title: Arthur Nebe

text: Several apologetic accounts produced by the conspirators behind the 20 July plot described Nebe as a professional police officer and a dedicated member of the German resistance. In 1947, Hans Bernd Gisevius described Nebe's position at the head of "Einsatzgruppe" B as a "brief command at the front". Gisevius changed his story in the 1960s, when Nebe's role with the "Einsatzgruppen" was exposed. In the 1966 work "Wo ist Nebe?" ("Where is Nebe?"), Gisevius claimed that Nebe was reluctant to accept the posting but had been persuaded to take it by the opposition leaders Hans Oster and Ludwig Beck, who had allegedly wanted Nebe to retain a key role in Heydrich's apparatus. Gisevius also claimed that Nebe exaggerated the number of victims in reports to Berlin by adding a zero to the number of those killed. A Swedish police official active in Interpol during the war years, Harry Söderman, described Nebe and , a key RSHA figure responsible for persecution of the Roma, in his 1956 book as “professional policemen... very mild Nazis”.


title: Arthur Nebe

text: The historian Christian Gerlach, writing about the 20 July conspirators and their complicity in war crimes of the "Wehrmacht", calls Nebe a "notorious mass murderer". He discusses the role of Henning von Tresckow and his adjutant, Fabian von Schlabrendorff, who were members of military opposition to Hitler and writes:


title: Arthur Nebe

text: Gerlach doubts that Nebe falsified "Einsatzgruppe B" reports and puts Schlabrendorff's claims in the context of bomb plotters' memoirs and the then-prevalent assessments of the opposition group within the high command of Army Group Center: "Especially with reference to the murder of the Jews, [it is said that] 'the SS' had deceived the officers by killing in secret, filing incomplete reports or none at all; if general staff offices protested, the SS threatened them." Gerlach concludes: "This is, of course, nonsense."


title: Arthur Nebe

text: The historian Waitman Wade Beorn writes that "some have argued that [Nebe] deliberately inflated the numbers of Jews he reported killed. Yet all evidence indicates that he was quite content to play his role in Nazi genocide and that his subsequent displeasure with the regime may have stemmed from the imminent Nazi defeat but not opposition to the Holocaust". Bernhard Wehner, Nebe's former colleague at the Kripo stated that Nebe was worried the Allies would punish him for his crimes—his only reason for joining the resistance.


title: Holly Palance

text: Holly Kathleen Palance (born August 5, 1950) is an American former actress and journalist. She is perhaps best known for her role as the nanny of Damien Thorn in Richard Donner's "The Omen" (1976). Palance also appeared in Pete Walker's horror film "The Comeback" (1978). Beginning in 1984, she also co-hosted the series "Ripley's Believe it or Not!" with her father, Jack Palance.


title: Holly Palance

text: Palance also had a leading role opposite Robin Williams and Kurt Russell in the comedy "The Best of Times" (1986) before retiring from acting. She later shifted to a career in journalism, serving as the editor-in-chief of the "Los Angeles Times"s lifestyle magazine.


title: Holly Palance

text: Holly Kathleen Palance was born on August 5, 1950 in Los Angeles, California. She is the daughter of actor Jack Palance and his wife Virginia Baker. Holly was the first of three children born to the couple. She is of Ukrainian descent. Palance spent her early life in Los Angeles before relocating with her father to Europe in 1957, where she lived in several European countries over the next seven years, including Switzerland, Italy, and Germany.


title: Holly Palance

text: At age 19, Palance enrolled in a three-year acting program in London. Before appearing onscreen, Palance performed in theater in England beginning in 1971, appearing in productions at the Oxford Playhouse and in London's West End. She continued to work primarily in England for the remainder of the decade.


title: Holly Palance

text: Palance played Lois Lane opposite Christopher Reeve in his screen test for the title role in "Superman" (1978). The tests included scenes from the balcony interview in "Superman" and the Niagara Falls hotel room scene from "Superman 2" (1980), where Reeve played Clark Kent; this footage was released to the public as an extra feature on a special edition DVD release of the film in the early 2000s. Palance is notable for her role as an ill-destined young nanny in "The Omen" (1976), alongside Gregory Peck and Lee Remick. In 1979, after spending eight years working in England, Palance returned to her native United States.


title: Holly Palance

text: Palance co-hosted the television version of "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" with her father for two seasons in 1983 and 1984, replacing Jack's former co-host, Catherine Shirriff; Holly would later be replaced as co-host by singer Marie Osmond.


title: Holly Palance

text: Palance had a leading role opposite Robin Williams and Kurt Russell in the comedy "The Best of Times" (1986), her final theatrical film. She appeared in the 1989 television film "Cast the First Stone" before formally retiring from acting.


title: Holly Palance

text: After leaving acting, Palance began working as a journalist, heading the "Santa Barbara Magazine", and later serving as the editor-in-chief of the "Los Angeles Times"s lifestyle magazine.


title: Holly Palance

text: She married "Tomorrow Never Dies" director Roger Spottiswoode on April 9, 1983; they had two children and divorced in 1997. In 2010, Palance married journalist Robert Wallace.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The Bechuanaland Protectorate () was a protectorate established on 31 March 1885, by the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland (later the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland) in Southern Africa. It became the Republic of Botswana on 30 September 1966.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Scottish missionary John Mackenzie (1835–1899), a Congregationalist of the London Missionary Society (LMS), who lived at Shoshong from 1862–1876, "believed that the BamaNgwato and other African peoples with whom he worked were threatened by Boer freebooters encroaching on their territory from the south". He campaigned for the establishment of what became the Bechuanaland Protectorate, to be ruled directly from Britain.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: "Austral Africa: Losing It or Ruling It" is Mackenzie's account of events leading to the establishment of the protectorate. Influenced by Mackenzie, in January 1885 the British cabinet decided to send a military expedition to South Africa to assert British sovereignty over the contested territory. Sir Charles Warren (1840–1927) led a force of 4,000 imperial troops north from Cape Town. After making treaties with several African chiefs, Warren announced the establishment of the protectorate in March 1885. In September that year the Tswana country south of the Molopo River was proclaimed the Crown colony of British Bechuanaland. Mackenzie accompanied Warren, and "Austral Africa" contains a detailed account of the expedition.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Bechuanaland meant the "country of the Tswana" (from an archaic form of "Batswana" plus "-land") and for administrative purposes was divided into two political entities. The northern part was administered as the Bechuanaland Protectorate and the southern part was administered as the crown colony of British Bechuanaland. British Bechuanaland was incorporated into the Cape Colony in 1895 and now forms part of South Africa.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The northern part, the Bechuanaland Protectorate, had an area of , and a population of 120,776. It comprised an area occupied by the three main Tswana peoples: the Bamangwato, the Bakwena and the Bangwaketse, together with a number of minor tribes like the Bamalete and the Bakhatla. Also living in the Protectorate were the descendants of the original inhabitants of the area, such as Bushmen and Makalaka, who had been dispossessed by the Tswana peoples in the course of their migration south.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The British government originally expected to turn over the administration of the protectorate to Rhodesia or South Africa, but Tswana opposition left the protectorate under British rule until its independence in 1966.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The Bechuanaland Protectorate was technically a protectorate rather than a colony. Originally the local Tswana rulers were left in power, and British administration was limited to the police force to protect Bechuanaland's borders against other European colonial ventures. But on 9 May 1891 the British Government gave the administration of the protectorate to the High Commissioner for South Africa, who started to appoint officials in Bechuanaland, and the "de facto" independence of Bechuanaland ended.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The protectorate was administered from Mafeking, creating an unusual situation, the capital of the territory being located outside of the territory. The area of Mafeking (from 1980 with the incorporation into Bophuthatswana Mafikeng, since 2010 Mahikeng), was called 'The Imperial Reserve'. In 1885, when the protectorate was declared, Bechuanaland was bounded to the north by the latitude of 22° south. The northern boundary of the protectorate was formally extended northward by the British to include Ngamiland, which was then dominated by the Tawana state, on 30 June 1890. This claim was formally recognised by Germany the following day by Article III of the Heligoland-Zanzibar Treaty, which confirmed the western boundary of the British protectorate of Bechuanaland and the German protectorate of South-West Africa and also created the Caprivi strip inherited by modern Namibia:


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The Tati Concessions Land Act of 21 January 1911 transferred the new eastern territory to the protectorate:


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: From the place where the Shashe River rises to its junction with the Tati and Ramokgwebana Rivers, thence along the Ramokgwebana River to where it rises and thence along the watershed of those rivers,


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: This territory was originally claimed by Matabeleland. In 1887 Samuel Edwards, working for Cecil Rhodes, obtained a mining concession, and in 1895 the British South Africa Company attempted to acquire the area, but the Tswana chiefs Bathoen I, Khama III and Sebele I visited London to protest and were successful in fending off the BSAC. This territory forms the modern North-East District of Botswana.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The proclamation of a protectorate flanked by a new Crown colony to the south (British Bechuanaland) were primarily intended as safeguards against further expansion by Germany, Portugal, or Boers.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Contrary to what was reported at the time by Warren and others, not all chiefs affected by the protectorate were in favour of it. The most powerful ruler was King Khama III, who had strong support from the British government, and was especially popular among evangelicals in Britain. He collaborated closely with the British military, and kept his vast, but underpopulated lands independent from intruders from South Africa.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Khama's eldest son, Sekgoma II, became chief of the Bamangwato upon Khama's death in 1923. Sekgoma II's eldest son was named Seretse. Throughout his life Khama was widowed and remarried several times. One wife, Semane, birthed a son named Tshekedi.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Sekgoma II's reign lasted only a year or so, leaving his son Seretse, who at the time was an infant, as the rightful heir to the chieftainship (Tshekedi was not in line to be chief since he did not descend from Khama's oldest son Sekgoma II). So in keeping with tradition, Tshekedi acted as regent of the tribe until Seretse was old enough to assume the chieftainship. The transfer of responsibility from Tshekedi to Seretse was planned to occur after Seretse had returned from his law studies overseas in Britain.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Tshekedi's regency as acting chief of the Bamangwato is best remembered for his expansion of the "mephato" (regiments) to build primary schools, grain silos, and water reticulation systems, for his frequent confrontations with the British colonial authorities over the administration of justice in Ngwato country, and for his efforts to deal with a major split in the tribe after Seretse married a white woman, Ruth Williams, while studying law in Britain.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Tshekedi opposed the marriage on the grounds that under Tswana custom a chief could not marry simply as he pleased. He was a servant of the people; the chieftaincy itself was at stake. Seretse would not budge in his desire to marry Ruth, and he did, while exiled in Britain in 1948. Tribal opinion about the marriage basically split evenly along demographic lines – older people went with Tshekedi, the younger with Seretse. In the end, British authorities exiled both men (Tshekedi from the Bamangwato territory, Seretse from the Protectorate altogether). Rioting broke out and a number of people were killed.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Seretse and Ruth were allowed to return to the Protectorate and Seretse and Tshekedi were able to patch things up a bit between themselves. By now though, Seretse saw his destiny not as chief of the Bamangwato tribe, but rather as leader of the Botswana Democratic Party and as President of the soon-to-be independent nation of Botswana in 1966. He would remain Botswana's President until his death from pancreatic cancer in 1980. The story of Seretse and Ruth forms the basis of the 2016 film "A United Kingdom".


