England and Wales and in 2007 was selected as prospective Parliamentary candidate in the constituency of Oxford East, but in December 2009 he stood down due to brain damage he says was caused by a bus accident as well as damage sustained during various protests. Since 2011, he has been Director of the Peter Tatchell Foundation. He has taken part in over 30 debates at the Oxford Union, encompassing a wide range of issues such as patriotism, Thatcherism and university “safe spaces”.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell was born in Melbourne, Australia. His father was a lathe operator and his mother worked in a biscuit factory. His parents divorced when he was four and his mother remarried soon afterwards. He had a half sister and brothers.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Since the family finances were strained by medical bills, he had to leave school at 16 in 1968. He started work as a sign-writer and window-dresser in department stores. Tatchell claims to have incorporated the theatricality of these displays into his activism.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Raised as a Christian, Tatchell says that he "ditched [his] faith a long time ago" and is an atheist. It is widely reported that Tatchell is a vegan; however, Tatchell himself only states that he eats no meat, but does eat eggs, cheese, and, according to Richard Fairbrass, wild salmon, meaning Tatchell is a Pescetarian.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: He became interested in outdoor adventurous activities such as surfing and mountain climbing. Speaking on BBC Radio 4's "Any Questions" about how insurance and legal risks were making British teachers reluctant to take pupils on outdoor adventures, he said outdoor activities helped him develop the courage to take political risks in adult life.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell's political activity began at Mount Waverley Secondary College, where in 1967 he launched campaigns in support of Australia's Aboriginal people. Tatchell was elected secretary of the school's Student Representative Council. In his final year in 1968, as school captain, he took the lead in setting up a scholarship scheme for Aboriginal people and led a campaign for Aboriginal land rights. These activities led the headmaster to claim he had been manipulated by communists.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Prompted by the impending hanging of Ronald Ryan in 1967, Tatchell went round his local area painting slogans against the hanging, a fact he did not reveal until nearly 30 years later. Ryan was accused of killing a prison warder while escaping from Pentridge Prison in Coburg, Victoria. Tatchell claimed, unsuccessfully, that the trajectory of the bullet through the warder's body probably made it impossible that Ryan could have fired the fatal shot.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 1968, Tatchell began campaigning against the American and Australian involvement in the Vietnam War, in his view a war of aggression in support of a "brutal and corrupt dictatorship" responsible for torture and executions. The Victoria state government and Melbourne city council attempted to suppress the anti-Vietnam War campaign by banning street leafleting and taking police action against anti-war demonstrations.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: To avoid conscription into the Australian Army, Tatchell moved to London in 1971. He had opened up about being gay in 1969, and in London became a leading member of the Gay Liberation Front (GLF) until its 1974 collapse. During this time Tatchell was prominent in organising sit-ins at pubs that refused to serve "poofs" and protests against police harassment and the medical classification of homosexuality as an illness. With others he helped organise Britain's first Gay Pride march in 1972.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 1973, he attended the 10th World Youth Festival in East Berlin on GLF's behalf. His plans to protest at the festival were not well received by either the British delegation or the GDR hosts, however he was eventually allowed to give a speech at Humboldt University. His lecture was subject to various disruptions, it ended in his denunciation as a "troublemaker" by a member of the audience. The following day, Tatchell attempted to hand out leaflets at a concert, an official of the Free German Youth objected and encouraged fellow concert-goers to destroy the leaflets. Tatchell intended to carry a placard advocating gay rights at the closing rally of the festival, the British delegation incorrectly translated the placard to read "East Germany persecutes homosexuals", this was put to a vote and the majority decided the placard was not acceptable. Yet, in defiance of the collective decision, Tatchell carried the placard anyway and was then beaten. The placard was torn in half.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell later claimed that this was the first time gay liberation politics were publicly disseminated and discussed in a communist country, although he noted that, in terms of decriminalisation and the age of consent, gay men had greater rights in East Germany at the time than much of the West.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell collaborated with public artist Martin Firrell to mark the 50th anniversary of the GLF in 2020. The artist's Still Revolting series drew on Tatchell's personal recollections of the GLF, quoting Tatchell's 1973 placard 'Homosexuals Are Revolting' created by Tatchell for London Gay Pride. The artist's addition of the word 'still' reflects the truth that homosexuality is still regarded as intolerable by some and many LGBT+ people around the world are still struggling for acceptance, security and equality.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: After taking A levels at evening classes, he attended the Polytechnic of North London (PNL), now part of London Metropolitan University, where he obtained a 2:1 BSc (Hons) in sociology.