title: Sixth Party System

text: In the chaotic campaign for the Democratic nomination in 1968, Hubert Humphrey won the nomination without entering any primaries. He was selected by state and local party officials. The old system of using county caucuses and state party conventions to pick the delegates largely gave way in 1972 to primaries, thanks to the reforms proposed by the McGovern–Fraser Commission for the Democrats. The Republicans followed suit. One result was that locally powerful politicians lost their power to shape national tickets, and their influence in Washington. The new-style national convention was rarely the site of bargaining and dealing, but instead became a ratification ceremony run by the winner in the primaries.


title: Sixth Party System

text: Even more dramatic was the increase in spending thanks to new fund-raising techniques. The major growth was not in the business or labor sectors, but in the network organizations of political parties, and most particularly the national organizations of state elected and party officials. The U.S. Supreme Court gave decisive support to reducing limits in "Citizens United v. FEC" (2010). That decision enabled corporations, labor unions, and Super PACs, among others, to advertise as much as they please within 30 days of a primary election or within 60 days of a general election. Two years before the decision, the 2008 presidential election saw spending independent of the parties of $144 million. In the 2012 presidential election, independent spending had soared to over $1 billion. At the state level, the 21st century saw a new electoral arena, with heavy fundraising and spending on advertising in campaigns for justices of state supreme courts. In 2016 and 2020, Bernie Sanders financed presidential campaigns heavily from small-dollar donations generated online.


title: Sixth Party System

text: Since 1980, the only three presidential elections which have been won by the campaign that raised less money have been the campaigns for Ronald Reagan, which in 1980 raised less money than Jimmy Carter's campaign; Bill Clinton, which in 1996 raised less money than Bob Dole's campaign; and Donald Trump, which in 2016 raised less money than Hillary Clinton's campaign.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: Javier Fortuna Francisco (born July 15, 1989) is a Dominican professional boxer. He held the WBA interim featherweight title from 2012 to 2013, the WBA (Regular) super featherweight title from 2015 to 2016, and challenged for the IBF lightweight title in 2018.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: Fortuna was raised in La Romana, Dominican Republic, where he trained in boxing with his older brother, Jonathon Alexander Fortuna.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: Fortuna was a member of the Dominican National Team, and during his amateur career he won a Pan American silver medal and a gold medal at the Dominican National Championships. Fortuna ended his amateur record with a record of 196-16.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: Fortuna is promoted by Lou DiBella's company, DiBella Entertainment. In March 2011, Fortuna knocked out Florida prospect Derrick Wilson to win the WBC Youth Intercontinental Featherweight Championship. He later followed this up with a first-round knockout victory over prospect Yuandale Evans, and a second-round knockout over former IBF and IBO Featherweight Champion, Cristobal Cruz.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: On the undercard of Manny Pacquiao vs. Juan Manuel Marquez IV on December 8, 2012, Fortuna faced previously unbeaten Irish fighter Patrick Hyland for the WBA Interim Featherweight Title. Fortuna started fast, throwing power punches in bunches, but the Irishman stayed on his feet and began to put pressure on Fortuna. Fortuna seemed to fade late but had built enough of an early lead to earn a unanimous decision, and hand Hyland his first loss as a professional fighter.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: On the undercard of Amir Khan vs. Chris Algieri on May 20, 2015, Fortuna faced the Costa Rican Bryan Vázquez for the WBA (Regular) Super Featherweight Title. Fortuna started strong, throwing a lot of punches and making Vasquez look slow. Fortuna kept his game plan until the last round and won his second world title as a professional.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: In his first title defense, Fortuna faced Carlos Velasquez. Fortuna started strong, and managed to drop Velasquez in the second round. Fortuna continued to be in control for most of the fight and started punishing Velasquez badly, until the tenth round when the referee stepped in and waved off the fight.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: On 20 January, 2018 Fortuna was scheduled to fight Robert Easter Jr for his IBF lightweight belt. However, Fortuna was not able to make weight and Easter Jr's IBF belt was not on the line. Easter Jr ended up victorious, via a debatable split-decision. Two judges scored the fight in favor of the champion, 115-112 and 114-113 and one in favor of Fortuna 114-113.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: On 16 June, 2018 Fortuna battled Adrian Granados. In an accidental clash, Fortuna was pushed out of the ring and had to be carried out of the arena on a stretcher. The bout ended in a no-contest decision.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: Fortuna was supposed to face Luke Campbell on April 17, 2020 for the vacant WBC lightweight title, but the fight was cancelled due to the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: Fortuna was scheduled to face former world champion Jorge Linares on August 28, 2020, but the fight was cancelled after Linares tested positive for Covid-19.


