title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 1916, Cliff relocated to the factory of A.J. Wilkinson at Newport, Burslem, to increase her career opportunities. While most young women in the Staffordshire Potteries would stay with the task they had first mastered to raise their income above the 'apprentice wages' rate, Cliff was ambitious: she acquired many skills such as modeling figurines and vases, gilding, keeping pattern books and hand painting ware. Hand painting included outlining, enameling (filling in colors within the outline) and banding (drawing radial bands on plates or vessels). In the early 1920s, the decorating manager Jack Walker brought Cliff to the attention of one of the factory owners, Arthur Colley Austin Shorter,[1] who managed the company with his brother Guy. Colley Shorter was 17 years older than Cliff. He nurtured her skills and ideas. He was married but was later divorced to marry Cliff in December 1940. Cliff developed her skills and succeeded in journeying to the Royal College of Art and Paris.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In various styles, the first printed 'Bizarre' back stamp was used on Clarice Cliff ware from 1928 to early 1936. Cliff was given a second apprenticeship at the age of 25 at A. J. Wilkinson's in 1924, primarily as a 'modeler' and worked alongside factory designers John Butler and Fred Ridgway. They produced conservative, Victorian-style ware – Butler had been a designer for over 20 years. Eventually, Cliff's wide range of skills was recognized, and in 1927 she was given her studio at the adjoining Newport Pottery, which Shorter had bought in 1920. Here, Cliff was allowed to decorate some of the old defective 'glost' (white) ware in her freehand patterns. She used on-glaze enamel colors for these, which enabled a brighter palette than underglaze colors.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: She covered the imperfections in simple patterns of triangles, in a style that she called 'Bizarre.' The earliest examples had just a hand-painted mark, usually in a rust-colored paint: 'Bizarre by Clarice Cliff," she wrote and sometimes she added 'Newport Pottery' underneath. To the surprise of the company's senior salesman Ewart Oakes, it was immediately popular when he took a carload to a major stockist. Clarice was joined by young painter Gladys Scarlett, who helped her with the ware. Soon, a more professional 'back stamp' was made, which carried Cliff's facsimile signature, and proclaimed "Hand Painted Bizarre by Clarice Cliff, Newport Pottery England."


title: Clarice Cliff

text: This back stamp led to "Bizarre" being used as an umbrella name for her entire pattern range so that the factory then had to refer to the first pieces in the simple triangles as "Original Bizarre".


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In March 1927 Colley Shorter (who acted independently from his brother, Guy), sent Cliff to the Royal College of Art in Kensington, London, for two brief periods of study in March and May. These dates are recorded in the Royal College of Art archive and were also remembered by Gladys Scarlett (in 1982) as she was briefly left alone at Newport to paint the new 'Bizarre' ware.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: From 1927 Cliff was credited for shapes she designed, such as her "Viking Boat" flower holder, though her modelling for the factory is recorded in the trade journal only as far back as 1923–24. From 1929 onward, the shapes took on a more 'Moderne' influence, often angular and geometric, and some got what was to be later termed Art Deco. Abstract and cubist patterns appeared on these shapes, such as the 1929 "Ravel" (seen on Cliff's Conical shape ware), which was an abstract leaf and flower pattern named after the composer. The image shows a Conical coffee pot, and sugar bowl and cream with four triangular feet, another of Cliff's rather Bizarre shape ideas which proved popular with 1930s customers. "Ravel" was to be produced between 1929 and at least as late as 1935.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 1928 Clarice produced a simple, hand painted pattern of "Crocus" flowers in orange, blue and purple, each flower being constructed with confident upward strokes. Then green leaves were added by holding the piece upside down and painting thin lines amongst the flowers. Being made by individual brushstrokes, the "Crocus" pattern was clearly completely hand-painted, and the vibrant colours instantly attracted large sales.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Initially, Clarice had just one young decorator (Ethel Barrow) produce "Crocus". But as orders flooded in by 1930 a separate decorating 'shop' was established underneath the top floor of the building which housed the 'Bizarre' shop, and Ethel became tutor for training young painters on how to do the pattern. Twenty young women painted nothing but "Crocus" 5½ days a week, for much of the 1930s. "Crocus" was unusual in that it was produced on both tableware, tea and coffee ware, and 'fancies', which included novelty items made primarily as gift ware. The pattern had many colour variations, including "Purple Crocus" (1932) "Blue Crocus" (1935), "Sungleam Crocus" (1935) "Spring Crocus". It was even produced after the war, the final pieces with "Clarice Cliff" marks being made in 1963, though Midwinter (who bought the factory) continued to paint it to order until as late as 1968.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: By 1929, Cliff's decorators had grown to a team of around 70 young painters who were all women (called 'Bizarre girls') with the exception of four boys – worked under her direction. Many of these workers were traced in the 1980s and 1990s and they totalled over 100. Their names and work for Clarice Cliff were recorded in the centenary book.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The factory produced a series of small colour printed leaflets (quite unusual for this time) which could be obtained by post, or picked up from stockists. This promotional device was clearly successful, as one young girl's only task was to put the leaflets in stamped self-addressed envelopes sent in to the factory. At this time, many women would buy pottery by 'mail order' picked from advertising magazines. The series of leaflets, each of which covered a range of pieces in a similar style or set of colours, included the patterns "Bizarre, Fantasque, Delecia, Appliqué, Inspiration, Crocus & Gayday" but contained other design patterns as well. The original leaflet for the "Appliqué" patterns featured just two, "Lucerne" and "Lugano", but Cliff's prolific career witnessed 14 "Appliqué" patterns that had been designed by 1932 : "Avignon, Windmill, Red Tree, Idyll, Palermo, Blossom, Caravan, Bird of Paradise, Etna, Garden, Eden" and "Monsoon" in addition to the original two.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The "Fantasque" range evolved between 1928 and 1934 and mainly featured abstracts or landscapes of cottages and trees, and some Art Deco inspired patterns. The first "Fantasque" landscape pattern was "Trees and House" and this sold well from 1930 until at least 1934. However, it was the slightly later, more sophisticated "Autumn" pattern issued near the end of 1930 which was to prove the most adaptable and popular. Originally created in red (coral) green and black in 1930, from 1931 many colourway variations appeared. The rarest remains the red colourway, shown on a wall plaque, but the best selling version at the time was one with the trees in blue green and yellow. All these variations have proven particularly collectible.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 1930, Cliff was appointed as Art Director at Newport Pottery and A. J. Wilkinson, the two adjoining factories that produced her wares. Her work involved spending more time with Colley Shorter, and this gradually developed into an affair, conducted in secrecy. The couple worked closely together on creating awareness of 'Bizarre ware' to catch the attention of buyers in the middle of a major financial depression. Colley Shorter registered Clarice's name and even some of her shapes. It was her ability to design both patterns and also the shapes they were to go on that distinguished Cliff above any other designers in the Staffordshire Potteries at this time. Her first modelling in the mid 20s was of stylised figures, people, ducks, the floral embossed "Davenport" ware of 1925. But in 1929 at the same time as she started the colourful cubist and landscape designs, Cliff's modelling took on a new style. This was influenced by European originals by Désny, Tétard Freres, Josef Hoffmann and others, that she had seen in design journals including 'Mobilier e Décoration'.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Between 1929 and 1935 Cliff issued a mass of shape ranges, including "Conical’’ (see photo below), ‘’Bon Jour/Biarritz, Stamford, Eton, Daffodil", and "Trieste". In each of these there were tea and coffee ware shapes, but the first two were so popular that biscuit barrels, sugar sifters, bowls and vases were issued to enlarge the range. "Bon Jour" had 20 shapes created during 1933, with about 10 more being added in 1934. There were also many other innovatively shaped vases, bowls and 'fancies', such as the "Liner vase", "Flower tube vase" and the (now rare) "Lido Lady" ashtray and "Age of Jazz" musicians and dancers.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Through the depths of the Depression Cliff's wares continued to sell in volume at what were high prices for the time. Her "Bizarre" and "Fantasque" ware was sold throughout North America, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, but not in mainland Europe. In Britain many top London stores sold it, including Harrods. Some of the other London stockists have long since closed, but the list is impressive: "& Co., Lawley's, Bon Marche, John Lewis Peter Robinson, Selfridges, John Barker & Co., Warring & Gillow and Gorringe's". However, the extant order books of the period confirm that Bizarre ware was never sold at Woolworths as some have erroneously stated.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Further vividly colored patterns, such as "Melon" and "Circle Tree" appeared in 1930. Cliff devised many ways of marketing these: in-store painting demonstrations, for which Cliff chose just the prettiest of her painters and most famously she and Shorter had the idea to actually pay major 1930s celebrities to endorse the ware. This was done both in magazine articles and by appearances at large stores. The celebrities included "actresses Adrienne Allen, Marion Lorne, Marie Tempest, the BBC presenter Christopher Stone, musical comedy star Bobby Howes". Even Sir Malcolm Campbell who had just broken the world land speed record appeared at a promotion at the First Avenue Hotel, London in 1930.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Cliff's worldwide impact was made clear by a story in the "Pasadena Evening Post" in California. It pictured her with a five-foot-high 'horse' made entirely of Bizarre ware which had been made to promote the ware in Britain. It was in this article, that Cliff made what has become her most famous quote: "Having a little fun at my work does not make me any less of an artist, and people who appreciate truly beautiful and original creations in pottery are not frightened by innocent tomfoolery."


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Between 1932 and 1934 Cliff was the art director for a major project involving nearly 30 artists of the day (prompted by the Prince of Wales) to promote good design on tableware. The 'Artists in Industry' earthenware examples were produced under her direction, and the artists included such notable names as Duncan Grant, Paul Nash, Barbara Hepworth, Vanessa Bell, and Dame Laura Knight. The project 'Modern Art for the Table' was launched at Harrods London in October 1934 but received a mixed response from both the public and the press, though at the same time Cliff's own patterns and shapes were selling in large quantities around the world.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Cliff's patterns are highly stylised and interpreted in strong colours, such as the 1933 "Honolulu" pattern. The trees are enamelled in red (coral) orange and yellow. Cliff produced a colourway variation on this by simply changing the trees to shades of blue and pink, and this was then called "Rudyard" after a local Staffordshire beauty spot.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Clarice Cliff's fame and success in the 1930s are hard to fully appreciate now, but at that time there was no such thing as 'career women'. The publicity she received in the national press was unprecedented. Research by a PhD student into the contemporary press between 1928 and 1936 found "360 articles about Cliff and her work were published in the trade press, women's magazines, national and local newspapers." This was put into context when he pointed out that in the same period, Susie Cooper, another Staffordshire ceramicist and designer, had "fewer than 20 reviews, all bar one in the trade press".


