title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Leading academic publications within the field include the "Journal of Transpersonal Psychology" and the "International Journal of Transpersonal Studies". Smaller publications include the "Transpersonal Psychology Review", the journal of the Transpersonal Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society. In 1996 Basic Books published the "Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology", a standard text that included a thorough overview of the field. The book was edited by Bruce W. Scotton, Allan B. Chinen and John Battista. In 1998 Sage Publications released "Transpersonal research methods for the social sciences: Honouring human experience", by William Braud and Rosemarie Anderson.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: In 1999 Greenwood Press published a title called "Humanistic and transpersonal psychology: A historical and biographical sourcebook", which includes biographical and critical essays on central figures in humanistic and transpersonal psychology. The book was edited by Donald Moss. A recent publication, "The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology", is one of the latest and most updated introductions to the field of transpersonal psychology. Editors were Harris Friedmann and Glenn Hartelius.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Although the perspectives of transpersonal psychology has spread to a number of interest groups across the US and Europe, its origins were in California, and the field has always been strongly associated with institutions on the west coast of the US. Both the Association for Transpersonal Psychology and the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology were founded in the state of California, and a number of the fields leading theorists come from this area of the US.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Reception of Transpersonal psychology, in the surrounding culture, reflects a wide range of views and opinions, including both recognition and skepticism. Several commentators have expressed their views on the field of transpersonal psychology and its contribution to the academic landscape. Ernest Hilgard, representing the contemporary psychology of the early 1980s, regarded transpersonal psychology as a fringe-movement that attracted the more extreme followers of Humanistic psychology. He did however remark that such movements might enrich the topics that psychologists study, even though most psychologists choose not to join the movement. Adams also regarded Transpersonal psychology as a fringe discipline. He also observed its status as a controversial field of study. Cowley and Derezotes, representing the Social Work theory of the 1990s, regarded transpersonal psychology as relevant for the development of spiritual sensitivity in the helping disciplines. Bidwell, representing the field of pastoral psychology, saw transpersonal psychology as a developing field that had largely been ignored by his own profession. He did however believe that transpersonal psychology could contribute to the areas of pastoral theology and pastoral counseling. Elkins, writing for the field of spiritually oriented psychotherapy, considered that transpersonal psychology had grown away from its roots in the humanistic movement and that it had established its "own theories and perspectives". Bowers, representing the field of Counselling psychology, suggested that Transpersonal Psychology represented an expanded view of Psychotherapy in the direction of spiritual qualities and mature happiness.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Eugene Taylor, representing the field of Humanistic Psychology, presented a balanced review of transpersonal psychology in the early nineties. On the negative side he mentioned transpersonal Psychology's tendency toward being "philosophically naive, poorly financed, at times almost anti-intellectual, and frequently overrated as far as its influences". On the positive side he noted the fields "integrated approach to understanding the phenomenology of scientific method"; the "centrality of qualitative research"; and the "importance of interdisciplinary communication". In conclusion he suggested that the virtues of transpersonal psychology may, in the end, "outweigh its defects". In a later article Taylor regarded transpersonal psychology as a visionary American folk-psychology with little historical relation to American academic psychology, except through its association with Humanistic psychology and the categories of transcendence and consciousness.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Ruzek, who interviewed founders of transpersonal psychology, as well as historians of American psychology, found that the field had made little impact on the larger field of psychology in America. Among the factors that contributed to this situation was mainstream psychology's "resistance to spiritual and philosophical ideas", and the tendency of Transpersonal psychologists to isolate themselves from the larger context.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Nardini‑Bubols and colleagues, who reviewed 14 studies in the field of Transpersonal psychotherapy tecniques, noted that the field was controversial, and that there was a lack of scientific information within the field. The review found a few health benefits of, as well as contraindications for, transpersonal psychotherapy, but observed that future studies also should uncover risks associated with the techniques. In addition, future studies should «have rigorous experimental designs; define concepts clearly; detail the method used; present clear guidelines for the ethical boundaries». The researchers concluded by noting that Transpersonal psychology represents an opening towards altered states of consciousness and the spiritual dimension of the psyche.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: A few small attempts have been made to introduce Transpersonal psychology to the classroom setting. Perspectives from transpersonal psychology are represented in a widely used college textbook on personality theories, marking the entrance of transpersonal themes into mainstream academic settings. In this book author Barbara Engler asks the question, "Is spirituality an appropriate topic for psychological study?" She offers a brief account of the history of transpersonal psychology and a peek into its possible future. The classroom dimension is also present in a book on personality theories by authors Robert Frager and James Fadiman. In this publication they provide an account of the contributions of many of the key historic figures who have shaped and developed transpersonal psychology (in addition to discussing and explaining important concepts and theories germane to it), which serves to promote an understanding of the discipline in classroom settings.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Transpersonal issues are rarely represented in the academic programs of mainstream universities. Nonetheless, graduate programs in humanistic and transpersonal psychology have been made available at a few North-American Universities. Among these we find Sofia University (formerly Institute of Transpersonal Psychology), Saybrook Graduate School, Naropa University, California Institute of Integral Studies, State University of West Georgia, John F. Kennedy University and Burlington CollegeIn 2012 Columbia University announced that they were integrating spiritual psychology, similar to the perspectives taught at Sofia University (California), into their clinical psychology program.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: However, although transpersonal psychology has experienced some minor recognition from the surrounding culture, it has also faced a fair amount of skepticism and criticism from the same surroundings. Freeman mentions that the early field of transpersonal psychology was aware of the possibility that it would be rejected by the scientific community. Its method of inner empiricism, "based on disciplined introspection", was to be a target of skepticism from outsiders in the years to come. Several commentators have mentioned the controversial aspects of transpersonal psychology. Zdenek, representing a moderate criticism from the 1980s, noted that the field was regarded as "controversial since its inception". Other commentators, such as Friedman, and Adams, also mention the controversial status of the field. Adams also remarked that the field has struggled for "recognition as a legitimate field of study" in academia. This aspect was also noticed by Parsons, who observed that Transpersonal psychology's "naive perennialism, misreading of religious texts, lack of methodological sophistication, weak epistemology, and, some would claim, promotion of narcissistic self-absorption" had not been well received by the majority of academics. Commenting on the state of the field in the mid-nineties Chinen noted that professional publications, until then, had been hesitant to publish articles that dealt with transpersonal subjects.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: In 1998 the "San Francisco Chronicle" reported on the holistic studies program at the "John F. Kennedy University" in Orinda, which included a transpersonal psychology department. The program was considered to be unique at the time, but also controversial. Commentators presented their skepticism towards the program. Another contentious aspect concerns the topic of psychedelic substances. Commenting upon the controversial status of psychedelic and entheogenic substances in contemporary culture, authors Elmer, MacDonald & Friedman observe that these drugs have been used for therapeutic effect in the transpersonal movement, but - the authors add - this is not the most "common form of transpersonal intervention" in contemporary therapy. However, Bravo and Grob note that "the place of psychedelics in spiritual practice remains controversial".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Criticism and skepticism towards the field of transpersonal psychology has been presented by a wide assortment of commentators, and includes both writers from within its own ranks, as well as writers representing other fields of psychology or philosophy.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Critical remarks from within the field include the observations of Lukoff and Lu, and the criticism of Walach. In their contribution to the field of spiritually oriented psychotherapy Lukoff and Lu discuss the strengths and weaknesses of transpersonal psychotherapy and transpersonal psychology. Among the strengths is its "basis of theory and practice" that can establish communication and dialogue with other cultures, and native healers. Among the weaknesses is a lack of theoretical agreement, which has led to internal debates, and attention from critics who question the validity of the transpersonal approach. Another source, close to the field, is "The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology". In a chapter from this book Walach brings attention to unsolved problems within the field. According to the editors of the book the criticism represents "the sort of self-criticism that is mandatory within a responsible discipline".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Criticism from other profiles, close to the field, also include the observations of Ken Wilber and Jorge Ferrer. Wilber, one of the early profiles within the transpersonal field, has repeatedly announced the demise of transpersonal psychology. However, the early transpersonal theory of Wilber was itself subject to criticism, most notably from humanistic psychologists Rollo May and Kirk Schneider. Even though Wilber has distanced himself from transpersonal psychology in favour of integral philosophy, his transpersonal model has continued to attract both recognition and criticism.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Among the critics of Wilber we also find Ferrer, who in 2001 published a revision of transpersonal theory. In this revision he criticized transpersonal psychology for being too loyal to the perennial philosophy, for introducing a subtle Cartesianism, and for being too preoccupied with intrasubjective spiritual states (inner empiricism). As an alternative to these trends he suggests a participatory vision of human spirituality that honors a wide assortment of spiritual insights, spiritual worlds and places.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: One of the earliest criticisms of the field was issued by the humanistic psychologist Rollo May, who "disputed the conceptual foundations of transpersonal psychology". According to commentators May also criticized the field for neglecting the personal dimension of the psyche by elevating the pursuit of the transcendental, and for neglecting the "dark side of human nature". Commentators note that these reservations, expressed by May, might reflect what later theorists have referred to as "spiritual bypassing". Other commentators have suggested that May only focused on "New Age popularizations of transpersonal approaches".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: However, criticism has also come from other profiles in the fields of humanistic psychology and existential psychology. Eugene Taylor and Kirk Schneider have raised objections to several aspects of transpersonal psychology. Schneider, representing the field of existential psychology, got involved at the end of the 1980's. According to Schroll, Rowan and Robinson Schneider presented 4 main points in his critique of Transpersonal psychology and Wilber's transpersonal model. First of all he doubted that anyone could reach "true transpersonal awareness", or "divine consciousness—a totally unrestricted, transcendent oneness with all time and space". He also doubted that anyone who experienced the transpersonal would be able verify the "attainment of this state of consciousness in themselves or others". He argued that this transpersonal development would be "irrelevant and unnecessary". Finally, he added that a "society of transpersonally enlightened individuals would be boring". Wilber responded to Schneider's critique by questioning if Schneider had "understood his definition of ultimate transpersonal consciousness", and suggested that Schneider had a "outside looking in view of transpersonal experience". In a later commentary Schneider took issue with Wilbers description of transpersonal levels of consciousness and found it to have "some disturbing presumptions» that «go to the heart of what it means to be a human being».


