title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Star Troupe tends to be the home of Takarazuka's stars. They, along with Flower Troupe, have very strong players. In recent years, many of the company's prominent have also originated from Star Troupe, such as Hana Hizuki, Shizuku Hazakura, and Yuki Aono.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Cosmos, the newest troupe, is less traditional and more experimental. When it was first formed, it culled talent from the other troupes. The Cosmos style is influenced by performers like Asato Shizuki, the founding top star; Yōka Wao and Mari Hanafusa, the "Golden Combi" who headed the troupe for six of its first eight years. Cosmos were the first troupe to perform "Phantom" and to have a Broadway composer (Frank Wildhorn) write their musical score. Most of the in this troupe are above tall (the most notable is Hiro Yuumi, the tallest in the company since she joined in 1997 until her retirement in 2013). While it had a troupe-born actress become top back in 2006 with Asuka Toono, it was not until 2014 that an actress originating from this troupe became an top star: Seina Sagiri, the former top star of Snow Troupe (2014–2017).


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: While the majority of Takarazuka works are written "in house" by members of the creative staff, they are often adapted from Western classic musicals, operas, plays, novels or films:


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Stories based in Japan and modeled on historical accounts or traditional tales, are often referred to as or, less frequently, . Among the most common of these adapted to the Takarazuka stage is "The Tale of Genji".


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Popular manga series have often shaped Takarazuka, such as in the case of Riyoko Ikeda's "The Rose of Versailles". Other manga adaptations include "The Window of Orpheus", also by Ikeda, Osamu Tezuka's "Black Jack" and "Phoenix", and Yasuko Aoike's "El Halcón".


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Recent examples of works adapted from Japanese novels or short stories include Moon Troupe's , based upon the short story by Ryōtarō Shiba, and Flower Troupe's , based upon the Kogoro Akechi story by Edogawa Rampo.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: In 2009, Takarazuka Revue performed two shows based on an adaptation of Capcom's video game series "Phoenix Wright". They took the stage in January 2013 to represent the courtroom game again with the production titled "Prosecutor Miles Edgeworth: Ace Attorney 3". In June 2013, the Revue would debut at Tokyo's Tokyu Theatre Orb an adaptation of another Capcom video game, , done by the Flower Troupe. This focused on character Yukimura Sanada, played by Tomu Ranju, the same actress who had taken the role of Phoenix Wright prior to becoming a top star.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: In 2017, the Flower Troupe performed a stage adaptation of the (girls') manga series "", and performed it again in 2020. In 2019, the Flower Troupe also performed a stage adaptation of the manga series "Boys Over Flowers". In August 2022, the Cosmos Troupe are set to perform a stage adaptation of the series High & Low in collaboration with LDH.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Among works adapted from other Asian sources is the Beijing opera "The Hegemon-King Bids His Concubine Farewell", detailing the romance between General Xiang Yu and his lover Madam Yu.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Musicals have also been performed throughout the years based upon people and events in American, European, and Asian history. Among the more recognizable of these biographical adaptations are "Last Party: S. Fitzgerald's Last Day", about F. Scott Fitzgerald; "Valentino", about Rudolph Valentino; "Dean", about James Dean; and "Saint-Exupéry: The Pilot Who Became "The Little Prince"", about Antoine de Saint-Exupéry.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Finally, original stories round out Takarazuka fare, including musicals such as "Boxman" by Cosmos Troupe, "Too Short a Time to Fall in Love" performed by Star and Moon Troupes, and "Silver Wolf" by Moon and Snow Troupes.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Takarazuka has occasionally worked with notable writers, composers, and choreographers to create original content for the revue. In 1993, Tommy Tune wrote, directed and choreographed the revue "Broadway Boys" to accompany Moon Troupe's rendition of "Grand Hotel". In 2006, Takarazuka worked with Frank Wildhorn, musical writer and composer of "Jekyll & Hyde" and "The Scarlet Pimpernel", to create "Never Say Goodbye" for Cosmos Troupe. In 2019, Takarazuka worked with Dove Attia, music producer of and , to compose "Casanova" for Flower Troupe.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The gender-neutral terms (upperclassmen) and (lowerclassmen) are used to distinguish senior and junior members of Takarazuka. Lowerclassmen are the actresses who have been performers in Takarazuka for less than seven years. They are employees of the company, and usually work as background dancers and in (performances exclusively for underclassmen). After the seventh year they become upperclassmen, and negotiate contracts with the company instead of being employed by it.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Women make up the primary audience of Takarazuka; in fact, some estimates say the audience is 90 percent female. There exist two primary theories as to what draws these women to Takarazuka. These theories, put forward by Western scholars, complement each other, drawing on the traditional homoerotic elements of Japanese performing arts, and the ancient subversive nature of the feminine in Japan. One is that the women are drawn to its inherent lesbian overtones. One author states, "It was not masculine sexuality which attracted the Japanese girl audience but it was feminine eroticism". Another theory is that the girls are not drawn to the implicit sexuality of Takarazuka, but instead are fascinated by the (the women who play male roles) "getting away with a male performance of power and freedom".


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Favoring the first theory, American Jennifer Robertson observes that lesbian themes occur in every Takarazuka performance, simply by virtue of the fact that women play every role. The audience clearly picks up on it and responds. Within the first ten years of Takarazuka's founding, the audience was vocally responding to the apparent lesbianism. Female fans wrote love letters to the . In 1921 these letters were published and several years later newspapers and the public rallied a cry against Takarazuka, claiming it was quickly becoming a "symbol of abnormal love". In order to combat this, the producers kept its actresses in strict living conditions; they were no longer allowed to associate with their fans. Robertson mentions a phenomenon of "S" or "Class S" love, a particular style of love wherein women who have been influenced by Takarazuka return to their daily lives feeling free to develop crushes on their female classmates or coworkers. This type of romance is typically fleeting and is seen in Japanese society as more of a phase in growing up rather than "true" homosexuality. Robertson sums up her theory thus: "Many [women] are attracted to the Takarazuka because she represents an exemplary female who can negotiate successfully both genders and their attendant roles and domains."


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The other theory, supported by Canadian Erica Abbitt, is that the female audience of Takarazuka is drawn not exclusively by lesbian overtones, but rather by the subversion of stereotypical gender roles. Japan is a society notorious for its rigid conception of gender roles. While the original goal of the show may have been to create the ideal good wife and wise mother off stage, on-stage gender roles are, by necessity, subverted. The must act the way men are supposed to act. Abbitt insists that a large portion of the appeal of Takarazuka comes from something she calls "slippage", referring to the enjoyment derived from a character portraying something they are not, in this case a woman portraying a man. While not denying the presence of lesbian overtones within Takarazuka, Abbitt proposes the cause for the largely female audience has more to do with this subversion of societal norms than sexual ones. In essence, the role of presents a type of androgynous freedom that embraces slippage and a non-constrained continuum of gender. While the actual female performer's masculine persona or "secondary gender" was disapproved of outside of the theatrical purposes of Takarazuka, female fans were able to embrace the full gender-fluid continuum otokoyaku provided, as well as engage with Takarazuka in the context of a gender-sex political discourse.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Some fans demonstrate their loyalty to a particular performer by joining her fan club. Club members can be identified by their wearing scarves of a particular color or even jackets colorfully embroidered with the star's name. Following performances at the Takarazuka Grand Theatre or Tokyo Takarazuka Theatre, as many as several hundred fans congregate in their various club groups and stand in orderly ranks on either side of the street in front of the theatre. The clubs are arranged by actress seniority within the troupe. Theatre officials set up barricades and oversee the assembly.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Whenever an actress exits the theatre, the frontmost group will sit and all the others follow suit (much like the "wave" seen in athletic arenas) with subsequent intervals of standing and sitting. The fans wait patiently, with little conversation, for their favorites to exit the theatre. An almost eerie ritualistic calm prevails. As the stars come out of the building one by one, some alone but most accompanied by staff members of their club, orderly quiet continues to prevail. The glamorous performers, now mostly in slacks or jeans with high heels and wearing oversize visored "newsboy" caps to hide their hair (and some with sunglasses even at night), move along to their own particular fan clubs. Rather than requesting autographs, the fans proffer cards, which are gathered efficiently by each star, who may say a few words but then waves and moves on. Once the last stars have emerged and departed, the clubs disband quietly.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: Takarazuka has had a profound influence on the history of anime and manga, especially manga. Osamu Tezuka, a highly influential manga creator, grew up in the town of Takarazuka. His mother knew many of the Takarazuka actresses, and as a child he knew them and watched many of their performances. Based on their stories of noble princes played by female actresses, Tezuka created "Princess Knight", the first manga aimed at a female audience, which tells the story of Princess Sapphire, a girl born with both a male and female heart who struggles between the desire to fight as a noble prince and to be a tender, gentle princess. The great success of "Princess Knight" and other Tezuka stories began the tradition of manga written for a female audience, especially the very influential "The Rose of Versailles" and "Revolutionary Girl Utena" series, both of which borrow directly from "Princess Knight" by including specific Tezuka images, character designs and names. "The Rose of Versailles" is one of Takarazuka's best-known musicals. Women in masculine roles continue to be a central theme in manga and anime, as well as in some (boys') series, and Tezuka himself explored the theme in many of his later works, including , and .


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: While the influence of Osamu Tezuka and Takarazuka on anime and manga is general, there are still many series which show more specific influences. The Takarazuka Revue inspired the plot of the original "Sakura Wars" video game, along with additional inspiration from Takarazuka's one-time competitor the Shochiku Kagekidan (Shochiku Revue).