title: Javier Fortuna

text: On July 16, 2022 Fortuna fought Ryan Garcia at super lightweight in Crypto.Com Arena in Los Angeles, California. Garcia defeated Fortuna in 6 rounds via TKO.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University ( ) is a public research university based in Sydney, Australia, in the suburb of Macquarie Park. Founded in 1964 by the New South Wales Government, it was the third university to be established in the metropolitan area of Sydney.


title: Macquarie University

text: Established as a verdant university, Macquarie has five faculties, as well as the Macquarie University Hospital and the Macquarie Graduate School of Management, which are located on the university's main campus in suburban Sydney.


title: Macquarie University

text: The idea of founding a third university in Sydney was flagged in the early 1960s when the New South Wales Government formed a committee of enquiry into higher education to deal with a perceived emergency in university enrollments in New South Wales. During this enquiry, the Senate of the University of Sydney put in a submission which highlighted 'the immediate need to establish a third university in the metropolitan area'. After much debate a future campus location was selected in what was then a semi-rural part of North Ryde, and it was decided that the future university be named after Lachlan Macquarie, an important early governor of the colony of New South Wales.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University was formally established in 1964 with the passage of the Macquarie University Act 1964 by the New South Wales parliament.


title: Macquarie University

text: The initial concept of the campus was to create a new high technology corridor, similar to the area surrounding Stanford University in Palo Alto, California, the goal being to provide for interaction between industry and the new university. The academic core was designed in the Brutalist style and developed by the renowned town planner Walter Abraham who also oversaw the next 20 years of planning and development for the university. A committee appointed to advise the state government on the establishment of the new university at North Ryde nominated Abraham as the architect-planner. The fledgling Macquarie University Council decided that planning for the campus would be done within the university, rather than by consultants, and this led to the establishment of the architect-planners office.


title: Macquarie University

text: The first Vice-Chancellor of Macquarie University, Alexander George Mitchell, was selected by the University Council which met for the first time on 17 June 1964. Members of the first university council included: Colonel Sir Edward Ford OBE, David Paver Mellor, Rae Else-Mitchell QC and Sir Walter Scott.


title: Macquarie University

text: The university first opened to students on 6 March 1967 with more students than anticipated. The Australian Universities Commission had allowed for 510 effective full-time students (EFTS) but Macquarie had 956 enrolments and 622 EFTS. Between 1968 and 1969, enrolment at Macquarie increased dramatically with an extra 1200 EFTS, with 100 new academic staff employed. 1969 also saw the establishment of the Macquarie Graduate School of Management (MGSM).


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie grew during the seventies and eighties with rapid expansion in courses offered, student numbers and development of the site. In 1972, the university established the Macquarie Law School, the third law school in Sydney. In their book "Liberality of Opportunity", Bruce Mansfield and Mark Hutchinson describe the founding of Macquarie University as 'an act of faith and a great experiment'. An additional topic considered in this book is the science reform movement of the late 1970s that resulted in the introduction of a named science degree, thus facilitating the subsequent inclusion of other named degrees in addition to the traditional BA. An alternative view on this topic is given by theoretical physicist John Ward.