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Despite all the publicity she received, Cliff was actually camera shy, and in most cases the images of her pottery were what dominated the women's magazine of the day. One picture which shows Cliff informally was taken when a South African stockist of her ware, from Werner Brothers, visited the factory on a buying trip. Cliff is seen with the 3-year-old daughter and wife of the stockist. After the visit Cliff sent the daughter a present of a miniature child's tea set painted in her "Honolulu" pattern.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In the mid 30s tastes changed and heavily modelled ware came into vogue. The "My Garden" series issued from 1934 onwards led the way, with small flowers modelled as a handle or base on more rounded shapes. These were fully painted in bright colours – the body of the ware was covered in thin colour washes – 'Verdant' was green, 'Sunrise' yellow and so on. The range included vases, bowls, jugs, a biscuit barrel, and proved very popular as gift ware. It was produced in more muted colours, right until the start of the war in 1939.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Other modelled shapes included the 1937 'Raffia' based on traditional basketware by Native Americans, decorated in a similar style to them with small blocks of colour. More popular was the heavily modelled "Harvest" ware, jugs and bowls modelled with corn and fruit. After the war this range was heavily marketed in North America (very patriotically) as "England". This later modelled ware attracts relatively low prices at auction.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 1940, after the death of Ann Shorter, Colley's wife, he married Cliff and she moved into his home at Chetwynd House on Northwood Lane in Clayton, Staffordshire. This Arts and Crafts home had been designed in 1899 and was one of the earliest commissions of the British architects Parker and Unwin (Richard Barry Parker and Raymond Unwin) who were later heavily involved in the Welwyn Garden City project.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: During World War II only plain white pottery (utility ware) was permitted under wartime regulations, so Cliff assisted with management of the pottery but was not able to continue design work. Instead she concentrated her creative talents on gardening and the massive garden at Chetwynd House became her shared passion with Shorter.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: After the war, although Cliff was occasionally nostalgic for the 'Bizarre' years, as witnessed in personal letters to friends, she seemed to be realistic and accepted the commercial taste was for conservative ware. Clarice seemed to enjoy playing a lesser role at the factory, knowing that she could not recapture those crazy days of the thirties. Much of the postwar production went to Australia, New Zealand or North America, where the taste was for formal ware in traditional English designs such as "Tonquin" rather than the striking patterns and shapes that had established Cliff's reputation; thus she was never to return to creative work. The postwar ware has little value at auction.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: A. J. Wilkinson and their Newport Pottery continued to sell ware under Cliff's name until 1964. The death of Colley Shorter in 1963 led Cliff to sell the factory to Midwinter in 1964 and she retired, becoming somewhat of a recluse. However, from December 1971 to January 1972, the first exhibition of Clarice Cliff pottery took place at Brighton, East Sussex. Cliff reluctantly provided comments for the catalogue, though she refused an invitation to go to the opening.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The exhibition was prompted by enthusiastic collectors, including Martin Battersby, an early devotee of 20s and 30s design, the first author on that period to publish major works, and a devotee of Cliff's ceramics. Then, on 23 October 1972, Cliff died suddenly at Chetwynd House.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The exhibition and the first book published privately in 1976 'Clarice Cliff' by Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson (L'Odeon publishing) marked the start of a major revival of interest in Cliff's work, which has continued to be sought after by Art Deco ceramic collectors ever since.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 1982 the original "Clarice Cliff Collectors Club" was formed and promoted her and her work throughout the world. The club founder had appealed in the "Staffordshire Evening Sentinel" for anyone who worked with Cliff to contact him and was delighted when he found 28 former workers. Still calling themselves the 'Bizarre girls' even in their mid-1970s and early 1980s Cliff's former painters were delighted in the interest in the pottery they had hand painted 50 years earlier. They attended the annual meetings of the club, and were to be involved in many television and radio programmes about Cliff, and a mass of books that appeared. Many of their memories were recorded in the "CCCC Reviews" from 1982 to 2004. The club also held meetings and exhibitions in Britain, North America, Australia and New Zealand.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The Stoke-on-Trent meetings visited the old painting shop of Bizarre ware by the canal at Newport, Burslem, from 1987 to 1997, ironically the only building left standing on the site. It was demolished by Wedgwood in 1997, and the land sold for housing.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: in 1985 a series of pieces were produced under the title The Bizarre Collection, with the mark for the "Royal Staffordshire Pottery by Clarice Cliff", and marketed by the Midwinter pottery. These pieces were all hand painted, unlike some of the later production Wedgwood, and faithfully respected the original designs and production methods with the exception of the crocus conical sifter. The production actually took place on the same premises as the original production line of the Newport pottery.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The three principal designs produced were "Honolulu" on a 12-inch Mei Ping vase, "Summerhouse" on a 13-inch wall plate and a striking version of "Umbrellas and Rain" on a conical bowl. These pieces can be identified with a tiny impressed "85" for the year of manufacture. There was also a selection of six conical sugar sifters, again hand-painted, with the exception of the aforementioned "Crocus" which was lithographed. Whilst the purists still scoff at these pieces some 30 years later they are actually a very accurate representation of the originals they were copied from and in themselves are now becoming sought after not least because they allow collectors to acquire excellent pieces and a more affordable price.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: A chain of mergers finally led to Wedgwood owning the Clarice Cliff name, and from 1992 to 2002 they too produced a range of reproductions of the highly sought 1930s pieces. These were made to a high quality, and were produced in small numbers for sale to collectors who could not find (or perhaps could not afford) the most striking original pieces.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The first pieces produced included a ginger jar in "House and Bridge", a large shape 14 vase in "Solitude", a Stamford shape teapot milk and sugar in "Pink Roof Cottage", a Conical bowl in "Tennis", and a wall plaque in "Lightning". From 1996 to 2002 pieces were made for CCCC members and these were also sold at major Wedgwood rooms. The hand painted pieces ceased production in 2002 but ware with printed (not hand painted) patterns were made in larger quantities by Wedgwood during and after this time.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: These reproductions should not be confused with forgeries (of which a number are found), the Wedgwood ones are clearly marked as 'Wedgwood Clarice Cliff'. An original Cliff painter Alice Andrews, then in her 80s, was employed to appear at launches of the ware in stores throughout Britain.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In the mid-1990s Cliff's position as a major artist of her era was confirmed when she was included in major international reference works: the massive "Dictionary of Art" by Macmillan Publishers, and "Allgemeines Künstlerlexikon" by K. G. Saur Verlag.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The work of the CCCC culminated with the centenary exhibition "Clarice Cliff, the Art of Bizarre" at the Wedgwood Museum, Barlaston, Stoke-on-Trent. Nowadays, with 26 years of experience the club is based online (see below). It should not be confused with an organisation who used the same name from 2001 after registering it in 1997.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: The CCCC was then the consultant for the BBC Radio 4 drama "The Bizarre Girl", written by Lizzie Slater which was described as "an uplifting drama exploring the dramatic rise of Clarice Cliff from the shop floor to Company Art Director – illustrating how a working-class Staffordshire girl brought modern art to the people." The drama was broadcast in December 2000.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: A film of her life, titled "The Colour Room" and directed by Claire McCarthy, was released on 12 November 2021. Cliff is played by Phoebe Dynevor.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 2002 Peter Wentworth- and Kay Johnson, the authors of the original 'Clarice Cliff' book from 1976, returned to Britain to lecture at a CCCC event at Christie's, South Kensington. They spoke about the early days of collecting when their first purchase had been "a Summerhouse Athens jug for 7 shillings and 6 pence, 35 pence". Peter had actually spoken to Cliff on the phone, but she had declined to be interviewed. They revealed that they had both been working for Stanley Kubrick when they wrote their book; Kay was Kubrick's personal assistant, and as set designer Peter had been able to decorate a room in "A Clockwork Orange" with a frieze he has designed based on original landscapes by Cliff.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: Rare combinations of shape and pattern attract very high prices at auction. The world record price for a piece of Clarice Cliff is held by Christie's, South Kensington, London, who sold an 'charger' (wall plaque) in the "May Avenue" pattern for £39,500 in 2004. Shortly after this the same auction house sold an vase in "Sunspots" for £20,000.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: A rare "Red Autumn" shape 369 vase sold for £4900 at Fielding's auctioneers, Stourbridge in the West Midlands, and Woolley and Wallis auctioneers Salisbury sold a high miniature vase in "Café" (used as a salesman's sample in the 1930s) for a staggering £3000. In May 2009 an eighteen-inch charger in the "May Avenue" pattern sold for £20,500 at Fielding's auctioneers.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In 2009 Will Farmer of the BBC "Antiques Roadshow" and members of the Clarice Cliff Collectors Club unveiled three plaques. These were on her birthplace, Meir Street, Tunstall, her second home on Edwards Street, Tunstall and the site of Newport Pottery by the canal in Burslem where her Bizarre ware was decorated. These were featured in special "Antiques Roadshow" programme that December.


title: Clarice Cliff

text: In September 2009 the Victoria and Albert Museum in London opened its 'New Ceramics Galleries' and Cliff's work was chosen to be included: "There will be two rooms displaying 20th-century collections. One will show ceramics made in a factory context and will include objects by designers such as Susie Cooper and Clarice Cliff".


title: Cuisine of New York City

text: The cuisine of New York City comprises many cuisines belonging to various ethnic groups that have entered the United States through the city. Almost all ethnic cuisines are well represented in New York, both within and outside the various ethnic neighborhoods.


title: Cuisine of New York City

text: New York was also the founding city of New York Restaurant Week which has spread around the world due to the discounted prices that such a deal offers. In New York there are over 12,000 bodegas, delis, and groceries, and many among them are open 24 hours a day, 7 days a week.


title: Cuisine of New York City

text: Much of the cuisine usually associated with New York stems in part from its large community of Ashkenazi Jews and their descendants.


title: Cuisine of New York City

text: The world-famous New York institution of the delicatessen, commonly referred to as a "deli," was originally an institution of the city's Jewry. Much of New York's Jewish fare has become popular around the globe, especially bagels. (New York City's Jewish community is also famously fond of Chinese food, and many members of this community think of it as their second ethnic cuisine.)


title: Cuisine of New York City

text: A large part of the cuisine associated with New York stems from its large community of Italian-Americans and their descendants. Much of New York's Italian fare has become popular around the globe, especially New York-style pizza.


title: Cuisine of New York City

text: Chino-Latino cuisine in New York is primarily associated with the immigration of Chinese Cubans following the Cuban Revolution. Chino-Latino dishes include:


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Jarrell Miller (born July 15, 1988) is an American professional boxer and former kickboxer who competes in the heavyweight division. He first came to prominence in 2007 when he competed for the New Jersey Tigers in the World Combat League and made it to the finals of the New York Golden Gloves tournament that same year. Miller was due to challenge Anthony Joshua for the WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, and IBO heavyweight titles in 2019, but was denied a license to box after failing multiple drug tests.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: In 2018, Miller was ranked as the world's seventh-best heavyweight by BoxRec, and eighth by "The Ring".