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The lesbian characters Haruka Tenou and Michiru Kaiou of "Sailor Moon" were loosely based on the actors of the Takarazuka Revue.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: "The Virgin's Mask" by Jūrō Kara, a significant work of post-war theater, features an aging "-girl" attempting to reclaim her youth through ritualistic bathing in a tub of virgins' tears.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The musical anime series "Revue Starlight" has elements based on the troupe, including uniforms, the school seal, and theater style, and makes use of these elements to present a critique of Takarazuka practices, particularly the Top Star system.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The Tokyo theater group ("Fur Tribe") has produced homosexual parodies of classic Takarazuka shows like "Gone with the Wind".


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The manga and anime series follows two teenage girls enrolled in a fictional version of the Takarazuka Music School. There, they train in singing, acting, and dancing, in hopes of joining the infamous all-female theatre troupe. One of the girls, Sarasa, dreams of playing Oscar François de Jarjayes in the theatre's production of "Rose of Versailles".


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: The one episode of the anime series "Stop!! Hibari-kun!" features Wataru Otori, an eccentric drag king who takes on the role of Rhett Butler for the "Gone with the Wind" play.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: After the scandal of women writing love letters to the and the revelation of an actual lesbian relationship between a and a , the revue greatly limited itself in order to do away with the lesbian image. Women wore militaristic uniforms, heightening the attraction even more among some audience goers. There was another scandal in 1932 when, for the first time, one of the cut her hair short (previously all of the actresses had their hair long and the simply hid their hair under hats). In August 1940, the actresses were even forbidden to answer fan mail and socialize with their admirers. In the years since then, the regulations have relaxed but not by much.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: In the 1957 film "Sayonara", set largely in neighboring Kobe, the all-female "Matsubayashi" theater troupe bears many similarities to the Takarazuka Revue.


title: Takarazuka Revue

text: A 1996 black-and-white photograph of a Takarasienne, taken by Daido Moriyama, appeared on the October 1999 cover of "Art in America".


title: Harry Andrews

text: Harry Stewart Fleetwood Andrews, CBE (10 November 1911 – 6 March 1989) was an English actor known for his film portrayals of tough military officers. His performance as Regimental Sergeant Major Wilson in "The Hill" (1965) alongside Sean Connery earned Andrews the National Board of Review Award for Best Supporting Actor and a nomination for the 1966 BAFTA Award for Best British Actor. The first of his more than 80 film appearances was in "The Red Beret" in 1953.


title: Harry Andrews

text: Prior to his film career, Andrews was a theatre actor, appearing at such venues as the Queen's Theatre, the Lyceum Theatre, and the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in the UK as well as theatres in New York City, Paris, Antwerp and Brussels. Andrews made his London theatre debut in 1935 at the St James's Theatre and his New York debut in 1936 at the Empire Theatre.


title: Harry Andrews

text: Harry Andrews was born on 10 November 1911, in Tonbridge, Kent. He was the son of Henry Arthur Andrews, a General Practitioner, and Amy Diana Frances (née Horner). Andrews attended Yardley Court school in Tonbridge, and Wrekin College in Wellington, Shropshire.


title: Harry Andrews

text: Andrews made his first stage appearance in September 1933 at the Liverpool Playhouse playing John in "The Long Christmas Dinner". He made his London debut in March 1935 at the St James's Theatre playing the role of John in "Worse Things Happen at Sea". In March 1936, he featured in a cast including Paul Robeson, Orlando Martins and Robert Adams in a staging of "", a play by C. L. R. James, at the Westminster Theatre in London. In October 1936, Andrews made his first appearance in New York playing the role of Horatio in "Hamlet" at the Empire Theatre. From September 1937 to April 1938, Andrews worked with John Gielgud's company at the Queen's Theatre, appearing in such shows as "Richard II", "The School for Scandal" and "The Merchant of Venice". In 1939, Andrews assumed the role of Laertes in a production of "Hamlet" at the Lyceum Theatre. This was the final production at the Lyceum before it closed, though it was restored in 1996. He joined up in October 1939 and was commissioned into the Royal West Kent Regiment from 162 OCTU (The Honourable Artillery Company) on 21 September 1940 with the number 149267. In August 1942 he transferred to the Royal Artillery serving in Europe during the D-Day Landings and on the advance into Germany. On 4 April 1946, Andrews was Mentioned in Despatches “for gallant and distinguished service in North West Europe.” He was demobilised with the rank of Major.


title: Harry Andrews

text: In December 1945, Andrews appeared with the Old Vic company at what was then referred to as the New Theatre, succeeding George Curzon in the parts of Sir Walter Blunt in "Henry IV, Part 1", Scroop in "Henry IV, Part 2", Creon in "Oedipus" and Sneer in "The Critic". The company toured to New York City in the summer of 1946, appearing at such venues as the Century Theatre. Upon returning to Britain in September 1946, Andrews continued performing with the Old Vic company through the end of the 1948–1949 season.


title: Harry Andrews

text: In 1949, Andrews joined the company at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre in Stratford-upon-Avon, in which he performed in such Shakespearean roles as Macduff, Don Pedro and Cardinal Wolsey. Andrews toured with the company through Australia in 1949. He continued to perform with the company in Stratford-upon-Avon through the 1951 season, playing Henry IV through three consecutive Shakespeare plays. He then travelled to New York with the company of Laurence Olivier, performing in such plays as "Caesar and Cleopatra" and "Antony and Cleopatra" at the Ziegfeld Theatre. Andrews went on tour with the Old Vic company performing "Henry VIII" in Paris, Antwerp and Brussels.


title: Harry Andrews

text: In 1971 Harry Andrews played the title role in "Lear" by Edward Bond at the Royal Court Theatre, London, continuing his association with contemporary British theatre with his role in the film adaptation of "Entertaining Mr Sloane" by Joe Orton of the previous year in 1970 to great critical praise.


title: Harry Andrews

text: Andrews made his first two screen appearances with Alan Ladd in the films "The Red Beret" (1953) and "The Black Knight" (1954). He performed in several historical and adventure films, including "Alexander the Great" and "Moby Dick" (both 1956), "Ice Cold in Alex" (1958), "Solomon and Sheba" (1959) and "633 Squadron" (1964). In the 1960s and 1970s, Andrews began performing more frequently in dramas and comedy films. He received the award for Best Supporting Actor from the National Board of Review of Motion Pictures for his performances in "The Agony and the Ecstasy" (1965) as Donato Bramante. The film starred Charlton Heston with whom Andrews shared several scenes in "55 Days at Peking" (1963) and "The Hill" (1965) alongside Sean Connery. His performance in "The Hill" also resulted in Andrews being nominated for the 1966 BAFTA award for Best British Actor, though the award was won by Dirk Bogarde for his performance in "Darling". Andrews later appeared in such films as the comedy "The Jokers" (1967), the musical comedy "The Night They Raided Minsky's" (1968), the 1970 film adaptation of Emily Brontë's novel "Wuthering Heights", 1970 film adaptation of 1964 Joe Orton play, the comedy "The Ruling Class" (1972), "Man of La Mancha" (1972) as the Innkeeper, the horror film "Theatre of Blood" (1973), and the 1976 film adaptation of Maurice Maeterlinck's play "The Blue Bird", which was the first film collaboration between the United States and Soviet Russia. In 1978 he portrayed Norris the butler in Michael Winner's version of Raymond Chandler's "The Big Sleep" starring Robert Mitchum as Philip Marlowe.


title: Harry Andrews

text: Andrews was known for his portrayal of tough military officers. These performances included Sergeant Payne in "A Hill in Korea" (1956), Major Henry in "I Accuse!" (1958), Major Swindon in the 1959 film adaptation of George Bernard Shaw's play "The Devil's Disciple", Captain Graham in "A Touch of Larceny" (also 1959), the 3rd Earl of Lucan in "The Charge of the Light Brigade" (1968) and Colonel Thompson in "Too Late the Hero" in 1970, and Grand Duke Nicholas, commander of the Russian army, in "Nicholas and Alexandra "in 1971.


title: Harry Andrews

text: In addition to film work, Harry Andrews also appeared in several television series. In the early 1960s, Andrews appeared in two episodes of "Armchair Theatre". He portrayed Colonel Bruce in "Edward the Seventh" (1975) and Darius Clayhanger in a 1976 television series based on The Clayhanger Family novels. He played one of the Kryptonian elders during the sentencing of the three villains in the film "Superman" (1978). He played the Prime-Minister, Lord Bellinger, in the 1986 adaptation of Sherlock Holmes' "The Second Stain". In 1985, Andrews was interviewed on an episode of "This Is Your Life".


title: Harry Andrews

text: Andrews' partner for more than 30 years, until his death, was fellow actor Basil Hoskins, who survived him until 2005 but next to whom he is now buried at St Mary the Virgin, Salehurst, East Sussex. The two men had worked together on the film "Ice Cold in Alex". Andrews died at the age of 77 on 6 March 1989, at his home in Salehurst.


title: SharkNinja

text: SharkNinja (officially, SharkNinja Operating LLC) is an American designer, marketer and distributor of home devices and appliances. It is based in Needham, Massachusetts, near Boston. The company's name is formed by combining its two primary brands: Shark, which mainly produces vacuum cleaners and similar devices; and Ninja, which focuses on kitchen appliances such as blenders, multicookers, air fryers, and coffee makers.


title: SharkNinja

text: Formerly established as Euro-Pro Operating LLC in 1994, the company changed its name in 2015 to capitalize on its brand names' prominence and popularity. In 2013 the company registered an entity in the United Kingdom and began selling products under the Shark brand. In 2017 the company was acquired by CDH Private Equity from Weston Presidio and American Capital. , it has offices in ten countries and holds over 550 patents, used in over 150 products.