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The Bechuanaland Protectorate was one of the "High Commission Territories", the others being Basutoland (now Lesotho) and Swaziland (now Eswatini. The High Commissioner had some of the functions of a governor, but the major tribes were self-governing, and the protectorate was not a British possession, so was not available for white settlement. The office was first held by the governor of the Cape Colony, then by the Governor-General of South Africa, then by the High Commissioner for Southern Africa until independence. In each of the three territories, the administration of Britain’s responsibilities was headed by a Resident Commissioner with some of the functions of a Governor but less authority.


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: The Chief Justice was the Chief Justice of the High Commission Territories (Basutoland, Bechuanaland Protectorate and Swaziland). From 1951 the Chief Justices were:


title: Bechuanaland Protectorate

text: Bechuanaland postage stamps were issued from 1888 to 1966. Overprinted stamps were issued until 1932, when the first stamps inscribed "Bechuanaland Protectorate" were issued. On 14 February 1961 the South African rand was introduced, necessitating the surcharging of the existing definitive stamps until new ones were issued.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride is the name of inorganic chemical compounds with the formula ZnCl and its hydrates. Zinc chlorides, of which nine crystalline forms are known, are colorless or white, and are highly soluble in water. This salt is hygroscopic and even deliquescent. Zinc chloride finds wide application in textile processing, metallurgical fluxes, and chemical synthesis. No mineral with this chemical composition is known aside from the very rare mineral simonkolleite, Zn(OH)Cl·HO.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Four crystalline forms (polymorphs) of ZnCl are known: α, β, γ, and δ. Each case features tetrahedral Zn centers.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Here "a", "b", and "c" are lattice constants, "Z" is the number of structure units per unit cell, and ρ is the density calculated from the structure parameters.


title: Zinc chloride

text: The orthorhombic form (δ) rapidly changes to one of the other forms on exposure to the atmosphere. A possible explanation is that the OH ions originating from the absorbed water facilitate the rearrangement. Rapid cooling of molten ZnCl gives a glass.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Molten ZnCl has a high viscosity at its melting point and a comparatively low electrical conductivity, which increases markedly with temperature. As indicated by a Raman scattering study, the viscosity is explained by the presence of polymers. Neutron scattering study indicated the presence of tetrahedral {ZnCl} centers, which requires aggregation of ZnCl monomers as well..


title: Zinc chloride

text: Five hydrates of zinc chloride are known: ZnCl(HO) with "n" = 1, 1.5, 2.5, 3 and 4. The tetrahydrate ZnCl(HO) crystallizes from aqueous solutions of zinc chloride.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Hydrated forms and aqueous solutions may be readily prepared similarly by treating Zn metal, zinc carbonate, zinc oxide, and zinc sulfide with hydrochloric acid:


title: Zinc chloride

text: Unlike many other elements, zinc essentially exists in only one oxidation state, 2+, which simplifies the purification of the chloride.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Commercial samples of zinc chloride typically contain water and products from hydrolysis as impurities. Such samples may be purified by recrystallization from hot dioxane. Anhydrous samples can be purified by sublimation in a stream of hydrogen chloride gas, followed by heating the sublimate to 400 °C in a stream of dry nitrogen gas. Finally, the simplest method relies on treating the zinc chloride with thionyl chloride.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Molten anhydrous ZnCl at 500–700 °C dissolves zinc metal, and, on rapid cooling of the melt, a yellow diamagnetic glass is formed, which Raman studies indicate contains the ion.


title: Zinc chloride

text: A number of salts containing the tetrachlorozincate anion, Zn, are known. "Caulton's reagent", VCl(thf)ZnCl is an example of a salt containing Zn.


title: Zinc chloride

text: The compound CsZnCl contains tetrahedral Zn and Cl anions. No compounds containing the Zn ion have been characterized.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride dissolves readily in water to give ZnClHO species and some free chloride. Aqueous solutions of ZnCl are acidic: a 6 M aqueous solution has a pH of 1. The acidity of aqueous ZnCl solutions relative to solutions of other Zn salts (say the sulfate) is due to the formation of the tetrahedral chloro aqua complexes where the reduction in coordination number from 6 to 4 further reduces the strength of the O–H bonds in the solvated water molecules.


title: Zinc chloride

text: In alkali solution, zinc chloride converts to various zinc hydroxychlorides. These include Zn(OH)Cl, Zn(OH), ZnOH, and the insoluble Zn(OH)Cl·HO. The latter is the mineral simonkolleite. When zinc chloride hydrates are heated, HCl gas evolves and hydroxychlorides result.


title: Zinc chloride

text: When solutions of zinc chloride are treated with ammonia, various complexes of "ammines" are produced. These include Zn(NH)Cl·HO and on concentration ZnCl(NH). The former contains the Zn(NH) ion, and the latter is molecular with a distorted tetrahedral geometry. The species in aqueous solution have been investigated and show that Zn(NH) is the main species present with Zn(NH)Cl also present at lower NH:Zn ratio.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Aqueous zinc chloride reacts with zinc oxide to form an amorphous cement that was first investigated in 1855 by Stanislas Sorel. Sorel later went on to investigate the related magnesium oxychloride cement, which bears his name.


title: Zinc chloride

text: The compound ZnCl·HCl·HO may be prepared by careful precipitation from a solution of ZnCl acidified with HCl. It contains a polymeric anion (ZnCl) with balancing monohydrated hydronium ions, HO ions.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Cellulose dissolves in aqueous solutions of ZnCl, and zinc-cellulose complexes have been detected. Cellulose also dissolves in molten ZnCl hydrate and carboxylation and acetylation performed on the cellulose polymer.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Thus, although many zinc salts have different formulas and different crystal structures, these salts behave very similarly in aqueous solution. For example, solutions prepared from any of the polymorphs of ZnCl, as well as other halides (bromide, iodide), and the sulfate can often be used interchangeably for the preparation of other zinc compounds. Illustrative is the preparation of zinc carbonate:


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride is used as a catalyst or reagent in diverse reactions conducted on an industrial scale. The partial hydrolysis of benzal chloride in the presence of zinc chloride is the main route to benzoyl chloride. It serves as a catalyst for the production of methylene-bis(dithiocarbamate).


title: Zinc chloride

text: The combination of hydrochloric acid and ZnCl, known as the "Lucas reagent", is effective for the preparation of alkyl chlorides from alcohols. Similar reactions are the basis of industrial routes from methanol and ethanol respectively to methyl chloride and ethyl chloride.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Other examples include catalyzing (A) the Fischer indole synthesis, and also (B) Friedel-Crafts acylation reactions involving activated aromatic rings


title: Zinc chloride

text: Related to the latter is the classical preparation of the dye fluorescein from phthalic anhydride and resorcinol, which involves a Friedel-Crafts acylation. This transformation has in fact been accomplished using even the hydrated ZnCl sample shown in the picture above.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride also activates benzylic and allylic halides towards substitution by weak nucleophiles such as alkenes:


title: Zinc chloride

text: In similar fashion, ZnCl promotes selective NaBHCN reduction of tertiary, allylic or benzylic halides to the corresponding hydrocarbons.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride is also a useful starting reagent for the synthesis of many organozinc reagents, such as those used in the palladium catalyzed Negishi coupling with aryl halides or vinyl halides. In such cases the organozinc compound is usually prepared by transmetallation from an organolithium or a Grignard reagent, for example:


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc enolates, prepared from alkali metal enolates and ZnCl, provide control of stereochemistry in aldol condensation reactions due to chelation on to the zinc. In the example shown below, the "threo" product was favored over the "erythro" by a factor of 5:1 when ZnCl in DME/ether was used. The chelate is more stable when the bulky phenyl group is pseudo-equatorial rather than pseudo-axial, i.e., "threo" rather than "erythro".


title: Zinc chloride

text: The use of zinc chloride as a flux, sometimes in a mixture with ammonium chloride (see also Zinc ammonium chloride), involves the production of HCl and its subsequent reaction with surface oxides.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride reacts with metal oxides (MO) to give derivatives of the idealized formula MZnOCl. This reaction is relevant to the utility of ZnCl solution as a flux for soldering — it dissolves passivating oxides, exposing the clean metal surface. Fluxes with ZnCl as an active ingredient are sometimes called "tinner's fluid".


title: Zinc chloride

text: Zinc chloride forms two salts with ammonium chloride: (NH)ZnCl and (NH)ClZnCl, which decompose on heating liberating HCl, just as zinc chloride hydrate does. The action of zinc chloride/ammonium chloride fluxes, for example, in the hot-dip galvanizing process produces H gas and ammonia fumes.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride (more than 64% weight/weight zinc chloride in water) have dissolving starch, silk, and cellulose.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Relevant to its affinity for these materials, ZnCl is used as a fireproofing agent and in fabric "refresheners" such as Febreze. Vulcanized fibre is made by soaking paper in concentrated zinc chloride.