title: Macquarie University

text: In 1973 the student union (MUSC) worked with the Builders Labourers Federation (BLF) to organise one of the first "pink bans". Similar in tactic to the green ban, the pink ban was recommended when one of the residential colleges at Macquarie University, Robert Menzies College, ordered a student to lead a celibate life and undertake therapy and confession to cure himself of his homosexuality. The BLF decided to stop all construction work at the college until the university and the college Master made statements committing to a non-discriminatory university environment. MUSC was successful in engaging with the BLF again in 1974 when a woman at Macquarie University had her NSW Department of Education scholarship cancelled on the basis that she was a lesbian and therefore unfit to be a teacher.


title: Macquarie University

text: After over a decade of service, the first Vice Chancellor Mitchell was succeeded by Edwin C. Webb in December 1975. Webb was required to steer the university through one of its most difficult periods as the value of universities were debated and the governments introduced significant funding cuts. Webb left the university in 1986 and was succeeded by Di Yerbury, the first female Vice-Chancellor in Australia. Yerbury would go on to hold the position of Vice-Chancellor for nearly 20 years.


title: Macquarie University

text: In 1990 the university absorbed the Institute of Early Childhood Studies of the Sydney College of Advanced Education, under the terms of the Higher Education (Amalgamation) Act 1989. l


title: Macquarie University

text: Steven Schwartz replaced Di Yerbury as Vice-Chancellor at the beginning of 2006. Yerbury's departure was attended with much controversy, including a "bitter dispute" with Schwartz, disputed ownership of university artworks worth $13 million and Yerbury's salary package. In August 2006, Schwartz expressed concern about the actions of Yerbury in a letter to university auditors. Yerbury strongly denied any wrongdoing and claimed the artworks were hers.


title: Macquarie University

text: During 2007, Macquarie University restructured its student organisation after an audit raised questions about management of hundreds of thousands of dollars in funds by student organisations At the centre of the investigation was Victor Ma, president of the Macquarie University Students' Council, who was previously involved in a high-profile case of student election fixing at the University of Sydney.


title: Macquarie University

text: The university Council resolved to immediately remove Ma from his position. Vice-Chancellor Schwartz cited an urgent need to reform Macquarie's main student bodies.


title: Macquarie University

text: However, Ma strongly denied any wrongdoing and labelled the controversy a case of 'character assassination'.


title: Macquarie University

text: Following the dissolution of Macquarie University Union Ltd, the outgoing student organisation was replaced with a new wholly owned subsidiary company of the university, known as U@MQ Ltd. The new student organisation originally lacked a true student representative union; however, following a complete review and authorisation from the university Council, a new student union known as Macquarie University Students Association (MUSRA) was established in 2009.


title: Macquarie University

text: Within the first few hundred days of Schwartz's instatement as Vice-Chancellor, the 'Macquarie@50' strategic plan was launched, which positioned the university to enhance research, teaching, infrastructure and academic rankings by the university's 50th anniversary in 2014. Included in the university's plans for the future was the establishment of a sustainability office in order to more effectively manage environmental and social development at Macquarie. As part of this campaign, in 2009 Macquarie became the first Fair Trade accredited university in Australia. The beginning of 2009 also saw the introduction of a new logo for the university which retained the Sirius Star, present on both the old logo and the university crest, but now 'embedded in a stylised lotus flower'. In accordance with the university by-law, the crest continues to be used for formal purposes and is displayed on university testamurs. The by-law also prescribes the university's motto, taken from Chaucer: 'And gladly teche'.