title: Go Soo

text: Go Soo (born October 4, 1978), also known as Ko Soo, is a South Korean actor. He has appeared in television series such as "Piano", "Green Rose" and "Will It Snow for Christmas?", as well as the films "White Night" and "The Front Line".


title: Go Soo

text: Go was born and raised in Nonsan, South Chungcheong Province, South Korea as the youngest of 2 sons. He attended college in Sangmyung University, Cheonan campus, where he majored in Cinema degree.


title: Go Soo

text: When Go Soo first came to Seoul, he acted on stage, but he lacked money that time. Since he lacked money, he decided to put his stage acting on hold for later and eventually stopped. From then on, he began presenting his profile photo to numerous agencies. Go first appeared in a soft drink TV commercial, followed by a role as an extra in the 1998 music video "Last Promise" by the band Position. He made his television debut in 1999 through the MBC sitcoms "My Funky Family" and "Jump" and KBS2 drama series "Ad Madness".


title: Go Soo

text: Go drew critical praise for his performance in the television drama "Piano" in 2001, with one review describing him as an "actor with precision".


title: Go Soo

text: Go made his big screen debut as a drug crime officer in 2004's "Some", in which he performed his own stunts and was later recognized as Best New Actor at the Grand Bell Awards. Go reunited with Ad Madness co-star Park Ye-jin in TV series "When A Man Loves A Woman" in the same year.


title: Go Soo

text: In 2005, he starred in the revenge drama "Green Rose", which was shot on location in China and Korea. He played a simple man who falls in love with a rich woman and gets accused of a crime he did not commit. Then in the romantic comedy "Marrying a Millionaire", Go played a delivery man who is asked by a TV producer to act like a rich bachelor to attract several women on a televised reality dating show.


title: Go Soo

text: Go began his two-year mandatory military service on March 2, 2006 and he was assigned as a Civil Service Personnel in Gangnam District, Seoul. He was discharged on April 25, 2008, and received recognition for being an outstanding Public Interest Service Personnel.


title: Go Soo

text: For his first post-army project, Go surprised fans by choosing a stage play. Invited to join the "Best Play Series" by veteran actor Cho Jae-hyun (Jo was his costar in "Piano", and the senior colleague he "most respects"), Go made his theater debut as the lead actor in "The Return of President Eom", which ran from May 23 to August 3, 2008.


title: Go Soo

text: In 2009, he starred in the dark mystery film "White Night", based on the Japanese novel "Byakuyakō" by Keigo Higashino. Go said he was "completely absorbed by the intriguing storyline." Go then made his television comeback in the melodrama "Will It Snow for Christmas?", a tale of rekindled childhood love penned by renowned TV writer Lee Kyung-hee. He described his character as "hurt by love and tries to overcome that pain."


title: Go Soo

text: His next film "Haunters", in which he played the only man immune to a psychic's supernatural powers, was a box office hit in 2010.


title: Go Soo

text: On May 13, 2011, he signed under the management of Lee Byung-hun known as BH Entertainment. He next played a soldier in the Korean War-set "The Front Line", then a grieving firefighter in the 2012 romance drama "Love 911".


title: Go Soo

text: Afterwards, he collaborated with the makers of "The Chaser" for "Empire of Gold", a TV series about the power struggle within a rich family living through Korea's turbulent economy of the 1990s, produced by SBS; in this series, he played an antihero. Later that year, he starred in melodrama film "Way Back Home", playing the devastated husband of a woman wrongfully accused of drug smuggling. Go said the reason he chose the film was because he wanted to work with acclaimed actress Jeon Do-yeon, and that through his character he "was able to tackle the challenge of internal and external change".


title: Go Soo

text: In 2014, Go appeared in two short films. Directed by Kang Je-gyu, "Awaiting" is about a married couple separated for sixty years by the division of North and South Korea. "Awaiting" was one of the four short films comprising "Beautiful 2014", an omnibus project that premiered at the 38th Hong Kong International Film Festival. Meanwhile, "Myohyangsangwan" ("View of Mount Myohyang"), which depicted the rendezvous of a South Korean painter and a North Korean waitress in a North Korean restaurant, is a collaboration by contemporary artists Moon Kyung-won and Jeon Joon-ho, and combined a theatrical plot, experimental imagery, dance and performance art. He then starred in the period film "The Royal Tailor", in the role of an upstart new designer whose talent and instincts challenges the traditional master artisan of royal attire.


title: Go Soo

text: In June 2015, Go Soo has amicably parted ways with BH Entertainment, and joined a new agency founded by his previous manager at BH Entertainment.


title: Go Soo

text: Go made his small screen comeback after three years in MBC's 55th-founding anniversary historical drama directed by a famed director Lee Byung-hoon, "The Flower in Prison".


title: Go Soo

text: In 2017, Go starred in "Lucid Dream", a psychological thriller in which Go played a former journalist who attempts to find his kidnapped son using lucid dreaming. The same year, Go starred in "The Tooth and the Nail", a film based on the 1955 mystery novel by Bill S. Ballinger in which a magician discovers the incinerated teeth and fingernails of his missing butler. He next starred in period epic film "The Fortress".


title: Go Soo

text: In 2018, Go was cast in the medical drama "Heart Surgeons" as a cardiothoracic surgery resident trying to save his mother in need of a heart transplant.


title: Go Soo

text: Go began dating Kim Hye-yeon, an art student eleven years his junior, shortly after meeting her in 2008. The couple married on February 17, 2012 at the Shilla Hotel in Seoul. Their son was born on January 28, 2013, and their daughter was born on April 17, 2015. On September 13, 2017, his wife gave birth to their 3rd child.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Multi-objective optimization (also known as multi-objective programming, vector optimization, multicriteria optimization, multiattribute optimization or Pareto optimization) is an area of multiple criteria decision making that is concerned with mathematical optimization problems involving more than one objective function to be optimized simultaneously. Multi-objective optimization has been applied in many fields of science, including engineering, economics and logistics where optimal decisions need to be taken in the presence of trade-offs between two or more conflicting objectives. Minimizing cost while maximizing comfort while buying a car, and maximizing performance whilst minimizing fuel consumption and emission of pollutants of a vehicle are examples of multi-objective optimization problems involving two and three objectives, respectively. In practical problems, there can be more than three objectives.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: For a nontrivial multi-objective optimization problem, no single solution exists that simultaneously optimizes each objective. In that case, the objective functions are said to be conflicting. A solution is called nondominated, Pareto optimal, Pareto efficient or noninferior, if none of the objective functions can be improved in value without degrading some of the other objective values. Without additional subjective preference information, there may exist a (possibly infinite) number of Pareto optimal solutions, all of which are considered equally good. Researchers study multi-objective optimization problems from different viewpoints and, thus, there exist different solution philosophies and goals when setting and solving them. The goal may be to find a representative set of Pareto optimal solutions, and/or quantify the trade-offs in satisfying the different objectives, and/or finding a single solution that satisfies the subjective preferences of a human decision maker (DM).


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: A multi-objective optimization problem is an optimization problem that involves multiple objective functions. In mathematical terms, a multi-objective optimization problem can be formulated as


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: where the integer formula_2 is the number of objectives and the set formula_3 is the feasible set of decision vectors, which is typically formula_4 but it depends on the formula_5-dimensional application domain. The feasible set is typically defined by some constraint functions. In addition, the vector-valued objective function is often defined as


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: If some objective function is to be maximized, it is equivalent to minimize its negative or its inverse. We denote formula_7 the image of formula_3; formula_9 a feasible solution or feasible decision; and formula_10an objective vector or an outcome.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In multi-objective optimization, there does not typically exist a feasible solution that minimizes all objective functions simultaneously. Therefore, attention is paid to Pareto optimal solutions; that is, solutions that cannot be improved in any of the objectives without degrading at least one of the other objectives. In mathematical terms, a feasible solution formula_11 is said to (Pareto) dominate another solution formula_12, if


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: A solution formula_9 (and the corresponding outcome formula_16) is called Pareto optimal if there does not exist another solution that dominates it. The set of Pareto optimal outcomes, denoted formula_17, is often called the Pareto front, Pareto frontier, or Pareto boundary.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: The Pareto front of a multi-objective optimization problem is bounded by a so-called nadir objective vector formula_18and an ideal objective vector formula_19, if these are finite. The nadir objective vector is defined as


