title: Jain (singer)

text: In April 2019, Jain performed at Coachella. On 19 April 2019, she released the single "Gloria". The song personifies glory and describes it as something that tries to charm and divert attention from what is essential. Rolling Stone described it as "an upbeat dance track that describes the perils of fame and promotes being true to one's own creativity". On 7 June 2019, Jain performed "Gloria" as well as "Makeba" and "Heads Up" at the opening ceremony of the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Sir Simon Denis Rattle (born 19 January 1955) is a British-German conductor. He rose to international prominence during the 1980s and 1990s, while music director of the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (1980–1998). Rattle was principal conductor of the Berlin Philharmonic from 2002 to 2018. He has been the music director of the London Symphony Orchestra since September 2017. Among the world's leading conductors, in a 2015 "Bachtrack" poll, he was ranked by music critics as one of the world's best living conductors.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle is also the patron of Birmingham Schools' Symphony Orchestra, arranged during his tenure with CBSO in mid 1990s. The Youth Orchestra is now under the auspices of charitable business Services for Education. He received the Brit Award for Outstanding Contribution to Music in 2001 at the Classic Brit Awards.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Simon Rattle was born in Liverpool, the son of Pauline Lila Violet (Greening) and Denis Guttridge Rattle, a lieutenant in the Royal Naval Volunteer Reserve during World War II. He was educated at Liverpool College. Although Rattle studied piano and violin, his early work with orchestras was as a percussionist for the Merseyside Youth Orchestra (now the Liverpool Philharmonic Youth Orchestra). He entered the Royal Academy of Music (now part of the University of London) in 1971. There, his teachers included John Carewe. In 1974, his graduation year, Rattle won the John Player International Conducting Competition.


title: Simon Rattle

text: After organising and conducting a performance of Mahler's Second Symphony while he was still at the academy, he was talent-spotted by the music agent Martin Campbell-White, of Harold Holt Ltd (now Askonas Holt Ltd), who has since managed Rattle's career. He spent the academic year 1980–81 at St Anne's College, Oxford studying English Language and Literature. He had been attracted to the college by the reputation of Dorothy Bednarowska, Fellow and Tutor in English. He was elected an Honorary Fellow of St Anne's in 1991. He was admitted to the degree of Doctor of Music "honoris causa" of the University of Oxford in 1999.


title: Simon Rattle

text: He joined the Glyndebourne music staff at the age of 20 in 1975. He went on to conduct over 200 performances of 13 different operas at Glyndebourne and on tour during the subsequent 28 years.


title: Simon Rattle

text: His first Prom at the Royal Albert Hall, conducting the London Sinfonietta, was, according to the BBC Proms Archive website, on 9 August 1976. The programme included Harrison Birtwistle's "Meridian" and Arnold Schoenberg's First Chamber Symphony. In 1977, he became assistant conductor of the Royal Liverpool Philharmonic.


title: Simon Rattle

text: His time with the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra (CBSO) from 1980 to 1998 drew him to the attention of critics and the public. In 1980, Rattle became the CBSO's Principal Conductor and Artistic Adviser, and in 1990, music director. Rattle increased both his profile and that of the orchestra over his tenure. One of his long-term concert projects was the series of concerts of 20th-century music titled "Towards the Millennium". One other major achievement during his time was the move of the CBSO from its former venue, Birmingham Town Hall, to a newly built concert hall, Symphony Hall, in 1991. The BBC commissioned film director Jaine Green to follow him in his final year with the CBSO to make "Simon Rattle—Moving On".


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle was appointed a CBE in 1987 and made a Knight Bachelor in 1994. In 1992, Rattle was named a Principal Guest Conductor of the Orchestra of the Age of Enlightenment (OAE), along with Frans Brüggen. Rattle now has the title of Principal Artist with the OAE. In 2001, he conducted the OAE at Glyndebourne in their first production of "Fidelio" with a "period-instrument" orchestra.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle strongly supported youth music. He led two attempts at gaining the record for the World's Largest Orchestra, both designed to raise awareness of youth music in schools. The first, in 1996, was unsuccessful. The second, in 1998, did succeed and the record held at nearly 4,000 musicians until it was broken in 2000 by a group in Vancouver.


title: Simon Rattle

text: In 2000, Rattle was presented with the Gold Medal of the Royal Philharmonic Society. From 29 April to 17 May 2002, he conducted the Vienna Philharmonic orchestra, making live recordings of the complete Beethoven symphonies. In May 2006, he was made an Honorary Fellow of the Society of Arts. In 2011, the Royal Academy of Music presented him with an Honorary Doctorate. He was appointed Member of the Order of Merit (OM) in the 2014 New Year Honours.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle conducted the London Symphony Orchestra at the Opening of the London Olympics 2012, performing Chariots of Fire with guest Rowan Atkinson playing his Mr. Bean Character.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle made his conducting debut with the Berlin Philharmonic (BPO) in 1987, in a performance of Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6. In 1999, Rattle was appointed as successor to Claudio Abbado as the orchestra's principal conductor. The appointment, was decided on in a 23 June vote by the orchestra's members. At the time the vote was considered somewhat controversial, as several members of the orchestra were earlier reported to have preferred Daniel Barenboim for the post. Nevertheless, Rattle won the post and proceeded to win over his detractors by refusing to sign the contract until he had ensured that every member of the orchestra was paid fairly, and also that the orchestra would gain artistic independence from the Berlin Senate.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Before leaving for Germany and on his arrival, Rattle controversially attacked the British attitude to culture in general, and in particular the artists of the Britart movement, together with the state funding of culture in the UK.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Since his appointment, Rattle has reorganised the Berlin Philharmonic into a foundation, meaning its activities are more under the control of the members rather than politicians. He has also ensured that orchestra members' wages have increased quite dramatically, after falling over the previous few years. He gave his first concert as principal conductor of the BPO on 7 September 2002, leading performances of Thomas Adès' "Asyla" and Mahler's Symphony No. 5, performances which received rave reviews from the press worldwide and were recorded for CD and DVD release by EMI. Early collaborative projects in the Berlin community with Rattle and the BPO involved a choreographed performance of Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring" danced by school children, documented in "Rhythm Is It!", and a film project with Mark-Anthony Turnage's "Blood on the Floor". He has also continued to champion contemporary music in Berlin. The orchestra has established its first education department during Rattle's tenure.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Criticism of Rattle's tenure with the Berlin Philharmonic began to appear after their first season together, and continued in their second season. Rattle himself stated in 2005 that his relationship with the BPO musicians could sometimes be "turbulent", but also "never destructively so".


title: Simon Rattle

text: In 2006, a new controversy began in the German press as to the quality of Rattle's concerts with the Berlin Philharmonic, with criticism from the German critic Manuel Brug in "Die Welt". One musician who wrote to the press to defend Rattle was the pianist Alfred Brendel. In 2007, the BPO/Rattle recording of Brahms's "Ein deutsches Requiem" received the Classic FM Gramophone best choral disc award.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle was originally contracted to lead the BPO through 2012, but in April 2008 the BPO musicians voted to extend his contract as chief conductor for an additional ten years past the next season, to 2018. In January 2013, he announced his scheduled departure from the Berlin Philharmonic at the close of the 2017–2018 season. His final Berlin Philharmonic concert as chief conductor was at the Waldbühne on 24 June 2018.


title: Simon Rattle

text: UNICEF appointed Rattle and the BPO as Goodwill Ambassadors in November 2007. He is a patron of the Elton John AIDS Foundation.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle made his North American debut in 1976, conducting the London Schools Symphony Orchestra at the Hollywood Bowl. He first conducted the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1979 during the music directorship of Carlo Maria Giulini, and was their Principal Guest Conductor from 1981 to 1994. He has also guest-conducted the Cleveland Orchestra, Chicago Symphony Orchestra, San Francisco Symphony, Toronto Symphony Orchestra and Boston Symphony Orchestra. His New York City debut was with the Los Angeles Philharmonic in 1985. In 2000, Rattle was the music director of the Ojai Music Festival.


title: Simon Rattle

text: In 1993, Rattle made his conducting debut with the Philadelphia Orchestra. He returned for guest conducting engagements in 1999 and 2000. The musical relationship between Rattle and the Philadelphia Orchestra was reported to be such that Philadelphia wanted to hire Rattle as its next music director after Wolfgang Sawallisch, but Rattle declined. Rattle has continued to guest-conduct the Philadelphia Orchestra, including appearances in 2006 and the Philadelphia Orchestra's first performances of Robert Schumann's cantata "Das Paradies und die Peri" in November 2007.


title: Simon Rattle

text: In March 2015, the London Symphony Orchestra (LSO) announced the appointment of Rattle as its next music director, effective with the 2017–2018 season, with an initial contract of 5 seasons. He has recorded commercially for the LSO Live label. In January 2021, the LSO announced an extension of Rattle's contract as music director through 2023, at which time Rattle is scheduled to stand down from the LSO and subsequently to take the title of conductor emeritus for life.


title: Simon Rattle

text: In 2010, Rattle first guest-conducted the Bavarian Radio Symphony Orchestra (BRSO). In January 2021, the BRSO announced the appointment of Rattle as its next chief conductor, effective with the 2023–2024 season, with an initial contract of 5 years.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle has conducted a wide variety of music, including some with period instruments (either actual surviving historical musical instruments or modernly made ones informed by commonly used designs and material of the time), but he is best known for his interpretations of late 19th- and early 20th-century composers such as Gustav Mahler, with a recording of Mahler's Second Symphony winning several awards on its release. He has also championed much contemporary music, an example of this being the 1996 TV series "Leaving Home", where he presents a 7-part survey of musical styles and conductors with excerpts recorded by the CBSO.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Other recordings in Berlin have included Dvořák tone poems, Mahler's Symphony No. 9 and Claude Debussy's "La Mer". The "Gramophone Magazine" praised the latter as a "magnificent disc" and drew favourable comparisons with interpretations of the piece by Rattle's immediate predecessors, Claudio Abbado and Herbert von Karajan. He has also worked with the Toronto Children's Chorus. Rattle and the BPO also recorded Gustav Holst's "The Planets" (EMI), which was the "BBC Music Magazine" Orchestra Choice. In addition, Rattle's acclaimed complete 1989 recording of George Gershwin's opera "Porgy and Bess" was used as the soundtrack for the equally acclaimed 1993 television production of the work. It was the first made-for-television production of "Porgy and Bess" ever presented. Rattle's 2007 recording of Johannes Brahms's "Ein deutsches Requiem" received praise from "BBC Music Magazine", as "Disc of the Month" for April 2007, "as probably the best new version of the "Requiem" I've heard in quite some years". Rattle and the BPO have also released recordings of Anton Bruckner's Fourth Symphony ("Romantic"), and Joseph Haydn's Symphonies Nos. 88, 89, 90, 91, 92 and Sinfonia Concertante.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle's recording of Brahms's "Ein deutsches Requiem" with the BPO received the Choral Performance Grammy Award in 2008. He has won two other Grammy Awards, one Choral Performance Award for a recording of Stravinsky's "Symphony of Psalms" in 2007, and another for Best Orchestral Performance for a recording of Mahler's unfinished Symphony No. 10 in 2000.


title: Simon Rattle

text: The French Government awarded him the honour of Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 2010. Rattle was elected to the inaugural Gramophone Hall of Fame in 2012.


