text: The post of commissioner was created by the Metropolitan Police Act 1829. For the force's first ten years, commissioners were known as "justices of the peace of the counties of Middlesex, Surrey, Hertford, Essex, and Kent, and of all the liberties therein"; Section 4 of the Metropolitan Police Act 1839 first gave the post the title of Commissioner, and it was held jointly by two officers until the Metropolitan Police Act 1856 merged these into a single post. The Commissioners were not appointed as sworn constables until the Administration of Justice Act 1973 amended the phrase on justices of the peace in Section 1 of the 1829 Act to "a Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis to execute the duties of chief officer of the [Metropolitan Police]".


title: Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis

text: The insignia of rank is a crown above a Bath Star, known as a "pip", above crossed tipstaves within a wreath, very similar to the insignia worn by a full general in the British Army. This badge is all but unique within the British police, shared only with the Commissioner of the City of London Police, the smallest territorial police force, and HM Chief Inspector of Constabulary. Like all chief officer ranks in the British police, commissioners wear gorget patches on the collars of their tunics. The gorget patches are similar to those worn by generals, aside from being of silver-on-black instead of the Army's gold-on-red.


text: At one time, the commissioners were either retired military officers or civil servants. Sir John Nott-Bower, who served as Commissioner from 1953 to 1958, was the first career police officer to hold the post, despite several previous Commissioners having served in senior administrative positions in colonial forces and the Metropolitan Police itself. Nott-Bower's successor Sir Joseph Simpson was the first Commissioner to have started his career at the lowest rank of Constable. However, Sir Robert Mark, appointed in 1972, was the first to have risen through all the ranks from the lowest to the highest, as all his successors have done.


text: , the post of commissioner is appointed for a period of five years. Applicants are appointed to the post by the monarch, following a recommendation by the Home Secretary under the Police Act 1996.


text: The post of commissioner is "accountable to the Home Secretary; to the Mayor's Office for Policing and Crime, and must answer to Londoners and the public nationally." In 2008 and 2011, applicants to the post of Commissioner had to be British citizens (in 2008 this was explicitly stated to be because of the role of the commissioner in national security), and be "serving UK chief constables or of equivalent UK ranks and above, or have recent experience at these levels". In contrast, applicants in 2018 were told that the post of Commissioner was "non reserved" (seemingly a reference to the Aliens’ Employment Act 1955 (as amended)) and that there were no specific restrictions on nationality.


text: The requirement to be a British national blocked the appointment of non-British commissioners in the past, such as in August 2011, when Prime Minister David Cameron wanted former Los Angeles Police Department Chief Bill Bratton to become the new commissioner. However, in 2014 section 42 of the Police Reform and Social Responsibility Act 2011 was amended by section 140 of the Anti-Social Behaviour, Crime and Policing Act 2014, whereby a person who is or has been "a constable in any part of the United Kingdom" or "a police officer in an approved overseas police force, of at least the approved rank" could be appointed. Determinations made in 2018 under Regulation 11 of the Police Regulations 2003 restrict the constables eligible for appointment to those who are serving, or have served, in the ranks of assistant chief constable, Commander, or a more senior rank in a police force in any part of the United Kingdom. The Appointment of Chief Officers of Police (Overseas Police Forces) Regulations 2014 approve certain Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and US police forces and ranks.


text: The selection process in 2017, to select Sir Bernard Hogan-Howe's successor, involved the candidates undergoing psychometric testing in addition to interviews with the Home Secretary, Mayor of London and Policing Minister. The process is conducted in private and the Home Office has specifically called for a "news blackout". The discussion and public profile of the candidates was limited to speculation and rumour, with the Home Office refusing to even confirm the shortlisted candidates covered in the media.


text: The Centre for Public Safety has recommended the selection process be reformed, to provide opportunities for greater public, community and workforce engagement in the process. In particular, suggesting a series of community interview panels and a public candidate forum – though they maintain that the final decision should still rest with the Home Secretary.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Fire is one of the four classical elements along with earth, water and air in ancient Greek philosophy and science. Fire is considered to be both hot and dry and, according to Plato, is associated with the tetrahedron.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Fire is one of the four classical elements in ancient Greek philosophy and science. It was commonly associated with the qualities of energy, assertiveness, and passion. In one Greek myth, Prometheus stole "fire" from the gods to protect the otherwise helpless humans, but was punished for this charity.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Fire was one of many "archai" proposed by the pre-Socratics, most of whom sought to reduce the cosmos, or its creation, to a single substance. Heraclitus considered "fire" to be the most fundamental of all elements. He believed fire gave rise to the other three elements: "All things are an interchange for fire, and fire for all things, just like goods for gold and gold for goods." He had a reputation for obscure philosophical principles and for speaking in riddles. He described how fire gave rise to the other elements as the: "upward-downward path", (), a "hidden harmony"  or series of transformations he called the "turnings of fire", (), first into "sea", and half that "sea" into "earth", and half that "earth" into rarefied "air". This is a concept that anticipates both the four classical elements of Empedocles and Aristotle's transmutation of the four elements into one another.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: This world, which is the same for all, no one of gods or men has made. But it always was and will be: an ever-living fire, with measures of it kindling, and measures going out.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Heraclitus regarded the soul as being a mixture of fire and water, with fire being the more noble part and water the ignoble aspect. He believed the goal of the soul is to be rid of water and become pure fire: the dry soul is the best and it is worldly pleasures that make the soul "moist". He was known as the "weeping philosopher" and died of hydropsy, a swelling due to abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: However, Empedocles of Akragas , is best known for having selected all elements as his "archai" and by the time of Plato , the four Empedoclian elements were well established. In the "Timaeus", Plato's major cosmological dialogue, the Platonic solid he associated with fire was the tetrahedron which is formed from four triangles and contains the least volume with the greatest surface area. This also makes fire the element with the smallest number of sides, and Plato regarded it as appropriate for the heat of fire, which he felt is sharp and stabbing, (like one of the points of a tetrahedron).


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Plato's student Aristotle did not maintain his former teacher's geometric view of the elements, but rather preferred a somewhat more naturalistic explanation for the elements based on their traditional qualities. Fire the hot and dry element, like the other elements, was an abstract principle and not identical with the normal solids, liquids and combustion phenomena we experience:


title: Fire (classical element)

text: According to Aristotle, the four elements rise or fall toward their natural place in concentric layers surrounding the center of the earth and form the terrestrial or sublunary spheres.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: In ancient Greek medicine, each of the four humours became associated with an element. Yellow bile was the humor identified with fire, since both were hot and dry. Other things associated with fire and yellow bile in ancient and medieval medicine included the season of summer, since it increased the qualities of heat and aridity; the choleric temperament (of a person dominated by the yellow bile humour); the masculine; and the eastern point of the compass.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: In alchemy the chemical element of sulfur was often associated with fire and its alchemical symbol and its symbol was an upward-pointing triangle. In alchemic tradition, metals are incubated by fire in the womb of the Earth and alchemists only accelerate their development.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Agni is a Hindu and Vedic deity. The word "agni" is Sanskrit for fire (noun), cognate with Latin "ignis" (the root of English "ignite"), Russian "огонь" (fire), pronounced "agon". Agni has three forms: fire, lightning and the sun.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Agni is one of the most important of the Vedic gods. He is the god of fire and the accepter of sacrifices. The sacrifices made to Agni go to the deities because Agni is a messenger from and to the other gods. He is ever-young, because the fire is re-lit every day, yet he is also immortal. In Indian tradition fire is also linked to Surya or the Sun and Mangala or Mars, and with the south-east direction.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Fire and the other Greek classical elements were incorporated into the Golden Dawn system. Philosophus (4=7) is the elemental grade attributed to fire; this grade is also attributed to the Qabalistic Sephirah Netzach and the planet Venus. The elemental weapon of fire is the Wand. Each of the elements has several associated spiritual beings. The archangel of fire is Michael, the angel is Aral, the ruler is Seraph, the king is Djin, and the fire elementals (following Paracelsus) are called salamanders. Fire is considered to be active; it is represented by the symbol for Leo and it is referred to the lower right point of the pentacle in the Supreme Invoking Ritual of the Pentacle. Many of these associations have since spread throughout the occult community.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Fire in tarot symbolizes conversion or passion. Many references to fire in tarot are related to the usage of fire in the practice of alchemy, in which the application of fire is a prime method of conversion, and everything that touches fire is changed, often beyond recognition. The symbol of fire was a cue pointing towards transformation, the chemical variant being the symbol delta, which is also the classical symbol for fire. Conversion symbolized can be good, for example, refining raw crudities to gold, as seen in The Devil. Conversion can also be bad, as in The Tower, symbolizing a downfall due to anger. Fire is associated with the suit of rods/wands, and as such, represents passion from inspiration. As an element, fire has mixed symbolism because it represents energy, which can be helpful when controlled, but volatile if left unchecked.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: Fire is one of the five elements that appear in most Wiccan traditions influenced by the Golden Dawn system of magic, and Aleister Crowley's mysticism, which was in turn inspired by the Golden Dawn.


title: Fire (classical element)

text: In freemasonry, fire is present, for example, during the ceremony of winter solstice, a symbol also of renaissance and energy. Freemasonry takes the ancient symbolic meaning of fire and recognizes its double nature: creation, light, on the one hand, and destruction and purification, on the other.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Cushing reflex (also referred to as the vasopressor response, the Cushing effect, the Cushing reaction, the Cushing phenomenon, the Cushing response, or Cushing's Law) is a physiological nervous system response to increased intracranial pressure (ICP) that results in Cushing's triad of increased blood pressure, irregular breathing, and bradycardia. It is usually seen in the terminal stages of acute head injury and may indicate imminent brain herniation. It can also be seen after the intravenous administration of epinephrine and similar drugs. It was first described in detail by American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing in 1901.


title: Cushing reflex

text: The Cushing reflex classically presents as an increase in systolic and pulse pressure, reduction of the heart rate (bradycardia), and irregular respiration. It is caused by increased pressure inside the skull. These symptoms can be indicative of insufficient blood flow to the brain (ischemia) as well as compression of arterioles.