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In other words, the components of the nadir and ideal objective vectors define the upper and lower bounds of the objective function of Pareto optimal solutions. In practice, the nadir objective vector can only be approximated as, typically, the whole Pareto optimal set is unknown. In addition, a utopian objective vector formula_22, such that formula_23 where formula_24 is a small constant, is often defined because of numerical reasons.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In economics, many problems involve multiple objectives along with constraints on what combinations of those objectives are attainable. For example, consumer's demand for various goods is determined by the process of maximization of the utilities derived from those goods, subject to a constraint based on how much income is available to spend on those goods and on the prices of those goods. This constraint allows more of one good to be purchased only at the sacrifice of consuming less of another good; therefore, the various objectives (more consumption of each good is preferred) are in conflict with each other. A common method for analyzing such a problem is to use a graph of indifference curves, representing preferences, and a budget constraint, representing the trade-offs that the consumer is faced with.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Another example involves the production possibilities frontier, which specifies what combinations of various types of goods can be produced by a society with certain amounts of various resources. The frontier specifies the trade-offs that the society is faced with — if the society is fully utilizing its resources, more of one good can be produced only at the expense of producing less of another good. A society must then use some process to choose among the possibilities on the frontier.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Macroeconomic policy-making is a context requiring multi-objective optimization. Typically a central bank must choose a stance for monetary policy that balances competing objectives — low inflation, low unemployment, low balance of trade deficit, etc. To do this, the central bank uses a model of the economy that quantitatively describes the various causal linkages in the economy; it simulates the model repeatedly under various possible stances of monetary policy, in order to obtain a menu of possible predicted outcomes for the various variables of interest. Then in principle it can use an aggregate objective function to rate the alternative sets of predicted outcomes, although in practice central banks use a non-quantitative, judgement-based, process for ranking the alternatives and making the policy choice.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In finance, a common problem is to choose a portfolio when there are two conflicting objectives — the desire to have the expected value of portfolio returns be as high as possible, and the desire to have risk, often measured by the standard deviation of portfolio returns, be as low as possible. This problem is often represented by a graph in which the efficient frontier shows the best combinations of risk and expected return that are available, and in which indifference curves show the investor's preferences for various risk-expected return combinations. The problem of optimizing a function of the expected value (first moment) and the standard deviation (square root of the second central moment) of portfolio return is called a two-moment decision model.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In engineering and economics, many problems involve multiple objectives which are not describable as the-more-the-better or the-less-the-better; instead, there is an ideal target value for each objective, and the desire is to get as close as possible to the desired value of each objective. For example, energy systems typically have a trade-off between performance and cost or one might want to adjust a rocket's fuel usage and orientation so that it arrives both at a specified place and at a specified time; or one might want to conduct open market operations so that both the inflation rate and the unemployment rate are as close as possible to their desired values.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Often such problems are subject to linear equality constraints that prevent all objectives from being simultaneously perfectly met, especially when the number of controllable variables is less than the number of objectives and when the presence of random shocks generates uncertainty. Commonly a multi-objective quadratic objective function is used, with the cost associated with an objective rising quadratically with the distance of the objective from its ideal value. Since these problems typically involve adjusting the controlled variables at various points in time and/or evaluating the objectives at various points in time, intertemporal optimization techniques are employed.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Product and process design can be largely improved using modern modeling, simulation and optimization techniques. The key question in optimal design is the measure of what is good or desirable about a design. Before looking for optimal designs it is important to identify characteristics which contribute the most to the overall value of the design. A good design typically involves multiple criteria/objectives such as capital cost/investment, operating cost, profit, quality and/or recovery of the product, efficiency, process safety, operation time etc. Therefore, in practical applications, the performance of process and product design is often measured with respect to multiple objectives. These objectives typically are conflicting, i.e. achieving the optimal value for one objective requires some compromise on one or more of other objectives.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: For example, when designing a paper mill, one can seek to decrease the amount of capital invested in a paper mill and enhance the quality of paper simultaneously. If the design of a paper mill is defined by large storage volumes and paper quality is defined by quality parameters, then the problem of optimal design of a paper mill can include objectives such as: i) minimization of expected variation of those quality parameter from their nominal values, ii) minimization of expected time of breaks and iii) minimization of investment cost of storage volumes. Here, maximum volume of towers are design variables. This example of optimal design of a paper mill is a simplification of the model used in. Multi-objective design optimization have also been implemented in engineering systems in circumstances such as control cabinet layout optimization, airfoil shape optimization using scientific workflows, design of nano-CMOS semiconductors, system on chip design, design of solar-powered irrigation systems, optimization of sand mould systems, engine design, optimal sensor deployment and optimal controller design.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Multi-objective optimization has been increasingly employed in chemical engineering and manufacturing. In 2009, Fiandaca and Fraga used the multi-objective genetic algorithm (MOGA) to optimize the pressure swing adsorption process (cyclic separation process). The design problem involved the dual maximization of nitrogen recovery and nitrogen purity. The results provided a good approximation of the Pareto frontier with acceptable trade-offs between the objectives.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In 2010, Sendín et al. solved a multi-objective problem for the thermal processing of food. They tackled two case studies (bi-objective and triple objective problems) with nonlinear dynamic models and used a hybrid approach consisting of the weighted Tchebycheff and the Normal Boundary Intersection approach. The novel hybrid approach was able to construct a Pareto optimal set for the thermal processing of foods.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In 2013, Ganesan et al. carried out the multi-objective optimization of the combined carbon dioxide reforming and partial-oxidation of methane. The objective functions were methane conversion, carbon monoxide selectivity and hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio. Ganesan used the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI) method in conjunction with two swarm-based techniques (Gravitational Search Algorithm (GSA) and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO)) to tackle the problem. Applications involving chemical extraction and bioethanol production processes have posed similar multi-objective problems.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In 2013, Abakarov et al proposed an alternative technique to solve multi-objective optimization problems arising in food engineering. The Aggregating Functions Approach, the Adaptive Random Search Algorithm, and the Penalty Functions Approach were used to compute the initial set of the non-dominated or Pareto-optimal solutions. The Analytic Hierarchy Process and Tabular Method were used simultaneously for choosing the best alternative among the computed subset of non-dominated solutions for osmotic dehydration processes.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In 2018, Pearce et al. formulated task allocation to human and robotic workers as a multi-objective optimization problem, considering production time and the ergonomic impact on the human worker as the two objectives considered in the formulation. Their approach used a Mixed-Integer Linear Program to solve the optimization problem for a weighted sum of the two objectives to calculate a set of Pareto optimal solutions. The application of the approach to several manufacturing tasks showed improvements in at least one objective in most tasks and in both objectives in some of the processes.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: The purpose of radio resource management is to satisfy the data rates that are requested by the users of a cellular network. The main resources are time intervals, frequency blocks, and transmit powers. Each user has its own objective function that, for example, can represent some combination of the data rate, latency, and energy efficiency. These objectives are conflicting since the frequency resources are very scarce, thus there is a need for tight spatial frequency reuse which causes immense inter-user interference if not properly controlled. Multi-user MIMO techniques are nowadays used to reduce the interference by adaptive precoding. The network operator would like to both bring great coverage and high data rates, thus the operator would like to find a Pareto optimal solution that balance the total network data throughput and the user fairness in an appropriate subjective manner.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Radio resource management is often solved by scalarization; that is, selection of a network utility function that tries to balance throughput and user fairness. The choice of utility function has a large impact on the computational complexity of the resulting single-objective optimization problem. For example, the common utility of weighted sum rate gives an NP-hard problem with a complexity that scales exponentially with the number of users, while the weighted max-min fairness utility results in a quasi-convex optimization problem with only a polynomial scaling with the number of users.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Reconfiguration, by exchanging the functional links between the elements of the system, represents one of the most important measures which can improve the operational performance of a distribution system. The problem of optimization through the reconfiguration of a power distribution system, in terms of its definition, is a historical single objective problem with constraints. Since 1975, when Merlin and Back introduced the idea of distribution system reconfiguration for active power loss reduction, until nowadays, a lot of researchers have proposed diverse methods and algorithms to solve the reconfiguration problem as a single objective problem. Some authors have proposed Pareto optimality based approaches (including active power losses and reliability indices as objectives). For this purpose, different artificial intelligence based methods have been used: microgenetic, branch exchange, particle swarm optimization and non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Autonomous inspection of infrastructure has the potential to reduce costs, risks and environmental impacts, as well as ensuring better periodic maintenance of inspected assets. Typically, planning such missions has been viewed as a single-objective optimization problem, where one aims to minimize the energy or time spent in inspecting an entire target structure. For complex, real-world structures, however, covering 100% of an inspection target is not feasible, and generating an inspection plan may be better viewed as a multiobjective optimization problem, where one aims to both maximize inspection coverage and minimize time and costs. A recent study has indicated that multiobjective inspection planning indeed has the potential to outperform traditional methods on complex structures


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: As there usually exist multiple Pareto optimal solutions for multi-objective optimization problems, what it means to solve such a problem is not as straightforward as it is for a conventional single-objective optimization problem. Therefore, different researchers have defined the term "solving a multi-objective optimization problem" in various ways. This section summarizes some of them and the contexts in which they are used. Many methods convert the original problem with multiple objectives into a single-objective optimization problem. This is called a scalarized problem. If Pareto optimality of the single-objective solutions obtained can be guaranteed, the scalarization is characterized as done neatly.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Solving a multi-objective optimization problem is sometimes understood as approximating or computing all or a representative set of Pareto optimal solutions.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: When decision making is emphasized, the objective of solving a multi-objective optimization problem is referred to supporting a decision maker in finding the most preferred Pareto optimal solution according to his/her subjective preferences. The underlying assumption is that one solution to the problem must be identified to be implemented in practice. Here, a human decision maker (DM) plays an important role. The DM is expected to be an expert in the problem domain.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: The most preferred results can be found using different philosophies. Multi-objective optimization methods can be divided into four classes.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: More information and examples of different methods in the four classes are given in the following sections.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: When a decision maker does not explicitly articulate any preference information the multi-objective optimization method can be classified as no-preference method. A well-known example is the method of global criterion, in which a scalarized problem of the form


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: is solved. In the above problem, formula_26 can be any formula_27 norm, with common choices including formula_28, formula_29 and formula_30. The method of global criterion is sensitive to the scaling of the objective functions, and thus, it is recommended that the objectives are normalized into a uniform, dimensionless scale.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: A priori methods require that sufficient preference information is expressed before the solution process. Well-known examples of a priori methods include the utility function method, lexicographic method, and goal programming.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In the utility function method, it is assumed that the decision maker's utility function is available. A mapping formula_31 is a utility function if for all formula_32 if it holds that formula_33 if the decision maker prefers formula_34 to formula_35, and formula_36 if the decision maker is indifferent between formula_34 and formula_35. The utility function specifies an ordering of the decision vectors (recall that vectors can be ordered in many different ways). Once formula_39 is obtained, it suffices to solve