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle's first marriage was to Elise Ross, an American soprano, with whom he had two sons: Sacha, who is a clarinettist, and Eliot, who is a painter. They were divorced in 1995 after 15 years of marriage. In 1996, he married his second wife, Candace Allen, a Boston-born writer. This second marriage ended in 2004, and in 2008 Rattle married the Czech mezzo-soprano Magdalena Kožená. The couple live in Berlin and have two sons, Jonas (born 2005) and Milos (b. 2008), and a daughter Anežka (b. 2014).


title: Simon Rattle

text: Rattle announced in January 2021 that he had applied for German citizenship, describing it as "an absolute necessity" for him in order to continue to work freely around the EU after Brexit.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: Alberto Mielgo (born 29 April 1979) is a Spanish director, artist, and animator. His accolades include an Academy Award, four Emmy Awards and two Annie Awards. Mielgo was an Art Director at Disney's "" (2013) and made his debut as a director with animated short film "The Witness" (2019) created for Netflix anthology: "Love, Death & Robots".


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: Born and raised in Spain, Mielgo is currently established in Los Angeles, after having worked and lived in various countries of Asia and Europe. Mielgo currently directs animations, and works as an Art Director. In his spare time, Mielgo does his own projects and paintings. While in London, Mielgo worked as an Art Director for Passion Pictures with Pete Candeland, Together they worked on "" and Gorillaz projects.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: Mielgo's notable early projects include Tim Burton's "Corpse Bride", "", both parts of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" and "" by Disney, for which he won in 2013 an Emmy Award and an Annie Award.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: Mielgo was hired by Disney as an Art Director for the animated TV series "" in 2013. Director of "" Charlie Bean explained that the idea was to create a very special style for the digital show, which was not seen on TV or in the movies. Bean worked closely with Mielgo, character designer Robert Valley, and supervising car designer Daniel Simon. Simon was responsible for the vehicle designs seen in "", including the Light Cycles. Mielgo won the Emmy Primetime Award for Outstanding Art Direction in 2013.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: In 2015, Mielgo was a Production Designer/Art Director for Sony's "" and he created an early animation test for the film. At first, his main goal was to explore the world, comics, the past of Spider-Man, cinematography, language, style, opportunities. According to Daniel Caylor, one of the animators on the film, Mielgo’s animation was widely seen by the crew and inspired their work before they began working on the movie. The test animation was never completed - only four shots were completely finished and determined the visual language of the Oscar-winning film.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: In 2019, Mielgo wrote, designed and directed "The Witness" episode for Netflix animation anthology series "Love, Death & Robots", which has won three Emmys and an Annie award. Mielgo's involvement with the series began when he was approached by its supervising director, Gabriele Pennacchioli, who put him in touch with David Fincher and Tim Miller, both fans of his previous work. He recently directed two animated short films, "The Windshield Wiper," a personal project focused on his vision of love and relationships, which won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film at the 94th Academy Awards and "Jibaro" for "Love, Death & Robots." In 2019, Indie entertainment company Stampede — founded by former Warner Bros. Pictures president Greg Silverman — announced to produce Mielgo's debut full length animated feature film.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: Mielgo won a Primetime Emmy Award (2013), and an Annie Award (2013) for his work on Disney's "" as Best Production Designer.


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: Mielgo won three Emmy Awards (2019) for Best Animated Short, Best Art Direction, Best Animation, and an Annie award (2019) for Best Art Direction of "The Witness" episode for Netflix Animation anthology "Love, Death & Robots".


title: Alberto Mielgo

text: In September 2022, he won an Emmy Award for Best Animated Short for the "Jibaro" episode of "Love, Death, & Robots".


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: A prolific goalscorer, Chiesa played for several Italian clubs throughout his career, and performed regularly in Serie A for over a decade, winning titles with Sampdoria, Parma, and Fiorentina; he later also spent a spell with Lazio. He moved to Siena where he became a household name and, thanks to his goals, the Tuscan side stayed in the top division for many seasons. He retired with Figline in 2010, the club with which he subsequently began his coaching career. He won the 1998–99 UEFA Cup and Coppa Italia with Parma, finishing the former tournament as the top scorer, with 8 goals. At international level, he represented the Italy national team on 17 occasions between 1996 and 2001, scoring 7 goals, and was also part of the Italian squads that took part at UEFA Euro 1996 and the 1998 FIFA World Cup.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: He is father to Federico Chiesa, who is a professional footballer himself currently playing for Juventus in Serie A.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: Born in Genoa, Chiesa made his early playing footsteps at amateur club Pontedecimo (1986–87). He then moved to Sampdoria, for which he made his debut on 16 April 1989 in a 1–0 loss at Roma in the 1988–89 Serie A. He then played for Teramo of Serie C2 and successively Chieti of Serie C1 before returning to Sampdoria in 1992. Failing to impress, he then joined Modena in Serie B for the 1993–94 season, and later Cremonese during the 1994–95 season, where he scored 14 goals in their Serie A campaign. In 1995, he returned again with the "blucerchiati", forming a notable attacking duo with Roberto Mancini, and scoring 22 goals in 27 matches in Serie A.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: In 1996, he was signed by rising club Parma, and contributed to his team's second-place finish behind Juventus, scoring 14 goals in the Serie A during his first season at the club. The second-place result allowed Parma to qualify for the UEFA Champions League the following season. With Parma, Chiesa won a UEFA Cup, a Coppa Italia, and a Supercoppa Italiana during the highly successful 1998–99 season, in which Parma also finished in fourth place in the Serie A. Chiesa became one of the best strikers in Italian football (when not injured). During his time at the club, he also formed a successful partnership with Argentine star striker Hernán Crespo, as the duo averaged 10–15 goals a season each. They also each scored in the 1999 UEFA Cup Final victory over Marseille, a competition in which Chiesa finished top scorer, with 8 goals.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: In 1999, he was signed by Fiorentina for 28 billion lire (€14.46 million), a team looking to expand and bring in better players, in an attempt to keep club captain and talisman Gabriel Batistuta. Despite making regular appearances in his first season for La Viola, Chiesa was fighting for a place with Predrag Mijatović among others, and also had spells where he was out of form, and in the end only managed 6 goals in the League. In the 2000–01 season, Batistuta left for Roma and Fiorentina were plagued with injuries and financial problems. Meanwhile, Chiesa became the main striker for the club under manager Roberto Mancini, supported by playmaker Rui Costa, and scored 22 goals in 30 matches, finishing amongst the top 5 highest scorers in the league and helping Fiorentina to win the 2000–01 Coppa Italia over his former club, Parma, in the final; in the second leg at home, he set up Nuno Gomes's goal in a 1–1 draw, which allowed Fiorentina to clinch the title 2–1 on aggregate. The 2001–02 campaign proved to be a very difficult one: Chiesa started the campaign off strongly, scoring five goals in the first five matches of the season, but was ruled out for the rest of the season after sustaining a serious injury to his knee ligaments against Venezia on matchday five; left without Chiesa to lead the club's attack, Fiorentina were ultimately relegated at the end of the season. As a result of Fiorentina's relegation and financial troubles, Chiesa subsequently moved to Lazio for the following season, where he however failed to play at his personal best.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: In 2003, he joined Siena, where he became a fan favourite and a key player in the club's Serie A history, impressively reaching double scoring figures in Serie A during his first three seasons at the club. Despite a very poor 2006–07 season in which Chiesa was not able to score a single goal in Serie A, he was backed by the club and new trainer Andrea Mandorlini, who explicitly stated that he felt that Chiesa was still important to the team, and that he expected at least 15 goals from him in their 2007–08 Serie A campaign. However, he played only twice, scoring no goals once again, before he was signed by Figline of the Lega Pro Second Division. He scored five goals with Figline, thus giving his contribution to the team's promotion to the Lega Pro Prima Divisione. In the following season, his last as a footballer, he played a limited number of games due to suffering a fractured leg, an injury which forced him to stay out of contention for most of the season.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: Chiesa played for the Italian team from 1996 to 2001, collecting a total of 22 caps with 7 goals. Chiesa made his senior international debut in a 2–2 friendly draw against Belgium on 29 May 1996 in Cremona, marking the occasion with a goal. He was subsequently selected by manager Arrigo Sacchi to play for Italy at the UEFA Euro 1996 tournament later that year, ahead of other established strikers such as Roberto Baggio, Gianluca Vialli, and Giuseppe Signori. Chiesa appeared in two group stage matches, the first in a 2–1 defeat against the Czech Republic, where he scored Italy's only goal of the match, and the second in a 0–0 draw against Germany, as Italy were eliminated in the first round. He also was called up to the 1998 FIFA World Cup by manager Cesare Maldini as a replacement for Fabrizio Ravanelli. He appeared in Italy's opening group match of the 1998 World Cup, which ended in a 2–2 draw against Chile, also appearing as a substitute in the 1–0 victory in the round of 16 match against Norway. Italy were eliminated in the quarter finals on penalties by hosts and eventual champions France. Under manager Dino Zoff, Chiesa appeared in Italy's 6–2 friendly win over the FIFA World Stars on 16 December 1998, organised to commemorate the centenary of the Italian Football Federation, scoring a hat-trick. He also scored a goal in a 4–0 victory over Wales in a European qualifying match in Bologna, on 5 June 1999. He made his final appearance for Italy under Giovanni Trapattoni, in Italy's 1–0 friendly win over South Africa in Perugia, on 25 April 2001. Alongside Alessandro Del Piero, Chiesa holds the unique record for the most goals scored by an Italian international coming off the bench (5). Chiesa is currently the last player to manage 2 goals in his first two Italy appearances.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: A prolific goalscorer, Chiesa was considered one of the most exciting and dynamic strikers in Italy during the mid-'90s. A quick, strong, hardworking, and elegant player, he was mainly deployed in a central role as a main striker throughout his career, but he could also play off of another forward as a supporting forward or on the wing, due to his vision, versatility, good technique, close control at speed, and tactical intelligence, which also enabled him to create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates. Possessing pace, stamina, good offensive movement, and a powerful and accurate shot with either foot from both inside and outside the box, he excelled during counter-attacks, and was known for his ability to make attacking runs into the area, and quickly strike the ball first time while on the run; he was also equally known for his ability to score with powerful or bending strikes from free-kicks, and is the joint ninth-highest goalscorer of all time from free kicks in Serie A, with 13 goals, alongside Michel Platini and Álvaro Recoba. Fabio Capello described Chiesa as a complete forward, and as a cross between Gigi Riva and Paolo Rossi, due to his opportunism, anticipation, and excellent striking ability, which enabled him to excel acrobatically in the air, and execute spectacular volleys. In addition to his goalscoring ability as a footballer, he was also known for his dedication, professionalism and his correct behaviour on the pitch, although, despite his reputation, his career was affected by several injuries.