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: According to Lukoff and Lu the "American Psychological Association" expressed some concerns about the "unscientific" nature of transpersonal psychology at the time of the petition to the APA (see above). Rowan notes that the Association had serious reservations about opening up a Transpersonal Psychology Division. The petitions for divisional status failed to win the majority of votes in the APA council, and the division was never established. Commentators also mention that transpersonal psychology's association with the ideas of religion was one of the concerns that prohibited it from becoming a separate division of the APA at the time of the petition in 1984.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: The field of transpersonal psychology has been criticized for lacking conceptual, evidentiary, and scientific rigor. In a review of criticisms of the field, Cunningham writes, "philosophers have criticized transpersonal psychology because its metaphysics is naive and epistemology is undeveloped. Multiplicity of definitions and lack of operationalization of many of its concepts has led to a conceptual confusion about the nature of transpersonal psychology itself (i.e., the concept is used differently by different theorists and means different things to different people). Biologists have criticized transpersonal psychology for its lack of attention to biological foundations of behavior and experience. Physicists have criticized transpersonal psychology for inappropriately accommodating physic concepts as explanations of consciousness."


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Others, such as Friedman, has suggested that the field is underdeveloped as a field of science and that it has, consequently, not produced a good scientific understanding of transpersonal matters. In his proposal for a new division of labour within the transpersonal field he suggests a distinction between transpersonal studies, a broad category that might include non-scientific approaches, and transpersonal psychology, a more narrow discipline that should align itself more closely with the principles of scientific psychology. However, this criticism has been answered by Ferrer who argues that Friedmans proposal attaches transpersonal psychology to a naturalistic metaphysical worldview that is unsuitable for the domain of spirituality.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Albert Ellis, a cognitive psychologist and humanist, has questioned the results of transpersonal psychotherapy. In 1989 he cooperated with Raymond Yeager for the relsease of "Why some therapies don't work: The dangers of transpersonal psychology", where the authors compared the results of transpersonal psychology with the effects of Rational-Emotive Therapy, noting the dangers of the transpersonal appraoch. Ellis has also questioned the scientific status of transpersonal psychology, and its relationship to religion, mysticism and authoritarian belief systems. This criticism has been answered by Wilber who questioned Ellis' understanding of the domain of religion, and the field of Transpersonal Psychology; and Walsh who questioned Ellis' critique of nonrational-emotive therapies.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Other commentators, such as Matthews, are more supportive of the field, but remarks that a weakness of transpersonal psychology, and transpersonal psychotherapy, has been its reliance on anecdotal clinical experiences rather than research. Adams, writing from the perspective of Consciousness Studies, has problematized the concept of introspective 'data' that appears to make up the "database" of transpersonal psychology. Walach and Runehov have responded to this issue. O'Reilly examined several key components of Transpersonal psychology and found that it had features of a faith-based belief system, removed from scientific evaluation. Transpersonal psychology has been noted for undervaluing quantitative methods as a tool for improving our knowledge of spiritual and transpersonal categories. This is, according to commentators, a consequence of a general orientation within the field that regards spiritual and transpersonal experience to be categories that "defy conceptualization and quantification", and are thereby not well suited for "conventional scientific inquiry".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: In his criticism of Wilber's transpersonal model Adams identified an ambiguous and inconsistent definition of 'God'; a flawed epistemology that privileged non-dualism; faulty and selective use of textual sources; contradictory positions regarding the presence of a personal element in the divine nature; de-valuation of the individual self; and inadequate emphasis on the moral component of spiritual development.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Commentators have also made observations about the work of Stanislav Grof. Both Stromand Humphrey described Grof's early LSD-therapy as controversial. Other aspects of Grof's therapies have also come under scrutiny. In 1992 "The Guardian" was reporting from the activities of the Findhorn Foundation. One of the therapies offered by the foundation was Grof's Holotropic Breathwork, which was causing concern and attracting considerable opposition.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: From the standpoint of Dzogchen, the teachings from Tibetan Buddhism, and Buddhism generally, Elías Capriles has objected that transpersonal psychology fails to distinguish between the transpersonal condition of "nirvana", which is inherently liberating, and those transpersonal conditions which are within "samsara". In the process of elaborating what he calls a meta-transpersonal psychology, Capriles has carried out refutations of Wilber, Grof and Washburn.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Although the ideas of William James are considered central to the transpersonal field, Gary Alexander suggested that transpersonal psychology did not have a clear understanding of the negative dimensions of consciousness (such as evil) expressed in James' philosophy. He argued that Transpersonal psychology lacked the philosophical dimension of William James which took into consideration the concept of once- and twice-born individuals. This criticism has been absorbed by later transpersonal theory, which has been more willing to reflect on these important dimensions of human existence.


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Skepticism towards the concept of spiritual emergencies, and the transpersonal dimension in psychiatry, has been expressed by Alison J. Gray, who stated that "this is not an approach I personally find internally consistent, helpful or believable".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: According to Cunningham, transpersonal psychology has been criticized by some Christian authors for being "a mishmash of 'New Age' ideas that offer an alternative faith system to vulnerable youths who turn their backs on organized religion (Adeney, 1988)".


title: Transpersonal psychology

text: Transpersonal psychology has also been criticized for emphasizing oneness and holism at the expense of diversity. According to John V. Davis "this criticism should be heard".


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: Sang-Young Shin (; born August 8, 1987), known professionally as Kim Chi, is a Korean-American drag queen, artist, entrepreneur, and television personality best known for competing on the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race". Kim Chi was the first Korean-American contestant on the show as well as the first Korean-American drag queen on American national television. She owns the beauty brand Kim Chi Chic Cosmetics.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: Sang-Young Shin was born in the United States on August 8, 1987, and lived in South Korea as a child. His parents, who are divorced, also live in Chicago. He attended Okemos High School. As of 2017 his mother did not know he did drag until he reached fame on TV. Shin studied graphic design in college before working as an art director and exploring sculpture, fashion design, and painting.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: Shin started performing in drag as Kim Chi in Chicago in 2012. His drag name is a pun on "Kimchi", the Korean national dish and is also a valid Korean female name ("Kim" is the surname and "Chi" is the given name). Describing his drag aesthetic, Shin stated, "Kim Chi is a live action anime character whose fashion aesthetic could be described as 'bionic doily.' I imagine my aura to be an array of ultra violet colors that spews glitter. I celebrate all things cute, fun, weird, and exotic." Prior to joining "RuPaul's Drag Race", Kim Chi befriended and helped season seven contestant Trixie Mattel get one of her first drag jobs in Chicago, as it was difficult for Mattel to find one in her hometown of Milwaukee.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: Kim Chi was one of twelve drag queens accepted for the eighth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", which started airing March 7, 2016. Upon joining the show, she became "the first Korean drag queen to be featured on American national television." Kim Chi won the first challenge, which came with a small cash prize. Shin sent the money to his mother, telling her he made it through makeup work. Eventually, Kim Chi made it to the top three along with Naomi Smalls, but lost the title to Bob the Drag Queen. During the finale, she lip synced a song specifically made for her called "Fat, Fem, & Asian", which was a commentary on negative stereotypes in the gay dating world.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: After Drag Race, Kim Chi partnered with Sugarpill Cosmetics to create different makeup items, including the Kim Chi Liquid Lip Color, a donut-scented lipstick described as a "Matte lavender mauve with a subtle, unique blend of transparent aqua and violet sparkles". Other items included the Kim Chi Electric Teal Eyeshadow.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: In November 2016, Kim Chi released a package of Kim Chi emoji called Kimchiji. Emoji included her catchphrases, a burrito bowl, a chicken wing, and a butt being spanked.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: In March 2017, Kim Chi was invited to the College of Communication and Fine Arts at Loyola Marymount University for an event called "A Fabulous Evening With Kim Chi: Exploring Gender Identity Through Drag". She was the first drag queen to come to the college, and did so in full drag makeup. Along with a performance, there was a question and answer section during the event.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: In April 2017, Kim Chi performed at Arizona State University West campus for their Asian Heritage Week and Pride Week. Emily Kwon, President of the Asian-Asian Pacific American Students' Coalition, put on the event and invited Kim Chi to perform for the students.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: In May 2017, Kim Chi performed as part of the Werq the World 2017 tour. The tour, hosted by Bianca Del Rio and Michelle Visage, also featured drag queens Alaska Thunderfuck, Alyssa Edwards, Detox, Latrice Royale, and Violet Chachki.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: In December 2018, Kim Chi appeared in the television special "RuPaul's Drag Race Holi-slay Spectacular," a one-off festive version of the regular "Drag Race" series.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed her 17th on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "Drag Race" contestants. In September 2019, Kim Chi announced that she was developing her own cosmetics line in collaboration with Bespoke Beauty Brands launched by Toni Ko, the founder of NYX Cosmetics, called Kim Chi Chic.


title: Kim Chi (drag queen)

text: She is one of the most followed queens from "Drag Race", and has accumulated over 1.9 million Instagram followers as of October, 2021.


title: Keith Ape

text: Dongheon Lee (이동헌; born December 25, 1993), known professionally as Keith Ape () and previously known as Kid Ash, is a South Korean rapper from Seoul. He is a member of a crew called 'The Cohort'. Ape's breakout single "잊지마" ("It G Ma") was released on January 1, 2015, and was ranked by "Billboard" K-Town at number five on their list of the Best K-Pop Songs of 2015.


title: Keith Ape

text: Keith Ape has been called the "Korean OG Maco" and noted for an exciting concert performance at 2015's South by Southwest rap showcase, among other performances which included Young Thug, Desiigner, Waka Flocka Flame, XXXTentacion, and more. His concert at SOB's in 2015 was listed as one of "The New York Times" top 40 picks, "unrestrained mayhem", and "a clear inheritor of Southern rap rowdiness".


title: Keith Ape

text: On February 4, 2015, he was accused by American rapper OG Maco of cultural appropriation. OG Maco claimed Keith Ape and friends had mocked him by using black stereotypes to sell music in their video of "It G Ma". He also claimed that they had plagiarized the basis for their track from his debut single "U Guessed It". As of August 13, 2015, OG Maco collects royalties from "It G Ma", and has since deleted his tweets regarding his accusations of cultural appropriation. Nonetheless, he declined an invitation by Keith Ape to be part of a later remix rendition of "It G Ma".