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: but in practice it is very difficult to construct a utility function that would accurately represent the decision maker's preferences - particularly since the Pareto front is unknown before the optimization begins.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: The lexicographic method assumes that the objectives can be ranked in the order of importance. We can assume, without loss of generality, that the objective functions are in the order of importance so that formula_41 is the most important and formula_42 the least important to the decision maker. The lexicographic method consists of solving a sequence of single-objective optimization problems of the form


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: where formula_44 is the optimal value of the above problem with formula_45. Thus, formula_46 and each new problem of the form in the above problem in the sequence adds one new constraint as formula_47 goes from formula_48 to formula_49. Note that a goal or target value is not specified for any objective here, which makes it different from the Lexicographic Goal Programming method.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Scalarizing a multi-objective optimization problem is an a priori method, which means formulating a single-objective optimization problem such that optimal solutions to the single-objective optimization problem are Pareto optimal solutions to the multi-objective optimization problem. In addition, it is often required that every Pareto optimal solution can be reached with some parameters of the scalarization. With different parameters for the scalarization, different Pareto optimal solutions are produced. A general formulation for a scalarization of a multiobjective optimization is thus


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: where formula_51 is a vector parameter, the set formula_52 is a set depending on the parameter formula_51 and formula_54 is a function.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: For example, portfolio optimization is often conducted in terms of mean-variance analysis. In this context, the efficient set is a subset of the portfolios parametrized by the portfolio mean return formula_74 in the problem of choosing portfolio shares so as to minimize the portfolio's variance of return formula_75 subject to a given value of formula_74; see Mutual fund separation theorem for details. Alternatively, the efficient set can be specified by choosing the portfolio shares so as to maximize the function formula_77; the set of efficient portfolios consists of the solutions as "b" ranges from zero to infinity.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: A posteriori methods aim at producing all the Pareto optimal solutions or a representative subset of the Pareto optimal solutions. Most a posteriori methods fall into either one of the following three classes:


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Well-known examples of mathematical programming-based a posteriori methods are the Normal Boundary Intersection (NBI),<ref name="doi10.1137/S1052623496307510"></ref> Modified Normal Boundary Intersection (NBIm) Normal Constraint (NC), Successive Pareto Optimization (SPO), and Directed Search Domain (DSD) methods, which solve the multi-objective optimization problem by constructing several scalarizations. The solution to each scalarization yields a Pareto optimal solution, whether locally or globally. The scalarizations of the NBI, NBIm, NC and DSD methods are constructed with the target of obtaining evenly distributed Pareto points that give a good evenly distributed approximation of the real set of Pareto points.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Evolutionary algorithms are popular approaches to generating Pareto optimal solutions to a multi-objective optimization problem. Currently, most evolutionary multi-objective optimization (EMO) algorithms apply Pareto-based ranking schemes. Evolutionary algorithms such as the Non-dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II)<ref name="doi10.1109/4235.996017"></ref> and Strength Pareto Evolutionary Algorithm 2 (SPEA-2) have become standard approaches, although some schemes based on particle swarm optimization and simulated annealing are significant. The main advantage of evolutionary algorithms, when applied to solve multi-objective optimization problems, is the fact that they typically generate sets of solutions, allowing computation of an approximation of the entire Pareto front. The main disadvantage of evolutionary algorithms is their lower speed and the Pareto optimality of the solutions cannot be guaranteed. It is only known that none of the generated solutions dominates the others.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Another paradigm for multi-objective optimization based on novelty using evolutionary algorithms was recently improved upon. This paradigm searches for novel solutions in objective space (i.e., novelty search on objective space) in addition to the search for non-dominated solutions. Novelty search is like stepping stones guiding the search to previously unexplored places. It is especially useful in overcoming bias and plateaus as well as guiding the search in many-objective optimization problems.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Deep learning conditional methods are new approaches to generating several Pareto optimal solutions. The idea is to use the generalization capacity of deep neural networks to learn a model of the entire Pareto front, from a limited number of example trade-offs along that front, a task called "Pareto Front Learning". Several approaches address this setup, including using hypernetworks, and using Stein variational gradient descent.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In interactive methods of optimizing multiple objective problems, the solution process is iterative and the decision maker continuously interacts with the method when searching for the most preferred solution (see e.g. Miettinen 1999, Miettinen 2008). In other words, the decision maker is expected to express preferences at each iteration in order to get "Pareto optimal solutions" that are of interest to the decision maker and learn what kind of solutions are attainable.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: The above aspiration levels refer to desirable objective function values forming a reference point. Instead of mathematical convergence that is often used as a stopping criterion in mathematical optimization methods, a psychological convergence is often emphasized in interactive methods. Generally speaking, a method is terminated when the decision maker is confident that he/she has found the "most preferred solution available".


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: There are different interactive methods involving different types of preference information. Three of those types can be identified based on


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: On the other hand, a fourth type of generating a small sample of solutions is included: An example of interactive method utilizing trade-off information is the Zionts-Wallenius method, where the decision maker is shown several objective trade-offs at each iteration, and (s)he is expected to say whether (s)he likes, dislikes or is indifferent with respect to each trade-off. In reference point based methods (see e.g.), the decision maker is expected at each iteration to specify a reference point consisting of desired values for each objective and a corresponding Pareto optimal solution(s) is then computed and shown to him/her for analysis. In classification based interactive methods, the decision maker is assumed to give preferences in the form of classifying objectives at the current Pareto optimal solution into different classes indicating how the values of the objectives should be changed to get a more preferred solution. Then, the classification information given is taken into account when new (more preferred) Pareto optimal solution(s) are computed. In the satisficing trade-off method (STOM) three classes are used: objectives whose values 1) should be improved, 2) can be relaxed, and 3) are acceptable as such. In the NIMBUS method, two additional classes are also used: objectives whose values 4) should be improved until a given bound and 5) can be relaxed until a given bound.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Different hybrid methods exist, but here we consider hybridizing MCDM (multi-criteria decision making) and EMO (evolutionary multi-objective optimization). A hybrid algorithm in the context of multi-objective optimization is a combination of algorithms/approaches from these two fields (see e.g.). Hybrid algorithms of EMO and MCDM are mainly used to overcome shortcomings by utilizing strengths. Several types of hybrid algorithms have been proposed in the literature, e.g. incorporating MCDM approaches into EMO algorithms as a local search operator and to lead a DM to the most preferred solution(s) etc. A local search operator is mainly used to enhance the rate of convergence of EMO algorithms.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: The roots for hybrid multi-objective optimization can be traced to the first Dagstuhl seminar organized in November 2004 (see, here). Here some of the best minds in EMO (Professor Kalyanmoy Deb, Professor Jürgen Branke etc.) and MCDM (Professor Kaisa Miettinen, Professor Ralph E. Steuer etc.) realized the potential in combining ideas and approaches of MCDM and EMO fields to prepare hybrids of them. Subsequently many more Dagstuhl seminars have been arranged to foster collaboration. Recently, hybrid multi-objective optimization has become an important theme in several international conferences in the area of EMO and MCDM (see e.g.).


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: Visualization of the Pareto front is one of the a posteriori preference techniques of multi-objective optimization. The a posteriori preference techniques provide an important class of multi-objective optimization techniques. Usually the a posteriori preference techniques include four steps: (1) computer approximates the Pareto front, i.e. the Pareto optimal set in the objective space; (2) the decision maker studies the Pareto front approximation; (3) the decision maker identifies the preferred point at the Pareto front; (4) computer provides the Pareto optimal decision, which output coincides with the objective point identified by the decision maker. From the point of view of the decision maker, the second step of the a posteriori preference techniques is the most complicated one. There are two main approaches to informing the decision maker. First, a number of points of the Pareto front can be provided in the form of a list (interesting discussion and references are given in) or using Heatmaps.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: In the case of bi-objective problems, informing the decision maker concerning the Pareto front is usually carried out by its visualization: the Pareto front, often named the tradeoff curve in this case, can be drawn at the objective plane. The tradeoff curve gives full information on objective values and on objective tradeoffs, which inform how improving one objective is related to deteriorating the second one while moving along the tradeoff curve. The decision maker takes this information into account while specifying the preferred Pareto optimal objective point. The idea to approximate and visualize the Pareto front was introduced for linear bi-objective decision problems by S.Gass and T.Saaty. This idea was developed and applied in environmental problems by J.L. Cohon. A review of methods for approximating the Pareto front for various decision problems with a small number of objectives (mainly, two) is provided in.


title: Multi-objective optimization

text: There are two generic ideas on how to visualize the Pareto front in high-order multi-objective decision problems (problems with more than two objectives). One of them, which is applicable in the case of a relatively small number of objective points that represent the Pareto front, is based on using the visualization techniques developed in statistics (various diagrams, etc. – see the corresponding subsection below). The second idea proposes the display of bi-objective cross-sections (slices) of the Pareto front. It was introduced by W.S. Meisel in 1973 who argued that such slices inform the decision maker on objective tradeoffs. The figures that display a series of bi-objective slices of the Pareto front for three-objective problems are known as the decision maps. They give a clear picture of tradeoffs between three criteria. Disadvantages of such an approach are related to two following facts. First, the computational procedures for constructing the bi-objective slices of the Pareto front are not stable since the Pareto front is usually not stable. Secondly, it is applicable in the case of only three objectives. In the 1980s, the idea W.S. Meisel of implemented in a different form – in the form of the Interactive Decision Maps (IDM) technique. More recently N. Wesner proposed to use a combination of a Venn diagramm and multiple scatterplots views of the objective space for the exploration of the Pareto frontier and the selection of optimal solutions.