title: Enrico Chiesa

text: In June 2010 it was announced that Chiesa was appointed the new head coach of Figline for the 2010–11 season. The experience however lasted a very short time, as Figline was excluded from the Italian leagues in July.


title: Boilermaker

text: A boilermaker is a tradesperson who fabricates steel, iron, or copper into boilers and other large containers intended to hold hot gas or liquid, as well as maintains and repairs boilers and boiler systems.


title: Boilermaker

text: Although the name originated from craftsmen who made boilers, boilermakers in fact assemble, maintain, and repair other large vessels and closed vats.


title: Boilermaker

text: The boilermaker trade evolved from industrial blacksmithing; in the early nineteenth century, a boilermaker was called a "boilersmith". The involvement of boilermakers in the shipbuilding and engineering industries came about because of the changeover from wood to iron as a construction material. It was often easier, and less expensive, to hire a boilermaker who was already in the shipyard--fabricating iron boilers for wooden steamships--to build a ship. This overlap of skills could extend to anything large and made of iron--or later, steel. In the UK, this effective monopoly over an important skill of the industrial revolution led to boilermakers being labeled 'the labour aristocracy" by historians.


title: Boilermaker

text: Boilermaking, welding, and fitting tubes can be a full-time requirement at power plants. Stress fractures, leaks, and corrosion demand continual repair or replacement resulting from operation at very high steam pressures. Other boilermakers might work seasonally or on an individual project such as re-fitting a boiler in a seagoing vessel or remodeling a steam plant.


title: Boilermaker

text: Boiler repair can be a high-value, high-cost service since even the smallest steam boilers for dry cleaners and tailors can cost upwards of $20,000 to replace.


title: Boilermaker

text: In the United States, many boilermakers are employed in repairing, repiping, and re-tubing commercial steam and hot water boilers used for heating and domestic hot water in commercial buildings and multi-family dwellings. Sometimes these boilers are referred to as pressure vessels. Generally, a pressure vessel is a storage tank or vessel that has been designed to operate at pressures above .


title: Boilermaker

text: The two main responsibilities of boilermakers are the use of oxy-acetylene gas torch sets to cut or gouge steel plate and tubes, followed by gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW), shielded metal arc welding (SMAW), or gas metal arc welding (GMAW) to attach and mend the cut sections of tubes and steel plates.


title: Boilermaker

text: Boilermakers usually go through a formal apprenticeship which includes about four years of paid on-the-job training combined with classroom instruction. Unions and many employers offer these apprenticeships. To become an apprentice, one must be at least 18 years old and have a high school diploma or GED. Attending a trade or technical school combined with employer-provided training can accelerate the learning curve.


title: Boilermaker

text: According to U. S. Census Bureau data of 2012, boilermakers are the most male "saturated" job in the USA, having a share of 99.8 % males and 0.2 % females.


title: Boilermaker

text: Boiler repair in the United States is governed by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors and the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) under a classification called R Stamp Welding. In order to perform R Stamp welds and repairs, boilermakers are tested and certified in the quality of their weld joints through a rigorous testing procedure. R stamps are issued to companies that have existing ASME code stamps issued for construction and whose quality control system covers repairs or follow the guidelines set up by ASME to obtain an R stamp. Welders identify their welds by stamping their identifying welder number adjacent to their completed weld with a set of steel stencils.


title: Boilermaker

text: Welding, fitting, and installing the tubes and accessories that attach to the boiler can also be performed by boilermakers, and is governed by the same organizations as R Stamp Welding. This certification is called Power Piping and is governed by ASME Code section B31.1.


title: Boilermaker

text: The International Brotherhood of Boilermakers, Iron Ship Builders, Blacksmiths, Forgers and Helpers is a labor union for boilermakers in Canada and the United States.


title: Boilermaker

text: In the UK, boilermakers traditionally joined the Boilermakers Society which merged with the General and Municipal Workers' Union (GMWU), then an unskilled union, to form the modern GMB which still maintains a "craft section" largely for boilermakers.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: Heartbreak on a Full Moon is the eighth studio album by American singer Chris Brown. The album is a double-disc, consisting of 45 tracks, and was released digitally on October 31, 2017, and onto CD three days later by RCA Records. Brown for the album worked with several producers, including Prince Chrishan, A1, Boi-1da, D. A. Doman, Scott Storch, Amadeus and many others. The album also features some guest appearances by urban artists, including R. Kelly, Usher, Gucci Mane and Future. Recording sessions for "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" took place between the end of 2015 and August 2017.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" is an R&B album, containing songs with different influences from other genres as well, predominantly from hip hop, alternative R&B, trap and dancehall. Its sound has been described for the most part as dark and soulful. The songs on the album display every emotional aspect, and what's been on the singer's mind, following a heavy-hearted breakup. Its themes include regret, love transforming into hate, the difficulty in managing emotions, the impossibility of getting over someone, and how a reckless lifestyle can't numb the pain of a heartbreak. Its lyrical content was inspired by Brown's breakup with Karrueche Tran, happened in 2015 after they both discovered that the singer accidentally had a daughter with another woman. Although Brown was able to convince RCA Records of the album's length, they were initially hesitant.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: One week after its release "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States, and Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's "Confessions" in 2004. The album has been certified Double Platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA).


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: The album was anticipated by numerous snippets, that hyped the project's release since early 2016, by six official singles; including "Grass Ain't Greener", "Party", "Privacy", "Pills & Automobiles", "Questions", and "Tempo", and the promotional singles "High End" and "Hope You Do".


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: The theme of the album was inspired by the singer's breakup with Karrueche Tran, happened in March 2015, after they both discovered that he accidentally had a daughter, named Royalty Brown, with another woman, named Nia Guzman. Brown, after dedicating his seventh studio album "Royalty" to his daughter, decided that he wanted to make an album that developed over the subject of his heartbreak caused by his breakup with Tran.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: Brown started working and recording tracks for the album a few weeks before the release of "Royalty", in late 2015. He continued working on the album during 2016 and 2017, also during two tours, the European leg of the One Hell of a Nite Tour and The Party Tour. Brown also built a recording studio inside of his house to record songs for the album. The recording sessions mostly took place in Los Angeles and New York City. The only record of the album that has been made before its actual making is the track "Bite My Tongue", which dripped over from his previous album "Royalty". The recording of the album eventually ended in August 2017, with "Rock Your Body" being the last one made for the project.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: During the album's creation, Brown believed he had made too many high-quality songs to fit on a 15–20 track album, so he decided to make a 40-track album. RCA Records, the record label of the singer, initially wasn't agreeable of satisfying Brown's intentions to make a 40-track album, thinking that it would've damaged its commercial performance, but the singer ended up convincing them. The singer involved over 50 producers, including A1, Amadeus, Prince Chrishan, Scott Storch, D.A. Got That Dope, Hitmaka and OG Parker, to work on the album, and develop its sound.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: The cover art for the album was announced on October 5, 2017. It consists of a pink moon with a graphic of an actual bleeding heart organ on top of it, with its blood that dripping becomes ink. The pink moon represents the themes of the album, which are predominantly directed to girls, in breakup, love and sex songs, while the blood-dripping human heart, with the blood that dripping becomes ink, represents the raw heartbroken feelings of the singer, that are poured into the lyrics of the majority of the album.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: Ebbiana of "The Source" praised the cover for being "very creative" and "meaningful in its details". Aron A. of "HotNewHipHop" noted that the artwork "matches perfectly the album's vibe". ABC News's Randy Holmes, commended its drawing style, saying that the "anatomically-correct heart looks as though it was just ripped out of someone's chest". Capital Xtra's Gayle Blewnsky said that the cover is "cartoon-esque" and "sinister". A reviewer for "Rap-Up" noted that the cover art "showcases a new aesthetic for Brown" describing it as "Halloween-ish".