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: At PNL he was a member of the National Union of Students Gay Rights Campaign. On graduating he became a freelance journalist specialising in foreign stories, during which he publicised the Indonesian annexation of West Papua and child labour on British-owned tea farms in Malawi.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell popularised the phrase "sexual apartheid" to describe the separate laws that long existed for gays and heterosexuals.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 1978, Tatchell joined the Labour Party and moved to a council flat in Bermondsey, south-east London. At the Bermondsey Constituency Labour Party's (CLP) AGM in February 1980, the left group won control and Tatchell was elected Secretary. When the sitting Labour Member of Parliament (MP), Bob Mellish, retired in 1981, Tatchell was selected as his successor, despite Arthur Latham, a former MP and former Chairman of the Tribune Group, being considered the favourite. While Militant was cited as the reason for Tatchell's selection, Tatchell disagrees and ascribes his selection to the support of the "older, 'born and bred' working class; the younger professional and intellectual members swung behind Latham".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In an article for a left-wing magazine, Tatchell urged the Labour Party to support direct action campaigning to challenge the Margaret Thatcher-led Tory government, stating "we must look to new more militant forms of extra-parliamentary opposition which involve mass popular participation and challenge the government's right to rule". Social Democratic Party MP James Wellbeloved, arguing the article was anti-Parliamentary, quoted it at Prime Minister's Questions in November 1981. Foot denounced Tatchell, stating that he would not be endorsed as a candidate and a vote at the Labour Party National Executive Committee denied Tatchell's endorsement. However, the Bermondsey Labour Party continued to support him and it was eventually agreed that when the selection was rerun, Tatchell would be eligible, and he duly won. When Mellish resigned from Parliament and triggered a by-election, Tatchell's candidacy was endorsed, and the ensuing campaign was regarded as one of the most homophobic in modern British history.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell was assaulted in the street, had his flat attacked, and had a death threat and a live bullet put through his letterbox in the night. Although the Bermondsey seat had long been a Labour stronghold, the Liberal candidate, Simon Hughes, won the election. During the campaign, Liberal canvassers were accused of stirring up homophobia on the doorsteps. Male Liberal workers campaigned wearing lapel badges with the words, "I've been kissed by Peter Tatchell" following the suggestion that he was attempting to hide his sexuality; this campaign was criticised by Roy Hattersley at a Labour news conference. One of Hughes' campaign leaflets claimed the election was "a straight choice" between Liberal and Labour. Hughes has since apologised for what may have been seen as an inadvertent slur and later came out as bisexual in 2006.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell published the book "Democratic Defence" in 1985. In it, he outlined his suggestions for a defence policy for the United Kingdom after it underwent nuclear disarmament. Tatchell argued that the British military was still organised on an imperialist strategy of basing troops abroad rather than on a strategy of defending Britain itself against foreign attacks.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Citing the difficulties that the British army was facing in Northern Ireland, he argued that their current methods had proven ineffective against guerrilla warfare, along with arguing for troops to be allowed to join trade unions and political parties, and to end strict adherence to "petty regulations". He praised the Second World War-era British Home Guard as an example of a "citizens' army", as well as the armed forces of Sweden, Switzerland and Yugoslavia as positive examples.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In the book, Tatchell also argued for a British withdrawal from NATO and for the establishment of a European Self-Defence Organisation, independent of both the United States, whom he felt that Europe had become too dependent on their military protection, and the Soviet Union, which he condemned for their invasions of Czechoslovakia and of Afghanistan, as well its internal repression. He quoted with approval Enoch Powell's argument that the threat from the Soviet Union to the UK was exaggerated.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In February 2000, Tatchell resigned from Labour, citing the treatment of Ken Livingstone during the nomination of a candidate for Mayor of London, and of similar cases in the Scottish and Welsh elections, as evidence that the party "no longer has any mechanism for democratic involvement and transformation". He fought unsuccessfully for a seat on the London Assembly as an Independent candidate within the Green Left grouping, in support of Livingstone.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 7 April 2004, he joined the Green Party of England and Wales but did not envisage standing for election. However, in 2007, he became the party's parliamentary candidate for Oxford East. On 16 December 2009, he withdrew as a candidate claiming brain damage he says was caused by a bus accident as well as damage inflicted by Mugabe's bodyguards when Tatchell attempted to arrest him in 2001 in Brussels, and by neo-Nazis in Moscow.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In "Tribune", he pointed out the adverse effects of climate change: "By 2050, if climate change proceeds unchecked, England will no longer be a green and pleasant land. In between periods of prolonged scorching drought, we are likely to suffer widespread flooding."