title: S-mine

text: The German S-mine ("Schrapnellmine", "Springmine" or "Splittermine" in German), also known as the "Bouncing Betty" on the Western Front and "frog-mine" on the Eastern Front, is the best-known version of a class of mines known as bounding mines. When triggered, these mines are launched into the air and then detonated at about from the ground. The explosion projects a lethal spray of shrapnel in all directions. The S-mine was an anti-personnel mine developed by Germany in the 1930s and used extensively by German forces during World War II. It was designed to be used in open areas against unshielded infantry. Two versions were produced, designated by the year of their first production: the SMi-35 and SMi-44. There are only minor differences between the two models.


title: S-mine

text: The S-mine entered production in 1935 and served as a key part of the defensive strategy of the Third Reich. Until production ceased in 1945, Germany produced over 1.93 million S-mines. These mines inflicted heavy casualties and slowed, or even repelled, drives into German-held territory throughout the war. The design was lethal, successful, and often imitated.


title: S-mine

text: French soldiers encountered the S-mine during minor probes into the German Saar region on September 7–11, 1939, during the Saar Offensive. The S-mine contributed to the withdrawal of these French incursions. The mine's performance in the Saar region affirmed its effectiveness in the eyes of the German leadership and prompted the United States and other countries to copy its design. After their experience, the French nicknamed the mine "the silent soldier".


title: S-mine

text: The Third Reich used the S-mine heavily during the defense of its occupied territories and the German homeland during the Allied invasions of Europe and North Africa. The mines were produced in large numbers and planted liberally by defending German units. For example, the German Tenth Army deployed over 23,000 of them as part of their defense preparation during the Allied invasion of Italy.


title: S-mine

text: S-mines were deployed on the beaches of Normandy in preparation for the anticipated invasion as part of a general program of heavy mining and fortification. On the Îles-St.-Marcouf, just off Utah Beach, where the Allied planners feared the Germans had established heavy gun batteries, Rommel had ordered S-mines to be "sown like grass seed." To build the Atlantic Wall, Germans deployed millions of mines of various types, anti-personnel mines (such as the S-mine), dug hundreds of kilometers of trenches, laid barbed wire, and constructed thousands of beach obstacles. The mines were subsequently used to defend German positions during the Battle of Normandy and in the defense of Northern France and the German border. S-mines were typically used in combination with anti-tank mines to resist the advances of both armor and infantry. The Allies removed an estimated 15,000 unexploded mines from dunes by Pouppeville after the initial invasion.


title: S-mine

text: The S-mine acquired its odd nickname "Bouncing Betty" from American infantrymen. The S-mine had a great psychological effect on Allied forces because of its tendency to maim, rather than kill, the infantryman. The German habit of laying the mines around anti-tank and anti-vehicle mines contributed to the reputation. If a vehicle was disabled by a mine, the soldiers would be trapped in it until someone came to rescue them. In particular, limbs and genitalia were the most vulnerable. In his book "Mine Warfare on Land", Lt. Col. Sloan described the S-mine as "probably the most feared device encountered by Allied troops in the war." Exact death tolls inflicted by the S-mine are not known. The Allies did not record whether a death was caused by a particular type of weapon, only whether or not the death occurred in the course of battle. Regardless, some unofficial assessments credit the S-mine with having caused significant casualties. The 12th Infantry Regiment at Utah Beach suffered what it termed as "light" casualties in the landing, most of which were caused by S-mines.


title: S-mine

text: S-mine production ceased after the end of World War II. No information has been discovered as to the exact fate of the remaining stockpiles of the S-mine, but it can be assumed a majority were destroyed as part of the disarmament of Germany after its surrender, although possibly some were preserved for study and reverse engineering by the Allies. Many direct imitations of the S-mine appeared in the years following World War II.


title: S-mine

text: During the military occupation of Germany and the postwar rebuilding of Europe, the American Army Corps of Engineers, the newly established French government, and the British Ministry of Defence engaged in one of the most prolonged and successful mine-clearing operations throughout Western Europe. France deployed a variety of personnel to undertake this task, including 49,000 German prisoners of war. This joint operation eliminated a majority of the remaining fields of mines on the war-torn western half of the continent and was greatly assisted by the German policy of clearly marking and accurately recording the locations of minefields.


title: S-mine

text: However, incidents involving accidental explosions of mines in North Africa, the former Warsaw Pact countries, France, and Germany still occur sporadically. North Africa and Eastern Europe have a particularly large amount of uncleared World War II-era minefields, lost in the desert sands or forgotten by authorities. In Libya, for example, the Red Cross estimates that over 27% of farmland is unusable due to World War II minefields. While German documentation says the S-mine had an effective lifespan of two to seven years once planted, the explosive charge could still operate in mines to this day.


title: S-mine

text: The German S-mine was a steel cylinder approximately tall without its sensor and around in diameter. A steel rod protruding from the mine's top held the main fuse, where its trigger or sensor was attached. The SMi-35 had a central fuse, while the SMi-44 had an offset fuse. It weighed approximately , with the weight depending on whether it was loaded with the lighter powdered or the heavier poured TNT.


title: S-mine

text: The main charge of the mine used TNT as its explosive; the propelling charge was black powder. The standard pressure sensor used a percussion cap to ignite it.


title: S-mine

text: The main fuse was designed to delay the firing of the propelling charge for approximately four seconds after the mine was triggered. The explosion of the propelling charge sent the mine upwards into the air and activated three short-delay pellets between the propellant charge and the three detonators. These short-delay pellets delayed the mine's detonation long enough for it to reach an appropriate height before exploding.


title: S-mine

text: The standard pressure sensor was designed to activate if depressed by a weight of roughly or greater. This ensured the mine was not detonated by wildlife or natural impact of blowing leaves, branches, or other normally occurring phenomena.


title: S-mine

text: The S-mine was normally triggered by a three-pronged pressure fuse. It could also be modified to be triggered by a tripwire. A special tripwire adapter was provided by the German army. The steel tube that held the fuse was threaded to accept any standard German ignition or trigger, allowing the sensor to be removed and the mine to be deliberately triggered by a human operator. When triggered, the mine functioned in three stages (see diagram).


title: S-mine

text: The time between triggering and ignition of the propelling charge varied between 3.9 and 4.5 seconds, depending on the age and condition of the mine. According to German documentation, the S-mine was lethal within and could inflict casualties within . American training manuals warned of casualties at up to .


title: S-mine

text: A common misconception prevailed that the S-mine would not detonate until its victim stepped off the trigger. This fallacy was propagated by incorrect United States propaganda during World War II. The mine would detonate whether the trigger was released or not. Standing still or attempting to run from the S-mine would be equally dangerous. The most effective way to survive the mine's detonation would not be to flee but to fall to the ground lying face down as quickly as possible.


title: S-mine

text: A S-mine mine launcher ("Minenabwurfvorrichtung" in German) in the form of angled tubes attached via brackets to the hull, were also used for anti-infantry defense by Wehrmacht armored vehicles. Early versions of the Tiger I were equipped with five such devices with command variants being equipped with four. Beginning in January 1943 all new Tiger Is were equipped with this system. These were removed in October 1943 and replaced in March 1944 by the Nahverteidigungswaffe or "close defense weapon" (full deployment was delayed due to production delays) which could launch anti-personnel grenades as well as smoke grenades or signal flares in all directions.


title: S-mine

text: The S-mine was constructed mostly of metal, so it could be easily detected by metal detectors. However, such expensive and bulky equipment was rarely available to infantry units and was prone to malfunction. The mine could also be detected through careful manual probing, a time-consuming process. Using a knife or a bayonet, an infantryman would probe at a low angle through the soil. It was important to probe at an angle that would not accidentally depress the pressure sensor.


title: S-mine

text: Once an S-mine was discovered, disarming it was fairly simple. To prevent triggering while the mine was being planted, the German pressure sensor featured a hole where a safety pin kept the sensor from being depressed. This pin was removed once the mine was planted. If the discovered mine was fitted with the pressure sensor, the disarming personnel would slip a pin (such as a sewing needle or pin) into this hole. If the device was armed with a tripwire or electrical trigger, this could simply be cut. Germans were known to use booby traps to discourage this, so caution was suggested. The mine could then be removed carefully from the ground and the sensor easily unscrewed. If it was deemed necessary to render the mine completely inert, three plugs on the top granted access to the three detonators inside the mine. These could be unscrewed and the detonators removed.


title: S-mine

text: The following diagrams show the SMi-35 mine's internal mechanism, together with the three-pronged pressure fuse. The safety pin for the fuse and the three removable plugs for the detonators are clearly visible. These diagrams were issued as part of a US Army field manual on mines in 1943.


title: S-mine

text: The S-mine was an extremely successful design. Bounding mines based on its design were introduced by other countries.


title: S-mine

text: The Finnish army began purchasing the SMi-35 model S-mine from Germany following the Winter War. This was part of a larger military assistance agreement between the two nations. Finnish forces experienced great success with the S-mine, but its monetary cost was considerable. During the Continuation War, the Finns unsuccessfully attempted to produce their own version of the mine. The Finnish nickname for the mine was "Hyppy-Heikki" ("Hopping Henry").


title: S-mine

text: The French Mle 1939 mine was inspired by the success of the S-mine. In 1940, Major Paul Delalande of the French Corps of Engineers managed to escape the German conquest of his country and reached the United States with the Mle-1939 plans. These plans led to the development of the American M2 mine, which was fielded in 1942 but proved deficient in combat. The American army was impressed by the S-mine's role in thwarting the French offensive in the German Saar region at the beginning of World War II and continued further work on bounding mines. After the war, the American army developed their M16 mine directly from captured S-mine designs.