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" is an R&B album, with a sound that has been described by critics as "dark" and "soulful", with songs like "Lost & Found", "This Ain't", "Nowhere" or "Paradise" representing it. The production and melody of some songs was noted for being "horror-themed", in songs such as "Pull Up", "Party", "Sensei" or "High End". Brown performances on the album often switch from his R&B singing to his rapping.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: The songs on the album are characterized by their "sentimental", "sultry", "personal" and "explicit" songwriting, showing every emotional aspect of what's been on the singer's mind after a heavy breakup. Its themes include remorse, love transforming into hate, internal conflict and the impossibility of getting over someone, while depicting the singer's try to escape his sorrows through a reckless lifestyle full of sex with multiple women, parties and drugs, then realizing how that behaviour can't numb the pain of his heartbreak. The album also has a couple of episodes where the singer faces themes of police brutality and dark side of fame. According to Andy Kellman of AllMusic, the character portrayed by Brown on "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" "often mood swings from playboy-hedonistic to sweet-romantic to scorned-acidic to sorrowful-heartbroken". Analyzing its lyrical content Prezzy of "The Boombox" said that "throughout the first disc the singer tries to exorcise the demons of love lost, while on the second one he mostly pours out the torments of his heartbreak". "Vulture"'s writer Craig Jenkins found the sexual content of various songs of the first half of "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" to be "loaded with raunchy invitations for sex" and filled with "X-rated" subjects like "sex in hallways, drunken hookups, and girls who mix cocaine and painkillers. Jenkins wrote that the "breakup tracks' intensity" is elevated by "shattered, jilted reflection and profound yearning" transmitted through Brown's "pleading tenor voice".


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: The lyrical content of the album starts with the opening track "Lost & Found", branching out in a plot that poetically and explicitly explains the bitter pain of the heartbreak caused by a woman dependent on the good life, being sung in perspective to the direct interested. The production of the song is dominated by a slow chord of a warm and atmospheric bass, accompanied by maliconic guitar chords and sporadic percussions. Brown's vocals in the song are proportioned to the emotion of the lyrics, by having a melancholic intonation in the first verse, becoming more demanding and aggressive in the second, ending with a third verse rapped in an auto-tuned aggressively sad way, where the voice effect suggests the absence of sobriety of the singer on whom his heavy words depend. Throughout the album the lyrics depict the pain of the singer reflected on his thoughts and feelings, and how he tries to escape it with parties, sex and drugs. On the hip hop-influenced songs "Everybody Knows" and "Hurt the Same", the singer angrily accuses the woman he loved for being insensitive and ungrateful, making straightforward references to his relationship with Tran. He humbly apologizes to her ex-girlfriend for his actions that hurted her on songs like "Enemy", "Tough Love" and "Even", sadly reminiscing the best moments passed with her. On tracks like "Privacy", "To My Bed", "Covered In You", "Tell Me What to Do" and "Rock Your Body" he tells sexual adventures, approaching women in sultry ways.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: On the mournful "This Ain't" the singer tries to have a love relationship with another woman, but realizes that their relationship is just sex with no love involvement. On tracks like "Sip", "Hope You Do", "Pull Up" and "Pills & Automobiles" he finds himself in intimate situations with girls, being under the influence of alcohol or drugs. "Nowhere" is a soul-tinged song where he expresses his impossibility of getting over his ex-girlfriend. On the dancehall pop track "If You're Down" he asks his loved one to turn her back on the complicated and frustrating things in life and instead decide to live in the moment with him embracing each other. On "Paradise" he looks back at the relationship with his ex-girl admitting that he treated and loved her the wrong way, understanding how he took her and their relationship for granted, and now that she left him, he's alone crying and desperately hoping to get her back, realizing that being with her was equal to living in paradise. "Run Away" is a story of two people in love that try to escape from police brutality. The whole song is response to police's violence aimed at unarmed African-Americans in the United States, that also makes a reference to the “Hands up, don't shoot” slogan that was created after the shooting of Michael Brown. On the cheerful "This Way" the singer thanks his ex-girlfriend for leaving him when he wasn't ready for the relationship to cease, because now he has found happiness in having sex with multiple girls every night. After all the details of what's been on his feelings and what he's done after his breakup, on the last track, "Yellow Tape", he reflects on how he can't handle no more his pain, and how he's tired of his excessive lifestyle full of fake emotions that can't numb his heartbreak, ending up killing himself.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: On January 10, 2016, Brown had previewed 9 unreleased songs during a live on Periscope, "This Way", "Who This", "This Ain't", "Reddi Wip", "Escape Your Love", "Bite My Tongue", "45", "Fuck Me Up" and "Undress" showing him dancing and lip-synching these songs in the studio. The same day he previewed parts of the song "Grass Ain't Greener" on Instagram Later in January, February and March 2016, he released videos on his Instagram profile where he was lip-synching snippets of the unreleased songs "Lost and Found" and "Dead Wrong". In late February and March he performed some of the previewed songs live during his club performances in Barcelona and Madrid. On April 27 through Twitter, he announced the European leg of his One Hell of a Nite Tour, the documentary "Welcome to My Life", his collaborative mixtape with his OHB group "", and the release of a new single on May 5. On May 3 he revealed that the single would be the already previewed "Grass Ain't Greener", showing its cover art and announcing it as the first single from a new album titled "Heartbreak on a Full Moon". The single was released on May 5, 2016, the day of Brown's 27th birthday, but it was originally not included on the album's first announced track listing, then it was re-included on the official tracklist as a bonus track when the album was available for pre-order.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: On July 7, 2016, after 2016 shooting of Dallas police officers, Brown released for free on his SoundCloud page two piano ballads, "My Friend" and "A Lot of Love", saying that the songs are "released for free for anybody dealing with injustice or struggle in their lives". On August 31, 2016, less than 24 hours after being released from jail on charges of suspicted assault with a deadly weapon, Brown released on SoundCloud the song "What Would You Do?".


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: In November and December 2016, he released videos on his Instagram profile where he was lip-synching snippets of other unreleased songs: "Surprise You", "I See You", "To My Bed", "Classic You", "Technology", "Post & Delete", and "Yellow Tape". On December 16, 2016, he released the second official single from the album, "Party", that features guest vocals from American R&B singer Usher and rapper Gucci Mane. The single received great success, being certified double platinum by the RIAA. In February announced that "Privacy" would have been released as the next single from the album. The single was released on March 24, 2017, and it received an excellent response from his core audience, ending up being certified double platinum by the RIAA. Later in April he previewed the songs "Flex On You" and "I Love Her", playing them in some club appearances


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: The initial track listing of "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" was announced by Brown on his Instagram account on May 2, 2017, saying that it would be a double-disc album of 40 tracks, and that it would be released in June 2017. On May 11 he released for free on SoundCloud a collaboration with rapper Nas called "Die Young", where they pay homage to the people who've lost their lives too soon in the streets, while also making a strong political statement in the process.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: In the first days of June 2017 46 songs discarded from Brown's recent past works, and even some rejected tracks from "Heartbreak on a Full Moon", were leaked, most of them were unfinished versions while few were demos supposed to be for other artists.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: In July 2017 he announced the pending release of upcoming singles from his album. Later on August 4, 2017, he released the album's fourth single "Pills & Automobiles", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Yo Gotti, A Boogie Wit Da Hoodie and Kodak Black. Then on August 14, 2017, he announced the release of the fifth official single from the album, "Questions", on August 16, announcing the album release date, saying that it would be released on October 31, 2017. In the run up to the album's release, on October 5, 2017, Brown unveiled the official artwork on his Instagram profile, sharing a video with an animated cartoon-style visual of a blood-dripping human heart set against a pink full moon, with a snippet of the song "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" in the background.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: On October 13, 2017, Brown released the promotional single "High End", that features guest vocals from American trap artists Future and Young Thug, announcing the final tracklist of the album. On October 19, the singer released 3 songs from the album, "Confidence", "Tempo" and "Only 4 Me", as an anticipation for the close release. On October 25, Brown organized with Tidal a free pop-up concert in New York City to perform the singles of the album and promote it for his core fans. The day after he released other 3 songs to anticipate the album, "Everybody Knows", "Hope You Do" and "Pull Up". A couple days before the dropping of the album, Brown partnered with Spotify's Rap Caviar for a special segment where he painted the album's cover, mostly from dancing around the canvas.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" was released digitally on October 31, 2017, and onto CD three days later by RCA Records. The album, after its release, gained lots of attention and headlines from numerous specialized and not-specialized journalistic newspapers and blogs.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: On December 13, 2017, he released a 12-track surprise deluxe edition of the album called "Cuffing Season – 12 Days of Christmas" as a Christmas present for his fans. The deluxe edition is made off Brown's favorite leftovers of the album and few holiday-themed songs.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: On March 27, 2018, Chris Brown announced an official headlining concert tour to further promote the album titled "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" Tour. The tour began on June 19 in Auburn, at White River Amphitheatre. The opening acts for the tour were 6lack, H.E.R., Rich the Kid, and Jacquees. The tour included 27 shows and ended on August 4, 2018.


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: Craig Jenkins of "Vulture" argued that while the album was "a bloated mess", that it was a "decent album", and wrote that "The album's first disc mixes peppy, dirty sex jams with moody revenge anthems that engage some of Brown's most grating tendencies as a performer, while the second reckons more humbly with depression." In a mixed review, "HipHopDX" writer Scott Glaysher stated, "There is no denying the technical flawlessness of his voice, but even those perfect pipes can't save the lifelessly formulaic songwriting." AllMusic editor Andy Kellman said that "The stand-outs are enough to make for a 45-minute listen that surpasses his previous album, and clearing out the tracks on which Brown's tenor slips from pleading to whining makes it easier to reach them with convenience." Kellman rounded the review off sating that the album was "artistically conservative", and that "There's depth, though it does require sifting.".


title: Heartbreak on a Full Moon

text: Despite being counted for only three days of digital and streaming sales, because of its release in the middle of the chart's tracking week, "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" debuted at number three on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming Brown's ninth consecutive top 10 album on the chart, after selling 68,000 copies and earning 220,000 album-equivalent units within three days. The album was Brown's seventh solo album to debut at number one on the "Billboard" Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. On November 8, 2017, "Heartbreak on a Full Moon" was certified gold by the Recording Industry Association of America for combined sales and album-equivalent units of over 500,000 units in the United States. Brown became the first R&B male artist that went gold in a week since Usher's "Confessions" in 2004. In its second chart week, the album remained at number three on "Billboard 200", with 110,000 copies and earning 280,000 album-equivalent units. In Australia, it entered the ARIA Albums Chart at number five, becoming his first top ten in the nation since "X" in 2014. In the United Kingdom, the album debuted at number 10 on the UK Albums Chart, Brown's sixth non-consecutive top 10 album on the chart. The album was eventually certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for sales of over 60,000 copies in the UK. In New Zealand, the album debuted at number three on the RMNZ Albums Chart, giving Brown his seventh top ten album on the chart. Until June 2018, the album has accumulated over 3 billion streams worldwide.