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. His mother is of Belizean and Irish descent, his father is of Haitian and Dominican descent. He took up Muay Thai at the age of 14, as a way to defend himself after being attacked on the street. He began boxing at the age of 16. Miller has highlighted some of his early boxing idols, including Mike Tyson and Riddick Bowe.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: As an amateur boxer, Miller reached the final of the 2007 New York Golden Gloves Heavyweight tournament at the Madison Square Garden in New York, where he lost to Tor Hamer on points (4-1). Miller had an amateur record of 10–1, with 7 wins by knockout. Miller had a limited amateur career due to him being forced to turn professional as he was also a professional kickboxer.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller made his professional boxing debut at the age of 21 on July 18, 2009 at the Plattduetsche Park Restaurant, in Franklin Square, New York. His opponent was an experienced 36-year-old Darius Whitson in a scheduled 4-round bout. Miller won the fight by TKO in the first round due to the ring doctor stopping the match because of a cut Darius Whitson received from an accidental headbutt. After a 22-month break from boxing, in May 2011, Miller defeated Isaac Villanueva via third-round TKO at the Roseland Ballroom in Manhattan.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller took another gap from boxing for 11 months, returning to the ring in April 2012 at the Cordon Bleu in Woodhaven, New York against American boxer Donnie Crawford, stopping him 2 minutes and 38 seconds of round one. In December of that year, Miller defeated 36-year-old Tyrone Gibson at the Roseland Ballroom.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On January 19, 2013, Miller was in a scheduled 4-round bout against 22-year-old up-and-comer Joey Dawejko (7-1-1, 3 KOs) at the Mohegan Sun Casino in Uncasville, Connecticut. The fight went the full 4 rounds and was ruled as a draw on all scorecards 37–37, 3 times. Miller was deducted 2 points for pushing during the fight.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: In September 2013, Miller defeated Tobias Rice, when Rice failed to come out for round 3. Two months later, Miller knocked out 34-year-old Willie Chisolm in 2 rounds. In December, Miller fought 39-year-old southpaw Sylvester Barron (8-2, 3 KOs). Miller outclassed Barron in the scheduled 6-round fight, knocking him down once in round 1 and again in round 2 before referee Benjy Esteves Jr. stopped the fight. In January 2014, Miller fought at the Harrah's Philadelphia in Chester, Pennsylvania against Jon Hill (6-4, 5 KOs), winning the fight via technical knockout in round 4.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On May 5, Miller fought at the Millennium Theater in Brighton Beach, New York against Joshua Harris, who was a last-minute replacement moving up from cruiserweight. Miller, who weighed in 50 pounds heavier, knocked out and stopped Harris inside 2 rounds. Miller was originally scheduled to fight Vincent Thompson, who had been arrested before the event for his role in six armed bank robberies. This win ensured Miller would qualify for a vacant ten-round New York State Heavyweight title showdown against Derric Rossy.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller next fought in November against Rodricka Ray in a scheduled 6-round fight. Miller won via unanimous decision with the judges scoring in his favor 60–54, 59–55, and 59–55. On January 1, 2015, Miller fought in California for the first time since turning professional. His opponent was 35-year-old Aaron Kinch. The fight went a full 6 rounds as Miller won a shut out decision 60–54, 60–54, and 60–53.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Raymond Ochieng (26-18-3, 21 KOs) called out Miller following his win over David Rodriguez in 2014. Miller accepted and they faced off in April 2015. Miller won via first-round TKO. Miller next had a scheduled fight on June 4 against 41-year-old Damon McCreary (15-4, 11 KOs). Miller won the bout via 2nd round stoppage after Miller gave McCreary a beating, until he slumped through the bottom ropes, falling through helpless and defenseless in a sitting position. Miller had two more bouts in 2015, finishing the year strong, stopping Excell Holmes and Akhror Muralimov inside the distance.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller had his first fight of 2016 on January 23 at the Casino Del Sol in Tucson, Arizona for the interim WBA-NABA heavyweight title against Donovan Dennis (12-2, 10 KOs). Miller defeated Dennis when the fight was called by the referee at 2:31 of the 7th round. In the post-fight interview, Miller called out then IBF champion Charles Martin, WBC champion Deontay Wilder, Unified world champion Tyson Fury and Anthony Joshua. Miller took full distinction as NABA champion on February 1, after Shannon Briggs was stripped of the title.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: It was announced that Miller, who was now ranked WBO #11, WBA #12 and IBF #15, would next fight on May 27, at the Seneca Niagara Resort & Casino in Niagara Falls, New York against Nick Guivas (12-3-2, 9 KOs) for the vacant WBO NABO Heavyweight title, previously held by Charles Martin. Miller kept his unbeaten run intact as he knocked out the over-matched Guivas in the 2nd-round. Miller used power shots to the body of Guivas to knock him down four times in the fight, with two of the knockdowns coming in the 1st round. Referee Dick Pakozdi stopped the fight officially at 1:26 of the 2nd round with Miller claiming the vacant title. In the post-fight interview, Miller again called out top heavyweights Wladimir Klitschko, Tyson Fury, Anthony Joshua and Deontay Wilder.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Salita Promotions announced that Miller would be fighting on the main event of on August 19 at the outdoor Rhinos Stadium in Rochester, New York. His opponent would be his toughest test to date, seasoned veteran Fred Kassi (18-5-1, 10 KOs). Miller, determined to stop Kassi inside the distance, said, "I'm ready to put his lights out like I do everybody else. I know he's durable and a little older than me. He's a tough guy and he can take a beating. So far, he's only been stopped once. I'll be the second." Miller weighed in his heaviest at 296.5 pounds since turning pro. The fight only lasted three rounds, with Miller coming out on top. After the third round, Kassi complained that he had injured his right hand and did not come out for the 4th round. Kassi started well in the opening round, connecting his shots, but ultimately became a punch bag for the remainder of the fight leaning against the ropes while Miller unloaded with body shots. Miller showed off his aggressive style by stopping Kassi.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: In September 2016, Miller accused his promoter of breaching their contract. Although nothing was disclosed, rumours surfaced it was because of Miller's recent fight purses where he stated he had been underpaid. Miller started making noise in December 2016 when new WBO heavyweight champion Joseph Parker listed him as a potential first defence along with British boxers Hughie Fury and David Price. The news initially came when the WBO stated Parker could make a voluntary defence after mandatory challenger David Haye decided to take up a grudge match against fellow Brit Tony Bellew. Only fighting twice in 2016, Miller said that he was looking for the right opportunity. Miller started calling out Joseph Parker, saying he would fight him anywhere.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On June 27, 2017 it was announced that Miller would fight former world title challenger Gerald Washington (18-1-1, 12 KOs) on the undercard of Garcia-Broner at the Barclays Center in New York on July 25 in a 10-round bout, this was Miller's first fight back after an 11-month layoff. Miller weighed in a career high 298.8 pounds while Washington weighed 248 pounds, 9 pounds heavier than when he challenged Wilder for the WBC title in February 2017. After the weigh in, the face off was tense as Miller was trash-talking Washington, who never did any trash-talking back. Miller then threw his promotional cap towards Washington as the face off was broken up.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller broke down Washington over 8 rounds eventually forcing the corner and referee stopping the fight. Washington had a good opening round, but Miller took control landing power shots and causing heavy punishment. Washington suffered his second consecutive stoppage loss. Stephen Espinoza, Showtime Sports general manager praised Miller and said he could soon feature on 'Showtime Championship Boxing'. Miller spoke with Showtime after the fight and called Washington a warrior, "I knew there would be a give and take in this fight. It's one thing to fight when you have stamina; it's another to fight when you're tired. I was trying to out-think him [...] Gerald was very tough. It was a very good fight that had me thinking. My power was there. I took the hard way back coming in off of a layoff. Gerald definitely pushed me and motivated me. I had to rely on my brain and my power." Miller received a $70,000 purse for the win, while Washington earned $50,000.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On September 24, 2017 HBO announced that Miller would appear as a co-feature alongside fellow New York fighter Daniel Jacobs on a card which would take place on November 11 at the Nassau Veterans Memorial Coliseum in Uniondale, New York. This would be the second event at the Coliseum since it re-opened in July 2017. Prior to that date, no event had taken place there since 1986. A day later it was revealed that 37 year old former world title challenger Mariusz Wach (33-2, 17 KOs) would be Miller's opponent for his HBO debut. Miller weighed 283.4 pounds, showing that he had lost weight rather than gain more, as he had done in his last two fights. Wach weighed a career-high 268 pounds, also making him the heaviest opponent Miller had fought.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller defeated Wach by TKO in the ninth round, moving him closer to a potential world title fight. Miller had a tougher time than expected as Wach pressured him many times. The fight was stopped by the referee and Wach's corner during the ninth round due to Wach suffering a hand injury. The injury had been a problem for Wach from the early rounds but seemed to get worse to the point where Wach was no longer using his right hand from round 7, other than for just an occasional shot. With the injury, Wach was unable to hold back Miller. The ringside doctor ended the fight at 1:02 of round nine.