title: Cushing reflex

text: In response to rising intracranial pressure (ICP), respiratory cycles change in regularity and rate. Different patterns indicate a different location of the brain where the injury occurred. The increase in ventilation is exhibited as an increase in rate rather than depth of ventilation, so the Cushing reflex is often associated with slow, irregular breathing. As a result of the now defective regulation of heart rate and blood pressure, the physiologic response is decreased blood flow peripherally, which can present as Mayer waves. These are simply pathologic waves seen in HR tracings (i.e., arterial lines, electrocardiograph (ECG, etc.), which reflect decreased intravascular blood flow. This decreased flow often causes a reflexive HTN, or hypertension (increase in blood pressure) despite the actual decrease in intravascular volume.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Whenever a Cushing reflex occurs, there is a high probability of death in seconds to minutes. As a result, a Cushing reflex indicates a need for immediate care. Since its presence is a good detector of high ICP, it is often useful in the medical field, particularly during surgery. During any neurosurgery being performed on the brain, there is always a likelihood that raised intracranial pressure may occur. Early recognition of this is crucial to the well being of the patient. Although direct measurement of ICP is possible, it is not always accurate. In the past, physicians and nurses have relied on hemodynamic changes or bradycardia, the late phase of the reflex, to identify the ICP increase. Once the initial stage of the Cushing reflex (bradycardia combined with hypertension) was discovered, it offered a much more reliable and swift warning sign of high ICP. It was found that hypertension and bradycardia occurred 93% of the time when cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) dropped below 15 mmHg due to raised ICP. Also, the Cushing reflex is known to arise only from acute prolonged raises in ICP. Thus, it can be used as a tool by physicians to differentiate acute and chronic rises in ICP.


title: Cushing reflex

text: It has also been reported that the presence of a Cushing reflex due to an ICP increase could allow one to conclude that ischemia has occurred in the posterior cranial fossa. Finally, the Cushing reflex may be one of many ways to identify if a patient has rejected a transplanted organ. Aside from the innate autoimmune response, ischemia in the cranial region has been detected with a transplanted organ that is being rejected. As such, the presence of a Cushing reflex due to ICP can indicate that ischemia may be occurring due to foreign organ rejection.


title: Cushing reflex

text: As first postulated by Harvey Cushing, raised intracranial pressure is the primary cause of the Cushing reflex. Furthermore, continued moderate increases in cranial pressure allows for the Cushing reflex to occur. In contrast, rapid and dramatic pressure rises do not allow for the mechanism of the reflex to sufficiently take place. Elevated intracranial pressure can result from numerous pathways of brain impairment, including: subarachnoid hemorrhages, ischemia, meningitis, trauma, including concussions, hypoxia, tumors, and stroke. In one study, it was confirmed that raised ICP due to subarachnoid hemorrhaging causes mechanical distortion of the brainstem, specifically the medulla. Due to the mechanism of the Cushing reflex, brainstem distortion is then swiftly followed by sympathetic nervous system over activity. In addition, during typical neurosurgical procedures on patients, especially those involving neuroendoscopic techniques, frequent washing of the ventricles have been known to cause high intracranial pressure. The Cushing reflex can also result from low CPP, specifically below 15 mmHg. CPP normally falls between 70-90 mmHg in an adult human, and 60-90 mmHg in children.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Brain plateau wave changes are also associated with the Cushing reflex. These waves are characterized by acute rises of the ICP, and are accompanied by a decrease of the cerebral perfusion pressure. It has been found that if a Cushing reflex occurs, brain plateau wave changes can be erased due to disappearance of high ICP.


title: Cushing reflex

text: The Cushing reflex is complex and seemingly paradoxical. The reflex begins when some event causes increased intracranial pressure (ICP). Since cerebrospinal fluid is located in an area surrounded by the skull, increased ICP consequently increases the pressure in the fluid itself. The pressure in the cerebral spinal fluid eventually rises to the point that it meets and gradually exceeds the mean arterial blood pressure (MAP). When the ICP exceeds the MAP, arterioles located in the brain's cerebrum become compressed. Compression then results in diminished blood supply to the brain, a condition known as cerebral ischemia.


title: Cushing reflex

text: During the increase in ICP, both the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system are activated. In the first stage of the reflex, sympathetic nervous system stimulation is much greater than parasympathetic stimulation. The sympathetic response activates alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, causing constriction of the body's arteries. This constriction raises the total resistance of blood flow, elevating blood pressure to high levels, which is known as hypertension. The body's induced hypertension is an attempt to restore blood flow to the ischemic brain. The sympathetic stimulation also increases the rate of heart contractions and cardiac output. Increased heart rate is also known as tachycardia. This combined with hypertension is the first stage of the Cushing reflex.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Meanwhile, baroreceptors in the aortic arch detect the increase in blood pressure and trigger a parasympathetic response via the vagus nerve. This induces bradycardia, or slowed heart rate, and signifies the second stage of the reflex. Bradycardia may also be caused by increased ICP due to direct mechanical distortion of the vagus nerve and subsequent parasympathetic response. Furthermore, this reflexive increase in parasympathetic activity is thought to contribute to the formation of Cushing ulcers in the stomach, due to uncontrolled activation of the parietal cells. The blood pressure can be expected to remain higher than the pressure of the raised cerebral spinal fluid to continue to allow blood to flow to the brain. The pressure rises to the point where it overcomes the resisting pressure of the compressed artery, and blood is allowed through, providing oxygen to the hypoxic area of the brain. If the increase in blood pressure is not sufficient to compensate for the compression on the artery, infarction occurs.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Raised ICP, tachycardia, or some other endogenous stimulus can result in distortion and/or increased pressure on the brainstem. Since the brainstem controls involuntary breathing, changes in its homeostasis often results in irregular respiratory pattern and/or apnea. This is the third and final stage of the reflex.


title: Cushing reflex

text: The role of the central chemoreceptors in the Cushing reflex is unclear. In most normal pressure responses the chemoreceptors and baroreceptors work together to increase or decrease blood pressure. In the Cushing reflex, the central chemoreceptors are likely involved in the detection of ischemia, contributing to the sympathetic surge and hypertension in the first phase of the reflex, and work in opposition to the baroreceptors, contributing to the combined high sympathetic and parasympathetic activation.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Raised intracranial pressure can ultimately result in the shifting or crushing of brain tissue, which is detrimental to the physiological well-being of patients. As a result, the Cushing reflex is a last-ditch effort by the body to maintain homeostasis in the brain. It is widely accepted that the Cushing reflex acts as a baroreflex, or homeostatic mechanism for the maintenance of blood pressure, in the cranial region. Specifically, the reflex mechanism can maintain normal cerebral blood flow and pressure under stressful situations such as ischemia or subarachnoid hemorrhages. A case report of a patient who underwent a spontaneous subarachnoid hemorrhage demonstrated that the Cushing reflex played a part in maintaining cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP) and cerebral blood flow. Eventually, the ICP drops to a level range where a state of induced hypertension in the form of the Cushing reflex is no longer required. The Cushing reflex was then aborted, and CPP was maintained. It has also been shown that an increase in mean arterial pressure due to hypertension, characteristic of the reflex, can cause the normalization of CPP. This effect is protective, especially during increased intracranial pressure, which creates a drop in CPP.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Cushing's reflex is named after Harvey Williams Cushing (1869–1939), an American neurosurgeon. Cushing began his research in Bern, Switzerland studying abroad with Emil Theodor Kocher. A month into his trip, Cushing received a formal proposition from Emil Theodor Kocher to begin testing how compression of the brain affected blood vessels. Cushing also enlisted the aid of Hugo Kronecker, a known blood pressure researcher. Utilizing Kroenecker's assistance and resources, Cushing began his research. Cushing left Bern in 1901 to work in Turin, Italy with Angelo Mosso, a previous student of Kroenecker. He continued to work on the same research project, while also simultaneously improving his methods of recording coincidence of blood pressure and ICP. In June 1901 Cushing published his first paper through Johns Hopkins Hospital Bulletin entitled "Concerning a definite regulatory mechanism of the vasomotor centre which controls blood pressure during cerebral compression". Between 1901 and 1903, Cushing published five papers pertaining to his research on the vasopressor response. These papers were published in German and English, and one was authored by Emil Theodor Kocher.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Cushing began experimenting once he obtained approval from Kocher. His experimental setup was a modified version of Leonard Hill's model to similarly test the effects of brain pressure on sinus pressure, cerebrospinal fluid pressure, arterial and venous blood pressure. Like Hill, Cushing used dogs for his experiments. To begin, Cushing monitored the caliber and color of cortical vessels by fitting a glass window into the skull of the dog. Intracranial pressure was raised by filling an intracranial, soft, rubber bag with mercury. Cushing recorded the intracranial pressure along with blood pressure, pulse rate, and respiratory rate simultaneously. This three part effect is commonly referred to as Cushing's triad. In later experiments performed by Mosso, intracranial pressure was induced by injecting physiological saline into the subarachnoid space rather than increasing mercury content of an intracranial bag.


title: Cushing reflex

text: This research clearly displayed the cause and effect relationship between intracranial pressure and cerebral compression. Cushing noted this relationship in his subsequent publications. He also noted that there must exist a specific regulatory mechanism that increased blood pressure to a high enough point such that it did not create anemic conditions. Cushing's publications contain his observations and no statistical analysis. The sample size of the experiment is also not known.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Several notable figures in the medical field, including Ernst von Bergmann, Henri Duret, Friedrich Jolly, and others experimented with intracranial pressure similarly to Cushing. Some of these researchers published similar findings concerning the relationship of intracranial pressure to arterial blood pressure before Cushing had begun experimenting. Cushing studied this relationship more carefully and offered an improved explanation of the relationship.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Some controversy concerning plagiarism does surround some of Cushing's research. Bernhard Naunyn, a German pathologist and contemporary of Cushing, made remarks claiming that Cushing neither cited him in Cushing's research nor expanded on any of the results that he had found in his original experiments.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Although a lot of progress has been made since 1901 when Harvey Cushing first expanded knowledge of what is now known as the Cushing reflex, there are still many aspects of the research that remain to be seen. The exact pathogenesis of the disease remains undetermined. The possibility that intracranial pressure (ICP) may not be the sole cause of the Cushing reflex per se came from an occurrence of Cushing blood pressure response occurring before increased ICP. Some research observed symptoms of Cushing reflex, without the usual increased ICP and medullary anemia, suggesting other causes that still require research. Axial brain stem distortion could be the pathogenesis of Cushing reflex.