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: The Rolling Stones, Now! is the third American studio album by English rock band the Rolling Stones, released on 13 February 1965 by their initial American distributor, London Records. Although it contains two previously unissued songs and an alternative version, the album mostly consists of songs released earlier in the United Kingdom, plus the group's recent single in the United States, "Heart of Stone" backed with "What a Shame". Mick Jagger and Keith Richards wrote four of the songs on the album (including the US single), with the balance composed by American rhythm and blues and rock and roll artists.


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: The album reached number five on the "Billboard" 200 album chart and was certified "gold" by the Recording Industry Association of America. The liner notes on initial pressings contained producer Andrew Loog Oldham's advice to the record buying public, which was quickly temporarily removed from some subsequent pressings:


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: In August 2002, "The Rolling Stones, Now!" was reissued in a new remastered CD and SACD digipak by ABKCO Records. This version included stereo mixes of "Heart of Stone", "What a Shame", and "Down the Road Apiece".


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: In a retrospective review, music critic Richie Unterberger gave the album AllMusic's highest rating (5 out of 5 stars). He commented ""Now!" is almost uniformly strong start-to-finish, the emphasis on some of their blackest material. The covers of "Down Home Girl," Bo Diddley's vibrating "Mona," Otis Redding's "Pain in My Heart," and Barbara Lynn's "Oh Baby" are all among the group's best R&B interpretations."


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: The "Rolling Stone" magazine album guide also gave the album 5 out of 5 stars, the highest rating for a pre-"Aftermath" album by the group. It noted ""The Rolling Stones, Now!" is their first consistently great LP, with the mean 'Heart of Stone,' the funky 'Off the Hook,' and the Leiber-Stoller oldie 'Down Home Girl. The magazine also ranked it at number 180 on the list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time.


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: "Now!" was one of the first four rock albums purchased by future music critic Robert Christgau. For Paul Gambaccini's 1978 book "", he included it in his top-10 albums submission at number nine. He also listed it in his "Basic Record Library" of 1950s and 1960s recordings, published in "" (1981). In commentaries on the album, he has called it "classic", "passionate and urgent", and "easily the sharpest of the pre-"Aftermath" Stones LPs".


title: The Rolling Stones, Now!

text: The songs were recorded between 10 June and 8 November 1964 at the Chess Records studio in Chicago, and RCA Records studio in Hollywood, California; except "Mona (I Need You Baby)", 3–4 January 1964, Regent Sound Studios, London.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10

text: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi, Darr Lega Class Aur Dega Trass, is the tenth season of , an Indian reality and stunt television series which was shot in August 2019 and premiered on 22 February 2020, on Colors TV. The series is produced by Endemol Shine India. Filmed in Bulgaria, it is hosted by Rohit Shetty. The season ended on 26 July 2020 with Karishma Tanna declared as the winner and Karan Patel became the 1st runner up. The show's telecast was stopped due to the COVID-19 pandemic from 29 March to 27 June.


title: Fear Factor: Khatron Ke Khiladi 10

text: In its first week, the show was ranked in the second position in the most popular shows in India with Target Rating Point of 8392 impressions as per BARC. The show maintained the second position till the end of 4th week.


title: Talking to the Moon

text: "Talking to the Moon" is a song by American singer-songwriter Bruno Mars from his debut studio album, "Doo-Wops & Hooligans" (2010). The song was first unveiled on Mars's debut extended play, "It's Better If You Don't Understand" (2010), as its last track. It was written by Mars, Philip Lawrence, Ari Levine, Albert Winkler, and Jeff Bhasker, while production was handled by the Smeezingtons in collaboration with Bhasker. "Talking to the Moon" is a pop and R&B power ballad about a failed relationship, solitude, and sadness. Instrumentally, the track relies on drum percussion and piano.


title: Talking to the Moon

text: "Talking to the Moon" received mixed reviews from music critics. Some praised its slow pace and lyrics, while others criticized its overwhelming production. The song was announced as a single only in Brazil, on April 12, 2011, through Warner Music Brasil, following its appearance on the soundtrack of the Brazilian telenovela "Insensato Coração" (2011). The song charted on the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay, where it spent several weeks at number one, and on the "Billboard Brasil" Hot Pop & Popular. It was certified twice platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It was performed during Mars's debut world tour, The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour (2010–2012), on the Hooligans in Wondaland Tour (2011) and during a show on the South American leg of the 24K Magic World Tour (2017–2018).


title: Talking to the Moon

text: "Talking to the Moon" was first recorded by Bruno Mars for his debut EP, "It's Better If You Don't Understand", which was released on May 11, 2010 under Elektra Records. When asked about the lyrical content of the record, Mars stated that "[he] just [writes] songs that [he] strongly believe in and that are coming from inside. There's no tricks. It's honesty with big melodies. And [he is] singing the s*** out of them." During an interview, Mars explained that after writing and producing songs for other artists, he thought that he could write a song for himself. He started writing the lyrics of "Talking to the Moon" while playing the piano. The track was included five months later on his debut studio album, "Doo-Wops & Hooligans", released on October 4, 2010 under the Elektra and Atlantic labels. Mars also recorded an acoustic piano version included on the deluxe edition of the album. Ari Levine described how the song was conceived in an interview for "Sound on Sound":


title: Talking to the Moon

text: "Talking to the Moon" was written by Mars, Philip Lawrence, Levine, Bhasker, and Albert Winkler, and produced by the former three, under their alias, the Smeezingtons, while Bhasker co-produced the song. Levine and Mars played all the instruments on the track and recorded them; Levine was as well responsible for engineering the song at Levcon Studios in California. The mixing of the track was done at Larrabee Sound Studios in Los Angeles by Manny Marroquin, with Christian Plata and Erik Madrid serving as assistants. It was mastered by Stephen Marcussen at Marcussen Mastering in Hollywood, California.


title: Talking to the Moon

text: "Talking to the Moon" is a "soaring" pop and R&B power ballad. It has a stripped-down production, and instrumentation consisting primarily of drums and a piano. According to the digital sheet music, the song was written in the key of C minor and was set in a four-four time signature with a ballad tempo of 73 beats per minute. Mars's vocal range spans from G to C, and the song follows the chord progression E–G–Cm–B–A. Natalie Li from "The Harvard Crimson" felt the song has an "electro twist". Sasha Frere-Jones wrote for "The New Yorker" that the single relies on a "gorgeous wall of backing harmony".


title: Talking to the Moon

text: The song's lyrics describe feelings of loneliness, loss, and hope in the chorus: "Talking to the moon/Try to get to you/In hopes you're on the other side/Talking to me, too". As the song continues, it shows the singer's vulnerable side with soft, sincere lyrics about a lost love that has now gone, according to Alex Young of "Consequence of Sound". "Pittsburgh Post-Gazette"s Scott Mervis described Mars's vocals on the track as "yearning". Sherri Thornhill of Yahoo!, believed the lyrics reveal the singer's hope that "his former flame is talking to the moon just as he is." A similar opinion was shared by "Seattle Post-Intelligencer"s Tyrone Reid, noticing Mars "waxing poetic about love and longing".


title: Talking to the Moon

text: The song received mixed reviews from music critics. Alex Young of "Consequence of Sound" gave the song a positive review writing that the song "may be the best of this collection [album]", adding that "this track is primed for radio; a soft, sincere piano-driven song about a lost love that has now gone [...] belts the vulnerable Mars." Yahoo!'s music critic, Sherri Thornhill, praised the song, calling it a "beauty" and "relatable", since the lyrics show the "heartbroken lover['s]" wish that his former lover is doing the same as he is – talking to the moon. The "Seattle Post-Intelligencer"s reviewer, Tyrone S. Reid, considered the song "beautifully written, waxing poetic about love and longing – a forte that the singer employs with great results in his work." Leah Greenblatt of "Entertainment Weekly" called "Talking to the Moon" "woebegone", adding that "a malt-shop heart beats beneath [its] digital skin". Emily Yang of "The Signal" stated that Mars "focuses on the slow pace of the drums and piano to convey his sorrow. He sings of loneliness which is almost palpable in the chorus."


title: Talking to the Moon

text: On the other hand, Bill Lamb of About.com wrote that it "is possibly the weakest track simply because the heavy production threatens to overwhelm the centerpiece of Bruno Mars' singing because it is a big power jazz ballad that would work well from the stage." In the same vein, Mike Diver of BBC Music considered the song "a ballad devoid of detectable emotion". The same perspective was replicated by Jamie Milton from musicOMH, who called it a "over-sentimental ballad". "The Scotsman" compared "Talking to the Moon" to the "Gary Barlow stirring-yet-banal mould", dubbing it "a slowed-down, doleful version of "Billionaire" (2011).


title: Talking to the Moon

text: Following the track's inclusion on the soundtrack of "Insensato Coração", which generated most of the song's success Warner Music Brasil decided to release it as an official single in Brazil on April 12, 2011. After its release, "Talking to the Moon" charted on two Brazilian charts – "Billboard Brasil" Hot Pop & Popular and the Brasil Hot 100 Airplay with it reaching the top position in both cases. The song spent nine weeks at number one on the latter chart, while it topped the former chart for 22 weeks. It became the fourth song with the most weeks spent at the top of "Billboard Brasil" Hot Pop & Popular and on Brasil Hot 100 Airplay it ranked seventh with the most weeks at number one as of 2012. In 2017, "Talking to the Moon" debuted on the Japan Hot 100 at number 45. In April 2021, the song received a resurgence on the video-sharing app TikTok, which it led to enter various charts, such as Australia and Switzerland. "Talking to the Moon" was certified two times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) and gold by IFPI Denmark.