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: In the post fight interview, Miller said, “The next fight on the table for me that makes sense is Dillian Whyte or Joseph Parker. Those 2 fights make sense to me, because who are they fighting? Parker fought Hughie Fury, who I know didn’t deserve a title shot. Whyte is not a mandatory [for WBC champion Deontay Wilder]. I think Dillian Whyte should come and fight me. I’d be a good fight, and then the winner of that gets AJ or Deontay.” Talking about Wach, he said, “He hit me with a couple of shots, and it hurt me. The main thing was to try and stay on his chest. I gave myself a rating of an F, because it wasn’t my best performance and I was lighter. For the fight, Miller landed 204 of 620 punches thrown (33%), whilst Wach landed 95 of 328 (29%). Miller's debut on HBO averaged 673,000 viewers and peaked at 739,000 viewers.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On January 24, 2018 according to an interview with Sky Sports, Miller stated his intention to fight fellow New York boxer Trevor Bryan (19-0, 13 KOs) on April 28 at the Barclays Center in New York on HBO. Miller believed he should be next in line for a world title fight. Speaking to The Ring, he said, “Yes, we are working on Trevor Bryan, but his promoter is Don King, who is not the easiest to work with.” A deal was not reached and on February 6, ESPN reported that Miller would instead fight 37 year old French contender and former world title challenger Johann Duhaupas (37-4, 24 KOs) as part of a doubleheader including Daniel Jacobs vs. Maciej Sulęcki, at the Barclays Center, in Brooklyn, New York on April 28, live on HBO. Duhaupas was ranked #7 by the WBA, #8 by the WBC and #13 by the IBF at heavyweight. At the weight in, Miller came in at 304¼ pounds, which was 21 pounds heavier than what he weighed for his previous fight. Duhaupas weighed 244.2 pounds. 7,892 fans attended the event. On fight night, going the 12 round distance for the first time as a professional, Miller outworked Duhaupas in a one-sided fight winning with the scores of 119–109, 119–109, and 117–111. Miller was mostly the aggressor, not allowing Duhaupas to get much offence in. Duhaupas landed clean occasionally when he did let his hands go. Miller landed 261 of 782 total punches (33.4%), 185 being power punches, compared to Duhaupas' 128 landed of his 538 (23.8%), with 67 being power shots. It was said that with the win, Miller became the WBA mandatory challenger. After the fight, Miller stated he wanted Joshua to fight him in Brooklyn. The fight averaged 706,000 viewers and peaked at 834,000 on HBO.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On June 16, 2018 the IBF ordered a final eliminator between Miller and Kubrat Pulev (25-1, 13 KOs), with a purse bid taking place on June 25. The winner would become the mandatory challenger to Anthony Joshua's IBF belt. At the purse bid, Epic Sports & Entertainment made the winning bid of $2,111,111, much higher than the $1,000,010, which was placed by Team Sauerland. The bid meant Miller would be earning his highest purse at $527,777.75 US dollars. According to Epic Sports, the contracts were sent within two days of the purse bid. By 2 July, there was no deal made. It was said that Miller's camp were stalling, likely due to the fight taking place in Bulgaria. Miller's promoter Dmitry Salita confirmed negotiations were still ongoing however the biggest hurdle was the venue. According to IBF public relations director Jeanette Salazar, Miller had 15 days from when he received the contract to agree or the IBF would go back to the rankings. At the time, the next highest challenger was Hughie Fury, who was inserted at #5 by the IBF in June. Negotiations between Pulev and Miller broke down on July 10.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: On August 2, 2018 former two weight world champion Tomasz Adamek (53-5, 31 KOs) spoke of his interest to fight Miller after it was announced that Miller's next fight was scheduled in Chicago, a town with a big Polish community. Artur Szpilka was also a name mentioned however there was reports stating he would fight Mariusz Wach. According to ESPN's Dan Rafael and others close to Hearn, the fight was a mismatch. The fight was later announced to take place at a 10,000 capacity Wintrust Arena in Chicago on October 6, 2018. Miller stayed in contention for a world title fight after knocking out Adamek in round 2. Miller weighed his career-heaviest at 317 pounds compared to Adamek who weighed 227 pounds. Miller knocked Adamek down after hurting him with a left and then landing a number of power shots to put him down on one knee. Adamek was given a count by the referee and decided not to get back to his feet. In round 1, Miller stalked Adamek around the ring, hitting him with hard body and head shots. Adamek was unable to keep a distance.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Knowing he would likely not get a shot at Anthony Joshua in April 2019, Miller's handlers focused their attention on the WBA 'regular' belt. At the time, the titleholder Manuel Charr was going through a failed drugs test, as the belt was not yet vacant, Greg Cohen, Miller's co-promoter stated he would likely fight 45 year old boxer Fres Oquendo or WBA 'interim' champion Trevor Bryan. On October 19, terms were agreed for Miller to challenge Oquendo (37-8, 24 KOs), for the soon-to-be vacant WBA 'regular' belt on November 17 at the Boardwalk Hall in Atlantic City, New Jersey. Oquendo, last fought in 2014, was legally owed a WBA 'regular' title opportunity after winning a lawsuit on the back of his loss against then belt-holder Ruslan Chagaev. On October 24, ESPN reported, Oquendo, who would have earned $500,000 in fighting Miller, turned down the fight as there would no be 'enough time to properly implement Voluntary Anti-Doping Association testing for performance-enhancing drugs'. Romania boxer Bogdan Dinu accepted fight Miller on the same date. Dinu was ranked #9 by the WBA and #13 by the IBF at heavyweight. A press conference two days later confirmed the card would take place at the Kansas Star Arena and Casino in Mulvane, Kansas. Top Rank's Bob Arum stated he would write a letter to the WBA informing them Bryant Jennings would be available and not skipped. At the time, Jennings was ranked #7 by WBA ahead of Dinu, who was ranked #9. Miller weighed 315¼ pounds, 78 pounds more than Dinu, who came in at 237¼ pounds. After making a pre-fight prediction that he would win the fight inside 5 rounds, Miller knocked Dinu down and out for the 10-count in round 4 of their scheduled 12-round bout. The fight marked Miller's second win in 6 weeks. The opening 3 rounds where competitive. Dinu was able to land his jab, but backed off a little after he felt Miller's power. After the fight, Miller stated he wanted to fight a British boxer in 2019. Over the 4 rounds, Miller landed 54 punches of 204 thrown (27%), this included 35 power shots and Dinu landed 69 of 240 punches thrown (29%), which included 39 jabs landed.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller was announced as Anthony Joshua's next opponent in February 2019, and was due to challenge for Joshua's WBA (Super), IBF, WBO, and IBO heavyweight titles at Madison Square Garden in June 2019. Prior to the scheduled fight, Miller tested positive for GW501516, causing the New York State Athletic Commission (NYSAC) to deny him a license to box. Further tests proved positive for EPO and HGH. Miller was dropped from the card. Because he was not licensed at the time, the NYSAC could not take disciplinary action for the failed tests, beyond denying the application for a license. The WBA, however, imposed a six-month ban and removed Miller from their rankings. The ruling did not necessarily mean Miller could not box during that time as he could, in theory, have applied for a license in another state (due to not receiving a suspension by the NYSAC). But any fight scheduled would not have been sanctioned by the WBA.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Following the suspension by the WBA, he was scheduled to make his ring return against Jerry Forrest on July 9, 2020, at the MGM Grand Conference Center in Paradise, Nevada. On June 27, it was reported that Miller had yet again failed a pre-fight drug test, returning positive results for the banned substance GW501516. He received a suspension by the Nevada Athletic Commission (NAC) on July 2, with the suspension being extended on August 5 by an NAC five-member panel at their monthly commission hearing.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Miller began kickboxing at the age of 14. His break-out performances as a kickboxer came while representing the New Jersey Tigers in the World Combat League in the 2007–08 season. On May 3, 2008, he defeated K-1 veteran Pat Barry at the WCL Eastern & Western Conference Finals in San Antonio, Texas, the biggest feat of his career at that point. Miller had an amateur kickboxing record of 14–0, 7 KO's.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: Following the WCL's demise, Miller went on to rack up a 19-0 (8 KOs) record as a professional kickboxer on New York's heavyweight Muay Thai scene while also turning professional as a boxer.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: His exploits won him admirers, and in 2012, after he knocked out Radu Spinghel in New York City, he was recruited by K-1, historically the world's premier kickboxing organization.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: In his promotional debut, he went up against mixed martial arts knockout artist Jack May at the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Los Angeles" on September 8, 2012 with a place at the 2012 K-1 World Grand Prix at stake. Miller was able to knock May out with an uppercut in the first round to advance to the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 in Tokyo Final 16" on October 14, 2012 where he was drawn against Arnold Oborotov. Although Oborotov caused some problems with his low kicks, Miller was able to dominate with his superior boxing ability. He cruised to a unanimous decision win after sending the Lithuanian to the canvas in round one.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: At the "K-1 World Grand Prix 2012 Final" on March 15, 2013 in Zagreb, Croatia, he battled Mirko Cro Cop in the quarter-finals. The panel of judges all scored the bout for Cro Cop by unanimous decision, handing Miller his first professional loss and sending him out of the tournament.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: He signed with SUPERKOMBAT in August 2013. Replacing Sergei Kharitonov who withdrew from the fight due to a finger injury, Miller rematched Mirko Cro Cop at "" in Inglewood, California on June 21, 2014. He lost by unanimous decision. Miller had a professional kickboxing record of 22–2, 10 KO's.


title: Jarrell Miller

text: In 2014, Miller was suspended for nine months by the California State Athletic Commission (CSAC) after methylhexaneamine was found in a urine sample he gave for .


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Verkhoyansk (; , "Verkhoyanskay") is a town in Verkhoyansky District of the Sakha Republic, Russia, located on the Yana River in the Arctic Circle, from Batagay, the administrative center of the district, and north of Yakutsk, the capital of the Sakha republic. As of the 2010 Census, its population was 1,311. Verkhoyansk holds the record for the hottest temperature ever recorded north of the Arctic Circle, with , and it also holds the record for the coldest temperature ever recorded in Asia, . The cold record is shared with Oymyakon.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Cossacks founded an ostrog in 1638, southwest of the modern town. The ostrog's name "Verkhoyansky", roughly translating from Russian as "the town on the Upper Yana", derived from its geographical location on the upper reaches of the Yana River. In 1775, it was moved to the left bank of the Yana River to facilitate tax collection. It was granted town status in 1817. Between the 1860s and 1917, the town was a place of political exile, with some of the more prominent exiles including the Polish writer Wacław Sieroszewski, as well as Bolshevik revolutionaries Ivan Babushkin and Viktor Nogin.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: As an inhabited locality, Verkhoyansk is classified as a town under district jurisdiction. Within the framework of administrative divisions, it is incorporated within Verkhoyansky District as the Town of Verkhoyansk. As a municipal division, the Town of Verkhoyansk is incorporated within Verkhoyansky Municipal District as Verkhoyansk Urban Settlement.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: There is a river port, an airport, a fur-collecting depot, and the center of a reindeer-raising area. It is also home to the Pole of Cold Museum.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Verkhoyansk gives its name to the Verkhoyansk Range, one of the main mountainous zones of the Eastern Siberian System. The town is located close to the northwestern edge of the Yana-Oymyakon Highlands, a cold and sparsely populated area.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Verkhoyansk sees exceptionally low winter temperatures and some of the greatest temperature differences on Earth between summer and winter. Average monthly temperatures range from in January to in July. Mean monthly temperatures are below freezing from October through April and exceed from June through August, with the intervening months of May and September constituting very short transitional seasons. Despite being located within the Arctic Circle, Verkhoyansk has an extreme subarctic climate (Köppen climate classification "Dfd") dominated much of the year by high pressure. This has the effect of cutting off the region from warming influences in winter and together with a lack of cloud cover leads to extensive heat losses during the cooler months.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Verkhoyansk is one of the places considered the northern Pole of Cold, the other being Oymyakon, located 629 km (391 miles) away by air. The lowest recorded temperature was , recorded on both February 5 and 7, 1892. On 6 February 1933 however, the temperature at Oymyakon reached , just barely above Verkhoyansk's record. Only Greenland and Antarctica have recorded lower temperatures than Oymyakon or Verkhoyansk: the lowest directly recorded temperature at ground level is , recorded at the Vostok Station in Antarctica on 21 July 1983, and a temperature of was recorded via satellite observations at the East Antarctic Plateau in Antarctica on 10 August 2010.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: In this area, temperature inversions consistently form in winter due to the extremely cold and dense air of the Siberian High pooling in deep hollows, so that temperatures increase rather than decrease with higher altitude. In Verkhoyansk it sometimes happens that the average minimum temperatures for January, February, and December are below .


title: Verkhoyansk

text: In its short summer, daytime temperatures over are not uncommon. The average annual temperature for Verkhoyansk is . On 20 June 2020, Verkhoyansk recorded a temperature of , yielding a temperature range of based on reliable records, which is the greatest temperature range in the world. It was also the highest temperature above the Arctic Circle ever recorded. Only a handful of towns in Siberia and Canada have temperature ranges of or more, and Verkhoyansk is the only place on earth with a temperature range of or higher. Verkhoyansk has never recorded a temperature above freezing between November 10 and March 14.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Verkhoyansk has an extreme latitude temperature anomaly when compared with Røst off the coastline of Norway. Both settlements are on 67°N, although Røst is on average more than milder during winter. In summer and particularly during July, on the other hand, Verkhoyansk is significantly warmer than its Norwegian counterpart.


title: Verkhoyansk

text: Verkhoyansk has a dry climate with little rainfall or snowfall: the average annual precipitation is . Although no month can be described as truly wet, there are strong seasonal differences in precipitation, with the summer being much wetter than the winter. Winter precipitation is extremely light, largely because of the dominance of high pressure at this time of year.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: BUtterfield 8 is a 1960 American drama film directed by Daniel Mann, starring Elizabeth Taylor and Laurence Harvey. Taylor won her first Academy Award for her performance in a leading role. The film was based on a 1935 novel of the same name by John O'Hara.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Gloria Wandrous wakes up in the apartment of wealthy executive Weston Liggett, and finds that he has left her $250. Insulted, she finds her dress was torn, and takes Liggett's wife Emily's mink coat to cover herself, scrawling "No Sale" in lipstick on the mirror. She orders her telephone answering service, BUtterfield 8, to put Liggett through if he calls.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Gloria visits a childhood friend, pianist Steve Carpenter, who chastises her for wasting her life on one-night stands, but agrees to ask his girlfriend Norma to lend her a dress. Gloria leaves, and Norma tells Steve he must choose between Gloria and her. As Norma leaves, he calls, "Gloria, don't go like this." "My name is Norma," she corrects.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Liggett takes a train to the countryside, where his wife Emily is caring for her mother. His friend, Bingham Smith, advises him to end his adulterous relationships and return to Bing's law firm, instead of working for his father-in-law's chemical business. Meanwhile, Gloria lies to her mother Annie, claiming to have spent the night at Norma's.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Liggett returns home. Finding the lipstick and money, he phones Gloria to explain the money was meant for her to buy a new dress, to replace the one that he had torn. While drinking later that night, Liggett advises her to ask a high price for her lovemaking talents. She insists she does not take payment from her dates, and claims she has been hired as a model to advertise the dress she is wearing at three bistros that night. Liggett follows Gloria, watching her flirt with dozens of men at several clubs. He drives her to a run-down motel. After sleeping together, Liggett and Gloria decide to explore their relationship further. They spend five days together, growing closer and falling genuinely in love with one another. They part only after Liggett's wife Emily returns.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: When Gloria returns home, she confesses to her mother about having been the "slut of all time", but declares that that is all over now, since she is truly in love. Gloria visits her psychiatrist, Dr. Tredman, to insist that her relationship with Liggett has cured her of promiscuity.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: For his part, Liggett also plans to change his life, taking up Bing's offer of a job at the law firm. When he returns home, Emily has noticed that her mink is gone. Liggett makes excuses and rushes out to search for Gloria at her regular clubs. He is unable to locate her, but in his search, he is repeatedly confronted with the reality of Gloria's promiscuous past. When Gloria finds Liggett at a bistro the following evening, he drunkenly launches into insults. Gloria drives Liggett to his apartment building where Emily, spotting them from a window above, watches as her husband throws the coat at Gloria, saying he would never give the tainted object back to his wife.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Heartbroken, Gloria goes to Steve, saying that she feels she has "earned" the mink coat she is wearing. Having never before taken payment from the men she slept with, she now has, and she laments "what that makes me". She recounts that when she was 13, a friend of her widowed mother, Major Hartley, taught her about "evil". She hates herself because she loved it and thus went on to make her life out of it. Steve insists that Gloria stay the night, since both Gloria and he have to decide what to do next. Norma arrives the next morning, finding Gloria asleep on Steve's couch; having at last made up his mind, he asks Norma to marry him.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: The next day, a now-sober Liggett admits to himself that he still loves Gloria and asks Emily for a divorce. Meanwhile, Gloria tells her mother she is moving to Boston to begin a new life.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Upon discovering Gloria's destination, Liggett drives until he spots her car at a roadside café. He tries to apologize to Gloria by asking her to marry him, but Gloria insists that his insults have "branded" her and that her past is a sore spot that no husband would ever truly be able to accept. They profess their love for each other, and though Gloria initially agrees to go with Liggett to the motel, she ultimately changes her mind and flees in her car. Pursuing Gloria's car, Liggett sees her miss a sign for road construction and accidentally hurtle over an embankment to her death. When he returns to the city, Liggett tells his wife about Gloria's death, announces that he is leaving to "find my pride", and says that if Emily is still home when he returns, they will see if it has any value to them.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: The screenplay was adapted by John Michael Hayes and Charles Schnee from O'Hara's 1935 novel, which in turn was based on the mysterious death of Starr Faithfull in Long Beach, New York in 1931. Faithfull was found dead of drowning on a beach after having apparently been beaten. In O'Hara's novel, Gloria Wandrous, the character based on Faithfull, is killed by falling under the paddle wheel of a steamboat. Aside from optioning the rights to his story, O'Hara was not involved in writing the screenplay for the film, and the film's plot bears only a slight resemblance to his novel.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Location filming was done on City Island in the Bronx; and Stony Point and West Nyack in Rockland County, New York. Studio filming took place at Chelsea Studios in Manhattan.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: The café where Liggett finds Gloria as she is going to Boston is an office building, 54 South (Liberty Drive), Stony Point. Happy's Motel, where Gloria and Liggett stay, is the Budget Motor Inn, 87 South Liberty Drive, Stony Point. Liggett takes Gloria to his boat at the Hudson Water Club, Beach Road, West Haverstraw, New York.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: In his autobiography "Been There, Done That", Fisher wrote that he and Taylor had sex during a lovemaking scene. The scene was cut from the film before its release.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: The title of the novel and film "BUtterfield 8" is the number of a telephone exchange for an answering service that follows the pattern of old telephone exchange names in the United States and Canada. Until the early 1970s, telephone exchanges were commonly referred to by name instead of by number. BUtterfield 8 was an exchange that provided service to upper-class neighborhoods of Manhattan's Upper East Side. Dialing the letters "BU" equates to 28 on the lettered telephone dial, so "BUtterfield 8" would equate to 288 as the first three digits of a seven-digit phone number.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: The preface to the novel is a notice by the telephone company that an extra digit will be added to all exchanges, "for instance, the exchange BUtterfield will become BUtterfield 8."


title: BUtterfield 8

text: According to MGM records, the film made $6.8 million in the US and Canada and $3.2 million in other countries, resulting in a profit to the studio of $1,857,000 - making it MGM's biggest hit of the year.


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Bosley Crowther of "The New York Times" wrote that "we have the ancient, hackneyed story of the tinseled but tarnished prostitute who thinks she has finally discovered the silver lining for her life in Mr. Right ... By the odds, it should be a bomb. But a bomb it is not, let us tell you ... all we can say is that Miss Taylor lends a certain fascination to the film." "Variety" declared, "The fact that it manages to be a reasonably arresting experience even though it is carved out of a highly questionable melodrama can be attributed to the keen sense of visual excitement possessed by those who pooled their talents to put it on the screen ... The picture's major asset, dramatically as well as financially, is Miss Taylor, who makes what is becoming her annual bid for an Oscar." John L. Scott of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote that although the material had a "somewhat flimsy narrative" and "Harvey seems miscast," Taylor gave a "daring, brilliant performance" and "gains another chance to be nominated for an Oscar." Richard L. Coe of "The Washington Post" called it an "immensely handsome but painfully shallow film" with Taylor its "redeeming feature." "Harrison's Reports" wrote, "Elizabeth Taylor is magnificent in her portrayal of the model, while Laurence Harvey makes an ideal playboy whose vice-presidency in his wife's family's company calls only for his entertaining of customers. The script is ultra-frank. A big minus is Eddie Fisher, whose Thespian inability harms the otherwise brilliantly acted production." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" stated, "In this case, the mixture resolutely refuses to come to the boil, due mainly to an inadequate script and theatrical, styleless direction. None of the players is able to sustain interest in the unending stream of smart talk and literary wisecracks and Elizabeth Taylor and Laurence Harvey, in particular, strive for an intensity which only leads to bathos."


title: BUtterfield 8

text: Elizabeth Taylor and her then-husband Eddie Fisher hated the film, referring to it as "Butterball Four." Taylor's now-famous response to the success of the film, made under protest in order to fulfill a contractual obligation to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer before being allowed to depart to 20th Century Fox to make "Cleopatra": "I still say it stinks".


title: BUtterfield 8

text: In 2005, the American Film Institute nominated Gloria Wandrous's quote "Mama, face it. I was the slut of all time." from this film for AFI's 100 Years...100 Movie Quotes.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Nepal is landlocked by China's Tibet Autonomous Region to the north and India on other three sides. West Bengal's narrow "Siliguri Corridor" separate Nepal and Bangladesh. To the east are Bhutan and India.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: For a country of its size, Nepal has tremendous geographic diversity. It rises from as low as elevation in the tropical Terai—the northern rim of the Gangetic Plain, through beyond the perpetual snow line to 90 peaks over including Earth's highest ( Mount Everest or "Sagarmatha"). In addition to the continuum from tropical warmth to cold comparable to polar regions, average annual precipitation varies from as little as in its narrow proportion of the rainshadow north of the Himalayas to as much as on windward slopes, the maximum mainly resting on the magnitude of the South Asian monsoon.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Forming south-to-north transects, Nepal can be divided into three belts: Terai, Pahad and Himal. In the other direction, it is divided into three major river systems, east to west: Koshi, Gandaki/Narayani and Karnali (including the Mahakali along the western border), all tributaries of the Ganges river. The Ganges-Yarlung Zangbo/Brahmaputra watershed largely coincides with the Nepal-Tibet border, save for certain tributaries rising beyond it.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Mountain Region begins where high ridges (Nepali: लेक; lekh) begin substantially rising above into the subalpine and alpine zone which are mainly used for seasonal pasturage. By geographical view, it covers 15% of the total area of Nepal. A few tens kilometers further north the high Himalaya abruptly rise along the Main Central Thrust fault zone above the snow line at . Some 90 of Nepal's peaks exceed and eight exceed including Mount Everest at and Kanchenjunga at .


title: Geography of Nepal

text: There are some 20 subranges including the Kanchenjunga massif along with the Mahalangur Himal around Mount Everest. Langtang north of Kathmandu, Annapurna and Manaslu north of Pokhara, then Dhaulagiri further west with Kanjiroba north of Jumla and finally Gurans Himal in the far west.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The main watershed between the Brahmaputra (called "Yarlung Tsangpo" in Tibet) and the Ganges system (including all of Nepal) actually lies north of the highest ranges. Alpine, often semi-arid valleys—including Humla, Jumla, Dolpo, Mustang, Manang and Khumbu—cut between Himalayan sub ranges or lie north of them.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Some of these valleys historically were more accessible from Tibet than Nepal and are populated by people with Tibetan affinities called "Bhotiya" or "Bhutia" including the famous Sherpas in Kumbu valley near Mount Everest. With Chinese cultural hegemony in Tibet itself, these valleys have become repositories of traditional ways. Valleys with better access from the hill regions to the south are culturally linked to Nepal as well as Tibet, notably the Kali Gandaki Gorge where Thakali culture shows influences in both directions.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Permanent villages in the mountain region stand as high as with summer encampments even higher. Bhotiyas graze yaks, grow cold-tolerant crops such as potatoes, barley, buckwheat and millet. They traditionally traded across the mountains, e.g., Tibetan salt for rice from lowlands in Nepal and India. Since trade was restricted in the 1950s they have found work as high altitude porters, guides, cooks and other accessories to tourism and alpinism.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Hilly Region is a mountain region which does not generally contain snow. It is situated to the south of the Himal Region (the snowy mountain region). This region begins at the Lower Himalayan Range, where a fault system called the "Main Boundary Thrust" creates an escarpment high, to a crest between . It covers 68% of the total area of Nepal.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: These steep southern slopes are nearly uninhabited, thus an effective buffer between languages and culture in the Terai and Hilly. Paharis mainly populate river and stream bottoms that enable rice cultivation and are warm enough for winter/spring crops of wheat and potato. The increasingly urbanized Kathmandu and Pokhara valleys fall within the Hill region. Newars are an indigenous ethnic group with their own Tibeto-Burman language. The Newar were originally indigenous to the Kathmandu valley but have spread into Pokhara and other towns alongside urbanized Pahari.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Other indigenous Janajati ethnic groups -— natively speaking highly localized Tibeto-Burman languages and dialects -— populate hillsides up to about . This group includes Magar and Kham Magar west of Pokhara, Gurung south of the Annapurnas, Tamang around the periphery of Kathmandu Valley and Rai, Koinch Sunuwar and Limbu further east. Temperate and subtropical fruits are grown as cash crops. Marijuana was grown and processed into "Charas" (hashish) until international pressure persuaded the government to outlaw it in 1976. There is increasing reliance on animal husbandry with elevation, using land above for summer grazing and moving herds to lower elevations in winter. Grain production has not kept pace with population growth at elevations above where colder temperatures inhibit double cropping. Food deficits drive emigration out of the Pahad in search of employment.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Hilly ends where ridges begin substantially rising out of the temperate climate zone into subalpine zone above .


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Terai is a low land region containing some hill ranges. Looking out for its coverage, it covers 17% of the total area of Nepal. The Terai (also spelt Tarai) region begins at the Indian border and includes the southernmost part of the flat, intensively farmed Gangetic Plain called the "Outer Terai". By the 19th century, timber and other resources were being exported to India. Industrialization based on agricultural products such as jute began in the 1930s and infrastructure such as roadways, railways and electricity were extended across the border before it reached Nepal's Pahad region.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Outer Terai is culturally more similar to adjacent parts of India's Bihar and Uttar Pradesh than to the Pahad of Nepal. Nepali is taught in schools and often spoken in government offices, however, the local population mostly uses Maithali, Bhojpuri and Tharu languages.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Outer Terai ends at the base of the first range of foothills called the "Siwaliks" or "Churia". This range has a densely forested skirt of coarse alluvium called the "Bhabhar". Below the Bhabhar, finer, less permeable sediments force groundwater to the surface in a zone of springs and marshes. In Persian, "terai" refers to wet or marshy ground. Before the use of DDT this was dangerously malarial. Nepal's rulers used this for a defensive frontier called the "char kose jhadi" (four "kos" forest, one kos equaling about three kilometers or two miles).


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Above the Bhabhar belt, the Siwaliks rise to about with peaks as high as , steeper on their southern flanks because of faults are known as the Main Frontal Thrust. This range is composed of poorly consolidated, coarse sediments that do not retain water or support soil development so there is virtually no agricultural potential and sparse population.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: In several places beyond the Siwaliks, there are dūn valleys called Inner Terai. These valleys have productive soil but were dangerously malarial except to indigenous Tharu people who had genetic resistance. In the mid-1950s DDT came into use to suppress mosquitos and the way was open to settlement from the land-poor hills, to the detriment of the Tharu.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Nepal's latitude is about the same as that of the United States state of Florida, however with elevations ranging from less than to over and precipitation from to over the country has eight climate zones from tropical to perpetual snow.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The tropical zone below experiences frost less than once per decade. It can be subdivided into lower tropical (below 300 meters or 1,000 ft.) with 18% of the nation's land area) and upper (18% of land area) tropical zones. The best mangoes and well as papaya and banana are largely confined to the lower zone. Other fruit such as litchee, jackfruit, citrus and mangoes of lower quality grow in the upper tropical zone as well. Winter crops include grains and vegetables typically grown in temperate climates. The Outer Terai is virtually all in the lower tropical zone. Inner Terai valleys span both tropical zones. The Sivalik Hills are mostly upper tropical. Tropical climate zones extend far upriver valleys across the Middle Hills and even into the Mountain regions.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The subtropical climate zone from occupies 22% of Nepal's land area and is the most prevalent climate of the Middle Hills above river valleys. It experiences frost up to 53 days per year, however, this varies greatly with elevation, proximity to high mountains and terrain either draining or ponding cold air drainage. Crops include rice, maize, millet, wheat, potato, stone fruits and citrus.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The great majority of Nepal's population occupies the tropical and subtropical climate zones. In the Middle Hills, "upper-caste" Hindus are concentrated in tropical valleys which are well suited for rice cultivation while Janajati ethnic groups mostly live above in the subtropical zone and grow other grains more than rice.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Temperate climate zone from occupies 12% of Nepal's land area and has up to 153 annual days of frost. It is encountered in higher parts of the Middle Hills and throughout much of the Mountain region. Crops include cold-tolerant rice, maize, wheat, barley, potato, apple, walnut, peach, various cole, amaranthus and buckwheat.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Subalpine zone from occupies 9% of Nepal's land area, mainly in the Mountain and Himalayan regions. It has permanent settlements in the Himalaya, but further south it is only seasonally occupied as pasture for sheep, goats, yak and hybrids in warmer months. There are up to 229 annual days of frost here. Crops include barley, potato, cabbage, cauliflower, amaranthus, buckwheat and apple. Medicinal plants are also gathered.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Alpine zone from occupies 8% of the country's land area. There are a few permanent settlements above 4,000 meters. There is virtually no plant cultivation although medicinal herbs are gathered. Sheep, goats, yaks and hybrids are pastured in warmer months.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Arid and semi-arid land in the rainshadow of high ranges have a Transhimalayan climate. Population density is very low. Cultivation and husbandry conform to subalpine and alpine patterns but depend on snowmelt and streams for irrigation.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Precipitation generally decreases from east to west with increasing distance from the Bay of Bengal, source of the summer monsoon. Eastern Nepal gets about annually; the Kathmandu area about and western Nepal about . This pattern is modified by adiabatic effects as rising air masses cool and drop their moisture content on windward slopes, then warm up as they descend so relative humidity drops. Annual precipitation reaches on windward slopes in the Annapurna Himalaya beyond a relatively low stretch of the Lower Himalayan Range. In rainshadows beyond the high mountains, annual precipitation drops as low as .


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The year is divided into a wet season from June to September—as summer warmth over Inner Asia creates a low-pressure zone that draws in moist air from the Indian Ocean—and a dry season from October to June as cold temperatures in the vast interior create a high-pressure zone causing dry air to flow outward. April and May are months of intense water stress when cumulative effects of the long dry season are exacerbated by temperatures rising over in the tropical climate belt. Seasonal drought further intensifies in the Siwaliks hills consisting of poorly consolidated, coarse, permeable sediments that do not retain water, so hillsides are often covered with drought-tolerant scrub forest. In fact, much of Nepal's native vegetation adapted to withstand drought, but less so at higher elevations where cooler temperatures mean less water stress.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The summer monsoon may be preceded by a buildup of thunderstorm activity that provides water for rice seedbeds. Sustained rain on average arrives in mid-June as rising temperatures over Inner Asia creates a low-pressure zone that draws in moist air from the Indian Ocean, but this can vary up to a month. Significant failure of monsoon rains historically meant drought and famine while above-normal rains still cause flooding and landslides with losses in human lives, farmland and buildings.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The monsoon also complicates transportation with roads and trails washing out while unpaved roads and airstrips may become unusable and cloud cover reduces safety margins for aviation. Rains diminish in September and generally end by mid-October, ushering in generally cool, clear, and dry weather, as well as the most relaxed and jovial period in Nepal. By this time, the harvest is completed and people are in a festive mood. The two largest and most important Hindu festivals—Dashain and Tihar (Dipawali)—arrive during this period, about one month apart. The post-monsoon season lasts until about December.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: After the post-monsoon comes the winter monsoon, a strong northeasterly flow marked by occasional, short rainfalls in the lowlands and plains and snowfalls in the high-altitude areas. In this season the Himalayas function as a barrier to cold air masses from Inner Asia, so southern Nepal and northern India have warmer winters than would otherwise be the case. April and May are dry and hot, especially below where afternoon temperatures may exceed .


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The dramatic changes in elevation along this transect result in a variety of biomes, from tropical savannas along the Indian border, to subtropical broadleaf and coniferous forests in the hills, to temperate broadleaf and coniferous forests on the slopes of the Himalaya, to montane grasslands and shrublands, and finally rock and ice at the highest elevations.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Subtropical forests dominate the lower elevations of the Hill region. They form a mosaic running east–west across Nepal, with Himalayan subtropical broadleaf forests between and Himalayan subtropical pine forests between . At higher elevations, to , are found temperate broadleaf forests: eastern Himalayan broadleaf forests to the east of the Gandaki River and western Himalayan broadleaf forests to the west.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The native forests of the Mountain region change from east to west as precipitation decreases. They can be broadly classified by their relation to the Gandaki River. From are the eastern and western Himalayan subalpine conifer forests. To are the eastern and western Himalayan alpine shrub and meadows.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Nepal has three categories of rivers. The largest systems -— from east to west the Koshi, Gandaki/Narayani, Karnali/Goghra and Mahakali—originate in multiple tributaries rising in or beyond the high Himalaya that maintain substantial flows from snowmelt through the hot, drought-stricken spring before the summer monsoon. These tributaries cross the highest mountains in deep gorges, flow south through the Middle Hills, then join in candelabra-like configuration before crossing the Lower Himalayan Range and emerging onto the plains where they have deposited megafans exceeding in area.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Koshi is also called "Sapta Koshi" for its seven Himalayan tributaries in eastern Nepal: Indrawati, Sun Koshi, Tama Koshi, Dudh Koshi, Liku, Arun, and Tamor. The Arun rises in Tibet some beyond Nepal's northern border. A tributary of the Sun Koshi, Bhote Koshi also rises in Tibet and is followed by the Arniko Highway connecting Kathmandu and Lhasa.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The "Gandaki/Narayani" has seven Himalayan tributaries in the center of the country: Daraundi, Seti Gandaki, Madi, Kali, Marsyandi, Budhi, and Trisuli also called "Sapta Gandaki". The "Kali Gandaki" rises on the edge of the Tibetan Plateau and flows through the semi-independent Kingdom of Mustang, then between the 8,000 meter Dhaulagiri and Annapurna ranges in the world's deepest valley. The Trisuli rises north of the international border inside Tibet. After the seven upper tributaries join, the river becomes the "Narayani" inside Nepal and is joined by the East Rapti from Chitwan Valley. Crossing into India, its name changes to "Gandak".


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Karnali drains western Nepal, with the Bheri and Seti as major tributaries. The upper Bheri drains Dolpo, a remote valley beyond the Dhaulagiri Himalaya with traditional Tibetan cultural affinities. The upper Karnali rises inside Tibet near-sacred Lake Manasarovar and Mount Kailash. The area around these features is the hydrographic nexus of South Asia since it holds the sources of the Indus and its major tributary the Sutlej, the Karnali—a Ganges tributary—and the Yarlung Tsangpo/Brahmaputra. It is the centre of the universe according to traditional cosmography. The Mahakali or "Kali" along the Nepal-India border on the west joins the Karnali in India, where the river is known as "Goghra" or "Ghaghara".


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Second category rivers rise in the Middle Hills and Lower Himalayan Range, from east to west the Mechi, Kankai and Kamala south of the Kosi; the Bagmati that drains Kathmandu Valley between the Kosi and Gandaki systems, then the West Rapti and the Babai between the Gandaki and Karnali systems. Without glacial sources, annual flow regimes in these rivers are more variable although limited flow persists through the dry season.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: None of these river systems supports significant commercial navigation. Instead, deep gorges create obstacles to establishing transport and communication networks and de-fragmenting the economy. Foot-trails are still the primary transportation routes in many hill districts.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Rivers in all three categories are capable of causing serious floods. Koshi River in the first category caused a major flood in August 2008 in Bihar state, India after breaking through a poorly maintained embankment just inside Nepal. The West Rapti in the second category is called "Gorakhpur's Sorrow" for its history of urban flooding. Third category Terai rivers are associated with flash floods.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Since uplift and erosion are more or less in equilibrium in the Himalaya, at least where the climate is humid, rapid uplift must be balanced out by annual increments of millions tonnes of sediments washing down from the mountains; then on the plains settling out of suspension on vast alluvial fans over which rivers meander and change course at least every few decades, causing some experts to question whether manmade embankments can contain the problem of flooding. Traditional "Mithila" culture along the lower Koshi in Nepal and Bihar celebrated the river as the giver of life for its fertile alluvial soil, yet also the taker of life through its catastrophic floods.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Large reservoirs in the Middle Hills may be able to capture peak flows and mitigate downstream flooding, to store surplus monsoon flows for dry season irrigation and to generate electricity. Water for irrigation is especially compelling because the Indian Terai is suspected to have entered a food bubble where dry season crops are dependent on water from tube wells that in the aggregate are unsustainably "mining" groundwater.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Depletion of aquifers without building upstream dams as a sustainable alternative water source could precipitate a Malthusian catastrophe in India's food insecure states Uttar Pradesh and Bihar, with over 300 million combined population. With India already experiencing a Naxalite–Maoist insurgency in Bihar, Jharkhand and Andhra Pradesh, Nepalese reluctance to agree to water projects could even seem an existential threat to India.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: As Nepal builds barrages to divert more water for irrigation during the dry season preceding the summer monsoon, there is less for downstream users in Bangladesh and India's Bihar and Uttar Pradesh states. The best solution could be building large upstream reservoirs, to capture and store surplus flows during the summer monsoon as well as providing flood control benefits to Bangladesh and India. Then water-sharing agreements could allocate a portion of the stored water to be left to flow into India during the following dry season.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Nevertheless, building dams in Nepal is controversial for several reasons. First, the region is seismically active. Dam failures caused by earthquakes could cause tremendous death and destruction downstream, particularly on the densely populated Gangetic Plain. Second, global warming has led to the formation of glacial lakes dammed by unstable moraines. Sudden failures of these moraines can cause floods with cascading failures of manmade structures downstream.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Third, sedimentation rates in the Himalaya are extremely high, leading to rapid loss of storage capacity as sediments accumulate behind dams. Fourth, there are complicated questions of cross-border equity in how India and Nepal would share costs and benefits that have proven difficult to resolve in the context of frequent acrimony between the two countries.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: ICIMOD’s first and most complete national land cover database of Nepal prepared using public domain Landsat TM data of 2010 shows that show that forest is the dominant form of land cover in Nepal covering 57,538 km with a contribution of 39.09% to the total geographical area of the country. Most of this forest cover is broadleaved closed and open forest, which covers 21,200 km or 14.4% of the geographical area.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Needleleaved open forest is the least common of the forest areas covering 8267 km (5.62%). Agriculture area is significant extending over 43,910 km (29.83%). As would be expected, the high mountain area is largely covered by snow and glaciers and barren land.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: The Hill region constitutes the largest portion of Nepal, covering 29.5% of the geographical area, and has a large area (19,783 km) of cultivated or managed lands, natural and semi natural vegetation (22,621 km) and artificial surfaces (200 km). The Tarai region has more cultivated or managed land (14,104 km) and comparatively less natural and semi natural vegetation (4280 km). The Tarai has only 267 km of natural water bodies. The High mountain region has 12,062 km of natural water bodies, snow/glaciers and 13,105 km barren areas.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: 25.4% of Nepal's land area, or about is covered with forest according to FAO figures from 2005. FAO estimates that around 9.6% of Nepal's forest cover consists of "primary forest" which is relatively intact. About 12.1% Nepal's forest is classified as "protected" while about 21.4% is "conserved" according to FAO. About 5.1% Nepal's forests are classified as "production forest". Between 2000 and 2005, Nepal lost about of forest. Nepal's 2000–2005 total deforestation rate was about 1.4% per year meaning it lost an average of of forest annually. Nepal's total deforestation rate from 1990 to 2000 was or 2.1% per year. The 2000–2005 true deforestation rate in Nepal, defined as the loss of primary forest, is −0.4% or per year. Forest is not changing in the plan land of Nepal, forest fragmenting on the "Roof of the World".