title: Elem Klimov

text: Elem Germanovich Klimov (; 9 July 1933 – 26 October 2003) was a Soviet and Russian filmmaker. He studied at the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, and was married to film director Larisa Shepitko. Klimov is best known for his final film, 1985's "Come and See" ("Иди и смотри"), which follows a teenage boy in German-occupied Byelorussia during the Great Patriotic War and is often considered one of the greatest films ever made. His work also notably includes black comedies, children's movies, and period dramas.


title: Elem Klimov

text: Elem Klimov was born in Stalingrad into a Russian family, to German Stepanovich Klimov, an investigator who worked at the Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, and Kaleria Georgievna Klimova. His parents were staunch communists and his first name was an acronym derived from the names of Engels, Lenin and Marx. Nevertheless, his brother German Klimov stated that his name comes from Elam Harnish — a character of the "Burning Daylight" novel by Jack London, since their mother was a fan of his. During the Battle of Stalingrad, he, his mother and his baby brother were evacuated from their home and crossed the Volga on a makeshift raft. Klimov would later draw on these experiences for his 1985 film "Come and See".


title: Elem Klimov

text: In 1957, Klimov graduated from the Higher Institute of Aviation in Moscow. He considered a career in journalism before settling on cinema. He enrolled at the state film school, the Gerasimov Institute of Cinematography, where he studied under acclaimed director Efim Dzigan. While a student at the institute, Klimov met Larisa Shepitko, whom he would later marry. In 1983, he was a member of the jury at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Elem Klimov

text: He died on 26 October 2003 from brain hypoxia, after six weeks in a coma. He was buried at the Troyekurovskoye Cemetery.


title: Elem Klimov

text: Klimov's first feature film, 1964's "Welcome, or No Trespassing" (known in the United Kingdom as "No Holiday for Inochkin") was a satire on Soviet bureaucracy in the guise of a children's summer camp adventure story. The film was briefly banned, having been deemed an insult to the Communist Party of the Soviet Union; however, the ban was rescinded after Nikita Khrushchev had a private viewing and authorized its release.


title: Elem Klimov

text: Klimov's second film, "Adventures of a Dentist" (1965), was a dark comedy about a dentist who is derided by his colleagues for his natural talent of painlessly pulling out teeth. The implication, that society inevitably ostracizes those that are gifted, horrified the censors who told Klimov to change it. When Klimov refused, the film was given the lowest classification, "category three", which meant that it was shown in only 25–78 movie theatres.


title: Elem Klimov

text: Next, Klimov began making a film about Grigori Rasputin called "Agony". The road to release took him nine years and many rewrites. Although finished in 1975, the final edit was not released in the USSR until 1985, due to suppressive measures partly because of its orgy scenes and partly because of its relatively nuanced portrait of Emperor Nicholas II. It had been shown in western Europe a few years before. In 1976, Klimov finished a film begun by his teacher Mikhail Romm before the latter's death called "And Still I Believe...".


title: Elem Klimov

text: In 1979, Klimov's wife Larisa Shepitko died in a car accident while directing an ecological fable based on a famous novel by Valentin Rasputin called "Farewell to Matyora". A year after her death, Klimov filmed a 25-minute tribute to his wife entitled "Larisa" (1980), then went on to finish the film she had started. Despite being shelved for two years after completion, "Farewell" was still released in 1983.


title: Elem Klimov

text: His wife's death had a profound impact on Klimov. All his subsequent films were tragedies. His next film, "Come and See", was released in 1985 to worldwide acclaim and won the Golden Prize at the 14th Moscow International Film Festival. The film depicts the experiences of a 15-year-old boy joining the resistance in German-occupied Byelorussia in 1943. Speaking of how the film drew on his own childhood experience of the war, Klimov said, "As a young boy, I had been in hell... Had I included everything I knew and shown the whole truth, even I could not have watched it."


title: Elem Klimov

text: In 1986, fresh from the success of "Come and See", and with the changes brought by perestroika in the air, Klimov was chosen by his colleagues to be the First Secretary of the Filmmakers' Union following the "V Congress of the Soviet Filmmakers". During the congress all previous heads of the Filmmakers' Union — including Lev Kulidzhanov, Sergei Bondarchuk, Stanislav Rostotsky and others — were overthrown in favor of "liberal" activists. According to some critics and filmmakers, the congress was conducted by Alexander Yakovlev, one of the grey cardinals of Perestroika who was unofficially presented there, consulting the activists from time to time.


title: Elem Klimov

text: Klimov's leadership saw the belated release of many of the previously banned films and the reinstatement of several directors who had fallen out of political favor. This period is widely considered as the start of decline of Soviet cinema and the rise of the so-called "chernukha", namely artists and journalists, who, freed by glasnost, exposed Soviet reality in the most pessimistic possible light. Klimov was still frustrated by the obstacles that still remained in his way and gave up his post in 1988 to Andrei Smirnov, saying that he wanted to make films again. Klimov completed no more films after "Come and See". While he had plans to make more films in the late 1980s, he said in 2000 that he had "lost interest in making films. Everything that was possible I felt I had already done."


title: Rust Cohle

text: Rustin Spencer "Rust" Cohle is a fictional character portrayed by Matthew McConaughey in the first season of the HBO's anthology television series "True Detective". He works as a homicide detective for the Louisiana State Police (LSP) alongside his partner Martin "Marty" Hart, portrayed by Woody Harrelson. The season follows Cohle and Hart's hunt for a serial killer in Louisiana across 17 years.


title: Rust Cohle

text: The character of Rust Cohle and Matthew McConaughey's performance have gained critical acclaim. McConaughey received a Critics' Choice Television Award and nominations for a Golden Globe Award, a Primetime Emmy Award, and a Screen Actors Guild Award for his performance.


title: Rust Cohle

text: Cohle is introduced as a gifted, but deeply troubled, detective from Texas who is transferred from working on regional drug task force to LSP near the end of 1994. After three months, in January 1995, he and Hart are tasked with investigating a series of brutal, bizarre murders. A haunted, solitary cynic, Cohle believes that life is meaningless and that human beings are merely "sentient meat". Cohle spends his free time obsessing over every detail of the crime, hoarding evidence and keeping extensive notes in a ledger, which earns him the derisive nickname "The Taxman" among his colleagues.


title: Rust Cohle

text: The series gradually reveals Cohle's backstory. He was born in South Texas but raised in Alaska by his survivalist Vietnam veteran father after his parents divorced. He joined the Houston Police Department as a young man and became a detective in a robbery unit. Years before the main story arc, his two-year-old daughter, Sophia, was killed in a car accident - a tragedy that destroyed his marriage. Devastated by the loss, Cohle grew evermore unstable in his work, eventually killing a crystal meth addict who had injected his own child with the drug. His superiors offered him a chance to avoid prison by working as an undercover narcotics detective in a High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA), which he did for four years; Cohle notes that this was twice as long as most undercover detectives are kept in rotation. During this assignment, Cohle became addicted to drugs, and eventually killed three drug cartel members in a shootout at the Port of Houston, while being shot multiple times himself.


title: Rust Cohle

text: During his recovery, he was committed to a psychiatric hospital in Lubbock. Upon his release, he was offered retirement with full pension, but he declined that offer in favor of transferring to a homicide unit. His superiors then transferred him to Louisiana, where he lives only for his work. Cohle also has synesthesia and suffers from flashbacks from his drug-using years undercover.


title: Rust Cohle

text: The series takes place in two time periods: 1995–2002, in which Cohle and Hart work together to find the killer; and 2012, when Cohle, who has by now quit the police force and become an alcoholic, submits to an interview with LSP detectives Maynard Gilbough (Michael Potts) and Thomas Papania (Tory Kittles) regarding the murders. Cohle sees through the detectives, and realizes that they think he is the killer. He uses the interview to find out what information the detectives have on him and the case.


title: Rust Cohle

text: In 1995, Detectives Cohle and Hart are assigned to investigate a murder in which the killer raped and tortured the victim, Dora Lange, and attached a pair of deer antlers to her head after killing her. They find Lange's diary, which contains repeated references to "Carcosa" and a "Yellow King". In the wreckage of a burnt-out church Lange attended, they find a wall painting depicting a human figure wearing antlers.


title: Rust Cohle

text: Cohle and Hart work the case for three months, during which they trace the murder to Reggie Ledoux (Charles Halford), a former Angola prison cellmate of Lange's ex-husband, Charlie Lange (Brad Carter). To find more information and using his past connections from when he was undercover, Cohle infiltrates an outlaw motorcycle club in Galveston called the Iron Crusaders with ties to Ledoux, posing as a drug dealer representing a cartel from Mexico. Known to the biker gang as "Crash", he reluctantly agrees to assist them in a home invasion so he can kidnap the ringleader, Ginger (Joseph Sikora), and force him to lead them to Ledoux, who cooks crystal meth for the biker gang. Accompanied by Cohle, the bikers poorly disguise themselves as police, and attempt to rob a drug house in an African American housing project, which results in a shootout leaving several people dead. Cohle escapes with Ginger, who takes him to meet Ledoux's cousin and "cook partner", Dewall (Ólafur Darri Ólafsson). The meeting does not go well, but Hart follows Dewall to Ledoux's meth lab and calls Cohle to tell him where it is. There, Hart and Cohle discover that Ledoux has kidnapped and tortured two children, and Hart kills Ledoux in a fit of rage. Dewall is killed after he runs off and blows up on one of his own homemade land mines. Cohle stages evidence to support Hart's story that Ledoux opened fire on them, forcing Hart to kill him in self-defense. The two are hailed as heroes, and receive commendations and promotions.


title: Rust Cohle

text: In 2002, Cohle interrogates a suspect who reveals that Ledoux and Dewall did not act alone. He tells Cohle that he will give them information about the "Yellow King" in return for a plea deal. Cohle wants to investigate this lead further, but the suspect suspiciously commits suicide in his cell that night after receiving a phone call. Cohle becomes obsessed with reopening the case, and pursues several leads, including a private Christian school run by Reverend Billy Lee Tuttle (Jay O. Sanders) that had been closed amid rumors of child molestation. Tuttle complains to Cohle's superiors, who suspend Cohle without pay and order him to leave the case closed. That night, Hart's wife Maggie (Michelle Monaghan) shows up at Cohle's apartment and seduces him as revenge for Hart's infidelity. Hart finds out and gets into a fistfight with Cohle in front of the entire department. Cohle quits the force the same day, and becomes a drifter and an alcoholic. He initially returns to Alaska and supports himself as a fisherman. Upon his return to Louisiana, he works as a part-time bartender.