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: For many years, he supported a green–red alliance. More recently, he helped launch the Green Left grouping within the Green Party. He urged links between trade unions and the Greens. On 27 April 2010, he urged Green Party supporters to vote for Liberal Democrats in constituencies where they had an incumbent MP or a strong chance of winning.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In August 2021, Tatchell endorsed Tamsin Omond and Amelia Womack in the 2021 Green Party of England and Wales leadership election.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell opposed the war in Iraq, and its subsequent occupation. For nearly three decades he had previously supported the Iraqi Left Opposition, helping them remove the government of Saddam Hussein because of the gross violations of human rights that Hussein had committed against democrats, left-wingers, trade unionists, Shia Muslims and the Kurdish people, and because under Saddam's dictatorship there were no opportunities for peaceful, democratic change. He advocated military and financial aid to opponents of the Saddam government, suggesting that anti-Saddam organisations be given "tanks, helicopter gun-ships, fighter planes, heavy artillery and anti-tank and anti-aircraft missiles". While opposing western intervention, he advocated regime change from within in countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and Syria.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has written that on 12 March 2003 he ambushed Tony Blair's motorcade in an anti-Iraq war protest. He forced Blair's limousine to stop, and then unfolded a banner that read "Arm the Kurds! Topple Saddam". He added that in terms of the political struggle within Britain (as opposed to struggles against absolute tyrants like Hitler and Saddam, where violent resistance can be the lesser of two evils): "I remain committed to the Gandhian principle of non-violence". After the war he signed the 'Unite Against Terror' declaration, arguing that "the "pseudo-left" reveals its shameless hypocrisy and its wholesale abandonment of humanitarian values" by supporting resistance and insurgent groups in Iraq that resort to indiscriminate terrorism, killing innocent civilians.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2003, Tatchell said he supported giving "massive material aid" to Iraqi opposition groups, including the "Shi'ite Supreme Council for Islamic Revolution in Iraq" (SCIRI), to bring down Saddam. But in 2006 Tatchell noted that SCIRI had become markedly more fundamentalist and was endorsing violent attacks on anyone who did not conform to its increasingly harsh interpretation of Islam. He claimed that SCIRI, the leading force in Baghdad's ruling coalition, wanted to establish an Iranian-style religious dictatorship, with a goal of clerical fascism, and had engaged in "terrorisation of gay Iraqis", as well as terrorising Sunni Muslims, left-wingers, unveiled women and people who listen to western pop music or wear jeans or shorts.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In September 2014, Tatchell advocated arming the Kurdistan Workers' Party to fight against ISIS, and argued that the US and EU had been wrong to designate it as a terrorist organisation.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: A previous supporter of the Stop the War Coalition, Tatchell and many other public personalities expressed concern with the coalition's allegedly unduly favourable view of Bashar al-Assad's government in Syria, and has called for the Labour leader and former Stop the War Chair Jeremy Corbyn not to attend the Coalition's Christmas fundraiser 2015. In December 2016, Tatchell and others disrupted Corbyn's speech on human rights on the basis that the Labour leader had responded insufficiently to the bombing of Aleppo and urged him to condemn Russian military intervention in Syria.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Since 2006, he expressed concern for the Baloch people facing military operations in their homeland, Balochistan in Pakistan. From 2007 to 2009, he campaigned in defence of two UK-based Baloch Muslim human rights activists, Hyrbyair Marri and Faiz Baluch, accused of terrorism charges and tried in London. Both men were acquitted in 2009. He alleged collusion by the British and U.S. governments in regards to the suppression of the Balochs, including arms sales to Pakistan, which he says were used to bomb and attack Baloch towns and villages.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In May 2006 Tatchell attended the first Moscow Pride Festival. He appears in the documentary "Moscow Pride '06" featuring this event.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In May 2007 Tatchell returned to Moscow to support Moscow Pride and to voice his opposition to a ban on the march, staying at the flat of an American diplomat. On 27 May 2007, Tatchell and other gay rights activists were attacked. He was punched in the face and nearly knocked unconscious, while other demonstrators were beaten, kicked and assaulted. A German MP, Volker Beck, and a European Parliament deputy from Italy, Marco Cappato, were also punched before being arrested and questioned by police. Tatchell later said "I'm not deterred one iota from coming back to protest in Moscow." On his release, Tatchell made a report on the incident to the American Embassy.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 16 May 2009, the day of the final of the "Eurovision Song Contest" in Moscow, Russian gay rights activists staged a protest in Moscow in defiance of the city's mayor, Yuri Luzkhov, who had long banned gay demonstrations and denounced them as "satanic". Tatchell was among 32 campaigners arrested when they shouted slogans and unfurled banners.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 14 February 2015, Tatchell was one of a number of signatories to a letter criticising the trend in the National Union of Students to apply a "No Platform" policy to feminists who criticised the sex industry or challenged demands made by certain groups of trans people. In particular, the letter cited the denial of a platform to Kate Smurthwaite at Goldsmiths College and to Germaine Greer at the University of Cambridge.