title: Zinc chloride

text: The zinc chloride smoke mixture ("HC") used in smoke grenades contains zinc oxide, hexachloroethane and granular aluminium powder, which, when ignited, react to form zinc chloride, carbon and aluminium oxide smoke, an effective smoke screen.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Ninhydrin reacts with amino acids and amines to form a colored compound "Ruhemann's purple" (RP). Spraying with a zinc chloride solution forms a 1:1 complex RP:ZnCl(HO), which is more readily detected as it fluoresces more intensely than RP.


title: Zinc chloride

text: Dilute aqueous zinc chloride was used as a disinfectant under the name "Burnett's Disinfecting Fluid".


title: Aaron Dismuke

text: Aaron Mitchell Dismuke (born October 13, 1992) is an American voice actor, ADR director and script writer for Funimation. He is known for his role as Alphonse Elric in the English dub of the first "Fullmetal Alchemist" television series, whom he voiced when he was 12 years old. He is also known for his directorial work for the English dubs of "Nanbaka", "Shomin Sample", "Tsugumomo", "Cheer Boys", "", "Black Clover", "Dr. Stone" and "Luck and Logic".


title: Aaron Dismuke

text: Dismuke made his start as a young child. His cousin, voice actor and director Justin Cook, helped to gain him his first role. He started voice acting at nine years old, where he voiced Hiro Sohma and the young Akito Sohma in "Fruits Basket" (2001).


title: Aaron Dismuke

text: When he was twelve years old, he was given his first lead role as Alphonse Elric in "Fullmetal Alchemist". In "", his role of Alphonse Elric was replaced by Maxey Whitehead due to puberty, but returns to reprise his role in the live-action movie on Netflix. He also voiced the young Van Hohenheim, the Elric brothers' father in "".


title: Aaron Dismuke

text: He is also the voice of many characters such as Chihiro Furuya from "", Lucifer from "The Devil is a Part-Timer!", Arslan from "The Heroic Legend of Arslan", Twelve from "Terror in Resonance", Shun Asanaga from "Endride", Hayashi from "Recovery of an MMO Junkie", Leonardo Watch from "Blood Blockade Battlefront", Van Fanel from "The Vision of Escaflowne", Senku Ishigami from "Dr. Stone" and Miyuki Shirogane in "".


title: Aaron Dismuke

text: In 2016, he was cast in his first role in cartoons as Oscar Pine in the Rooster Teeth animated series "RWBY." In 2017, he was cast as Yukiya Naruse from "". In 2018, he was cast as Tamaki Amajiki from "My Hero Academia". In 2019, he was cast in his second role in cartoons as Beetle in a Cartoon Network series "Beetle + Bean".


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Dhobi Ghat (), released internationally as Mumbai Diaries and Bombay Diaries, is a 2010 Indian drama film directed by Kiran Rao in her directorial debut. The film was produced by Rao and Aamir Khan, and stars Prateik Babbar, Monica Dogra, Kriti Malhotra and Khan in the lead roles. Gustavo Santaolalla was signed to compose the score and soundtrack of the film, which includes a song by Ryuichi Sakamoto.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: "Dhobi Ghat" had its world premiere in September 2010 at the Toronto International Film Festival and was released on 21 January 2011 in cinemas. The film being mainly tagged an Art and Parallel cinema was critically successful, as it well received and appreciated by critics, although it was an average performer at the box office. The film was longlisted for the 65th BAFTA Awards in the Best Film Not in the English Language category.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Arun (Aamir Khan), a reclusive artist, moves into a run-down flat in the older part of Mumbai. After attending an exhibition of his works, he meets Shai (Monica Dogra), an American banker who has come to Mumbai to devote time to her hobby, photography, and takes her back to his flat, where they have a one-night stand. The next morning, Arun expresses his disinterest in continuing the relationship, and Shai angrily storms out.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Shortly after, Zohaib Shaikh aka Munna (Prateik Babbar), a "dhobi" (washerman) who dreams about getting a break in Bollywood, arrives to deliver Arun's laundry. Arun moves into a new apartment the next day. While unpacking, he finds a small container that had been left by the previous tenant, Yasmin, of the apartment. In it, he finds a silver chain, a ring, and three videotapes (Pehli chitti, Doosri chitti and Aakhri chitti) by Yasmin Noor. The tapes turn out to be video diaries through which Yasmin communicates with her brother. In the tape, she is generally happy and shows her apartment, which is the same one Arun is occupying now. The next morning, Arun is informed by his manager that art dealers, impressed with his art, have decided to open a gallery in Sydney featuring his works. Arun is pleased by this, as it would also give him a chance to visit his ex-wife and child, settled in Australia. He begins to work on a new painting.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: When Munna delivers laundry to Shai's house, they meet and soon become friends. Munna agrees to show Shai around Mumbai and help her gather photographs about the occupations of the poor. In return, Shai agrees to shoot a portfolio of Munna to help him get into the film industry. Arun continues watching Yasmin's tapes and learns more about her life, including that she has recently married a man who seems distant. Shai obtains Arun's new address from Munna. Shai's father's construction company is constructing a building opposite Arun's apartment. Shai starts shooting photos of Arun from the construction site without Arun being aware of it.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Munna continues struggling to find work in films. To earn a living, he washes clothes by day and kills rats by night. He disapproves of his brother's criminal activity but they are close, and Munna's brother uses his underworld contacts to try to get Munna a break in the industry. In the meantime, Munna shows Shai the different facets of Mumbai, including the "dhobi ghaat", where he works as a launderer. Munna develops feelings for Shai but is unable to express them, mostly because of his working-class status. One day, Arun spots Shai nearby and invites her to his house. He apologizes for their first meeting. Munna sees them together and feels betrayed but Shai is able to convince him to keep helping her. One night, while Munna is at his rat-killing job, Shai sees him and takes pictures. Dismayed, Munna flees from her.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Arun watches the final video by Yasmin. Her tone has changed considerably since the previous tape, in which she revealed learning that her husband was in an extramarital affair. She strongly indicates that she intends to commit suicide. Shaken by the knowledge that Yasmin might have hanged herself in that very room, Arun flees the apartment and moves into a new one. Munna arrives home to find that his brother has been killed. He and his family relocate to a new flat and Munna visits his brother's contact in the film industry to show him his portfolio.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Arun studies the painting he has been working on, which is now complete. Yasmin is prominently featured along with other things she had left behind. Shortly after, Shai finds Munna and Munna again tries to flee her, but she catches up with him. She insists upon their friendship and asks about Arun's whereabouts. Still hurt, Munna lies to her and they exchange an abrupt farewell before Shai leaves. Moments later, Munna changes his mind and runs after Shai's car, weaving through the traffic. The film ends when Munna catches up to the car and gives Shai Arun's new address.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: The soundtrack of the film was composed by Academy Award-winning Gustavo Santaolalla and includes a song by Ryuichi Sakamoto. All of the songs were only included in the film. No soundtrack of "Dhobi Ghat" was released in the market.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Two other songs included in the movie are "Ab Ke Sawaan Ghar Aazaa" which is a thumri in Raga Tilak Kamod sung by Begum Akhtar and "Dil Tadap Tadap Ke Kah Raha Hai Aa Bhi Ja" which is from the film "Madhumati" and sung by Mukesh and Lata Mangeshkar.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: In an interview, Rao expressed that the film was meant to be a tribute to Mumbai and that she sought to reveal other sides of the city not often portrayed.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: The film was shot in Mumbai using "guerilla" techniques. Due to the 2008 Mumbai attacks, shooting was delayed when, citing safety concerns, the government denied Rao permission to shoot scenes at a railway station. According to the director, Mumbai is the "fifth character" in "Dhobi Ghat".


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: The movie was shot at skycrapers under construction, Mohammed Ali markets, sea facing bungalows at Worli, Dhobi Ghat at Mahalaxmi, Chowpatty and Marine Drive. No special sets were constructed to shoot the movie. The movie was released in 2 versions. The original version is around 40% English, while the second version has all dialogue dubbed in Hindi.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Rapid Eye Movies, a German distributor bought the rights for the film's theatrical release in Germany. "Dhobi Ghat" was released without an intermission, becoming the first Indian film to do so.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: In spite of some expletives, the film was originally passed with a U/A certificate by the Central Board of Film Certification, but Khan did not want "parents to come with their eight year olds for it", and hence got it re-certified with an A certificate. He felt this was him "reducing his audience by half". On the other hand, the film received a 12A classification from the British Board of Film Classification for theatrical release, and a 12 rating for home video release.


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Upon release, the film received mostly positive reviews from critics. Bhawana Somaaya, senior editor of "Ticket Please" gave the film a five out of five stars, stating that "Rao portrays the drudgery and the magnificence of the city in unforgettable imageries". She also says that "There is no doubting that Dhobi Ghat is amongst the most significant films in the history of Indian cinema" Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 70%, with an average score of 6.8/10. Blessy Chettiar, film critic of "Daily News and Analysis" wrote, "With Dhobi Ghat, Kiran Rao finally gives Mumbai a film that represents its true hues and tints." Mathures Paul of "The Statesman" gave the film four stars out of five noting that, ""Dhobi Ghat" is part atmospheric portrait, part video diary that has enough heart-breaking moments you don't want to watch. But neither can you look away".


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: Pratim D. Gupta of The Telegraph compared "Dhobi Ghat" with Satyajit Ray's "Charulata" in the way that the five characters, including Mumbai, operate like a string quintet. Mayank Shekhar of the "Hindustan Times" gave the film three and a half stars stating, "Bombay, is the centre of this film's attention. It's probably the only city in the world where so many classes so closely merge into a common river of sorrows, beauty or hope: unaware of how each affects the other every day. This film is first-rate tribute; it's visceral, I realize -- both clichés for compliments. Nothing more appropriate comes to mind." Anupama Chopra of NDTV gave the film three stars, stating, "If you are willing to have patience, Dhobi Ghat comes together nicely. It has a poetry and melancholy that stays with you." "Dhobi Ghat is a Poetry on Canvas!" said Swati Deogire of The ILIKE Times giving it a 3.5/5" Gaurav Malani of "India Times Movies" gave the film two stars, stating "Dhobi Ghat is a pretentious attempt at producing an arthouse piece".


title: Dhobi Ghat (film)

text: In spite of being an art film with dark theme, Dhobi Ghat grossed after its theatrical run in India. Besides, Dhobi Ghat did well in the overseas markets including USA, UK and Dubai collecting after the second weekend. The movie completed its overseas theatrical run with a collection of about $12.6 million. Aamir Khan commented on Dhobi Ghat's success saying, "I am very happy with "Dhobi Ghat's" collection. Films like 'Dhobi Ghat' are really breaking grounds. It's a very unusual film and the kind of business it has done is huge for this kind of film. The kind of budget the film was made at, it's a very successful film. It made double the money it had cost us to make the film.". Boxofficeindia.com declared the film as "Average".