title: S-mine

text: The Soviet Union also based the design of its OZM series of mines on the German S-mine. Soviet mines tended to be far simpler internally; instead of being filled with steel balls or scrap metal, the OZM-4 mine was given a solid cast-iron body that would fragment on its own. Later, the OZM-72 bounding mine was filled with steel rods, returning to the original concept of the S-mine. Both of these mines are still being produced by Russia.


title: S-mine

text: Yugoslavia also built a PROM-1 bounding type of anti-personnel mine loosely based on the S-mine. The mine was widely used during the Croatian War of Independence by both sides. The mine was also found in Bosnia, Chile, Eritrea, Iraq, Kosovo, Mozambique and Namibia.


title: S-mine

text: Other nations that have produced S-mine-inspired designs include the People's Republic of China, Sweden (called Truppmina 11), and Italy. The use of mines remains a controversial issue to this day. Antipersonnel mines like the S-mine have been the subject of repeated treaties and human-rights objections. Their use is the subject of extensive international debate.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim Iqbal Khan (Bengali: তামিম ইকবাল খান; born 20 March 1989), more popularly known as Tamim Iqbal, is a


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Bangladeshi cricketer. He is the nephew of former Bangladesh skipper Akram Khan, the current chief selector of the Bangladesh Cricket Board. Tamim is known for his aggressive batting style in the top order and is widely regarded as one of the greatest Bangladeshi batsmen of all time.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim made his ODI debut in 2007 and played his first Test match the following year. He scored his first century against Ireland. He is the only Bangladeshi batsman to score a century against the England cricket team at Lord's Stadium. He served as vice-captain of the national side between December 2010 and September 2011. In March 2021, Tamim became the first Bangladeshi player to score 50 ODI half-centuries. He scored more than 14000 runs in his whole international career, which is the highest among any other Bangladeshi batsman to date.Tamim is also Bangladesh's highest century maker in international matches with 25 centuries, combining all forms of cricket.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In 2011 he was named one of "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack's" four Cricketers of the Year, and "Wisden's" Test Player of the Year, becoming just the second Bangladeshi player to be awarded the accolade. He is the only Bangladeshi cricketer to score centuries in all three game formats. He is the only player to score four consecutive half-centuries in the Asia Cup. He is the only player to score at least two centuries for three times in a 3 match ODI series. He also holds the record for scoring the most hundreds in One Day International cricket from Bangladesh. In July 2022, he announced his retirement from Twenty20 International cricket.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim was born to Iqbal Khan and Nusrat Iqbal Khan, in the port city of Chittagong. His paternal "Khan" family is a prestigious family in the city, with ancestry from Bihar. His maternal family belongs to Salempur in Uttar Pradesh. Tamim is the brother of Nafees Iqbal and the nephew of Akram Khan, who both played Test cricket for Bangladesh.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim's father, Iqbal, used to host small cricket tournaments to help his sons train and get better in cricket. His brother Nafees, a former national team cricketer, in an interview said, "Tamim was the more talented one. When Tamim was 12 or 13, he hit 148 as the team chased 150".


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim married Ayesha Siddiqa in June 2013 with a grand ceremony held at Chittagong. Former Prime Minister Khaleda Zia was also present at the event. He had his first son named Arham on 28 February 2016. He had his first daughter named Alishba on 19 November 2019.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In 2011, Tamim became only the second Bangladeshi to play county cricket in England (Shakib Al Hasan was the first) when he signed to play for Nottinghamshire in June 2011. He was recruited as a short-term replacement for Australian batsmen David Hussey, who was called up to the national squad. During his stay, Tamim played five matches, scoring 104 runs with a highest score of 47. Tamim, whose batting was described in the "Nottingham Post" as "solid if unspectacular", remarked of his performance that "It could have been better, but it wasn't too bad". Even though he was playing in a foreign country, there was pressure from the media in Bangladesh for Tamim to perform – especially when Nottinghamshire faced Worcestershire who were fielding Shakib Al Hasan – with his exploits sometimes making the front pages.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In late October 2012, Wellington Firebirds signed him for the New Zealand domestic HRV Cup, a T20 competition.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: He was picked up by Wayamba United for the 2012 Sri Lanka Premier League. Tamim scored 190 runs in 6 innings on an average of 38.00 with 1 half-century (93* off 61).


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim Iqbal was the icon player for the Chittagong Kings in the 2012 Bangladesh Premier League. He could play only 2 innings and scored 8 runs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In the 2015 Bangladesh Premier League, Tamim played for the Chittagong Vikings, and top-scored for his team scoring 298 runs in 9 innings on an average of 37.25 along with 3 fifties.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim top-scored for his team again in the 2016 Bangladesh Premier League scoring 476 runs in 13 innings on an average of 43.27 with 6 fifties.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In the 2017 Bangladesh Premier League, Tamim played for the Comilla Victorians. He top-scored for his team yet again scoring 332 runs in 10 innings on an average of 36.88 along with 2 fifties.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In the 2019 Bangladesh Premier League, Tamim top-scored for his team scoring 467 runs in 14 innings on an average of 38.91 with 2 fifties and 1 century. His century (141* off 61) came in the final against the Dhaka Dynamites.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In November 2019, was selected to play for the Dhaka Platoon in the 2019–20 Bangladesh Premier League. and in the tournament he became first cricketer to past 2000 runs in BPL history. He scored 396 runs in 12 innings with 3 fifties.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: For the 2022 Bangladesh Premier League, the Minister Group Dhaka signed Tamim. Tamim accumulated 407 runs in 9 innings on an average of 58.14 with 4 fifties and 1 century. His century (111* off 64) came against the Sylhet Sunrisers.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim was classified as an international elite player for the inaugural Caribbean Premier League in 2013. He was picked by the St. Lucia Zouks, and scored 162 runs in 7 innings with 1 fifty.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In July 2014, he played for the Rest of the World side in the Bicentenary Celebration match at Lord's.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim was picked up by the Peshawar Zalmi for the 2016 Pakistan Super League. He top-scored for his team scoring 267 runs in 6 innings on an average of 66.75 with 3 fifties.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In September 2018, he was named in Nangarhar's squad in the first edition of the Afghanistan Premier League tournament.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim, a young talent of Bangladesh, who played in the 2006 U-19 Cricket World Cup in Sri Lanka, was picked for the 2007 World Cup and played against India in the group stage of the competition, scoring 51 runs from 53 deliveries, helping his team to win the match. In December that year, the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) granted Tamim a one-year grade C contract, one of 22 central contracts held by the Board at the time. Although he was still in the lowest tier of central contracts, it was an extension of his previous contract, which lasted six months.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: On Bangladesh's tour of the West Indies in July and August 2009, Tamim scored his maiden Test century against a West Indies team weakened by disputes between players and administrators, which resulted in seven players making their Test debuts in the match. His effort with the bat helped Bangladesh to a historic victory – their first against the West Indies in Tests, their first overseas Test victory and only their second Test win. He ended up with 128, and was named as the Man of the Match for his performance (he also scored 33 in the first innings). Speaking of his innings, Tamim said "It was a flat wicket, and if you concentrate hard and look to bat straight, it's a good track to score on. I'm just 20 and have played only 11 Tests, I think there are a lot more [innings like these] to come". Bangladesh went on to win the second Test, and in the process secured their first overseas series win. Iqbal was Bangladesh's leading run-scorer in the series with 197 runs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Bangladesh's coach, Jamie Siddons, opined in January 2010 that Tamim had "the makings of a world-class opener".