title: Macquarie University

text: In 2013, the university became the first in Australia to fully align its degree system with the Bologna Accord.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University's coat of arms (often erroneously referred to as a 'crest') was assumed through a 1967 amendment of the "Macquarie University Act, 1964" (Confirmed by Letters patent of the College of Arms, 16 August 1969), and the Grant of arms reads:


title: Macquarie University

text: The escutcheon (in green taken from the tartan of Clan MacQuarrie) displays the Macquarie Lighthouse tower, the first major public building in the colony when completed in 1816, as well as the Sirius star (in gold), which was also the name of the flagship of the First Fleet. The motto chosen for the university, which following the rules of English heraldry does not form part of the original grant of arms, was "And Gladly Teche", a phrase taken from the general prologue of "The Canterbury Tales" by Geoffrey Chaucer (circa 1400), and symbolises the university's commitment to both learning and teaching.


title: Macquarie University

text: The university's founders originally wanted to base the university's arms on Lachlan Macquarie's family arms, but they decided to go for a more conceptual approach that represented Lachlan Macquarie as a builder and administrator. They did however identify that the arms used by Governor Macquarie had never been formally granted by the Court of the Lord Lyon in Scotland, and was successful in having a grant of arms issued for Macquarie by the Lord Lyon King of Arms, as well as the right to display his arms. These arms, along with the new arms of the university, were formally unveiled on 31 May 1967 by the chancellor, Sir Garfield Barwick.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie has had a number of logos in its history. In 2014, the university launched a new logo as part of its Shared Identity Project. The logo reintroduced the Macquarie Lighthouse, a popular symbol of the university within the university community and maintained the Sirus Star.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University's main campus is located about north-west of the Sydney CBD and is set on 126 hectares of rolling lawns and natural bushland. Located within the high-technology corridor of Sydney's north-west and in close proximity to Macquarie Park and its surrounding industries, Macquarie's location has been crucial in its development as a relatively research intensive university.


title: Macquarie University

text: Prior to the development of the campus, most of the site was cultivated with peach orchards, market gardens and poultry farms. The university's first architect-planner was Walter Abraham, one of the first six administrators appointed to Macquarie University. As the site adapted from its former rural use to a busy collegiate environment, he implemented carefully designed planting programs across the campus. Abraham established a grid design comprising lots of running north–south, with the aim of creating a compact academic core. The measure of was seen as one minute's walk, and grid design reflected the aim of having a maximum walk of 10 minutes between any two parts of the university. The main east–west walkway that runs from the Macquarie University Research Park through to the arts faculty buildings, was named Wally's Walk in recognition of Walter Abraham's contribution to the development of the university.


title: Macquarie University

text: Apart from its centres of learning, the campus features the Macquarie University Research Park, museums, art galleries, a sculpture park, an observatory, a sport and aquatic centre and also the private Macquarie University Hospital. The campus has its own postcode, 2109.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie became the first university in Australia to own and operate a private medical facility in 2010 when it opened a $300 million hospital on its campus. The hospital is the first and only private not-for-profit teaching hospital on an Australian university campus. The Macquarie University Hospital is located to the north of the main campus area towards the university sports grounds. It comprises 183 beds, 13 operating theatres, 2 cardiac and vascular angiography suites. The hospital is co-located with the university's Australian School of Advanced Medicine.


title: Macquarie University

text: The university hosts a number of high-technology companies on its campus. Primarily designed to encourage interaction between the university and industry, commercialisation of its campus has also given the institution an additional revenue stream. Tenants are selected based on their potential to collaborate with the university's researches or their ability to provide opportunities for its students and graduates. Cochlear has its headquarters in close proximity to the Australian Hearing Hub on the southern edge of campus. Other companies that have office space at the campus include Dow Corning, Goodman Fielder, Nortel, OPSM, and Siemens.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Macquarie University Observatory was originally constructed in 1978 as a research facility but, since 1997, has been accessible to the public through its Public Observing Program.