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: The third season of the American television drama series "Homeland" premiered on September 29, 2013 on Showtime, and concluded on December 15, 2013, consisting of 12 episodes. The series is loosely based on the Israeli television series "Hatufim" (English: "Prisoners of War") created by Gideon Raff and is developed for American television by Howard Gordon and Alex Gansa.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: Set in the aftermath of the CIA bombing at the end of season 2, Nicholas Brody is now on the run, suspected of having delivered and activated the bomb despite both his and Carrie's protestations of his innocence. Saul Berenson is instituted as Acting Director of the CIA and establishes a grandiose plot to turn Major General Majid Javadi in order to have him influence policy for the United States in Iran.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: On October 22, 2012, "Homeland" was renewed for a third season, consisting of 12 episodes, which premiered on September 29, 2013.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: Production for the third season began in late May 2013, continuing in Charlotte, North Carolina. The series also filmed in Old San Juan, Puerto Rico, which stood in for Caracas, Venezuela. The series was also planning on returning to Israel for additional filming, but filming moved to Morocco, due to ongoing conflicts in Syria.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: The third season has three previous guest actors–Rupert Friend, F. Murray Abraham and Sarita Choudhury–promoted to series regulars. Tracy Letts joined the cast playing Senator Andrew Lockhart, Chairman of Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, as a series regular. Diego Klattenhoff and David Marciano, who portray Mike Faber and Virgil, do not return as series regulars, but return in a recurring capacity.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: Barbara Hall joined as co-executive producer, after Meredith Stiehm left. James Yoshimura also joined as a writer and consulting producer. Writer Henry Bromell, who died on March 18, 2013, is credited as executive producer for the whole season. Lesli Linka Glatter, who directed the season 2 episode "Q&A", and former "24" co-executive producer and writer Patrick Harbinson both joined as co-executive producer. Michael Klick, who was credited as producer in the first two seasons, was promoted to co-executive producer. Claire Danes became a producer beginning with the third season. Former series writer Meredith Stiehm rejoined the writing staff near the end of the third season, including co-writing the season finale, after departing "Homeland" to write for her new TV series "The Bridge". Stiehm will continue with the series through the fourth season and potential fifth season as well.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: In its third season, "Homeland" became the first series on Showtime to surpass seven million total viewers weekly. The season finale, "The Star", was the highest rated episode of the series to date, with 2.38 million viewers for the original broadcast.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: The third season received mixed reviews from critics, with many of the criticisms targeted at the second half. The first two episodes received a Metacritic score of 77 out of 100, based on 23 reviews, but reviews became more mixed as the season progressed. On Rotten Tomatoes, the season has an approval rating of 80% with an average score of 7.9 out of 10 based on 40 reviews. The website's critical consensus reads, "As the stakes get higher, "Homeland" remains a roller coaster ride of tension, and Claire Danes is riveting in one of the best written thrillers on television."


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: Tim Goodman of "The Hollywood Reporter" wrote that the first two episodes of the season restored his faith in the series, with the emphasis on Carrie and Saul, and that "the writing and acting in the first two episodes are exceptional." Robert Rorke of "Newsday" wrote that "the third-season premiere "Homeland" delivers a strong episode that repairs much of the damage done last season to this excellent show" and "In balancing action with character development, "Homeland" offers something for everyone. The performances, as usual, are excellent." Robert Bianco of "USA Today" praised the focus on the aftermath of the CIA bombing, and wrote "The result of that change of focus is a return that's quieter than the tone "Homeland" set when it left us but just as intense, and—when Danes is on screen—just as emotionally wrenching." Matthew Wolfson of "Slate" wrote "Showing us the long-term impact of the attack on the lives of these characters, whose deep-seated motivations and fears have gradually been revealed to us over the last two seasons, allows "Homeland" to transcend its tendencies toward the hyperbolic and gives us a reason to suspend our disbelief."


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: However, some critics had negative reviews for the season. Morven Crumlish of "The Guardian" found it tedious: "A half-absorbed piece of fiction will leave the characters floundering in their mid-arc torpor. With no end in sight, though, Carrie and Brody can flounder without me." Gerard O'Donovan of "The Daily Telegraph" agreed: "The ludicrous plot contortions of this season’s early episodes... had all been such a mess."


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: The season was nominated for Best Drama Series for the 2014 Writers Guild of America Awards. For the 20th Screen Actors Guild Awards, the cast was nominated for Best Drama Ensemble, Claire Danes was nominated for Best Drama Actress, and the series was nominated for Best Stunt Team. For the 66th Primetime Emmy Awards, Claire Danes was nominated for Outstanding Lead Actress in a Drama Series and Mandy Patinkin was nominated for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series.


title: Homeland (season 3)

text: "Homeland: The Complete Third Season" was released as a widescreen region 1 four-disc DVD and three-disc Blu-ray box set in the United States and Canada on September 9, 2014. In addition to the 12 episodes, it includes deleted scenes, audio commentary for "The Star" and two featurettes—"The Tower of David: Filming in Puerto Rico 3" and "The Last Days: Filming the Season Finale". The same set was also released on September 8, 2014, in region 2 and on September 24, 2014, in region 4.


title: Caveman (film)

text: Caveman is a 1981 slapstick comedy film written and directed by Carl Gottlieb and starring Ringo Starr, Dennis Quaid, Shelley Long and Barbara Bach.


title: Caveman (film)

text: Atouk (Ringo Starr) is a bullied and scrawny caveman living in "One Zillion BC – October 9th". He lusts after the beautiful but shallow Lana (Barbara Bach), who is the mate of Tonda (John Matuszak), their tribe's physically imposing bullying leader and brutish instigator. After being banished along with his friend Lar (Dennis Quaid), Atouk falls in with a band of assorted misfits, among them the comely Tala (Shelley Long) and the elderly blind man Gog (Jack Gilford). The group has ongoing encounters with hungry dinosaurs, and rescues Lar from a "nearby ice age", where they encounter an abominable snowman. In the course of these adventures they discover sedative drugs and fire, invent cooking, music, and weapons, and learn how to walk fully upright. Atouk uses these advances to lead an attack on Tonda, overthrowing him and becoming the tribe's new leader. He rejects Lana and takes Tala as his mate, and they live happily ever after.


title: Caveman (film)

text: An international co-production between The United States and Mexico. Filming was mostly done in the Sierra de Órganos National Park in the town of Sombrerete in the state of Zacatecas, Mexico. The river and fishing lake scene was shot in the Mexican state of Durango, and some scenes were filmed at the Churubusco Studios in Mexico City. The film features stop motion animated dinosaurs constructed by Jim Danforth, including a "Tyrannosaurus Rex" which in one scene becomes intoxicated by a cannabis-type drug, animated by Randall W. Cook. Danforth was a major participant in the special effects sequences, but left the film "about two-thirds of the way" (his words) through the work because the Directors Guild of America prohibited his contracted on-screen credit, co-direction with Carl Gottlieb. Consequently, Danforth's name does not appear on the film.


title: Caveman (film)

text: At some showings audiences were issued a translation pamphlet for 30 "caveman words." The only English dialog present is used for comedic effect, when it is spoken by a caveman played by Evan Kim who speaks modern English but is understood by none of the other characters. Being a Korean caveman, by speaking English, he appears to be more advanced than the rest. At her audition, Long said she did not speak any English, but responded to everything with grunts.


title: Caveman (film)

text: Barbara Bach and Ringo Starr first met on the set of "Caveman", and they married just over a year later.


title: Caveman (film)

text: The film was released on Region 1 DVD by MGM Home Entertainment on June 4, 2002. It was then released on February 17, 2015 on Blu-ray Disc by Olive Films.


title: Caveman (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 35% based on reviews from 20 critics, with an average rating of 4.7/10. On Metacritic the film has a score of 55% based on reviews from 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Caveman (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 1.5 stars out of a possible 4. The cast was "interesting", he wrote, but the main failing of "Caveman" was it being a spoof with "no popular original material for it to satirize. There has never been a really successful movie set in prehistoric times." Ebert and Gene Siskel both gave the film a negative "don't see it" review on their TV show but softened their criticism somewhat by noting that its dinosaur-related sequences were amusing.


title: Caveman (film)

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote that the film was "dopey, but it's also lots of fun", and that the real star was the special-effects dinosaur. Pauline Kael of The New Yorker gave it a positive review, calling it "a funky, buoyant farce."


title: Caveman (film)

text: Gary Arnold of "The Washington Post" gave it a mixed review. He was critical with the lack of originality but suggests younger audiences who have not seen it before may enjoy it. Arnold compares the film unfavorably to "The Three Ages", where Buster Keaton was able to bring his genius, "Caveman" struggles to overcome Starr's limits and director Gottlieb fails to make use of other talented actors such as Quaid, Schreiber, or Gilford.


title: Haley Tju

text: Haley Alexandra Tju () (born February 15, 2001) is an American actress. She is known for her role as Pepper in the Nickelodeon television series "Bella and the Bulldogs", and Marcy Wu in the Disney animated television series "Amphibia".


title: Haley Tju

text: Tju was born in Southern California, and grew up in Chino Hills, California. She began acting at the age of four, and was home schooled. She is of Chinese and Indonesian descent. Her sister Brianne Tju is also an actress.


title: Haley Tju

text: Her first television appearance was in a commercial for Pizza Hut, while her first TV show performance was a bit part in "Hannah Montana" at the age of seven. Tju has appeared in television shows, television movies, feature films and a short. Tju has appeared on "The Suite Life on Deck" where she played Young London in an episode. Later came episode appearances on "Desperate Housewives", "Jessie", "Go On", and "The Thundermans". She also appeared in the television movie "Den Brother". In 2013, Tju was signed to a talent deal with Nickelodeon after participating in a showcase at the Los Angeles Groundlings Theater.


title: Haley Tju

text: Her first prominent role was as a voice actor in the children's animated series "Monsters vs. Aliens" as the character of Sqweep. Next, Tju landed her first leading role in the Nickelodeon television special, "The Massively Mixed Up Middle School Mystery", playing one of three young detectives.


title: Haley Tju

text: Tju also played the main role Pepper Silverstein, the cheerleader best friend of Brec Bassinger's character Bella Dawson on the Nickelodeon television series "Bella and the Bulldogs".


title: Angela Rippon

text: Angela May Rippon (born 12 October 1944) is an English television journalist, newsreader, writer and presenter. Rippon presented radio and television news programmes in South West England before moving to BBC One's "Nine O'Clock News", becoming a regular presenter in 1975. She was the first female journalist permanently to present the BBC national television news, and the second female news presenter on British television after Barbara Mandell on Independent Television News (ITN) in 1955.