title: Cushing reflex

text: The nature of receptors mediating the Cushing response is also unknown. Some research suggests the existence of intracranial baroreceptors to trigger specific Cushing baroreceptor reflex. Experiments by Schmidt and his fellow researchers showed that the Cushing reflex is directed by autonomic nervous system, since its physiological change has to do with the balance of the sympathetic nervous system and parasympathetic nervous system. However, the specific relation between the autonomic nervous system response and the Cushing reflex and its symptoms has yet to be identified.


title: Cushing reflex

text: It has been determined that rate of respiration is affected by the Cushing reflex, though the respiratory changes induced are still an area that needs more research. Some researchers have reported apnea, while others have reported increased respiratory rates. Other researchers have found that increases in respiratory rate follow ICP decreases, while others say it is a response to ICP increase. One must also take into account the use of anesthetics in early experimentation. Research was initially performed on animals or patients under anesthesia. The anesthesia used in experiments have led to respiratory depression, which might have had effect on the results. Early experiments also put animal subjects under artificial ventilation, only allowing for limited conclusions about respiration in the Cushing reflex. The use of anesthetics proposes ideas for future research, since the creation of the Cushing response has been difficult to create under basal conditions or without anesthesia.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Some researchers have also suggested a long-term effect of the Cushing reflex. Thus far it has only been observed as an immediate acute response, but there has been some evidence to suggest that its effects could be prolonged, such as a long-term raise in blood pressure. Heightened sensitivity of neurological response systems leading to arterial hypertension is also possible, but has not been examined.


title: Cushing reflex

text: Although the Cushing reflex was primarily identified as a physiological response when blood flow has almost ceased, its activity has also been seen in fetal life. This activity has not been thoroughly investigated, so there is a need for more research in this area.


title: Cushing reflex

text: The underlying mechanisms of the reflex on a cellular level are yet to be discovered, and will likely be the next area of research if scientists and or doctors chose to do so.


title: Hyena (TV series)

text: Hyena () is a 2020 South Korean television series starring Kim Hye-soo and Ju Ji-hoon. It aired on SBS TV from February 21 to April 11, 2020.


title: Hyena (TV series)

text: "Hyena" deals with lawyers at Song & Kim who only work for the richest 1% of society. Jung Geum-ja is a swashbuckling lawyer who crosses the boundaries of law and lawlessness, justice and injustice, ethics and corruption. Armed with the strongest survival instincts, she is a true hyena that chases after money and success no matter what it takes. Yoon Hee-jae is her polar opposite rival. He is a pedigreed and elite lawyer who is confident in his abilities. He possesses a brilliant mind that is wrapped around his ego, but he misses the grit of Geum-ja and gets outsmarted by her on many occasions.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: "Take Me Out" is a song by Scottish indie rock band Franz Ferdinand. It was released as the second single from their eponymous debut studio album in the United Kingdom on 12 January 2004 and in the United States on 12 April 2004, both through Domino Records. It was released as 7-inch vinyl, a CD single, and a DVD single with the music video and a short interview with the band.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: The single reached number three in the UK Singles Chart. In the U.S., it reached number three on the Modern Rock Tracks chart and number 66 on the " Billboard" Hot 100. It was a number-seven hit on the Canadian Singles Chart and also reached number one on the UK Indie Chart. In November 2004, the single was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America. The song was voted the best single of 2004 by "The Village Voice" Pazz & Jop poll, and number one on Australian youth radio network Triple J's Hottest 100 of the same year. In July 2009, it was voted number 100 in Triple J's Hottest 100 of all time.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: Franz Ferdinand formed in Glasgow in 2002 and wrote "Take Me Out" the following year. Songwriter Alex Kapranos said the idea for the song's theme came from watching a snipers' duel in "Enemy at the Gates" and that "it felt like a very good metaphor for the kind of romantic situations that we sometimes find ourselves in".


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: "Take Me Out" has been described musically as post-punk revival, indie rock, dance-rock, garage rock, and art rock. Its first section is fast tempo guitar driven, with notes of a chord separated into individual notes, which was influenced by Giorgio Moroder, followed by a slower second section with disco hi-hat patterns and snare drums.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: The call and answer guitar riff and vocal melody were inspired by blues musician Howlin' Wolf. The band attempted different arrangements before settling on a mid-song tempo change. Alex Kapranos said: "The verses sounded better played a little bit faster and the chorus sounded better played a little slower and we could never quite work it out... I had this idea that we’re going to take all of the verses, put them at the beginning of the song, and then we’re going to slow it down and play all the choruses, which is kind of the wrong way to do it."


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: The song was recorded at Gula Studion in Malmö, Sweden with producer Tore Johansson. The tempo changes were recorded live in the studio. The sound of the cymbal being caught as soon as it was hit was influenced by rock music such as Queen. Producer Johansson said: "there was no editing other than that we compiled the best take. We didn't do any tricks of doing that on a different take and then doing the rest of the track." Johansson used multiple echo effects to achieve a "marching, machinery, industrial feel... It's very organic, but we wanted it to sound like you're in a big workshop or something."


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: The music video for the song was directed by Jonas Odell. It includes the band amid a Dadaist animation involving quirky vintage figures and machinery reminiscent of Terry Gilliam's cartoon segments for Monty Python. The video is a blend of the live-action band superimposed into a 3D environment with animated 2D elements. Franz Ferdinand frontman Alex Kapranos described the video's influences as Dada, the films of Busby Berkeley, and Soviet propaganda, and praised Odell's direction. Kapranos commented:


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: Basically it's a pop video and it should entertain you, but not just once – there're certain things you stare at in life that are just fascinating to look at like a fish tank or an open fire, they're actually quite simple things but there's something fascinating about them. And I think pop videos should be like that too. There should be something there that just makes you want to come back and look at it.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: The song received high critical acclaim upon its release in January 2004. "Drowned in Sound" called it "a work of sheer clanging wonder".


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: In March 2005, " Q" magazine placed "Take Me Out" at number 41 in its list of the 100 Greatest Guitar Tracks. In September 2005, the same magazine named it the 34th greatest track ever performed by a British band. "Q" made another list for its television channel, also named Q, of 100 greatest Indie Anthems, where "Take Me Out" featured on number 6.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: In May 2007, "NME" magazine placed "Take Me Out" at number 16 in its list of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever, whereas MTV2 placed it at number 7 in its version of the 50 Greatest Indie Anthems Ever, which was loosely based on "NME"s list. In October 2011, "NME" placed it at number 27 on its list of 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked "Take Me Out" number 327 in the 2010 version of its list of "The 500 Greatest Songs of All Time".


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: In 2006, an acoustic version of "Take Me Out" was recorded in Benton Harbor, Michigan, United States. This version of the song appeared as a B-side to the exclusive fan club release of "Swallow, Smile". The song was covered by the Scissor Sisters in 2004 on the B-side to their single "Mary" and "Filthy/Gorgeous". In Australia, the song received substantial airplay and was ranked number 44 on Triple J's Hottest 100 of 2004 while the original version was ranked number one.


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: "Weird Al" Yankovic used a portion of the song for the polka medley "Polkarama!", from his 2006 album "Straight Outta Lynwood". In 2008, Ryan Lewis produced a mash-up, combining "Take Me Out" with 2Pac's "Crooked Nigga Too".


title: Take Me Out (song)

text: "Take Me Out" was featured in the trailer for the 2008 film "Hancock" and in the soundtracks of the video games "Madden NFL 2005", "NHL 2005", and "Shaun White Skateboarding", being playable in "Guitar Hero", "", the U.S. version of "SingStar Pop", "Just Dance 2", "Dance Dance Revolution Universe 2" and "Rocksmith". In 2017, the song was used in an advertisement for Ralph Lauren's Polo Red fragrance.


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: The Sense of an Ending is a 2011 novel written by British author Julian Barnes. The book is Barnes's eleventh novel written under his own name (he has also written crime fiction under the pseudonym Dan Kavanagh) and was released on 4 August 2011 in the United Kingdom. "The Sense of an Ending" is narrated by a retired man named Tony Webster, who recalls how he and his clique met Adrian Finn at school and vowed to remain friends for life. When the past catches up with Tony, he reflects on the paths he and his friends have taken. In October 2011, "The Sense of an Ending" was awarded the Booker Prize. The following month it was nominated in the novels category at the Costa Book Awards.


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: "The Sense of an Ending" is Barnes's eleventh novel and was released in hardback on 4 August 2011. "The Sense of an Ending" is published by Random House (as a Jonathan Cape publication) in the United Kingdom. The book was released in October 2011 in the United States, after its previously scheduled publication date for the United States was brought forward by three months by Random House's Knopf publishing group to capitalise on the shortlisting of the book as a candidate for the Booker prize. Suzanne Dean designed the cover for "The Sense of an Ending". The cover shows floating dandelion seeds, with its edge and the edges of all the pages blackened.


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: The title is shared by a of the same name by Frank Kermode first published in 1967, subtitled "", the stated aim of which is "making sense of the ways we try to make sense of our lives". Kermode's book is a well-received piece of literary criticism. Critic Colin Burrow called it one of "the three most inspiring works of literary criticism written in the twentieth century", comparing Kermode's work with Erich Auerbach's "" and E.R. Curtius's "European Literature and the Latin Middle Ages."


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: Barnes has stated his choice of title was coincidental with that of Kermode, of whose book he had not previously heard, and which he has never read. He came up with the title before one of his friends pointed out that it had been used already, but decided "there's no copyright in titles". Notwithstanding which, several reviewers described the novel as being "in conversation" with Kermode. For example, the critic Boyd Tonkin adds the additional interpretation that Barnes's "show-off" characters could be typical readers of Kermode's work.