title: Macquarie University

text: The library houses over 1.8 million items and uses the Library of Congress Classification System. The library features several collections including a Rare Book Collection, a Palaeontology Collection and the Brunner Collection of Egyptological materials. Macquarie University operated two libraries during the transition. The old library in building C7A closed at the end of July 2011 (which has since been repurposed as a student support and study space), and the new library in building C3C became fully operational on 1 August 2011. The new library was the first university library in Australia to possess an Automated Storage and Retrieval System (ASRS). The ASRS consists of an environmentally controlled vault with metal bins storing the items; robotic cranes retrieve an item on request and deliver it to the service desk for collection.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Macquarie University Incubator is a space to research and develop ideas that can be commercialised. It was established in 2017 as a part of the Macquarie Park Innovation District (MPID) project. Macquarie University received $1 million grant from the New South Wales government to build the incubator. The university has also committed about $7 million to the incubator with financial support of the big businesses and the New South Wales government. It was officially opened by Prince Andrew, Duke of York on 25 September 2017.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University has two residential colleges on its campus, Dunmore Lang College and Robert Menzies College, both founded in 1972. The colleges offer academic support and a wide range of social and sporting activities in a communal environment.


title: Macquarie University

text: Separate to the colleges is the Macquarie University Village. The village has over 900 rooms in mostly town house style buildings to the north of the campus. The village encourages its students to interact in its communal spaces and has a number of social events throughout the year.


title: Macquarie University

text: The museums and collections of Macquarie University are extensive and include nine museums and galleries. Each collection focuses on various historical, scientific or artistic interests. The most visible collection on campus is the sculpture park which is exhibited across the entire campus. At close to 100 sculptures on display, it is the largest park of its kind in the Southern Hemisphere. All museums and galleries are open to the public and offer educational programs for students at primary, secondary and tertiary levels.


title: Macquarie University

text: Located on the western side of the campus is the Macquarie University Sport and Aquatic Centre. Previously a sports hall facility, the complex was renovated and reopened in 2007 with the addition of the new gym and aquatic centre. It houses a 50-metre FINA-compliant outdoor pool and a 25-metre indoor pool. The complex also contains a gymnasium and squash, badminton, basketball, volleyball and netball courts.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie also has seven hectares of high quality playing fields for football, cricket and tennis. Situated to the north of the campus, the playing fields are used by the university as well as a number of elite sporting teams such as Sydney FC and the Westfield Matildas.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University is served by Macquarie University station on the Sydney Metro Northwest. Macquarie is the only university in Australia with a railway station on campus.


title: Macquarie University

text: There is also a major bus interchange within the campus that provides close to 800 bus services daily. The M2 Motorway runs parallel to the northern boundary of the campus and is accessible to traffic from the university.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University's Australian Hearing Hub is partnered with Cochlear. Cochlear Headquarters are on campus. The Australian Hearing Hub includes the head office of Australian Hearing.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Australian Research Institute for Environment and Sustainability is a research centre that promotes change for environmental sustainability, is affiliated with the university and is located on its campus.


title: Macquarie University

text: Access Macquarie Limited was established in 1989 as the commercial arm of the university. It facilitates and supports the commercial needs of industry, business and government organisations seeking to utilise the academic expertise of the broader University community.


title: Macquarie University

text: The University Council is the governing authority of the university under the "Macquarie University Act 1989". The Council takes primary responsibility for the control and management of the affairs of the university, and is empowered to make by-laws and rules relating to how the university is managed. Members of the Council include the university vice-chancellor, academic and non-academic staff, the vice president of the Academic Senate and a student representative. The Council is chaired by the chancellor of the university.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Academic Senate is the primary academic body of the university. It has certain powers delegated to it by Council, such as the approving of examination results and the completion of requirements for the award of degrees. At the same time, it makes recommendations to the Council concerning all changes to degree rules, and all proposals for new awards. While the Academic Senate is an independent body, it is required to make recommendations to the university Council in relation to matters outside its delegated authority.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie's current Vice-Chancellor, Bruce Dowton, took over from Schwartz in September 2012. Prior to his appointment Dowton served as a senior medical executive having held a range of positions in university, healthcare and consulting organisations. He also served as a pediatrician at the Massachusetts General Hospital for Children, and as Clinical Professor of Pediatrics at Harvard Medical School. There have been five Vice-Chancellors in the university's history.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Macquarie University International College offers Foundation Studies (Pre-University) and University-level Diplomas. Upon successful completion of a MUIC Diploma, students enter the appropriate bachelor's degree as a second year student.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Centre for Macquarie English is the English-language centre that offers a range of specialised, direct entry English programmes that are approved by Macquarie University.