title: Rust Cohle

text: In 2012, murders similar to those from 1995 begin again and Cohle is seen in the vicinity of the body, arousing the suspicion of LSP detectives Gilbough and Papania. They believe that Cohle may have been the killer in 1995, because he led Hart to every break in the case and seemed to know everything about the killer's frame of mind. Gilbough and Papania now believe that Cohle is committing the new murders as well. They interview Cohle and Hart, who both refuse to cooperate once the purpose of the interview becomes clear.


title: Rust Cohle

text: Cohle meets with Hart, who has also quit the police department and runs his own private investigation firm, and tells him that he has found evidence leading to the killer. Hart is skeptical, and still resentful of Cohle for having sex with Maggie, but Cohle convinces him to help with the investigation by showing him a videotape he stole from Tuttle's home. The video is over 20 years old, and shows numerous masked men abusing and killing Marie Fontenot, a missing child whose name had come up in their investigation 17 years earlier. Cohle and Hart track down the original case's chief investigating officer, Sheriff Steve Geraci (Michael Harney), and interrogate him at gunpoint. Geraci tells them that his superior, the late Sheriff Ted Childress, ordered him to halt the investigation; Childress was one of Tuttle's relatives. They soon discover that the Tuttle and Childress families — to whom both Reggie and Dewall Ledoux belong — are related, and have long histories of child abuse and murder. They ultimately discover that the killer is a Childress, and go to the late sheriff's home to investigate.


title: Rust Cohle

text: Cohle and Hart travel to the Childress house, where they find that the sheriff's son, Errol (Glenn Fleshler), is the killer, and discover the remains of his father tied up in a shed. They also encounter Betty Childress (Ann Dowd), his mentally disabled half-sister, with whom he is having an incestuous relationship. Cohle pursues Childress into the catacombs behind the house, which Childress identifies as "Carcosa". Cohle discovers an idol draped in yellow and covered in skulls — the "Yellow King" — and has a hallucination of a spiraling vortex, the same vortex that had been drawn on many of the victims over the past 17 years. Childress stabs Cohle in the abdomen and also attacks Hart, but Cohle saves his partner by shooting Childress in the head, killing him. Gilbough and Papania, whom Hart had called, arrive at the scene. With the evidence Hart and Cohle collected, they connect Childress to dozens of murders, including Dora Lange's.


title: Rust Cohle

text: Cohle falls into a coma, during which he feels the loving presence of his father and daughter. He later wakes up in hospital and leaves with Hart, and looks up at the night sky, telling his partner, "Once there was only dark. If you ask me, the light's winning."


title: Rust Cohle

text: Cohle also makes a brief appearance in season 3. He is indirectly mentioned when a news article from 2012 about him and Hart is seen on a computer screen showcasing their involvement in uncovering the murders committed by Errol Childress.


title: Rust Cohle

text: McConaughey received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Cohle, and has won and been nominated for several awards, including:


title: Pepe Julian Onziema

text: Pepe Julian Onziema (born November 30, 1980) is a Ugandan born transgender LGBT rights and human rights activist. In 2012, he was named a Global Citizen by the Clinton Global Initiative for his work in human rights advocacy. He began his human rights work in 2003, which has twice led to his arrest. He has since participated in organizing LGBT pride celebrations in Uganda.


title: Pepe Julian Onziema

text: In 2012, he was invited on the Ugandan television show "Morning Breeze" hosted by Simon Kaggwa Njala, to join a debate about sexual minorities and their situation in Uganda. The interview later turned into a wild dispute when pastor and anti-gay activist Martin Ssempa came into the show trying to discredit Onziema, with fruits and vegetables, while shouting in both English and Luganda over the moderator.


title: Pepe Julian Onziema

text: In 2013, Pepe was shortlisted for the David Kato Vision and Voice Award, an award in honour of his murdered friend and colleague, and fellow advocacy officer for Sexual Minorities Uganda, David Kato.


title: Pepe Julian Onziema

text: In 2014, he was interviewed by John Oliver on the American television series "Last Week Tonight" about the human rights situation for LGBT people in Uganda. Stonewall selected Onziema as Hero of the Year in 2014.


title: Angela Black (TV series)

text: Angela Black is a six-part thriller series which began airing on ITV on 10 October 2021, in six weekly installments. The show is internationally co-produced by Spectrum Originals and ITV in conjunction with Two Brothers Pictures.


title: Angela Black (TV series)

text: Angela Black (Froggatt), a wife and mother of two, is approached by a mysterious man (Adewunmi) who reveals secrets about her abusive husband (Huisman).


title: Angela Black (TV series)

text: On 8 October 2020, ITV announced that Joanne Froggatt would be leading a new series co-starring Michiel Huisman. The series written by Harry and Jack Williams, directed by Craig Viveiros and produced by Two Brothers Pictures. Filming began in London in October 2020.


title: Angela Black (TV series)

text: In Australia the series will air on streaming network Stan. In the US the series will air as a Spectrum Original. In Brazil, the series premiered in streaming via Globoplay.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Busch Gardens is the name of two amusement parks in the United States, owned and operated by SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment. The original park is in Tampa, Florida, and the second park is in Williamsburg, Virginia. There were also previously Busch Gardens parks in Van Nuys, Los Angeles, California (1964–1979) and Houston, Texas (1971–1973). The "Busch Gardens" name was earlier used to refer to the gardens developed by Adolphus Busch near his home in Pasadena, California, which were open to the public from 1906 to 1937.


title: Busch Gardens

text: The Busch Gardens amusement parks were initially developed as marketing vehicles for Anheuser-Busch and featured hospitality houses with samples of Anheuser-Busch products. They also included stables that housed many of the company's Clydesdale horses, which have been associated with Anheuser-Busch since 1933. Eventually, rides and attractions were added to the parks and over time were developed into full theme parks while still promoting Anheuser-Busch. Busch Entertainment Corporation, now called SeaWorld Parks & Entertainment, was created as a subsidiary of Anheuser-Busch Companies to run the various parks in 1959.


title: Busch Gardens

text: In 2009, AB InBev, formed from the purchase of Anheuser-Busch by InBev, sold the amusement parks to the Blackstone Group. Blackstone has kept some of the popular traditions including a stable with Clydesdales; however, the Clydesdales are not affiliated with the beer company.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Busch Gardens Tampa Bay opened on March 31, 1959, and has an African theme. The park was originally tagged "The Dark Continent." The theme park is one of America's largest zoological institutions, with and more than 2,700 animals. Attractions include: Montu, Kumba, Scorpion, Edge of Africa, Jungala, Sand Serpent, Congo River Rapids, Saga, Tanganyika Tidal Wave, Stanley Falls, Serengeti Railway, Phoenix, Sesame Street and SheiKra, a vertical dive coaster which opened in 2005. In 2011, the park added Cheetah Hunt, a triple launch roller coaster. In 2014, the park added Falcon's Fury, an Intamin drop tower. In 2016, the park constructed Cobra's Curse, a steel roller coaster created by Mack Rides. In 2019, the park opened Tigris, a steel launched roller coaster constructed by Premier Rides. In 2022, the park opened Iron Gwazi, which is a hybrid conversion of Gwazi by Rocky Mountain Construction. The park is some distance away from downtown, in central Tampa, near the limits of the city of Temple Terrace to the east of Tampa.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Busch Gardens Williamsburg opened May 16, 1975. With its European theme, the park was originally tagged "The Old Country." Attractions at this park include Alpengeist, Escape from Pompeii, Apollo's Chariot, Loch Ness Monster and Griffon. Added in 2007, the Griffon coaster had bragging rights as the tallest dive coaster in the United States. The park is divided into seven sections, each themed to a different European country. On July 25, 2009, Busch Gardens announced that the Big Bad Wolf roller coaster would be retired September 7, 2009, after 25 years of operation due to its "meeting the end of its service life." and was replaced with Verbolten - a New Multiple Launch Coaster that opened in 2012. Newly added in 2009 was Christmas Town, A Busch Gardens Celebration, with many themed holiday attractions and shows with eight million lights and a 50-foot Light Animated Christmas Tree. Also in 2010, the 3-D ride Corkscrew Hill was replaced by Europe in the Air, which itself was replaced by a new VR action ride called Battle for Eire in 2018. Also new for 2010 was illumiNights: A Busch Garden Encore, with many mini nightly country shows and nightly fireworks set to a special soundtrack which is available during the special event in many gift shops. In 2010, Busch Gardens announced a drop tower called the Mäch Tower which was set to open in late spring 2011 but was delayed due to train problems from Italy and opened in August 2011. Tempesto opened in May 2015, as it was part of an addition to the park's Italy section. InvadR, the first ever wooden coaster at Busch Gardens, opened in 2017.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Long before the current Busch Gardens amusement parks, the name referred to the personal gardens of Adolphus Busch, co-founder of Anheuser-Busch. After becoming wealthy in the beer business, Busch purchased a winter home in Pasadena, California. He landscaped the around his home with thousands of plants, as well as statues, waterfalls and walking paths. He opened these "Busch Gardens" to the public in 1906. The gardens became a major tourist attraction, even after Busch's death in 1913 and prompted the Pacific Electric Railway to establish a stop for the gardens' visitors. The nearby Hollywood film industry used the gardens in many films, including "Frankenstein" (1931), "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde" (1931), "The Adventures of Robin Hood" (archery scene, 1938), and "Gone With the Wind" (Twelve Oaks barbecue, 1939). Busch's widow offered the gardens to the city of Pasadena on multiple occasions for use as a public park, but the city never accepted the offer. Busch Gardens closed in 1937 and the land was later subdivided. The area is now a residential neighborhood, though some of the landscape features of the Busch Gardens era remain.


title: Busch Gardens

text: In 1954, a new brewery was opened in Van Nuys. The company opened one of the modern Busch Gardens parks at this site in 1966 that included boat rides, a 10-minute monorail tour of the brewery, and free beer. (Circa 1974, there was a second monorail “which passes through an enormous aviary.”) The park expanded by five acres in 1972 to a total of 22 acres. “The new section includes an exciting barrel flume ride; a huge, walk-through flight cage; a magic show; a special


title: Busch Gardens

text: show place for otters; penguin and sea lion programs; and an individual boat ride popular with young skippers.” The amusement park was renamed Busch Bird Sanctuary in 1977 and closed in 1979. The birds were moved to the nearby Los Angeles Zoo and the Busch Gardens Tampa Bay and Williamsburg locations. The site of the Van Nuys theme park is currently a Bud Light facility and one of the remnants of the park is the footbridge connecting to the 1972 expansion.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Houston's Busch Gardens opened in May 1971 and was closed within a few years. It was located adjacent to the Anheuser-Busch brewery, which opened in 1966. The park had an Asian theme except for an ice cave with a temperature controlled environment for several varieties of penguins, polar bears and sea lions. It also had its own narrow gauge railway.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Anheuser-Busch and Grand Tibidabo, S.A., owners of Tibidabo Amusement Park, in Barcelona, along with other Spanish investors, made plans to build a Tibi Gardens outside of Barcelona, Spain, in the late 1980s. During construction, several of the Spanish investors backed out, and investors from The Tussauds Group stepped in. The park was renamed Port Aventura and when it opened in 1995 in Salou, Spain, Anheuser Busch had a 20% investment in the park while The Tussauds Group had 40%. In 1998 the majority of Tussauds Group's shares in the park were sold to Universal.


title: Busch Gardens

text: In 2008, Busch Entertainment Corporation announced plans to open a new park in Dubai, United Arab Emirates in 2012. It was going to be placed on a man-made island shaped like Shamu in Dubai with SeaWorld, Discovery Cove and Aquatica also being built on that island. The Dubai park would have added on a third park to the Busch Gardens brand. The plans have been shelved because of financial issues. On February 4, 2009, Busch Entertainment announced that the Dubai plans had been canceled due to the global recession.


title: Busch Gardens

text: After InBev sold the amusement parks in 2009 to Blackstone, many beer-affiliated traditions ended, including the tradition of offering free beer samples in their Hospitality Centers, and "Brewmaster Clubs" would come to an end in the parks. Also announced was that workers would not get two cases of beer a month for free, which they would receive under old parent Anheuser-Busch. Busch Gardens Tampa Bay has again begun offering free samples in conjunction with limited-time promotions, most recently in 2019 as part of the park's year-long 60th anniversary celebration. Each guest may sample two seven-ounce servings of beer.


title: Busch Gardens

text: Anheuser-Busch owned several other parks. All of these, except Grant's Farm and the former SeaWorld Ohio, were sold to the Blackstone Group in 2009:


title: Duke of Kent

text: Duke of Kent is a title that has been created several times in the peerages of Great Britain and the United Kingdom, most recently as a royal dukedom for the fourth son of King George V. Since 1942, the title has been held by Prince Edward (born 1935), Queen Elizabeth II's cousin.


title: Duke of Kent

text: A title associated with Kent first appears anciently with the Kingdom of Kent (or Cantware), one of the seven Anglo-Saxon kingdoms that later merged to form the Kingdom of England. The Kings of Cantware (or Kent) date back to about 449. After 825, when the Kingdom of Kent was taken over by Egbert, King of Wessex, Kent became a dependency of Wessex and was ruled by sub-kings, usually related to the Wessex rulers. The titular kingship became something like the heir-apparent's title, as Aethelwulf, Egbert's son, became King of Kent in 825. By 860, Kent lost its status as a kingdom, becoming absorbed into Wessex.


title: Duke of Kent

text: The first title of Kent was that of the Earl of Kent in the Peerage of England. After the death of Godwin, Earl of Wessex, his son Leofwine (c. 1035–1066) became Earl of Kent sometime between 1056 and 1058.


title: Duke of Kent

text: After Leofwine's death at Hastings in 1066, William the Conqueror named his half-brother, Odo of Bayeux (c. 1036–1097), who was also Bishop of Bayeux, the new Earl of Kent. However, Odo was twice removed from this title. The first occasion was in 1082, when he was imprisoned; the second was in 1088, after aiding in the Rebellion of 1088, after which he fled England.


title: Duke of Kent

text: It was not until 1141 that the title returned, this time for William de Ipres; but he was deprived of the title in 1155. In 1227, it was revived for Hubert de Burgh, but became extinct with his death. In 1321, it was again revived for Edmund of Woodstock, and through the marriage of Joan Plantagenet to Thomas Holland, the title passed to the Holland family, which held the title until 1408. In 1461, it was revived for William Neville, and then in 1465 for Edmund Grey. The Grey family held the title until Henry Grey, 12th Earl of Kent, who was made Marquess of Kent in 1706 and Duke of Kent in 1710, died without male heirs in 1740. Just before he died, he was awarded an inferior replacement title of Marquess De Grey to allow this to be passed to his heir - his granddaughter (the Dukedom could not be inherited).


title: Duke of Kent

text: Henry Grey (1671–1740) succeeded his father, Anthony Grey, as the 12th Earl of Kent in 1702. In 1706, he was elevated to Marquess of Kent, along with Earl of Harold and Viscount Goderich. In 1710 he was elevated once again as Duke of Kent, and following the death of his sons, Marquess Grey (1740) with a special remainder to his granddaughter. Henry had one son and five daughters with his first wife, Jemima Crew (d. 1728), and one son and one daughter with his second wife, Sophia Bentinck (d. 1741). By the time of Henry's death in 1740, both of his sons had died, Anthony (in 1723) and George (in 1733), leaving the Duke of Kent without a male heir. His granddaughter Lady Jemima Campbell would inherit two titles in her own right, Marchioness Grey and Baroness Lucas; but all Henry's other titles, particularly Duke of Kent, became extinct with his death.


title: Duke of Kent

text: On 23 April 1799 the double dukedom of Kent and Strathearn was given, with the earldom of Dublin, to King George III's fourth son, Prince Edward Augustus. Edward had only one legitimate child, a daughter, Princess Alexandrina Victoria (the future Queen Victoria). Upon Edward's death in 1820, the dukedom of Kent and Strathearn became extinct, as he had no legitimate male heir.


title: Duke of Kent

text: The next creation of a title of Kent was not that of Duke or Marquess, but rather that of Earl, with the creation of Prince Alfred (1844–1900), the second son of Queen Victoria and Prince Albert, as Duke of Edinburgh, Earl of Ulster, and of Kent in 1866. The Duke of Edinburgh (who later became the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha) had only one son, Prince Alfred, who would have inherited his father's titles had he not died before his father in 1899. With Prince Alfred's death in 1900, the earldom became extinct.


title: Duke of Kent

text: In 1934, Prince George (1902–1942), the fourth son of King George V of the United Kingdom and Queen Mary, was created Duke of Kent, Earl of St Andrews and Baron Downpatrick. Prince George had three children before his death in 1942: Prince Edward, Princess Alexandra, and Prince Michael. Prince Edward, upon his father's death, succeeded to his father's peerages.


title: Duke of Kent

text: The current Duke of Kent has two sons. King George V's Letters Patent of 30 November 1917 restricted the style "Royal Highness" and the titular dignity of "Prince" to the sons of the Sovereign, the male line grandsons of the Sovereign, and the eldest living son of the eldest son of the Prince of Wales. Great-grandchildren of the Sovereign in the male line enjoy the courtesy titles of the children of dukes. Therefore, the heir-apparent to the dukedom of Kent is George, Earl of St. Andrews (b. 1962). Lord St. Andrews married in 1988, and has three children. His son Lord Downpatrick (b. 1988) is second in line to his grandfather's peerages. When Lord St. Andrews succeeds, the dukedom will cease to be a Royal dukedom; as a great-grandson of a sovereign he will be styled "His Grace The Duke of Kent." After Lord St. Andrews and Lord Downpatrick, the current duke's younger son Lord Nicholas Windsor is in remainder to the dukedom, as are the current duke's brother, Prince Michael of Kent, and his son, Lord Frederick Windsor.


title: Duke of Kent

text: The current Duke of Kent carries out numerous duties for the monarchy, both military and civil. As a Freemason, he is the Grand Master of the United Grand Lodge of England, and has served as the President of The Scout Association of the United Kingdom since 1975 and of the Royal Institution. He has performed a number of state visits to Commonwealth nations on behalf of the Queen. He has also acted as Counsellor of State. His Royal Highness is the Grand Prior (or Grand Master) of the Order of St Michael and St George. He holds numerous other appointments in the military. The Duke of Kent has been the patron of Endeavour, a national youth organisation, for 29 years.


title: Duke of Kent

text: The coat of arms anciently associated with Kent is that of a rampant white horse upon a red field. This is primarily associated with the Kingdom of Kent and possibly the earldom as well. Today, this is seen on the Council of Kent's arms and flag. As a direct descendant of Queen Victoria, this is not the coat of arms of the present Duke of Kent. The coat of arms of the Duke of Kent consists of the following:


title: Duke of Kent

text: The standard of the Duke of Kent is a flag version of his arms. The personal badge of the present Duke of Kent is 'E' encircled by the garter of the Order of the Garter, surmounted by a Type IV Princes coronet as in the Crest.


title: Duke of Kent

text: The Duke and Duchess of Kent currently live at Wren House in the grounds of Kensington Palace, but their office is based at York House at St. James's Palace.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: James Morris (born July 5, 1952) is an American retired professional wrestler and current radio host, better known by his ring name, Hillbilly Jim. He is best known for his appearances with the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) from 1984 to 1991, and in the series "Hillbilly Moments".


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: Before appearing in the WWF (now WWE) as Hillbilly Jim, Morris wrestled with the Continental Wrestling Association (CWA) in the Memphis area under the name "Harley Davidson", a biker gimmick. While there, Morris formed a popular tag team with Roger Smith, who went by the ring name "Dirty Rhodes" because of his resemblance to Dusty Rhodes.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: In late 1984, Morris first appeared in the WWF as a wrestling fan known as "Big Jim" who routinely sat in the front row of live events and who eventually decided to try his hand at wrestling himself. After appearing as a guest on Piper's Pit, Rowdy Roddy Piper offered his services to train him, though he eventually chose to be "trained"' by WWF Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan instead of the heel Piper. A series of vignettes were aired on WWF's TV programming in the early weeks of 1985, showing Hogan training Jim and providing him with his first set of wrestling boots. This introduced the character of Hillbilly Jim; a simple-minded, shaggy-bearded Appalachian hillbilly clad in bib overalls, and hailing from Mud Lick, Kentucky. Hillbilly Jim appeared in a few tag team matches with friend Hulk Hogan and had his first high-profile singles match at "The War to Settle the Score" event on February 18, 1985 in which he defeated Rene Goulet. However, Morris was sidelined by an injury a few days later. At a show in San Diego, he appeared in Hogan's corner in a match between Hogan and Brutus Beefcake. While chasing Beefcake's manager Johnny V around ringside, Morris slipped on a wet spot and injured his knee. To help fill in the six months during his recovery, similarly dressed "family" members Uncle Elmer, Cousin Luke, and Cousin Junior were introduced for Morris to accompany to ringside as a manager.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: When his in-ring career resumed, Morris often either tag teamed with his family, or fellow big man André the Giant. He was traditionally matched up against the WWF's monster heels of the era, such as Big John Studd and King Kong Bundy. He also had a short feud with Mr. Fuji and wrestled him in a series of tuxedo matches in late 1986. Hillbilly Jim was generally kept as a "fun" character, rarely getting involved in any serious storylines. His theme music was a folksy barn dance tune called "Don't Go Messin' With a Country Boy", which Morris danced along to with his partners, the ring announcer and/or children from the crowd while the audience clapped along. His first WrestleMania appearance was at Wrestlemania 2 as part of the open invitational battle royal. His next Wrestlemania appearance was a novelty match in WrestleMania III involving King Kong Bundy and midget wrestlers. At Survivor Series '88, Jim teamed with his old mentor Hulk Hogan along with Randy Savage, Hercules and Koko B. Ware to defeat the team of Big Boss Man, Akeem, Ted DiBiase, King Haku and The Red Rooster. Though Jim was eliminated by Akeem, Hogan and Savage would go on to survive and win the match.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: Hillbilly Jim also worked as a fill-in for wrestlers who did not appear or who had left the company. John Studd had departed the WWF while in the midst of a major feud with Andre the Giant and Jim was called upon to fill Studd's role. On June 10, 1989 at the Nassau Coliseum Jim scored a huge upset over Andre the Giant defeating him by disqualification. Hillbilly Jim continued to appear regularly in WWF matches until the summer of 1990, getting wins over Haku, Boris Zhukov, Brooklyn Brawler, and "Playboy" Buddy Rose. His last high-profile match with the WWF was during the April 28, 1990 (taped April 23, 1990) edition of "Saturday Night's Main Event XXVI", in which he lost to Earthquake in a squash match that lasted just under 2 minutes. His final match was on August 31, 1990 with a win against Black Bart in Cedar Rapids, IA. In 1992, Hillbilly Jim returned to the WWF as one of the final hosts of "WWF Prime Time Wrestling" alongside Vince McMahon, Jim Duggan, Bobby Heenan, Mr. Perfect, Sgt. Slaughter and many more until the final episode of "Prime Time Wrestling" in January 1993.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: He returned in December 1995 as a guest referee and a month later became manager of Henry O. and Phineas I. Godwinn, "cousins" who were pig farmers, leading them to the WWF Tag Team Championship. After the Godwinns turned heel in the spring of 1997, Hillbilly Jim was no longer needed as their manager. Morris later worked as a road agent and participated in the "Gimmick Battle Royal" in 2001 at WrestleMania X-Seven, where he eliminated Jim Cornette and Sgt. Slaughter, but was last eliminated himself by The Iron Sheik. He was the official WWE legend host of the highly successful WrestleMania Axxess tour for WrestleMania XX, WrestleMania 21, WrestleMania 22, and WrestleMania 23 in major malls across the US. As part of the WrestleMania 20 Fan Axxess Tour, Jim performed at the "House of Blues" in Los Angeles, Chicago, and New Orleans sponsored by Gibson Guitars. From 1990 to 2001 Morris traveled worldwide representing the WWF for Coliseum Video sales and later with Sony Videos. In 2005, Sirius Satellite Radio added "Hillbilly Jim's Moonshine Matinee" as a weekly program on its Outlaw Country channel 60. Every Saturday, Morris plays a wide variety of classic country music and Southern rock. Between records, he tells stories of his days with the WWF. On April 10, 2012, Hillbilly Jim made an appearance on "WWE SmackDown: Blast from the Past". Hillbilly Jim was officially inducted into the WWE Hall Of Fame on April 6, 2018.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: Morris has appeared in a number of trade shows, such as "Atlanta Super Sports Show", "Video Software Dealer's Association", "Focus on Video", and many others. Moreover, he has had numerous personal appearances in national retail stores, such as Blockbuster Video, Wal-Mart, Kmart, Toys "R" Us, and Kroger. He has done a national commercial for Chevy trucks and another local TV and radio commercials in Kentucky. He appeared in WWE cartoon series "Hulk Hogan's Rock 'n' Wrestling", which was produced by DIC Enterprises. He is featured in the game WWE SmackDown! Here Comes the Pain and is billed as a legend.


title: Hillbilly Jim

text: He performed the song "Don't Go Messing With A Country Boy" for "The Wrestling Album", which was certified gold. Its follow-up album, "Piledriver - The Wrestling Album 2", also included a duet by Hillbilly Jim and a female singer credited as Gertrude, entitled "Waking Up Alone". On August 31, 2009, Hillbilly Jim appeared on ESPN's fantasy football podcast "Fantasy Focus" with Nate Ravitz and fill-in host Keith Lipscomb. Matthew Berry, one of the show's regular co-hosts, was absent due to a fantasy football draft in Las Vegas. He appeared in "WWE Legends' House", which aired on the WWE Network in 2014. Morris released his book, Hillbilly Jim: The Incredible Story of a Wrestling Superstar, on October 10, 2016. After retiring from wrestling, Morris began working for a coin, currency, and stamp dealership called Champion Stamp Company Inc. He is known as a "staple" at coin and currency shows, but is largely there as a spokesman rather than for his expertise in numismatics, although he does collect some paper money and coins himself.


title: 2022–23 Eredivisie

text: The 2022–23 Eredivisie is the 67th season of Eredivisie, the premier football competition in the Netherlands. It began on 5 August 2022 and will conclude on 28 May 2023. As the 2022 FIFA World Cup will start on 20 November, the last round before stoppage will be held on 12–13 November. The league will resume games on 6 January.


title: 2022–23 Eredivisie

text: FC Emmen (promoted after a one-year absence), FC Volendam (promoted after a thirteen-year absence) and Excelsior (promoted after a three-year absence) were promoted from the 2021–22 Eerste Divisie. PEC Zwolle (relegated after ten years in the top flight), Willem II (relegated after eight years in the top flight) and Heracles Almelo (relegated after seventeen years in the top flight) have been relegated to the 2022–23 Eerste Divisie.


title: World domination

text: World domination (also called global domination or world conquest or cosmocracy) is a hypothetical power structure, either achieved or aspired to, in which a single political authority holds the power over all or virtually all the inhabitants of Earth. Various individuals or regimes have tried to achieve this goal throughout history, without ever attaining it.


title: World domination

text: The theme has been often used in works of fiction, particularly in political fiction, as well as in conspiracy theories (which may posit that some person or group has already secretly achieved this goal), particularly those fearing the development of a "New World Order" involving a world government of a totalitarian nature.


title: World domination

text: While various empires over the course of history have been able to expand and dominate large parts of the world, none have come close to conquering all the territory on Earth. However, these empires have had a global impact in cultural and economic terms that is still felt today. Some of the largest and more prominent empires include:


title: World domination

text: By the early 21st century, wars of territorial conquest were uncommon and the world's nations could attempt to resolve their differences through multilateral diplomacy under the auspices of global organizations like the United Nations and World Trade Organization. The world's superpowers and potential superpowers rarely attempt to exert global influence through the types of territorial empire-building seen in history, but the influence of historical empires is still important and the idea of world domination is still socially and culturally relevant.


title: World domination

text: Historically, world domination has been thought of in terms of a nation expanding its power to the point that all other nations are subservient to it. This may be achieved by establishing a hegemony, an indirect form of government and of imperial dominance in which the "hegemon" (leader state) rules geopolitically subordinate states by means of its implied power—by the threat of force, rather than by direct military force. However, domination can also be achieved by direct military force. In the 4th century BCE, Alexander the Great notably expressed a desire to conquer the world, and a legend persists that after he completed his military conquest of the known ancient world, he "wept because he had no more worlds to conquer", as he was unaware of China farther to the east and had no way to know about civilizations in the Americas. However, with the full size and scope of the world known, it has been said that "world domination is an impossible goal", and specifically that "no single nation however big and powerful can dominate a world" of well over a hundred interdependent nations and billions of people.


title: World domination

text: An opposite view was expressed by Hans Morgenthau in 1948. He stressed that the mechanical development of weapons, transportation, and communication makes "the conquest of the world technically possible, and they make it technically possible to keep the world in that conquered state." He argues that a lack of such infrastructure explains why great ancient empires, though vast, failed to complete the universal conquest of their world and perpetuate the conquest. "Today no technological obstacle stands in the way of a world-wide empire," as "modern technology makes it possible to extend the control of mind and action to every corner of the globe regardless of geography and season." Morgenthau continued on the technological progress:


title: World domination

text: In the early 17th century, Sir Walter Raleigh proposed that world domination could be achieved through control of the oceans, writing that "whosoever commands the sea commands the trade; whosoever commands the trade of the world commands the riches of the world, and consequently the world itself". In 1919, Halford Mackinder offered another influential theory for a route to world domination, writing:


title: World domination

text: While Mackinder's "Heartland Theory" initially received little attention outside geography, it later exercised some influence on the foreign policies of world powers seeking to obtain the control suggested by the theory. Impressed with the swift opening of World War II, Derwent Whittlesey wrote in 1942:


title: World domination

text: Yet before the entrance of the United States into this War and with Isolationism still intact, U.S. strategist Hanson W. Baldwin had projected that "[t]omorrow air bases may be the highroad to power and domination... Obviously it is only by air bases ... that power exercised in the sovereign skies above a nation can be stretched far beyond its shores... Perhaps... future acquisitions of air bases ... can carry the voice of America through the skies to the ends of the earth.


title: World domination

text: Some proponents of ideologies (anarchism, communism, fascism, Nazism, and capitalism) actively pursue the goal of establishing a form of government consistent with their political beliefs, or assert that the world is moving "naturally" towards the adoption of a particular form of government (or self), authoritarian or anti-authoritarian. These proposals are not concerned with a particular nation achieving world domination, but with all nations conforming to a particular social or economic model. A goal of world domination can be to establish a world government, a single common political authority for all of humanity. The period of the Cold War, in particular, is considered to be a period of intense ideological polarization, given the existence of two rival blocs—the capitalist West and the communist East—that each expressed the hope of seeing the triumph of their ideology over that of the enemy. The ultimate end of such a triumph would be that one ideology or the other would become the sole governing ideology in the world.


title: World domination

text: In certain religions, some adherents may also seek the conversion (peaceful or forced) of as many people as possible to their own religion, without restrictions of national or ethnic origin. This type of spiritual domination is usually seen as distinct from the temporal dominion, although there have been instances of efforts begun as holy wars devolving into the pursuit of wealth, resources, and territory. Some Christian groups teach that a false religion, led by false prophets who achieve world domination by inducing nearly universal worship of a false deity, is a prerequisite to end times described in the Book of Revelation. As one author put it, "[i]f world domination is to be obtained, the masses of little people must be brought on board with religion".


title: World domination

text: In some instances, speakers have accused nations or ideological groups of seeking world domination, even where those entities have denied that this was their goal. For example, J. G. Ballard quoted Aldous Huxley as having said of the United States entering the First World War, "I dread the inevitable acceleration of American world domination which will be the result of it all...Europe will no longer be Europe". In 2012, politician and critic of Islam Geert Wilders characterized Islam as "an ideology aiming for world domination rather than a religion", and in 2008 characterized the 2008 Israel–Gaza conflict as a proxy action by Islam against the West, contending that "[t]he end of Israel would not mean the end of our problems with Islam, but only... the start of the final battle for world domination".


title: Emma Freud

text: Freud was born in London on 25 January 1962 and is the daughter of politician and broadcaster Sir Clement Freud (1924–2009) and June Flewett, known as the actress Jill Freud. She is the great-granddaughter of psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud. Her younger brother is Matthew Freud, and her uncle was the painter Lucian Freud. Her father's family were Jewish refugees.


title: Emma Freud

text: Freud was educated in London at the all-female Queen's College school, attended Bristol University and Royal Holloway College.[3]


title: Emma Freud

text: At 13, she performed at Queen's Theatre (now called Sondheim Theatre) in the West End as the daughter of Vincent Price in Anouilh's 'Ardele'. And at 17 she toured Europe with Mike Oldfield as a backing singer on his Tubular Bells tour.


title: Emma Freud

text: At 24, she co directed at the Open Air Theatre Regent's Park, featuring Ralph Fiennes in his first role out of drama school.


title: Emma Freud

text: From 1986, Freud co-presented LWT's "The Six O'Clock Show". In 1987, she earned a certain media notoriety for presenting a chat show, "Pillow Talk", in which she interviewed guests whilst in bed with them, as part of LWT's late-night strand "Night Network".


title: Emma Freud

text: In 1990 and 1991, Freud presented two series of "Plunder", a BBC2 chat show in which she interviewed guests including Spike Milligan, Harriet Harman and Joanna Lumley, and co-hosted the BAFTA Craft Awards with Kenneth Branagh. On Channel 4 Freud hosted two series of "The Pulse", three series of "The Media Show" and presented the Turner Prize in 1992. For 3 seasons she fronted the arts show "Theatreland" for LWT. In 2014, she appeared on a celebrity edition of "The Great British Bake Off" for Comic Relief, and was declared star baker.


title: Emma Freud

text: In 1988, she was one of the launch presenters of BBC Radio London's GLR, where she presented the weekday 10am - 12pm programme, produced by Chris Evans.


title: Emma Freud

text: In 1993, Freud was invited by BBC Radio 1's new controller Matthew Bannister to reinvent the lunchtime programme. From January 1994, she appeared on a permanent basis every weekday between 12pm and 2pm, presenting a mix of music, interviews and interactive news features.


title: Emma Freud

text: Since 1986, she has worked for BBC Radio 4 - as a regular co-host on the Saturday miscellany show "Loose Ends", as well as hosting "The X Factor", "Midweek" and "One to One". In 2019 Freud interviewed author David Sedaris for BBC Radio 4 in a 3-hour feature looking back at his life's work.


title: Emma Freud

text: Since 1992, Freud has worked with her partner, Richard Curtis, as either script editor or co-producer on all his titles. These include "Four Weddings and a Funeral", "Notting Hill", "Bridget Jones's Diary", "Love Actually", "The Boat That Rocked" (where she was also 2nd unit director), "The Girl in the Café", "Doctor Who" (the Vincent Van Gogh episode), "About Time", "Trash", "The Vicar of Dibley", and "Yesterday."


title: Emma Freud

text: Emma has written for "The Telegraph", "The Guardian" and "Radio Times". She currently has a column in Luxx Magazine for "The Times". In 2016 Emma won "Columnist of the Year" award for her series of articles in the "Telegraph" on living in New York.


title: Emma Freud

text: Since 2015 she has been a monthly columnist for "BBC Good Food", writing about international food culture and interviewing chefs while she cooks one of their signature dishes. These include Yotam Ottolenghi, Rick Stein, Mary Berry, Stanley Tucci, Nigel Slater, Asma Khan, Michel Roux and Nigella Lawson.


title: Emma Freud

text: For 6 years Freud hosted the national and international broadcasts for National Theatre Live. Since 2009 she has chaired many Platform performances at the National Theatre - interviewing actors, writers and directors including Sir John Mortimer, Sir Nicholas Hytner and Bryan Cranston.


title: Emma Freud

text: She has chaired at festivals and live events, - including interviews with Al Pacino, Graham Norton, Mary Berry, Nadiya Hussain, Claudia Winkleman.


title: Emma Freud

text: She presents the 'Emma Freud Talks To...’ strand at the Cheltenham Literary Festival - including Sir David Attenborough, Bill Nighy, Helena Bonham Carter, Sir Lenny Henry, and Bono.


title: Emma Freud

text: Freud has worked for Comic Relief since 1992 - starting with stuffing envelopes, rising to Executive Producer of Red Nose Day.   Together with Richard Curtis, she has helped raise over 1.5bn for projects tackling poverty all over the UK and internationally.


title: Emma Freud

text: She was awarded an OBE for services to the charitable sector in 2011.  She and Curtis have four children.


title: Total Drama Action

text: Total Drama Action (abbreviated TDA) is a Canadian animated television series. It is the second season of "Total Drama". The show premiered on Teletoon at 6:30pm ET/PT on January 11, 2009. This season was also created by the makers of "6teen", another Teletoon program. This is the only season for Teletoon not to air a new episode every week.


title: Total Drama Action

text: Like "Total Drama Island", the previous season of Total Drama, much of "Total Drama Action" chronicles the events of the eponymous fictional reality show. The "Total Drama" series itself is an "animated reality television series," which stars the cast and crew of the fictional series, parodying many aspects of reality television. After last season's winner forgoes their prize money of C$100,000 (US$73,129.00) for a challenge (open to all 22 of "Total Drama Island" contestants) in which the winner would receive C$1,000,000 (US$731,485.00), the money was left in limbo after a situation resulted in a 14-way tie.


title: Total Drama Action

text: As such, show host Chris McLean (voiced by Christian Potenza) had no choice but to commission a second season with all 14 tied contestants. Two weeks after the aforementioned tie, the contestants who tied are told to arrive at an abandoned movie studio lot in Toronto, Ontario, where the new season, titled "Total Drama Action", would take place. Due to its location, Chris told the contestants that the challenges would all be in the form of various movie genres. The accommodations of the contestants are handled by the underpaid Chef Hatchet (Clé Bennett), similar to how it was handled in the previous season. The outhouse, which was used as a confessional in "Total Drama Island," has been replaced with a makeup trailer.


title: Total Drama Action

text: After the quick elimination of two contestants, the couple Bridgette (Kristin Fairlie) and Geoff (Dan Petronijevic), a second challenge determined the team captains of the two competing teams: the Screaming Gaffers, headed by Gwen (Megan Fahlenbock), and the Killer Grips, headed by Trent (Scott McCord). From then on, challenges would alternate between "reward challenges" where winners would receive a special prize, and "elimination challenges" where the losing team would vote off one of its own in an elaborate "Gilded Chris Ceremony".


title: Total Drama Action

text: The pattern of reducing the contestants down was briefly interrupted on two occasions: once when Izzy (Katie Crown) was reinstated following a voting irregularity where her alter-ego, "E-Scope", was voted off, and another time when Courtney (Emilie-Claire Barlow), a contestant who did not originally qualify for "Total Drama Action", successfully sued the show and was added into the game. The players eliminated would make the "Walk of Shame" and into the "Lame-o-sine", where they leave the movie studio.


title: Total Drama Action

text: Once seven contestants were left, the Screaming Gaffers and the Killer Grips were dissolved, and the challenges became more individual-oriented. Chris hired Owen as his ringer to sabotage the other contestants and to create drama. Eventually, two contestants were left standing: Duncan (Drew Nelson) and Beth (Sarah Gadon), with both contestants being considered official winners depending on the country of airing.


title: Total Drama Action

text: "Total Drama Action" premiered on January 11, 2009, at 6:30 p.m. on Teletoon and premiered on June 11, 2009, on Cartoon Network. In the U.S., Cartoon Network creates a disclaimer with a TV-PG-D rating before the previous show's recap. In the UK it aired on April 11, 2011, at 10:00 GMT as part of Disney XD's Easter Shows.


title: Total Drama Action

text: The show's producers created two alternate endings for the final episode, such that the winner seen in one country's broadcasts is the runner-up in other countries (and vice versa) where the show airs. In Canada, Duncan was aired as the winner as well as in Denmark, Latin America, Norway, the Philippines, and in the United States. Beth is also depicted as the winner in airings from Australia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Croatia, Finland, France, Hungary, Israel, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Singapore, Spain, South Africa, Sweden, and the United Kingdom.


title: Total Drama Action

text: The main "Total Drama Action" cast consists of host Chris McLean, assistant Chef Hatchet, and the contestants that make up the "castmates". The remaining contestants from "Total Drama Island" also appear in the show but serving in lesser capacities as commentators on "The Aftermath".


title: Total Drama Action

text: Like "Total Drama Island", "Total Drama Action" was developed and produced by Fresh TV, targeting an age group of 10-to 16-year-olds. Many of the show's settings, as well as the show's opening sequence, are deliberately made to be as close as to their "Total Drama Island" counterparts as possible; Camp Wawanakwa, the setting of "Total Drama Island", was also revisited on several occasions, most notably as the site of some of the season's challenges. All of the cast of "Total Drama Island" return in the same roles as that of "Total Drama Island", though some had their roles reduced as their characters were not as prominent in this season. As with "Total Drama Island", two endings were commissioned for the series, one with each of the final two competitors winning; after the airing of the penultimate episode and prior to the season finale, viewers were prompted to the show's website (either at Teletoon for viewers in Canada or Cartoon Network for American viewers) to vote for the desired ending. Unlike "Total Drama Island", however, the alternate ending was available as a webcast on the show's website immediately following its airing.


title: Total Drama Action

text: "Total Drama Action" has received generally positive reviews from critics and fans, though not as much as its predecessor. Most critics agree the season does not live up to the first season, "Total Drama Island", and others say that the season was more "childish" and "bad". However, some critics and fans did enjoy "Total Drama Action" as much as the first season along with a majority of critics praising the character development of the characters who had small roles in the first season. "Total Drama Action" received a 7.6 on Metacritic by fans, which indicates "generally favorable reviews". Like the critics, many fans believed that this season did not live up to the previous season, "Total Drama Island".


title: Total Drama Action

text: "Total Drama Action" has only been publicly sold on DVD in Australia. The first half of the season was released on a Region 4 DVD, on November 2, 2011." The second half of the season was released exclusively to Australia, on July 4, 2012.


title: Black Prince's Ruby

text: The Black Prince's Ruby is a large, irregular cabochon red spinel weighing set in the cross pattée above the Cullinan II diamond at the front of the Imperial State Crown of the United Kingdom. The spinel is one of the oldest parts of the Crown Jewels of the United Kingdom, with a history dating back to the middle of the 14th century. It has been in the possession of England's rulers since it was given in 1367 to its namesake, Edward of Woodstock (the "Black Prince"). The stone is believed to have originated from the Badakhshan mines in present day Afghanistan and Tajikistan, the principal source of large spinel gems in the Middle Ages.


title: Black Prince's Ruby

text: All red gemstones used to be referred to as rubies or "balas rubies". It was not until 1783 that spinels were chemically differentiated from rubies. They both have aluminium, oxygen, and a little chromium, but spinels also have magnesium, which rubies don't have.


title: Black Prince's Ruby

text: The Black Prince's Ruby dates back to the middle of the 14th century as the possession of Abū Sa'īd, the Arab Muslim Prince of Granada. At that time, the rule of Castile was being centralized to Seville and the Moorish Kingdom of Granada was being systematically attacked and reverted to Castilian rule as a part of the Christian Reconquest of the Iberian peninsula. Abū Sa'īd in particular was confronted by the belligerency of nascent Castile under the rule of Peter of Castile, also known to history as either Don Pedro the Cruel, or Don Pedro the Just. According to historical accounts, Abū Sa'īd wished to surrender to Don Pedro, but the conditions he offered were unclear. What is clear is that Don Pedro welcomed his coming to Seville. It is recorded that he greatly desired Abū Sa'īd's wealth. When Abū Sa'īd met with Don Pedro, the King had Abū Sa'īd's servants killed and may have personally stabbed Sa'īd to death himself. When Sa'īd's corpse was searched, the spinel was found and added to Don Pedro's possessions.


title: Black Prince's Ruby

text: In 1366, Don Pedro's illegitimate brother, Henry of Trastámara, led a revolt against Don Pedro. Lacking the power to put down the revolt unaided, Don Pedro made an alliance with the Black Prince, the son of Edward III of England. The revolt was successfully put down and the Black Prince demanded the ruby in exchange for the services he had rendered. He later returned to England with King Pedro's two daughters, Dona Constanza of Castile and Dona Isabel of Castile, and marriages were contracted for them to the king's brothers. It is assumed that the Black Prince took the Ruby back to England at that time, although it disappears from historical records until 1415.


title: Black Prince's Ruby

text: During his campaign in France, Henry V of England wore a gem-encrusted helmet that included the Black Prince's Ruby. In the Battle of Agincourt on 25 October 1415, the French Duke of Alençon struck Henry on the head with a battleaxe, and Henry nearly lost both the helmet and his life. The battle was won by Henry's forces and the Black Prince's Ruby was saved. Richard III is supposed to have worn the gemstone in his helmet at the Battle of Bosworth in 1485, in which he was killed.


title: Black Prince's Ruby

text: Henry VIII's inventory of 1521 mentions "a great balas ruby" set in the Tudor Crown, thought to be the Black Prince's Ruby. It remained there until the time of Oliver Cromwell in the 17th century. With the exception of the Coronation Chair and several other items, Cromwell had the principal symbols of the king's power – the Crown Jewels – disassembled and sold, and the gold was melted down and made into coins. What happened to the Black Prince's Ruby, then valued at £4 (equivalent to £ as of ), during the Commonwealth of England is not clear, but it came back into the possession of Charles II when the monarchy was restored in 1660. At the coronation of Queen Victoria in 1838, she was crowned with a new Imperial State Crown made for her by Rundell and Bridge, with 3,093 gems, including the spinel at the front. The Queen can be clearly seen wearing the jewel in the Imperial State Crown in her official coronation portrait by Sir George Hayter. This was remade in 1937 into the current, lighter, crown. A plaquette on the reverse of the gemstone commemorates the crown's history.


title: Message

text: A message is a discrete unit of communication intended by the source for consumption by some recipient or group of recipients. A message may be delivered by various means, including courier, telegraphy, carrier pigeon and electronic bus.


title: Message

text: One example of a message is a press release, which may vary from a brief report or statement released by a public agency to commercial publicity material.


title: Message

text: There are two main senses of the word "message" in computing: messages between the human users of computer systems that are delivered by those computer systems, and messages passed between programs or between components of a single program, for their own purposes.


title: Message

text: Safety and privacy concerns have been expressed in the computer science industry regarding messages. There have been cases where instant messaging apps were found to present a risk of spyware infection. Text messaging is one of the larger causes of distracted driving, and the act of texting and driving has been made illegal in many states as a result.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín Tanja Davíðsdóttir (; born 10 May 1993) is an Icelandic CrossFit athlete known for her eight appearances at the CrossFit Games. She is the women's champion of the 2015 and 2016 CrossFit Games. Katrín is the second woman to repeat as champion, following in the footsteps of her countrywoman, 2011 and 2012 CrossFit Games champion Anníe Þórisdóttir.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín's only event win at the 2015 Games came in the final event, Pedal to the Metal 2, but that was enough to move her ahead of countrywoman Ragnheiður Sara Sigmundsdóttir, who had been in first place going into the last two events.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín missed qualification in 2014 due to a relatively poor performance at the Europe Regional on Event 5, a combination of legless rope climbs and sprints. Katrín finished in the top 10 on every 2014 Regional Event except this one, in which she dropped to 24th. In the end, 9 points separated Katrín from the final 2014 Games qualifier out of the Europe Regional, third-ranked Norwegian athlete Kristin Holte.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín has said that missing qualification in 2014 was the "differentiator" that helped her come back to the Games and win in 2015.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín started doing CrossFit in September 2011 at the age of 18. She had 10 years of training as a gymnast as well as 1 year of competition experience in track and field (athletics).


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín currently trains at Reebok CrossFit Reykjavik under coach Jami Tikkanen. From 2016 to 2021, she trained under coach Ben Bergeron at CrossFit New England in the United States of America. Prior to this, she trained at Reebok CrossFit Reykjavik, in Reykjavik, Iceland, and CrossFit Stodin.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín appeared on the 30th season premiere of "The Amazing Race", where she asked teams to identify two national tonics: Brennivín and Þorskalýsi.


title: Katrín Davíðsdóttir

text: Katrín's grandfather is Helgi Ágústsson, the former ambassador of Iceland to the United States. Since 2021, she has been in a relationship with Canadian former professional ice hockey player, Brooks Laich.


title: Bermondsey

text: Bermondsey () is a district in southeast London, part of the London Borough of Southwark, England, southeast of Charing Cross. To the west of Bermondsey lies Southwark, to the east Rotherhithe and Deptford, to the south Walworth and Peckham, and to the north is Wapping across the River Thames. It lies within the historic county boundaries of Surrey.


title: Bermondsey

text: Bermondsey may be understood to mean "Beornmund"s island; but, while "Beornmund" represents an Old English personal name, identifying an individual once associated with the place, the element "-ey" represents Old English "eg", for "island", "piece of firm land in a fen", or simply a "place by a stream or river". Thus Bermondsey need not have been an island as such in the Anglo-Saxon period, and is as likely to have been a higher, drier spot in an otherwise marshy area. Though Bermondsey's earliest written appearance is in the Domesday Book of 1086, it also appears in a source which, though surviving only in a copy written at Peterborough Abbey in the 12th century, claiming "ancient rights" unproven purporting to be a transcription of a letter of Pope Constantine (708–715), in which he grants privileges to a monastery at "Vermundesei", then in the hands of the abbot of Medeshamstede, as Peterborough was known at the time.


title: Bermondsey

text: Bermondsey appears in the Domesday Book as "Bermundesy" and "Bermundesye", in the Hundred of Brixton within the County of Surrey. It was then held by King William, though a small part was in the hands of Robert, Count of Mortain, the king's half brother, and younger brother of Odo of Bayeux, then earl of Kent. Its Domesday assets were recorded as including 13 hides, 'a new and handsome church', 5 ploughs, of meadow, and woodland for 5 pigs. It rendered £15 in total. It also included interests in London, in respect of which 13 burgesses paid 44d (£0.18).