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: The novel is divided into two parts, entitled "One" and "Two", both of which are narrated by Tony Webster when he is retired and living alone. The first part begins in the 1960s with four intellectually arrogant school friends, of whom two feature in the remainder of the story: Tony, the narrator, and Adrian, the most precociously intelligent of the four. Towards the end of their school days another boy at the school hangs himself, apparently after getting a girl pregnant. The four friends discuss the philosophical difficulty of knowing exactly what happened. Adrian goes to Cambridge University and Tony to Bristol University. Tony acquires a girlfriend, Veronica, at whose family home he spends an awkward weekend. On waking one morning he finds that he and Veronica's mother, Sarah, are alone in the house, and she apologises for her family's behaviour towards him. Tony's and Veronica's relationship fails, with some acrimony, as he breaks up with her and has sex with her after breaking up. In his final year at university Tony receives a letter from Adrian informing him that he is going out with Veronica. Tony replies to the letter, telling Adrian that in his opinion Veronica was damaged in some way and that he should talk to her mother about it. Some months later he is told that Adrian has committed suicide, leaving a note addressed to the coroner saying that the free person has a philosophical duty to examine the nature of their life and may then choose to renounce it. Tony admires the reasoning. He briefly recounts the following uneventful forty years of his life until his sixties.


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: At this point Tony's narration of the second part of the novel – which is twice as long as the first – begins, with the arrival of a lawyer's letter informing him that Veronica's mother has bequeathed him £500 (which Veronica mysteriously calls "blood money") and two documents. These lead him to re-establish contact with Veronica and, after a number of meetings with her, to re-evaluate the story he has narrated in the first part. On consulting the lawyers, Tony learns that Veronica has Adrian's diary, which was bequeathed to him. This leads him to send Veronica repeated emails requesting the diary. Veronica eventually sends Tony a single page of the diary, containing Adrian's musings on life as a series of cumulative wagers. Following this, Veronica meets Tony on the Millennium Bridge in London and gives him the letter he sent to Adrian in his youth. On rereading it, Tony realises how malicious and unpleasant it was and how he has erased this from his memory. Nevertheless, he persists in attempting to retrieve the diary from Veronica, which leads to her asking him to meet at a location in North London, where she drives him to see a group of mentally handicapped men being taken for a walk by their careworker, one of whom she points out to him. Tony does not understand the significance of this and Veronica leaves him with no explanation. Over the course of several weeks, Tony revisits the location until he is able to relocate the man Veronica showed him in a pub. Tony greets the man saying he is a friend of Veronica's, which leads to an upset response from the man. Tony recalls the memory of Adrian from the man's facial features. He emails Veronica an apology, saying he didn't realise that she and Adrian had a son together. Veronica only responds with the reply "You don't get it, but then you never did." On revisiting the pub where he saw the man, Tony gets into conversation with the careworker, who reveals that the man is actually the son of Veronica's mother, Sarah, making him Veronica's half-brother. We are left to connect the dots, presuming that Adrian is the father and that the birth of this handicapped son may be the reason for his suicide.


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: "The Sense of an Ending" has received mostly positive reviews from critics. Michael Prodger of "The Financial Times" said the novel's inclusion on the Man Booker Prize longlist was "absolutely merited" and he praised the intricate mechanism of the novel and said Barnes's writing is "founded on precision as well as on the nuances of language."


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: Prodger added "Its brevity, however, in no way compromises its intensity – every word has its part to play; with great but invisible skill Barnes squeezes into it not just a sense of the infinite complexity of the human heart but the damage the wrong permutations can cause when combined. It is perhaps his greatest achievement that, in his hands, the unknowable does not mean the implausible." "The Guardian's" Justine Jordan said "With its patterns and repetitions, scrutinising its own workings from every possible angle, the novella becomes a highly wrought meditation on ageing, memory and regret." Boyd Tonkin from "The Independent" said "The Sense of an Ending" is "A slow burn, measured but suspenseful, this compact novel makes every slyly crafted sentence count." Anita Brookner, writing for "The Daily Telegraph", said the novel is not a thriller, but a tragedy, which resembles Henry James's "The Turn of the Screw". She opined that Barnes's reputation would be enhanced by the novel and added, "Do not be misled by its brevity. Its mystery is as deeply embedded as the most archaic of memories."


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: "Entertainment Weekly's" Stephen Lee gave "The Sense of an Ending" a B+ and said "Barnes's latest—a meditation on memory and aging—occasionally feels more like a series of wise, underline-worthy insights than a novel. But the many truths he highlights make it worthy of a careful read." Robert McCrum writing for "The Observer" thought the novel would win the Man Booker Prize because it is "a work of art, in a minor key." During a feature on the 2011 Man Booker Prize nominees, the Channel 4 newsroom team gave "The Sense of an Ending" a nine out of ten for readability and said "It's beautifully written, very readable, and raises questions which linger in the mind long after the covers are closed." Geordie Williamson from "The Australian" said the novel is a pleasure to read and explained there is "a fierce and unforgiving lucidity about "The Sense of an Ending", a mature reckoning with ageing that makes its competitors seem petulant and shrill." Geoff Dyer in "The New York Times" said the novel is average at best. "It is averagely compelling ... involves an average amount of concentration and, if such a thing makes sense, is averagely well written: excellent in its averageness!" David Sexton in "The Spectator" drew a comparison between the narrator of the novel and the "unreliable narrator" of Ford Madox Ford's "The Good Soldier", for which – he noted – Barnes wrote an introduction to the Folio Society edition. Although Sexton praised Barnes's skill, "Yet this novella does not move or satisfy ... It is a story repelled by the responsibility of having children, and its final disclosure is offputting ... where's the heart?"


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: In September 2011, "The Sense of an Ending" was shortlisted for the Booker Prize. Barnes had been shortlisted for the prize on three previous occasions for "Flaubert's Parrot" (1984), "England, England" (1998) and "Arthur & George" (2005). On choosing "The Sense of an Ending" for the shortlist, judge Gaby Wood said: "It seems to be the most obvious book on this list. It's a quiet book, but the shock that comes doesn't break stride with the tone of the rest of the book. In purely technical terms it is one of the most masterful things I've ever read." On 18 October 2011, "The Sense of an Ending" was awarded the Booker Prize. Head judge Stella Rimington described the novel as "exquisitely written, subtly plotted and reveals new depths with each reading." She added: "We thought it was a book that spoke to the humankind in the 21st Century."


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: On 15 November 2011, it was announced "The Sense of an Ending" had been nominated in the Best Novel category at the 2011 Costa Book Awards, though the book lost out to Andrew Miller's novel, "Pure".


title: The Sense of an Ending

text: A film adaptation of the same name made its world premiere as the opening film at the Palm Springs International Film Festival in Palm Springs, California on 5 January 2017. The limited US release began on 10 March 2017. It was directed by Ritesh Batra from a screenplay adaptation by Nick Payne with a cast including Michelle Dockery, Emily Mortimer, Jim Broadbent, Charlotte Rampling, and Harriet Walter.


title: Bessel's correction

text: In statistics, Bessel's correction is the use of "n" − 1 instead of "n" in the formula for the sample variance and sample standard deviation, where "n" is the number of observations in a sample. This method corrects the bias in the estimation of the population variance. It also partially corrects the bias in the estimation of the population standard deviation. However, the correction often increases the mean squared error in these estimations. This technique is named after Friedrich Bessel.


title: Bessel's correction

text: In estimating the population variance from a sample when the population mean is unknown, the uncorrected sample variance is the "mean" of the squares of deviations of sample values from the sample mean (i.e. using a multiplicative factor 1/"n"). In this case, the sample variance is a biased estimator of the population variance.


title: Bessel's correction

text: gives an "unbiased" estimator of the population variance. In some literature, the above factor is called Bessel's correction.


title: Bessel's correction

text: One can understand Bessel's correction as the degrees of freedom in the residuals vector (residuals, not errors, because the population mean is unknown):


title: Bessel's correction

text: where formula_3 is the sample mean. While there are "n" independent observations in the sample, there are only "n" − 1 independent residuals, as they sum to 0. For a more intuitive explanation of the need for Bessel's correction, see .


title: Bessel's correction

text: Generally Bessel's correction is an approach to reduce the bias due to finite sample size. Such finite-sample bias correction is also needed for other estimates like skew and kurtosis, but in these the inaccuracies are often significantly larger. To fully remove such bias it is necessary to do a more complex multi-parameter estimation. For instance a correct correction for the standard deviation depends on the kurtosis (normalized central 4th moment), but this again has a finite sample bias and it depends on the standard deviation, i.e. both estimations have to be merged.


title: Bessel's correction

text: Firstly, while the sample variance (using Bessel's correction) is an unbiased estimator of the population variance, its square root, the sample standard deviation, is a "biased" estimate of the population standard deviation; because the square root is a concave function, the bias is downward, by Jensen's inequality. There is no general formula for an unbiased estimator of the population standard deviation, though there are correction factors for particular distributions, such as the normal; see unbiased estimation of standard deviation for details. An approximation for the exact correction factor for the normal distribution is given by using "n" − 1.5 in the formula: the bias decays quadratically (rather than linearly, as in the uncorrected form and Bessel's corrected form).


title: Bessel's correction

text: Secondly, the unbiased estimator does not minimize mean squared error (MSE), and generally has worse MSE than the uncorrected estimator (this varies with excess kurtosis). MSE can be minimized by using a different factor. The optimal value depends on excess kurtosis, as discussed in mean squared error: variance; for the normal distribution this is optimized by dividing by "n" + 1 (instead of "n" − 1 or "n").


title: Bessel's correction

text: Thirdly, Bessel's correction is only necessary when the population mean is unknown, and one is estimating "both" population mean "and" population variance from a given sample, using the sample mean to estimate the population mean. In that case there are "n" degrees of freedom in a sample of "n" points, and simultaneous estimation of mean and variance means one degree of freedom goes to the sample mean and the remaining "n" − 1 degrees of freedom (the "residuals") go to the sample variance. However, if the population mean is known, then the deviations of the observations from the population mean have "n" degrees of freedom (because the mean is not being estimated – the deviations are not residuals but "errors") and Bessel's correction is not applicable.


