title: Mark Finchem

text: As of 2016, Finchem was Arizona coordinator of the Coalition of Western States (COWS), a group founded by Washington state representative Matt Shea in 2014 to support Cliven Bundy and his family in their confrontation with law enforcement, which also supported the 2016 occupation of the Malheur National Wildlife Refuge. Mark Pitcavage of the Anti-Defamation League described COWS as motivated by "anti-government extremism and anti-public lands extremism", and said that Finchem's membership indicated he shared extremist views.


title: Mark Finchem

text: In March 2021, Finchem announced he would run for Secretary of State of Arizona in the 2022 election. He received Donald Trump's endorsement in September 2021 and won the Republican primary on August 2, 2022. Finchem is a member of the America First Secretary of State Coalition.


title: Mark Finchem

text: During the election campaign, Finchem published a tweet calling Arizona Democratic politicians "liars and deceivers" whose "loyalty is to Holocaust-survivor and philanthropist George Soros and publisher Mike Bloomberg." Finchem's invocation of an antisemitic trope drew criticism. On his Telegram account, Finchem invoked Soros' name 24 times, often describing himself as combating the "Soros machine" or his "Soros funded opponent" or claiming that the media is Soros-funded. Finchem was also scrutinized for his endorsement of Jarrin Jackson, a Republican candidate for Oklahoma State Senate known for his antisemitic and homophobic views (Jackson named "the Jews" as one of several groups that prove "evil exists" and said that "LGTBQ is the gateway to pedophilia"). After Jackson's writings were publicized, Arizona Republican gubernatorial nominee Kari Lake rescinded her endorsement of Jackson, but Finchem did not. Finchem also attracted scrutiny for receiving an endorsement from Andrew Torba, the founder of the antisemitic and white nationalist platform Gab, and for publicly welcoming Torba's endorsement. On his own Gab account, Finchem has pushed the Soros conspiracy theory, as well as claims that the Central Intelligence Agency controls the media.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem's comments were criticized by Jewish organizations, including the Jewish Community Relations Council of Greater Phoenix. He responded to criticism saying he "loved the Jewish people" and denying that his tweet was anti-Semitic. He later doubled down on his initial claims, saying that criticism of him was proof of a Soros conspiracy.


title: Mark Finchem

text: During his campaign, most of Finchem's media appearances were on right-wing talk shows. He is a frequent guest on Steve Bannon's podcast.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem had said that if he lost the election, he would not concede. Democratic nominee Adrian Fontes defeated Finchem in the November 8 general election.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem filed a lawsuit in December 2022 to have the election "nullified and redone," but it was dismissed with prejudice that month by Maricopa County Superior Court judge Melissa Julian, confirming Fontes' victory. Among other issues, the judge rejected the merits of Finchem's arguments on voting machines certification and voting software certification, and separately concluded that Finchem "does not allege that any of the votes cast were actually illegal" and does not allege that any legal vote was not counted, but only alleged "suspicions that some votes may not have been counted", which was insufficient to overturn an election.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem is opposed to abortion. As a state representative, he voted to ban all abortions after 15 weeks of pregnancy, with an exception where the life of the mother is at stake.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Following the 2020 United States presidential election, Finchem supported Donald Trump's false claim to have won the election nationally and in Arizona. On the same day that Joe Biden's victory in Arizona was certified by state election officials, Finchem met with Trump's lawyer Rudy Giuliani to discuss the election; he has repeatedly claimed, without evidence, that the election was "stolen" from Trump. Finchem has promoted the "independent state legislature theory"; after Biden's victory in 2020, he called for the Arizona legislature to appoint presidential electors of its own choosing. Finchem promoted the then-fringe theory before it gained currency among mainstream Republicans.


title: Mark Finchem

text: In 2021, Finchem shared on social media a "report" falsely claiming to have uncovered tens of thousands of missing or lost votes, and tens of thousands of votes fraudulently cast, in Maricopa County, Arizona. The report was based on extrapolations from a non-random sample of a much smaller number of voters and was rejected by county elections officials and political scientists. In 2022, two years after the election, Finchem introduced a resolution in the state legislature to "reclaim" Arizona's electors on the basis of his false claim that the results in three Arizona counties were "irredeemably compromised"; the resolution did not receive a hearing in the House.


title: Mark Finchem

text: A business affiliated with Finchem, Mrk Finchem PLLC , received $6,037 from the Trump reelection campaign. The payment was first reported upon in February 2021. Finchem said the payment was for security costs related to his meeting with Giuliani.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem has advocated for banning mail-in voting. In a September 2022 debate, Finchem said, "I don't care for mail-in voting. That's why I go to the polls." However, Finchem voted by mail 28 times between 2004 and 2020 in Pima County, Arizona.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem traveled to Washington, D.C. to take part in the January 6, 2021, protest that was followed by an attack on the U.S. Capitol. He said there was "substantial evidence that this election was a fraud" and tweeted photographs of protestors massed on the steps of the Capitol building. Finchem later claimed that leftists had instigated the violence.


title: Mark Finchem

text: A coalition of community organizations subsequently called for the expulsion of Finchem and six other Arizona Republican lawmakers who advocated overturning the 2020 election. In response to a Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) briefing that said antifa groups were not involved in the attack on the Capitol, Finchem said he did not "trust a word that comes out of the FBI's mouth".


title: Mark Finchem

text: In 2013, Finchem argued that Barack Obama was seeking to establish a "totalitarian dictatorship." On his Pinterest account, Finchem kept a "Treason Watch List" with photos of prominent Democrats, including Jesse Jackson, Janet Napolitano, and John Kerry; he also posted about stockpiling ammunition.


title: Mark Finchem

text: In 2017, Finchem baselessly described the white supremacist Unite the Right rally as a "deep state psyop" carried out by Democrats. He endorses a variant of the Great Replacement conspiracy theory.


title: Mark Finchem

text: During his 2022 campaign for Arizona secretary of state, Finchem toured with fringe figures. He embraced QAnon conspiracy theories, and attended a conference of QAnon followers that opened with a video trafficking in antisemitism and repeating debunked conspiracy theories. Finchem also attended a Newport Beach, California fundraiser, promoted by ex-Trump advisors Steve Bannon and Michael Flynn, with Nicole Nogrady, a conspiracy theorist who claimed that fetal tissue was in the food supply and that the September 11 attacks were a federal government plot. In August 2022, he attended a Wisconsin gathering of the "Church Militant" movement, a self-proclaimed "Christian militia" that says that it combats "sin, the devil and the demonic rulers of the darkness of this world."


title: Mark Finchem

text: In October Finchem tweeted that Google's search algorithm was biased against his campaign because its website did not come up in searches on his name. "Grid", a tech news website, found that that was true, but that Google apparently had nothing to do with it. Instead, the noindex tag, which tells webcrawlers not to list the site in results, was present in the metatag of the site's HTML code. Whether that was the result of an error in coding the page was not known; the tag had apparently been added to it in late July. Finchem did not respond to "Grid"s request for an explanation when they called him.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem has been married four times, and has been estranged for over two decades from two adult children and has not met his grandchildren by them, according to family members. He also has two stepchildren.


title: Mark Finchem

text: Finchem often wears large cowboy hats; his personal style has been described as having "a sun-baked sheriff" or "over-the-top drugstore cowboy" aesthetic.


title: Taskbar

text: A taskbar is an element of a graphical user interface which has various purposes. It typically shows which programs are currently running.


title: Taskbar

text: The specific design and layout of the taskbar varies between individual operating systems, but generally assumes the form of a strip located along one edge of the screen. On this strip are various icons which correspond to the windows open within a program. Clicking these icons allow the user to easily switch between programs or windows, with the currently active program or window usually appearing differently from the rest. In more recent versions of operating systems, users can also "pin" programs or files so that they can be accessed quickly, often with a single click. Due to its prominence on the screen, the taskbar usually also has a notification area, which uses interactive icons to display real-time information about the state of the computer system and some of the programs active on it.


title: Taskbar

text: With the rapid development of operating systems and graphical user interfaces in general, more OS-specific elements have become integrated into and become key elements of the taskbar.


title: Taskbar

text: Windows 1.0, released in 1985, features a horizontal bar located at the bottom of the screen where running programs reside when minimized (referred to as "iconization" at the time), represented by icons. A window can be minimized by double-clicking its title bar, dragging it onto an empty spot on the bar, or by issuing a command from one of its menus. A minimized window is restored by double-clicking its icon or dragging the icon out of the bar.


title: Taskbar

text: The bar features multiple slots for icons and expands vertically to provide the user with more rows as more slots are needed. Its color is the same as that of the screen background, which can be customized. Minimized windows can be freely placed in any of the empty slots. Program windows cannot overlap the bar unless maximized.


title: Taskbar

text: The Start button did not make an appearance in these early implementations of the taskbar, and would be introduced at a much later date with the release of Windows 95.


title: Taskbar

text: Another early implementation can be seen in the Arthur operating system from Acorn Computers. It is called the "icon bar" and remains an essential part of Arthur's succeeding RISC OS operating system. The icon bar holds icons which represent mounted disc drives and RAM discs, running applications and system utilities. These icons have their own context-sensitive menus and support drag and drop behaviour.


title: Taskbar

text: AmigaOS featured various third party implementations of the taskbar concept, and this inheritance is present also in its successors. For example, AmiDock, born as third-party utility, has then been integrated into AmigaOS 3.9 and AmigaOS 4.0. The AROS operating system has its version of Amistart that is provided with the OS and free to be installed by users, while MorphOS has been equipped with a dock utility just like in AmigaOS or Mac OS X.


title: Taskbar

text: The default settings for the taskbar in Microsoft Windows place it at the bottom of the screen and includes from left to right the Start menu button, Quick Launch bar, taskbar buttons, and notification area. The Quick Launch toolbar was added with the Windows Desktop Update and is not enabled by default in Windows XP. Windows 7 removed the Quick Launch feature in favor of pinning applications to the taskbar itself. On Windows 8 and Windows Server 2012, a hotspot located in the bottom-left corner of the screen replaced the Start button, although this change was reverted in Windows 8.1 and Windows Server 2012 R2.


title: Taskbar

text: The taskbar was originally developed as a feature of Windows 95, but it was based on a similar user interface feature called the that was developed as part of Microsoft's Cairo project.


title: Taskbar

text: With the release of Windows XP, Microsoft changed the behavior of the taskbar to take advantage of Fitts's law by removing a border of pixels surrounding the Start button which did not activate the menu, allowing the menu to be activated by clicking directly in the corner of the screen.


title: Taskbar

text: The Windows taskbar can be modified by users in several ways. The position of the taskbar can be changed to appear on any edge of the primary display (except in Windows 11, where the taskbar is permanently fixed at the bottom of the screen and cannot be moved to the top, left, or right side). Up to and including Windows Server 2008, the taskbar is constrained to single display, although third-party utilities such as UltraMon allow it to span multiple displays. When the taskbar is displayed vertically on versions of Windows prior to Windows Vista, the Start menu button will only display the text "Start" or translated equivalent if the taskbar is wide enough to show the full text. However, the edge of the taskbar (in any position) can be dragged to control its height (width for a vertical taskbar); this is especially useful for a vertical taskbar to show window titles next to the window icons.


title: Taskbar

text: Users can resize the height (or width when displayed vertically) of the taskbar up to half of the display area. To avoid inadvertent resizing or repositioning of the taskbar, Windows XP and later lock the taskbar by default. When unlocked, "grips" are displayed next to the movable elements which allow grabbing with the mouse to move and size. These grips slightly decrease amount of available space in the taskbar.


title: Taskbar

text: The taskbar as a whole can be hidden until the mouse pointer is moved to the display edge, or has keyboard focus. The Windows 7+ taskbar does not allow pinning any arbitrary folder to the taskbar, it gets pinned instead to the jumplist of a pinned Explorer shortcut, however third party utilities such as Winaero's Taskbar Pinner can be used to pin any type of shortcut to the Taskbar.


title: Taskbar

text: Other toolbars, known as "Deskbands", may be added to the taskbar. This feature, along with many other taskbar features is currently absent in Windows 11. Windows includes the following deskbands but does not display them by default (except the Quick Launch toolbar in certain versions and configurations).


title: Taskbar

text: In addition to deskbands, Windows supports "Application Desktop Toolbars" (also called "appbands") that supports creating additional toolbars that can dock to any side of the screen, and cannot be overlaid by other applications.


title: Taskbar

text: Users can add additional toolbars that display the contents of folders. The display for toolbars that represent folder items (such as Links, Desktop and Quick Launch) can be changed to show large icons and the text for each item. Prior to Windows Vista, the Desktop Toolbars could be dragged off the taskbar and float independently, or docked to a display edge. Windows Vista greatly limited, but did not eliminate the ability to have desktop toolbar not attached to the taskbar. Windows 7 has deprecated the use of Floating Deskbands altogether; they only appear pinned into the Taskbar.


title: Taskbar

text: Classic Mac OS did not display a taskbar onscreen by default. Application switching prior to Mac OS 8.5 was done by clicking on an application's window or via a pull-down menu at the right end of the menu bar. Prior to version 8.5 the menu's title was the icon of the foreground application. Version 8.5 introduced the ability to optionally also display the application name and to "tear off" the menu by dragging the title with the mouse. The torn off menu was displayed as a palette. The palette window could be configured using AppleScript to appear much like a taskbar, with no title bar and fixed to one edge of the screen. No control panel was provided by Apple to access this functionality, but third-party developers quickly wrote applications that allowed users unfamiliar with AppleScript to customize their application palettes. Third party taskbars such as DragThing were a popular category of shareware on these systems.


title: Taskbar

text: The Dock, as featured in macOS and its predecessor NeXTSTEP, is also a kind of taskbar. The macOS Dock is application-oriented instead of window-oriented. Each running application is represented by one icon in the Dock regardless of how many windows it has on screen. A textual menu can be opened by right-clicking on the dock icon that gives access to an application's windows. Mac OS X 10.2 added the ability for an application to add items of its own to this menu. Minimized windows also appear in the dock, in the rightmost section, represented by a real-time graphical thumbnail of the window's contents. The trash can is also represented in the Dock, as a universal metaphor for deletion. For example, dragging selected text to the trash should remove the text from the document and create a clipping file in the trash.


title: Taskbar

text: The right side of macOS's Menu bar also typically contains several notification widgets and quick access functions, called Menu extras.


title: Taskbar

text: In KDE Plasma 5, taskbar uses Widgets, called "Plasmoids", as elements in taskbar. In the update 5.20 (November 2020) they updated the taskbar to look more like Windows 10 by only displaying icons by default and grouping application windows together.


title: Taskbar

text: GNOME 2 used its own type of taskbar, known as panels (the program responsible for them is therefore called gnome-panel). By default, GNOME 2 usually contains two full-width panels at the top and bottom of the screen. The top panel usually contains navigation menus labeled "Applications", "Places", and "System" in that order. These menus hold links to common applications, areas of the file system, and system preferences and administration utilities, respectively.


title: Taskbar

text: The top panel usually contains a clock and notification area, while the bottom panel contains buttons for navigating between virtual desktops, the window list proper, and a button which minimizes all windows (similarly to Windows' Show desktop button). The contents of panels are handled by widgets called panel applets, which can consist of application shortcuts, search tools, or other tools. The contents of the panels can be moved, removed, or configured in other ways.


title: Taskbar

text: In GNOME 3, panels are replaced by GNOME Shell, which consists of a bar across the top of the screen with an "Activities" button on the left, a clock in the centre, and a notification area on the right. GNOME Shell does not contain a traditional taskbar; users can manage windows, virtual desktops, and launch applications from either a "Dash" on the side of the screen, or by searching from Activities Overview, which is displayed by clicking on the "Activities" button. GNOME 3.8 introduces Classic Mode, which re-implements certain aspects of GNOME 2's desktop as an alternate desktop environment that can be selected at the login screen.


title: Taskbar

text: Programs that offer standalone taskbars for desktop environments or window managers without one include Avant Window Navigator, pypanel, fbpanel, perlpanel, tint2, and others.


title: Changi Prison

text: Changi Prison Complex, often known simply as Changi Prison, is a prison in Changi in the eastern part of Singapore.


title: Changi Prison

text: Before Changi Prison was constructed, the only penal facility in Singapore was at Pearl's Hill, beside the barracks of Sepoy Lines, and was known as the Singapore Prison. By the 1930s, the Singapore Prison was overcrowded and deemed dangerous. The Singapore Prison had a capacity of 1,080. In the early 1920s the average daily number of convicts was 1,043; it reached 1,311 by 1931. Thus the 1931 report presented by the newly appointed Inspector of Prisons for the Straits Settlements, and the Superintendent of Singapore Prisons, Captain Otho Lewis Hancock, recommended providing additional accommodation. This would enable the authorities to segregate long-term prisoners, likely to be of special danger to the community, from short-term prisoners while relieving congestion in the existing facility. Deliberations in the Legislative Council saw opposition to the subsequent plans for constructing a new prison at Changi due to uncertainties in the numbers planned for the accommodation (ranging between 650 and 2,500), costs (moving from 2 million Straits dollars to 10 million Straits dollars and back), the area to be used (250 acres to 1,500 acres), and the possibility of the new prison grounds turning into a white elephant.


title: Changi Prison

text: Tenders to construct the grounds of the new prison at Changi were put out in 1933. The tender for erection and completion of the quarters was first awarded to Hup Thye and Co for 16,900 Straits dollars on 26 June 1933, and a 2 September 1933 tender for the prison blocks was reportedly awarded to Chop Woh Hup, a local Chinese construction firm, for 1,278,000 Straits dollars on 8 March 1934. Chop Woh Hup had 20 months to complete the construction of the prison blocks. The new prison would be 11.5 miles away from the Singapore settlement along the Changi Road and provided accommodation for 568 prisoners. Completed in 1936, within the 24 feet high, 3,000 feet long prison walls that were made of reinforced concrete, and occupying 13 acres of land, there would be:


title: Changi Prison

text: Within the prison walls, there was an inner wall, 14 feet high, exercise yards, and sufficient vacant land to double the accommodation in the future. Outside the wall, 88 acres of land was set aside for gardening activities by the prisoners. Additional quarters were provided for prison staff adjacent to the prison:


title: Changi Prison

text: Along with additional contracts for water supply and sewage disposal, the total estimated costs of the new establishment came out at 2,050,000 Straits dollars. A subsidiary settlement was developed to support an enterprise of small Chinese traders who would provide necessities to the staff and the prison.


title: Changi Prison

text: When it was officially operational in June 1937, it was claimed to be one of the best prisons in the British Empire. The design of the prison was based on a "T"-shaped structure, with two cell-block wings stretching out from a central main block (for administration areas and warden-offices), to allow for quick and easy access to either cell-block wing for the wardens whenever necessary (from up above, the prison buildings formed the shape of the top of a telegram/telephone pole). Changi Prison also boasted the use of an advanced and extensive alarm system and had electrical lighting in its cells along with flush-toilets in each. The prison had a holding capacity of 600. Long-term prisoners would be transferred from the existing Singapore Prison.


title: Changi Prison

text: During World War II, following the Fall of Singapore in February 1942, the Japanese military detained about 3,000 civilians in Changi Prison, which was built to house only one-fifth of that number. The Japanese used the British Army's Selarang Barracks, near the prison, as a prisoner of war camp, holding some 50,000 Allied soldiers, predominantly British and Australian, and from 1943, Dutch civilians brought over by the Japanese from the islands in the Dutch East Indies (now Indonesia). In the UK, Australia, The Netherlands and elsewhere, the name "Changi" became synonymous with the infamous POW camp nearby, since most of the Japanese prisons were in the Changi area. Around 500 detainees were women who had been separated with their children and marched to the cramped prison camp from their homes. These women and also girls sewed quilts for the prison hospital, daringly embroidering their own secret symbols and stories into the squares, including forget-me-nots, butterflies, angels, scenery of trees and sheep, other symbolic flowers and even a domestic sitting room, ships, birds and a map of Scotland, and one of Australia. They risked severe punishments by sewing depicting their prison environment and adding dozens, or even over 400 names in one case, onto the cloths. One depicted the Changi Stroll, the forced march of the captive women and children over 9 miles to the prison under the occupation by the Japanese on 8 March 1942, coincidentally now International Women's Day commemorating women and the defiance of the suffragettes. Surviving examples of the prison handiwork are in the archives of the British Red Cross, Imperial War Museum, London or held at the Australian War Memorial. About 850 POWs died during their internment in Changi during the Japanese occupation of Singapore, a relatively low rate compared to the overall death rate of 27% for POWs in Japanese camps. However, many more prisoners died after being transferred from Changi to various labour camps outside Singapore, including those on the Burma Railway and at Sandakan airfield.


title: Changi Prison

text: Allied POWs, mainly Australians, built a chapel at the prison in 1944 using simple tools and found materials. Stanley Warren of the 15th Regiment, Royal Regiment of Artillery painted a series of murals at the chapel. Another British POW, Sgt. Harry Stodgen, built a Christian cross out of a used artillery shell. After the war, the chapel was dismantled and shipped to Australia, while the cross was sent to the UK. The chapel was reconstructed in 1988, and is now located at the Royal Military College, Duntroon, Canberra. The prisoners of war also established an education program nicknamed the Changi University.


title: Changi Prison

text: After the war, Changi Prison was used by the British to hold Japanese prisoners of war, which included former Imperial Japanese Army, Imperial Japanese Navy and "Kenpeitai" personnel, police officers and POW camp guards; British troops were used as "ad hoc" prison officers. Most of the prisoners of war were eventually repatriated to Japan, but eight former "Kenpeitai" members were found guilty by a military tribunal of torturing 57 internees (which resulted in 15 of them dying) in the "Double tenth" trial on 18 March 1946 at the Supreme Court Building and were sentenced to death. In the inner yard of the prison, three gallows were erected to carry out the sentences, which occurred on April 1946. On 17 October 1945, 260 German prisoners of war (who were former "Kriegsmarine" personnel and had served on U-boats) were moved from Pasir Panjang to Changi Prison. Almost a year later on 26 June 1946, all German prisoners of war in the prison were notified that they would be repatriated back to Germany via England on a passenger liner, the "Empress of Australia".


title: Changi Prison

text: The prison also contained the headquarters of the "Kenpeitai", the Japanese military police. The Kenpeitai tortured and executed prisoners there, who they suspected were spies, such as during the Double Tenth incident. Most were civilians, although a small number were Allied POWs.


title: Changi Prison

text: In 1988, Singapore built a replica chapel, next to the Changi Prison. The project included a museum. When Changi Prison was expanded in 2001, the chapel and museum were relocated to a new site away, officially reopening on 15 February 2001. On 1 April 2018, the museum was closed and is scheduled to reopen in 2020.


title: Changi Prison

text: In 2000, a plan was revealed to consolidate the 14 prisons and drug rehabilitation centres (DRCs) that were scattered across the country into one mega complex at Changi Prison location. The complex would sit on a land at the size of 48ha at the cost of S$1.07 billion, however freeing up 61ha of land, which would make way for residential development. The complex would occupy on the lands of existing Changi Prison, Moon Crescent Prison and Jalan Awan Prison.


title: Changi Prison

text: The plan was carried out in phases, with each phase forming a cluster of prison institutions in the complex. Cluster A was officially launched on 16 August 2004. Cluster A would house the inmates from the existing Changi Prison, Moon Crescent Prison, Jalan Awan Prison and the Changi Reformative Training Centre.


title: Changi Prison

text: Cluster B was officially launched on 20 January 2010. Cluster B would house 5,600 inmates from standalone prisons: Tanah Merah Prison, Queenstown Remand Prison, Sembawang DRC, Khalsa Crescent Prison, and Selarang Park DRC. The inmates were moved in five separate, single day operations between July and August 2009, making it the largest transfer of prisoners in Singapore history. Cluster B would eventually become the start and the end of most prisoners' journey within the complex, with the admissions and pre-release procedures carried out in the buildings of this cluster.


title: Changi Prison

text: In 2012, work on building the SPS headquarters on the Complex's grounds began with the $118.5 million contract awarded to Sembawang Engineers and Constructors (SEC). The building would contain a hydrogen integrated proton-exchange membrane fuel cell power plant to generate clean energy to be supplied to the complex. Due by 2014, it was delayed due to financial troubles faced by SEC. On 15 October 2017, Changi Women's Prison was effectively moved into Cluster A. On 4 July 2018, Admiralty West Prison was effectively relocated to TM2, the yet-to-be demolished facilities of Tanah Merah Prison.


title: Changi Prison

text: Towards the end of 2003, Australian authorities lobbied the Singapore government to preserve the old Changi Prison after knowing that the old Changi Prison would be demolished by April 2004 to redevelop the land for Cluster B, on the basis of its historical significance where 15,000 Australians were imprisoned after Singapore fell to imperial Japan in 1942. On 8 March 2004, a decision was arrived to preserve the old prison's iconic front walls, front gates and two guard-towers at either end of the wall, which was welcomed by Australian's Minister of Foreign Affairs Alexander Downer. In 2016, the historical remnants of the old prison – the entrance gate, wall and turrets – was gazetted as the 72nd National Monument of Singapore. The entrance gate was moved from the adjacent boundary wall and fitted into the retained wall. The remnants are hidden by a tall fence and barely visible from the road. In 2016, SPS would consider redeveloping the area in front of the remnants to make them more visible to the public.


title: Changi Prison

text: Presently, the new Changi Prison Complex houses the most serious criminals in the country, including those serving long sentences (including life imprisonment) and those sentenced to death. It serves as the detention site for death row inmates at Changi before they are executed by hanging, traditionally at dawn on a Friday, except once on 20 May 2016 when the execution of Kho Jabing was carried out at 3:30 pm after his appeal for a stay of execution was dismissed that same morning.


title: Changi Prison

text: Changi Prison Complex is also where judicial corporal punishment, in the form of caning, is carried out. Caning sessions at Changi are held twice per week. A former employee of the prison has been quoted in 1995 as saying: "They are flogging more and more these days. Before they were doing maybe 60 on Tuesdays and Fridays, now they're doing a hundred".


title: Duster (clothing)

text: The original dusters were full-length, light-colored canvas or linen coats worn by horsemen to protect their clothing from trail dust. These dusters were typically slit up the back to hip level for ease of wear on horseback. Dusters intended for riding may have features such as a buttonable rear slit and leg straps to hold the flaps in place. For better protection against rain, dusters were made from oilcloth and later from waxed cotton.


title: Duster (clothing)

text: In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, both men and women wore dusters to protect their clothes when riding in open motorcars on the dirt roads of the day.


title: Duster (clothing)

text: Western horsemen's dusters figured little in Western films until Sergio Leone re-introduced them in his movies "The Good, the Bad, and the Ugly" (1966) and "Once Upon a Time in the West" (1968). The latter played for many months in Paris and was in part credited with a revival of the duster in men's fashions in that city. Similarly, in the film genre of heroic bloodshed, primarily through Chow Yun Fat and John Woo, the hero is often seen wearing a duster. That is also true of the fictional anti-hero Omar Little, who wears dusters both as outerwear and as a silk sleepwear coverup in the HBO series, "The Wire".


title: Duster (clothing)

text: Dusters gained renewed popularity in the late 20th century and are now a standard item of Western wear.


title: Duster (clothing)

text: Van Pelt, the main antagonist of "" wore a dark brown duster coat. Harry Dresden from Jim Butcher's "Dresden Files" wears a duster, as well as other cowboy-like attire. In the television comedy series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", a black leather duster is featured in several episodes that is prized by several main characters, who often argue over who looks better wearing it.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: The Wolfe Tones are an Irish rebel music band that incorporate Irish traditional music in their songs. Formed in 1963, they take their name from Theobald Wolfe Tone, one of the leaders of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, with the double meaning of a wolf tone – a spurious sound that can affect instruments of the violin family.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: The origins of the group date back to August 1963, where three neighbouring children from the Dublin suburb of Inchicore, Brian Warfield, Noel Nagle, and Liam Courtney, had been musical friends from childhood. In August 1964 Brian's brother Derek Warfield joined the band, and in November 1964 Tommy Byrne replaced Courtney, creating the band's most recognizable line-up, which would last for nearly 37 years until January 2001.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: In 1989, a contract was signed by Derek Warfield, signing rights to an American distributor, Shanachie Records. The contents of this contract were apparently misrepresented to the other members of the band, resulting in a clause that prevented them from recording any new material. Unable to reverse this agreement, they continued to tour, albeit without any new material.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: In 1995, Derek Warfield released a solo studio album entitled "Legacy" as he was still eligible to record under his own name. With Derek on vocals and mandolin, the music on this album was performed by a new band, although he was still touring with the Wolfe Tones. Derek's solo releases continued annually until 2006.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: In 2001, after a show played in Limerick, Derek Warfield departed the band to concentrate on his own career. Calling themselves "Brian Warfield, Tommy Byrne and Noel Nagle, formerly of the Wolfe Tones" the three would later go on to release "You'll Never Beat the Irish" and the more recent album "Child of Destiny".


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: The Wolfe Tones continue to tour, but as a 3-piece band comprising Brian Warfield, Noel Nagle and Tommy Byrne.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: The Wolfe Tones celebrated their 45th Anniversary with a special event at the Waterfront Hall, Belfast, on 26 October 2008, which was also filmed for a documentary. In 2014 they celebrated their 50th anniversary by performing at the Citywest Hotel and Conference Centre in a series of Easter weekend concerts.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: In 2018, they headlined the Féile an Phobail in West Belfast to a sell-out audience of over 12,000 people and were inducted into the Barrowlands hall of fame for their contribution to music. At the end of each December, the Wolfe Tones perform three concerts at Dublin's Citywest Hotel.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: The song "Irish Eyes" was written by Brian Warfield as a paean for his mother Kathleen who died of cancer the year previous to its release. A song about emigration to London entitled "My Heart is in Ireland" became a number 2 hit for the band. The song "Celtic Symphony" was written by Warfield in 1987 for the centennial of Celtic Football Club. Other famous songs written by the group include "Joe McDonnell", a song about the life and death of the Provisional IRA member Joe McDonnell who was the fifth person to die on the 1981 Hunger Strike; and "The Protestant Men", a song about some of the notable Protestant Irish nationalists. The band also covered "The Streets of New York" which Liam Reilly from Bagatelle wrote, inspired by stories of the Tones' friendship with NYPD. Warfield also penned his rendition of "The Helicopter Song" which was written by Sean (Jobby) Mc Ginley. "The Helicopter Song" stands as the fastest selling single of all time in Ireland, shooting straight to number one in 1974 as a result of the escape from Mountjoy Jail.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: Footballer James McClean (of Sunderland at the time) attracted criticism when he tweeted that he listened to their song "The Broad Black Brimmer" before a match, a song in which a son learns of how his father was killed in fighting for the IRA. He was told by club manager Martin O'Neill to refrain from using Twitter.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: In 2002, after an allegedly orchestrated e-mail campaign by fans to "try and mess it up" their rendition of "A Nation Once Again" by Thomas Osborne Davis was voted the number one song of all time in a BBC World Service poll. The BBC hosts an artist's page for the band that includes excerpts of their songs.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: The band's 1982 hit "Admiral William Brown" pays homage to the Irish-born Argentine naval hero William Brown.


title: The Wolfe Tones

text: In January 2020, the band's version of "Come Out Ye Black and Tans" reached No. 1 on the Ireland and UK iTunes charts, following criticism of the Irish government's planned commemoration of the RIC, as part of its 'Decade of Commemoration'. As a result of this, on 10 January, the song entered the Irish Singles Chart at No. 33 and also debuted at No. 1 in the Scottish Singles Chart.


title: Fishcake

text: A fishcake (sometimes written as fish cake) is a culinary dish consisting of filleted fish or other seafood minced or ground, mixed with a starchy ingredient, and fried until golden.


title: Fishcake

text: Asian-style fishcakes usually contain fish with salt, water, starch, and egg. They can include a combination of fish paste and surimi. European-style fishcakes are similar to a croquette, consisting of filleted fish or other seafood with potato patty, sometimes coated in breadcrumbs or batter. Fishcakes as defined in the Oxford Dictionary of Food and Nutrition are chopped or minced fish mixed with potato, egg and flour with seasonings of onions, peppers and sometimes herbs.


title: Fishcake

text: The fishcake has been seen as a way of using up leftovers that might otherwise be thrown away. In Mrs Beeton's 19th century publication "Book of Household Management", her recipe for fishcakes calls for "leftover fish" and "cold potatoes". More modern recipes have added to the dish, suggesting ingredients such as smoked salmon and vegetables.


title: Fishcake

text: As fish has traditionally been a major dietary component of people living near seas, rivers, and lakes, many regional variations of the fish cake have arisen. Commonly, fishcakes used cod as a filling; however, as cod stocks have been depleted, other varieties of white fish are now used, such as haddock or whiting. Fishcakes may also use oily fish such as salmon for a markedly different flavour.


title: Fishcake

text: Fishcakes have also traditionally been made from salted fish (most commonly cod, haddock, or pollock). Fishcakes are also prepared without breadcrumbs or batter, and are made with a mixture of cooked fish, potatoes, and occasionally eggs formed into patties and then fried.


title: Fishcake

text: Variations can depend on what type of fish is used; how finely chopped the fish is; the use of milk or water; the use of flour or boiled potatoes; the use of eggs, egg whites, or no eggs; the cooking method (boiling, frying, or baking); and the inclusion of other ingredients (for example, shrimp, bacon, herbs, or spices).


title: Fishcake

text: Fish cakes are cooked in different manners based on the cuisine. In North America, it is common practice to pan-fry the fish cakes and are often served as appetizers whereas in Asia it is often served boiled in soups or as an accompaniment to noodles. Some common dishes in Asian countries that include fish cakes are udon, fish cake soup, fish ball noodles or just served individually as a side dish.


title: Fishcake

text: The nutrients in fish cakes are mainly contributed by freshwater fish, the main ingredient in fish cakes. Asian-style fish cakes are usually high in protein, calcium, and low in fat. For example, per 100g of Japanese fish cakes (kamaboko) has approximately 113.6 Calories, in which 12.3g are carbohydrates (4%) (including dietary fiber of 0.12g), 13.2g protein (26%), 0.67g fat (1%) (composed of 0.092g saturated fat, 0.33g polyunsaturated fat and 0.078g monounsaturated fat), 48.0 mg cholesterol (16%), 845.5 mg sodium (35%), and 241.1 mg potassium (7%).


title: Fishcake

text: As for western fish cakes or fish patties, there is no significant difference in the nutritional aspects with their Asian counterparts. However, the western fish cakes are relatively in higher fat content. Western fish cakes or patties have approximately 201 Calories per 100g, contributed by 12.38g carbohydrate (4%) (including 1.1g dietary fiber and 1.03g sugar), 13.65g protein, 10.49g fat (16%*) (including saturated fat 2.245g, polyunsaturated fat 3.085g and monounsaturated fat 4.418g), 55 mg cholesterol (22%), 279 mg sodium (14%), and 463 mg potassium. The percentage daily values above are based on a 2000 Calories diet so may vary depending on the caloric needs of the consumer.


title: Fishcake

text: When it comes to manufacturing fishcakes, according to Singaporean fishcake production, fish meats are first defrosted and then ground. After the grinding process, fish meats and all ingredients needed are blended together at high speed. Normally, salt, sugar, flour, and starch are necessarily added to mashed fish fillets. It is good to add salt which approximately weighs 3% of the fish fillets' weight. Also, other ingredients such as vegetables (onions, carrots, or green onions) or chemicals such as MSG can be added for a better flavor only if the ingredients are suitable for the local requirement. Next, the fish paste is formed so that it can be baked or deep-fried. In order to properly preserve fishcake product, during the process of baking or frying, eradication of enzymes and microorganisms is necessary using heat. For instance, Canada has a specific regulation that the fish cakes should be heated to for one minute to destroy the salmonella that may be present. After fishcakes are finally filtered, it is sent for packing and it is now ready to deliver.


title: Fishcake

text: Fishcakes are also often sold in fish markets in individual pieces. To keep the fish cakes fresh they are often sold in bags full of water. These fish cakes are not fried and usually used in soups.


title: Fishcake

text: The shelf life for fish cakes varies greatly depending on the manufacturing and storage process. The shelf life can range from 12 days to 90 days.


title: Fishcake

text: In Newfoundland and Labrador, the fish is generally salted cod flakes and is blended with mashed potatoes. Savory is used instead of parsley, along with minced sweated onions. The cakes are then formed into rounds and cooked in oil or pork back fat until golden brown.


title: Fishcake

text: In Barbados, fishcakes are made from salted codfish, herbs, onions, a variety of seasonings and flour batter, then fried in oil. In Bermuda, they are known as Bermuda fishcakes and are made especially during Easter, but also throughout the year. Here fishcakes are normally eaten between hot cross buns. In Puerto Rico and the Dominican Republic, "bacalaítos" are eaten either as a snack or as part of a meal.


title: Fishcake

text: According to Chinese folk tales, fish cakes have had more than 4,000 years' history. In ancient times, an emperor called Shun travelled to Southern China with his two wives. After a long period of travel, his consorts were tired and had poor appetites. This caused Shun to worry, and he searched for ways to resolve the problem. A fisher called Bo came and gave Shun his fish cakes. Shun's consorts really enjoyed them, and their appetites returned to normal. Shun was so pleased that he asked the fisher Bo to teach other people how to make fish cakes, so everyone can enjoy food even when they have poor appetites. Fish cakes then became popular in China.


title: Fishcake

text: Later in the history, a famous version of fish cake occurred during Guangxu Emperor's reign in the Qing Dynasty (1875-1908). Guangxu Emperor's wife, Zheng loved fish cakes. She brought the fish cakes' recipe into the forbidden city, where royal family lived. With Royal cooks' improvement to the recipe during practise, Zheng's fish cakes eventually became famous. However, the fish cakes also disappeared after Zheng was murdered.


title: Fishcake

text: In West Bengal, several local fish species (mostly riverine) are prepared and eaten in deep-fried breadcrumb covered fishcakes, locally called "maacher chop". The item is very popular as an appetizer during middle-class Bengali festivities.


title: Fishcake

text: Indonesian varieties of fishcakes are locally known in Southern Sumatra as "pempek" or "empek-empek". The traditional Southern Sumatran "pempek" is served with "kuah cuka" ("vinegar sauce"). These fishcakes are usually round or tube-shaped.


title: Fishcake

text: In South Korea, fishcakes are called "eomuk" () or "odeng" (), which is a loan word from the Japanese stew "oden"). Fish cakes are mainly made of corvina or cuttlefish which contains less fat. This is because fatty fish are not suitable for making fishcakes. Salt, sugar, flour, and starch are necessary ingredients as well. Also, other ingredients may be added in order to make fishcakes: onions, carrots, green onions, and cooking wine. It is normal to add several chemicals in order to have a better flavor, such as D-sorbitol (an artificial sweetener which has approximately 60% of the sweetness of sugar so that diabetic patients can consume), soy protein (protein extracted from soy which can make it possible to create a better texture of fish cakes with less amount of fish fillets), and D-xylose (a natural sweetener with low calories), or monosodium glutamate (MSG).


title: Fishcake

text: Usually made by deep-frying paste made from ground fish, "eomuk" can be boiled with other ingredients to make "eomuk-tang" (; "fishcake soup") or "eomuk-jeongol" (; "fishcake hot pot"), stir-fried to make "eomuk-bokkeum" (), and put in various dishes such as "jjigae" and gimbap.


title: Fishcake

text: Sold from street carts, "eomuk" can be boiled on a skewer in broth. The broth is sometimes provided to the customer in paper cups for dipping and drinking. Hot bar, also written as hotbar, is another version of "eomuk" sold during cold weather. While still served on a stick or skewer, the hot bar is deep-fried instead of boiled. In this form, the hot bar can be prepared according to any particular vendor's "secret" recipe: plain, mixed with vegetables such as diced carrot or whole perilla leaf, or served with any number of sauces or condiments including ketchup and mustard.


title: Fishcake

text: Japanese fishcakes were introduced to Korea during the Japanese occupation (1910–1945), and the first "eomuk" processing plant in South Korea was DongKwangFood in Bupyeong Kkangtong Market during 1950s in Busan. In 1953, Park Jae-Deok who learned "eomuk" processing from Japan founded Samjin Fish Cake which has the longest history in Korea. It was shortly after the outbreak of Korean War and many refugees migrated to Busan, resulting in booming "eomuk" industry.


title: Fishcake

text: In the early 1990s, "Busan-eomuk" commonly sold in food trucks became a trend. The term "Busan-eomuk" started referring to long, sausage shaped "eomuk". Since the food trucks usually served "eomuk" with a hot broth, "eomuk" became one of the most popular fast food in winter season. Even in contemporary Korea, "eomuk" food truck can be easily spotted on major downtown streets.


title: Fishcake

text: During the 2010s, the "eomuk" industry in South Korea went through a major transformation from the public perception of "eomuk" as a fast food to a recognized delicacy. In 2013 December, Samjin Fish Cake established an "eomuk" bakery, for the first time in South Korea.


title: Fishcake

text: In Vietnam, fishcakes are made of fresh fish, sometimes along with flour. The fishcakes can either be fried or steamed/boiled. These are known in Vietnamese as chả cá and are often included in Vietnamese noodle dishes such as bún riêu.


title: Fishcake

text: In the Philippines, fishcakes are eaten as street food and as a topping on dishes like noodle soup. Fish balls are eaten as street food, usually on a skewer or in a cup, paired with a dipping sauce. They are usually ball-shaped or cylinder-shaped. is another variety where it is almost prepared like an eggroll. A mix of fish and/or shrimp and ground pork is wrapped in bean curd skin (), before steaming and then frying.


title: Fishcake

text: In Japan, white fish is puréed and steamed into a loaf called "kamaboko". Fried fishcakes, such as "satsuma-age" and various fried "kamaboko", to which onions, burdock, minced squid and shrimp are added, are also popular.


title: Fishcake

text: Fishcakes in Japan are commonly made from surimi, a paste made primarily from fish meat and mirin, starch, egg whites and spices. After formation, they are commonly fried or boiled before packing and distribution. Based on the Japanese food regulations, fish cakes made from fish paste should be sterilized for 45 minutes at 80℃, measured in the centre. After sterilization, the fish paste should also be stored below 10℃ with frozen fish pastes requiring a minimum storage temperature below -15℃.


title: Fishcake

text: In Myanmar, fishcakes are made the flesh of the bronze featherback fish, called "ngaphe" (). Fishmongers traditionally use oyster shells or spoons to scrape the fish meat to sell. The meat of the fish is slammed or pounded several times in a mortar and pestle with herbs and spices, to create a chewy texture. After that, the meat is shaped into a small patty and fried, as one of many Burmese fritters.


title: Fishcake

text: Fishcakes and fish balls are prepared from one or more kinds of fish. They may contain starch, additional condiments or government permitted colouring agents. Fishcakes must contain at least 40% of fish under governmental regulations.


title: Fishcake

text: Homemade fishballs and fish cakes can also be made using store bought or homemade fish paste. Fish paste that are sold commercially have to contain more than one fish, with possible additions of condiments, colouring agents or starch. Based on the Singaporean government Food Regulations, Fish Pastes should contain at least 70% fish. Homemade fish cakes are usually made from mackerel because of its sweeter taste and ease in preparing. Fish paste mixtures are often put in food processors or traditionally thrown against the side of mixing bowls to achieve the bouncier texture of fish cakes. They are then shaped by hand or in molds into various shapes and sizes and stored in the refrigerator or freezer till use.


title: Fishcake

text: In Thai cuisine, the fish is first mashed and then mixed with chopped yardlong beans, fresh cilantro (including stalks), fish sauce, kaffir lime leaves, red curry paste, and an egg binding. This is deep-fried and usually served with a sweet chilli dipping sauce. "Thot man pla" have become popular around the world.


title: Fishcake

text: In Denmark, "fiskefrikadeller" (fishcakes) are slightly elongated, pan-fried patties much like regular frikadeller. They are normally not breaded. A similar dish which is boiled, rather than fried, is called "fiskeboller" and added to certain soups, though it may be closer to a fish version of a knödel. In Southern Jutland, "fiskefrikadeller" sometimes contain smoked pork fat.


title: Fishcake

text: In Jewish cuisine, gefilte fish are patties of white fish mixed with matzoh or challah, poached in the skin of the fish.


title: Fishcake

text: In Norway, "fiskekaker" are made much like the Danish "fiskefrikadeller". They are fried and served with potatoes or pasta, broccoli and raw grated carrot, and often brown sauce instead of white.


title: Fishcake

text: The type of fish used vary with availability and recipe: Pollock, haddock, herring, wolf-fish and even salmon or trout are sold, and they are often marketed named after the fish they are made of; Seikaker, Koljekaker, Steinbitkaker, etc. Terms like "burger" is also used; "Lakseburger", "Fiskeburger".


title: Fishcake

text: In Portugal, "pastéis de bacalhau" (codfish pasties) are a type of very popular fishcake. Pastéis are made of potato, codfish ("bacalhau"), parsley, and eggs.


title: Fishcake

text: In Saint Helena, fishcakes are made from locally caught tuna or wahoo scraped into mashed potato with herbs and spices, then moulded into cakes and fried in oil. They are often spicy or, as locals would describe, "with bite".


title: Fishcake

text: In Sweden, canned are widely found; in contrast to , they are not fried but boiled and as a result are almost entirely white.


title: Fishcake

text: In England particularly in Lancashire and parts of Yorkshire, a "chippy fishcake" is a variation traditionally served in many fish and chip shops. It consists of two slices of potato (sometimes parboiled), with offcuts of fish in between, deep fried in batter. Chippy fishcakes can also be known as scallop fishcakes, or fish patties in Yorkshire. Another variation of the fishcake is the parsley cake which is sold in some fish and chip shops in and around Castleford, West Yorkshire, England. It consists of minced fish, mashed potato and fresh parsley, coated in breadcrumbs and deep fried.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: Fit for an Autopsy is an American deathcore band from Jersey City, New Jersey, formed in 2008. The band consists of guitarists Pat Sheridan, Will Putney and Tim Howley, drummer Josean Orta, vocalist Joe Badolato, and bassist Peter "Blue" Spinazola. They are currently signed to Nuclear Blast and have released six studio albums since formation.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: The band released their first demo in 2008, followed a year later by the group's first EP, "Hell on Earth". In 2011, Fit for an Autopsy released their debut studio album, "The Process of Human Extermination".


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: In September 2013, the band released their second studio album, "Hellbound". Less than a year later, in April 2014, the band announced that vocalist Nate Johnson would be leaving the band. Greg Wilburn of the Devastated was immediately named as Johnson's temporary replacement.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: In early 2015, the band announced the departure of Greg Wilburn and the addition of their new vocalist, Joe Badolato. Along with this, they announced that they were in the writing process for a new album. This third studio album, named "Absolute Hope Absolute Hell", was released on October 2, 2015.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: In July 2016, the band announced a split-EP, named "The Depression Sessions", with fellow deathcore bands Thy Art Is Murder and The Acacia Strain. The EP was released on August 12, 2016.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: The band released a new song, "Heads Will Hang", from their fourth studio album "The Great Collapse" on January 31, 2017. The album was released on March 17, 2017. On May 8, 2018, Fit For An Autopsy announced they signed with Nuclear Blast.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: On October 25, 2019, the band released their fifth studio album "The Sea of Tragic Beasts" through Nuclear Blast.


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: On September 22, 2021, the band announced their new sixth studio album "Oh What the Future Holds". Two days later, they released the album's first single "Far from Heaven". The song was later elected by "Loudwire" as the 35th best metal song of 2021. The album was released on January 14, 2022. "Loudwire" later noted "Oh What the Future Holds" as one of the Best Rock + Metal Albums of 2022"."


title: Fit for an Autopsy

text: On June 6, 2022, the band announced their invitation to tour with Lamb of God and Killswitch Engage as part of the Omens Tour.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: Cap d'Agde () is a seaside resort on France's Mediterranean coast. It is located in the commune of Agde, in the Hérault department within the region of Occitanie. Cap d'Agde was planned by architect Jean Le Couteur as part of one of the largest state-run development schemes in French history. In the 1960s, the only buildings at the Cap were small houses that were typically used by locals over the weekends. It is now one of the largest leisure ports on the French Mediterranean.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: Agde can be reached by TGV SNCF train direct from Paris or Lille whilst the closest airport is Béziers-Cap-d'Agde airport, which runs direct budget airline services to the UK and Scandinavia. Cap d'Agde is also served by Montpellier-Fréjorgues airport. Public transport (taxi or bus) is available between Agde and Cap d'Agde.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The Musée de l'Ephèbe houses the bronze nude statue known as ""l'Ephèbe d'Agde"" ("the Youth of Agde"). The statue was discovered in the river Hérault and was housed in the Louvre Museum prior to suitable facilities being made available in Cap d'Agde to house it.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: Cap d'Agde has a large family-friendly naturist resort. The "Village Naturiste" () is a large fenced-off part at the north-eastern edge of Cap d'Agde, although it is accessible along the public beach from the east. It is a self-contained town (sometimes referred to as the "Naked City"), where nudity is legal and common. In the evening, when it gets colder, more people are dressed, sometimes in revealing clothes. A local tourist tax is charged per person, per day.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The Naturist Village is a self-sufficient town. It has a beach, a large marina, places for 2,500 campers, apartment complexes, hotel, shops, restaurants, night clubs, bars, a post office, a bank and ATMs, launderettes, hairdressers and other facilities.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The land adjoining the long sandy beach at Cap d'Agde was owned for many years by the Oltra family who farmed the olive groves behind the sand dunes adjoining the beach. After the Second World War the brothers Oltra noticed that people were coming in increasing numbers to camp on their land, and that many of these people liked to bathe and to sunbathe nude.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The Oltra brothers began to formalise arrangements for campers on their land, and this subsequently led to the creation of a caravanning and camping resort, called the 'Oltra Club' . The camp grew increasingly popular, especially with young families and German and Dutch tourists.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: In the early 1970s the government of Georges Pompidou drew up plans for the development of the Languedoc-Roussillon coastline. Naturism initially had no part in these proposals, but Paul René Oltra, one of the brothers, persuaded the authorities to include plans for a naturist resort at Cap d'Agde. In 1973 the beach was officially designated as a naturist beach. Regulations for the new resort were also promulgated. The Naturist Village would be a place where voyeurs and exhibitionists would not be welcome.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The first development was the construction of flats, shops and pools at Port Nature and Port Ambonne. Later, Heliopolis and Port Venus were built and Port Nature was considerably extended. The flats were sold and the owners often let them when they did not require them for their own use. The Naturist Village became a controlled zone during the season with regulated access. Everyone entering was informed of the regulations and required to comply with them.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: By the early 1980s, the Naturist Village was reaching the limit of its development. Many shops and commercial premises remained empty, ready for sale or lease. The election of the government of François Mitterrand was to herald a cooling off of the French economy which lasted well into the following decade. During this time the Naturist Village continued to prove a popular resort and it developed a relaxed and pleasant atmosphere. There were so many German visitors that the Post Office even had a designated postbox for letters and postcards being sent to Germany.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The naturist village is also becoming a hotspot for swingers and libertines, with sex-shops and swinger clubs. The swingers are also active on the naturist beaches, which has made many naturist tourists change destination to family-friendly naturist resorts.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The naturist village has rules which require nudity as the norm, and which ban photography, the wearing of provocative clothing and the display of indecent items. In 2008, signs were put on display on the beach warning against lewd behaviour. The nightlife centres around clubs and venues. Many open only at certain times of the year. On 23 November 2008 the British newspaper "The Sunday Times" suggested that fires at three swingers clubs were started by hard-line naturists or 'nudist mullahs' who oppose the "echangistes" or libertines.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: In 2009, René Oltra, the company which bears the name of the original promoter of the resort, required that visitors to its campsite, villas and flats belong to a naturist organisation. However, because of abuses, the Cap d'Agde is no longer registered with or supported by the "Fédération Française de Naturisme".


title: Cap d'Agde

text: In December 2009 the local authority proposed renovations that would make the village almost traffic-free. These renovations involved the construction of tree-lined walkways and promenades, a raised promenade by the beach, and a hotel. Work was to start in early 2012. Other plans included the renovation of buildings and the construction of new façades.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The naturist village creates employment and revenue in a region of France less affluent than others. It creates income for the local authority through property taxes and admission prices.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: In September 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic it was reported that a testing station outside the village found 30% of 800 naturists tested positive for COVID-19. Under normal circumstances at the time—much reduced during the pandemic–the village itself held 10,000 campsite pitches and 15,000 beds, a population density seven times greater than nearby Montpellier.


title: Cap d'Agde

text: The naturist beach (where nudity is technically mandatory) has a length of about and is about wide. Sand and water are of good quality, the latter varying from . Two security posts feature police and medical facilities. Lifeguards are on duty at several stations, during most of the day. Six restaurants border the southern end of the nude beach. Only one restaurant is available towards the northern end. Even though Cap d'Agde is in France, most of the service staff also speak English.


title: Swimming with Sharks (TV series)

text: Swimming with Sharks is an American television series starring Kiernan Shipka and Diane Kruger inspired by the 1994 film of the same name. The series premiered at the SXSW Film Festival and was named one of the "10 to watch" by Variety Magazine. The series premiered in the US on April 15, 2022 on The Roku Channeland internationally on Amazon Prime.


title: Swimming with Sharks (TV series)

text: The series follows a young female assistant at the center of a studio filled with manipulators and schemers, none of whom know she is poised to outwit them all.


title: Swimming with Sharks (TV series)

text: The show, which is set and filmed in Los Angeles, was originally picked up by Quibi before it went under. The production endured a nearly 8-month COVID-19 pandemic shutdown.


title: Swimming with Sharks (TV series)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, season 1 of the series has a 70% rating with an average score of 6.80 out of 10 based on 10 reviews. The site's critical consensus read: ""Swimming with Sharks" doesn’t have enough teeth to deliver on its promise of satirical bite, but the water’s warm for viewers who enjoy frothy entertainment.". Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 60 out of 100 based on 7 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Simone Giertz

text: Simone Luna Louise Söderlund Giertz ( ; ; born 1 November 1990) is a Swedish inventor, maker, robotics enthusiast, TV host, and professional YouTuber. She has also previously worked in mixed martial arts sports journalism and was an editor for Sweden's official website Sweden.se.


title: Simone Giertz

text: At the age of 16, Giertz spent a year in China as an exchange student. She stayed in Hefei, where she learned basic Mandarin. During her stay in China she also made an appearance on a Chinese sitcom called "Huan Xi Long Xia Dang" (, the Happy Lobster Restaurant), where she played Catherine, an American girl who married a Chinese man.


title: Simone Giertz

text: She studied engineering physics at the Royal Institute of Technology (Kungliga Tekniska Högskolan), a research university in Stockholm, Sweden, but dropped out after a year.


title: Simone Giertz

text: She started creating self-described "shitty" inventions after studying at Hyper Island in Stockholm, where she was inspired by the local open-source hardware community. Giertz's interest in electronics began in 2013; she made a toothbrush helmet for a children's show pilot episode on electronics, which was uploaded to YouTube after not being picked up, starting her YouTube career.


title: Simone Giertz

text: Giertz has previously branded herself as "the queen of shitty robots" on her YouTube channel, where she employs deadpan humor to demonstrate mechanical robots of her own creation to automate everyday tasks; despite working from a purely mechanical standpoint, they often fall short of practical usefulness, for comic effect. Giertz's creations have included an alarm clock that slaps the user, a lipstick applier, and one that shampoos the user's hair. When building her robots, Giertz would often not aim to make something useful, instead coming up with excessive solutions to potentially automatable situations. Giertz showcased several of these robots on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert".


title: Simone Giertz

text: In 2016, Giertz joined "Tested.com", collaborating with Adam Savage on her first project, the Popcorn Feeding Helmet. In 2017, she hosted the comedy TV show "Manick" with Nisse Hallberg on Swedish TV6. The basic premise of the show is that the hosts invent funny creative solutions to everyday problems. In April 2018, she created a robot to promote season 2 of HBO's Westworld. Around this time Giertz had abandoned the concept of the "shitty robots", later explaining that it was no longer something she wanted to do, as she felt that the joke had played out.


title: Simone Giertz

text: In 2018, Simone Giertz presented at a TED conference. Her presentation was on "Why you should make useless things". She encouraged people to ask questions through creation, illustrating her ideas by presenting her own projects and robots.


title: Simone Giertz

text: In June 2019, Giertz announced that she and various other YouTube makers, including Laura Kampf, had converted a Tesla Model 3 into a pickup truck. The truck was built in response to both wanting an electric vehicle to avoid ever owning a gasoline-powered car and a pickup truck for practical reasons, but not being able to wait for the at-the-time only proposed Tesla pickup. The accompanying parody commercial and 31-minute video describing the build process went viral and received significant news coverage. She was subsequently invited to the unveiling of the Tesla's official pickup truck, the Cybertruck.


title: Simone Giertz

text: In August 2019, Giertz traveled to New Zealand to work on a mantis shrimp costume with Weta Workshop.


title: Simone Giertz

text: In May 2022 she started a product design company Yetch with an online shop. Around this time, she reflected in an interview with "Fast Company" that, "I'm a recovering self-deprecator. It's such a defense mechanism on the internet as well—like, the way you survive being an online creator is beating everyone to the joke and to the insult. I've been really trying to practice not talking myself down and talking down my skills." This change included a shift away from intentionally "shitty robots".


title: Simone Giertz

text: Giertz lived in a houseboat in Sweden from 2012 to 2016. From 2016 to 2020, Giertz lived in San Francisco. She announced on her channel in 2020 that she now lives in Los Angeles.


title: Simone Giertz

text: The Giertz family surname is of Low German origin. She is the daughter of television producer Nicola Söderlund and novelist and TV host Caroline Giertz, who Giertz describes as a "ghostbuster" due to her mother's work on paranormal reality TV show "Det Okända". Giertz is a descendant of Lars Magnus Ericsson, founder of Ericsson.


title: Simone Giertz

text: On April 30, 2018, Giertz announced via YouTube that she had been diagnosed with a noncancerous brain tumor. After surgery to remove the grade I meningioma on May 30, 2018, she has continued to post humorous and upbeat accounts of her post-surgery progress, including photos of her "potential super-villain scar" and a public address video on her Patreon account. On January 18, 2019, Giertz reported that her tumor had returned. After a course of radiation treatments, Giertz again returned to production on May 29, 2019, describing her ordeal and presenting a project which converted her head alignment mask into a "work of art" (a lamp).


title: Charlie Kelly (It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia)

text: Charles Rutherford Kelly is a fictional character on the FX series "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia", portrayed by Charlie Day. Charlie is co-owner at Paddy's (although he later sells his shares) and a childhood friend of Mac and Dennis. He is also Frank's roommate. He is addicted to various harmful substances (such as glue and alcohol), and is called illiterate by his peers (""The Gang Gives Back""). He also expresses deep interest in the law (""The Gang Exploits the Mortgage Crisis""), and shows proficiency at "bird law", beating out The Lawyer in a trial. (""McPoyle vs. Ponderosa: The Trial of the Century"").


text: Charlie is an easily excitable person who is prone to emotional outbursts and is often confused and flabbergasted by modern-day life. His anger management issues, substance abuse, poor hygiene, lack of common sense, illiteracy, and poor grasp of reality prevents him from achieving much success in life. He frequently abuses inhalants such as glue, spray paint and poppers and, like the rest of the Gang, is an alcoholic. He also frequently eats cat food before bed, to induce a feeling of sickness and drowsiness that allows him to fall asleep rapidly, which his roommate Frank also does.


text: Charlie's difficulty at reading and writing, generally poor communication skills, and poor grasp of grammar and syntax result in constant berating by the rest of the Gang. Described as having a "tenuous grasp of the English language in general", he is depicted as virtually unable to read or write, and keeps a personal journal consisting predominantly of childlike pictures in place of actual sentences. In one instance it was revealed that Charlie wrote his name as "Chrundle", unable to even spell his own name. It is quite possible that Charlie has a lifelong case of severe, untreated dyslexia. Mac claims that "no one understands the subtleties of Charlie's retardation" better than he does. However, in season 15, it is revealed to Mac and the audience that, bizarrely, Charlie is both fluent and fully able to read and write in Irish, despite earnestly believing himself to have no ability to speak it. Like the rest of the Gang, Charlie has a poor grasp of history, current events, and geography, sometimes avoiding conversations on these subjects altogether to salvage some sense of dignity.


text: Despite his other difficulties, Charlie is something of a savant, displaying natural talent as a pianist (as well as harmonica and saxophone), music composer, playwright, choreographer, tailor, and hockey player, as well as being fluent in Irish. He is also very capable of devising intricate, Machiavellian schemes, manipulating other characters to his own ends. He particularly displays this when he seduces and manipulates a beautiful and wealthy girl named Ruby before insulting, rejecting, and humiliating her in front of a packed mansion of guests, merely because the Waitress finally acknowledged his presence in her life. He has also orchestrated elaborate schemes when given authority in the bar by Frank in ""Mac Bangs Dennis's Mom"", where he successfully convinces Dennis to humiliate himself sexually and get in a fight with Mac, and persuades Dee to give him favors and assistance in seducing the Waitress. Charlie's obsession with the Waitress fuels a surprising capacity for cruelty and manipulation.


text: Charlie is the only one of the Gang who displays any real work ethic, being the only one willing to take on less-desirable work around the bar, work referred to as "Charlie Work" by the rest of the Gang. In ""Charlie Work"", Charlie is the only one to show a true interest in passing the bar's routine health code inspection. In the various episodes where he and the Gang get jobs outside the bar, he tends to have the most hustle, even going as far as to uncover a major mail system conspiracy while working with Mac and Dennis in a mailroom in ""Sweet Dee Has a Heart Attack"". In one of the scenes, he talks about receiving mail from an imagined character, Pepe Silvia, which later became a internet meme.


text: Charlie seems to be the most artistically talented member of The Gang, though his talents are rarely utilized by any of them. In ""Pop-Pop: The Final Solution"", he is depicted as having a moderate prowess as an artist by painting a German Shepherd Dog over an "original Hitler" painting. In ""The Nightman Cometh"", he demonstrates his abilities as a playwright, musical composer, and director by staging a dramatic musical production, the contents of which are seemingly about how he was molested as a child by his uncle Jack. He enjoys most forms of rock (modern and classic) and heavy metal, showing a particular interest in artists like Bob Dylan. When he, Frank, and Mac try to start a band in the episode ""Sweet Dee's Dating a Retarded Person"", Charlie dresses as Bob Dylan. He plays the piano quite well, and he demonstrates he has perfect pitch in ""Charlie Work"", exhibiting a natural musical talent; however, he fears rejection of his music or other creative ideas by others. Charlie's musical talents are a reflection of actor Charlie Day's real-life skill as a musician and songwriter. Like Dee, he sometimes suffers from stage fright and becomes nauseated when performing in front of live audiences, as in ""Dennis Reynolds: An Erotic Life"".


text: Early in the series, Charlie had a fear of leaving the city, claiming that he has never left Philadelphia in the episode ""The Gang Hits the Road"". (This contradicts the third-season episode ""The Gang Gets Invincible"", in which Charlie and the rest of the Gang spend most of the episode in Bucks County, just outside of Philadelphia, where he dresses as Green Man and trips on acid while Dennis, Mac, and Dee try out for the Philadelphia Eagles. Although Charlie does not seem to fully understand the concept of states and cities so he may have simply thought he was still in Philadelphia.) He finally leaves the Philadelphia area (for Atlantic City, New Jersey) in the episode ""The Gang Gets Stranded in the Woods"", after he convinces the gang to tie him up and put him in the trunk of a car. He also later returns to New Jersey to visit the Jersey Shore and, unlike Dee and Dennis, has a wonderful time there with The Waitress (who was high on ecstasy and deeply regretted her actions). In the episode ""The Gang Beats Boggs"", the gang takes a plane to Los Angeles purely so they could try to beat a drinking record set by Wade Boggs. Charlie's fear of leaving Philadelphia is never brought up again until ""The Gang Goes to Hell"", where he mentions how he used to only feel safe staying in Philadelphia but that he had been coerced by the rest of the Gang to visit different places, which is one of the reasons he and everyone else were on a sinking ship. Charlie and the Gang go skiing in season 11 and hit a waterpark in season 12. Charlie goes the farthest away from Philadelphia in season 15, where he went to Ireland.


text: In the sixth-season episode ""Charlie Kelly: King of the Rats"", it is discovered that Charlie writes a dream book (or "Dram Bok", as he spells it) that is filled primarily with pictures and symbols (much like the ones he used to write the song "Night Man"). It is a crude collection of images and characters from his dreams. In ""The Gang Gets Held Hostage"", it is revealed that he has a "bad room" in the attic of the bar where he goes "to be alone and break bottles". Mac is convinced that anyone who encounters Charlie in his "bad room" is likely to be attacked.


text: It is mentioned multiple times throughout the series that Charlie and Frank play a game called 'Nightcrawlers' at night. While the rules of Nightcrawlers are never explained the 'game' appears to simply be Charlie and Frank crawling around on the floor of their shared apartment pretending to be worms (according to Dennis' interpretation). Charlie also plays this 'game' with his children in an animated fantasy in ""The Gang Saves the Day"" where he spells it as 'NYTE KROLLER'. The only time we see Nightcrawlers being played is during the final scene of ""Being Frank"" where Charlie drapes a blanket over himself and says "Darkness falls, and magic stirs as we become the creatures of the night!" before then throwing the blanket over Frank as the episode ends.


text: Charlie is also known for his bizarre thoughts, ideas, and aspirations. These include his favorite food being "milk steak" (steak boiled in milk and honey) boiled over hard with a side of "raw jellybeans", his fear of people's knees, his interest in ghouls and magnets, and his aforementioned dream book, which depicts surreal illustrations of what he sees in his dreams such as a "werm hat" (actually a German pilot named Hans Wermhatt), "denim chicken", and a "bird with teeth". He also tends to entirely miss the point of films; in ""Mac and Charlie Write a Movie"", it is revealed that he considers the "twist" at the end of "The Sixth Sense" to be that "the guy in the hairpiece was Bruce Willis the whole time." In the same episode, he and Mac agree that their film should star Dolph Lundgren, but Charlie believes that the character should be called "Dr. Dolph Lundgren" because he does not want to "confuse the audience" by giving the character a different name. In the episode ""Thunder Gun 4: Maximum Cool"", when the Gang are chosen to be the focus group in a test screening for the sequel to their favorite movie, Charlie spends the entire episode confused about basic storytelling techniques such as a setup and a plot twist.


text: Like the rest of the Gang, Charlie likes to dress in costumes and assume other personae, including the legendary "Green Man". In ""The Aluminum Monster vs. Fatty McGoo"", he shows a remarkable sewing ability, a skill that he claims allows him to maintain his few articles of clothing. Unlike the rest of the Gang, Charlie almost always wears the same few outfits, due to living in squalor. He is rarely seen without his signature green military jacket, black track jacket with red stripes, or gray MacGregor-brand hoodie. At home, he wears a worn black T-shirt depicting a shiny black horse and an old pair of long thermal underwear (described by Mac as being "covered in piss").


text: Charlie's childlike behavior also appears to affect his ability to create fantasies and remember memories. For the former Charlie only appears to fantasize about events in the style of a cartoon as shown in ""The Gang Saves the Day"" where he has a fantasy about saving, marrying (in a 'Marriage Store') and having children (whom he buys from a 'Baby Store') with The Waitress, all in the style of and in reference to the plot of the Pixar animated film ""Up"". In it he lives out a full life with The Waitress and their many children (who grow up to become janitors and waitresses and who also have incestuous relations and even children with each other) until The Waitress dies, after which Charlie fills his house with balloons allowing it to take off (exactly like in Up). For the latter Charlie believes that in order to remember a past event he must 'watch himself' as he acts out the memory as shown in ""The Gang Does a Clip Show"" where he also attempts to alter reality by 'remembering' a non-existent conversation he had with The Waitress in order to have a child with her. Similarly to the ending of ""Inception"", it left open-ended as to whether or not the Gang are in reality or in Charlie's 'memory' as we see him 'watch himself' as the episode ends, lingering on a shot of a continuously spinning spinning top.


text: Charlie seems convinced that he is an adept lawyer. This is shown by his interest in "bird law", "Law & Order", and handling any legal matter that The Gang runs into. His delusion regarding his legal skill has caused him to repeatedly confront The Lawyer, a recurring enemy of the Gang in later seasons. He even went as far as to challenge The Lawyer to a duel. However, this belief is not entirely off-base; in the season 11 episode ""McPoyle vs. Ponderosa: The Trial of the Century"", Charlie's knowledge of bird law successfully solves the case, defeating the Lawyer.


text: Although Charlie is a co-owner of Paddy's, he lives in poverty and in many episodes is shown sleeping on the streets, scavenging for garbage (and eating it), and devising schemes to get others (namely Frank) to pay his rent. His financial problems are exacerbated by his tendency to make "bad investments."


text: Many of the tedious and disgusting tasks at the pub (taking out the trash, cleaning the bathrooms, exterminating pests) are referred to as "Charlie Work", even when Charlie is not performing them. The pub's basement has a massive rat problem, and combating it is a nearly full-time job. Charlie has remarked that at times he has killed over 200 rats in a single night, but more always come back. Compared to the rest of the Gang, Charlie is ironically the only one with a more or less reliable work ethic who takes pride in his job, though his methods range from well meaning but incompetent (addressing high electricity prices by purchasing an even more expensive portable generator) to actually quite skilled (successfully managing to trick the health inspectors into giving the pub a passing grade). In contrast, the other members of the Gang either hate their jobs and scheme to get better ones (Dee and Dennis), are incompetent (Mac, a terrible bouncer who puts no effort into training), or are simply using the pub as a front for illegal activities (Frank).


text: Charlie seems almost inhumanly tough and resistant to injury. Mac and Dennis, who believe him to be nearly indestructible, frequently manipulate him into tests of his fortitude, such as hitting him over the head with beer bottles and chairs or having him tow Dennis' Range Rover through the streets of Philadelphia. After ingesting an amount of cough syrup large enough to "kill a gorilla", as Mac warns in ""The Gang Dances Their Asses Off"", Charlie simply states "Bro, I can handle my sedatives." He does in fact stay standing for several hours before collapsing, outlasting all but two other contestants. In the season three premiere, Charlie's mother reveals that he was the survivor of a failed abortion. He has on separate occasions been run over and grazed by a bullet fired by Dennis, yet shows no sign of permanent physical disability, nor exacerbation of his already questionable mental state. In ""The World Series Defense"", Charlie claims that he has thrown himself too many times in front of vehicles for the purpose of extorting their seat tickets and he has not suffered much damage after being run over by the car.


text: Charlie has little to no success in dating, but harbors an unrequited love for the Waitress, a recurring secondary character in the show. He goes to great lengths to attempt to win her over, despite her frequent declarations that she will never be interested in him. Charlie's attempts to woo the Waitress invariably end badly for her, as his actions have caused her to lose jobs and sleep with Frank and Dennis. Despite this, he seems to have had luck with other women, such as in the pilot ""The Gang Gets Racist"", where he begins dating a girl he met at a community center, only to be dumped when trying to use her to get a date with the Waitress. Another instance of Charlie having a stable girlfriend is in ""Charlie and Dee Find Love"", where he begins dating wealthy heiress Ruby Taft (Alexandra Daddario), who truly appreciates him for who he is. Unfortunately, Charlie ruins this relationship by revealing he was only using her to get closer to the Waitress. In ""The Gang Misses the Boat"", Charlie and Sweet Dee share an intimate night after an intense slam poetry session together, but by the following day refuse to even comment on the previous night's incident. Other instances throughout the series suggest that there may be veiled feelings between the two. However, in ""Time's Up for the Gang"", it's revealed Dee actually raped Charlie after he realised he didn't want to have sex with her, but she kept him pinned down and covered his mouth until she was finished. Charlie's genuine affection for the Waitress, twisted and sociopathic as it often is, has been cited by co-creator Glenn Howerton as an element that grounds The Gang's misadventures somewhat. Charlie did however manage to win over the Waitress in ""Dennis' Double Life"" where they both expressed their feelings together and ended up having sex, only for Charlie to realize she is not what he pictured her to be. This relationship officially ends when she cheats on Charlie with a sex doll of Dennis in ""The Gang Makes Paddy's Great Again"".


text: Charlie consistently shows more empathy than any other member of The Gang and seems to have slightly higher ethical standards. Despite his often firm sense of right-and-wrong, Charlie has few friends, depending largely on the selfish, unstable bonds formed within The Gang. It is revealed that Charlie never had a high social standing from childhood and, in high school, only gained any attention by engaging in disgusting acts (like eating worms or erasers), which earned him the nickname "dirt-grub". He has repeatedly claimed to have hated high school. Charlie's deeper understanding of right and wrong likely stems from a lifetime of mistreatment by other people. Charlie, unlike the rest of The Gang, also appears to have had a loving, if emotionally fragile, mother and a stable childhood (although it's revealed in ""The Great Recession"" that Charlie may have been molested by his uncle Jack.) Despite his morals, however, Charlie is not above selfishly manipulating, deceiving, and harming others for personal gain or vengeance. He enjoys seeing the other members of The Gang embarrassed or degraded, much like they often degrade him.


text: The possibility that Frank Reynolds is Charlie's real father has been heavily hinted at throughout the series. Charlie finds out that Frank had a one-night stand with his mother, Bonnie, 30 years earlier, roughly at the same time as Charlie's conception. Charlie tries to persuade Frank to take a paternity test, but Frank adamantly refuses. Later, when his mother informs Charlie that he survived an abortion, she tells him that Frank is his father and pushed her to get the abortion, although Frank insists that Bonnie was known for being a "giant whore" and therefore maintains that he is not Charlie's father. The promiscuity of Charlie's mother is suggested more visibly in ""A Very Sunny Christmas"", where Charlie reminisces about numerous men dressed in Santa suits visiting his mother's bedroom on Christmas morning each year.


text: In ""The Gang is Still in Ireland"", it is revealed that Charlie's father is an Irish cheesemonger named Shelley Kelly. Having believed him to be a pen pal, Charlie grew up corresponding with Shelley at the behest of his mother. In ""The Gang Carries a Corpse Up a Mountain"", it is revealed Shelley died from fluid build-up in his lungs after Frank accidentally infected him with COVID-19. To honor his father's legacy and the Kelly family tradition, Charlie convinces the gang to help him carry Shelley up and throw him off a mountain. After some arguments, Charlie admits that he thought Shelley was "a deadbeat" and accepts the gang as his true family.


text: Though not explicitly stated, Charlie has teenage twin sisters who only appear in ""Charlie Got Molested"". Later in the episode, Charlie mentions one of his sisters while in the car with the McPoyle brothers, however, no further references are made to them in any following episodes.


text: Frank and Charlie are very close, sharing an apartment and even the same bed. Their relationship is often mocked by the rest of The Gang, particularly the pair's shared embrace of filthy living conditions. They partner in many schemes and were even briefly domestic partners in Season Six. Frank's attachment to Charlie is shown to reach bizarre lengths in the episode ""Mac and Charlie Die"", where Frank seems to be the most affected by Charlie's death and carries around a mannequin that resembles Charlie. Frank is later witnessed "banging" the mannequin. However, Frank has readily betrayed Charlie on several occasions, manipulating him to gain access to women, including Charlie's beloved Waitress, and using Charlie's name and identity while engaged in illegal financial situations. When Charlie knew the hidden location of Frank's will (from which Charlie was to be the main beneficiary), Frank tried to have Charlie killed. Despite these many offenses against him, Charlie has remained largely devoted to Frank. In another episode, when Frank abandons Charlie and moves in with Bonnie, Charlie cooks an inedible dinner for The Gang and his parents and causes a string of violent arguments and hurt feelings just to get Frank to leave Bonnie and return to the apartment with him. A "weird connection" between Frank and Charlie is briefly mentioned in ""CharDee MacDennis: The Game of Games"", however this is not mentioned throughout the rest of the show.


text: Green Man is a persona assumed by Charlie wearing a green spandex suit in several episodes. The persona has spawned imitators, most notably at sporting events. Rob McElhenney adapted the idea after watching the Philadelphia Eagles defeat the Dallas Cowboys at Lincoln Financial Field. Without warning, in the parking lot after the game, a friend of McElhenney's stripped off his clothes and donned a full-body green spandex suit. McElhenney said: "Everyone started chanting, 'Green Man! Green Man!' It went on for several hours, and all I could think was, 'My God, there has to be a way I can take advantage of this on the show.'


text: When McElhenney returned to Los Angeles, he ordered a suit from Japan that was identical to the outfit that his friend had worn. The character made his debut in the episode ""The Gang Gets Invincible"", which centered on Mac, Dennis, and Dee trying out for the Eagles, just as they had seen in the film "Invincible".


text: "Paste" ranked him No. 8 in their list of the 20 Best Characters of 2011, explaining: "In a cast full of douchebags, the childlike ball of energy played by Charlie Day comes off as more endearing than despicable. He's the personification of what makes "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" such a great show: perverse, loud, crude and surprisingly likable." "TV Guide" listed him in their list of TV's Most Lovable Lunkheads.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Jerry Butler Jr. (born December 8, 1939) is an American soul singer-songwriter, producer, musician, and retired politician. He was the original lead singer of the R&B vocal group the Impressions, inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1991. After leaving the group in 1960, Butler achieved over 55 "Billboard" Pop and R&B Chart hits as a solo artist including "He Will Break Your Heart", "Let It Be Me" and "Only the Strong Survive". He was inducted into the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2015.


title: Jerry Butler

text: He served as a Commissioner for Cook County, Illinois, from 1985 to 2018. As a member of this 17-member county board, he chaired the Health and Hospitals Committee and served as Vice Chair of the Construction Committee.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Butler was born in Sunflower, Mississippi, United States, in 1939. When Butler was three years old, the family moved to Chicago, Illinois, and he grew up in the Cabrini-Green housing projects. The mid-1950s had a profound effect on Butler's life. He performed in a church choir with Curtis Mayfield. As a teenager, Butler sang in a gospel quartet called Northern Jubilee Gospel Singers, along with Mayfield. Mayfield, a guitar player, became the lone instrumentalist for the six-member Roosters group, which later became The Impressions. Inspired by Sam Cooke and the Soul Stirrers, the Five Blind Boys of Mississippi, and the Pilgrim Travelers, getting into the music industry seemed inevitable.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Butler's younger brother, Billy Butler, also had a career in the music industry, including playing guitar with Jerry's band, until his death in 2015.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Butler co-wrote the song "For Your Precious Love" (which is ranked No. 327 on the "Rolling Stone" magazine's list of The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time) and wanted to record a disc. Looking for recording studios, the Impressions (the original members of which were Butler, Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash - who left early on, and later returned - and brothers Arthur and Richard Brooks), auditioned for Chess Records and Vee-Jay Records. The group eventually signed with Vee-Jay, where they released "For Your Precious Love" in 1958. It became The Impressions' first hit and gold record.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Butler was dubbed the "Iceman" by WDAS Philadelphia disc jockey, Georgie Woods, while performing in a Philadelphia theater.


title: Jerry Butler

text: He released as a single "He Will Break Your Heart" in 1960, and the song peaked at No. 7 on the Billboard pop chart. Butler's co-wrote, with Otis Redding, the song "I've Been Loving You Too Long" in 1965. Butler's solo career had a string of hits, including the Top 10 successes "He Will Break Your Heart", "Find Another Girl", "I'm A-Telling You" (all written by fellow Impression Curtis Mayfield and featuring Mayfield as harmony vocal), the million selling "Only the Strong Survive", "Moon River", "Need To Belong" (recorded with the Impressions after he went solo), "Make It Easy on Yourself", "Let It Be Me" (with Betty Everett), "Brand New Me", "Ain't Understanding Mellow" (with Brenda Lee Eager), "Hey, Western Union Man", and "Never Give You Up". His 1969 "Moody Woman" release became a Northern Soul favourite and featured at number 369 in the Northern Soul Top 500. Butler released two successful albums, "The Ice Man Cometh" (1968) and "Ice on Ice" (1969). He collaborated on many of his successful recordings with the Philadelphia-based songwriting team Gamble and Huff. With Motown, in 1976 and 1977, Butler produced and co-produced (with Paul David Wilson) two albums: "Suite for the Single Girl" and "It All Comes Out in My Song".


title: Jerry Butler

text: Tony Orlando and Dawn revived "He Will Break Your Heart" in 1975, with a new title, "He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)", and it was more successful than Butler's original (#7), going to number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Jerry Butler

text: Subsequently, Butler and P.D. Wilson produced an album with Dee Dee Sharp-Gamble on Philadelphia International Records. In 1981, "Breaking and Entering" / "Easy Money" was released from Sharp-Gamble's album "Dee Dee".


title: Jerry Butler

text: Butler continued to perform while serving as a Cook County Board Commissioner before retiring from public office in 2018. As Cook County Commissioner, Butler voted to uphold a historic 2008 Cook County sales tax increase, which remains the highest in the nation. As a result, the "Chicago Tribune" encouraged people to vote against him in the 2010 elections. Butler, however, won reelection in March 2014 with over 80 percent of the vote.


title: Jerry Butler

text: In recent years, he has served as host of PBS TV music specials such as "Doo Wop 50" and "51", "Rock Rhythm and Doo Wop", and "Soul Spectacular: 40 years of R&B", among others. He has also served as chairman of the board of the Rhythm and Blues Foundation. In 1991, Butler was inducted, along with the other original members of the Impressions (Curtis Mayfield, Sam Gooden, Fred Cash, and Arthur and Richard Brooks), into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Butler released "Time & Faith" in 1992.