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell received death threats after signing the letter. He later stated that he would have worded the letter differently to clarify that he supported the human rights of trans people and sex workers, but that he had signed the letter nonetheless because he believed in the message of free speech on campuses. He said that the initial draft that he signed contained the sentence "Some of us have disagreements with the views expressed [by feminist critics of trans people]", and that he was "not happy" that this was cut out of the final letter.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 13 February 2016, Fran Cowling, the national LGBT representative for the NUS, refused to share a platform with Tatchell at Canterbury Christ Church University to discuss the topic of "re-radicalising queers". Cowling said that Tatchell supported speakers who are "openly transphobic and incite violence" against transgender people, and also that Tatchell had used "racist language". Tatchell responded that no evidence could be produced to support either claim, and that Cowling had never consulted the NUS membership before deciding to make pronouncements on their behalf, and said "This sorry, sad saga is symptomatic of the decline of free and open debate on some university campuses. There is a witch-hunting, accusatory atmosphere. Allegations are made without evidence to back them—or worse, they are made citing false, trumped-up evidence."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell took part in many gay rights campaigns over issues such as Section 28. Following the murder of actor Michael Boothe on 10 May 1990, Tatchell was one of thirty people to attend the inaugural meeting of the radical gay rights non-violent direct action group OutRage!—although he was not a co-founder—and has remained a leading member. The group fuses theatrical performance styles with queer protest. As the most prominent OutRage! member, Tatchell is sometimes assumed to be the leader of the group, though he has never claimed this, saying he is one among equals.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 1991, a small group of OutRage! members covertly formed a separate group to engage in a campaign of outing public figures who were homophobic in public but gay in private. The group took the name FROCS (Faggots Rooting Out Closeted Sexuality). Tatchell was the group's go-between with the press, forwarding their news statements to his media contacts. Considerable publicity and public debate followed FROCS's threat to out 200 leading public personalities from the world of politics, religion, business and sport. With Tatchell's assistance, members of FROCS eventually called a press conference to tell the world that their campaign was a hoax intended to demonstrate the hypocrisy of those newspapers that had condemned the campaign despite having themselves outed celebrities and politicians.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Some OutRage! activities were highly controversial. In 1994, it unveiled placards inviting ten Church of England bishops to "tell the truth" about what Outrage! alleged was their homosexuality and accusing them of condemning homosexuality in public while leading secret gay lives. Shortly afterwards the group wrote to twenty UK MPs, condemning their alleged support for anti-gay laws and claiming they would out them if the MPs did not stop what they described as attacks on the gay community. The MP Sir James Kilfedder, one such opponent of gay equality, who had received one of the letters, died two months later of a sudden heart attack on the day one of the Belfast newspapers planned to out him. In a comment in "The Independent" in October 2003, Tatchell claimed the OutRage! action against the bishops was his greatest mistake because he failed to anticipate that the media and the church would treat it as an invasion of privacy.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 12 April 1998, Tatchell led an OutRage! protest, which disrupted the Easter sermon by George Carey, the Archbishop of Canterbury, with Tatchell mounting the pulpit to denounce what he claimed was Carey's opposition to legal equality for lesbian and gay people. The protest garnered media coverage and led to Tatchell's prosecution under the little-used Ecclesiastical Courts Jurisdiction Act 1860 (formerly part of the Brawling Act 1551), which prohibits any form of disruption or protest in a church. Tatchell failed in his attempt to summon Carey as a witness and was convicted. The judge fined him the trivial sum of £18.60, which commentators theorised was a wry allusion to the year of the statute used to convict him.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: The LGBT press dubbed him "Saint Peter Tatchell" following further OutRage! campaigns involving religion.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: A number of African LGBTI leaders signed a statement condemning the involvement of Tatchell and OutRage! in African issues, which led Tatchell to respond that he favoured working with the radical LGBTI groups in Africa rather than the more conservative (according to him) leaders who had signed the statement. Tatchell and OutRage! published a refutation of the allegations.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: OutRage!'s protest against Chief Rabbi Immanuel Jakobovits, who supported the idea of genetic engineering to eliminate homosexuality, led to accusations that Tatchell was antisemitic, following OutRage!'s leaflets citing the similarity of Jakobovits ideas for the eradication of homosexuality to those of Heinrich Himmler were distributed outside the Western and Marble Arch Synagogue on the Rosh Hashanah in September 1993.