title: Talking to the Moon

text: The song was used on the soundtrack of Brazilian telenovela "Insensato Coração". It was also used in the movie, "", with it being as well included on the movie soundtrack as a bonus song. An acoustic piano version of "Talking to the Moon" was included on the charity compilation album, "Songs for Japan", released on March 25, 2011. "Talking to the Moon" was featured in the movie "Think Like a Man", released in 2012, where the song was attributed to Mars in the final credits. In 2020, American R&B band Michelle and American singer Catie Turner covered "Talking to the Moon", in different instances, as part of the tenth anniversary of Mars's debut album. It was the fourteenth song on the set list of his debut world tour, The Doo-Wops & Hooligans Tour (2010–2012) and was also, sometimes, sung as an encore on the Hooligans in Wondaland Tour (2011). It was also performed during a show on the South American leg of the 24K Magic World Tour (2017–2018). In 2021, Gambian-born rapper Jnr Choi single "To the Moon", featuring British singer-songwriter Sam Tompkins, sampled the song.


title: William Novak

text: William Novak (born 1948) is a Canadian–American author who has co-written or ghostwritten numerous celebrity memoirs for people including Lee Iacocca, Nancy Reagan, and Magic Johnson. He is also the editor, with Moshe Waldoks, of "The Big Book of Jewish Humor". He has also written several "private" books, which he described in a 2015 essay for


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: Agnes Bruckner is an American actress and former model. She began acting in television in the late 1990s and has since appeared in several films, including "The Woods", "Blue Car", "Murder by Numbers", "Blood and Chocolate", "The Anna Nicole Story", "The 11th Green", and "Private Practice".


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: Bruckner was born in Los Angeles, California to a Hungarian father and a Russian mother who have since divorced; her grandfather is German. Her parents met in Hungary and emigrated to the U.S. in 1984 through a refugee camp in Italy. She has two sisters and a brother.


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: Bruckner speaks some Russian and is fluent in Hungarian, having spoken that language since birth. She had studied dance, ballet, and tap since the age of five, intending a career as a dancer. At the age of eight, Bruckner appeared in a beauty pageant while working as a child model at the suggestion of her mother. Bruckner was raised in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles until age five, then in Portland, Oregon until age ten, when her family moved to Burbank for her to pursue an acting career in Los Angeles.


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: Bruckner began her career at age 11. She appeared in commercials, in a few television pilots, and on the daytime soap opera "The Bold and the Beautiful" as Bridget Forrester from 1997 to 1999. At the age of 15, Bruckner got her first lead role in the independent film "Blue Car" (2002), in which she played a high school student involved in an affair with her teacher, played by David Strathairn. Film critic Roger Ebert wrote that Bruckner "negotiates this difficult script with complete conviction." Bruckner received an Independent Spirit Award nomination for "Best Female Lead" for the role.


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: In the 2000s, other minor roles in television and film followed, including roles in the thrillers "The Glass House" (2001) and the Sandra Bullock vehicle "Murder by Numbers" (2002). Bruckner has appeared in episodes of the television series "24" and "Alias". She starred in the horror films "Venom" (2005) and "The Woods" (2006). Also in 2006, she appeared in the drama "Peaceful Warrior" opposite Scott Mechlowicz and received a ShoWest Female Star of Tomorrow Award and played the lead role in "Dreamland".


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: In 2007, Bruckner appeared in the horror/romance film "Blood and Chocolate" and later "Say Hello to Stan Talmadge" (2008), "Kill Theory" (2008), "" (2009), and "The Craigslist Killer" (2011).


title: Agnes Bruckner

text: On October 3, 2012, Bruckner was cast to play Anna Nicole Smith in a Lifetime original movie "The Anna Nicole Story". In 2020, Bruckner played the female lead in ‘’The 11th Green’’.


title: Gavroche

text: Gavroche () is a fictional character in the 1862 novel "Les Misérables" by Victor Hugo. He is a boy who lives on the streets of Paris. His name has become a synonym for an urchin or street child. Gavroche plays a short yet significant role in the many adaptations of "Les Misérables", sharing the populist ideology of the Friends of the ABC and joining the revolutionaries in the June 1832 rebellion. He figures in the 3rd, 4th, and 5th parts of the novel.


title: Gavroche

text: Gavroche is the eldest son of Monsieur and Madame Thénardier. He has two older sisters, Éponine and Azelma, and two unnamed younger brothers. Hugo never provides his given name but says Gavroche has chosen his own name. His parents show him no affection and send him to live in the street, where he is better off than at home.


title: Gavroche

text: Due to a freak accident, the two boys are separated from Magnon without identification, and encounter Gavroche purely by chance. They are unaware of their identities, but Gavroche invites them to live with him and takes care of them. They reside in the hollow cavity of a giant elephant statue, the Elephant of the Bastille conceived by Napoleon as a fountain, but abandoned unfinished. This was no imaginary construction; located at the Place de la Bastille, it had been designed by Jean-Antoine Alavoine. The two boys soon leave him the next morning. They are last seen at the Luxembourg Garden retrieving and eating discarded bread from a fountain. It is unknown what has happened to the two after that.


title: Gavroche

text: At dawn, Gavroche helps his father, Patron-Minette and Brujon escape from prison due to the request of Montparnasse.


title: Gavroche

text: During the student uprising of June 5–6, 1832, Gavroche joins the revolutionaries at the barricade. After an exchange of gunfire with the National Guards, Gavroche overhears Enjolras remark that they are running out of cartridges. He decides he can help. He goes through an opening in the barricade and collects the cartridges from the dead bodies of the National Guard. In the process of collecting the cartridges and singing a song, he is shot and killed.


title: Gavroche

text: The character of Gavroche may have been inspired by a figure in Eugène Delacroix's painting "Liberty Leading the People", which depicts the successful 1830 July Revolution, two years before the events described in the novel. The painting depicts revolutionaries advancing from a barricade over the bodies of government troops. A young boy waving pistols leads the way, beside the figure of Liberty herself carrying the "tricolore". The boy carries a cartridge box over his shoulder. The painting, commissioned by the new government, was taken down in 1832 after the June Rebellion described in the novel because of its revolutionary message. Champfleury wrote in August 1848 that it had been "hidden in an attic for being too revolutionary". According to Albert Boime, "after the uprising at the funeral of Lamarque in June 1832 it was never again openly displayed for fear of setting a bad example".


title: Gavroche

text: Gavroche's death can also remind of the death of Joseph Agricol Viala, a child hero of the French Revolution. Like Gavroche, he was killed while adventuring himself on open terrain between two fighting forces in order to accomplish a non-hostile yet essential action for his faction.


title: Gavroche

text: Mario Vargas Llosa calls Gavroche "one of the most appealing and tender characters in fiction", who, despite his relatively small role in the novel, "brings a breath of happiness and humanity a love of life, wit, goodness, and courage in the face of adversity. His purity of spirit is strengthened rather than diminished by poverty, homelessness, and injustice." Where other characters are hardened by experience, Gavroche lives by his wits and shows kindness to everyone he encounters. In his view, as Javert embodies rigor and order, Gavroche represents the unruly, eccentric, and imaginative.


title: Gavroche

text: Victor Brombert sees Gavroche as the embodiment of Hugo's themes of "the political implications of popular speech and popular laughter. The people of Paris are like this irrepressible child, with a "grim love of freedom and courage" but still in need of education and political formation."


title: Gavroche

text: John Frey says that Gavroche possesses "a Gallic spirit (l'esprit gaulois), unknown to the more serious child outcasts found in the novels of Charles Dickens, little Joe, for example, in "Bleak House"". In other words, Gavroche is cheerful and resourceful rather than a victim. According to Frey, because of his basic honesty and "good will" he would never be suspected of being a member of the Thénardier clan, and unlike the only other positive Thénardier, Éponine, he is not compromised by continuing to act as a member of the family. Notably however, the creators of the 1980 musical adaptation were inspired to think of Gavroche, and ultimately to create the musical, when watching a London production of "Oliver!" after Dickens' similar character of The Artful Dodger appeared on stage.


title: Gavroche

text: The words of the song sung by Gavroche before his death are a parody of conservative views about the French Revolution: blaming all alleged modern social and moral ills on the influence of Voltaire and Rousseau. Gavroche sings "Joie est mon caractère / C'est la faute à Voltaire / Misère est mon trousseau / C'est la faute à Rousseau." (I have a cheerful character / It's Voltaire's fault / Misery is my bridal gown / It's Rousseau's fault).


title: Gavroche

text: Argot is the slang used by thieves, criminals, and others who live in the streets. Victor Hugo was one of the first to note the slang and write it down. He uses the character of Gavroche to introduce the concept of argot to the reader. Hugo devotes a lengthy chapter to importance of argot to the evolution of language in order to defend the extensive use he makes of it.


title: Gavroche

text: Since the original publication of "Les Misérables" in 1862, the character of Gavroche has been in a large number of adaptations in numerous types of media based on the novel, including books, films, musicals, plays, and games.


title: Gavroche

text: French songwriter Alain Boublil had the idea to adapt Victor Hugo's novel into a musical while at a performance of the musical "Oliver!" in London:


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: On 28 August 2019, the Parliament of the United Kingdom was ordered to be prorogued by Queen Elizabeth II upon the advice of the Conservative prime minister, Boris Johnson, advice later ruled to be unlawful. The prorogation, or suspension, of Parliament was to be effective from between 9 and 12 September 2019 and last until the State Opening of Parliament on 14 October 2019; in the event, Parliament was suspended between 10 September and 24 September. Since Parliament was to be prorogued for five weeks and reconvene just 17 days before the United Kingdom's scheduled departure from the European Union on 31 October 2019, the move was seen by many opposition politicians and political commentators as a controversial and unconstitutional attempt by the prime minister to avoid parliamentary scrutiny of the Government's Brexit plans in those final weeks leading up to Brexit (withdrawal of the UK from the European Union). Johnson and his Government defended the prorogation of Parliament as a routine political process that ordinarily follows the selection of a new prime minister and would allow the Government to refocus on a legislative agenda.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: In early September 2019, judges in the High Court of Justice, and the Outer House of the Court of Session—the English and Scottish civil courts of first instance—ruled that the matter was not subject to judicial review as it was a political decision; an appeal in the latter case to the Inner House of the Court of Session—Scotland's supreme civil court—overturned the Outer House verdict and ruled the prorogation was justiciable and unlawful. To resolve the differences of opinion between the courts, both cases were appealed to the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom which, on 24 September, ruled unanimously in "R (Miller) v The Prime Minister" and "Cherry v Advocate General for Scotland" that the prorogation was both justiciable and unlawful; consequently, the Order in Council ordering prorogation was quashed, and the prorogation was deemed "null and of no [legal] effect". When Parliament resumed on the following day, the prorogation ceremony was expunged from the Journal of the House of Commons and business continued as if the ceremony had never happened. A second much shorter prorogation, this time for six days, began on 8 October.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Prorogation is a political process which marks the end of a parliamentary session, and also refers to the time between the end of one parliamentary session and the start of another. During prorogation, neither Parliament nor its committees sit, and all motions, unanswered questions, and bills not yet assented to automatically lapse, unless a so-called "carry-over motion" allows for the business to be resumed in the next session. Prorogation is a power under the royal prerogative and is ordered by the King-in-Council; that is, the King under advice of the Privy Council. Prorogation takes effect when a royal proclamation which orders the prorogation is read to both Houses of Parliament; at that point, Parliament does not meet again until the State Opening of Parliament some days later. It is distinct from adjournment and recess, which are short breaks that do not halt all parliamentary business, and dissolution, which disperses Parliament in advance of a general election. Since 1854, prorogation has been undertaken by the Lords Commissioners in lieu of the Sovereign.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Historically, the prorogation of Parliament was the norm; the monarch would typically only summon Parliament to approve royal taxes and summarily prorogue the body again. Prorogation was also used as a royal tactic to avoid parliamentary scrutiny; Elizabeth I suspended Parliament in 1578 to prevent public debate of her courtship with Francis, Duke of Anjou. The turning point came in the prelude to the English Civil War, when Charles I prorogued his third Parliament. Parliament objected to royal imposition of taxes and issued the Petition of Right in response to the King's actions. When then-Speaker of the House of Commons, John Finch, announced the end of the session, incensed MPs sat on Finch, which momentarily prevented the closure of Parliament until the Commons passed several motions which condemned the King's abuse of power. After Parliament was prorogued, Charles I ruled on his own for eleven years—and even attempted to close down the Parliament of Scotland in 1638—and only recalled Parliament in 1640 to pass more taxes. The second sitting of Parliament that year—the famous Long Parliament—passed legislation which prevented its prorogation or dissolution without its consent. In the event, it sat undissolved for another twenty years throughout the English Civil War, Interregnum, and Restoration, despite Pride's Purge in 1648 which created the Rump Parliament and Oliver Cromwell's expulsion of the Long Parliament and convocation of an alternative assembly in 1653.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Although prorogation is typically uncontroversial, there have been several noteworthy prorogations during major political disputes. In 1774, upon the advice of Lord North, George III prorogued Parliament after the passage of the Quebec Act, one of the triggers of the American Revolution; in 1831, peers took umbrage to William IV's prorogation of Parliament after the Commons defeated the First Reform Bill which sought to expand the franchise; in 1948, Clement Attlee called a short "pro forma" session of Parliament, which was prorogued after ten days, to hasten the passage of the Parliament Act 1949; and in 1997, John Major advised an early prorogation prior to the general election in May, at the height of the cash-for-questions affair.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: The most controversial prorogation of recent times took place in 2008 in Canada; Stephen Harper, the prime minister and leader of the minority Conservative government, advised the governor general, Michaëlle Jean, to prorogue Parliament prior to the budget. At the time, the Liberal and New Democratic parties planned to form an alternative government with the support of the Bloc Québécois; prorogation postponed the motion of no confidence in Harper's government and by the time Parliament sat again, the agreement between the opposition parties fell apart and Harper remained in office. Harper controversially advised Jean to prorogue Parliament again in late 2009, until after the 2010 Winter Olympics; at the time, Harper was under heavy scrutiny for his role in the Afghan detainee affair. A similar crisis that concerned the use of royal powers to break parliamentary deadlock took place in Australia in 1975; the prime minister, Gough Whitlam, was controversially dismissed by the governor-general, John Kerr, and replaced by the leader of the Opposition, Malcolm Fraser, who commanded a majority in the Senate. The House of Representatives, controlled by the Australian Labor Party, passed a motion of no confidence in Fraser, but was unable to reinstall Whitlam before Kerr dissolved Parliament in advance of a federal election.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Proposals of prorogation first surfaced in early 2019. At the time, the parliamentary session had been ongoing since 13 June 2017, several days after a general election which saw the governing Conservative Party, then led by Theresa May, lose its majority. Prior to 2010, parliamentary sessions typically started in October and ended in September; general elections would shorten the preceding session and lengthen the following. After the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011—which abrogated the similar royal power to dissolve Parliament—passed into law, the regular start of the parliamentary calendar moved to coincide with elections in May. In June 2017, the Government announced the imminent parliamentary session would last for two years, to allow for greater parliamentary scrutiny of Brexit and the repeal or amendment of the corpus of European law which would no longer have effect upon the United Kingdom's departure from the European Union. On 7 May 2019, the 2017–19 Parliament became the longest parliamentary session since the Long Parliament four centuries prior.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: After the Brexit withdrawal agreement negotiated by the Government was rejected by Parliament in the so-called "meaningful vote", prorogation was seen as an option for the Government to bring the agreement back for another vote; "", which conventionally codifies parliamentary practice, states "matters already decided" cannot be brought back during a parliamentary session if they were already rejected on a substantive basis. The Speaker of the House of Commons, John Bercow, allowed a second vote on the agreement on 12 March 2019, which was rejected with a reduced majority. On 18 March, Bercow said any motion to approve the withdrawal agreement for a vote must not be "substantially the same", and on 27 March, re-iterated his warning to the Government. A third "meaningful vote" on the withdrawal agreement, which did not include the "political declaration" on future EU–UK relations, was lost by the Government on 29 March 2019.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Contemporaneously, the United Kingdom's withdrawal from the European Union, previously scheduled for 29 March 2019, was delayed to 12 April 2019. Proponents of leaving the European Union without a deal suggested prorogation as a method to ensure such a departure; the United Kingdom's withdrawal remains the legal default with or without a negotiated withdrawal agreement, and the prorogation of Parliament would prevent legislation to either ratify the agreement, seek an extension to Brexit negotiations, or revoke the invocation of Article 50 of the Treaty on European Union. Prorogation would also prevent a motion of no confidence or a motion to trigger an early general election. After persistent rumours of this course of action, despite Parliament's explicit rejection of a "no-deal" scenario, opposition MPs took control of the legislative calendar and passed the European Union (Withdrawal) Act 2019, also known as the "Cooper–Letwin Bill", which mandated the Government to seek a longer extension to Brexit negotiations. A subsequent agreement with the European Council delayed Brexit once again to 31 October 2019 and mandated elections to the European Parliament.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Following the European elections, in which the Conservatives finished fifth behind the Brexit Party, Liberal Democrats, Labour Party and Green Party, Theresa May announced her intention to resign as prime minister after a new Conservative leader was elected in July. In the interim period, opposition MPs asked whether a new prime minister would use prorogation to reduce parliamentary scrutiny of the Government's Brexit policy, which the Government did not rule out. In response, Bercow said from the chair that "Parliament will not be evacuated from the centre stage of the decision-making process on this important matter"; he further said such a statement was "so blindly obvious so as not to need stating" but was dismayed by the fact it needed to be said.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Boris Johnson, an outspoken critic of the withdrawal agreement, was subsequently elected Conservative leader on 23 July 2019 and became prime minister on the following day. As part of his strategy to ensure, "do or die", the UK's withdrawal from the EU on 31 October 2019, Johnson's campaign team and political commentators saw prorogation as a viable method to effect the policy. On 18 July, Johnson's imminent victory led opposition MPs to successfully amend the Northern Ireland (Executive Formation etc) Bill to make prorogation during late October functionally impossible; the Act requires the Government to lay reports before Parliament, which would then sit to debate them even during the body's suspension. On 25 July, the newly appointed Leader of the House of Commons, Jacob Rees-Mogg, who also intimated the possibility of prorogation when he was a backbencher, said the Government viewed prorogation for political purposes as an "archaic mechanism" which was now his view due to collective ministerial responsibility would not be used.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: During the summer recess, prorogation was still seen as a likely prospect. At the Edinburgh Festival Fringe, Bercow said he would "fight with every breath in [his] body" to prevent the suspension of Parliament, as he believed Parliament's right to sit and debate was sacrosanct. On 27 August 2019, over 150 cross-party opposition MPs signed the Church House Declaration—named after the Headquarters of the Church of England and former temporary parliamentary chamber near Parliament—and pledged to "do whatever is necessary" to prevent Parliament being prorogued. Opposition MPs also mooted the traditional conference season recess; in 2019, the conference season started with the Liberal Democrat conference, which began on 14 September, and ends with the closure of Conservative conference on 2 October.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: In the week ending 24 August 2019, it was reported that within the previous 10 days Johnson had asked the attorney general, Geoffrey Cox, for legal advice on the matter of prorogation, tentatively scheduled for between the return of Parliament on 3 September and the European Council meeting on 17 October. On 28 August, Jacob Rees-Mogg, in the role of Lord President of the Council, convened a small Privy Council meeting with Mark Spencer as Chief Whip, Baroness Evans of Bowes Park as Leader of the House of Lords and the Queen whilst she was in residence at Balmoral Castle. The Queen gave her consent to prorogation, to start on the week beginning 9 September, and end with the State Opening of Parliament on 14 October.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Such a long prorogation was seen as unprecedented; since 1979, Parliament has not been prorogued for more than three weeks, and is typically prorogued for less than a week, as opposed to the five-week prorogation requested by the Government. Bercow described the prorogation as a "constitutional outrage" designed to "stop MPs debating Brexit". Opposition politicians stated their opposition to prorogation: First Minister of Scotland Nicola Sturgeon (SNP) described Johnson's actions as like a "tin-pot dictator"; First Minister of Wales Mark Drakeford (Labour) said Johnson wanted to "close the doors" on democracy; and Liberal Democrat leader Jo Swinson called prorogation a "dangerous and unacceptable course of action". Supporters of the Government defended the prorogation; Conservative chairman James Cleverly described the prorogation of Parliament followed by a Queen's Speech as something "all new governments do", President of the United States Donald Trump congratulated Johnson, via Twitter, for preventing a motion of no confidence, and former First Minister of Northern Ireland Arlene Foster (DUP) welcomed prorogation as an opportunity to review and renegotiate the confidence and supply agreement her party entered into with the Government. Within hours of the announcement, impromptu protests took place in major cities; a demonstration to "stop the coup" outside Parliament claimed an attendance of several thousand.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Upon Parliament's return on 3 September 2019, Conservative MP and "no-deal" opponent Oliver Letwin made an emergency motion to introduce a bill which sought to delay Brexit past 31 October. The motion would allow backbench control of the timetable for 4 September to pass, in one day, what would become the European Union (Withdrawal) (No. 2) Act 2019. Letwin was successful due to the rebellion of 21 Conservative MPs who were subsequently suspended from the party; coupled with the defection of Phillip Lee to the Liberal Democrats, Johnson lost his working majority on his second day in Parliament as prime minister. The Government then attempted to filibuster the bill in the House of Lords to prevent the bill's passage before prorogation; the Government later discontinued the filibuster and allowed the bill to pass the Lords on 6 September, and subsequently receive Royal Assent on 9 September.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Following the bill's passage into law, Johnson reiterated his commitment to ensure the UK's withdrawal from the EU took place on 31 October; this sparked speculation he could be imprisoned for contempt of court or otherwise removed from office for failing to uphold the law. The Government also attempted twice to trigger an early general election, on 6 September and 9 September; both attempts failed, as opposition parties refused to support a motion on the basis it would dissolve Parliament and similarly make it unable to prevent a no-deal Brexit. On 9 September 2019, the House of Commons voted 311–302 for a humble address for a return to force the Government to turn over, within 48 hours, all communications within the Prime Minister's Office related to prorogation as well as publish all documents related to no-deal preparations under Operation Yellowhammer. In Westminster Hall, MPs debated two e-petitions: one supported prorogation and garnered 100,000 signatures before being closed; and one opposed prorogation and garnered signatures in several weeks. On the same day, Bercow announced his resignation as Speaker, effective 31 October 2019, amidst speculation the Conservatives would break the tradition of not standing against the Speaker at the next general election; his resignation beforehand triggered a speakership election in which the Government would find it difficult to install a friendlier Speaker.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Parliament was ostensibly prorogued shortly before local time on 10 September 2019, when Sarah Clarke, Lady Usher of the Black Rod, entered the Commons chamber to signal the start of the formal ceremony amidst shouts of protest from the opposition benches. Bercow, who was then surrounded by opposition MPs who held makeshift signs that read "silenced", said that the intended prorogation "represents not just in the minds of many colleagues, but to huge numbers of people outside, an act of executive fiat" before he departed to the House of Lords for the ceremony. As many Conservative MPs followed him out of the chamber, many in opposition heckled the Government with chants of "shame on you". The ceremony in the Lords was boycotted by opposition peers; this included the Labour and Liberal Democrat leaders in the Lords, Baroness Smith of Basildon and Lord Newby, and caused the procedure to be performed with only three of the Lords Commissioners instead of the usual five. There were only sixteen peers in attendance: thirteen Conservatives, two crossbenchers and one Lord Spiritual. The session closed minutes later; upon his return to the Commons chamber alone, Bercow was cheered by opposition MPs before he read the notice of prorogation, later declared to be void.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: The ostensible prorogation was said at the time to have brought an end to a parliamentary session that had sat for 341 days. Fifty-two bills had passed into law; this included eight Brexit-related bills, six budgetary bills, and nine bills related to the collapse of the Northern Ireland Executive in 2017. At the time it was thought that three bills were carried over into the next session, whereas twelve government bills were not carried over. Notable bills that were said to be dropped as a result of prorogation included a Trade Bill, which was due for "ping-pong" and ineligible to be carried over; a Fisheries Bill; and bills concerned with animal cruelty, divorce, and domestic violence. The supposed prorogation also cancelled a meeting between Johnson and members of the Liaison Committee that was scheduled for 11 September.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: During the parliamentary recess in August, a group of 78 parliamentarians, led by SNP justice spokeswoman Joanna Cherry and Brexit opponent Jolyon Maugham , made an application for judicial review to the Outer House of Scotland's highest court, the Court of Session in Edinburgh. The litigants sought a ruling that prorogation to avoid parliamentary scrutiny would be unconstitutional and unlawful; the hearing was expedited to 6 September.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: Immediately after the announcement of prorogation on 28 August, Cherry applied to the court for an interim interdict to prevent prorogation until the case could be heard; on the same day, Gina Miller, who previously defeated the Government on the use of the royal prerogative in "R (Miller) v Secretary of State for Exiting the European Union", made an urgent application for judicial review of the use of prerogative powers at the High Court of Justice for England and Wales in London, and victims' rights activist Raymond McCord made an application at the High Court of Northern Ireland in Belfast which alleged breaches of the Good Friday Agreement. On 30 August, Lord Doherty refused the request in the Scottish case for an interdict as he was not satisfied there was a "cogent need" for one.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: During the Court of Session hearings on 3 September, the court heard evidence Johnson had approved negotiations with the Palace on 15 August 2019, by way of signing a handwritten note to his special adviser Nikki da Costa and Dominic Cummings, and made comments about the short sitting of parliament in September being a "rigmarole" to show MPs were "earning their crust". Aiden O'Neill , who represented the petitioners at the Court of Session, argued this proved the Government misled the court when they described the issue of prorogation as an academic one. During the proceedings, the Government offered no sworn witness statements which testified to the reasons for prorogation; legal commentator David Allen Green likened the lack of such a statement to Sherlock Holmes's famous quote about "the curious incident of the dog in the night-time".


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: On 4 September, Doherty ruled in the first instance that the matter was non-justiciable; the case was immediately appealed to the Inner House of the Court of Session. Doherty's opinion was shared by the High Court of Justice, who rejected Miller's case on 6 September as non-justiciable. The High Court of Northern Ireland did not rule on the aspect of prorogation in McCord's case—as the English and Scottish courts had already ruled on the matter—and found the other aspects on his cases non-justiciable on 12 September. On 11 September, the three-judge appellate panel at the Court of Session, consisting of Lords Carloway (Lord President), Brodie, and Drummond Young, unanimously found the prorogation was unlawful. The court found Johnson was motivated by "the improper purpose of stymieing Parliament" and had effectively "misled the Queen", and as a result, declared the royal proclamation as "null and of no effect". To resolve the fundamental differences in the verdicts from England and Scotland's senior courts, both the "Miller" and "Cherry" cases were appealed to the Supreme Court.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: After the Scottish judgement was announced, opposition MPs demanded Parliament be immediately recalled that afternoon and some MPs returned to the empty chamber in protest. At the same time, 10 Downing Street reportedly said the petitioners had "chosen the Scottish courts for a reason". The statement evoked the "Enemies of the People" newspaper headline after the government lost the 2016 Miller case, and the subsequent controversy over then-Lord Chancellor Liz Truss's apparent failure to defend the independence of the judiciary. In response, incumbent Lord Chancellor Robert Buckland —who several days previously met Johnson to encourage him to not breach the Article 50 extension law—responded in defence of the judiciary, and the Prime Minister's Office made a subsequent statement which defended the impartiality of the judges. That evening, Kwasi Kwarteng, a senior minister in the government, reopened the controversy on "The Andrew Neil Show" when he told Neil "many people are saying that the judges are biased".


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: That same evening, just before the deadline set by Parliament for the Government to comply with the 9 September humble address, the Government published a summary of the Operation Yellowhammer documents, but refused to publish the full documents or release the prorogation correspondence, on the grounds that doing so would violate the legal right to privacy which civil servants enjoy. Refusal to conform with a humble address, which is binding, risks the Government being found in contempt of Parliament for the second time within a year; in the first instance, Parliament voted in December 2018 that legal professional privilege was not a defence to a charge of contempt, in relation to the Government's initial refusal to disclose the full legal advice it received on the withdrawal agreement.


title: 2019 British prorogation controversy

text: The partial release of the Yellowhammer documents, which detailed possible disruption to the supply of food, fuel, and medicine as a result of a no-deal Brexit, led to renewed calls from the opposition for Parliament on 12 September to be immediately recalled. At the same time, Johnson was scrutinised with regard to the Court of Session finding he had misled the Queen; he denied lying to the Queen and said the High Court of Justice corroborated his belief. On the same day, former Conservative attorney general Dominic Grieve said that if the Supreme Court found the Government had misled the Queen, it would represent a "very serious" breach of the relationship between the Queen and her prime minister, and Johnson would be forced to "very swiftly" resign as a matter of constitutional principle. On 15 September, the "Mail on Sunday" reported that Cummings, in a meeting with other governmental special advisors, had suggested a second prorogation if the Supreme Court declared the first prorogation unlawful; the Prime Minister's Office confirmed the accuracy of the story and said the comment was "clearly made as a joke".