title: Kirkcaldy

text: The grant of feu-ferme status in the middle of the 15th century meant that the town could deal with its own administrative issues and fiscal policies for the first time. The first mention of a town council was around 1582. The head courts of the burghs met either in the Common Muir (the surviving portion of the land now known as Volunteers' Green) or in the Tolbooth on Tolbooth Street, particularly in the summer months. When Kirkcaldy was awarded royal burgh status in 1644, the duties of the provost were initially performed by bailies, councillors, and magistrates. The first Lord Provost, Robert Whyt, was elected to the post around 1658. The burgh was one of four in Scotland to use two coats of arms, introduced in 1673. One bears the motto "Vigilando Munio" ("I secure by watching"), and the other displays the figure of Saint Bryce, Kirkcaldy's patron saint.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy enjoyed royal burgh status until this rank was abolished in 1975 under the Local Government (Scotland) Act 1973, in favour of a three-tier system of regions and districts. The royal burgh merged into Kirkcaldy District, which was one of three districts within the Fife region. The district council was abolished in 1996 under the Local Government etc (Scotland) Act 1994 when the region became a unitary council area. The new Fife Council adopted the areas of the former districts as council management areas and created area committees to represent each.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy is represented by several tiers of elected government. It is divided into six community council areas: Bennochy and Hayfield, Dysart, Kirkcaldy East, Kirkcaldy North, Kirkcaldy West, and Templehall. Of these, only Dysart, Kirkcaldy North and Kirkcaldy West have active community councils, which form the lowest tier, and whose statutory role is to communicate local opinion to local and central government. Together with the nearby village of Thornton, the town forms the civil parish of Kirkcaldy and Dysart, although civil parishes now have no administrative functions, and are used mainly for statistical purposes.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Fife Council, based in Glenrothes, the unitary local authority for Kirkcaldy, is the executive, deliberative, and legislative body responsible for local governance. Kirkcaldy Town House is the main administrative headquarters for the Kirkcaldy area within the local authority. The Kirkcaldy area also sends 11 councillors, elected from three wards, to Fife Council. Beyond the tiers of local government, the Scottish Parliament is responsible for devolved matters from the Parliament of the United Kingdom, such as education, health, and justice.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The first Member of Parliament to be elected to the House of Commons from Kirkcaldy was Colonel Abercrombie in 1710. Prior to the Act of Union in 1707, Kirkcaldy sent a Member of Parliament to the old Scottish Parliament, which usually met in Edinburgh. Kirkcaldy was represented by the constituency of Dysart Burghs from 1707 to 1832, which was formed from the burgh itself and three other burghs, Dysart, Kinghorn, and Burntisland. Under the Reform Act of 1832, the constituency of Kirkcaldy Burghs was created. Robert Ferguson of Raith was re-elected as Member of Parliament. Kirkcaldy forms part of the county constituency of Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath, electing one Member of Parliament to the House of Commons of the Parliament of the United Kingdom by the first past the post system. Since the 2017 UK General Election, Lesley Laird of the Labour Party has been Member of Parliament for Kirkcaldy and Cowdenbeath.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy forms part of the Kirkcaldy constituency of the Scottish Parliament (or "Holyrood"), and is one of nine within the Mid Scotland and Fife electoral region. Each constituency elects one Member of the Scottish Parliament by the first–past–the–post system of election, and the region elects seven additional members to produce a form of proportional representation. The Kirkcaldy seat was won at the 2011 Scottish Parliament elections by David Torrance for the Scottish National Party (SNP). Following a review of Scottish Parliament constituency boundaries, the Kirkcaldy constituency was extended along the coast, taking in the Buckhaven, Methil, and East and West Wemyss villages ward, ahead of the 2011 elections. Prior to Brexit in 2020 it was part of the pan-Scotland European Parliament constituency, which elected seven Members of the European Parliament (MEPs).


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy curves around a sandy cove between the Tiel (West) Burn to the south and the East Burn to the north, on a bay facing southeast onto the Firth of Forth. The town lies south-southeast of Glenrothes, east-northeast of Dunfermline, west-southwest of Dundee and north-northeast of Edinburgh. The town adopted its nickname of the "lang toun" from the single street, recorded on early maps of the 16th and 17th centuries. The street eventually reached a length of nearly , linking the burgh to its neighbouring suburbs of Linktown, Pathhead, Sinclairtown and Gallatown.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Historians are not sure where the medieval centre of Kirkcaldy was located, but it may have been at the corner of Kirk Wynd and the High Street. This would have been the site of the town's Mercat cross and focal point of the burgh. The linear market was important not only to the town itself but to the nearby hinterland. The main thoroughfare was either paved or cobbled, with flagstones covering small burns running down the hill towards the sea across the High Street. Running back from the High Street were burgage plots or "rigs" of the burgesses; these narrow strips of land were at the front and to the rear of the houses. On the sea side of the High Street, plots may have served as beaching grounds for individual tenements. The plots on the other side of the High Street rose steeply to the terracing of the Lomond foothills. A back lane running behind the plots from Kirk Wynd went to the west end of the High Street in a southerly direction. This lane would in time be developed as Hill Street. At the top of Kirk Wynd was the Parish Church of St Bryce, now known as the Old Kirk, overlooking the small settlement.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The small burns that are tributaries to the East Burn contributed to the draining of the lands of Dunnikier Estate. The burn emerges from a deep-set culvert to flow under the Victoria Viaduct, down a deep gorge, through the site of Hutchison's Flour Mills before running parallel to the harbour wall and into the sea. From the mid-19th century, the Hutchison's buildings became a significant landmark adjacent to the burn. The flour millers chose this area for its railway connection which linked the main station to the harbour, rather than for the need to use the burn to power the mills. The West (or Tiel) Burn, was also important, providing power for textile mills. This burn flowed out of the Raith Estate lands where scenically and recreationally it was used to create Raith Lake (with its tributary, the Dronachy Burn). The mill owners in Linktown also made use of the burn.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Towards the end of the 16th century, a detailed assessment on the size of the townscape was carried out. The first estimate of the parish population in 1639 was between 3,000 and 3,200 and around 3,400 by 1691. At the beginning of the 18th century, the population declined. A census by Webster's "Topographical Dictionary of Scotland" in 1755, recorded an estimate of 2,296 in the parish. By the time of the first nationwide UK census in 1801, the population had risen to 3,248. The population of the burgh was recorded as 4,785 in the 1841 Census, and had risen to 34,079 by 1901. By the time of the 1951 Census, the figure stood at 49,050.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: According to the 2001 UK Census, the census locality of Kirkcaldy has a total resident population of 46,912 representing 13.4% of Fife's total population. It hosts 21,365 households. 14.8% were married couples living together, 16.4% were one-person households, 18.8% were co-habiting couples and 7.9% were lone parents. A 2010 assessment estimated that the town had a population of 49,560. This had increased to 49,709 by the time of the 2011 UK Census. The total population in the wider Kirkcaldy area was estimated at 59,784 in 2016, with a projected increase of 18% by 2026. The number of households in the Kirkcaldy area in 2016 was recorded at 29,246; 67% of which were owner occupied, 27% social rented and 5% private rented. 36% of people live alone and 16.1% are on a low income. The median weekly income is calculated at £335 for the area.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The place of birth of the town's residents was 96.52% United Kingdom (including 87.15% from Scotland), 0.28% Republic of Ireland, 1.18% from other European Union countries, and 1.86% from elsewhere in the world. The economic activity of residents aged 16–74 was 40.13% in full-time employment, 12.17% in part-time employment, 4.79% self-employed, 5.68% unemployed, 2.57% students with jobs, 3.06% students without jobs, 15.70% retired, 5.51% looking after home or family, 6.68% permanently sick or disabled, and 3.71% economically inactive for other reasons. Compared with the average demography of Scotland, Kirkcaldy has low proportions of immigrants, and has higher proportions for people over 75 years old.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: In 2010, more than 7,000 people claimed benefits in the Kirkcaldy area; around 90 fewer than in 2009 but 500 more than the pre-recession average for 2008. Recent Scottish Index of Multiple Deprivation (SIMD) figures indicate that the most deprived datazone in Fife is Gallatown and Sinclairtown which has a rank of 82, meaning that it is amongst the 5% most deprived areas in Scotland. Linktown, Seafield, Hayfield, Smeaton and Templehall East areas in Kirkcaldy fall within the 5–10% banding of most deprived communities in Scotland.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: In June 2017, there was a recorded 1,000 Jobseekers Allowance (JSA) claimants in the Kirkcaldy area representing a 2.8% rate, which was higher than the Fife and Scottish averages.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The first industries to develop in the town were coal mining and salt panning, which date back to the early 16th century. Early manufacturing both in Kirkcaldy and neighbouring Pathhead consisted of coarse cloth and nailmaking; the latter of which went to the Royal Master of Works for repairs at Holyrood Palace until the 17th century. Linen weaving, which began in 1672, became important to the town, with yarn imported from Hamburg and Bremen. The pottery industry, which was originally established in 1714 as an offshoot of the Linktown Brick and Tile Works, was centred around Linktown, Gallatown and Sinclairtown. The Fife Pottery, built by Andrew and Archibald Grey in 1817, produced Wemyss Ware, named after the family who owned Wemyss Castle.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The production of heavy canvas was started in 1828 by Michael Nairn at a small factory. Influenced by a visit to Bristol, Nairn started to make floorcloth at his new factory at Pathhead in 1847, where his company pioneered the use of ovens to season the floorcloth and reduce production times. When the patent belonging to Frederick Walton expired, Nairn's were able to manufacture linoleum from 1877 onwards. Other factories producing floorcloth and later linoleum were established by former employees of Michael Nairn.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Approximately 22,200 people work in the Kirkcaldy area, the majority of which are in Kirkcaldy itself and to a lesser degree in Burntisland. This represents approximately 13.6% of the 163,000 jobs in Fife. The local economy is dominated by service sector businesses. Other important economic sectors in the Kirkcaldy area are retailing and construction with moderate levels of jobs in financial and business services. The largest employer in the town is MGt plc. Other important local employers include NHS Fife, Forbo (vinyl floor coverings), Fife College (education), Whitworths Holdings (flour millers) and Smith Anderson (paper making). The principal industrial and business estates include Mitchleston, Randolph, Hayfield, and John Smith Business Park. Local industrial activity has also increased with the reopening in 2011 of Kirkcaldy Harbour to cargo ships. This has been facilitated through a partnership between Forth Ports Ltd (the owners of the harbour), Hutchison's parent company of Carr's Flour Mills, and Transport Scotland, who provided a freight facilities grant of over £800,000. The work included new silos and conveyors to allow fast delivery from coastal ships.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy's town centre, which serves a large catchment area of around 130,000 residents within a 20-minute drive, is the largest in Fife in terms of retail floor space. Eligible businesses voted in favour of a BID (Business Improvement District) scheme for the town centre in 2010. The High Street, which runs parallel to the Esplanade, is home to the Mercat Shopping Centre. A regeneration programme to upgrade the appearance of the High Street was completed in late 2011. A separate project has also created a 'green corridor' to link the main railway station and bus station with the High Street. The budget for the entire project was £4 million, £2 million of which was provided through the Scottish Government's Town Centre Regeneration Fund.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: An out-of-town retail park constructed in 1997 north-west of the town on Chapel Level, off the A92 is home to a number of warehouse retailers. The retail park was purchased by Hammerson, a London-based property developer for £75 million in April 2005.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy Galleries is home to the town's museum and art gallery and central library. The building opened in 1925 under its former name of Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery and was extended to provide a main library in 1928. In 2011, the building was closed to allow a £2.4 million renovation which was completed in June 2013. The work resulted in the integration of the facilities within the building through a single entrance and reception desk. The building also adopted its present name.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The Adam Smith Theatre, the town's main auditorium, plays host to theatrical and musical productions as well as showing a selection of arthouse and commercial films. Originally known as the Adam Smith Halls, the theatre adopted its present name in 1973 after a renovation of the building in time for the 250th anniversary of the birth of Adam Smith. The King's Theatre, originally opened in 1904 and derelict for some time is currently being redeveloped to become the biggest venue in Fife.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The Links Market originated as a farmers market on Links Street, before moving to its present site in 1903 on the Esplanade (then known as Sands Road). The market visits the town every April and celebrated its 700th anniversary in 2004. Kirkcaldy has had a twin-town link with Ingolstadt in Germany since


title: Kirkcaldy

text: September 1962. There are plans for a joint celebration to recognise the 50th anniversary of the town's twinning with Ingolstadt in 2012.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Raith Rovers F.C. is the town's professional football team. They play in the Scottish Championship, the second tier of Scottish football, at their Stark's Park ground. Founded in 1883, the club were elected to the Scottish Football League in 1902. They reached their highest league position in the 1921–22 season, when they were placed third in the Scottish Football League. They achieved a British scoring record of 142 goals in 34 matches in the 1937–38 season. Under manager Jimmy Nicholl, the team were promoted to the Scottish Premier Division as Division One champions in the 1994–95 season. In 1994 the club won their first national trophy, when they defeated Celtic 6–5 on penalties after finishing the game 2–2, to win the League Cup. This gained them qualification to the UEFA Cup in the following season, where they reached the second round before losing to Bayern Munich.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The other senior football team, Kirkcaldy & Dysart, play at Denfield Park and compete in the , having moved from the Junior leagues in 2020. Kirkcaldy United were also a senior team based in the town, which dissolved in 1916.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy RFC are the senior rugby team and play at Beveridge Park in Scottish National League Division Two, the third tier of Scottish club rugby. Fife Flyers, established in 1938, are the oldest ice hockey team in the United Kingdom. The team, who play at the Fife Ice Arena, have been members of the Elite League since the 2011–12 season. Dunnikier Cricket Club play at Dunnikier Park and a flag football club play at Beveridge Park. The town has a range of leisure facilities such as a swimming pool, an ice rink, and two golf courses (Kirkcaldy and Dunnikier). In August 2019, Kirkcaldy held its first half marathon in nearly thirty years.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Fife Steel Basketball Club are Kirkcaldy's only BasketballScotland affiliated basketball club. Steel offer a number of age groups within the club and play in numerous National and Regional level competitions. Currently, the club are represented by 2 men's teams in the Lothian Basketball League.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: A new £15 million leisure centre on the town's Esplanade opened its doors in September 2013. This has replaced the old Kirkcaldy Swimming Pool from the 1970s. The decision to build a new leisure centre on this site was controversial, as it resulted in the loss of a public car park. A petition organised by the campaign group Save The Car Park collected over 7,000 signatures in favour of keeping the car park open. The group said that the closure of the car park would discourage shoppers from coming to the High Street and raised issues over the loss of shopowners' right of access to the car park. This decision was severely criticised in an internal audit report.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The oldest church in Kirkcaldy is the Old Kirk, the old parish church, on Kirk Wynd. The earliest mention of the Old Kirk is the record of its consecration in 1244 to St Brisse and St Patrick by David de Bernham, Bishop of St Andrews. The building's deterioration in the late 18th century was addressed by major renovations to the main body of the church between 1807 and 1808. Only the square western tower, which dates from around 1500, was retained and is now the oldest building to have survived within the old burgh. In 2000 the Old Kirk was amalgamated with St Brycedale Church and was closed for public worship in 2008. It has since been re-opened by the Old Kirk Trust and is used for musical and dramatic performances. Other significant churches in the town include St Bryce Kirk built between 1877 and 1881 by James Matthews at the corner of St Brycedale Avenue and Kirk Wynd; Abbotshall Parish Church on Abbotshall Road, the current building completed in 1788 and Linktown Church built in 1830-1 by George Hay on Bethlefield Place.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy Town House on Wemyssfield is the centrepiece of the town's main civic square. The building was designed in the late 1930s by David Carr and William Howard of Edinburgh. With the advent of World War II, work was delayed on the building until 1950. Construction was split into two phases: the west wing, which was completed in 1953, and the east wing, completed in 1956.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy War Memorial in War Memorial Gardens unveiled in 1925 was gifted to the town by John Nairn, linoleum manufacturer and grandson of Michael Nairn. This was dedicated to Ian Nairn, the son of John Nairn who died in the First World War. A Second World War memorial, designed by Thomas Hubbard, was later added and unveiled in 1958. The memorial commemorates the lives of 1,012 people from the First World War and 452 from the Second World War. Forming a centre piece to these gardens is Kirkcaldy Galleries, formerly known as Kirkcaldy Museum and Art Gallery, which was also donated by Nairn.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: In the north-east are two homes of early wealthy merchants and shipowners connected with Kirkcaldy's harbour. The Merchant's House or Law's Close at 339–343 High Street; once owned by the Law family, is one of the best surviving examples of a 16th-century town house in Scotland. Sailors' Walk, at 443–449 High Street; consists of two 17th century houses, resting on foundations dating back to around 1460. These two houses were once divided into four dwellings; three of which were owned by the Oliphant family and the fourth by James Ferguson of Raith.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: North of the harbour area, on The Path, are two examples of distinctive architectural styles. Hutchison's House was designed by George Spears, the owner of the nearby East Bridge distillery, in 1793. Path House, originally known as Dunnikier House, is a three-storey L-plan tower house designed by John Watson in 1692 for his bride, Euphan Orrock. In 1703 Watson sold the house to the Oswald family, who had important links with the town.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Two large stately homes also exist within the town. To the north of Kirkcaldy is Dunnikier House, built in the late 18th century as a seat for the Oswald family, replacing their previous residence at Path House. To the south-west of Kirkcaldy is Raith House, built in the late 17th century by Sir Alexander Raith, 4th Earl of Raith and Melville, for his wife, Barbara Dundas. The house remains a private residence of the Munro-Ferguson family.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: To the east of the town are the ruins of Ravenscraig Castle on a rocky spit of land extending into the Firth of Forth. King James II began construction of the castle in 1460 for his queen, Mary of Guelders. It was also a means of defending the upper reaches of the Forth, including the port of Dysart. To a lesser extent it protected the harbour of Kirkcaldy against piracy and English rivalry. Ravenscraig is one of the earliest British castles designed to defend against and use artillery, an innovation demonstrated by the massive walls, the regularly placed shot holes, and the deep rock-cut ditch. Following the death of the King at the siege of Roxburgh Castle (1460), work continued on Ravenscraig, and it became a home for Mary of Gueldres until her death in 1463. In 1470 King James III granted the castle and lands to William Sinclair, Earl of Orkney and Caithness, in exchange for the castle in Kirkwall and the right to the Earldom of Orkney.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The first school to be established in the town was Kirkcaldy Burgh School in 1582, a grammar school, with the local minister, Dr David Spens, as principal. Until premises were found, pupils were taught in the minister's house. Notable pupils include Robert Adam and Adam Smith. The school was located at Hill Street before being rehoused in a new building on St Brycedale Avenue in 1843. A Government list of 1872 described the school as being of 'higher class'. A new building for the school was given to the town in 1893 by Michael Barker Nairn, a linen manufacturer. Other schools were established in the town, including girls schools, subscription schools, and apprentice schools. The passing of the Education (Scotland) Act in 1872 replaced voluntary education in the town with a school-based education for all children aged 5 to 13.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy has four secondary schools and eleven primary schools. Other educational facilities include a private school and a school for children with learning difficulties. Kirkcaldy High School, the oldest secondary school, serves pupils living in the north of the town and has occupied a site on Dunnikier Way since 1958. Balwearie High School opened as a junior secondary school in 1964 and was upgraded to a high school in 1972. The school serves pupils living in the western end of the town and neighbouring Kinghorn and Burntisland. Viewforth High School, which opened in 1908, was also initially a junior secondary school, but upgraded to a high school in 1980. Plans have been approved to build a new secondary school for Kirkcaldy East at the site of the Windmill Road Playing Fields. Work will be funded through the Building Fife's School Project for completion in August 2016. St Andrews RC High School, which opened in the late 1950s is one of two Roman Catholic secondary schools in Fife. This caters to pupils living in the eastern half of Fife, from St Andrews to Burntisland and Lochgelly.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Further education is provided by Fife College who have their main campus on St Brycedale Avenue. The college was created in August 2013 from the merger of Adam Smith College, Fife and Carnegie College, Dunfermline. The University of Dundee also has a campus in the town which specialises as a School for Nursing and Midwifery. Originally built by the Fife Health Board for the use of the old Fife College of Further and Higher Education, this campus was taken over by the university in 1996.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Waste management is handled by the local authority, Fife Council. Kerbside recycling operates in the town. A four-bin collection is in place for the majority of residents. Kirkcaldy has one recycling centre and several recycling points, all operated by Fife Council. Non-hazardous waste is sent to landfill at Lochhead near Dunfermline, and Lower Melville Wood, near Ladybank.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Health care is supplied by NHS Fife, who have their main headquarters in the town at Hayfield House. The Victoria Hospital which is situated north of the town centre, is the town's acute general and maternity hospital. A new £152.5 million extension to the hospital was completed in February 2012. This new wing contains a maternity unit, children's department, 11 operating theatres and a new Accident and Emergency Department. Within the grounds of the hospital, a Maggie's Centre, under the name of Maggie's Fife, specialises in care for cancer patients. The centre, which was completed between 2004 and 2006, was the first building in the UK designed by Zaha Hadid, the Iraqi-born architect. Whyteman's Brae Hospital, which is also part of the complex, serves psychiatric and elderly patients.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Statutory emergency fire and rescue services are provided by the Scottish Fire and Rescue Service. The main fire station in the town is on Dunnikier Road. Policing in Kirkcaldy is operated by


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Police Scotland. The main police station in the town is on St Brycedale Avenue. Kirkcaldy is also served by the East Central Region of the Scottish Ambulance Service, which covers Tayside, Forth Valley, and Fife.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: There are two radio stations in the town, Victoria Radio Network a hospital radio station based in Victoria Hospital and K107, a community radio station.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy railway station is to the north-west of the town centre and is on the route for the Fife Circle Line and the East Coast Main Line.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Other services run to locations such as Aberdeen and Inverness to the north, and south as far as London King's Cross and Penzance. Nearby stations such as Burntisland and Kinghorn are to the south and west of the town.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The A92, which connects Dunfermline to the west with Glenrothes and Dundee to the north, passes immediately north of Kirkcaldy. The A910 road connects it to the western and central parts of the town. At Redhouse roundabout, the A921 connects the A92 to the eastern side of Kirkcaldy. It continues via St Clair Street and The Esplanade on to Kinghorn, Burntisland, and Aberdour to the south-west. The main route through the north of the town, the B981, runs roughly parallel to and one kilometre to the south of the A92. This road also connects to the A910 and the A921, from Chapel Junction via Chapel Level and Dunnikier Way to Gallatown. From here the A915, known locally as the "Standing Stane Road", connects the town to St Andrews and Leven to the north-east. The A955 runs along the coast from Dysart to East Wemyss and Buckhaven to the north-east.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The main bus station, adjacent to the Postings Shopping Centre, is located between Hill Place and Hunter Street.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Kirkcaldy is the birthplace of social philosopher and economist Adam Smith, who wrote "The Wealth of Nations" at his mother's house at 220 High Street between 1765 and 1767. Architect and designer Robert Adam (and his father, William) came from the town. Sir Sandford Fleming, (1827–1915), engineer and inventor behind the development of worldwide standard time zones and who worked on much of the Intercolonial Railway and the Canadian Pacific Railway was born in the town before emigrating to Canada. Explorer John McDouall Stuart, who led six expeditions into the centre and from the south to north of Australia, was born in nearby Dysart.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Politicians who come from the town include Henry Balnaves (ca.1512–1570) a Scottish politician, Lord Justice Clerk and religious reformer; Ronald Munro Ferguson, the Governor-General of Australia from 1914 to 1920; David Steel, leader of the Liberal Party from 1979 to 1988 and former Presiding Officer of the Scottish Parliament; and Bertha Wilson, the first female judge of the Supreme Court of Canada and Court of Appeal for Ontario. The former Chancellor of the Exchequer, Prime Minister and MP for the town's constituency until his retirement in 2015, Gordon Brown, was brought up in the town from the age of three.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Patrick Don Swan FRSE (1808–1889) founder of Swan Brothers shipbuilders. Son of William Swan, Provost of Kirkcaldy. Patrick served as Provost of Kirkcaldy for 37 years and was its most prominent person through most of the 19th century.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Guy Berryman, bassist of the alternative rock band Coldplay, was born and brought up in the town until the age of thirteen.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Richard Park, the chief executive of Global Radio and the headmaster on the BBC talent show "Fame Academy" was born in the town, where he attended Kirkcaldy High School.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Sportsmen include the two-time world darts champion Jocky Wilson, footballer Colin Cameron, professional golfer Peter Whiteford, professional ice hockey player Adam Walker and stock car driver Gordon Moodie. William Arnott (1827–1901), a biscuit manufacturer in Australia, also came from the town. David Potter, sports historian and author, was not born in Kirkcaldy but has lived there for over 40 years. David Danskin, who grew up in Kirkcaldy, was a principal founding member of Dial Square FC, later renamed Royal Arsenal, the team that are today known as Arsenal. Hibernian F.C. footballer Lewis Stevenson was born in Kirkcaldy. He is the only footballer in the club's history to have won both the Scottish League Cup and Scottish Cup, in 2007 and 2016 respectively. He has made more than 300 appearances for the Edinburgh club.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Frederick Coutts, the 8th General, or international leader, of the Salvation Army was born in Kirkcaldy.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The eminent zoologist, Prof David Raitt Robertson Burt FRSE (1899–1983) was born and raised in Kirkcaldy, as was the botanist John Muirhead Macfarlane FRSE (1855–1943).


title: Kirkcaldy

text: The Very Rev John Drysdale, twice Moderator of the Church of Scotland (1773 and 1784) was born and raised in Kirkcaldy.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Prof Carstairs Cumming Douglas FRSE physician and hygienist was born in Kirkcaldy. He was largely the man responsible for introducing the obligatory use of Carbolic soap throughout Scottish schools in 1907.


title: Kirkcaldy

text: Dave Dryburgh was born in Kirkcaldy in 1908. He later became a sports journalist and was inducted into the Canadian Football Hall of Fame.


title: Hitomi Honda

text: Honda auditioned for AKB48's Team 8 in 2014 and was accepted into the group at the age of 12, representing Tochigi Prefecture.


title: Hitomi Honda

text: In 2018, Honda participated in reality girl group survival show, "Produce 48". After placing in 9th, she became a member of the Korean-Japanese idol group Iz*One. She took a hiatus from AKB48 until her contract with Iz*One ended on April 29, 2021.


title: Hitomi Honda

text: In October 2020, Hitomi was the model for the Japanese brand titty&co for their Winter 2020 Collection, she later became the brand's exclusive model in 2021.


title: Hitomi Honda

text: Since her debut in 2014, Honda has taken part in sixth edition of AKB48's annual general election. This is Honda Hitomi's ranking placement :


title: Jules Dassin

text: Julius "Jules" Dassin (December 18, 1911 – March 31, 2008) was an American film and theatre director, producer, writer and actor. A subject of the Hollywood blacklist in the McCarthy era, he subsequently moved to France, and later Greece, where he continued his career. He was a member of the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and the Screen Directors' Guild.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin received a Best Director Award at the Cannes Film Festival for his film "Du rififi chez les hommes". He was later nominated for an Academy Award for Best Director and Best Writing, Story and Screenplay – Written Directly for the Screen for his film "Never on Sunday", and was nominated for a Tony Award for Best Direction of a Musical for his Broadway production of "Illya Darling".


title: Jules Dassin

text: Julius Dassin was born on December 18, 1911, to Bertha Dassin (née Vogel) and Samuel Dassin, a barber, in Middletown, Connecticut. His parents were both Jewish immigrants from Odessa, Russian empire (now Ukraine). Julius had seven siblings, including four brothers, Louis C., Benjamin, Irving and Edward; and three sisters.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In 1915, when Julius was three years old, the Dassin family moved to Harlem, New York. He attended public grammar school where he received his first acting role in a school play. Julius was given a small part but when came time to speak his only line, he fainted due to stage fright. He also learned to play the piano at a young age. During his youth he attended Camp Kinderland, a left-wing Yiddish youth camp.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Julius attended Morris High School in the Bronx. He started acting professionally in 1926, at the age of fourteen, with the Yiddish Art Theatre in New York City. On October 13, 1929, newspaper columnist Mark Hellinger printed a story given to him by Dassin in the "New York Daily News"; nearly twenty years later, the two would work together in Hollywood.


title: Jules Dassin

text: On July 11, 1933, Julius' older brother Louis was arrested in Meriden, Connecticut when he confessed to the theft of $12,000 from the Puritan Bank and Trust Company, where he worked as a teller and treasurer. On September 10, 1933, when he was 21 years old, Julius married Beatrice Launer, a concert violinist and a graduate of the Juilliard School of Music.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Beginning in 1934, Julius spent three years studying dramatic technique in Europe. He spent time in Italy, France, Spain, Germany, Russia, England, Czechoslovakia, Portugal, Switzerland and Greece, working odd jobs to sustain himself.


title: Jules Dassin

text: After returning from Europe in 1936, Dassin joined the Children's Theatre, a division of the Federal Theatre Project during the Great Depression. It was during this time that he joined the Communist Party USA. The troupe put on children's plays at the Adelphi Theatre in New York City. During this time, he played the role of Zar in "The Emperor's New Clothes" in September 1936, and the role of Oakleaf in "Revolt of the Beavers", which ran from May 20, 1937, to June 19, 1937. The later play was criticized as strongly communist.


title: Jules Dassin

text: He later joined up with the Artef Players, a Yiddish Proletarian Theater company in 1937, serving as an actor, set designer, set builder, stage director and even ticket salesman. Beginning on October 5, 1937, he appeared in Moyshe Kulbak's play "The Outlaw", which had been adapted by Chaver Paver at The Artef Theatre He also appeared in Artef Players' "Recruits" and "200,000". On November 5, 1938, Dassin's wife Beatrice gave birth to their first child, son Joseph. In October 1939, he acted in Chaver Paver's "Clinton Street", which was staged at the Mercury Theatre, after Orson Welles' troupe had left for Hollywood and the Radio-Keith-Orpheum circuit. Since the pay was poor with Artef Players, Dassin formed a theatre troupe to tour the Borscht Circuit in the Catskills as summer stock.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin acted in a movie scripted and directed by Jack Skurnick, which was shown to a small group at a space that Skurnick rented in New York but was never exhibited beyond that.


title: Jules Dassin

text: He then wrote sketches for radio, at times directing his own radio plays, and became a stage director and producer. In April 1939, Dassin adapted Nicolai Gogol's story "The Overcoat" for the CBS variety program "The Kate Smith Hour", which starred Burgess Meredith and was broadcast live on April 20, 1939. In early 1940, Dassin staged and directed the play "Medicine Show" for producer Martin Gabel, starring Isabel Bonner, Philip Bourneuf and Norman Lloyd. Although it was well received by critics, "Medicine Show" only ran for 35 performances at the New Yorker Theatre, from April 12, 1940, to May 11, 1940.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In June 1940, Dassin was signed to a term contract with Hollywood film studio RKO Radio Pictures as a director. He was immediately assigned as an assistant director to learn the motion picture business, working under Garson Kanin on "They Knew What They Wanted" (1940) and Alfred Hitchcock on "Mr. and Mrs. Smith" (1941), both starring Carole Lombard and both under the supervision of producer Harry E. Edington. During the filming of "Mr. and Mrs. Smith", Dassin's wife Beatrice gave birth to their second child, daughter Richelle. By January 1941, after six months without a proper directorial job, Dassin was released from his RKO Radio Pictures contract.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin returned to radio work in Hollywood, presenting his previously adapted Gogol story "The Overcoat" for a repeat performance on "The Kate Smith Hour", this time starring Henry Hull, which was broadcast live on January 3, 1941. He was also one of the several actors who formed the Actors' Laboratory Theatre.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Wanting to prove that he could direct motion pictures, Dassin approached Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in the spring of 1941 offering his services for free. He told the studio that he would direct any film for free; the studio instead offered to pay him to direct a short film. Dassin made his directorial debut with a short film of Edgar Allan Poe's "The Tell-Tale Heart". Filmed in June 1941 and released on October 25, 1941, the success of the picture led to his hasty promotion as a feature film director and the signing of an exclusive five-year contract in early November 1941. Dassin was promoted from the short story department to the feature film department by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer at the same time as Fred Zinnemann and Fred Wilcox.


title: Jules Dassin

text: His feature film debut at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer was the low-budget spy thriller "Nazi Agent" (originally announced under the titles "Salute to Courage", "House of Spies" and "Out of the Past"), under the supervision of producer Irving Asher and starring Conrad Veidt, in the dual roles of twin brothers, and Ann Ayars. Released in early 1942, the film received immediate critical acclaim and was a box office success, with Dassin being compared to Orson Welles and Alfred Hitchcock.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin followed with the romantic comedy "The Affairs of Martha" (originally announced under the title "Once Upon a Thursday"), starring Marsha Hunt and Richard Carlson, and under the supervision of producer Irving Starr. The film was made in early 1942 on a limited budget. When released in mid-1942, the film was a moderate success and again Dassin was highlighted in the reviews.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In mid-February 1942, it was reported that Dassin would direct a film titled "Men at Sea" from a Marine Corps story by Alma Rivkin (possibly a typo for Allen Rivkin) starring Philip Dorn. The film was presumably abandoned. In April 1942, it was reported that Dassin would be one of eight directors, along with Fred Zinenmann, Fred Wilcox, Charles Lederer, Edward Cahn, Joseph M. Newman and David Miller, to film a sequence for a planned patriotic anthology film at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer titled "Now We Are 21". The film was to be produced by B. F. Zeidman and scripted by Peter Ruric from a story by Jerry Schwartz. Actors such as Gene Kelly, Ray McDonald, Virginia O'Brien, James Warren, Tatricia Dane, Johnny Davis and Barry Wilson were to appear in the film, but it was never made.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Joan Crawford, one of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's biggest stars at the time, watched a private screening of "Nazi Agent", after which she rushed to Louis B. Mayer's office insisting that Dassin direct her upcoming World War II drama vehicle, "Reunion in France" (originally announced simply as "Reunion"). The picture was being produced by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and was to co-star Philip Dorn and John Wayne"." Crawford also requested that Ann Ayars, who co-starred in "Nazi Agent", be given the second female lead in her film. Dassin was notified of this new assignment on May 19, 1942, and the press reported that he had been promoted to become an "A movie" director."" On the first day of shooting, Dassin yelled "cut" while Crawford was performing, which deeply upset the actress and led her to rush into Mayer's office. Dassin was called into Mayer's office and told that his career as a film director was over. To his surprise, Crawford invited the young director to have dinner at her house later that night and the two became dear friends; the next day, Dassin resumed his directorial duty on the film. The film opened to theatres in December 1942 but received mixed opinions from critics who found its pace too slow.


title: Jules Dassin

text: After completing "Reunion in France", it was reported that Dassin received a leave of absence from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to act in a stage production of William Shakespeare's "Richard III" on Broadway. The play was to be directed by and starring John Carradine, though it is unknown if this production came through. Dassin was also employed by Frank Tuttle as one of the lecturers for Hollywood School for Writers' new film directing class, along with Fred Zinnemann, Irving Pichel and László Benedek.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In mid-November 1942, he was assigned to direct another romantic comedy, "Young Ideas" (originally announced as "Faculty Row"), under the supervision of producer Robert Sisk. The film was shot from mid-December 1942 to early 1943 and starred Susan Peters, Herbert Marshall and Mary Astor. The film was released in the summer of 1943 and received favorable reviews as a light comedy. In March 1943, Dassin joined the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In September 1943, after several months without a project, Dassin took over the directorial duties on a comedy film adaptation of Oscar Wilde's "The Canterville Ghost". Original director Norman Z. McLeod had departed after five weeks of shooting, following a clash with producer Arthur Field and the cast, which included Charles Laughton, Robert Young and Margaret O'Brien. The film finished shooting in December 1943 and was released in the summer of 1944. Between the filming of scenes, Laughton often asked Dassin to play Russian classical songs on the piano, of which both were fond. "The Canterville Ghost" was very well received by critics and won a Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation in 1945.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In January 1944, producer Edwin H. Knopf selected Dassin to direct the suspense drama "Secrets in the Dark" (originally announced as "Strangers in the Dark" and "The Outward Room"). The motion picture was based on Millen Brand's novel "The Outward Room" and from the existing play version "The World We Make", which had been adapted by Sidney Kingsley. The plot was that of a middle-class girl who escapes from an insane asylum and develops a love affair with a blue collar steel worker, and in turn overcomes her phobias. The property was developed as a starring vehicle for Susan Peters, newly promoted Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer starlet. Gene Kelly was first cast as the male lead in January 1944, though he was replaced by Robert Young in February 1944. Other cast members included Fortunio Bononova, Katharine Balfour, Felix Bressart, Alexander Granach, Peggy Maley, Marta Linden, Morris Ankrum, Sharon McManus and Betty Lawler.


title: Jules Dassin

text: "Secrets in the Dark" was to start shooting on February 20, 1944, with cinematographer Robert Planck, but was pushed back to early March 1944 due to production delays. On April 1, 1944, Peters was admitted into Santa Monica Hospital for abdominal pain and underwent major surgery. Her recovery took several months, postponing the films' production indefinitely. Reports varied as to how much footage was shot; some reported as little as ten-day of filming, while others stated that the film was nearly completed. By the time that Peters had recovered in the summer of 1944, Dassin was on a voluntary leave from the studio, so Peters was instead assigned to "Keep Your Powder Dry" (originally announced as "Women in Uniform") for director Edward Buzzell. When Dassin finally returned to work for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in mid-1945, Peters had undergone another series of surgeries (due to an accidental shotgun discharge on January 1, 1945), which put her in a wheelchair. Peter's character in "Secrets in the Dark" was to be rewritten as a paraplegic, but the film was instead permanently shelved.


title: Jules Dassin

text: When "Secrets in the Dark" was first postponed in early April 1944, Dassin started acting in night plays at the Actors' Laboratory Theatre as part of the War Charities benefits. The first play in which he acted was "Night Lodging", followed by "The Lower Depths". In May 1944, Dassin teamed up with Arthur Lubin to set up the Soldier Shows Stock Company, a project to put on plays featuring wounded war veterans at Torney General Hospital in Palm Springs, California.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In June 1944, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer announced that Dassin had been assigned to direct the company's 20th Anniversary film, "Some of the Best". The five-reel picture was to include excerpts from prior Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer films, spanning 1924–1943, along with wrap-around pieces starring Lewis Stone. Dassin, however, became weary of his directorial duties at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and asked Louis B. Mayer to be released from his exclusive contract. Mayer sternly refused, even after Dassin offered to sign a promissory document that he would never work for another Hollywood studio. In a later interview conducted in December 1946, Dassin revealed that he was ashamed of some of the directorial duties he was forced to accept while at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Dassin had hoped to return to work on the New York stage but instead took a thirteen-month voluntary hiatus from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, filling his time by reading books on the beach and working on local plays. On July 30, 1944, Dassin's wife Beatrice gave birth to their third child, daughter Julie.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In November 1944, actor Ralph Bellamy approached Dassin to direct "The Democrats", a play he was producing on Broadway. "The Democrats" was written by Melvin Levy and was so co-star Frances Dee. Although the production received good publicity throughout the month of November 1944, it would appear that it never came to fruition, perhaps because Dassin was unable to receive a leave of absence from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In December 1944, Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer assigned Dassin to direct the crime-mystery film "Dangerous Partners" (originally announced as "Paper Chase") for producer Arthur Field. Dassin took over the directorial duties from Fred Zinnemann (who was then suspended from Metro-Goldywn-Mayer for refusing to finish the picture), and had anticipated casting Susan Peters in the lead. But when Peters suffered a gun shot wound accident on January 1, 1945, Dassin pulled out of the project. Director Edward Cahn was ultimately hired for the job and recast the female lead role with Signe Hasso, successfully completing the picture.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Returning to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in May 1945, after thirteen months away from cameras, Dassin was immediately assigned to direct the romantic comedy film "A Letter for Evie" for producer William H. Wright. The picture began shooting in early June 1945 and included Marsha Hunt, Hume Cronyn, John Carroll, Norman Lloyd and Pamela Britton. "A Letter for Evie" briefly changed title to "All the Things You Are" in late 1945, but its original title was restored in time for release in November 1945.


title: Jules Dassin

text: It was announced that once Dassin completed the shooting of "A Letter for Evie", he would fly to Europe to direct a series of plays sponsored by the Actors' Laboratory Theatre. The plays were to star soldiers as part of war-time moral-building entertainment. Again, he was denied a leave of absence from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and in early August 1945 was assigned to direct the romantic comedy thriller (with strong film noir tones), "Two Smart People" (originally announced as "Time for Two") for producer Ralph Wheelwright. The picture began filming in September 1945 and starred Lucille Ball, John Hodiak and Lloyd Nolan, and was released in late 1946. Following "Two Smart People", Dassin would spend more than a year without successfully shooting another film.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In March 1946, Dassin and Joseph Losey co-directed Viola Brothers Shore's stage play "Birthday" for the Actors' Laboratory Theatre. The production, which unfolds a narrative of a girl's 18th birthday, was staged at the Phoenix Theater starring actress Karen Morley. The cast also included Howard Duff, Jocelyn Brando and Don Hanmer. In August 1946, it was reported that Dassin had been signed to direct the film noir "Repeat Performance" for Eagle-Lion Films, through a loan-out arrangement with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. The picture was to be made under the supervision of writer-producer Marion Parsonnet and set to star Franchot Tone, Sylvia Sidney, Constance Dowling and Tom Conway. Unfortunately, disagreements about the budget and script caused the whole production to fall apart and the entire cast and crew resigned. The picture was eventually made with a completely new team a year later. Dassin was finally released from Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer once his exclusive five-year contract expired in November 1946.


title: Jules Dassin

text: As soon as the news hit that Dassin was free from contractual obligations with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, writer-turned-producer Mark Hellinger scooped up the director, signing him to a non-exclusive three-picture freelance contract with his film production company, Mark Hellinger Productions. The contract gave Dassin the freedom to choose his own three projects to direct at Mark Hellinger Productions, without an expiry date. The producer had an existing financing and distribution deal with Universal-International Pictures, where Dassin was set to direct one of Hollywood's biggest new stars, Burt Lancaster, in a violent prison film noir, "Brute Force."""


title: Jules Dassin

text: With new freedom, and support from executive producer Hellinger and associate producer Jules Buck, Dassin announced that he would shoot the picture using realism and a documentary-style. He also employed a total of thirteen actors with whom he had worked at the Actors' Laboratory Theatre, including Hume Cronyn, Howard Duff, Roman Bohnen, Whit Bissell, Art Smith, Jeff Corey, Sam Levene, Charles McGraw, Will Lee, Ray Teal, Crane Whitley, Kenneth Patterson and James O'Rear. The cast also included noted Hollywood actors Charles Bickford, Yvonne De Carlo, Ann Blyth, Ella Raines and Anita Colby. "Brute Force" was shot from March to April 1947 on the Universal-International Pictures lot, with reshoots taking place in early May 1947 to appease objections from the Motion Picture Association of America, shortly before a preview audience. The film, which featured a score composed and conducted by Miklós Rózsa, was released to theatres in July 1947 through Universal-International Pictures; that same month, Cosmopolitan magazine awarded Dassin with the Movie Citations of the Month Award for Best Director. Less than a year after its release, Dassin revealed that he did not like the film.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In early May 1947, Dassin was announced as the director of Hellinger's next production, "The Naked City" (originally announced as "Homicide") Dassin planned to push the realism and documentary-style filming technique of the police story flic further by shooting it entirely on location in New York City. The production received full cooperation from New York City's Homicide Squad during its two and a half months of location shooting, from June to August 1947. 107 different locations were shot in New York City, and to distract the crowd and keep them looking natural, Dassin hired a juggler to draw their attention away from the cameras.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin, Hellinger and associate producer Buck worked with several of the same cast and crew members from "Brute Force" on "The Naked City", including actors Howard Duff, Ralph Brooks and Chuck Hamilton, assistant director Fred Frank, cinematographer William H. Daniels, art director John F. DeCuir, set decorator Russell A. Gausman and composer Miklós Rózsa. The film also starred Barry Fitzgerald, Don Taylor and Dorothy Hart. After overseeing the editing of the film in Hollywood during September and October 1947, Dassin flew back to New York City in early November 1947 to work on the pre-production of the stage play "Strange Bedfellows". Unbeknownst to Dassin, Hellinger and Buck wound up re-cutting the film in his absence; the director only finding out at the film's premiere on March 3, 1948, when he saw a highly edited version of his film projected on the screen. Furthermore, Hellinger died suddenly on December 21, 1947, months before the film was premiered and released to theatres by Universal-International Pictures.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Although Dassin was unhappy about the final cut of "The Naked City", the film was a huge success (one of the top movies of 1948), and it was nominated for and won several accolades, including Academy Awards for Best Film Editing and Best Cinematography, Black-and-White, an Academy Award nomination for Best Writing, Motion Picture Story; a British Academy of Film and Television Arts nomination for Best Film from any Source; and Writers Guild of America Award nominations for Best Written American Drama and The Robert Meltzer Award. In 2007, the film was deemed "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant" by the United States National Film Preservation Board and was selected for preservation in the Library of Congress' National Film Registry.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin's third and final film under his Mark Hellinger Productions contract was up in limbo following Hellinger's death. The film production unit had undergone considerable changes in the months prior to Hellinger's passing, including the addition of Humphrey Bogart as vice-president, and the signing of a six-picture financing and distribution deal with David O. Selznick's Selznick Releasing Organization. Mark Hellinger Productions owned the filming rights to several Ernest Hemingway stories, Forest Rosaire's novel "East of Midnight", Arthur Cohn's screenplay "Disbarred", Gordon Macker's screenplay "Race Track", Philip G. Epstein's screenplay "Mistakes Will Happen", and Jerry D. Lewis' screenplay "Twinkle, Twinkle"; in addition to three films in development: "Knock on Any Door", "Criss Cross" and "Act of Violence". Any of these properties may have been picked for Dassin to direct in 1948. The company also held contracts with actors Bogart, Burt Lancaster, Don Taylor and Howard Duff, and with cinematographer William Daniels.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Bogart, Selznick and secretary-treasurer A. Morgan Marie announced their plan to continue Mark Hellinger Productions in January 1948, by co-heading the company and honoring the late producers' namesake with the previously planned films in development. However, difficulty lay in finding a new executive producer to head the production; Jerry Wald was first approached but was unable to free himself from his Warner Bros. contract. Robert Lord was then offered the post and freed himself from his Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer contract to accept the new position. Unfortunately, Hellinger's widow, former actress Gladys Glad Hellinger, decided to liquidate the company and all of its assets in early February 1948. The story properties and actor, director and cinematographer contracts were sold to other studios via the William Morris Agency. This lead Bogart, Lord and Marie to form their own film production company, Santana Productions, and secure a financing and distribution deal with Columbia Pictures with some of the properties they managed to purchase. It is unknown which, or if a studio bought out Dassin's remaining one-picture deal, though news reports hinted towards Universal-International Pictures or Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In late December 1947, before Bogart, Selznick and Marie had decided upon continuing the Mark Hellinger Productions firm, Dassin took the opportunity of his non-exclusive contract to partner with stage actor and producer Luther Adler in an independent film venture. Adler had recently purchased Jack Iams' novel "Prophet by Experience" in September 1947 and hired Ben Hecht to adapt it and write the screenplay. The story dealt with a hermit who is taken out of seclusion by a magazine writer, and who has a unique set of experiences in the outside world. Adler, who was solely to act as producer in his new film production company, approached Dassin to direct the picture and negotiations were underway for a financing and distribution deal with Columbia Pictures. For reasons unknown, the film was never made.


title: Jules Dassin

text: While still in New York City, Dassin was hired by producers John Houseman and William R. Katzell to direct Allan Scott's play "Joy to the World"; a comedy about a ruthless Hollywood producer. The play began rehearsals on January 26, 1948, and opened on Broadway at the Plymouth Theatre on March 18, 1948. It would run for 124 performances, until July 3, 1948. The cast included Alfred Drake, Marsha Hunt, Morris Carnovsky, Mary Welch, Lois Hall, Peggy Maley, Myron McCormick, Clay Clement, Bert Freed, Kurt Kasznar and Theodore Newton.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In February 1948, Dassin was approached by theatre producer Mike Todd, who was planning to venture into the film producing business. Todd planned to produce a series of low-budget, $500,000 films and had secured a financing and distribution deal with 20th Century-Fox Film. The first picture in Todd's new deal was "Busman's Holiday", an original story based on newspaper accounts of a Bronx bus driver who took off for Florida with his family using his company's bus. Todd cast Joan Blondell as one of the leads and planned to film the entire picture using real locations, from New York City to Florida. Motivated by the success and filming style of "The Naked City", Todd immediately approached Dassin to direct the film. The picture was never made, but Todd later produced the similarly scenic picture "Around the World in 80 Days".


title: Jules Dassin

text: On April 3, 1948, Dassin returned to Hollywood to meet with executives from three different studios: Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, 20th Century-Fox Film and Columbia Pictures, each of which had offered the director a contract. Dassin connected best with Darryl F. Zanuck and opted to sign with 20th Century-Fox Film. In addition to "Busman's Holiday", during the spring of 1948 Dassin was tied to two film projects with actress Paulette Goddard at 20th Century-Fox Film. The first was to be a film adaptation of Jean-Paul Sartre's latest novel and recently opened Broadway hit "The Respectful Prostitute", for which Goddard and actor Burgess Meredith had negotiated the screen rights, hoping to play the leads. Dassin, who had promised to direct, was the only director Goddard wanted.


title: Jules Dassin

text: By June 1948, Dassin was tied to direct "Anna Lucasta" at Columbia Pictures, a play, written by Philip Yordan, about a young prostitute whose family tries to use her to steal money from a potential husband. Goddard was set to play the lead in the film and reportedly insisted that Dassin be hired to direct. During negotiations with 20th Century-Fox, Zanuck considered loaning Linda Darnell to Columbia Pictures as part of a package deal, but things fell through. Irving Rapper ultimately directed the film at Columbia Pictures.


title: Jules Dassin

text: During the summer of 1948, Dassin directed "Magdalena" on Broadway, a play produced by Edwin Lester, which ran for 88 performances from September 20, 1948 to December 4, 1948. By the time that "Magdalena" closed, Dassin was already back in Hollywood, having signed a contract with producer Darryl F. Zanuck at 20th Century-Fox Film. His inaugural project for the studio was "Thieves' Highway" (originally announced as "Thieves' Market" and "Hard Bargain"), starring Richard Conte, Lee J. Cobb and Valentina Cortese. In November 1949, the film won the Photoplay Award for Best Picture of the Month.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Contrary to an often-quoted 1958 article in "Time" magazine, Dassin was not blacklisted because of a sole denunciation from a witness at a congressional hearing. His name had been mentioned a number of times, at various hearings of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Un-American Activities, and by different witnesses, as early as 1947. He was also linked to several Communist-front organizations.


title: Jules Dassin

text: On October 22, 1947, while Dassin was still working on "The Naked City", Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer chief supervisor and executive producer James Kevin McGuinness testified before the House Un-American Activities Committee. He described an event at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer in 1941, shortly after Dassin had joined the studio, when an attempt was made to halt the production of "Tennessee Johnson", a biographical picture about the life of former United States President Andrew Johnson. McGuinness explained that after the death of the original producer of the picture, J. Walter Ruben, he took over the production as part of his executive function. He was then presented with a petition, signed by Dassin, Ring Lardner Jr., Donald Ogden Stewart, Hy S. Kraft and Richard Collins, which was addressed to Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executive vice-president Al Lichtman, demanding that the picture be aborted. All five signees were known Communists. The news hit the media quickly.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In 1948 and 1949, Dassin's name was connected with at least three Communist-front organizations. Firstly, he was an executive board member of the Actors' Laboratory Theatre, which the Committee did not find was Communist in itself but rather its board of directors was made up almost exclusively of known Communists Party members or Communist sympathizers, including Dassin. Secondly, he had been a member of the Artists' Front to Win the War gathering on October 16, 1942, which the Committee on Un-American Activities cited as subversive. Thirdly, he was a sponsor of the National Council of the Arts, Sciences and Professions' Scientific and Cultural Conference for World Peace, held from March 25–27, 1949, and which the Committee on Un-American Activities also cited as subversive.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In the late spring of 1949, Zanuck called Dassin into his office to warn him that he was on the verge of being blacklisted, but that he still had enough time to make one more movie for 20th Century-Fox Film. Zanuck gave Dassin a copy of Gerald Kersh's novel "Night and the City" and rushed him to England to make the film unhindered by the Un-American Activities Committee hearings. "Night and the City", later released in mid-1950, was filmed entirely on location in London between July and October 1949 and starred Richard Widmark, Gene Tierney, Googie Withers, Hugh Marlowe and Mike Mazurki. Dassin was unofficially blacklisted by Hollywood during the production and was not allowed back on the studio property to edit the film nor oversee the musical scoring.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Nevertheless, Zanuck and producer Julian Blaustein hired Dassin as director for 20th Century-Fox Film's "Half Angel", a Technicolor comedy starring Loretta Young, scheduled to begin shooting in mid-June 1950. Dassin was however replaced by Richard Sale after pressure from Hollywood politics.


title: Jules Dassin

text: On April 25, 1951, film director Edward Dmytryk, one of the "Hollywood Ten" who had been blacklisted in 1947 after refusing to testify, gave a wilful and revised testimony to the House Committee on Un-American Activities. In his revised testimony, Dmyrtyk revealed that the Screen Directors' Guild included seven known Communists. That was one of the first times that the Un-American Activities Committee heard of film directors being Communists, because it had previously concentrated on screenwriters in the Screen Writers' Guild. Dassin was named as one of the seven directors, along with Frank Tuttle, Herbert Biberman, John Berry, Bernard Vorhaus and Dmytryk himself, who were present at a Communist meeting at Berry's house, for the purpose of electing themselves on the board of directors of the Screen Directors' Guild. Dmytryk explained that, at the time, the Communist Party wanted to get as many people as it could on the board of directors of the Screen Directors' Guild, the Screen Writers' Guild and the Screen Actors' Guild, so that they could eventually control the policy of those guilds, particularly in relation to an eventual coalition for the backing of the various unions.


title: Jules Dassin

text: On May 24, 1951, film director Frank Tuttle gave a testimony to the House Un-American Activities Committee. He testified that, during the 1930s and 1940s, a group of seven Communists existed within the Screen Directors' Guild. Dassin was again named as one of the seven Communist directors, along with Herbert Bieberman, Edward Dmytryk, Bernard Vorhaus, John Berry, Michael Gordon and Tuttle himself. Tuttle explained that the purpose of the Communist members in the Screen Directors' Guild was to elect its members to the board of directors, but that only he, Dmytryk and Bieberman had succeeded in being appointed to executive positions, with the help of votes from the seven Communist members.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin's name was further mentioned during the Un-American Activities Committee hearings involving actor José Ferrer on May 25, 1951, and film director Michael Gordon on September 17, 1951. Dassin was from that point on, officially listed as an identified past or present member of the Communist Party.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In 1952, after Dassin had been out of work for two years, actress Bette Davis hired him to direct her in the Broadway revue "Two's Company". The show ran for 90 performances, closing on March 8, 1953, due to Davis' poor health, and Dassin returned to Europe to avoid the issuing of a subpoena to testify before the Un-American Activities Committee.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In March 1953, Dassin was hired by French producer Jacques Bar to direct the comedy-crime film "The Most Wanted Man", starring Fernandel and Zsa Zsa Gabor in a spoof of American gangster films. Dassin maintains that two days before the film was to begin shooting, Bar relented to pressure from a noted Hollywood politician not to work with him, receiving threats that the film, and any future Bar productions, would not be granted American distribution. In a hearing before the United States House of Representatives, Committee on Un-American Activities on July 12, 1956, Allied Artists Pictures Corporation manager of branch operations Roy M. Brewer stated that a worrisome Gabor phoned him from France after hearing rumors that Dassin had been identified as a Communist. The next day, he received a telegram from American Federation of Labor's European representative Irving Brown, also questioning Dassin's political views. Brewer further stated that at no point did he recommend the dismissal of Dassin as a director, and that he merely reported the facts to the inquirers, which was that Dassin had been identified as a Communist. "The Most Wanted Man" was ultimately directed by Henri Verneuil (a frequent collaborator of Fernandel), who went on to become a noted neo-noir director. Dassin later stated that he had further difficulty finding work in Europe as American film distribution companies forbade the exhibition of any film, regardless of its origin, associated with artists blacklisted in Hollywood. He later admitted that he worked as an uncredited writer on a number of scripts that were sent back to Hollywood through Zanuck.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin did not work as a film director again until "Rififi" in 1955 (a French production), his most influential film and an early work in the "heist film" genre. He won the Best Director award for the film at the 1955 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Jules Dassin

text: It inspired later heist films, such as "Ocean's Eleven" (1960). Another film it inspired was Dassin's own heist film "Topkapi" (1964), filmed in France and Istanbul, Turkey with his future second wife, Melina Mercouri and Oscar winner Peter Ustinov.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Most of Dassin's films in the decades following the blacklist are European productions. His later career in Europe and the affiliation with Greece through his second wife, combined with the Frenchified pronunciation of his surname in Europe (as "Da-SAn" instead of the common American "DASS-ine") led to a common misconception that he was a native European director.


title: Jules Dassin

text: At the Cannes Film Festival in May 1955 he met Melina Mercouri, Greek actress and wife of Panos Harokopos. At about the same time, he discovered the literary works of Nikos Kazantzakis; these two elements created a bond with Greece. Dassin next made "He Who Must Die" (1957) based on Kazantzakis' "Christ Recrucified" and in which Mercouri appeared. She went on to star in his "Never on Sunday" (1960) for which she won best actress at the Cannes Film Festival. She then starred in his next three films – "Phaedra" (1962), "Topkapi" (1964) and "" (1966).


title: Jules Dassin

text: He divorced his first wife, Beatrice Launer, in 1962 and married Mercouri in 1966. She later starred in his "Promise at Dawn" (1970)—during the filming of which, Dassin broke both his legs—and later "A Dream of Passion" (1978).


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin was considered a major Philhellene to the point of Greek officials describing him as a "first generation Greek". Along with Mercouri, he opposed the Greek military junta.


title: Jules Dassin

text: The couple had to leave Greece after the colonels' coup in 1967. In 1970 they were accused of having financed an attempt to overthrow the dictatorship, but the charges were quickly dropped. Dassin and Mercouri lived in New York City during the 1970s; then, when the military dictatorship in Greece fell in 1974, they returned to Greece and lived out their lives there. In 1974 he and Mercouri made "The Rehearsal" about the junta.


title: Jules Dassin

text: While Mercouri became involved with politics and won a parliamentary seat, Dassin stayed with movie-making in Europe. In 1982 he was a member of the jury at the 34th Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin married twice. Before his marriage to Mercouri, he married Beatrice Launer in 1933; she was a New York–born, Jewish–American concert violinist (aka Beatrice Launer-Dassin; 1913–1994), a graduate of the Juilliard School of Music. They divorced in 1962. Their children were Joseph Ira Dassin, better known as Joe Dassin (1938–80), a popular French singer in the 1970s; songwriter Richelle "Rickie" Dassin (born 1940); and actress–singer Julie Dassin (born 1944; also known as Julie D.).


title: Jules Dassin

text: Dassin died from complications of influenza at the age of 96; he was survived by his two daughters and his grandchildren. Upon his death, the Greek prime minister Costas Karamanlis released a statement: "Greece mourns the loss of a rare human being, a significant artist and true friend. His passion, his relentless creative energy, his fighting spirit and his nobility will remain unforgettable."


title: Jules Dassin

text: A major supporter of the return of the Parthenon Marbles to Athens, for which he established the Melina Mercouri Institution in her memory after her death in 1994, he died a few months before the opening ceremony of the New Acropolis Museum.


title: Jules Dassin

text: The Academy Film Archive has preserved Jules Dassin's film "Night and the City", including the British and pre-release versions.


title: Jules Dassin

text: In 2000, Rialto pictures restored and released "Rififi" theatrically. It was subsequently released on home video through The Criterion Collection and Arrow Films.


title: Rooney Rule

text: The Rooney Rule is a National Football League policy that requires league teams to interview ethnic-minority candidates for head coaching and senior football operation jobs. It is an example of affirmative action, even though before 2022 there was no hiring quota or hiring preference given to minorities, only an interviewing quota. The first actual hiring quota was established before the 2022 season, mandating that at least one member of each team's offensive coaching staff must be either an ethnic minority or a woman. The Rooney Rule was established in 2003, and variations of the rule are now in place in other industries.


title: Rooney Rule

text: The rule is named after Dan Rooney, the former owner of the Pittsburgh Steelers and former chairman of the league's diversity committee.


title: Rooney Rule

text: It was created as a reaction to the 2002 firings of head coaches Tony Dungy of the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and Dennis Green of the Minnesota Vikings, at a time when Dungy had a winning record and Green had just had his first losing season in ten years. Shortly afterwards, U.S. civil rights attorneys Cyrus Mehri and Johnnie Cochran released a study showing that black head coaches, despite winning a higher percentage of games, were less likely to be hired and more likely to be fired than their white counterparts. Former NFL players Kellen Winslow and John Wooten then put together an affinity group of minority scouts, coaches, and front-office personnel, to advocate for the rule's creation. This rule was also heavily pressured by the NFL players, since most players in the NFL are African American.


title: Rooney Rule

text: Its purpose was to ensure that minority coaches, especially African Americans, would be considered for high-level coaching positions. Fritz Pollard was the first minority head coach in NFL history (which was during the league's early years in the 1920s) and by the time the rule was implemented, only Tom Flores, Art Shell, Dennis Green, Ray Rhodes, Tony Dungy, and Herman Edwards had ever held head coaching jobs. (Only Dungy and Edwards were actively head coaching at the time of the rule's implementation, though Shell and Green would later return to head coaching.) Dungy in particular had struggled for years before getting a head coaching job; he was often promoted as a head coaching candidate by Chuck Noll when Dungy was an assistant under Noll in the 1980s with the Steelers, but he would not become a head coach until 1996 when he took over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers. Another former Steelers assistant, Marvin Lewis, also struggled to find a head coaching position despite immense success as the Baltimore Ravens defensive coordinator and would not find a head coaching position until being hired by the Cincinnati Bengals in 2003, the year the Rooney Rule went into effect.


title: Rooney Rule

text: Since the Rooney Rule was established, several NFL franchises have hired African-American head coaches, including the Steelers themselves, who hired Mike Tomlin before their 2007 season. (The Steelers, however, had already interviewed Ron Rivera, who is ethnically Hispanic, to fulfill the requirement before interviewing Tomlin, and Rooney himself contends that Tomlin's hiring did not result from the Rule.) At the start of the 2006 season, the overall percentage of African-American coaches had jumped to 22%, up from 6% prior to the Rooney Rule.


title: Rooney Rule

text: For the 2019 season, eight NFL teams had head coaching vacancies to fill. However, only one team, the Miami Dolphins, hired a non-white coach, Brian Flores, who was then fired after three seasons (the final two of which were winning seasons).


title: Rooney Rule

text: , the NFL had three African-American head coaches, the same number as in 2003 when the Rooney Rule was adopted. Going into the 2022 season, the number of minority head coaches by NFL definition is six. Todd Bowles (Tampa Bay), Lovie Smith (Houston), and Mike Tomlin (Pittsburgh) are African-American; Ron Rivera (Washington) is Hispanic; Mike McDaniel (Miami) is multiracial; and Robert Saleh (New York Jets) is a Muslim of Lebanese origin.


title: Rooney Rule

text: The rule does not apply if an assistant coach has language in his contract guaranteeing him the head coaching job in case of an opening. For example, this was the case when Mike Martz took over as head coach of the St. Louis Rams before the 2000 season. Also, the requirement does not apply if the assistant coach taking over the head position is a minority, as was the case with Mike Singletary and the San Francisco 49ers in late 2008.


title: Rooney Rule

text: , Rooney Rule requirements apply to all searches for senior football operations positions within the NFL, regardless of a team's title for that position. It now also includes all ethnic minorities, not just African Americans.


title: Rooney Rule

text: , two of the 32 head coaches in the NFL are African-American, with one Hispanic head coach. Recently, some legal scholars have advocated for extending the Rooney Rule to college football, where the number of minority head coaches hovers around 6%, well below the 12.6% of the total US population which is African-American.


title: Rooney Rule

text: In 2003, the NFL fined the Detroit Lions $200,000 for failure to interview African-American candidates for the team's vacant head coaching job. After Marty Mornhinweg was fired, the Lions immediately hired former San Francisco 49ers head coach Steve Mariucci to replace him without interviewing any other candidates. The Lions claimed they attempted to interview other candidates but that the African-American candidates withdrew from interviews, believing Mariucci's hiring was inevitable. The Lions did not hire another minority head coach until hiring Jim Caldwell in 2014. Previously, minority Wayne Fontes was head coach of the team.


title: Rooney Rule

text: In the wake of no minority hirings to fill eight head coaching and seven general management vacancies following the conclusion of the 2012 NFL regular season, NFL Executive Vice president of Human Resources Robert Gulliver stated, "While there has been full compliance with the interview requirements of the Rooney Rule and we wish the new head coaches and general managers much success, the hiring results this year have been unexpected and reflect a disappointing lack of diversity." Analysts have pointed to the lack of interview offers for Baltimore Ravens' Offensive Coordinator Jim Caldwell, who, as head coach, led the Indianapolis Colts to a 14–2 2009 season along with winning the 2009 American Football Conference title before losing in Super Bowl XLIV, as evidence that the rule needs revision. Some sports analysts have called upon the NFL to modify the Rooney Rule by requiring NFL teams to interview a minority candidate outside their respective organizations, and extending the rule to include interviews for offensive and defensive coordinators.


title: Rooney Rule

text: In recent years, the trend of hiring head coaches in the NFL has shifted towards looking for successful offensive coordinators; a role in which minorities only hold two out of the 32 available positions. In 2020, five NFL teams had head coaching vacancies to fill, and only one of them hired a non-white coach. These five teams were criticized for passing on Eric Bieniemy, the offensive coordinator for the Super Bowl champion Kansas City Chiefs. Under Bieniemy, the Kansas City Chiefs had the league's top-ranked offense in the 2018 season, and the 5th ranked offense in 2019.


title: Rooney Rule

text: The 2020 NFL offseason led to many figures questioning the effectiveness of this rule due to Bieniemy not receiving serious consideration for a head coaching position and other such controversies since the rule's inception. To fulfill the requirements of this rule, many teams interview non-white coaches that have been around the league for years and have had previously unsuccessful stints as head coaches, such as Marvin Lewis. Critics of the rule argue that the rule has been largely ineffective, and in some situations, it has even had the opposite effect; with non-white coaches being interviewed without being given serious consideration just to fulfill the requirement.


title: Rooney Rule

text: In May 2020 the NFL increased the requirements of the Rooney rule to require two external minority candidate interviews, rather than one, for head coaching jobs. In addition, teams must now interview at least one minority candidate for all coordinator positions. Also, teams and the NFL league office must also interview at least one minority candidate for senior-level positions, including general manager and club president jobs. Finally, for at least some positions, women may be interviewed to satisfy the requirement.


title: Rooney Rule

text: In November 2020, the NFL passed 2020 Resolution JC-2A, which rewards teams for developing minority candidates for head coach and/or GM positions. The resolution rewards teams whose minority candidates are hired away for one of those positions by awarding third-round draft picks, similar to the system for compensatory draft picks. For example, the first team to receive such picks, the Los Angeles Rams, received third-round picks in 2021 and 2022 after the Detroit Lions hired their director of college scouting, Brad Holmes, as their general manager.


title: Rooney Rule

text: An earlier version of the resolution would have rewarded teams for hiring minority candidates rather than for developing them.


title: Rooney Rule

text: On February 1, 2022, former Miami Dolphins head coach Brian Flores sued the NFL, the Dolphins, the New York Giants, and the Denver Broncos, alleging racism, violations of federal employment law, and that his interviews were a sham meant solely to fulfill the Rooney Rule.


title: Rooney Rule

text: On March 28, 2022, the NFL announced that it had made further changes to the Rooney Rule. First, starting with the 2022 season, all teams are required to have at least one minority on their offensive coaching staff. Minority group members already serving in such roles count toward compliance with this new provision, intended to increase the number of minorities in the pool of offensive coaches, which had produced the most sought-after candidates for head coaching positions in recent years. Coaches hired under this provision will be paid at least in part from a league-wide fund set aside for this purpose.


title: Rooney Rule

text: For the first time, the definition of "minority" for purposes of the Rooney Rule was fully extended to include women, regardless of their racial or ethnic background. While teams are not required to interview women for coaching positions, women will count toward all required interviewing quotas.


title: Rooney Rule

text: In association football (soccer), players' representatives have been campaigning for a similar practice in England. Gordon Taylor, Chief Executive of the PFA (the players' trade union) said in September 2014 the sport "has a 'hidden resistance' preventing black managers getting jobs," pointing out that "you see so many black players on the pitch, yet we have two black managers out of 92." Garth Crooks, a prominent black former player, was especially scathing of the failure of The Football League (a large association of clubs below the top-tier Premier League) to pursue the matter, suggesting the league lacked courage. Black coaches Kieron Dyer and Titus Bramble spoke out against the idea of Rooney Rule, saying they did not want to be perceived as having their roles because of a "quota". On January 9, 2018, it was reported that the England national football team would implement the Rooney Rule for all future interviews for the manager position.


title: Rooney Rule

text: On August 2, 2020, the West Coast Conference (WCC), an NCAA Division I league, announced that it had adopted a similar policy effective immediately, calling its initiative the Russell Rule after Basketball Hall of Famer Bill Russell, who played in college at charter and current WCC member San Francisco. The WCC became the first Division I conference to establish such a policy. According to the WCC,


title: Rooney Rule

text: Some companies outside of sports, such as Pinterest, Facebook, Patreon and Checkr, have put similar rules in place for their hiring processes. In general, the Rooney rule in these companies focuses on the diversity of the applicants in the pipeline for a particular position; the rule requires pausing at some stage of the hiring process until some diversity benchmark has been reached for the pool of applicants at that stage. Inspired by the Rooney Rule, Diversity Lab created the Mansfield Rule in 2017, which is named after the first woman admitted to the practice of law in the U.S., Arabella Mansfield. The Mansfield Rule measures whether law firms have affirmatively considered (at least 30 percent of the candidate pool) historically underrepresented lawyers for leadership and governance roles, equity partner promotions, and lateral positions.


title: Return to Innocence

text: "Return to Innocence" is a song by German musical group Enigma. It was released on 4 January 1994 as the lead single from their second album, "The Cross of Changes" (1993). It became the project's most successful international single after "Sadeness (Part I)", reaching number one in over 10 countries (including Ireland, Norway, Sweden and Zimbabwe), number three on the UK Singles Chart, and the top five in several countries, including Canada, Germany and New Zealand. It also reached the top 20 in France and number two on the Eurochart Hot 100. "Return to Innocence" was the project's biggest hit in the United States, reaching number two on the "Billboard" Modern Rock Tracks chart, number four on the "Billboard" Hot 100, and number six on the "Billboard" Mainstream Top 40.


title: Return to Innocence

text: The song's melodic and talking vocals in English are provided by Angel X (Andreas Harde), and a short talking vocal by Sandra ("Death is not the beginning of the end, that's the return to yourself, the return to innocence"), while an Amis chant ("Elders' Drinking Song") is repeated, which opens the song. Difang and Igay Duana, from the Amis, were in a cultural exchange program in Paris in 1988 when their performance of the song was recorded by the Maison des Cultures du Monde and later distributed on CD. The producer of Enigma, Michael Cretu, later obtained the CD and proceeded to sample it. In addition, the drum beat of the song was sampled from the Led Zeppelin song "When the Levee Breaks", played by John Bonham.


title: Return to Innocence

text: The song was used to promote several types of media in the mid-1990s, including film and TV commercials. In autumn 1994, the song was featured in an episode of the TV show "My So-Called Life". In 1995, the song was used as the closing theme in Disney's live-action film "Man of the House", as well as in the opening and closing of an "Outer Limits" episode. In 1996, the song was further popularised when it was used in a television advertisement to promote the 1996 Summer Olympics.


title: Return to Innocence

text: In March 1998, Difang and Igay sued Cretu, Virgin Records and a number of recording companies for unauthorised use of their song without credit. The case was settled out of court for an undisclosed amount of money and all further releases of the song were credited (including royalties) to the Duanas. Cretu has stated that he had been led to believe that the recording was in the public domain and that he did not intentionally violate the Kuos' copyright.


title: Return to Innocence

text: Ned Raggett from AllMusic said that "Return to Innocence" is "not quite up there with "Sadeness" in the popular culture in the U.S. but almost inescapable elsewhere." Larry Flick from "Billboard" wrote that Enigma "resurfaces with a far more accessible, but no less cool pop/hip-hop kicker." He added, "The track's insistent beat is good bait for a song that is chock-full of unusual male chants and breathy female vamping. Somewhere between the two is an irresistible hook and melody that assures much-deserved success at both radio and club level." Troy J. Augusto from "Cashbox" noted, "Now, experts at the Virgin Records hitmaking laboratory have concocted a new, even more startling scenario: Enigma as hit song-makers! Wild, but true. The life's work of one Michael Cretu, a zealous Romanian attempting to go where no new age musician has gone before. Enigma is threatening to break free of the genre's tacky shackles, making the world safe for ambient artists everywhere." Dave Sholin from the "Gavin Report" called it "a haunting production that won't go by unnoticed."


title: Return to Innocence

text: Jonathan Riggs from "Idolator" commented, "If all of human existence across time were a movie, "Return to Innocence" is the song that should play over the end credits." He added, ""Return to Innocence" was then and remains now universally epic, instantly recognizable, largely incomprehensible and endlessly moving. Like us. Like life." Alan Jones from "Music Week" described it as a "mysterious new collage of sounds" and "a haunting and well-constructed piece that sets ethnic-sounding emoting and softly spoken phrases against a dance beat and a swirl of soft synth sounds." He stated, "Satisfying and unique." James Hamilton from the magazine's "RM" Dance Update declared it as a "slinkily atmospheric rolling sombre 0-88-0bpm Euro smash". John Kilgo from "The Network Forty" deemed it a "melodramatic chant". Charles Aaron for "Entertainment Weekly" noted that here, "group mastermind Michael Cretu replaces his familiar monkish chants (1991’s hit ”Sadeness”) with aboriginal croons, but the entrancing, mid-tempo groove remains, along with loopy female whispers." Richard Paton from "Toledo Blade" said that the song "captures that melange of sounds, the intensity of the beat, and the wafting vocals and chant".


title: Return to Innocence

text: English film, documentary and music video director Julien Temple directed the accompanying music video for "Return to Innocence", which depicts a man's life in reverse, starting with him dying and ending with his baptism as a baby. It received heavy rotation on MTV Europe and was A-listed on Germany's VIVA. Later, the video was published by Vevo on YouTube in March 2009. As of December 2022, it had generated more than 136 million views.


title: Jim Cash

text: James Willis Cash (January 17, 1941 – March 25, 2000) was an American film writer, noted for writing such 1980s films as "Top Gun" and "The Secret of My Success".


title: Jim Cash

text: In 1970, Cash received a B.A. in English from Michigan State University (MSU). In 1972, Cash received an M.A. in Television and Radio from Michigan State University.


title: Jim Cash

text: As a professor, Cash taught writing and film history at Michigan State University. Cash met a student named Jack Epps, Jr., who would later become his writing partner. Epps was from the Detroit area.


title: Jim Cash

text: Cash and Epps began their writing relationship while at Michigan State University. In 1975, they wrote their first story together in the MSU Union Grill. Soon afterward Epps moved to Hollywood, California. Cash continued to live in East Lansing, Michigan, while Epps lived in Santa Monica, California. They collaborated via computer.


title: Jim Cash

text: Cash married his first wife, Mariann (Mimi), when he was a professor at MSU and she was a sophomore at MSU studying communications.


title: Jim Cash

text: Cash and his second wife, Cynthia, had four children. He and his wife had a restaurant in Lansing, Michigan.


title: Care Package (album)

text: Care Package is the first compilation album by Canadian rapper Drake. It was released on August 2, 2019 by OVO Sound and Republic Records. The compilation consists of songs released between 2010 and 2016 that were initially unavailable for purchase or commercial streaming. The compilation features guest appearances from J. Cole, Rick Ross, and James Fauntleroy and additional vocals by Sampha and Beyoncé.


title: Care Package (album)

text: "Care Package" follows the re-release of Drake's mixtape "So Far Gone" onto streaming services in February 2019. On August 1, 2019, Drake announced the release of "Care Package" via Instagram. The release of "Care Package" coincided with the start of Drake's ninth annual OVO Fest in Toronto.


title: Care Package (album)

text: The songs on "Care Package" were released as promotional material for several albums throughout the years. The earliest tracks, "I Get Lonely" and "Paris Morton Music", were released in 2010 after the release of Drake's debut album "Thank Me Later". "Dreams Money Can Buy", "Trust Issues", "Club Paradise" and "Free Spirit" were released in 2011 before the release of Drake's second studio album, "Take Care". The songs "5AM in Toronto", "Girls Love Beyoncé" and "Jodeci Freestyle" were released in 2013 before the release of Drake's third studio album, "Nothing Was the Same". "The Motion" was included as a bonus track on the Best Buy exclusive physical deluxe edition and international edition for "Nothing Was the Same".


title: Care Package (album)

text: "Draft Day" and "Days in the East" were released via October Very Own's SoundCloud in April 2014. "Heat of the Moment" was leaked online alongside "How About Now" and "6 God" in 2014. "How About Now" and "My Side" were included as bonus tracks on the physical edition to the mixtape "If You're Reading This It's Too Late". "Can I" featuring vocals by Beyoncé was leaked online in 2015. "4PM in Calabasas" was premiered on OVO Sound Radio in June 2016, and is the latest track recorded on the album.


title: Care Package (album)

text: "Care Package" received positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 77, based on 5 reviews. Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" noted the difference in lyrical content from the compiled songs and Drake's contemporary releases, as well as "a darker, moodier vibe running across the record in contrast to the scattered eclecticism of 2018's "Scorpion"."


title: Care Package (album)

text: "Care Package" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 with 109,000 album-equivalent units, of which 16,000 were album sales. This gave Drake his ninth US number-one album. It was displaced by Slipknot's "We Are Not Your Kind" one week later. The album also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, earning 10,000 album-equivalent units and becoming Drake's ninth Canadian number-one album.


title: 2010 NHL Entry Draft

text: The 2010 NHL Entry Draft was the 48th NHL Entry Draft, held on June 25–26, 2010 at Staples Center in Los Angeles, California, home arena of the Los Angeles Kings. This was the first time Los Angeles hosted the NHL Entry Draft. An unofficial record of eleven American-trained players were selected in the first round, starting with Jack Campbell and ending with Brock Nelson. The record was set in the 2006 and 2007 drafts, where ten U.S.-trained players were selected in the first round.


title: 2010 NHL Entry Draft

text: The 2010 NHL Entry Draft Lottery was held on April 13, 2010. The lottery saw no change from the overall NHL standings to end the 2009–10 NHL season. For the fourth time in five years, the 30th placed team, this year being the Edmonton Oilers, has kept the first overall draft pick.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The Cessna Citation Sovereign (Model 680) is an American business jet developed by Cessna, part of the Cessna Citation family.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: <section begin=summary/>Announced at the 1998 NBAA convention, the Model 680 made its maiden flight in February 2002, certification was awarded on June 2, 2004, and deliveries began in late September.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The Citation Excel fuselage was stretched and joined with an all-new, larger wing and more powerful Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306C engines for increased maximum takeoff weight and a range.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The improved Sovereign+ was announced at the October 2012 NBAA for a first flight in April 2013 and deliveries in December, with added winglets and an improved flight deck and engines.<section end=summary/>


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: In the late 1990s, Cessna wanted to fill a gap in its midsize line-up as demand for its Cessna Citation III/VI/VII waned, with greater cabin comfort, performance and utility with Citation reliability, good runway performance, near transcontinental flight range to compete with the Hawker 800, and a thrust-to-weight ratio to rival the climb performance of the Learjet 60.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The Citation Sovereign was announced at the 1998 NBAA convention, it made its maiden flight in February 2002, and deliveries began in late September 2004.