title: Geography of Nepal

text: According to ICIMOD figures from 2010, forest is the dominant form of land cover in Nepal covering 57,538 km with a contribution of 39.09% to the total geographical area of the country. Most of this forest cover is broadleaved closed and open forest, which covers 21,200 km or 14.4% of the geographical area. Needleleaved open forest is the least common of the forest areas covering 8,267 km (5.62%). At national level 64.8% area is covered by core forests of > 500 ha size and 23.8% forests belong to patch and edge category forests. The patch forest constituted 748 km at national level, out of which 494 km of patch forests are present in hill regions. Middle mountains, Siwaliks and Terai regions have more than 70% of the forest area under core forest category > 500 ha size. The edge forests constituted around 30% of forest area of High Mountain and Hill regions.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Forest Resource Assessment (FRA) which was conducted between 2010 and 2014 by the Ministry of Forest and Soil conservation with the financial and technical help of the Government of Finland shows that 40.36% of the land of Nepal is forested. 4.40% of the land has shrubs and bushes.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Virtually throughout the nation, over-harvest of firewood remains problematic. Despite the availability of liquefied petroleum gas in towns and cities, firewood is sold more at energy-competitive prices because cutting and selling it is a fallback when better employment opportunities aren't forthcoming. Firewood still supplies 80% of Nepal's energy for heating and cooking. Harvesting construction timber and lopping branches for fodder for cattle and other farm animals are also deforestation/degradation drivers in all geographic zones.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: Illegal logging is a problem in the Siwaliks, with sawlogs smuggled into India. Clearing for resettlement and agriculture expansion also causes deforestation as does urban expansion, building infrastructure such as schools, hospitals, electric transmission lines, water tanks, police and army barracks, temples and picnic areas.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: In the Middle Hills road construction, reservoirs, transmission lines and extractive manufacturing such as cement factories cause deforestation. In the mountains building hotels, monasteries and trekking trails cause deforestation while timber-smuggling into the Tibet Autonomous Region and over-grazing cause degradation.


title: Geography of Nepal

text: While India and Nepal have an open border with no restrictions on movement of their citizens on either side, there are 23 checkpoints for trade purposes. These are listed in clockwise order, east to west. The six in italics are also used for entry/exit by third country nationals.


title: Dakota Territory

text: The Territory of Dakota was an organized incorporated territory of the United States that existed from March 2, 1861, until November 2, 1889, when the final extent of the reduced territory was split and admitted to the Union as the states of North and South Dakota.


title: Dakota Territory

text: The Dakota Territory consisted of the northernmost part of the land acquired in the Louisiana Purchase in 1803, as well as the southernmost part of Rupert's Land, which was acquired in 1818 when the boundary was changed to the 49th parallel. The name refers to the Dakota branch of the Sioux tribes which occupied the area at the time. Most of Dakota Territory was formerly part of the Minnesota and Nebraska territories.


title: Dakota Territory

text: When Minnesota became a state in 1858, the leftover area between the Missouri River and Minnesota's western boundary fell unorganized. When the Yankton Treaty was signed later that year, ceding much of what had been Sioux Indian land to the U.S. Government, early settlers formed a provisional government and unsuccessfully lobbied for United States territory status. Wilmot Wood Brookings was the provisional governor. The cities of Wilmot and Brookings as well as Brookings County are named for him.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Three years later President-elect Abraham Lincoln's cousin-in-law John Blair Smith Todd personally lobbied for territory status, and the U.S. Congress formally created Dakota Territory. It became an organized territory on March 2, 1861. Upon creation, Dakota Territory included much of present-day Montana and Wyoming as well as all of present-day North Dakota and South Dakota and a small portion of present-day Nebraska. President Lincoln appointed Dakota Territory's first governor, William Jayne, who was Lincoln's old friend and neighbor from Springfield, Illinois.


title: Dakota Territory

text: A small patch of land known as "Lost Dakota" existed as a remote exclave of Dakota Territory until it became part of Gallatin County, Montana Territory, in 1873.


title: Dakota Territory

text: All land north of the Keya Paha River (which includes most of Boyd County, Nebraska, and a smaller portion of neighboring Keya Paha County) was originally part of Dakota Territory, but was transferred to Nebraska in 1882.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Dakota Territory was not directly involved in the American Civil War but did raise some troops to defend the settlements following the Dakota War of 1862 which triggered hostilities with the Sioux tribes of Dakota Territory. The Department of the Northwest sent expeditions into Dakota Territory in 1863, 1864 and 1865. It also established forts in Dakota Territory to protect the frontier settlements of the Territory, Iowa and Minnesota and the traffic along the Missouri River.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Following the Civil War, hostilities continued with the Sioux until the 1868 Treaty of Fort Laramie. By 1868, creation of new territories reduced Dakota Territory to the present boundaries of the Dakotas. Territorial counties were defined in 1872, including Bottineau County, Cass County and others.


title: Dakota Territory

text: During the existence of the organized territory, the population first increased very slowly and then very rapidly with the "Dakota Boom" from 1870 to 1880. Because the Sioux were considered very hostile and a threat to early settlers, the white population grew slowly. Gradually, the settlers' population grew and the Sioux were not considered as severe a threat.


title: Dakota Territory

text: The population increase can largely be attributed to the growth of the Northern Pacific Railroad. Settlers who came to the Dakota Territory were from other western territories as well as many from northern and western Europe. These included large numbers of Norwegians, Germans, Swedes, and Canadians.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Commerce was originally organized around the fur trade. Furs were carried by steamboat along the rivers to the settlements. Gold was discovered in the Black Hills in 1874 and attracted more settlers, setting off the last Sioux War. The population surge increased the demand for meat spurring expanded cattle ranching on the territory's vast open ranges. With the advent of the railroad agriculture intensified: wheat became the territory's main cash crop. Economic hardship hit the territory in the 1880s due to lower wheat prices and a drought.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Regionalist tensions between the northern and the southern parts of the territory were present since the beginning. The southern part was always more populated, in the 1880 Census, the southern part had a population of 98,268, two and a half times the northern part's 36,909. The southern part also considered the north to be somewhat disreputable, "too much controlled by the wild folks, cattle ranchers, fur traders” and too frequently the site of conflict with the indigenous population. The railroad also connected the northern and southern parts to different hubs – the northern part, via Fargo and Bismarck became closer tied to Minneapolis–Saint Paul area, while the southern part became closer tied to Sioux City and from there to Omaha.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Politically, territorial legislators were appointed by the federal government, and tended to remain in the region only while they served their terms. The larger population of the southern region began to resent them, while the northerners tended to emphasize that it was cheaper to be a territory, with the federal government funding a wide range of state functions.


title: Dakota Territory

text: The last straw was territorial governor Nehemiah G. Ordway moving the territorial capital from Yankton to Bismarck in 1883. As the southern part had crossed the 60,000 population necessary for statehood, in September, they held a convention, where they drafted a state constitution and submitted it to the voters. It was approved by the electors and submitted to Congress. A bill providing for statehood of the Dakota Territory south of the 46th parallel of latitude was passed by the Senate in December 1884, but failed to pass the House. A second constitutional convention for South Dakota was held in September 1885, framing a new constitution and submitted it to the vote of the people, who ratified it with an overwhelming vote.


title: Dakota Territory

text: Conventions favoring division of Dakota into two states were also held in the northern section, one in 1887 at Fargo, and another in 1888, at Jamestown. Both adopted provisions memorializing Congress to divide the territory and admit both North and South Dakota as states. Various bills were introduced in Congress on the matter; one in 1885 to admit South Dakota as a state, and organize the northern half as Lincoln Territory. Another bill introduced in 1886, proposed to admit the entire Territory as a single state.  Still another provided for all of the Territory east of the Missouri River to become a single state, the balance to be organized as Lincoln or North Dakota Territory. Other bills were introduced in 1887 and 1888, but failed to pass. The Territorial Legislature of 1887 submitted the question of division to a popular vote at the general election of November 1887. When full returns of this election finally came in on January 10, 1888, Territorial Governor Louis K. Church announced the vote: 37,784 favored division and 32,913 were opposed.


title: Dakota Territory

text: The admission of new western states was a party political battleground, with each party looking at how the proposed new states were likely to vote. At the beginning of 1888, the Democrats under president Grover Cleveland proposed that the four territories of Montana, New Mexico, Dakota and Washington should be admitted together. The first two were expected to vote Democratic and the latter two were expected to vote Republican so this was seen as a compromise acceptable to both parties. However, the Republicans won majorities in both the House and the Senate later that year. To head off the possibility that Congress might only admit Republican territories to statehood, the Democrats agreed to a less favorable deal in which Dakota was divided in two and New Mexico was left out altogether. Cleveland signed it into law on February 22, 1889, and the territories could become states nine months after that.