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon appeared on a Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show in 1976, presented the first two series of "Top Gear" and also presented "Come Dancing". She hosted the Eurovision Song Contest in 1977. She was a presenter on, and co-founder of, breakfast television franchisee TV-am. In the 1990s, she moved to radio, presenting daily news programmes for LBC Newstalk between 1990 and 1994, and appeared on Channel 4's "The Big Breakfast" as a stand-in newsreader. She presented the BBC broadcast of the United Kingdom Ballroom Championships at the Bournemouth International Centre in 1991.


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon has written fourteen books, toured with a production of "Anything Goes" and presented a segment of BBC One's "The One Show".


title: Angela Rippon

text: Since 2009, she has co-presented the BBC consumer show "Rip Off Britain" with Gloria Hunniford and Julia Somerville and since 2013, she has co-hosted "Holiday Hit Squad" on the BBC alongside Helen Skelton and Joe Crowley. She also regularly voices the BBC One game show "The Wall".


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon was born in Plymouth, Devon, into a working-class family. Her father, John, was a Royal Marine; she first saw him in 1947 when he returned from World War II. Rippon's Scottish mother, Edna, worked at a fine china company called Lawley's and was also a seamstress. She attended Public Secondary School for Girls, Cobourg Street in Plymouth.


title: Angela Rippon

text: After leaving school at 17, Rippon joined the photographic office of the "Western Morning News" and worked for the "Sunday Independent", and later, BBC local radio and Westward Television as an editor.


title: Angela Rippon

text: When she was 21, Rippon began her television career at BBC South West in Plymouth in 1966, before becoming a reporter for BBC TV news. Rippon first presented a national news programme on BBC2 in 1974. For a fortnight, she replaced newsreader Richard Baker – who was on holiday – on BBC One's "Nine O'Clock News", and was offered a permanent newsreading role on that programme in 1975. Rippon was called by newspapers the first female television newsreader. However, ITN's Barbara Mandell predated her, having first appeared on the second night of ITV in 1955; Nan Winton was the first female BBC newsreader in 1960, and Mary Marquis had already been BBC Scotland's main newsreader for a few years. Rippon was the first female journalist to read the news regularly on national television.


title: Angela Rippon

text: In an interview with "The Guardian", she said: "You just become an automated autocue reader and if you've half a brain you want an opportunity to use it. When I read the Nine O'Clock News, I kept my brain active by working on programmes like "Antiques Roadshow" (which she briefly hosted in 1979), "Top Gear" and "In the Country"." Rippon was a guest in the 1976 Morecambe and Wise Christmas Show, first appearing behind a BBC newsdesk, then emerging to perform a high-kicking dance routine. Her appearance was so popular she made a cameo appearance in the following year's show, in which she was revealed to be one of a chorus line. Rippon later presented the long-running show "Come Dancing".


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon hosted the 1977 Eurovision Song Contest at the Wembley Conference Centre in London. She was the first presenter of BBC television's "Top Gear", presenting the motoring programme from 1977 to 1979. Rippon appeared briefly on TV-am following its launch in 1983. After a much publicised exit from TV-am (with most of its other founder presenters), she worked as an Arts and Entertainments correspondent for WHDH-TV (then known as WNEV) in Boston, Massachusetts for a brief period.


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon co-presented the BBC's coverage of the wedding of the Prince of Wales and Lady Diana Spencer on 29 July 1981 and BBC One's coverage of the 1979 UK general election results. In the mid-1980s, she hosted the quiz show, "Masterteam" on BBC One, and hosted ITV's revival of the panel game "What's My Line?" from 1989 to 1990. In 1990, she also hosted a game show, "Matchpoint", that was based on tennis format. She also became a regular presenter on BBC Radio 2, often sitting in for Jimmy Young and presenting a seasonal Friday night show from 1986 to 1989.


title: Angela Rippon

text: From 1990 to 1994, she presented "Angela Rippon's Morning Report", a daily radio news programme on LBC Newstalk, and, later, "Angela Rippon's Drivetime". She was a stand-in newsreader on Channel 4's The Big Breakfast until 2002. In 2005, Rippon co-hosted a series of "Sun, Sea and Bargain Spotting" for BBC 2 and in April 2006, she toured the UK as a cast member of the musical "Anything Goes". In 2007, she became a presenter on "Cash in the Attic", a BBC One daytime television programme broadcast where presenters meet members of the general public, who seek out valuables and antiques to be sold at auction, in their homes.


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 1997, Rippon presented the Channel 4 show "Game of War" with co-presenter Paddy Griffith, a programme that re-enacted historic battles on the wargames table with modern-day military commanders re-fighting the battles. The show only aired for three episodes. The battles re-fought were Battle of Naseby (14 June 1645), Battle of Waterloo (18 June 1815) and Battle of Balaklava (25 October 1854).


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 2010, Rippon appeared for one night on the ITV show "Dancing on Ice" as a judge, covering for Robin Cousins and returned to the show as one of 16 participants in the sixth season on 9 January 2011, with her professional partner, Canadian ice skater Sean Rice. In March 2011, she appeared with Lenny Henry, Samantha Womack and Reggie Yates in a BBC documentary to raise funds for Comic Relief. It was called "Famous, Rich and in the Slums", and showed four celebrities travelling to Kibera in Kenya, Africa's largest slum. In 2011 she joined "The One Show", presenting a five-minute slot called "Rippon's Britain".


title: Angela Rippon

text: On 19 November 2011, Rippon appeared on Children in Need, performing alongside BBC newsreaders Sian Williams, Susanna Reid, Sophie Raworth, and Emily Maitlis in a special one-off edition of "Strictly Come Dancing". In the same month she worked briefly on BBC Radio 5 Live as a stand-in presenter on the "Double Take" programme.


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon joined the BBC again, as a co-presenter on the BBC One show "Holiday Hit Squad" in 2013, alongside Joe Crowley and Helen Skelton. The show returned for a second series in March 2014.


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 2014, Rippon co-hosted the ITV Saturday night entertainment series "Amazing Greys" alongside Paddy McGuinness. The show lasted for just one series. In April 2016, she co-presented the two-part BBC One series "How to Stay Young".


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 2018, Rippon was a co-presenter of live coverage of the wedding of Prince Harry and Meghan Markle for Channel Seven (Australia) alongside Michael Usher and Melissa Doyle.


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 2021, on the Christmas episode of "Would I Lie to You?", Rippon revealed that her nickname was "Ripps".


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 2022, she provided analysis on the Australian television broadcaster Seven Network's coverage of the death and state funeral of Elizabeth II as a royal commentator. She has been a stand-in presenter on GB News, first alongside Eamonn Holmes on the breakfast programme, and then on Alistair Stewart and Friends.


title: Angela Rippon

text: In the early 1980s, Rippon wrote a series of children's books about a character called "Victoria Plum" that was published by Purnell and Sons. Victoria Plum was a tree fairy in "the Great Wood". Merchandise and a Christmas annual were released following the second series. In 1982, she wrote a book "Mark Phillips, the Man and His Horses", about the Princess Royal's then husband. Rippon has since written keep-fit guides for older people, including "Stay Active, Stay Supple, Stay Healthy".


title: Angela Rippon

text: Rippon is patron of the Old Time Dance Society. In 2010, she attended the society's 25th Anniversary Ball of the Year. In 2000, Rippon was appointed Chair of English National Ballet. After several years of involvement, she resigned in late 2003 following complaints and briefings about her leadership style, which was described as "schoolmistressy" and "imperious".


title: Angela Rippon

text: In 1967 at the age of 22, she married Christopher Dare, an engineer. They separated in 1989, divorcing later. They had no children.


title: Angela Rippon

text: She was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1981 when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews while signing copies of her newly published book in a store at the Brent Cross Shopping Centre.


title: Angela Rippon

text: She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to dementia care in her role as development lead with Dementia Friendly Communities.


title: Google China

text: Google China is a subsidiary of Google. A popular search engine, most services offered by Google China were blocked by the Great Firewall in the People's Republic of China. In 2010, searching via all Google search sites, including Google Mobile, was moved from mainland China to Hong Kong.


title: Google China

text: By November 2013, Google's search market share in China had declined to 1.7% from its August 2009 level of 36.2%, though it has slowly risen since, representing 3.8% of the search engine market by July 2020.


title: Google China

text: On 12 September 2000, Google announced the addition of Simplified and Traditional Chinese versions to Google.com and began to provide search services for Chinese users worldwide.


title: Google China

text: In 2005, Google China moved from Xinhua Insurance Building, outside Jianguomen, to Keji Building in the Tsinghua Science Park near the east gate of Tsinghua University, where Google rented two floors. In addition, Google has an office in the Beijing Fortune Center.


title: Google China

text: On 19 July 2005, Kai-Fu Lee, a former Microsoft executive and the founder in 1998 of Microsoft Research Asia, joined Google and officially became the president of Google China. On the same day, Google announced that it would set up a research and development center in China.


title: Google China

text: In January 2006, Simplified Chinese Google News was renamed from "Google 新闻" (Google News) to "Google 资讯" (Google Information).


title: Google China

text: On 26 January 2006, Google launched its China-based google.cn search page, with results subject to censorship by the Chinese government. Google used its Chinese name, GǔGē ("harvest song"), but it never caught on with Chinese internet users.


title: Google China

text: On 12 April 2006, Google's Global CEO Eric Schmidt announced Google's Chinese name as "谷歌" (The Chinese character version of GǔGē) in Beijing. Google officially entered the Chinese mainland market.


title: Google China

text: From September 2006 until August 2016, the office of Google China was a ten-floor building in Kejian Building in the Tsinghua Science Park.


title: Google China

text: In March 2009, China blocked access to Google's YouTube site due to footage showing Chinese security forces beating Tibetans; access to other Google online services was being denied to users arbitrarily.


title: Google China

text: On 4 September 2009, after four years leading Google China, Kai-Fu Lee unexpectedly left to start a venture fund, amid debate about the Chinese government's censorship policies and Google's decreasing share to rival Baidu and Sogou.


title: Google China

text: In January 2010, Google announced that, in response to a Chinese-originated hacking attack on them and other US tech companies, they were no longer willing to censor searches in China and would pull out of the country completely if necessary. At the same time, Google started to redirect all search queries from Google.cn to Google.com.hk in Hong Kong, which returned results without censorship. At the time, Hong Kong was vested with independent judicial power and was not subject to most Chinese laws, including those requiring the restriction of free flow of information and censorship of Internet traffic. David Drummond, senior vice president of Google, stated in the official Google blog that the circumstances surrounding censorship of the Internet in China led Google to move its search to Hong Kong, the absence of censorship making it more effective for networking and sharing information with Internet users in mainland China.


title: Google China

text: On 30 March 2010, searching via all Google search sites in all languages was banned in mainland China; any attempt to search using Google resulted in a DNS error. Initial reports suggested that the error was caused by a banned string (RFA, as in "Radio Free Asia") being automatically added to Google search queries upstream of user queries, with prominent China journalists disagreeing over whether the blockage was an intentional and high-level attempt to censor search results. Other Google services such as Google Mail and Google Maps appeared to be unaffected. Xiao Qiang, director of the China Internet Project at UC Berkeley and founder of the China Digital Times, noted that the ban in mainland China could eventually block all access to Google sites and applications if the Chinese government wanted.


title: Google China

text: On 30 June 2010, Google ended the automatic redirect of Google China to Google Hong Kong, and instead placed a link to Google Hong Kong to avoid their Internet Content Provider (ICP) license being revoked.


title: Google China

text: The fact that Google had ended some of its services in China, and the reasons for it, were censored in China.


title: Google China

text: In 2013 Google stopped displaying warning messages that had shown up for mainland Chinese users who were attempting to search for politically sensitive phrases.


title: Google China

text: Google's Internet mail service, Gmail, and Chrome and Google-based search inquiries have not been available to mainland China users since 2014. Google has maintained that it would continue with the research and development offices in China along with the sales offices for other Google products such as Android smartphone software.


title: Google China

text: On 1 August 2016, Google China moved its headquarters from Tsinghua Science Park to Rongke Information Center.


title: Google China

text: On 8 December 2016, Google held the Google Developer Day China 2016 in the China National Convention Center, and announced the creation of a developer website for mainland Chinese developers, including Google Developers China (), Android Developers China (), and Firebase China (). This was the first time Google China used the ".cn" domain name again after giving up Google China.


title: Google China

text: On 13 December 2017, Google China held Google Developer Day China 2017 in Shanghai and announced the establishment of the Google AI China Center, led by Fei-Fei Li and Professor Li Jia.


title: Google China

text: On 14 August 2020, following the enactment of the Hong Kong national security law, Google China stated that it would no longer directly respond to data requests from the Hong Kong authorities, and would instead have them go through a Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty with the United States.


title: Google China

text: On 1 August 2018, "The Intercept" reported that Google plans to launch a censored version of its search engine in China, code-named Dragonfly. The finalized version could be launched as soon as January 2019. On 6 August, China Communist Party's official newspaper "People's Daily" published a column which was soon deleted saying that they might welcome a return of Google if it plays by Beijing's strict rules for media oversight. Soon afterwards, Li Yanhong, the founder of Baidu, China's dominant search engine, predicted his company will "again be victorious" against Google if the U.S. search giant returns to China.


title: Google China

text: Despite statements from Google executives that their work had been "exploratory", "in early stages" and that Google was "not close to launching a search product in China", on 21 September 2018 "The Intercept" reported the existence of an internal memo authored by a Google engineer that revealed details about the project. The memo reportedly said that a prototype of the censored search engine was being developed as an app called "Maotai" that would record the geographical position and internet history of its users, and accused Google of developing "spying tools" for the Chinese government to monitor its citizens.


title: Google China

text: In December 2018, "The Intercept" reported that the Dragonfly project had "effectively been shut down" after a clash within Google, led by members of the company's privacy team.


title: Google China

text: Google China served a market of mainland Chinese Internet users that was estimated in July 2009 to number 338 million, up from 45.8 million in June 2002. A China Internet Network Information Center (CNNIC) report published a year and a half earlier, on 17 January 2001, had estimated the mainland Chinese Internet user base at 22.5 million, considerably higher than the number published by Iamasia, a private Internet ratings company. The first CNNIC report, published on 10 October 1997, estimated the number of Chinese Internet users at fewer than 650 thousand people.


title: Google China

text: The competitors of Google China include Bing, Sogou and Baidu, often called the "Google of China" because of its resemblance and similarity to Google. In August 2008, Google China launched a music download service, Google Music.


title: Google China

text: Before Google China's establishment, Google.com itself was accessible, even though much of its content was not accessible because of censorship. According to official statistics, google.com was accessible 90% of the time, and a number of services were not available at all.


title: Google China

text: Since announcing its intent to comply with Internet censorship laws in China, Google China had been the focus of controversy over what critics view as capitulation to the "Golden Shield Project". Because of its self-imposed censorship, whenever people searched for prohibited Chinese keywords on a blocked list maintained by the PRC government, google.cn displayed at the bottom of the page (translated): "In accordance with local laws, regulations and policies, part of the search result is not shown." Some searches, such as (as of June 2009) "Tank Man" were blocked entirely, with only the message, "Search results may not comply with the relevant laws, regulations and policy, and cannot be displayed" appearing.


title: Google China

text: Google argued that it could play a role more useful to the cause of free speech by participating in China's IT industry than by refusing to comply and being denied admission to the mainland Chinese market. "While removing search results is inconsistent with Google's mission, providing no information (or a heavily degraded user experience that amounts to no information) is more inconsistent with our mission," a statement said.


title: Google China

text: A US PBS analysis reported clear differences between results returned for controversial keywords by the censored and uncensored search engines. Google set up computer systems inside China that try to access Web sites outside the country. If a site is inaccessible (e.g., because of the Golden Shield Project), then it was added to Google China's blacklist.


title: Google China

text: In June 2006 Google co-founder Sergey Brin was quoted as saying that virtually all of Google's customers in China were using the non-censored version of their website.


title: Google China

text: Google critics in the United States claimed that Google China is a flagrant violation of the Google motto, "Don't be evil".


title: Google China

text: On 9 April 2007, Google China spokesman Cui Jin admitted that the pinyin Google Input Method Editor (IME) "was built leveraging some non-Google database resources". This was in response to a request on 6 April from the Chinese search engine company Sohu that Google stop distributing its pinyin IME software because it allegedly copied portions from Sohu's own software.


title: Google China

text: In early 2008 Guo Quan, a university professor who had been dismissed after having founded a democratic opposition party, announced plans to sue Yahoo! and Google in the United States for having blocked his name from search results in mainland China.


title: Google China

text: On 12 January 2010, Google announced that it was "no longer willing to continue censoring" results on Google.cn, citing a breach of Gmail accounts of Chinese human rights activists including thousands of activists involved with the religious movement Falun Gong and hundreds of overseas activists in fields such as encryption, intellectual property and democracy. The company learned that the hackers had breached two Gmail accounts but were only able to access 'from' and 'to' information and subject headers of emails in these accounts. The company's investigation into the attack showed that at least 34 other companies had been similarly targeted, including Adobe Systems, Symantec, Yahoo, Northrop Grumman and Dow Chemical. Experts claimed the aim of the attacks was to gain information on weapon systems, political dissidents, and valuable source code that powers software applications. Additionally, dozens of Gmail accounts in China, Europe, and the United States had been regularly accessed by third parties, by way of phishing or malware on the users' computers rather than a security breach at Google. Although Google did not explicitly accuse the Chinese government of the breach, it said it was no longer willing to censor results on google.cn, and that it would discuss over the next few weeks "the basis on which we could run an unfiltered search engine within the law, if at all. We recognize that this may well mean having to shut down Google.cn, and potentially our offices in China".


title: Google China

text: On 13 January 2010, the news agency AHN reported that the U.S. Congress planned to investigate Google's allegations that the Chinese government used the company's service to spy on human rights activists. In a major speech by the US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, analogies were drawn between the Berlin Wall and the free and unfree Internet. Chinese articles came back saying that the United States uses the internet as a means to create worldwide hegemony based on Western values. The issue of Google's changed policy toward China was cited as a potentially major development in world affairs, marking a split between authoritarian socialism and the Western model of free capitalism and Internet access.


title: Google China

text: The Chinese government since made numerous standard and general statements on the matter, but took no real action. It also criticized Google for failing to provide any evidence of its accusation. Accusations were made by Baidu, a competing Chinese search engine, that Google was pulling out for financial rather than other reasons. At the time Baidu was the market leader in China with about 60% of the market compared to Google's 31%, Yahoo placing third with less than 10%. The Chinese People's Daily newspaper published an op-ed on Google which criticized western leaders for politicizing the way in which China controls citizens' access to the Internet, saying "implementing monitoring according to a country's national context is what any government has to do", and that China's need to censor the internet is greater than that of developed countries, "The Chinese society has generally less information bearing capacity than developed countries such as the U.S. ..."


title: Google China

text: While Jiang Yu, a spokesperson of China's Foreign Ministry, promoted the Chinese government's "development of the internet", Wang Chen of China's State Council Information Office defended online censorship: "Maintaining the safe operation of the Internet and the secure flow of information is a fundamental requirement for guaranteeing state security and people's fundamental interests, promoting economic development and cultural prosperity and maintaining a harmonious and stable society."


title: Google China

text: According to Joseph Cheng, a professor of political science from City University of Hong Kong, the ruling Chinese Communist Party was deploying Chinese nationalism to stifle debate about censorship in 2010. By criticizing cultural export (in this case, the localization of Google in China), it provided defense to justify the Chinese authorities' censorship control. The Chinese authorities were accused of steering state-run media to bundle Google together with other disputes with United States that had been stirring nationalist rancour in China at the time. On the state-run tabloid "Global Times" such examples are found, one user wrote "Get the hell out" while another one wrote "Ha ha, I'm going to buy firecrackers to celebrate!"


title: Google China

text: Isaac Mao, a prominent Chinese internet expert, speculated that 90% of Internet users in China did not care whether Google was leaving or not. Among Chinese users who strongly supported Google remaining in China without censorship (or leaving China to keep its neutrality and independence), many were accustomed to using circumvention technology to access blocked websites.


title: Google China

text: Since 27 May 2014, Google's various services have been suspected of having been subject to malicious interference from the Great Firewall of China, as a result of which users became unable to access them. Since then, users from mainland China found that Google's various sub-sites and other services (Google Play, Gmail, Google Docs, etc.) could not be accessed or used normally, including sign-ins to Google Accounts. Although some services like Google Maps and Google Translate remained functional, users from certain places still were unable to visit them. On the evening of 10 July 2014, users became able to use Google's services and functions, but users reported that access was denied the next day.


title: Google China

text: In November 2012, GreatFire.Org reported that China had blocked access to Google. The group reported that all Google domains, including Google search, Gmail, and Google Maps, became inaccessible. The reason for the blockage was likely to control the content in the nation's Internet while the government prepared to change leadership.


title: Google China

text: As the 20th anniversary of the Tiananmen Square massacre approached, Chinese authorities blocked more websites and search engines.


title: Google China

text: "The block is indiscriminate as all Google services in all countries, encrypted or not, are now blocked in China. This blockage includes Google search, images, Gmail and almost all other products. In addition, the block covers Google Hong Kong, google.com, and all other country specific versions, e.g., Google Japan. It is the tightest censorship ever deployed."


title: Google China

text: The company began to redirect search results from mainland China to its Hong Kong website, which led the Chinese authorities to block the Hong Kong site by making users wait 90 seconds for banned results.


title: Google China

text: In 2009, one-third of all searches in China were on Google. , the US company had only 1.7% market share.


title: Google China

text: In 2012, Google added a new software feature to warn users when they type in a word censored or blocked in China, beginning to offer suggestions about possible sensitive or banned keywords in China. For example, searching the Chinese character — which means "river", but is also a common surname — was blocked after erroneous rumours about the death of Jiang Zemin, former General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: Gregory Arthur Phillinganes (born May 12, 1956) is an American keyboardist, singer-songwriter, and musical director based in Los Angeles, California. A prolific session musician, Phillinganes has contributed the role of keyboards to numerous albums representing a broad array of artists and genres. He has toured with notable artists, such as Stevie Wonder, Eric Clapton, David Gilmour and Toto, served as musical director for Michael Jackson, and has released two solo studio albums.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: Gregory Arthur Phillinganes was born on May 12, 1956, in Detroit, Michigan. He began playing a neighbor's piano by ear at the age of two, beginning lessons a few years later after his mother purchased a piano for him. He took lessons from two different instructors before his mother brought him to Misha Kotler, a Detroit Symphony Orchestra pianist who introduced the discipline and technique Phillinganes required to excel. Phillinganes credits Kotler with showing him proper hand posture and for influencing him to play with "a sense of dexterity and definition".


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: Phillinganes was discovered by Stevie Wonder after drummer Ricky Lawson gave him a cassette of instrumental renditions of his own songs done by Phillinganes. Phillinganes auditioned for Wonder's band, Wonderlove, and subsequently played with them from 1976 to 1981.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: The year 1978 began a three-decade-long involvement with Michael Jackson and The Jacksons for Phillinganes. He arranged The Jacksons' 1978 album "Destiny" and played keyboard on the 1980s "Triumph" album. In the process, he became close with the Jackson family, accompanying them to Walt Disney World and referring to Katherine Jackson as "mom". He contributed to every one of Michael Jackson's solo albums, and cites the title track from 1982's "Thriller" as a classic example of his work. In an interview with "Atlanta", Phillinganes recalled, "I did the synth bass part, those high-pitched synth parts, I did the Rhodes [keyboard] part and even did the pipe organ that Vincent Price does his rap over. It was crazy! When I listen to it now, I just think about all the fun we had creating all those layers in the studio." Although paid as a session musician for his contributions to "Thriller", the best-selling album of all time, Phillinganes noted that he and the other participating musicians do not receive royalties. He was the musical director for Michael Jackson's "Bad" and "Dangerous" concert tours, as well as the . He describes his involvement with the 30th Anniversary Special as particularly emotional considering his long history with the family. Phillinganes has spoken at length about how much of his life he had spent with the Jacksons, and Michael in particular.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: In 1981, Phillinganes released his first solo album, "Significant Gains". "The Boston Globe" reviewer Richard Cromonic noted that Stevie Wonder's influence on the album's sound is pronounced, and praised the creativity of the compositions. He criticized the lyrics as being less creative, and said that "Significant Gains" might be too close to Wonder's sound, calling it "blatant emulation". While the album itself was not very successful, the song "Baby, I Do Love You" was a minor R&B hit. Three years later, Phillinganes released his follow-up album "Pulse", which featured another minor hit (and perhaps his best-known solo hit), a cover of Yellow Magic Orchestra's song "Behind the Mask" (with additional lyrics written by Michael Jackson). This single was more successful on the dance music charts. When he later joined Eric Clapton's backing band, Phillinganes introduced the tune to Clapton, who covered it on his 1986 "August" album. Amidst his solo recordings and touring with Clapton throughout the 1980s and the early 1990s, he became well known as a prominent session musician for a multitude of different artists, performing on many hit albums of the time. His session work has continued into the present.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: In addition to Stevie Wonder, Greg Phillinganes has worked and toured with other musicians including George Harrison, the Bee Gees, Donna Summer, Anita Baker, George Benson, Karen Carpenter, Eric Clapton, Donald Fagen, Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle, Michael Jackson, Richard Marx, Paul McCartney, Al Jarreau, Quincy Jones, and Stevie Nicks among others. In 1995 he played on the Joan Armatrading album "What's Inside". Starting in 2005, Phillinganes filled in for the semi-retired David Paich on tour with the band Toto. He subsequently became a full-time member of the band and contributed to their album "Falling in Between". He continued to tour as a member of Toto until the band became inactive in 2008. When Toto reformed in 2010 to resume touring and working on new material, Phillinganes had been replaced in the lineup by original keyboardist Steve Porcaro. In 2022 Phillinganes was reunited with Toto when he filled in for Dominic Xavier during the 'Dogs of Oz' tour during the Norwegian shows.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: Phillinganes served as the musical director for Cirque du Soleil's "" for its entire run from 2011 to 2014. Phillinganes was Musical Director for the 2014 Women of Soul performance at The White House featuring, amongst others Aretha Franklin, Patti LaBelle, Ariana Grande and Jill Scott. In 2014 and 2015 he performed with Stevie Wonder again in the Songs in the Key of Life Tour, also serving "as the tour's Music Director." He toured with the European leg of David Gilmour's Rattle That Lock tour.


title: Greg Phillinganes

text: Phillinganes won a 2015 Creative Arts Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Direction for his role as musical director for the television special "Stevie Wonder: Songs In The Key Of Life" and was music director for the 2016 Grammy Awards.


title: Status Quo discography

text: This is the discography of the British rock band Status Quo. They have released around 100 singles and have spent over 400 weeks in the UK Singles Chart. They have spent over 500 weeks in the UK Albums Chart and are one of the most successful bands of all time in the UK. Their most recent album, "Backbone", was released in 2019.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Wayne Ernest Maunder (December 19, 1937 – November 11, 2018) was a Canadian-born American actor who starred in three American television series between 1967 and 1974.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: From September 6 to December 27, 1967, Maunder starred as 28-year-old George Armstrong Custer during the time that Custer was stationed in the American West on the series "Custer".


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder's next series was "Lancer", with co-stars Andrew Duggan, James Stacy, and Paul Brinegar. "Lancer" ran from 1968 to 1970, with an additional rebroadcast cycle in Summer 1971.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder's last regular series, "Chase", is a 23-episode drama about an undercover police unit which aired on NBC during the 1973–1974 television season, co-starring Mitchell Ryan as Chase Reddick and Reid Smith as officer Norm Hamilton. Maunder played the role of police Sergeant Sam MacCray, one of whose duties was to handle the police dog named "Fuzz". A Jack Webb production, "Chase" was created by Stephen J. Cannell.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder was born in Four Falls in the Canadian province of New Brunswick, but was reared, along with four siblings, in Bangor, Maine, where he moved when he was four years old, and which he considered to be his hometown. His mother was Lydia Maunder (1913–1980).


title: Wayne Maunder

text: He attempted to enter Major League Baseball but failed in tryouts with the Milwaukee Braves, San Francisco Giants, and Pittsburgh Pirates.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder then spent a few years in the United States Naval Reserve and went on a training mission on the aircraft carrier the USS "Leyte".


title: Wayne Maunder

text: He studied English literature plus drama at El Camino College Compton Center, then known as Compton Junior College in Compton, California. He participated in an amateur play and began a career in acting.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: He headed to Broadway and studied in 1961 under Stella Adler during the day and waited tables at Grand Central Station in the evenings. He participated in stock companies and acted in productions of "Hamlet", "Othello", and "Much Ado About Nothing" with the American Shakespeare Company on Long Island.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: In 1965, while acting in a role in "The Knack" at the Red Barn Theater on Long Island, at a salary of $100 per week plus room and board, Maunder signed a contract with a management agency.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder made his first screen appearance on February 4, 1967 as Michael Duquesne in "Race for a Rainbow", an episode of The Monroes", starring Michael Anderson, Jr., and Barbara Hershey. Maunder was credited as James Wilder on "The Monroes" but decided thereafter to return to his own name.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder returned to Los Angeles, where he secured his first screen role under his real name, as George Armstrong Custer in the 20th Century Fox production "Custer". He grew a moustache to accompany his long blond hair for the part. The short-lived series, which took over "The Monroes" time slot, was defeated in the ratings by "The Virginian" and "Lost in Space" on CBS, and dropped from the ABC schedule by the end of 1967 after only 17 episodes.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: The fictitious Scott Lancer was born in California, but reared in Boston, Massachusetts by his maternal grandfather Harlan Garrett. A Civil War veteran, Scott was a lieutenant in the cavalry under General Philip Sheridan. He spent time in a Confederate States of America prisoner of war camp. He attended Harvard University and was once engaged to a girl named Julie Dennison.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: By contrast to Scott, Johnny Lancer, played by James Stacy, Scott's half-brother, was born to a Mexican woman and had been a gunslinger under the name Johnny Madrid for several years, then he attempted to settle on the family's Lancer ranch.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: As the educated older son of Andrew Duggan's patriarchal figure of Murdoch Lancer, Maunder wore short hair and removed the moustache from his "Custer" role.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: After "Custer" and "Lancer", Maunder appeared on three ABC series: the pilot episode of "Kung Fu" series with David Carradine, twice on "The F.B.I." with Efrem Zimbalist, Jr., as Knox Hiller in "Time Bomb" (1970) and as Earl Gainey in "The Fatal Showdown" (1972), and as Don Pierce in the episode "Crossfire" of "The Rookies" (1973).


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder had the lead role as attorney Mike Barrett in the 1971 film "The Seven Minutes", directed by Russ Meyer.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: After "Chase", Maunder appeared in five additional guest-starring roles: Detective Fred Webber in "Police Story", a two-episode program, "Year of the Dragon" (1975), a creation of Joseph Wambaugh; as Paul, a jewel thief, in "The Streets of San Francisco" with Karl Malden, episode "Web of Lies" (1975); in "Kate McShane" with Anne Meara, episode "God at $15,732 a Year" (1975); as Deputy Burt Campbell in "Barnaby Jones" episode "Copy-Cat Killing" (1977), and as Cavanaugh in the movie "Porky's" (1982).


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder resided in the Greater Los Angeles Area. In 1967, he married Lucia Maisto. The couple's son, Dylan T. Maunder, was born the next year in 1968.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: Maunder died unexpectedly on November 11, 2018, aged 80. He was noted as having a history of heart disease.


title: Wayne Maunder

text: In August 2018, Luke Perry was cast to portray Maunder in Quentin Tarantino's "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood".


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe (; ; born 26 December 1978) is an Iranian-British dual citizen who was detained in Iran from 3 April 2016 as part of a long running dispute between Britain and Iran. In early September 2016, she was sentenced to five years in prison after being found guilty of plotting to topple the Iranian government. While in prison, she went on at least three hunger strikes trying to persuade Iranian authorities to provide medical treatment for her health problems. She was temporarily released on 17 March 2020 during the COVID-19 pandemic in Iran, but subject to electronic monitoring.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In October 2017, the prosecutor general of Tehran made a new claim that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was being held for running "a BBC Persian online journalism course which was aimed at recruiting and training people to spread propaganda against Iran". Zaghari-Ratcliffe has always denied the spying charges against her, and her husband maintains that his wife "was imprisoned as leverage for a debt owed by the UK over its failure to deliver tanks to Iran in 1979."


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: On 7 March 2021, her original sentence ended, but she was scheduled to face a second set of charges on 14 March. On 26 April, she was found guilty of propaganda activities against the government and sentenced to another year in prison. She appealed but on 16 October 2021, her appeal was rejected by the Iranian court. Zaghari-Ratcliffe was finally released on 16 March 2022 immediately after Britain repaid the outstanding debt of £393.8 million to Iran. She returned to the United Kingdom the next day.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: Nazanin Zaghari was born and brought up in Tehran and studied English literature at the University of Tehran, before becoming an English teacher. Following the 2003 Bam earthquake she worked as a translator in the relief effort for the Japan International Cooperation Agency. She later worked for the International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies and then moved to the World Health Organization as a communications officer.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In 2007, Zaghari-Ratcliffe moved to the UK after receiving a scholarship to study for a Masters in Communication Management at London Metropolitan University.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: Shortly after her arrival in the UK she met her future husband, Richard Ratcliffe, through mutual friends. The couple married in August 2009 in Winchester and their daughter was born in June 2014. Zaghari-Ratcliffe became a British citizen in 2013. Zaghari-Ratcliffe used to return to Iran from time to time enabling her parents to see her daughter. When travelling to Iran she would always do so on her Iranian passport, as required by Iranian law. Zaghari-Ratcliffe used her British passport for all other international travel.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: Zaghari-Ratcliffe worked for the BBC World Service Trust from February 2009 to October 2010, then worked at the Thomson Reuters Foundation as a project coordinator before taking on the role of a project manager.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: On 17 March 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe travelled to visit her family for Nowruz (Iranian New Year) with her 22-month-old daughter. On 3 April 2016, members of Iran's Revolutionary Guard arrested her at the Imam Khomeini Airport as she and her daughter were about to board a flight back to the UK. Her daughter's British passport was confiscated during the arrest, but later returned, and she remained in Iran under the care of her maternal grandparents so she could visit her mother.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: The reason for her arrest was unclear. Zaghari-Ratcliffe had worked for the BBC World Service Trust (now called BBC Media Action) between February 2009 and October 2010. This is an international charity that provided training courses to Iranian citizen journalists and bloggers in its Iran Media Development Project's ZigZag magazine and associated radio programme. Iranian fundamentalists seemed to believe the BBC was a tool for British espionage and in 2014, several graduates were convicted and sentenced by Iran to up to 11 years in jail for their participation in these courses.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: BBC Media Action described her role there as "junior and purely administrative". By the time of her arrest, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was working for the Thomson Reuters Foundation. CEO of the Thomson Reuters Foundation, Monique Villa, said “Nazanin has been working at the Thomson Reuters Foundation for the past four years as a project coordinator in charge of grants applications and training, and had no dealing with Iran in her professional capacity.”


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In early September 2016, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was sentenced to five years in prison for allegedly plotting to overthrow the Iranian government. The prosecutor general of Tehran stated in October 2017 that she was imprisoned for running "...a BBC Persian online journalism course which was aimed at recruiting and training people to spread propaganda against Iran".


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: On 23 August 2018, Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released on temporary licence for three days, which is standard practice prior to lengthier releases. However, Zaghari-Ratcliffe suffered from panic attacks after returning to prison, and regretted having been given the temporary release. Her husband said the temporary licence was a "cruel game" subject to conditions including the monitoring of her movements.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In late September 2018, when questioned about the Zaghari-Ratcliffe case, Iranian President Hassan Rouhani acknowledged awareness of the case (though denying knowledge of its specifics), and noted that "new charges [had been] brought against her." Rouhani compared the imprisonment of foreigners in Iran to the imprisonment of Iranians in Western countries, saying that leaders on both sides were denying power over the decisions of their own judiciary, and that "we must all" exert "a constant, concerted effort... so... all prisoners must be free... but it must be a path that travels both ways."


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In March 2019, the British Foreign and Commonwealth Office (FCO) granted Zaghari-Ratcliffe diplomatic protection, raising the status of her case from a consular matter to a dispute between the two governments. Iran argues the designation is contrary to international law, the Master Nationality Rule, with Iran's ambassador in London stating "Governments may only exercise such protection for own nationals, ... Iran does not recognise dual nationality".


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: On 11 October 2019, Zaghari-Ratcliffe's daughter returned to her father in the United Kingdom to start school.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In December 2019, the prosecutor general of Iran denied conditional release for Nazanin Zaghari, which was requested by her lawyer.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: In March 2020, at the height of COVID-19 pandemic in Iran – when Supreme Leader Ayatollah Khamenei announced plans to pardon 10,000 prisoners and temporarily release 85,000 to fight a surge of COVID-19 infections in prisons – Zaghari-Ratcliffe was released on a temporary basis. Her husband reported that she had been sick for two weeks with COVID-19 symptoms, but had not been tested, and did not require hospitalization.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: While on parole, she lived at her parents' house in Tehran, but was required to wear an electronic tag and remain within 300 metres of the house. She was able to make video calls for several hours a day to her husband and daughter. Her parole was later extended until 18 April. Her release was again extended in April, to 20 May according to her husband. Her family said on 20 May that her release had been extended indefinitely.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: On 8 September 2020, Iranian state media said that Zaghari-Ratcliffe was facing new charges. On 13 September, her trial was postponed. It was scheduled for 2 November in October. No British officials were allowed to observe it despite repeated requests.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: Zaghari-Ratcliffe's sentence ended on 7 March 2021. The day before, Nazanin's husband, Richard Ratcliffe expressed that he and his daughter were waiting "very anxiously" for the release. He also said that they were not sure if she'd be released, as "the arrangements haven't been clarified". She was freed as scheduled but with a new court case against her booked for 14 March. On that date she appeared on charges of propaganda against the regime and was told to expect a verdict within seven working days.


title: Nazanin Zaghari-Ratcliffe

text: On 26 April, 2021, she was found guilty of propaganda activities against the government and sentenced to one year in prison, and banned from leaving Iran for a year. Her lawyer said that she had been accused of taking part in a demonstration in London 12 years ago, and giving an interview to the BBC Persian service.