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Rabbi Dame Julia Neuberger, who had campaigned for gay rights, said "Drawing a comparison between Lord Jakobovits and Himmler is offensive, racist and [...] makes OutRage appear antisemitic". She stated that the action and leaflet would "alienate Jews who are sympathetic to gay rights".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell argues that a number of Afro-Caribbean artists produce music that glorifies murder of homosexual men, and incites violence against homosexuals. He argued that British laws against incitement to violence were not being enforced on foreign artists performing in the UK. He also organised protests outside the concerts of singers whose lyrics he says incite violence, mainly Jamaican dancehall and ragga artists who he says glorify violence toward lesbians and gay men, including murder. Tatchell's campaign began in 1992 when Buju Banton's song "Boom bye-bye" was released. He has picketed the MOBO Awards ceremony to protest at their inviting performers of what he terms "murder music".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell argues that murder is not legal in Jamaica, and glorification of murder is not a legitimate form of Afro-Caribbean culture. In response Tatchell received death threats and was labelled racist. He defended himself by noting that the campaign was at the behest of the Jamaican gay rights group J-Flag, and the UK-based Black Gay Men's Advisory Group, with which he works closely. He pointed to what he described as his life's work campaigning against racism and apartheid and stated that his campaigns against "murder music" and state-sanctioned homophobic violence in Jamaica were endorsed by black Jamaican gay rights activists such as Jamaican Forum for Lesbians, All-Sexuals and Gays (J-FLAG), and by many straight human rights activists in Jamaica (male homosexuality remains illegal in Jamaica). The campaign has had positive effects with seven of eight original murder music singers signing the Reggae Compassion Act, which says that signatories will not "make statements or perform songs" that incite hatred or violence.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Members of the Rastafari movement accused Tatchell of racism and extremism, saying, "He has gone over way over the top. It's simply racist to put Hitler and Sizzla in the same bracket and just shows how far he is prepared to go." Tatchell denies equating Sizzla with Hitler.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 1996, Tatchell led an OutRage! campaign to reduce the age of consent in the UK to 14 years, to adjust for studies that showed nearly half of all young people had their first sexual experiences prior to 16 years old, regardless of sexuality. He stated that he wished to exempt these people from being "treated as criminals by the law," and that the campaign claimed there should be no prosecution if the difference in ages of the sexual partners was no more than three years, provided that these youths are given a more comprehensive sex education at a younger date.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: He was quoted in the OutRage!'s press release as saying "Young people have a right to accept or reject sex, according to what they feel is appropriate for them".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has since reiterated that he does not condone adults having sex with children. On his personal website, under the subsection "Age of Consent", he writes:


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 10 March 2008, in the "Irish Independent", he repeated his call for a lower age of consent to end the criminalisation of young people engaged in consenting sex and to remove the legal obstacles to upfront sex education, condom provision and safer sex advice. In 1998 and 2008, he supported relaxation of the then strict laws against pornography, arguing that pornography can have some social benefits, and he has criticised what he calls the body-shame phobia against nudism, suggesting that nudity may be natural and healthy for society.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2006, he opposed the appointment of Ruth Kelly as Secretary of State for Communities and Local Government as Kelly had not supported equal treatment of lesbians and gay men in any parliamentary votes. Tatchell said "her appointment suggests the government does not take lesbian and gay rights seriously", adding "Tony Blair would never appoint someone to a race-equality post who had a lukewarm record of opposing racism".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has written an obituary in The Independent for Paedophile Information Exchange founder Ian Dunn, as well as an essay for a pro-paedophile activist and Paedophile Information Exchange member Warren Middleton in the book ""Betrayal of Youth (BOY)"". The actor and activist, John Connors described Tatchell as a "paedophile apologist" and other critics (such as the British National Party) have suggested that he is personally pro-paedophile, which he strongly denies—stating that:


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In July 2021, in an article by Hayley Dixon, Melanie Newman and Julie Bindel for the Daily Telegraph, Peter Tatchell: Children have sexual desires at an early age it emerged that a positive review attributed to Peter Tatchell of the same pro-paedophila book – Betrayal of Youth: Radical Perspectives on Childhood Sexuality, Intergenerational Sex and the Social Oppression of Children and Young People – appeared in the June 1987 edition of 7 Days, the newsletter of the Communist Party of Great Britain.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: He also comments on an interview he conducted in the late 1990s on the subject of paedophilia and child prostitution, in which he interviewed a 14-year-old boy (under the pseudonym "Lee") who had had sex with older men, in some cases for money. In this interview, Tatchell makes various counterarguments against Lee's point of view, such as: "How can a young child understand sex and give meaningful consent?", "Perhaps your friends were particularly mature for their age. Most young people are not so sophisticated about sex", "Many people worry that the power imbalance in a relationship between a youth and an adult means the younger person can be easily manipulated and exploited", "Many people fear that making sex easier for under-age teenagers will expose them to dangers like HIV. Isn't that a legitimate worry?".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 1997 Tatchell wrote a letter to "The Guardian", defending an academic book about "boy-love", calling the work "courageous", before writing:


title: Peter Tatchell

text: My "Guardian" letter cited examples of youths in Papuan tribes and some of my friends who, when they were under 16, had sex with adults (over 18s), but who do not feel they were harmed. I was not endorsing their viewpoint but merely stating that they had a different perspective from the mainstream opinion about inter-generational sex. They have every right for their perspective to be heard."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Following the publication of a photo of Tatchell alongside the Irish Minister for Children, Equality, Disability, Integration and Youth, Roderic O'Gorman, on Twitter, at a Pride event, O'Gorman issued a statement outlining that the apparent views in Tatchell's letter—written 23 years ago, when O'Gorman was just 15—were "abhorrent" to him, and his appreciation that Tatchell clarified his own position.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has pledged his support for opposite-sex couples to be allowed to have civil partnerships, stating that some opposite-sex couples dislike the "sexist, homophobic history of [the institution of] marriage", and allowing them into civil partnerships "is simply a matter of equality".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: While still at school, Tatchell campaigned in favour of better treatment of, and full human rights for, Aboriginal Australians. He has opined that Australian cities should be renamed with their original Aboriginal place names. For example, he wants the Tasmanian capital Hobart to be renamed Nibberluna, arguing that this would be a fitting tribute to Australia's Aboriginal heritage, which he claims has been discarded and disrespected for too long.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell participated in the mass Vietnam Moratorium protests in Melbourne in 1970. The same year, Tatchell founded and was elected secretary of the inter-denominational anti-war movement, Christians for Peace. Later, upon moving to London in 1971, he was active in solidarity work with the independence movements in Mozambique, and Guinea-Bissau.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2002, he brought an unsuccessful legal action in Bow Street Magistrate's Court for the arrest of the former U.S. Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, on charges of war crimes in Vietnam and Cambodia.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Part of Tatchell's political activism and journalism in the 1970s involved the Rhodesian Bush War, in which he supported the black nationalist movement, including the Zimbabwe African National Union and its military wing. Mugabe's denunciation of male homosexuality in 1995 led Tatchell to help organise a protest for LGBT rights in Zimbabwe outside the Zimbabwe High Commission in London.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Two years later, he passed through police security disguised as a TV cameraman to quiz Mugabe during the "Africa at 40" conference at Methodist Central Hall, Westminster. Mugabe told him that allegations of human rights abuses were grossly exaggerated; he became agitated when Tatchell told him that he was gay. Mugabe's minders summoned Special Branch guards, who ejected Tatchell. On 26 October 1997 a letter from Tatchell to "The Observer" argued that the United Kingdom should suspend aid to Zimbabwe because of its violence against LGBT people.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell researched the "Gukurahundi" attacks in Matabeleland in the 1980s, when the Zimbabwean Fifth Brigade attacked supporters of the Zimbabwe African Peoples Union. He became convinced that Mugabe had broken international human rights law during the attack, which is estimated to have involved the massacre of around 20,000 civilians. Then in 1999, journalists Mark Chavunduka and Ray Choto were tortured by the Zimbabwe Army. The arrest of Augusto Pinochet in London seemed to him a precedent that human rights violations could be pursued against a head of state, thanks to the principle of universal jurisdiction. On 30 October 1999 Tatchell and three other OutRage! activists approached Mugabe's car in a London street and attempted to perform a citizen's arrest. Tatchell opened the car door and grabbed Mugabe. He then called the police. The four OutRage! activists were arrested, on charges including criminal damage, assault and breach of the peace; charges were dropped on the opening day of their trial. Mugabe responded by describing Tatchell and his OutRage! colleagues as "gay gangsters", a slogan frequently repeated by his supporters, and claimed they had been sent by the United Kingdom government.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 5 March 2001, when Mugabe visited Brussels, Tatchell again attempted a citizen's arrest. Mugabe's bodyguards were seen knocking him to the floor. Later that day, Tatchell was briefly knocked unconscious by Mugabe's bodyguards and was left with permanent damage to his right eye. The protest drew worldwide headlines, as Mugabe was highly unpopular in the Western world for his land redistribution policy. Tatchell's actions were praised by Zimbabwean activists and many of the newspapers that had previously denounced him.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell ultimately failed in his attempt to secure an international arrest warrant against Mugabe on torture charges. The magistrate argued that Mugabe had immunity from prosecution as a serving head of state.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In late 2003, Tatchell acted as a press spokesman for the launch of the Zimbabwe Freedom Movement (ZFM), which claimed to be a clandestine group within Zimbabwe committed to overthrowing the Mugabe government by force. The civic action support group Sokwanele urged Tatchell to check his sources, speculating that it might have been by the Zimbabwe government to justify violent action. This speculation proved to be unfounded. The Mugabe regime dismissed the ZFM as a hoax. However, two Central Intelligence Organization members were spotted and turned away from the ZFM launch, as shown in the film ""Peter Tatchell: Just who does he think he is?"" by Max Barber.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Following a protest against the ANC, Tatchell described himself as a long-time anti-apartheid activist, in an essay for the book 'sex and politics in South Africa', he claimed that his lobbying of the ANC in 1987 contributed to it renouncing homophobia and making its first public commitment to lesbian and gay human rights and that in 1989 and 1990, he helped persuade the ANC to include a ban on anti-gay discrimination in the post-apartheid constitution (claiming he assisted in drafting model clauses for the ANC)


title: Peter Tatchell

text: After Tatchell was named as one of the UK's most "hate filled bigots" in the 'Desi Express' newspaper, Aaron Saeed, Muslim Affairs spokesperson for the gay human rights group OutRage!, claimed that Tatchell was involved in the anti-apartheid movement for over 20 years.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In May 2004, he and a dozen other lesbians and gay men from OutRage! and the Queer Youth Alliance joined a London demonstration organised by the Palestine Solidarity Campaign. Their placards read "Israel: stop persecuting Palestine! Palestine: stop persecuting queers!". Tatchell claims that others present accused him of being a Mossad agent sent to disrupt the march, of being a racist or a Zionist, a supporter of Ariel Sharon or an agent of the Central Intelligence Agency or MI5. Tatchell has written a number of articles in "The Guardian" on the issue.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In April 2008, Tatchell attempted to disrupt the procession of the Olympic torch though London. As a protest against China's human rights record he stood in front of the bus carrying the torch along Oxford Street while carrying a placard calling on Beijing to "Free Tibet, Free Hu Jia" (the name of a recently jailed human rights activist). Tatchell was taken away by police but was not charged. In an interview Tatchell called on the world to boycott the opening ceremony of the Olympics, or to take other visible action.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell is a critic of Iran's criminal code, which has parts based on sharia and prescribes punishments for zina offenses, including consensual sexual relations between same-sex partners.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2005, Iran executed two teenagers, Mahmoud Asgari and Ayaz Marhoni, aged 16 and 18, accused of raping a 13-year-old boy at knifepoint. Tatchell argued that Iran has a history of arresting political activists on false charges and extracting false confessions from death penalty convicts, and declared that he believed the original crime was consensual sex between the two, which is illegal in Iran. Tatchell reiterated his long-standing view that Iran is an "Islamo-fascist state". He argued that information from Iranian exile groups with contacts inside Iran was that the teenagers were a secret gay party before they were arrested.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: International human rights groups Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch preferred campaigners to focus on Iran violating the Convention on the Rights of the Child (which forbids the execution of juveniles) rather than the weak allegation of consensual sex.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Faisal Alam, founder of American Gay Muslim group "Al-Fatiha", argued in the magazine "Queer" that Iran was condemned before the facts were certain.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has written articles condemning the Russian LGBT propaganda law. In 2014 Tatchell protested Valery Gergiev's support for Vladimir Putin.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell protested the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi over the gay rights stance of Russia, comparing the event to the 1936 Olympics in Berlin.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell was arrested at the Moscow Pride parade in 2011 amid a spate of anti-gay violence by neo-Nazis.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In February 2007, the Mayor of Moscow, Yury Luzhkov, visited London mayor Ken Livingstone for an annual meeting that also involved the Mayors of Berlin and Paris, with the mayor of Beijing present as well. Nikolay Alexeyev, one of the organizers of the Moscow gay pride parade, joined Tatchell in protesting the visit. A notice of the protest quoted Talgat Tadzhuddin saying that the Moscow pride marchers should be flogged.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Livingstone asserted that he supports gay rights, and said "In Moscow the Russian Orthodox church, the chief rabbi and the grand Mufti all supported the ban on the Gay Pride march with the main role, due to its great weight in society, being played by the Orthodox church. The attempt of Mr Tatchell to focus attention on the role of the grand Mufti in Moscow, in the face of numerous attacks on gay rights in Eastern Europe, which overwhelmingly come from right-wing Christian and secular currents, is a clear example of an Islamophobic campaign."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell retorted that Livingstone's remarks were "dishonest, despicable nonsense", adding "The Grand Mufti was not singled out". He further said the Mayor had brought his "office into disrepute" and "has revealed himself to be a person without principles, honesty or integrity."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Following the vote by the Knesset, the Israeli legislature, in 2007 in favour of bills to ban lesbian and gay pride parades in Jerusalem, the Lesbian and Gay Coalition Against Racism criticised Tatchell, saying:


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In a 2009 article for "The Guardian" Tatchell condemned what he described as "disproportionate" and "reckless" attacks by the Israeli military on Gaza, but also argued that Western liberals and progressives should not support Hamas which he described as an Islamist group that represses Palestinians and is "potentially as much of a threat to Palestinian freedom as Israel is today."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell criticised the Catholic Church and Pope Benedict XVI, whom he described as "the ideological inheritor of Nazi homophobia". "He'd like to eradicate homosexuality, but since he can't put LGBT people in physical concentration camps, is doing his best to put them in psychological concentration camps."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Channel 4 indicated in June 2010 that Tatchell would be the presenter of a documentary film examining "the current Pope's teachings throughout the world". The plans sparked criticism from some prominent British Catholics including Conservative politician Ann Widdecombe, who accused Channel 4 of trying to "stir up controversy". Tatchell asserted that the documentary "will not be an anti-Catholic programme".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: On 15 September 2010, Tatchell, along with 54 other public figures, signed an open letter, published in "The Guardian", stating their opposition to Pope Benedict XVI's visit to the United Kingdom.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: With respect to Anglicanism, he stated that "it's very sad to see a good man like the Archbishop of Canterbury, Rowan Williams, going to such extraordinary lengths to appease homophobes within the Anglican Communion".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2017 Tatchell praised the Church of England's new 'Valuing all God's Children' scheme for schools, which seeks to stop homophobic and transphobic bullying.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has occasionally been moderately critical of multiculturalism. In 2010 he gave a speech to the Libertarian Alliance at the National Liberal Club arguing that the British people are increasingly "fragmented according to their different and sometimes competing identities, values, and traditions. These differences are prioritised over shared experiences and interests. Our common needs and the universalities of human rights are downplayed in favour of religious and racial particularities."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2006, during the Jyllands-Posten Muhammad cartoons controversy, Tatchell spoke at a 25 March 2006 rally called the Freedom of Expression Rally.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: At the rally, Tatchell argued for the "disestablishment of the Church of England and the freedom to insult the Queen, Prime Minister and Archbishop of Canterbury." Tatchell said that the far-left is "Mired in the immoral morass of cultural relativism, they no longer endorse Enlightenment values and universal human rights. Their support for free speech is now qualified by so many ifs and buts. When push comes to shove, it is more or less worthless."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2007, he wrote a "Guardian" opinion piece, arguing that "The best way to tackle prejudice is by presenting facts and using reasoned arguments, to break down ignorance and ill-will." In 2016, Tatchell made threats to free speech in Britain the topic of his British Humanist Association annual conference lecture. Speaking with reference to a number of censorship controversies in the 2010s, he said that "the recent trend against freedom of speech means that we must fight the battles of the Enlightenment all over again."


title: Peter Tatchell

text: However, in 2018 Tatchell voiced his support for Mark Meechan's conviction under section 127 of the Communications Act 2003 for posting a "grossly offensive" video on YouTube.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell is critical of Islam, and first wrote about its presence in Britain in 1995. In 1995, he wrote that "although not all Muslims are anti-gay, significant numbers are violently homophobic [...] homophobic Muslim voters may be able to influence the outcome of elections in 20 or more marginal constituencies." He is critical of the UK government's All-Party Parliamentary Group definition of Islamophobia, suggesting that he tries "to avoid the term", that Muslimness is a vague and subjective term, and that the Islamophobia term is a "a de facto threat to free speech and liberal values" and "virtue-signalling".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has described the entire Sharia, which is the moral code that Muslims try to live by, as "a clerical form of fascism" and was the keynote speaker at a 2005 protest at the Canadian High Commission, demanding that Ontario's arbitration law, which permitted religious arbitration in civil cases for Jews and Christians, not be extended to Muslims.


title: Peter Tatchell

text: In 2017, Tatchell wrote to the organisers of Pride in London to defend the Council of Ex-Muslims of Britain. In response to calls by the East London Mosque for CEMB to apologise for placards alleging the mosque "incites murder of LGBTs", Tatchell stated "East London Mosque has refused all dialogue with LGBT community. It refuses to meet LGBT Muslims. I have asked them 11 times since 2015".


title: Peter Tatchell

text: Tatchell has previously condemned Islamophobia, saying "any form of prejudice, hatred, discrimination or violence against Muslims is wrong. Full stop". He described the Qur'an as "rather mild in its condemnation of homosexuality".