title: Bessel's correction

text: Most simply, to understand the bias that needs correcting, think of an extreme case. Suppose the population is (0,0,0,1,2,9), which has a population mean of 2 and a population variance of 10 1/3. A sample of "n" = 1 is drawn, and it turns out to be formula_4 The best estimate of the population mean is formula_5 But what if we use the formula formula_6 to estimate the variance? The estimate of the variance would be zero – and the estimate would be zero for any population and any sample of "n" = 1. The problem is that in estimating the sample mean, the process has already made our estimate of the mean close to the value we sampled--identical, for "n" = 1. In the case of "n" = 1, the variance just cannot be estimated, because there is no variability in the sample.


title: Bessel's correction

text: But consider "n" = 2. Suppose the sample were (0, 2). Then formula_7 and formula_8, but with Bessel's correction, formula_9, which is an unbiased estimate (if all possible samples of "n" = 2 are taken and this method is used, the average estimate will be 12.4, same as the sample variance with Bessel's correction.)


title: Bessel's correction

text: To see this in more detail, consider the following example. Suppose the mean of the whole population is 2050, but the statistician does not know that, and must estimate it based on this small sample chosen randomly from the population:


title: Bessel's correction

text: This may serve as an observable estimate of the unobservable population average, which is 2050. Now we face the problem of estimating the population variance. That is the average of the squares of the deviations from 2050. If we knew that the population average is 2050, we could proceed as follows:


title: Bessel's correction

text: But our estimate of the population average is the sample average, 2052. The actual average, 2050, is unknown. So the sample average, 2052, must be used:


title: Bessel's correction

text: The variance is now a lot smaller. As proven below, the variance will almost always be smaller when calculated using the sum of squared distances to the sample mean, compared to using the sum of squared distances to the population mean. The one exception to this is when the sample mean happens to be equal to the population mean, in which case the variance is also equal.


title: Bessel's correction

text: With formula_15 representing the deviation of an individual sample from the sample mean, and formula_16 representing the deviation of the sample mean from the population mean. Note that we've simply decomposed the actual deviation of an individual sample from the (unknown) population mean into two components: the deviation of the single sample from the sample mean, which we can compute, and the additional deviation of the sample mean from the population mean, which we can not. Now, we apply this identity to the squares of deviations from the population mean:


title: Bessel's correction

text: The sum of the entries in the middle column must be zero because the term "a" will be added across all 5 rows, which itself must equal zero. That is because "a" contains the 5 individual samples (left side within parentheses) which – when added – naturally have the same sum as adding 5 times the sample mean of those 5 numbers (2052). This means that a subtraction of these two sums must equal zero. The factor 2 and the term b in the middle column are equal for all rows, meaning that the relative difference across all rows in the middle column stays the same and can therefore be disregarded. The following statements explain the meaning of the remaining columns:


title: Bessel's correction

text: That is why the sum of squares of the deviations from the "sample" mean is too small to give an unbiased estimate of the population variance when the average of those squares is found. The smaller the sample size, the larger is the difference between the sample variance and the population variance.


title: Bessel's correction

text: This correction is so common that the term "sample variance" and "sample standard deviation" are frequently used to mean the corrected estimators (unbiased sample variation, less biased sample standard deviation), using "n" − 1. However caution is needed: some calculators and software packages may provide for both or only the more unusual formulation. This article uses the following symbols and definitions:


title: Bessel's correction

text: The standard deviations will then be the square roots of the respective variances. Since the square root introduces bias, the terminology "uncorrected" and "corrected" is preferred for the standard deviation estimators:


title: Bessel's correction

text: As a background fact, we use the identity formula_23 which follows from the definition of the standard deviation and linearity of expectation.


title: Bessel's correction

text: A very helpful observation is that for any distribution, the variance equals half the expected value of formula_24 when formula_25 are an independent sample from that distribution. To prove this observation we will use that formula_26 (which follows from the fact that they are independent) as well as linearity of expectation:


title: Bessel's correction

text: Now that the observation is proven, it suffices to show that the expected squared difference of two observations from the sample population formula_28 equals formula_29 times the expected squared difference of two observations from the original distribution. To see this, note that when we pick formula_30 and formula_31 via "u", "v" being integers selected independently and uniformly from 1 to "n", a fraction formula_32 of the time we will have "u" = "v" and therefore the sampled squared difference is zero independent of the original distribution. The remaining formula_33 of the time, the value of formula_34 is the expected squared difference between two independent observations from the original distribution. Therefore, dividing the sample expected squared difference by formula_35, or equivalently multiplying by formula_36 gives an unbiased estimate of the original expected squared difference.


title: Bessel's correction

text: Note that, since "x", "x", …, "x" are a random sample from a distribution with mean "μ" and variance "σ", it follows that for each "i" = 1, 2, …, "n":


title: Bessel's correction

text: This is a property of the variance of uncorrelated variables, arising from the Bienaymé formula. The required result is then obtained by substituting these two formulae:


title: Bessel's correction

text: In the biased estimator, by using the sample mean instead of the true mean, you are underestimating each "x" − "µ" by "x" − "µ". We know that the variance of a sum is the sum of the variances (for uncorrelated variables). So, to find the discrepancy between the biased estimator and the true variance, we just need to find the expected value of ("x" − "µ").


title: Bessel's correction

text: This is just the variance of the sample mean, which is "σ"/"n". So, we expect that the biased estimator underestimates "σ" by "σ"/"n", and so the biased estimator = (1 − 1/"n") × the unbiased estimator = ("n" − 1)/n × the unbiased estimator.


title: 25 mm caliber

text: 25 mm caliber is a specific size of popular autocannon ammunition. It has also been recently used for the Barrett XM109 anti-materiel rifle. Such ammunition includes the NATO-standard 25×137mm and 25×184mm, the Soviet 25x218mmSR, and the Chinese 25×183mmB.


title: 25 mm caliber

text: The 25 mm round can be used in both an anti-materiel and anti-personnel fashion. When operating in the anti-personnel role, a 25 mm weapon armed with HE rounds can effectively kill large numbers of opposing troops either in the open or in light fortifications. When operating in the anti-materiel role, a 25 mm weapon armed with armor-piercing rounds can disable many aircraft and vehicles, including some main battle tanks.


title: 25 mm caliber

text: The US military uses 25 mm weapons in their AV-8B Harrier, AC-130 gunship, M2 Bradley, LAV-25, F-35 Lightning II and as a standard ship-based munition in the Mk 38 autocannon.


title: 25 mm caliber

text: Several sub-types of the NATO 25 mm ammunition are available—the most common being armor-piercing, high-explosive, sabot, tracer, and practice rounds. Cartridges are usually composed of a combination of the aforementioned categories. For example, the M791 is an armor-piercing discarding sabot with tracer (APDS-T) round. It is used against lightly armored vehicles, self-propelled artillery, and aerial targets such as helicopters and slow-moving fixed-wing aircraft.


title: YubiKey

text: The YubiKey is a hardware authentication device manufactured by Yubico to protect access to computers, networks, and online services that supports one-time passwords (OTP), public-key cryptography, and authentication, and the Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) and FIDO2 protocols developed by the FIDO Alliance. It allows users to securely log into their accounts by emitting one-time passwords or using a FIDO-based public/private key pair generated by the device. YubiKey also allows for storing static passwords for use at sites that do not support one-time passwords. Google, Amazon, Microsoft, Twitter, and Facebook use YubiKey devices to secure employee accounts as well as end user accounts. Some password managers support YubiKey. Yubico also manufactures the Security Key, a similar lower cost device with only FIDO2/WebAuthn and FIDO/U2F support.


title: YubiKey

text: The YubiKey implements the HMAC-based One-time Password Algorithm (HOTP) and the Time-based One-time Password Algorithm (TOTP), and identifies itself as a keyboard that delivers the one-time password over the USB HID protocol. A YubiKey can also present itself as an OpenPGP card using 1024, 2048, 3072 and 4096-bit RSA (for key sizes over 2048 bits, GnuPG version 2.0 or higher is required) and elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) p256, p384 and more depending on version, allowing users to sign, encrypt and decrypt messages without exposing the private keys to the outside world. Also supported is the PKCS#11 standard to emulate a PIV smart card. This feature allows for code signing of Docker images as well as certificate-based authentication for Microsoft Active Directory and SSH.


title: YubiKey

text: Founded in 2007 by CEO Stina Ehrensvärd, Yubico is a private company with offices in Palo Alto, Seattle, and Stockholm. Yubico CTO, Jakob Ehrensvärd, is the lead author of the original strong authentication specification that became known as Universal 2nd Factor (U2F).


title: YubiKey

text: Yubico was founded in 2007 and began offering a Pilot Box for developers in November of that year. The original YubiKey product was shown at the annual RSA Conference in April 2008, and a more robust YubiKey II model was launched in 2009. Yubico's explanation of the name "YubiKey" is that it derives from the phrase "your ubiquitous key", and that "yubi" is the Japanese word for finger.


title: YubiKey

text: YubiKey II and later models have two "slots" available, for storing two distinct configurations with separate AES secrets and other settings. When authenticating the first slot is used by only briefly pressing the button on the device, while the second slot gets used when holding the button for 2 to 5 seconds.


title: YubiKey

text: In 2010, Yubico began offering the YubiKey OATH and YubiKey RFID models. The YubiKey OATH added the ability to generate 6- and 8-character one-time passwords using protocols from the Initiative for Open Authentication (OATH), in addition to the 32-character passwords used by Yubico's own OTP authentication scheme. The YubiKey RFID model included the OATH capability plus also included a MIFARE Classic 1k radio-frequency identification chip, though that was a separate device within the package that could not be configured with the normal Yubico software over a USB connection.


title: YubiKey

text: Yubico announced the YubiKey Nano in February 2012, a miniaturized version of the standard YubiKey which was designed so it would fit almost entirely inside a USB port and only expose a small touch pad for the button. Most later models of the YubiKey have also been available in both standard and "nano" sizes.


title: YubiKey

text: 2012 also saw the introduction of the YubiKey Neo, which improved upon the previous YubiKey RFID product by implementing near-field communication (NFC) technology and integrating it with the USB side of the device. The YubiKey Neo (and Neo-n, a "nano" version of the device) are able to transmit one-time passwords to NFC readers as part of a configurable URL contained in a NFC Data Exchange Format (NDEF) message. The Neo is also able to communicate using the CCID smart-card protocol in addition to USB HID (human interface device) keyboard emulation. The CCID mode is used for PIV smart card and OpenPGP support, while USB HID is used for the one-time password authentication schemes.


title: YubiKey

text: In 2014, the YubiKey Neo was updated with FIDO Universal 2nd Factor (U2F) support. Later that year, Yubico released the FIDO U2F Security Key, which specifically included U2F support but none of the other one-time password, static password, smart card, or NFC features of previous YubiKeys. At launch, it was correspondingly sold at a lower price point of just $18, compared to $25 for the YubiKey Standard ($40 for the Nano version), and $50 for the YubiKey Neo ($60 for Neo-n). Some of the pre-release devices issued by Google during FIDO/U2F development reported themselves as "Yubico WinUSB Gnubby (gnubby1)".


title: YubiKey

text: In April 2015, the company launched the YubiKey Edge in both standard and nano form factors. This slotted in between the Neo and FIDO U2F products feature-wise, as it was designed to handle OTP and U2F authentication, but did not include smart card or NFC support.


title: YubiKey

text: The YubiKey 4 family of devices was first launched in November 2015, with USB-A models in both standard and nano sizes. The YubiKey 4 includes most features of the YubiKey Neo, including increasing the allowed OpenPGP key size to 4096 bits (vs. the previous 2048), but dropped the NFC capability of the Neo.


title: YubiKey

text: At CES 2017, Yubico announced an expansion of the YubiKey 4 series to support a new USB-C design. The YubiKey 4C was released on February 13, 2017. On Android OS over the USB-C connection, only the one-time password feature is supported by the Android OS and YubiKey, with other features not currently supported including Universal 2nd Factor (U2F). A 4C Nano version became available in September 2017.


title: YubiKey

text: In April 2018, the company brought out the Security Key by Yubico, their first device to implement the new FIDO2 authentication protocols, WebAuthn (which reached W3C Candidate Recommendation status in March) and Client to Authenticator Protocol (CTAP). At launch, the device is only available in the "standard" form factor with a USB-A connector. Like the previous FIDO U2F Security Key, it is blue in color and uses a key icon on its button. It is distinguished by a number "2" etched into the plastic between the button and the keyring hole. It is also less expensive than the YubiKey Neo and YubiKey 4 models, costing $20 per unit at launch because it lacks the OTP and smart card features of those previous devices, though it retains FIDO U2F capability.


title: YubiKey

text: ! YubiKey VIP !! YubiKey Plus !! YubiKey Nano !! YubiKey NEO-n !! YubiKey 4 Nano !! YubiKey Edge-n !! YubiKey Standard !! YubiHSM 1 !! FIDO U2F Security Key !! Security Key by Yubico !! YubiKey NEO !! YubiKey 4C Nano !! YubiKey 4C !! YubiKey 4 Nano !! YubiKey 4 !! YubiKey C Nano FIPS !! YubiKey C FIPS !! YubiKey Nano FIPS !! YubiKey FIPS !! YubiHSM 2 !! Security Key NFC by Yubico !! YubiKey 5C Nano !! YubiKey 5C !! YubiKey 5 Nano !! YubiKey 5 NFC !! YubiKey 5Ci !! YubiKey 5C NFC


title: YubiKey

text: When being used for one-time passwords and stored static passwords, the YubiKey emits characters using a modified hexadecimal alphabet which is intended to be as independent of system keyboard settings as possible. This alphabet, referred to as ModHex or Modified Hexadecimal, consists of the characters "cbdefghijklnrtuv", corresponding to the hexadecimal digits "0123456789abcdef". Due to YubiKeys using raw keyboard scan codes in USB HID mode, there can be problems when using the devices on computers that are set up with different keyboard layouts, such as Dvorak. It is recommended to either use operating system features to temporarily switch to a standard US keyboard layout (or similar) when using one-time passwords, although YubiKey Neo and later devices can be configured with alternate scan codes to match layouts that aren't compatible with the ModHex character set.


title: YubiKey

text: U2F authentication in YubiKeys and Security Keys bypasses this problem by using the alternate U2FHID protocol, which sends and receives raw binary messages instead of keyboard scan codes. CCID mode acts as a smart card reader, which does not use HID protocols at all.


title: YubiKey

text: In an example of security through obscurity, most of the code that runs on a YubiKey is closed source. While Yubico has released some code for industry standard functionality like PGP and HOTP it was disclosed that as of the 4th generation of the product this is not the same code that the new units ship with. Because new units are permanently firmware locked at the factory it is not possible to compile the open source code and load it on the device manually, a user must trust that the code on a new key is authentic and secure.


title: YubiKey

text: On May 16, 2016, Yubico CTO Jakob Ehrensvärd responded to the open-source community's concerns with a blog post saying that "we, as a product company, have taken a clear stand against implementations based on off-the-shelf components and further believe that something like a commercial-grade AVR or ARM controller is unfit to be used in a security product."


title: YubiKey

text: "Techdirt" founder Mike Masnick strongly criticized this decision, saying "Encryption is tricky. There are almost always vulnerabilities and bugs -- a point we've been making a lot lately. But the best way to fix those tends to be getting as many knowledgeable eyes on the code as possible. And that's not possible when it's closed source."


title: YubiKey

text: In October 2017, security researchers found a vulnerability (known as ROCA) in the implementation of RSA keypair generation in a cryptographic library used by a large number of Infineon security chips, as used in a wide range of security keys and security token products (including YubiKey). The vulnerability allows an attacker to reconstruct the private key by using the public key. All YubiKey 4, YubiKey 4C, and YubiKey 4 Nano devices within the revisions 4.2.6 to 4.3.4 were affected by this vulnerability. Yubico remedied this issue in all shipping YubiKey 4 devices by switching to a different key generation function and offered free replacements for any affected keys. The replacement offer ended on March 31, 2019. In some cases the issue can be bypassed by generating new keys outside of the YubiKey and importing them onto the device.


title: YubiKey

text: In January 2018, Yubico disclosed a moderate vulnerability where password protection for the OTP functionality on the YubiKey NEO could be bypassed under certain conditions. The issue was corrected as of firmware version 3.5.0 and Yubico offered free replacement keys to any user claiming to be affected.


title: YubiKey

text: In June 2019, Yubico released a security advisory reporting reduced randomness in FIPS-certified devices with firmware version 4.4.2 and 4.4.4, shortly after power-up (there is no version 4.4.3). Security keys with reduced randomness may leave keys more easily discovered and compromised than expected. The issue affected the FIPS series only, and then only certain scenarios, although FIPS ECDSA usage was "at higher risk". The company offered free replacements for any affected keys.


title: YubiKey

text: Yubico provided 500 YubiKeys to protesters during the 2019–2020 Hong Kong protests. The company states the decision is based on their mission to protect vulnerable Internet users, and works with free speech supporters.


title: Inagawa-kai

text: The is the third largest of Japan's yakuza groups, with approximately 3,100 members. It is based in the Kantō region, and was one of the first yakuza organizations to begin operating overseas.


title: Inagawa-kai

text: The Inagawa-kai was founded in Atami, Shizuoka in 1949 as the by Kakuji Inagawa. Most of its members were drawn from the bakuto (traditional gamblers), and illegal gambling has long been the clan's main source of income. It has also expanded into such fields as drug trafficking, blackmail, extortion, and prostitution.


title: Inagawa-kai

text: The Inagawa-gumi was renamed the Inagawa-kai in 1972. After Kakuji Inagawa, the gang was led by Susumu Ishii, who led it to unprecedented financial prosperity during the 1980s Japanese bubble economy. At one point the clan's assets were estimated to be over $1.5 billion. After Ishii's death in 1990, Inagawa's son Toi Inagawa took over as "kumicho" and led the clan until his death in May 2005. Yoshio Tsunoda took up the mantle in 2006, heading the clan until his death in February 2010. Kazuo Uchibori may be next in line to lead the clan, but his status as a kyodaibun (blood brother) to Takeuchi Teruaki, a senior member of the Yamaguchi-gumi, may complicate things.


title: Inagawa-kai

text: February 2009 saw the Inagawa-kai 'Honbu' (Head Office) relocate from the Roppongi district of Tokyo to Akasaka. There is currently strong resistance from the local political groups and residents of Akasaka meaning that the location of the new Honbu may change yet again.


title: Inagawa-kai

text: The Inagawa-kai quietly helped to provide relief in the wake of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami by sending supplies to affected areas. As a whole, the group shipped over 100 tons of supplies, including instant ramen, bean sprouts, paper diapers, batteries, flashlights, tea and drinking water, to the Tōhoku region.


title: Inagawa-kai

text: Inagawa-kai's renowned figures in the 20th century include Tatsuo Deguchi (known as the "Moroccan Tatsu" or "Tatsu of Morocco"), Kingo Yoshimizu, Kijin Inoue, Takamasa Ishii, Haruki Sho, and Kiichiro Hayashi. , known as "Gotenba boss", was originally a Chinese national who moved to Japan as a forced laborer with his family. He was best known as the Grand Advisor for the third-generation Inagawa-kai and was one of the most respected godfathers in Inagawa history.


title: Dan Abnett

text: Dan Abnett (born 12 October 1965) is an English comic book writer and novelist. He has been a frequent collaborator with fellow writer Andy Lanning, and is known for his work on books for both Marvel Comics, and their UK imprint, Marvel UK, since the 1990s, and also "2000 AD". He has also contributed to DC Comics titles, and his "Warhammer Fantasy" and "Warhammer 40,000" novels and graphic novels for Games Workshop's Black Library now run to several dozen titles and have sold over two million copies. In 2009 he released his first original fiction novels through Angry Robot books.


title: Dan Abnett

text: Abnett read English and matriculated at St Edmund Hall, Oxford in 1984, and graduated from there in 1987.


title: Dan Abnett

text: As one of the more prolific "2000 AD" writers, Abnett was responsible for the creation of one of the comic's better known and longest-running strips, "Sinister Dexter". Other original stories include "Black Light", "Badlands", "Atavar", "Downlode Tales", "Sancho Panzer", "Roadkill", "Wardog" based on the game of the same name, "Kingdom" and "Brink". Abnett has also contributed to some of the comic's major ongoing series, including "Judge Dredd", "Durham Red" and "Rogue Trooper".


title: Dan Abnett

text: His work for Marvel includes runs on "Guardians of the Galaxy", "Death's Head 2", "Battletide", "Knights of Pendragon" (all of which he co-created), "The Punisher", "War Machine", "Annihilation: Nova" and various "X-Men" titles, as well as several stories for the "Doctor Who Magazine" comic strip.


title: Dan Abnett

text: At DC he is probably best known for his 2000 relaunch of "Legion of Super-Heroes" as the limited series "Legion Lost" and then the ongoing series "The Legion". His work for DC is usually co-written with Andy Lanning and they are often referred to as DnA. The two co-created the Resurrection Man character with artist Jackson Guice in 1997.


title: Dan Abnett

text: For Dark Horse Comics he co-wrote "Planet of the Apes: Blood Lines" with Ian Edginton, as well a penning "Lords of Misrule" and "HyperSonic".


title: Dan Abnett

text: Abnett's "First & Only" was one of the first novels published by Games Workshop's Black Library. His other novels set in Games Workshop's Military science fiction-themed "Warhammer 40,000" universe include the Gaunt's Ghosts series, the Eisenhorn and Ravenor trilogies, and more recently, as part of the Horus Heresy series, the SF best-sellers "Horus Rising", "Legion", "Prospero Burns" and "Know No Fear". He has also authored four comic strip series, collected as graphic novels, for Games Workshop's Black Library imprint in the volumes "Damnation Crusade", "Lone Wolves", "Inquisitor Ascendant" and "Titan".


title: Dan Abnett

text: Having written the "Doctor Who" audio dramas "The Harvest" and "Nocturne" for Big Finish's series. He also authored "Everyone Says Hello", an audio drama based on "Torchwood. He authored a 'Border Princes", a "Torchwood" novel, and the framing device of the "Doctor Who" anthology "The Story of Martha".


title: Dan Abnett

text: In 1994, he wrote a promotional comic to promote the opening of the Nemesis roller coaster at Alton Towers.


title: Dan Abnett

text: At "2000 AD" he finished the final book of "The V.C.s" and started "Black Atlantic" in the "Judge Dredd Megazine", which was drawn by Steve Roberts (seen working on "Bec & Kawl") in black and white.


title: Dan Abnett

text: In 2008 Abnett and Lanning took over "The Authority" as part of the World's End relaunch of the core Wildstorm titles.


title: Dan Abnett

text: In addition, Abnett has done a lot of work on Marvel's "cosmic" characters. They expanded on their work in "Annihilation: Nova" and "Nova", and piloted the next big event "". They said "we were approached by Andy Schmidt, who edited the first 'Annihilation' event, and asked to pilot the next event, which Bill Rosemann is editing." They ended up writing the Prologue, the "Nova" series crossover and the main "Annihilation: Conquest" limited series. The characters then became the core of a new Guardians of the Galaxy.


title: Dan Abnett

text: In June 2008, Abnett and Lanning signed an exclusive deal with Marvel, which they hoped would give them time to work on the "cosmic" characters they have been dealing with, as well as more earth-based ones. The contract allowed them to finish existing commitments, so they will be able to finish their fifteen issue run on "The Authority". In addition Marvel has allowed the contract to include "a couple of exceptions that are not direct competition, for example, Dan's 2000AD work in the UK and his Games Workshop novels." The first major work to emerge after this deal will be "War of Kings", a crossover storyline, emerging from Secret Invasion, that pitches Black Bolt (and the Inhumans) against Gabriel Summers (and the Shi’ar Empire) but also draws in other teams and characters, including Nova, the Guardians of the Galaxy and the Starjammers. This then led straight into "Realm of Kings" which deals with how the different groups deal with the fallout from the events in "War of Kings" and this, in turn, was followed by "The Thanos Imperative". DnA have also written an "Iron Man/Thor" limited series.


title: Dan Abnett

text: He also started "Insurrection", a series in "Judge Dredd Megazine" that aimed "to bring to the Dredd Universe something of the epic war-in-space scale of the stuff I write for Warhammer 40K."


title: Dan Abnett

text: Abnett concluded "Insurrection" and began a new series in the same milieu, "Lawless", also in the "Judge Dredd Megazine". Meanwhile, in "2000 AD" he has continued "Kingdom", contributed "Grey Area" and began another new series, "Brink". He also began writing both the "Aquaman" and "Titans" titles for the DC Rebirth branding, including the crossover storyline "The Lazarus Contract", which he coauthored with Christopher Priest and Benjamin Percy.


title: Dan Abnett

text: On 19 March 2009, HarperCollins' science fiction, fantasy and horror imprint, Angry Robot, announced the acquisition of three original novels by Abnett. They were "Triumff: Her Majesty's Hero", a story set in the alternative history reign of Elizabeth XXX and "Embedded", a near future war story with a journalist protagonist, which would have a follow-up set in the same setting. Only two novels were published.


title: Dan Abnett

text: Dan Abnett has been writing comics and novels since the mid-1980s, producing hundreds of comic stories and dozens of novels.


Date and time notation in the United Kingdom records the date using the day–month–year format (31 December 1999, 31/12/99 or 31/12/1999). The ISO 8601 format (1999-12-31) is increasingly used for all-numeric dates. The time can be written using either the 24-hour clock (23:59) or the 12-hour clock (11:59 pm).


title: Date and time notation in the United Kingdom

text: Formal style manuals discourage writing the day of the month as an ordinal number (for example "31st December"), except with an incomplete reference, such as "They set off on 12 August 1960 and arrived on the 18th".


text: When saying the date, it is usually pronounced using "the", then the ordinal number of the day first, then the preposition "of", then the month (for example "the thirty-first of December"). The month-first form (for example "December the third") was widespread until the mid-20th century and remains the most common format for newspapers across the United Kingdom. Example: "The Times" and the British tabloids ("Daily Mail, Daily Mirror, The Sun, Daily Express") all have 'Friday, December 31 2021', while "The Guardian", the "Financial Times" and "The Daily Telegraph" all have 'Friday 31 December 2021'. Consequently in the UK there is no standard pattern for long form dates when printed, as opposed to when using numeric dates, for which there are standard formats.


text: The month-first format is still spoken, perhaps more commonly when not including a year in the sentence. When the date is written out in full, or when spoken, usage can be one or the other. Neither is distinctly preferred over the other, and there is no risk of ambiguity.


text: All-numeric dates are used in notes and references, but not running prose. They can be written in several forms. For example, to represent 31 December 1999:


text: The year may also be written in full (31/12/1999). It contrasts with date and time notation in the United States, where the month is placed first, leading to confusion in international communications: in the United States, 2/11/03 is interpreted as 11 February 2003. To remedy this, the month is sometimes written in Roman numerals, a format common in some European countries: 2.xi.03.


text: The ISO 8601 format (adopted as British Standard BS ISO 8601:2004) is unambiguous and machine-readable, and increasingly popular in technical, scientific, financial, and computing contexts. It also has the desirable property that lists of dates in this format, when sorted lexicographically correspond to their chronological order. The Government Digital Service requires it for all forms of data transmission. Dates in this format are separated with hyphens: 2003-11-02.


text: Weeks are generally referred to by the date on which they start, with Monday often treated as the first day of the week, for example "the week commencing 5 March". Some more traditional calendars instead treat Sunday as the first day of the week. ISO 8601 week numbers are found in diaries and are used in business.


text: The month–day–year order (for example "") was previously more common: it is usual to see a Welsh month–day–year date next to an English day–month–year date on a bilingual plaque from the latter half of the 20th century.


text: "" is read as with the usual soft mutation of "M" to "F" after "o" ("of"). The year 1999 can be read as either (thousand nine nine nine) or (one nine nine nine).


text: The 24-hour notation is used in timetables and on most digital clocks, but 12-hour notation is still widely used in ordinary life. The 24-hour notation is used more often than in North America – transport timetables use it exclusively, as do most legal documents – but not as commonly as in much of the non-English-speaking world. The BBC has been using 24-hour notation in its online radio and TV guides for many years, though ITV, Channel 4, and Channel 5 still maintain 12-hour notation.


text: It is rare to use the 24-hour format when speaking; 21:30 is colloquially spoken as "half past nine" or "nine thirty" rather than "twenty-one thirty". The spoken 24-hour format is used in airport and railway station announcements: "We regret to inform that the fifteen hundred [15:00] service from Nottingham is running approximately 10 minutes late"; "The next train arriving at Platform four is the twenty fifteen [20:15] service to London Euston". Like North America but unlike mainland Europe, a leading zero is used for the hour of the 24-hour format, as in 08:30 (read "oh eight thirty").


text: To separate the hours, minutes and seconds, either a point or a colon can be used. For 12-hour time, the point format (for example "1.45 p.m.") is in common usage and has been recommended by some style guides, including the academic manual published by Oxford University Press under various titles, as well as the internal house style book for the University of Oxford, that of "The Guardian" and "The Times" newspapers.


text: The colon format (as in "1:45 p.m.") is also recognised and is common in digital devices and applications. The more descriptive 2014 revision of "New Hart's Rules" concedes that the colon format "is often seen in British usage too", and that either style "is acceptable if applied consistently."


text: The time-of-day abbreviations (which are generally lowercase only) are handled in various conflicting styles, including "a.m." and "p.m." with a space between the time and the abbreviation ("1.45 p.m."); "am" and "pm" with a space ("1.45 pm" – recognised as an alternative usage by Oxford); and the same without a space ("1.45pm" – primarily found in news writing).


text: In 24-hour time, a colon is internationally standard (as in "13:45"). Some British news publishers favour "13.45" format instead, such as "The Guardian". Some stick with the colon, including the "Evening Standard" and the BBC. Oxford recognises both styles. The "a.m." and "p.m." abbreviations are not used with 24-hour time in any form.


text: In British English, the expression "half [hour]" is used colloquially to denote 30 minutes "past" the hour. For example, "half ten" means 10:30 (am or pm). This is itself an abbreviation of an older colloquialism, "half past ten". The abbreviation can cause misunderstanding with non-British English speakers as this contrasts with many European languages, where the same type of expression denotes 30 minutes the hour. For example, Czech "půl desáté", German "halb zehn", and Finnish "puoli kymmenen" (all literally "half ten") mean 9:30.


text: The following table shows times written in some common approaches to 12-hour and 24-hour notation, and how each time is typically spoken:


text: The Welsh language usage of the 12-hour and 24-hour clocks is similar to that of UK English above. However, the 24-hour notation has only a written, not a spoken form. For example, written 9:00 and 21:00 (or 09.00, etc.) are said (, literally 'nine of the bell'). Minutes are always either ('after') or ('to') the hour, for example 21:18 ('eighteen (minutes) past nine') and 21:42 ('eighteen (minutes) to ten'). Phrases such as ('(of) the morning'), ('(of) the afternoon') and ('(of) the evening') are used to distinguish times in 12-hour notation, much like Latin a.m. and p.m., which are also in common use, for example (09:00) as opposed to (21:00).


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The Life of Adam and Eve, also known in its Greek version as the Apocalypse of Moses (, "Apokalypsis Mōuseōs"; Hebrew: ספר אדם וחוה), is a Jewish apocryphal group of writings. It recounts the lives of Adam and Eve from after their expulsion from the Garden of Eden to their deaths. It provides more detail about the Fall of Man, including Eve's version of the story. Satan explains that he rebelled when God commanded him to bow down to Adam. After Adam dies, he and all his descendants are promised a resurrection.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The ancient versions of the "Life of Adam and Eve" are: the "Greek Apocalypse of Moses", the "Latin Life of Adam and Eve", the "Slavonic Life of Adam and Eve", the "Armenian Penitence of Adam", the "Georgian Book of Adam", and one or two fragmentary Coptic versions. These texts are usually named as Primary Adam Literature to distinguish them from subsequent related texts, such as the "Cave of Treasures", that include what appears to be extracts, the "Testament of Adam", and the "Apocalypse of Adam".


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: They differ greatly in length and wording, but for the most part appear to be derived from a single source that has not survived. Each version contains some unique material as well as variations and omissions.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: While the surviving versions were composed from the early 3rd to the 5th century AD, the literary units in the work are considered to be older and predominantly of Jewish origin. There is wide agreement among scholars that the original was composed in a Semitic language in the 1st century AD.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The main theological issue in these texts is that of the consequences of the Fall of Man, of which sickness and death are mentioned. Other themes include the exaltation of Adam in the Garden, the fall of Satan, the anointing with the oil of the Tree of Life, and a combination of majesty and anthropomorphism in the figure of God, involving numerous merkabahs and other details that show a relationship with 2 Enoch. The idea of resurrection of the dead is present and Adam is told God's son Christ will come at that time to anoint all who believe in him with the Oil of Mercy, a fact that has led many scholars to think part of the text is of Christian origin. The "Life of Adam and Eve" is also important in the study of the early Seth traditions.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: Parallels can be found with some New Testament passages, such as the mention of the Tree of Life in Revelation 22:2. The more striking resemblances are with ideas in the Second Epistle to the Corinthians: Eve as the source of sin (), Satan disguising himself as an angel of light (), the location of the paradise in the third heaven (). In addition, there are parallels between Jesus' forty days in the desert and Adam and Eve's forty days in the rivers. No direct relationship can be determined between the New Testament and the "Life of Adam and Eve", but the similarities suggest that Paul the Apostle and the author of 2 Enoch were near contemporaries of the original author of this work and moved in the same circle of ideas. The theme of death is also central to the text. While Adam is dying, Seth asks what it means to be ill, as he has no concept of it. Adam must explain to his children what dying and death means, and what to do with his body when he dies.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The "Apocalypse of Moses" (literally, the "Revelation of Moses") is the usual name for the Greek version of the "Life of Adam and Eve". This title was given to it by Tischendorf, its first editor, and taken up by others. In the text, Moses is referred to only in the first sentence as the prophet to whom the story was revealed. The "Greek Apocalypse of Moses" (not to be confused with the "Assumption of Moses") is usually considered to predate the "Latin Life of Adam and Eve".


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: Tischendorf used four manuscripts for his edition: manuscripts A, B, C, and D. During the 20th century many other manuscripts have been found, of which E1 and E2, which are similar to the Armenian version, merit special mention. A1, B, C, D, E1, and E2 were the basis of the English translation of Welsh and the German of Fuchs.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The main edition of this Latin version (in Latin "Vita Adami et Evae" or "Vita Adae et Evae") is that of W. Meyer in 1878 based on manuscripts S, T, M of the 9th, 10th, and 12th centuries. Later, a new and extended edition was prepared by Mozley based mainly on manuscripts kept in England, of which the most important is manuscript A.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The story begins immediately after Adam and Eve's banishment from the Garden of Eden and continues to their deaths.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: Only the plot of chapters 23–24, 30–49, 51 is in common with that of the "Apocalypse of Moses", though with great differences in details. Chapters 15–30 ("Eve's Tale") of the "Apocalypse of Moses" have no parallel in the "Latin Life of Adam and Eve". The penance of Adam and Eve in the water can be found also in the later Conflict of Adam and Eve with Satan.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The Slavonic "Adam" book was published by Jagic along with a Latin translation in 1893. This version agrees for the most part with the Greek Apocalypse of Moses. It has, moreover, a section, §§ 28–39, which, though not found in the Greek text, is found in the Latin Life of Adam and Eve. It includes also some unique material.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: This Armenian version of the "Life of Adam and Eve" was first published in 1981 by Stone and is based on three manuscripts. It was probably translated into Armenian from Greek and takes its place alongside the Greek and Latin versions as a major witness to the Adam book. A different book is the Armenian "Book of Adam", which closely follows the text of the Apocalypse of Moses.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The content of the "Armenian Penitence of Adam" includes both the penances in the rivers (not found in the Greek version) and Eve's recounting of the Fall (not found in the Latin version).


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The Georgian "Book of Adam" is known from five manuscripts in two recensions. The earliest is a 15th- or 16th-century of the first recension. The others are three 17th-century copies of the first recension a sole 17th-century representative of the second recension. The Georgian and Armenian versions share a common "Vorlage".


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: There are two fragments of a Coptic translation of the Greek "Adam", one in the Sahidic dialect and another in Fayyumic. In 1975, O. H. E. Burmester reported a possible fragment of a Copto-Arabic version of the "Life of Adam and Eve" in the Hamburg University Library, but it has since gone missing.


title: Life of Adam and Eve

text: The "Adam and Eve Archive" is an ongoing project by Gary A. Anderson and Michael E. Stone to present all of the original texts in both the original languages and in translation. It contains English translations of the most important texts and a synopsis guide that allows the viewer to easily jump from a section in one source to parallel sections in other sources.


title: BMW M70

text: The BMW M70 is a naturally-aspirated, SOHC, V12 petrol engine, which was BMW's first production V12 and was produced from 1987 to 1996.


title: BMW M70

text: The BMW S70/2 engine, largely unrelated to the M70 and S70B56 engines, is a naturally-aspirated, DOHC, V12 petrol engine, which powered the 1993 to 1998 McLaren F1.


title: BMW M70

text: The M70's design is similar to that of two 2.5 L M20 straight-six engines joined at a 60 degree angle, due to the following features: single overhead camshaft valvetrain, bore spacing of , bore of , stroke of , and a compression ratio of 8.8:1.


title: BMW M70

text: The M70 has two Motronic 1.7 ECUs (one for each cylinder bank). To provide redundancy, the M70 also has two fuel pumps, fuel rails, distributors, mass air flow sensors, crankshaft position sensors, coolant temperature sensors and throttle bodies.


title: BMW M70

text: Some M70 engines (such as fitted to the E32 750iL Highline) are fitted with two alternators. The second alternator is smaller and is used to charge an auxiliary battery and power equipment in the rear passenger compartment, such as a telephone, fax machine, wine cooler, independent climate control and power sun shields.


title: BMW M70

text: The first engine to use the S70 name is a variant of the M70 engine fitted only to the E31 850CSi. With 1,510 units produced, this is the lowest production BMW engine to date.


title: BMW M70

text: Three prototype dual overhead camshaft S70 engines were constructed, prior to the decision to not produce an E31 M8 model.


title: BMW M70

text: The S70/2, while sharing the same 12 cylinder layout, bore spacing and design principle as the S70B56, is essentially a new design with the heads based on the European market S50B32, and thus featuring 4 valves per cylinder and variable valve timing (called VANOS by BMW) and individual throttle bodies. A dry sump oiling system is used. The weight of the S70/2, plus ancillaries and full exhaust, is .


title: Hefei

text: Hefei (; ) is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province, People's Republic of China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, and cultural center of Anhui. Its population was 9,369,881 as of the 2020 census and its built-up (or "metro") area made up of four urban districts plus Feidong, Feixi and Changfeng counties being urbanized, was home to 7,754,481 inhabitants. Located in the central portion of the province, it borders Huainan to the north, Chuzhou to the northeast, Wuhu to the southeast, Tongling to the south, Anqing to the southwest and Lu'an to the west. A natural hub of communications, Hefei is situated to the north of Chao Lake and stands on a low saddle crossing the northeastern extension of the Dabie Mountains, which forms the divide between the Huai and Yangtze rivers.


title: Hefei

text: The present-day city dates from the Song dynasty. Before World War II, Hefei remained essentially an administrative centre and the regional market for the fertile plain to the south. It has gone through a growth in infrastructure in recent years. Hefei is the location of Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, an experimental superconducting tokamak magnetic fusion energy reactor.


title: Hefei

text: Hefei is a world leading city for scientific research, with its ranking placed at 16th globally, 8th in the Asia-Pacific and 6th in China (behind Beijing, Shanghai, Nanjing, Guangzhou and Wuhan), as tracked by the Nature Index in 2022. The city is represented by several major universities, including the University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei University of Technology, Anhui University, Anhui Agricultural University and Anhui Medical University. Notably, the University of Science and Technology of China is one of the top 100th comprehensive public research universities in the world.