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: During the first innings of the first Test against England in March 2010, Tamim scored 86 runs from 120 deliveries. In the process he became the fastest Bangladesh batsman to reach 1,000 Test runs in terms of innings, taking 19 to reach the landmark. He also became the third-youngest player in Test history (behind Sachin Tendulkar and compatriot Mohammad Ashraful) to reach 1,000 Test runs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In May that year, Bangladesh toured England for two more Tests and three ODIs. Though his team lost 2–0, Tamim scored a century in each of the Tests. For his performances against England, Tamim was named one of the "Wisden Cricketers' Almanack's" four Cricketers of the Year in 2011. In October he was also named "Wisden's" Test Player of the Year, ahead of Graeme Swann and Virender Sehwag, who came second and third respectively. During the qualifying period for the award, Tamim scored 837 runs in seven Tests at an average of 59.78. It was just the second time a Bangladesh player had won the award, as Shakib Al Hasan was named the previous year. At the start of November, the BCB announced 16 central contracts. Tamim was one of six players at the top level.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In December 2010, Tamim replaced Mushfiqur Rahim as Bangladesh's vice-captain. In the opening match of the 2011 World Cup he scored 70 against India in a losing cause. In the following match against Ireland he scored 44 off 43 balls, and took a catch. In the next game against the West Indies, Tamim was caught at the slips for a third-ball duck as Bangladesh folded for its lowest ODI score, 58 all out. The following game against England he scored a quick fire 38 to get his side off to another good start, with Bangladesh eventually winning by two wickets.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim became only the second Bangladeshi to play county cricket in England (Shakib Al Hasan was the first) when he signed to play for Nottinghamshire in June 2011. He was recruited as a short-term replacement for Australian batsmen David Hussey, who was called up to the national squad. During his stay, Tamim played five matches, scoring 104 runs with a highest score of 47. Tamim, whose batting was described in the "Nottingham Post" as "solid if unspectacular", remarked of his performance that "It could have been better, but it wasn't too bad". Even though he was playing in a foreign country, there was pressure from the media in Bangladesh for Tamim to perform – especially when Nottinghamshire faced Worcestershire who were fielding Shakib Al Hasan – with his exploits sometimes making the front pages.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: When Bangladesh toured Zimbabwe in July 2011 for a single Test and five ODIs, they did so with the expectation of winning. Zimbabwe were returning from a six-year exile from Tests, although Bangladesh had not played in the format in more than 14 months. Despite claiming in a press conference that Zimbabwe's bowlers posed little threat, Tamim managed 58 runs in the Test as Bangladesh slid to defeat. Bangladesh lost the following ODI series against Zimbabwe 3–2. Bangladesh's batsmen struggled early in the series, with Tamim managing 157 runs from five innings at an average of 31.40. In the aftermath of the series, Shakib and Tamim were sacked as captain and vice-captain, with a BCB representative citing their poor leadership.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: West Indies toured in October, facing Bangladesh in a T20I, three ODIs and two Tests. Though Bangladesh lost the Test series 1–0, Tamim was his team's leading run-scorer with 186 from four innings, including two half-centuries. The BCB founded the six-team Bangladesh Premier League in 2012, a twenty20 tournament to be held in February that year. The BCB made Tamim the 'icon player' for Chittagong Kings. However, his appearances were limited due to a groin injury and he played just two matches and scored eight runs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In March 2012 Bangladesh hosted the Asia Cup. Tamim, who was recovering from typhoid, was initially dropped from the squad on the orders of BCB president Mustafa Kamal. Controversy ensued as Kamal had overridden the selection committee and eventually Tamim was re-added to the squad. He responded by striking four consecutive half-centuries, becoming the first Bangladesh player to achieve the feat in ODIs. Bangladesh progressed to the final against all expectations, although they lost to Pakistan by 2 runs. Later that month Tamim signed with Pune Warriors in the Indian Premier League, but did not play a single match for the team. In April his top-level central contract with the BCB was renewed.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In late 2012 Bangladesh hosted West Indies, where Bangladesh won the ODI series, despite losing the T20 and the Test series. His highest score during the ODI and Test series was 58 and 72 respectively. Tamim's best performance in the overall series was the unbeaten 88 in the lone T20 match, despite losing the match for 18 runs short.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: After the 2015 Cricket World Cup, Bangladesh played a home series against Pakistan. Tamim played a superb ODI series against Pakistan, where he scored two back-to-back match-winning centuries. Eventually, Bangladesh white-washed Pakistan for the first time in an ODI series and Tamim was named as the Man of the series.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Tamim was the highest run scorer at the 2016 ICC World Twenty20 held in India. This included an unbeaten 103* against Oman in the group stages of the tournament. He became the first Bangladesh cricketer to score an international T20I hundred whilst also surpassing the previous high score of 88* (also held by him). This subsequently helped Bangladesh qualify for the Super 10 stage. Tamim also led the highest number of 6's hit chart at the tournament.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In August 2016, Tamim sustained a fracture on the little finger, which ruled him out from competitive cricket for around three weeks. This means that he could be uncertain for selection for the ODIs against Afghanistan. but he was selected for ODIs and scored 80 and 118 in the first and third ODIs against Afghanistan.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: During the first ODI against Sri Lanka on 26 March 2017, Tamim became the first Bangladeshi to score 10,000 international runs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Preparing for the 2017 Champions Trophy, Iqbal scored a hundred against Pakistan in a warm-up game at Edgbaston in Birmingham. Playing against England in the first of the league games at The Oval, he scored 128 off 142 balls taking the team's total to 305, which was later chased down by the latter. He scored 95 off 114 balls in the next game against Australia, a match that ended without result. In the semi-final against India, he scored 70 off 82 balls in a losing cause, finishing the tournament with 293 runs. He was also named as part of the 'Team of the Tournament' at the 2017 Champions Trophy by the ICC and Cricinfo.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In August 2017, he was named in a World XI side to play three Twenty20 International matches against Pakistan in the 2017 Independence Cup in Lahore.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: On 23 January 2018 against Zimbabwe, Tamim became the first batsman for Bangladesh to reach 6,000 runs in ODIs. During this innings, Tamim also went past Sri Lankan legend Sanath Jayasuriya's 2,514 runs at the R. Premadasa Stadium to become highest run-scorer at a single venue in ODIs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In April 2018, he was one of ten cricketers to be awarded a central contract by the Bangladesh Cricket Board (BCB) ahead of the 2018 season. In the same month, he was named in the Rest of the World XI squad for the one-off T20I against the West Indies, to be played at Lord's on 31 May 2018.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In July 2018, Tamim scored 287 runs with an average of 143.5 in a three-match series against West Indies and became the man of the series for the 4th time in ODI career, which was the second highest for a Bangladeshi player in ODI after Shakib Al Hasan. He jumped to the 13th position in ICC ODI Batsman Ranking with a career highest rating point of 737.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In April 2019, he was named in Bangladesh's squad for the 2019 Cricket World Cup. On 2 July 2019, in the match against India, Tamim played in his 200th ODI.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In July 2019, Bangladesh's regular captain Mashrafe Mortaza was ruled out of the three-match ODI series against Sri Lanka due to a hamstring injury. Tamim was named as captain for the first time in ODIs. Prior to that he had only led Bangladesh in one Test match in 2017 against New Zealand.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In March 2020, when Zimbabwe toured Bangladesh, he scored 158 runs off 136 balls in the 2nd ODI, highest individual score by any Bangladeshi batsman also second Bangladeshi batsman scored a century at Sylhet and he became the first Bangladeshi batsman to score 7,000 runs in ODIs. In the 3rd ODI, He scored 128 runs off 109 balls and made a partnership of 292 runs with Litton Das in the opening wicket which is the highest partnership for Bangladesh for any wicket in ODIs.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: On 8 March 2020, Tamim was named the ODI captain of Bangladesh after Mashrafe Mortaza stepped down as ODI captain post Zimbabwe series in March 2020.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: Since he took full time ODI captaincy, Bangladesh played their first ODI series against Windies in January 2021. Bangladesh went on to win the series by 3–0, while scoring 158 runs in three matches, he was the most run scorer in the series.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: In May 2021, Sri Lanka toured Bangladesh for 3-match ODI series. Bangladesh won the first two matches and lost the third match and eventually won the ODI series by 2–1. It was Bangladesh's first bilateral series win against Sri Lanka.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: He is the highest individual run scorer for Bangladesh in limited-over formats and the only Bangladeshi cricketer to score centuries in all three formats of the game. Tamim is also Bangladesh's highest century maker in international matches with 25 centuries, combining all forms of cricket.


title: Tamim Iqbal

text: On 27 January 2022, Iqbal took a six-month break from T20Is, and on 17 June 2022, shortly after winning the ODI series against West Indies by a 3–0 margin, he announced his retirement from T20I cricket through a Facebook post stating ""Please consider me retired from T20Is from today. Thank you, everyone,"".


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: "A Defense of Abortion" is a moral philosophy essay by Judith Jarvis Thomson first published in "Philosophy & Public Affairs" in 1971. Granting for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, Thomson uses thought experiments to argue that the fetus's right to life does not override the pregnant woman's right to have jurisdiction over her body, and that induced abortion is therefore morally permissible. Thomson's argument has many critics on both sides of the abortion debate, yet it continues to receive defense. Thomson's imaginative examples and controversial conclusions have made "A Defense of Abortion" perhaps "the most widely reprinted essay in all of contemporary philosophy".


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: In "A Defense of Abortion", Thomson grants for the sake of argument that the fetus has a right to life, but defends the permissibility of abortion by appealing to a thought experiment:


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: Thomson argues that one can now permissibly unplug oneself from the violinist even though this will cause his death: this is due to limits on the right to life, which does not include the right to use another person's body, and so by unplugging the violinist, one does not violate his right to life but merely deprives him of something – the use of someone else's body – to which he has no right. "[I]f you do allow him to go on using your kidneys, this is a kindness on your part, and not something he can claim from you as his due."


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: For the same reason, Thomson says, abortion does not violate the fetus's legitimate right to life, but merely deprives the fetus of something – the non-consensual use of the pregnant woman's body and life-supporting functions – to which it has no right. Thus, by choosing to terminate her pregnancy, Thomson concludes that a pregnant woman does not normally violate the fetus's right to life, but merely withdraws its use of her own body, which usually causes the fetus to die.


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: Thomson criticizes the common method of deducing a woman's right to abort from the permissibility of a third party committing the abortion. In most instances, a woman's right to abortion may hinge on the doctor's willingness to perform it. If the doctor refuses, then the pregnant woman is denied her right. To base the pregnant woman's right on the accordance or refusal of a doctor, she argues, is to ignore the pregnant woman's full personhood, and subsequently, her right to her own body. Thomson presents the hypothetical example of the 'expanding child':


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: Thomson concedes that a third party indeed cannot make the choice to kill either the person being crushed or the child. However, this does not mean that the person being crushed cannot act in self-defense and attack the child to save his or her own life. To liken this to pregnancy, the mother can be thought to be the person inside the house, the fetus the growing child. In such a case, the mothers's life is being threatened, and the fetus is the one who threatens it. Because for no reason should the pregnant woman's life be threatened, and also for no reason is the fetus threatening it, both are innocent, and thus no third party can intervene. But, Thomson asserts, the person threatened can intervene, by which justification a mother can rightfully abort.


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: If we say that no one may help the mother obtain an abortion, we fail to acknowledge her right over her own body (or property). Thomson says that we are not personally obligated to help the pregnant woman, though this does not rule out the possibility that someone else may act. As Thomson reminds, the house belongs to the pregnant woman; similarly, the body which holds a fetus also belongs to her.


title: A Defense of Abortion

text: To illustrate an example of pregnancy due to voluntary intercourse, Thomson presents the 'people-seeds' situation: