title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: In January 2009, Thynn became chairman of Longleat Enterprises, a limited company that comprises operations at Longleat House and Safari Park on the family estate of Longleat, as well as the commercial activities at Cheddar Gorge, in the Mendip Hills in Somerset. In early 2010, Thynn's father passed the management of the family business to him. Following this retirement, Thynn hired a new estate chief executive, David Bradley, formerly of Legoland. Together, they worked with designers from Hollywood to make improvements to the house and park; additions to the park include "Jungle Kingdom", "Monkey Temple", and "Hunters of the Sky". In September 2013, Bradley resigned, and in February 2014 the American Bob Montgomery was hired for the same role.


title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: Thynn is a trustee of the Longleat Charitable Trust, a charity established in 1996 that focuses on relieving poverty around the Longleat estate and Cheddar Gorge.


title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: Thynn made donations of £30,000 and £15,000 to the Liberal Democrats during the 2019 United Kingdom general election.


title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: In November 2012, aged 38, Thynn announced his engagement to Emma McQuiston, the daughter of Suzanna McQuiston and Nigerian oil billionaire Oladipo Jadesimi, a founder and the executive chairman of Lagos Deep Offshore Logistics. She is a younger half-sister of Iain McQuiston, the husband of Thynn's half-aunt, Lady Silvy Cerne Thynne, a daughter of his paternal grandfather, the 6th Marquess of Bath, by his second wife. Thynn’s mother was reported as strongly disapproving of her son's planned marriage, due to her prospective daughter-in-law's African ancestry, and she was not invited to the wedding.


title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: It was reported that Thynn intended to evict his father's 'wifelets' from their estate cottages, and some murals painted by his father were removed from Longleat. A rift between them developed.


title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: Thynn and McQuiston were married at Longleat on 8 June 2013, with Lord Bath boycotting the event. Despite the absence of both his parents, the marriage was attended by Thynn’s sister.


title: Ceawlin Thynn, 8th Marquess of Bath

text: On 26 October 2014, Lady Bath gave birth to the couple’s first child, John Alexander Ladi Thynn. On 30 December 2016, their second child, Henry Richard Isaac Thynn, was born by surrogacy at a private clinic in West Hollywood.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: The national flag of Fiji (Fijian: "kuila ni Viti") was adopted on 10 October 1970. The state arms have been slightly modified but the flag has remained the same as during Fiji's colonial period. It is a defaced cyan "Blue Ensign" (the actual Blue Ensign version of the flag is the Government ensign), with the shield from the national coat of arms. It has remained unchanged since Fiji was declared a republic in 1987, despite calls from some politicians for changes.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: A plan to change the flag, announced by Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama in 2013, was abandoned in August 2016.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: The flag's bright blue background symbolizes the Pacific Ocean, which plays an important part in the lives of the islanders, both in terms of the fishing industry, and the huge tourist trade. The Union Jack reflects the country's links with the United Kingdom. The shield is derived from the country's coat of arms, which was granted by Royal Warrant in 1908. It is a white shield with a red cross and a red chief (upper third of a shield). The images depicted on the shield represent agricultural activities on the islands, and the historical associations with the United Kingdom. At the top of the shield, a British lion holds a cocoa pod between its paws. The first quarter is sugar cane, the second quarter is a coconut palm, the third quarter is a dove of peace, and the fourth quarter is a bunch of bananas.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: The flag is very similar to the colonial ensign used prior to independence, the main differences being the latter used a darker shade of blue and displayed the entire Fijian coat of arms as opposed to just the shield. While some reformists have called for the removal of the Union Flag, seeing it a British colonial emblem, others support its retention for the sake of historical continuity. The flags of five other independent countries (Australia, Cook Islands, New Zealand, Niue, and Tuvalu) retain the Union Flag in their national flags. But of these, only Fiji is a republic. The Union flag also remains on the flag of Hawaii, a U.S. state since 1959.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: Some influential Fijians have called for the restoration of the full coat of arms to the flag. On 30 November 2005, Fiji's Great Council of Chiefs called for the two warrior figures, who guard the shield on the coat of arms, to be placed on the flag, along with a miniature canoe and the national motto, "Rerevaka na kalou ka doka na tui" ("Fear God and honour the Queen") – symbols that were featured on the original flag of the Kingdom of Viti, the first unified Fijian state created under the leadership of Seru Epenisa Cakobau in 1871.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: "The coat of arms is very significant because it has the word of God, then it has the two warriors and the Fijian canoe also. I think that the council members prefer that the full coat of arms be included in the Fiji flag," said Asesela Sadole, General Secretary of the Great Council of Chiefs.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: Prior to ceding the country to British rule in 1874, the government of Fiji adopted a national flag featuring blue and white vertical stripes, with in the centre a red shield depicting a white dove. This flag ceased to be used when the colonial era began and Fiji relinquished its independence. Fiji was a British colony from 1874 to 1970.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: Note: as there is no official shade, the blue colour has been variously described as Pantone 2915 C, Pantone 549C and Pantone 298C.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: In his New Year's Day address in 2013, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama announced that the flag would soon be changed so as "to reflect a sense of national renewal, to reinforce a new Fijian identity and a new confidence in being Fijian on the global stage". The change in the flag would accompany the adoption of a new Constitution, intended by Fiji's military leader (who came to power in a coup in December 2006) to establish a "one person, one vote", non-racial and secular democracy under military oversight. The country, a republic, had removed Queen Elizabeth II from its currency a few weeks earlier.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: On 3 February 2015, Bainimarama confirmed that the flag of Fiji would be replaced. He announced that a national competition to design the new flag would be held, with the aim of hoisting this flag on 11 October 2015, the 45th anniversary of independence.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: During the competition, over 2,000 designs were submitted, before a final shortlist of 23 was selected by Fiji's National Flag Committee on 9 June 2015. It was intended to submit these designs to the Cabinet for consideration on 30 June 2015, following a brief public feedback period. However, on 30 June, Bainimarama announced that this feedback period was to be extended to 31 December 2015, saying, "(People) want more time to consider what form the new flag should take... By extending the deadline, there is now ample opportunity for Fijians of all ages and backgrounds to further contribute and consider what symbols most appropriately represent our wonderful nation."


title: Flag of Fiji

text: On 24 December 2015, the Fijian government announced that it had again put off a decision on the country's new flag via delaying the next stage by another two months to the end of February 2016. In a statement, the government said that it had now received new submissions since it released 23 designs earlier in 2015, and that it was still seeking more. Furthermore, it was announced that five designs would be chosen through the Prime Minister's Office in March 2016, with the public then having three months to select one. The government also said it expected to announce the new flag on 1 July 2016 or at a later date, and that it planned to raise the new flag on Constitution Day, 7 September 2017 (a new public holiday celebrating the 2013 Constitution of Fiji).


title: Flag of Fiji

text: However, on 17 August 2016, Bainimarama publicly announced that the government was abandoning plans to change the flag. He read out a statement saying: "While I remain convinced personally that we need to replace some of the flag’s colonial symbols with a genuinely indigenous expression of our present and our future, it has been apparent to the Government since February that the flag should not be changed for the foreseeable future". The flag's popularity had been boosted by the country winning its first ever Olympic gold medal under its banner in the 2016 Summer Olympics. The decision to retain the current flag was welcomed by opposition parties.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: On 30 November 2005, Fiji's Great Council of Chiefs called for the restoration of the country's full Coat of Arms to the flag, including two warrior figures on either side of the shield, along with an outrigger canoe at the top and the national motto, Rerevaka na kalou ka doka na tui ("Fear God and honour the Queen") below it.


title: Flag of Fiji

text: On 3 February 2015, Prime Minister Frank Bainimarama confirmed that the flag of Fiji would be replaced. He announced that a national competition to design the new flag would be held, with the aim of hoisting this flag on 11 October 2015, the 45th anniversary of independence. During the competition, over 2,000 designs were submitted, before a final shortlist of 23 was selected by Fiji's National Flag Committee on 9 June 2015. However, on 17 August 2016, Bainimarama publicly announced that the government was abandoning plans to change the flag. The decision was directly caused by the country winnng its first ever olympic gold medal that month, which spurred celebrations using the current flag.


title: Narrowboat

text: A narrowboat is a particular type of canal boat, built to fit the narrow locks of the United Kingdom. The UK's canal system provided a nationwide transport network during the Industrial Revolution, but with the advent of the railways, commercial canal traffic gradually diminished and the last regular long-distance transportation of goods by canal had virtually disappeared by 1970. However, some commercial traffic continued. From the 1970s onward narrowboats were gradually being converted into permanent residences or as holiday lettings. Currently, about 8580 narrowboats are registered as 'permanent homes' on Britain's waterway system and represent a growing alternative community living on semi-permanent moorings or continuously cruising.


title: Narrowboat

text: For any boat to enter a narrow lock, it must be under wide, so most narrowboats are nominally wide. A narrowboat's maximum length is generally , as anything longer will be unable to navigate much of the British canal network, because the nominal maximum length of locks is . Some locks are shorter than , so to access the entire canal network the maximum length is .


title: Narrowboat

text: The first narrow boats played a key role in the economic changes of the British Industrial Revolution. They were wooden boats drawn by a horse walking on the canal towpath led by a crew member. Horses were gradually replaced by steam and then diesel engines. By the end of the 19th century it was common practice to paint roses and castles on narrowboats and their fixtures and fittings. This tradition has continued into the 21st century, but not all narrowboats have such decorations.


title: Narrowboat

text: Modern narrowboats are used for holidays, weekend breaks, touring, or as permanent or part-time residences. Usually, they have steel hulls and a steel superstructure. The hull's flat base is usually 10mm thick, the hull sides 6mm or 8mm, the cabin sides 6mm, and the roof 4mm or 6mm. The numbers of boats have been rising, with the number of licensed boats (not all of them narrowboats) on canals and rivers managed by the Canal & River Trust (CRT) estimated at about 27,000 in 2006; by 2019, this had risen to 34,367. Although a small number of steel narrowboats dispense with the need for a rear steering deck entirely, by imitating some river cruisers in providing wheel steering from a central cockpit, most narrowboats' steering is by a tiller on the stern. There are three major configurations for the stern: traditional stern, cruiser stern and semi-traditional stern.


title: Narrowboat

text: Earlier quotations listed in the Oxford English Dictionary use the term "narrow boat", with the most recent, a quotation from an advertisement in "Canal Boat & Inland Waterways" in 1998, uses "narrowboat".


title: Narrowboat

text: The single word "narrowboat" has been adopted by authorities such as the Canal and River Trust, Scottish Canals and the authoritative magazine "Waterways World" to refer to all boats built in the style and tradition of commercial boats that were able to fit in the narrow canal locks.


title: Narrowboat

text: Although some narrow boats are built to a design based on river barges and many conform to the strict definition of the term, it is incorrect to refer to a narrowboat (or narrow boat) as a widebeam or as a barge, both of which are definable by their greater width. In the context of British inland waterways, a barge is usually a much wider, cargo-carrying boat or a modern boat modelled on one, certainly more than wide.


title: Narrowboat

text: Another historic term for a narrow boat is a "long boat", which has been noted in the Midlands and especially on the River Severn and connecting waterways to Birmingham.


title: Narrowboat

text: Usage has not quite settled as regards (a) boats based on narrowboat design, but too wide for narrow canals; or (b) boats the same width as narrowboats but based on other types of boat.


title: Narrowboat

text: The key distinguishing feature of a narrowboat is its width, which must be less than wide to navigate British narrow canals. Some old boats are very close to this limit (often built or slightly wider), and can have trouble using certain narrow locks whose width has been reduced over time because of subsidence. Modern boats are usually produced to a maximum of wide to guarantee easy passage throughout the complete system.


title: Narrowboat

text: Because of their slenderness, some narrowboats seem very long. The maximum length is about , which matches the length of the longest locks on the system. Modern narrowboats tend to be shorter, to permit cruising anywhere on the connected network of British canals — including on canals built for wider, but shorter, boats. The shortest lock on the main network is Salterhebble Middle Lock on the Calder and Hebble Navigation, at about long. However, the C&H is a wide canal, so the lock is about wide. This makes the largest "go-anywhere-on-the-network" narrowboat slightly longer (about ) than the straight length of the lock, because it can (with a certain amount of "shoehorning") lie diagonally. Some locks on isolated waterways are as short as . Where it was possible to avoid going through locks, narrow boats were sometimes built a little larger. Wharf boats or more usually 'Amptons, operated on the Wolverhampton level of the Birmingham Canal Navigations and were up to 89 feet in length and 7 foot 10.5 inches wide.


title: Narrowboat

text: Hire fleets on British canals usually consist of narrow boats in varied lengths from upwards, to allow parties of different numbers or varying budgets to be able to hire a boat and get afloat.


title: Narrowboat

text: The first narrow boats played a key part in the economic changes of the British Industrial Revolution. They were wooden boats drawn by a horse walking on the canal towpath led by a crew member, often a child. Narrow boats were chiefly designed for carrying cargo, though some packet boats carried passengers, luggage, mail and parcels.


title: Narrowboat

text: The first canals to feature locks in the now standard size were the canals designed by James Brindley and approved by Parliament in 1766, including the Staffordshire and Worcestershire Canal and Trent and Mersey Canal. Although construction took many years, the lock size became standard for many canal building projects.


title: Narrowboat

text: Boatmen's families originally lived ashore, but in the 1830s as canals started to suffer competition from the burgeoning railway system, families (especially those of independent single boat owner/skippers) began to live on board, partly because they could no longer afford rents, partly to provide extra hands to work the boats harder, faster and further, partly to keep families together. As late as 1858, a "Household Words" article states that "the Grand Junction Canal company did not allow the boatmen's families on board." The crew of the non-stopping ("fly") boat in the article (skipper, two crew and a "youth") is said to be typical.


title: Narrowboat

text: The rear portion of the boat became the "boatman's cabin", familiar from picture postcards and museums, famous for its space-saving ingenuity and interior made attractive by a warm stove, a steaming kettle, gleaming brass, fancy lace, painted housewares and decorated plates. Such descriptions rarely consider the actual comfort of a (sometimes large) family, working brutally hard and long days, sleeping in one tiny cabin. However many shore-bound workers endured harder indoor trades in less healthy conditions and in worse accommodation, where the family was separated for long hours rather than being together all day. The lifestyle afloat, by definition itinerant, made it impossible for children to attend school. Most boat people were effectively illiterate and ostracised by those living "on the bank", who considered themselves superior.


title: Narrowboat

text: As steam and diesel progressively replaced the tow-horse in the early years of the 20th century, it became possible to move even more cargo with fewer hands by towing a second, un-powered boat, referred to as a "butty", "buttyboat" or "butty boat". Although there was no longer a horse to maintain, the butty had to be steered while being towed. So that the butty boatman could lengthen or shorten towline as needed, the towline wasn't tied-off on the bow, instead travelled over the buttyboat through permanent running blocks on stands or retractable middle masts and managed in the stern. On a wide canal, such as the Grand Union Canal, the pair could be roped side-to-side ("breasted up") and handled as a unit through working locks.


title: Narrowboat

text: Cargo-carrying by narrow boat diminished from 1945 and the last regular long-distance traffic disappeared in 1970. However, some traffic continued into the 1980s and beyond. Two million tonnes of aggregate were carried on the Grand Union (River Soar) between 1976 and 1996, latterly using wide beam barges. Aggregate continues to be carried between Denham and West Drayton on the (wide) Grand Union Canal and on the tidal estuary of Bow Creek (which is the eventual outflow of the Lee & Stort Navigation).


title: Narrowboat

text: A few people are doing their best in the 21st century to keep the tradition of canal-borne cargo-carrying alive, mostly by "one-off" deliveries rather than regular runs, or by selling goods such as coal to other boaters. Enthusiasts remain dedicated to restoring the remaining old narrow boats, often as members of the Historic Narrow Boat Owners Club. There are many replicas, such as "Hadar", ornately painted with traditional designs, usually of roses and castles. Boats not horse-drawn may have a refurbished, slow-revving, vintage semi-diesel engine. There are some steam-driven narrow boats such as the ex-Fellows Morton & Clayton steamer "President".


title: Narrowboat

text: By the end of the 19th century it was common practice to paint roses and castles on narrow boats and their fixtures and fittings. Common sites include the doors to the cabin, the water can or barrel and the side of the boat along with ornate lettering giving the boat's name and owner. This tradition did not happen in "all" regions, the Chesterfield Canal being one waterway where narrow boats never bore such decorations.


title: Narrowboat

text: The origin of the roses and castles found on canal boats is unclear. The first written reference to them appears to be in an 1858 edition of the magazine "Household Words" in one of a series of articles titled "On the Canal", showing that the art form must have existed by this date. For some time, a popular suggestion was that it had some form of Romani origin; however, there does not appear to be a significant link between the Romani and boating communities. Other suggestions include transfer of styles from the clock-making industry (in particular the decoration on the face), the japanning industry or the pottery industry. There is certainly a similarity in style and a geographical overlap, but no solid proof of a link. There are similar styles of folk art in Scandinavia, Germany, Turkey and Bangladesh.


title: Narrowboat

text: In the 18th century, similar Dutch Hindeloopen paintwork would only have been a sailing barge journey away from the Thames. There is also an article in the Midland Daily Telegraph of 22 July 1914 that credits the practice of painting of water cans, at least, to a Mr Arthur Atkins.


title: Narrowboat

text: While the practice declined as commercial use of the canals dwindled, it has seen something of a revival in recent times with the emergence of leisure boating. Narrowboat decoration with roses and castle themes are a common sight on today's canals, although these may utilise cheaper printed vinyl transfers in place of the traditional craft of hand-painted designs.


title: Narrowboat

text: The number of licensed boats on canals and rivers managed by the Canal & River Trust (CRT), a charitable trust, formerly British Waterways, was estimated at about 27,000 in 2006. By 2014 this number had risen to over 30,000. There were perhaps another 5,000 unlicensed boats kept in private moorings or on other waterways in 2006. Most boats on CRT waterways are steel (or occasionally, aluminium) cruisers popularly referred to as narrowboats.


title: Narrowboat

text: Modern leisure narrowboats are used for holidays, weekend breaks, touring, as permanent or part-time residences. Usually, they have steel hulls and a steel superstructure, but when they were first being developed for leisure use in the 1970s glass reinforced plastic (fibre-glass) or timber was often used above gunwale height. Newer narrowboats, say post 1990, are usually powered by modern diesel engines and may be fitted inside to a high standard. There will be at least internal headroom and often or usually similar domestic facilities as land homes: central heating, flush toilets, shower or even bath, four-ring hobs, oven, grill, microwave oven, and refrigerator; some may have satellite television and mobile broadband, using 4G or LTE technology. Externally, their resemblance to traditional boats can vary from a faithful imitation (false "rivets", and copies of traditional paintwork) through "interpretation" (clean lines and simplified paintwork) through to a free-style approach which does not try to pretend in any way that this is a traditional boat.


title: Narrowboat

text: They are owned by individuals, shared by a group of friends (or by a more formally organised syndicate), rented out by holiday firms, or used as cruising hotels. A few boats are lived on permanently: either based in one place (though long-term moorings for residential narrowboats are currently very difficult to find) or continuously moving around the network (perhaps with a fixed location for the coldest months, when many stretches of canal are closed by repair works or "stoppages").


title: Narrowboat

text: A support infrastructure has developed to provide services to the leisure boats, with some narrowboats being used as platforms to provide services such as engine maintenance and boat surveys; while some others are used as fuel tenders, that provide diesel, solid fuel (coal and wood) and Calor Gas.


title: Narrowboat

text: On almost all narrowboats steering is by tiller, as was the case on all working narrow boats. The steerer stands at the stern of the boat, aft of the hatchway and/or rear doors at the top of the steps up from the cabin. The steering area comes in three basic types, each meeting different needs of maximising internal space; having a more traditional appearance; having a big enough rear deck for everyone to enjoy summer weather or long evenings; or protection outside in bad weather. Each type has its advocates. However, the boundaries are not fixed, and some boats blur the categories as new designers try out different arrangements and combinations.


title: Narrowboat

text: Many modern canal boats retain the traditional layout of a small open, unguarded "counter" or deck behind the rear doors from which the crew can step onto land. It is possible to steer from the counter, but this is not very safe, with the propeller churning below only one missed step away. The "tiller extension" allows the steerer to stand in safety on the top step, forward of the rear doors. (On a working boat, this step would have been over the top of the coal box). On cold days, the steerer can even close the rear doors behind themselves, and be in relative comfort, their lower body in the warmth of the cabin, and only their upper body emerging from the hatchway and exposed to the elements. In good weather, many trad-stern steerers sit up on the hatchway edge, a high vantage point giving good all-round visibility. On trad boats, the bow "well-deck" forms the main outside viewing area, because the traditional stern is not large enough for anyone other than the steerer to stand on safely. Internally, trads may have an engine room forward of a traditional "boatman's cabin", or an enclosed engine tucked away out of sight and the increased living space this brings.


title: Narrowboat

text: The name for this style arises from the large open rear deck resembling that of the large rear cockpits common on glass-fibre (glass-reinforced plastic or GRP) river "cruisers" which in turn derives from elliptical sterns used on cruisers and larger warships in the 20th century. At the stern, a "cruiser" narrowboat looks very different from traditional boats: the hatch and rear doors are considerably further forward than on a "trad", creating a large open deck between counter and rear doors, protected by railing (perhaps with built-in seating) around back and sides. The large rear deck provides a good al fresco dining area or social space, allowing people to congregate on deck in good weather and the summer holiday season.


title: Narrowboat

text: In winter (or less than perfect weather of summer) the steerer may be unprotected from the elements. The lack of an enclosed engine room means that engine heat does not contribute to keeping the boat warm and there may be "wasted" space above the deck area. A "cruiser" stern allows the engine to be located under the deck, rather than in the body of the boat. Although this may make access to the engine more of a nuisance (due to weather considerations) the whole deck can usually be lifted off in whole or in sections, allowing the operative to stand inside the engine bay, the cruiser stern has a major advantage that the engine is located entirely outside the living space. In this configuration also, it is common to find that the engine bay contains batteries, isolator switching, fuel tanks and seldom-used kit, spares and equipment.


title: Narrowboat

text: A so-called “Pram cover” can be fitted to a cruiser stern. Named after a baby pram, this usually consists of a cloth cover on a folding metal frame. When erected, this encloses the cruiser stern, allowing more-comfortable operation of the boat in cold or inclement weather.


title: Narrowboat

text: A "semi-traditional stern" is a compromise to gain some of the "social" benefits of a cruiser stern, while retaining a more traditional design and providing some protection for the steerer in bad weather or in cooler seasons. As with the cruiser stern, the deck is extended back from the hatch and rear doors, but in this case most of the deck is protected at the sides by walls which extend back from the cabin sides – giving a more sheltered area for the steerer and companions, usually with lockers to sit on. The engine is located under the deck, much like a cruiser, again allowing a separation between the cabin and the engine bay, with the steps down to the cabin being located past the false sides of the "semi-trad" social area.


title: Narrowboat

text: A butty boat is an unpowered boat traditionally with a larger rudder with (usually) a wooden tiller (known as an "elum", a corruption of "helm") as the steering does not benefit from the force of water generated by the propeller so the rudder must be of a larger area. The tiller is usually removed and reversed in the rudder-post socket to get it out of the way when moored. A few butty boats have been converted into powered narrowboats like NB "Sirius". The term butty is derived from the dialect word buddy, meaning companion.


title: Narrowboat

text: While the vast majority of narrowboats have tiller steering at the stern, a small number of steel narrowboats dispense with the need for a rear steering deck entirely, by imitating some river cruisers in providing wheel steering from a central cockpit. This layout has the advantage (as have many Dutch barges) of enabling an aft cabin to be separate from the forward accommodation.


title: Narrowboat

text: Narrowboats are "Category D" boats under the Recreational Craft Directive, intended only for navigating inland - rivers, canals and small lakes - but under the professional supervision of a suitable local pilot, limited coastal passages linking inland waterways, such as along the tidal Severn Estuary between Bristol and Sharpness, can also be safely made in calm weather. Insurers will often require a pilot for these hazardous areas, and temporary modifications to improve seaworthiness such as waterproof coverings for bow doors and air vents close to the waterline. Some intrepid boaters have crossed the English Channel in a narrowboat.


title: Token bucket

text: The token bucket is an algorithm used in packet-switched and telecommunications networks. It can be used to check that data transmissions, in the form of packets, conform to defined limits on bandwidth and burstiness (a measure of the unevenness or variations in the traffic flow). It can also be used as a scheduling algorithm to determine the timing of transmissions that will comply with the limits set for the bandwidth and burstiness: see network scheduler.


title: Token bucket

text: The token bucket algorithm is based on an analogy of a fixed capacity bucket into which tokens, normally representing a unit of bytes or a single packet of predetermined size, are added at a fixed rate. When a packet is to be checked for conformance to the defined limits, the bucket is inspected to see if it contains sufficient tokens at that time. If so, the appropriate number of tokens, e.g. equivalent to the length of the packet in bytes, are removed ("cashed in"), and the packet is passed, e.g., for transmission. The packet does not conform if there are insufficient tokens in the bucket, and the contents of the bucket are not changed. Non-conformant packets can be treated in various ways:


title: Token bucket

text: A conforming flow can thus contain traffic with an average rate up to the rate at which tokens are added to the bucket, and have a burstiness determined by the depth of the bucket. This burstiness may be expressed in terms of either a jitter tolerance, i.e. how much sooner a packet might conform (e.g. arrive or be transmitted) than would be expected from the limit on the average rate, or a burst tolerance or maximum burst size, i.e. how much more than the average level of traffic might conform in some finite period.


title: Token bucket

text: Implementers of this algorithm on platforms lacking the clock resolution necessary to add a single token to the bucket every formula_1 seconds may want to consider an alternative formulation. Given the ability to update the token bucket every S milliseconds, the number of tokens to add every S milliseconds = formula_4.


title: Token bucket

text: Then formula_7 is the maximum burst time, that is the time for which the rate formula_6 is fully utilized.


title: Token bucket

text: The token bucket can be used in either traffic shaping or traffic policing. In traffic policing, nonconforming packets may be discarded (dropped) or may be reduced in priority (for downstream traffic management functions to drop if there is congestion). In traffic shaping, packets are delayed until they conform. Traffic policing and traffic shaping are commonly used to protect the network against excess or excessively bursty traffic, see bandwidth management and congestion avoidance. Traffic shaping is commonly used in the network interfaces in hosts to prevent transmissions being discarded by traffic management functions in the network.


title: Token bucket

text: The token bucket algorithm is also used in controlling database IO flow. In it, limitation applies to neither IOPS nor the bandwidth but rather to a linear combination of both. By defining tokens to be the normalized sum of IO request weight and its length, the algorithm makes sure that the time derivative of the aforementioned function stays below the needed threshold.


title: Token bucket

text: The token bucket algorithm is directly comparable to one of the two versions of the leaky bucket algorithm described in the literature. This comparable version of the leaky bucket is described on the relevant Wikipedia page as the leaky bucket algorithm as a meter. This is a mirror image of the token bucket, in that conforming packets add fluid, equivalent to the tokens removed by a conforming packet in the token bucket algorithm, to a finite capacity bucket, from which this fluid then drains away at a constant rate, equivalent to the process in which tokens are added at a fixed rate.


title: Token bucket

text: There is, however, another version of the leaky bucket algorithm, described on the relevant Wikipedia page as the leaky bucket algorithm as a queue. This is a special case of the leaky bucket as a meter, which can be described by the conforming packets passing through the bucket. The leaky bucket as a queue is therefore applicable only to traffic shaping, and does not, in general, allow the output packet stream to be bursty, i.e. it is jitter free. It is therefore significantly different from the token bucket algorithm.


title: Token bucket

text: These two versions of the leaky bucket algorithm have both been described in the literature under the same name. This has led to considerable confusion over the properties of that algorithm and its comparison with the token bucket algorithm. However, fundamentally, the two algorithms are the same, and will, if implemented correctly and given the same parameters, see exactly the same packets as conforming and nonconforming.


title: Token bucket

text: The hierarchical token bucket (HTB) is a faster replacement for the class-based queueing (CBQ) queuing discipline in Linux. It is useful to limit a client's download/upload rate so that the limited client cannot saturate the total bandwidth.


title: Token bucket

text: Conceptually, HTB is an arbitrary number of token buckets arranged in a hierarchy. The primary egress queuing discipline (qdisc) on any device is known as the root qdisc. The root qdisc will contain one class. This single HTB class will be set with two parameters, a rate and a ceil. These values should be the same for the top-level class, and will represent the total available bandwidth on the link.


title: Token bucket

text: In HTB, rate means the guaranteed bandwidth available for a given class and ceil is short for ceiling, which indicates the maximum bandwidth that class is allowed to consume. Any bandwidth used between rate and ceil is borrowed from a parent class, hence the suggestion that rate and ceil be the same in the top-level class.


title: Token bucket

text: Hierarchical Token Bucket implements a classful queuing mechanism for the Linux traffic control system, and provides rate and ceil to allow the user to control the absolute bandwidth to particular classes of traffic as well as indicate the ratio of distribution of bandwidth when extra bandwidth become available(up to ceil).


title: Token bucket

text: When choosing the bandwidth for a top-level class, traffic shaping only helps at the bottleneck between the LAN and the Internet. Typically, this is the case in home and office network environments, where an entire LAN is serviced by a DSL or T1 connection.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Joseph Viterelli (March 10, 1937 – January 28, 2004) was an American actor, best remembered for playing Italian-American mobsters. He portrayed Jelly in "Analyze This" (1999) and "Analyze That" (2002).


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli was born on March 10, 1937, in New York City and grew up in a tough neighborhood on Manhattan's Lower East Side. He played classical guitar but did not tell his friends about it. "They woulda thought I was a sissy," he said. "I used to save my hard-robbed money and sneak off to Carnegie Hall and Broadway theaters."


title: Joe Viterelli

text: While in his 20s, he inherited four music schools in Queens that had been started by his family. "I actually taught classical guitar. But things went wrong. Then I opened a few bars. I drove a truck. I owned a cleaning service. I even had a job drilling holes in bowling balls to feed my five kids."


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli moved to Los Angeles in the late 1970s. While living in Malibu, Viterelli became friends with director Leo Penn, who saw the screen possibilities in Viterelli's tough-guy visage. Penn thought Viterelli's tough-guy features would play well in the movies and on television.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli told Larry King that before he acted, "I had a couple of beer joints that I sold in New York and I came out here (in California) and I was looking around."


title: Joe Viterelli

text: "(Leo Penn) asked me to be in some movies and TV, but I always declined," said Viterelli. "I said, 'For half my life, I've been keeping a low profile and now you want to put my mug on a 40-foot screen?'"


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Years later, Viterelli got a call from Penn's actor son, Sean, who was in New York City to make the 1990 gangster melodrama "State of Grace". Viterelli recalled: "(Sean) said, 'Joe, we're looking for a character that's from your neighborhood. We've seen about 50 to 60 people and nobody's right.' He said the key words, 'Would you do me a favor?'" Viterelli did and, proving to be a natural actor, launched his new career. Viterelli later appeared in Penn's "The Crossing Guard" (1995).


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Viterelli had appeared in more than 40 movies, playing guys with such names as Nick Valenti ("Bullets over Broadway"; 1994), Joe Profaci ("Mobsters"; 1991), Fat Tommy Carducci ("What She Doesn't Know"; 1992), Vinnie "The Shrimp" ("Mickey Blue Eyes"; 1999) and Fat Tony Ragoni ("The Cure for Boredom"; 2001). He also had a supporting role in "Shallow Hal" (2001) and played Joseph Valachi in "Ruby" (1992). He also appeared in "Eraser" (1996).


title: Joe Viterelli

text: A year before his death, Viterelli was considered for a role as former Governor of Illinois George Ryan in a biopic Abby Mann attempted to make.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: In 1999, he played Jelly, the menacing yet lovable henchman–confidant to Robert De Niro's anxiety-prone mob boss in "Analyze This" (1999), costarring Billy Crystal as De Niro's reluctant psychiatrist.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli was able to convince De Niro and director Harold Ramis to cast him as Jelly after almost losing the role to a much younger actor.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: When he described Viterelli's Jelly character patiently padding about "trying to deal with the disturbing news that his boss is cracking up and seeing a shrink," critic Roger Ebert wrote, "He lends a subtle dimension to the movie; he gives [De Niro's mob boss] a context, and someone who understands him. The comedy here isn't all on the surface, and Viterelli is one reason why."


title: Joe Viterelli

text: In a "Larry King Live" interview, Viterelli said that De Niro was the "(e)asiest man to work with in the world," and that Crystal was "the funniest guy I ever met in my life."


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli can be seen in a Staples television commercial in which he provides mob-style "muscle" for an office worker who is having a problem dealing with a manager who demands doughnuts and pastry bribes in exchange for dispensing office supplies. The humorous spot, which debuted during Super Bowl XXXVIII, was Viterelli's only commercial.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: "Ninety percent of my fan mail is from kids 6 through 19," he told the "New York Daily News" in 2000. "They send me graduation pictures and report cards. Look at me, I'm a role model."


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli participated in a roast of Magic Johnson, during which he told a joke about finding the former NBA star handcuffed to a tree naked, just after he had gotten robbed.


title: Joe Viterelli

text: Viterelli, a West Los Angeles resident, died on January 28, 2004 of complications from heart surgery at Valley Hospital in Las Vegas. He was 66 years old. Viterelli is survived by his wife, Catherine, and five children, including his son, the film composer Joseph Vitarelli, who spells his last name differently. One of his children is a lawyer.


title: 2009 NHL Entry Draft

text: The 2009 NHL Entry Draft was the 47th Entry Draft. It was held on June 26–27, 2009, at the Bell Centre in Montreal, Quebec. The Draft was part of the Montreal Canadiens' centennial celebrations. National Hockey League teams took turns selecting amateur ice hockey players from junior, collegiate, or European leagues. The New York Islanders, who finished last overall in the 2008–09 NHL season, retained the first overall selection following that year's NHL Draft lottery.


title: 2009 NHL Entry Draft

text: The New York Islanders used the first overall pick to select center John Tavares from the London Knights of the Ontario Hockey League (OHL). The Tampa Bay Lightning used the second pick to draft defenceman Victor Hedman from Modo Hockey of the SEL, and the Colorado Avalanche drafted Matt Duchene of the Brampton Battalion with the third overall pick. Seven Swedes were selected in the first round, an all-time record for the country.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: "Dewey Defeats Truman" was an incorrect banner headline on the front page of the "Chicago Daily Tribune" (later "Chicago Tribune") on November 3, 1948, the day after incumbent United States president Harry S. Truman won an upset victory over his opponent, Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New York, in the 1948 presidential election. It was famously held up by Truman at a stop at St. Louis Union Station following his successful election, smiling triumphantly at the error.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: The "Chicago Daily Tribune", which had once referred to Democratic candidate Truman as a "nincompoop", was a famously Republican-leaning paper. In a retrospective article some 60 years later about the newspaper's most famous and embarrassing headline, the "Tribune" wrote that Truman "had as low an opinion of the "Tribune" as it did of him".


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: For about a year prior to the 1948 election, the printers who operated the linotype machines at the "Chicago Tribune" and other Chicago papers had been on strike, in protest of the Taft–Hartley Act. Around the same time, the "Tribune" had switched to a method by which copy for the paper was composed on typewriters, photographed, and then engraved onto the printing plates. This process required the paper to go to press several hours earlier than usual.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: On election night, this earlier press deadline required the first post-election issue of the "Tribune" to go to press before states had reported most of the results from the polling places.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: The paper relied on its veteran Washington correspondent and political analyst, Arthur Sears Henning, who had predicted the winner in four of the five presidential contests since 1928. As conventional wisdom, supported by various polls, was almost unanimous that Dewey would win the election by a landslide, the first (one-star) edition of the "Tribune" therefore went to press with the banner headline "DEWEY DEFEATS TRUMAN".


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: The story by Henning also reported Republicans had retained control of the House of Representatives and the Senate, which would work with President-elect Dewey. Henning wrote that "Dewey and Warren won a sweeping victory in the presidential election yesterday. The early returns showed the Republican ticket leading Truman and Barkley pretty consistently in the western and southern states" and added that "indications were that the complete returns would disclose that Dewey won the presidency by an overwhelming majority of the electoral vote".


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: As returns began to indicate a close race later in the evening, Henning brushed them off and stuck to his prediction. Thousands of papers continued to roll off the presses with the banner headline predicting a Dewey victory.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: Even after the paper's lead story was rewritten to emphasize local elections and to indicate the narrowness of Dewey's lead in the presidential contest, the same banner headline was left on the front page. Only late in the evening, after press dispatches cast doubt upon the certainty of Dewey's victory, did the "Tribune" change the headline to "DEMOCRATS MAKE SWEEP OF STATE OFFICES" for the later two-star edition. Some 150,000 copies of the paper had already been printed with the erroneous headline before it was corrected.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: Truman, as it turned out, won the electoral vote with a 303–189–39 majority over Dewey and Dixiecrat candidate Strom Thurmond, though swings of less than one percent of the popular vote in Ohio, Illinois, and California would have produced a Dewey victory; the same swing in any two of these states would have forced a contingent election in the House of Representatives.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: Instead of a Republican sweep of the White House and retention of both houses of Congress, the Democrats retained the White House and took control of the Senate and the House of Representatives.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: Two days later, when Truman was passing through St. Louis on the way to Washington, he stepped to the rear platform of his train car, the "Ferdinand Magellan", and was handed a copy of the "Tribune" early edition. Happy to exult in the paper's error, he held it up for the photographers gathered at the station, and the famous picture (in several versions) was taken. Truman reportedly smiled and said, "That ain't the way I heard it!" Henning's obituary in 1966, published in the "Tribune", makes no mention of the event.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: "Tribune" publishers could laugh about the blunder years later and had planned to give Truman a plaque with a replica of the erroneous banner headline on the 25th anniversary of the 1948 election. However, Truman died on December 26, 1972, before the gift could be bestowed.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: The "Tribune" was not the only paper to make the mistake. "The Journal of Commerce" had eight articles in its edition of November 3 about what could be expected of President Dewey. The paper's five-column headline read, "Dewey Victory Seen as Mandate to Open New Era of Government-Business Harmony, Public Confidence".


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In the 1992 alternate history anthology "Alternate Presidents", the story "The More Things Change..." by Glen E. Cox tells the story of the 1948 election in reverse, with Thomas E. Dewey as the underdog who eventually defeats the early overwhelming favorite, the incumbent Harry S. Truman, by playing to anti-communist fears. Accordingly, the "Tribune"'s headline now inaccurately reads "Truman Defeats Dewey". The front cover of the anthology depicts a grinning Dewey proudly holding up the relevant edition of the "Tribune" in the same manner as Truman did in real life.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: The back of the satirical newspaper "The Onion"'s 1999 book "Our Dumb Century", which features fabricated front pages throughout the 20th century, shows the famous photo of Truman, the "Tribune" front page altered into a fictitious "Onion" paper with the headline "OTHER GUY DEFEATS WHATS-HIS-FACE."


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In Sidney Sheldon's thriller novel "The Best Laid Plans", this news article is presented by Leslie Stewart as an example of information gotten wrong by a major newspaper.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: This is not the only instance in which the media has declared an incorrect result in an election. This includes newspapers publishing headlines reporting inaccurate projections of election results, and broadcast media announcing inaccurate projections. The following are select examples of this.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: The morning following the 1916 United States presidential election the "Brown Daily Herald" prematurely published the headline "Hughes Elected to Presidency; Republicans Carry Both Houses". This proved to be entirely erroneous, as once the results were fully counted, Democratic incumbent Woodrow Wilson won reelection to the presidency and Democrats won both chambers of the United States Congress.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In the morning after the 1960 United States presidential election, NBC wrongly projected John F. Kennedy as having won the state of California (Richard Nixon would ultimately prove the winner of that state).


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In the 2000 United States presidential election, a number of television networks initially made projections on election night that Al Gore had won in the state of Florida, and with it, the presidency, before retracting their projections. Around 2:00 am EST the following morning, a number of networks projected George W. Bush the victor in Florida, before retracting this projection roughly an hour later and declaring the race "too close to call". Bush would ultimately win a narrow victory in the state after a United States Supreme Court decision halted a recount of the state's results.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In the 2016 United States presidential election, following Hillary Clinton's predicted victory, the magazine Newsweek printed copies with Clinton's face alongside the caption "Madam President" on the cover and sent them to stores. Following Donald Trump's upset victory, they quickly corrected the error.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In reporting on the 2018 United States House of Representatives elections, the Associated Press initially made a projection that California Republican David Valadao had won reelection to the House. They retracted this projection. When the results were fully counted, Valadao lost to TJ Cox.


title: Dewey Defeats Truman

text: In the 2017 United States Senate special election in Alabama, the One America News Network declared Roy Moore the victor based upon their own unofficial polling, projecting him to win by a large margin, when he would, in fact, lose the election to Doug Jones.


title: Actinomyces

text: Actinomyces is a genus of the Actinomycetia class of bacteria. They all are gram-positive. "Actinomyces" species are facultatively anaerobic and they grow best under anaerobic conditions. "Actinomyces" species may form endospores, and while individual bacteria are rod-shaped, "Actinomyces" colonies form fungus-like branched networks of hyphae. The aspect of these colonies initially led to the incorrect assumption that the organism was a fungus and to the name "Actinomyces", "ray fungus" (from Greek , ray or beam, and , fungus).


title: Actinomyces

text: "Actinomyces" species are ubiquitous, occurring in soil and in the microbiota of animals, including the human microbiota. They are known for the important role they play in soil ecology; they produce a number of enzymes that help degrade organic plant material, lignin, and chitin. Thus, their presence is important in the formation of compost. Certain species are commensal in the skin flora, oral flora, gut flora, and vaginal flora of humans and livestock. They are also known for causing diseases in humans and livestock, usually when they opportunistically gain access to the body's interior through wounds. As with other opportunistic infections, people with immunodeficiency are at higher risk. In all of the preceding traits and in their branching filament formation, they bear similarities to "Nocardia".


title: Actinomyces

text: Like various other anaerobes, "Actinomyces" species are fastidious, thus not easy to culture and isolate. Clinical laboratories do culture and isolate them, but a negative result does not rule out infection, because it may be due simply to reluctance to grow "in vitro".


title: Actinomyces

text: Phylogenetic trees based on 16S ribosomal RNA (16SrRNA) sequences have shown that the genus "Actinomyces" is quite diverse, exhibiting polyphyletic branching into several clusters. The genera "Actinomyces" and "Mobiluncus" form a monophyletic clade in a phylogenetic tree constructed using RpoB, RpoC, and DNA gyrase B protein sequences. This clade is also strongly supported by a conserved signature indel consisting of a three-amino-acid insertion in isoleucine tRNA synthetase found only in the species of the genera "Actinomyces" and "Mobiluncus".


title: Actinomyces

text: Actinomycota are normally present in the gums, and are the most common cause of infection in dental procedures and oral abscesses. Many "Actinomyces" species are opportunistic pathogens of humans and other mammals, particularly in the oral cavity. In rare cases, these bacteria can cause actinomycosis, a disease characterized by the formation of abscesses in the mouth, lungs, or the gastrointestinal tract. Actinomycosis is most frequently caused by "A. israelii", which may also cause endocarditis, though the resulting symptoms may be similar to those resulting from infections by other bacterial species. "Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans" has been identified as being of note in periodontal disease.


title: Actinomyces

text: The genus is typically the cause of oral-cervicofacial disease. It is characterized by a painless "lumpy jaw". Lymphadenopathy is uncommon in this form of the disease. Another form of actinomycosis is thoracic disease, which is often misdiagnosed as a neoplasm, as it forms a mass that extends to the chest wall. It arises from aspiration of organisms from the oropharynx. Symptoms include chest pain, fever, and weight loss. Abdominal disease is another manifestation of actinomycosis. This can lead to a sinus tract that drains to the abdominal wall or the perianal area. Symptoms include fever, abdominal pain, and weight loss. "Actinomyces" species have also been shown to infect the central nervous system in a dog "without history or evidence of previous trauma or other organ involvement."


title: Actinomyces

text: Pelvic actinomycosis is a rare but proven complication of use of intrauterine devices. In extreme cases, pelvic abscesses might develop. Treatment of pelvic actinomycosis associated with intrauterine devices involves removal of the device and antibiotic treatment.


title: Actinomyces

text: Actinomycosis may be considered when a patient has chronic progression of disease across tissue planes that is mass-like at times, sinus tract development that may heal and recur, and refractory infection after a typical course of antibiotics.


title: Actinomyces

text: Treatment for actinomycosis consists of antibiotics such as penicillin or amoxicillin for 5 to 12 months, as well as surgery if the disease is extensive.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Dame Jessica Ennis-Hill (born 28 January 1986) is a British retired track and field athlete from England, specialising in multi-eventing disciplines and 100 metres hurdles. As a competitor in heptathlon, she is the 2012 Olympic champion, a three-time world champion (2009, 2011, 2015), and the 2010 European champion. She is also the 2010 world indoor pentathlon champion. A member of the City of Sheffield & Dearne athletic club, she is a former British national record holder for the heptathlon. She is a former British record holder in the 100 metres hurdles, the high jump and the indoor pentathlon. Today, Ennis-Hill commentates for the BBC and runs Jennis, a fitness app specialising in women's health. Her latest product launch is CycleMapping, which helps women map their training to their menstrual cycles.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Born in Sheffield on 28 January 1986, Ennis-Hill is one of two daughters of Vinnie Ennis and Alison Powell. She has a younger sister, Carmel. Her father is a Jamaican self-employed painter and decorator, while her English mother is a social worker from Derbyshire. Her father did some sprinting at school, whilst her mother favoured the high jump.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: They introduced her to athletics by taking her to a Start:Track event at the Don Valley Stadium during the 1996 school summer holidays. She won her first athletics prize, a pair of trainers. There she met Toni Minichiello, who was to become her coach.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill took to the sport immediately and joined the City of Sheffield and Dearne Athletic Club the following year, aged 11. In November 2000, aged 14, she won the Sheffield Federation for School Sports Whitham Award for the best performance by a Sheffield athlete at the National Schools Championships, where she won the high jump competition. Growing up in the Highfield area of Sheffield, Ennis attended Sharrow Primary School and King Ecgbert School in Dore, where she took her GCSEs and moved on to the sixth form, where she studied three A-Levels, before going on to study psychology at the University of Sheffield, graduating in 2007 with a .


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis's full-time coach throughout her career was UK Athletics national coach for combined events Antonio 'Toni' Minichiello, who coached her since she was eleven years old. She also received specialist javelin coaching from World Championships bronze medallist and European Championships silver medallist Mick Hill.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis took part in athletics from a young age. She competed in the high jump and pentathlon at the English Schools AAA Junior Girls in 1999, then won the AAA Girls title in the high jump the following year at the age of fourteen, clearing 1.70 metres. In 2001, she was runner-up at the high jump and heptathlon events in the English Schools AAA Intermediate section and won the high jump in 2002 with a jump of 1.80 metres. Ennis established herself as one of Britain's top junior athletes at the AAA U20 Championships in 2003 as she took the indoor pentathlon title and outdoor 100 m hurdles title.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis competed at the 2003 World Youth Championships in Sherbrooke, Quebec, Canada in July, where after leading at the end of the first day she finished in fifth position with 5,311 points.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: The following year Ennis competed in the 2004 World Junior Championships in Grosseto, Italy, where she finished eighth with 5,542 points, again after leading at the end of the first day. Ennis won two silver medals, in the 100 m hurdles and the high jump, at the 2004 Commonwealth Youth Games in Bendigo, Australia, held in November and December 2004, and won the heptathlon at the July 2005 European Athletics Junior Championships in Kaunas, Lithuania, with a British junior record score of 5,891 points.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: One of Ennis's first victories as a senior came in February 2004, when she was eighteen years old. She won the 60 m hurdles at the Northern Senior Indoor Championships in a time of 8.60 seconds. Two weeks earlier she had won three Northern Junior Indoor Championship titles: the 60 m sprint, the 60 m hurdles and the high jump. Also in February Ennis finished third in the 60 m hurdles at the AAA Indoor Championships in Sheffield in a time of 8.43 seconds. At the July 2005 AAA Championships Ennis competed in the 100 m hurdles, in which she recorded a personal best time of 13.26 seconds, and the high jump.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis's first senior international competition was the 2005 Universiade, held in August in İzmir, Turkey, where she won a bronze medal in the heptathlon with a new personal best of 5,910 points, behind winner Lyudmila Blonska and second-placed Simone Oberer.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis won a bronze medal for England at the 2006 Commonwealth Games in Melbourne, Australia with a personal best score of 6,269 points, improving her previous best total by more than 350 points. Her high jump of 1.91 metres would have been enough to take the individual event gold medal. She achieved personal bests in the high jump, the 200 m and the javelin. Before the competition her aim was merely to score over 6,000 points. The competition was won by Kelly Sotherton with 6,396 points, with Kylie Wheeler second on 6,298 points.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the AAA Championships in July Ennis competed in the 100 m hurdles, in which she recorded a personal best time of 13.19 seconds in the heats, and the high jump. In July, Ennis guided the Great Britain women's team to a fourth-place finish in the overall competition at the European Cup Combined Events Super League competition in Arles, France with a combined points total of 17,454. Ennis finished fourth in the individual standings with a points total of 6,170.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Later in 2006 Ennis improved her personal best with a score of 6,287 points when finishing eighth at the 2006 European Championships in Gothenburg, Sweden. Ennis produced personal bests in the shot put, the 200 m and the javelin. The medallists were Carolina Klüft (6,740 points), Karin Ruckstuhl (6,423 points) and Lilli Schwarzkopf (6,420 points).


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In January, Ennis set a new personal best of 8.24 seconds in the 60 m hurdles at the Loughborough indoor meeting, whilst in February, at the UK Indoor City Challenge Cup in Sheffield, she set personal bests of 7.43 seconds in the 60 m and 6.19 metres in the long jump.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis finished sixth in the pentathlon at the European Indoor Championships, in Birmingham, improving her personal best score by more than 300 points to 4,716. In May she broke the British under-23 heptathlon record, set by Denise Lewis in 1994, by winning in Desenzano, Italy, with a score of 6,388 points. In doing so Ennis equalled the British high jump record of 1.95 metres and recorded personal bests in the 100 metres hurdles (13.12 seconds) and the long jump (6.40 metres).


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the European U-23 Championships in Debrecen, Hungary, in July, Ennis won a bronze medal in the 100 metres hurdles in a time of 13.09 seconds, behind winner Nevin Yanit and Christina Vukicevic. Later in July, Ennis beat Kelly Sotherton into second place in European Cup Combined Events Super League competition in Szczecin, Poland, scoring 6,399 points, a personal best, beating her own British under-23 record. Ennis also led GB women to first place in the team competition. She set two lifetime bests in the process in the 800 metres and the javelin. At the end of July Ennis won the 100 metres hurdles in a time of 13.25 seconds at the Norwich Union World Trials & AAA Championships.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In August Ennis finished fourth at the World Championships in Osaka, Japan, behind the winner Carolina Klüft, Lyudmyla Blonska and Kelly Sotherton, recording the fastest times in the three track events, including a personal best of 12.97 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles. Ennis finished second overall in the 2007 World Combined Events Challenge, a competition based on points accumulated at any three of the year's thirteen qualifying events, behind the Osaka silver-medallist, Lyudmyla Blonska. The following year Blonska was banned for life for her second career doping offence. In September, Ennis won the inaugural "European Athletics Rising Star" Award.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In January, Ennis set new indoor personal bests of 8.18 seconds in the 60 metres hurdles and 6.33 metres in the long jump at the Norwich Union International Match at Kelvin Hall in Glasgow. At the Norwich Union Trials and UK Championships in Sheffield in early February, which she entered despite deciding not to compete in the World Indoor Championships in Valencia, Spain, Ennis finished third in the 60 metres hurdles in a time of 8.20 seconds and won the high jump with 1.92 metres.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis withdrew from the heptathlon competition at the Hypo-Meeting in Götzis, Austria after the first day's events citing pain in her right foot. A scan later revealed the injury as stress fractures of the navicular and a metatarsal of the right foot. As a consequence she missed that year's Olympic Games in Beijing and the rest of the 2008 season.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: After a twelve-month lay-off due to injury, Ennis returned to competition at the World Combined Events Challenge in Desenzano del Garda in May, winning the event with a personal best score of 6,587 points, including an 800 metres personal best, also breaking Liliana Năstase's 16-year-old meeting record in the process. Ennis's foot injury meant she had to change her take-off leg in the long jump from right to left. At the UK Championships in Birmingham in July Ennis won the high jump and 100 metres hurdles.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In August, Ennis won the gold medal at the 2009 World Championships in Berlin with a personal best points total of 6,731, 238 points ahead of silver medallist Jennifer Oeser of Germany and Poland's Kamila Chudzik. She led the competition from the first event and posted a personal best of 14.14 metres in the shot put, whilst her first day points total of 4,124 points was the third-best first-day heptathlon score ever, behind world record holder Jackie Joyner-Kersee and European record holder Carolina Klüft. Ennis's World Championships points total of 6,731, 238 points was the highest heptathlon score in 2009.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was chosen as the "British Athlete of the Year" by the "British Athletics Writers' Association (BAWA)" and "Sportswoman of the Year" award by the Sports Journalists' Association. Ennis also came third in the 2009 BBC Sports Personality of the Year, behind Formula One world champion Jenson Button and winner Ryan Giggs of Manchester United. Sheffield City Council held a reception for Ennis in the city's Peace Gardens, at which she was presented with a Mulberry designer handbag and a canteen of Sheffield cutlery.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In January 2010, Ennis captained the GB & NI team that won the Aviva International Match at Kelvin Hall in Glasgow. Ennis caused a surprise in winning the 60 metres hurdles in a British record time of 7.95 seconds, two hundredths of a second ahead of world indoor champion Lolo Jones.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Afterwards Jones, who hadn't lost in over two years in her event, expressed shock at being beaten by a multi-eventer, saying; "I'm looking forward to not letting heptathletes beat me when I'm only working on one thing. That's kind of crazy."


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the World Indoor Championships in Doha, Qatar, Ennis became the World Indoor Champion for the pentathlon with a new British, Commonwealth and Championship Record score of 4,937 points, finishing ahead of all three Beijing heptathlon medal winners, Nataliya Dobrynska, Hyleas Fountain and Tatyana Chernova. As a consequence Ennis became the first British woman to win world titles both indoors and outdoors.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the end of May, Ennis returned to the 2010 Hypo-Meeting in Götzis, Austria, where she injured her ankle in 2008, winning the heptathlon with 6,689 points. At the Adidas Grand Prix Diamond League meeting in New York in Ennis set a personal best of 6.51 metres in the long jump.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis won the heptathlon gold medal at the 2010 European Championships with a personal best and European Championship Record score of 6,823 points, eight points short of Denise Lewis's British and Commonwealth Records. Her European Championships points total of 6,823 proved to be the highest heptathlon score of 2010. She recorded a personal best in the javelin of 46.71 metres.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: As in 2009, Ennis was named "British Athlete of the Year" by the "BAWA" and "Sportswoman of the Year" by the "SJA". She was also named "Outstanding Female Athlete" at the "Commonwealth Sports Awards", despite not competing in the 2010 Commonwealth Games in Delhi, won "The Best British Athletic Performance of 2010" at the "UK Aviva Athletics Awards", and was awarded the Dame Marea Hartman Award, given annually to the outstanding English female athlete of the year.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was nominated for a Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year after she came back from injury to become world champion in 2009 (winner Belgian tennis player Kim Clijsters), for the IAAF Female Athlete of the Year, and for "European Athlete of the Year", (both won by Croatian high jumper Blanka Vlasic). Ennis came third for the second year in succession in the "BBC Sports Personality of the Year", behind the winner, jump jockey Tony McCoy, and darts player Phil Taylor. She was also awarded a LittD Honorary Doctorate from the University of Sheffield for her contribution to sport.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In her first competition of 2011 at the Northern Athletics Senior Indoor Championships at the English Institute of Sport in Sheffield in mid January Ennis set an indoor personal best of 14.11 metres in the shot put a record she improved by 50 centimetres a week later at an indoor meeting in Loughborough.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Later that month at the annual International in Glasgow, Ennis won the 60 metres hurdles in a time of 7.97 seconds, again beating Lolo Jones.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the Indoor UK Trials and Championships in Sheffield Ennis pulled out of the high jump, and the rest of the meeting, after clearing 1.88 metres, citing "tightness" in her ankle. As a consequence she withdrew from the 2011 European Indoor Championships. The injury was diagnosed as inflammation of the plantaris muscle.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In May Ennis won the heptathlon at the Hypo-Meeting in Götzis, Austria, for the second consecutive year, recording 6,790 points, 101 more than in 2010 and 33 points below her personal best, beating Russia's Tatyana Chernova by 251 points. Ennis recorded personal best times in the 200 metres (23.11 seconds) and the 800 metres (2 minutes 8.46 seconds). It was a result that meant Ennis had extended her unbeaten record in multi-events competition to two years.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the UK Trials and Championships at the Alexander Stadium in Birmingham Ennis competed in five events, equalling her outdoor personal best in the shot put (14.25 metres) and winning the high jump. Later at Loughborough Ennis recorded a personal best of 12.79 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the 2011 World Athletics Championships in Daegu, South Korea, Ennis originally finished second to Tatyana Chernova, who was disqualified for failing retrospective doping testing, with a score of 6,751 points, 129 points behind Chernova and 72 points below her own personal best of 6,823 points. Ennis beat Chernova in five of the seven events, Chernova scored 251 more points in the javelin (52.95 metres, compared with Ennis's best throw of 39.95 metres). Ennis registered personal bests of 14.67 metres in the shot put and 2 minutes 7.81 seconds in the 800 metres, whilst also equalling her best of 6.51 metres in the long jump. In 2016, this was upgraded to a Gold Medal by the Court of Arbitration for Sport after Chernova was stripped of her title.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2011 Birthday Honours for services to athletics.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In June 2011 Ennis was inducted into the Sheffield Legends 'Walk of Fame', alongside other well-known people born in or connected with Sheffield, who are honoured by plaques set in the pavement outside the Town Hall. The following month a lifesize model of Ennis was shown at Madame Tussaud's in London. In October Ennis was voted "British Athlete of the Year" for the third consecutive year by the "British Athletic Writers' Association".


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: At the UK Trials and Championships at the English Institute of Sport in early February, Ennis won the high jump, clearing 1.91 metres, and finished sixth in the shot put, with a best throw of 14.09 metres. The following day Ennis won the 60 metres hurdles in an equal personal best time of 7.95 seconds.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis recorded two indoor personal bests at the Grand Prix in Birmingham on 18 February; 7.87 seconds in the 60 metres hurdles and 6.47 metres in the long jump and finished second at the World Indoor Championships in Istanbul, Turkey in March, behind Nataliya Dobrynska. In finishing second Ennis recorded a personal best and national record of 4,965 points, also recording indoor personal bests in the shot put (14.79 metres) and 800 metres (2:08.09).


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In May, Ennis ran 12.75 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles at the Powerade Great City Games in Manchester, beating 2008 Olympic gold medallist Dawn Harper and 2011 World Championship silver medallist Danielle Carruthers. The event was notable for there being only nine hurdles instead of the regulation ten due to an administrative error. Ennis broke Denise Lewis's British heptathlon record at the Hypo-Meeting in Götzis, Austria, recording a total of 6,906 points, thus becoming the eighth woman to score over 6,900 points. Ennis's performance included personal bests in the 200 metres (22.88 seconds) and javelin (47.11 metres), whilst she equalled her personal best in the long jump (6.51 metres). Ennis beat Tatyana Chernova by 132 points.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis participated in three events at the UK Trials at the Alexander Stadium, Birmingham, winning the high jump with a season's best of 1.89 metres, the 100 metres hurdles in 12.92 seconds, beating Tiffany Porter into second place, and finishing sixth in the long jump with 6.27 metres.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In August, Ennis won the gold medal in the heptathlon at the London Olympics with a British and Commonwealth record score of 6,955 points, beating silver medallist Lilli Schwarzkopf by 306 points and bronze medallist Tatyana Chernova by a further 21 points. At the end of the first day Ennis had scored 4,158 points, her highest ever first-day total, and was 184 points ahead of her nearest competitor Austra Skujyte. Ennis' first-day score included two personal bests: 12.54 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles and 22.83 seconds in the 200 metres. Her time in the 100 metres hurdles was a new British record and also the fastest time ever run in a heptathlon. It also equalled Dawn Harper's winning time for the women's 100 metres hurdles final in the 2008 Olympics. Ennis achieved another personal best of 47.49 metres in the javelin and won the final event, the 800 metres, in a time of 2:08.65. The following day Ennis announced she would not compete in the 100 metres hurdles individual event. Her time in the heptathlon 100 metres hurdles would have gained her fourth place in the individual final, and her time in the 200 metres would have placed her seventh in the individual event.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis, along with other British 2012 Olympic gold medal winners, was featured on a special Royal Mail commemorative postage stamp and had a post box on the corner of Division Street and Holly Street in Sheffield city centre painted gold in her honour. The post box was vandalised within hours but repaired immediately by Royal Mail.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was honoured in various ways. Sheffield artist/cartoonist Pete McKee paid tribute to her in a painting showing her driving an open-top sports car. Prints were to be sold for the benefit of the Sheffield Children's Hospital charity, of which Ennis is a patron. She was featured on the cover of a special Olympic edition of "The Beano" as "Ennis the Menace". Sheffield United announced that the Bramall Lane stand at their Bramall Lane stadium would be renamed "The Jessica Ennis Stand". Henderson's Relish produced a special limited edition bottle of the condiment with a gold label instead of the usual orange. The label also made use of the company's slogan in relation to Ennis: "Congratulations Jessica – Strong and Northern".


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In early September Sheffield City Council voted unanimously to award her the Freedom of the City of Sheffield.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was honoured on a 'Wall of Fame' in Sheffield Winter Garden bearing the names of sportspeople from the city who competed in the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In mid August Ennis was welcomed back to Sheffield by an estimated twenty thousand people in Barker's Pool in the city centre. Afterwards a civic reception was held at the City Hall.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: After winning "European Athlete of the Month" for May, Ennis was selected as EAA "European Female Athlete of the Year" in October, ahead of Anna Chicherova and Barbora Spotakova. Sebastian Coe collected the award on Ennis's behalf as she was unable to attend the ceremony in Malta due to training commitments. In October she was also voted "British Olympic Athlete of the Year" in a public poll run by UK Athletics. Ennis obtained 48 per cent of the vote, narrowly beating Mo Farah. In the same month Ennis won "British Athlete of the Year" from the "British Athletics Writers' Association" for a fourth successive year, "Ultimate Olympian" at "Cosmopolitan's" "Ultimate Woman of the Year Awards 2012", and also received nominations for IAAF "Female Athlete of the Year" and "Sports Journalists' Association" "Sportswoman of the Year". She then made the final shortlist of three for IAAF "Female Athlete of the Year", alongside Allyson Felix and Valerie Adams. The award went to Felix.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In November Ennis was named the "Sunday Times" "Sportswoman of the Year", and along with Victoria Pendleton and Ellie Simmonds won "British Ambassadors of the Year" at "Harper's Bazaar's" "Women of the Year Awards 2012". The same month, Ennis was one of six women nominated for Laureus World Sports Award for Sportswoman of the Year and was nominated for "William Hill" "Sportswoman of the Year. Also in November Ennis's long-time coach Toni Minichiello was named "Coach of the Year" by Sports Coach UK, a body that supports sports training across the country. In December Ennis was chosen as the Jaguar Academy of Sports "Most Inspirational Sportswoman of the Year" and was voted "Sportswoman of the Year" by the Sports Journalists' Association.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was voted into the top three of the "BBC Sports Personality of the Year" for the third time, as runner-up to Bradley Wiggins and ahead of Andy Murray. Ennis was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 New Year Honours for services to athletics. Ennis was named as the World Sportswoman of the year at the Laureus World Sport Awards.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis's autobiography "Unbelievable – From My Childhood Dreams to Winning Olympic Gold", was published on 8 November by Hodder and Stoughton, and the same day she was guest of honour at the Christmas lights switch-on at a charity event at Meadowhall Shopping Centre, which raised over £8,000 for her nominated charity, the Sheffield Children's Hospital "Make It Better" appeal. In the book Ennis revealed that in 2010 UK Athletics head coach Charles Van Commenee put pressure on her and Toni Minichiello to move their training base to London, but both "believed in what we were doing in Sheffield and ... stayed strong".


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In early November Toni Minichiello announced that Ennis would compete in the heptathlon at the 2014 Commonwealth Games in Glasgow, a competition Ennis has not previously won, having taken the bronze medal in 2006 and not entering in 2010. The same month Ennis reiterated her desire to switch to the 100 metres hurdles in the long term, but added that it would not be before the World Championships in Moscow in 2013, where she would attempt to regain the heptathlon world title.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: The year began with uncertainty over the future of Ennis's coach Toni Minichiello and her primary training facility, the Don Valley Stadium in Sheffield. Minichiello's contract as the UK Athletics national coach for combined events expired at the end of 2012 and was not renewed as he was not prepared to move to Loughborough as part of the organisation's high-performance programme, whilst Sheffield City Council considered closing the Don Valley Stadium due to budget cuts. On 1 March Sheffield Council voted to close the stadium.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis decided not to compete in the 2013 indoor season to concentrate on the outdoor World Championships in Moscow. At a ceremony at Sheffield Town Hall at the end of March, Ennis received a scroll from John Campbell, the Lord Mayor of Sheffield, recognising her award of the Freedom of the City.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis made her season debut at an invitation meeting at Leeds Metropolitan University on 20 April. She won the javelin competition with a best throw of 44.56 metres. An ankle injury prevented her from competing in June, and she pulled out of meetings in Edinburgh, Oslo and Tallinn. She also missed the British Championships in mid July.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill returned to action in a meeting at Loughborough where she recorded a javelin personal best of 48.33 metres. She also competed in the long jump, reverting to the right-foot take off she used before her 2008 injury. Afterwards she still complained of pain in her ankle. At the London Anniversary Games she finished fourth in the 100 metres hurdles in 13.08 seconds and eighth in the long jump, recording 6.16 metres but four days later decided not to compete at the Moscow World Championships as she had not fully recovered from injury.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill's pregnancy caused her to miss the 2014 season, but she was still voted 'the most inspirational figure by under-25-year olds in the UK' in a poll conducted by the organisation UK Youth for its "Starbucks Youth Action" programme. She returned to full-time training in October.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill made her comeback in the Great City Games in Manchester in May, finishing third in the 100 metres hurdles.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: After competing in three events at the Anniversary Games at the London Olympic Stadium, Ennis-Hill declared herself fit for the Beijing World Athletics Championships, where she won the heptathlon with a total of 6,669 points, ahead of Theisen-Eaton and Latvia's Laura Ikauniece-Admidina.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In July it was announced that a re-test of a blood sample given in 2009 by Tatyana Chernova showed the presence of a prohibited anabolic steroid. The Russian anti-doping agency annulled two years' worth of Chernova's results, but the period of annulment ended 16 days before the 2011 Daegu World Championships, where she won the gold medal. Silver medallist Ennis-Hill appealed to the IAAF that Chernova's results annulment should extend to that competition. In turn the IAAF similarly appealed to the Court of Arbitration for Sport. Ennis-Hill was retrospectively awarded the gold in 2013.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In September Ennis-Hill was nominated for the European Athlete of the Year award, which was won by Dutch sprinter Dafne Schippers. In November Ennis-Hill won the "Sunday Times" and Sky Sports Sportswoman of the Year award for a second time, was voted BAWA Athlete of the Year for a record equalling fifth time (tied with Paula Radcliffe), and was nominated for IAAF Athlete of the Year. In December Ennis-Hill was selected as SJA Sportswoman of the Year for a joint-record fourth time (again tied with Radcliffe), and was voted the best British and International Female Athlete in 2015 by the "Athletics Weekly" readers. She also finished third in the 2015 BBC Sports Personality of the Year, behind Rugby League player Kevin Sinfield and winner Andy Murray. It was the fourth time she had been voted in the top three of the award.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: An achilles tendon injury kept Ennis-Hill out of the 2016 indoor season. She returned to action at the end of May but did not compete in the Hypo-Meeting in Götzis, Austria. Announcing she would miss the pre-Olympics Team GB holding camp in Belo Horizonte because of fears about the Zika virus but would compete at the Rio Olympics, Ennis-Hill won her first heptathlon of the season at the Combined Events Challenge in Ratingen, Germany, with 6,733 points, the second-best score of the year. She also recorded a personal best of 6.63 metres in the long jump.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In August, Ennis-Hill was defending her Olympic title at the 2016 Olympic Games in Rio de Janeiro, but was beaten into the silver medal position by Nafissatou Thiam of Belgium, who recorded five personal bests in the seven events.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill was voted as Great Britain's favourite sporting hero in a poll conducted by Sport Relief in January. She was included on the list for the entertainment section of "Forbes Magazine's" 30 under 30 list for Europe in January. In February, Ennis-Hill was voted Sportswoman of the Year at the British Ethnic Diversity Sports Awards. She was nominated for a Laureus World Sports Award for Comeback of the Year for a second time in March. On 13 October 2016, Ennis-Hill announced her retirement from athletics.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: On 29 November 2016, the Court of Arbitration for Sport ruled that Tatyana Chernova was to be stripped of her gold medal from the 2011 World Championships for a doping violation as a result of anomalies in her biological passport. As a result, Ennis-Hill was promoted to the gold medal to retrospectively win her third World title, equalling the record for World Championship titles won by Carolina Klüft, and the five global multi-event titles achieved by both Klüft and Jackie Joyner-Kersee.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill was appointed Dame Commander of the Order of the British Empire (DBE) in the 2017 New Year Honours for services to athletics.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ahead of the 2017 World Athletics Championships in London, Ennis-Hill filmed a special programme for the BBC, entitled 'Jessica Ennis-Hill and the Next Generation', in which she met some of the rising stars of British athletics. She was also a guest analyst on the BBC's coverage for the first three days of the event. Later that year, Ennis-Hill became the second woman (and the first British woman) to win the BBC Sports Personality of the Year Lifetime Achievement Award.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In 2019 Ennis-Hill launched Jennis, her own app-based training programme, with co-founder and agent Jane Cowmeadow. In 2021, she added a new product called CycleMapping, which helps women map their training to their menstrual cycle.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: In July 2022 she was one of the UK based guest analysts in Salford for the BBC's coverage of the World Athletics Championships held in Oregon USA.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill lives in Sheffield. She married Andy Hill, a construction site manager, in Derbyshire in May 2013, and said she would be known as Jessica Ennis-Hill.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: On 10 January 2014, she announced she would be unable to compete in the 2014 Commonwealth Games because she was pregnant with her first child. She gave birth to her son Reggie in July 2014. On 16 March 2017, Ennis-Hill announced she was pregnant for a second time. She gave birth to her daughter Olivia on 23 September 2017.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: She is a fan of Sheffield United, which named one stand of the Bramall Lane stadium in her honour in 2012. In November 2014, she stated that she would want her name removed from the stand if the club was to re-sign the convicted rapist and former player, Ched Evans. As a result, Ennis-Hill received rape threats via Twitter. South Yorkshire Police said on 14 November that they were investigating the tweets. In October 2016 the charges against Evans were dropped, he was found not guilty of the offence and he restarted his playing career. The club renamed the stand after a sponsor in 2015.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill is an ambassador for the Jaguar Academy of Sport and a patron of both the Sheffield Children's Hospital charity and Barrie Wells' sports foundation. She is a columnist for "The Times" newspaper and advertises Aviva, Powerade, BP, Adidas, Omega watches, Olay Essentials and Santander UK.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis-Hill guested on BBC R4 Desert Island Discs, broadcast 18 July 2021, and paid tribute to her painter decorator Jamaican father and counsellor English mother for their unwavering career support. She also revealed that her grandfather would offer her cash incentives as a reward for her initial successes in her early track competitions. Her book choice was "The Wonders of Life" by Brian Cox. Luxury item, her family photo album, Castaway's Favourite Disc, Unfinished Sympathy by Massive Attack.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: By clearing 1.95 metres in the high jump, Ennis achieved a foot (30 cm) above her own height of 1.65 metres which only ten women have ever managed. It also set a joint British outdoor record at the time shared with Diana Davies, Susan Moncrieff and Debbie Marti until it was broken in August 2014 by Isobel Pooley at 1.96m (now held by Katarina Johnson-Thompson at 1.98m)


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Her personal best of 12.54 seconds in the 100 metres hurdles is the world best time in the heptathlon and matches the winning time for the women's 100 metres hurdles as an individual event at the 2008 Beijing Olympics. At the time it set a new British Record in the individual event.


title: Jessica Ennis-Hill

text: Ennis was the British record holder for the heptathlon until 2019 with a score of 6,955 points, breaking Olympic gold-medallist Denise Lewis's previous record of 6,831 points. Were Ennis to equal all of her personal bests in a single heptathlon competition, she would achieve a total of 7,175 points; Lewis's equivalent personal best total would be 6,970 points.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite ( ) is an intrusive igneous rock formed by the slow cooling underground of magma (molten rock) that has a moderate content of silica and a relatively low content of alkali metals. It is intermediate in composition between low-silica (mafic) gabbro and high-silica (felsic) granite.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite is found in mountain-building belts ("orogens") on the margins of continents. It has the same composition as the fine-grained volcanic rock, andesite, which is also common in orogens.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite has been used since prehistoric times as decorative stone. It was used by the Akkadian Empire of Sargon of Akkad for funerary sculptures, and by many later civilizations for sculptures and building stone.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite is an intrusive igneous rock composed principally of the silicate minerals plagioclase feldspar (typically andesine), biotite, hornblende, and sometimes pyroxene. The chemical composition of diorite is intermediate, between that of mafic gabbro and felsic granite. It is distinguished from gabbro on the basis of the composition of the plagioclase species; the plagioclase in diorite is richer in sodium and poorer in calcium.


title: Diorite

text: Geologists use rigorous quantitative definitions to classify coarse-grained igneous rocks, based on the mineral content of the rock. For igneous rocks composed mostly of silicate minerals, and in which at least 10% of the mineral content consists of quartz, feldspar, or feldspathoid minerals, classification begins with the QAPF diagram. The relative abundances of quartz (Q), alkali feldspar (A), plagioclase (P), and feldspathoid (F), are used to plot the position of the rock on the diagram. The rock will be classified as either a dioritoid or a gabbroid if quartz makes up less than 20% of the QAPF content, feldspathoid makes up less than 10% of the QAPF content, and plagioclase makes up more than 65% of the total feldspar content. Dioritoids are distinguished from gabbroids by an anorthite (calcium plagioclase) fraction of their total plagioclase of less than 50%.


title: Diorite

text: The composition of the plagioclase cannot easily be determined in the field, and then a preliminary distinction is made between dioritoid and gabbroid based on the content of mafic minerals. A dioritoid typically has less than 35% mafic minerals, typically including hornblende, while a gabbroid typically has over 35% mafic minerals, mostly pyroxenes or olivine. The name "diorite" (from Ancient Greek , "to distinguish") was first applied to the rock by René Just Haüy on account of its characteristic, easily identifiable large crystals of hornblende.


title: Diorite

text: Dioritoids form a family of rock types similar to diorite, such as monzodiorite, quartz diorite, or nepheline-bearing diorite. Diorite itself is more narrowly defined, as a dioritoid in which quartz makes up less than 5% of the QAPF content, feldspathoids are not present, and plagioclase makes up more than 90% of the feldspar content.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite may contain small amounts of quartz, microcline, and olivine. Zircon, apatite, titanite, magnetite, ilmenite, and sulfides occur as accessory minerals. Varieties deficient in hornblende and other dark minerals are called "leucodiorite". A "ferrodiorite" is a dioritoid enriched in iron and titanium. Ferrodiorites are common in the lower oceanic crust.


title: Diorite

text: Coarse-grained (phaneritic) dioritoids are produced by slow crystallization of magma having the same composition as the lava that solidifies rapidly to form fine-grained (aphanitic) andesite. Rock of similar composition to diorite or andesite but with an intermediate texture is sometimes called "microdiorite". Diorite is occasionally porphyritic. It usually contains enough mafic minerals to be dark in appearance. "Orbicular diorite" shows alternating concentric growth bands of plagioclase and amphibole surrounding a nucleus, within a diorite porphyry matrix.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite results from the partial melting of a mafic rock above a subduction zone. It is found in volcanic arcs, and in cordilleran mountain building, such as in the Andes Mountains. However, while its extrusive volcanic equivalent, andesite, is common in these settings, diorite is a minor component of the plutonic rocks, which are mostly granodiorite or granite. Diorite also makes up some stocks intruded beneath large calderas.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite source localities include Leicestershire and Aberdeenshire, UK; Thuringia and Saxony in Germany; Finland; Romania; central Sweden; southern Vancouver Island around Victoria, Canada; the Darran Range of New Zealand; the Andes Mountains; and Concordia in South Africa. Hornblende diorite is a common rock type in the Henry, Abajo, and La Sal Mountains of Utah, US, where it was emplaced as laccoliths.


title: Diorite

text: An orbicular variety found in Corsica was formerly called "corsite". An obsolete name for microdiorite, "markfieldite", was given by Frederick Henry Hatch in 1909 to exposures near the village of Markfield, England.


title: Diorite

text: Human use of diorite dates at least to the Middle Neolithic, when it was used in a passage grave at Le Dolmen du Mont Ubé, Jersey. The use of stone of contrasting colour suggests that diorite was deliberately selected for its appearance.


title: Diorite

text: The first great Mesopotamian empire, the Akkadian Empire of Sargon of Akkad, began using diorite for sculpture after sources of the rock came under Akkadian control. Diorite was used to depict rulers or high officials in ceremonial poses or attitudes of prayer, and the sculptures may have been designed to receive funerary offerings. Diorite was also used for stone vases by Bronze Age craftspeople, who developed considerable skill at polishing diorite and other stones. The Egyptians had become skilled at shaping diorite and other hard stones by 4000 BCE. A large diorite stela in the Louvre Museum dating to 1700 BCE is inscribed with the Code of Hammurabi.


title: Diorite

text: Diorite was used by the Inca civilization as structural stone. It was used by medieval Islamic builders to construct water fountains in the Crimea. In later times, diorite was commonly used as cobblestone; today many diorite cobblestone streets can be found in England and Guernsey. Guernsey diorite was used in the steps of St Paul's Cathedral, London.