title: Macquarie University

text: The university positions itself as being research intensive. In 2012, 85% of Macquarie's broad fields of research was rated 'at or above world standard' in the Excellence in Research for Australia 2012 National report. The university is within the top 3 universities in Australia for the number of peer reviewed publications produced per academic staff member.


title: Macquarie University

text: Researchers at Macquarie University, David Skellern and Neil Weste, and the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation helped develop Wi-Fi. David Skellern has been a major donor to the university through the Skellern Family Trust. Macquarie physicists Frank Duarte and Jim Piper pioneered the laser designs adopted by researchers worldwide, in various major national programs, for atomic vapor laser isotope separation.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University's linguistics department developed the Macquarie Dictionary. The dictionary is regarded as the standard reference on Australian English.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University has a research partnership with the University of Hamburg in Germany and Fudan University in China. They offer dual and joint degree programs and engage in joint research.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University (MQ) world rankings includes it being number 195 on the QS rankings, number 175 on Times (THE), number 201-300 on ARWU, and number 207 with US News. This contributes to Macquarie being the number 11th ranked Australian university overall in the world ranking systems. Macquarie University rankings within Australia include being placed at number 8 on the ERA scale (2012) and being a 4 1/2 Star AEN rated university. Macquarie also has a student survey satisfaction rating of 77.4% for business, 90.3% for health, 91.4% for arts, and 93.8% for science. Macquarie is ranked in the top 40 universities in the Asia-Pacific region and within Australia's top 12 universities according to the Academic Ranking of World Universities, the U.S. News & World Report Rankings and the QS World University Rankings. Macquarie was the highest ranked university in Australia under the age of 50 and was ranked 18th in the world (prior to its golden jubilee in 2014), according to the QS World University Rankings.


title: Macquarie University

text: Internationally, Macquarie was ranked 239th in the world (9th in Australia) in the Academic Ranking of World Universities of 2014. Macquarie University was ranked among the top 50 universities in the world for linguistics (43rd), psychology (48th) and earth and marine sciences (48th), and was ranked in the top 5 nationally for philosophy and earth and marine sciences, according to the 2014 QS World University Rankings.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie ranked 67th in the world for Arts and Humanities (equal 5th in Australia), according to the 2015 Times Higher Education rankings by subject and 54th in the world for arts and humanities, according to the 2017 USNWR rankings by subject. Arts and Humanities is Macquarie's best discipline area in rankings. Macquarie was one of four non-Group of Eight universities ranked in the top 100 universities in the world in particular discipline areas.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Macquarie Graduate School of Management is one of the oldest business schools in Australia. In 2014, "The Economist" ranked MGSM 5th in the Asia-Pacific, 3rd in Australia, 1st in Sydney/New South Wales and 49th in the world. It was the highest ranked business school in Australia and was ranked 68th in the world in the 2015 "Financial Times" MBA ranking.


title: Macquarie University

text: The 2022 QS Graduate Employability Rankings ranked Macquarie graduates 9th most employable in Australia, and 98th in the world.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie is the fourth largest university in Sydney (38,753 students in 2013). The university has the largest student exchange programme in Australia.


title: Macquarie University

text: In 2012, 9,802 students from Asia were enrolled at Macquarie University (Sydney campuses and offshore programs in China, Hong Kong, Korea and Singapore).


title: Macquarie University

text: Campus Life manages the university's non-academic services: food and retail, sport and recreation, student groups, child care, and entertainment. From late 2017 onward its Campus Hub facility has been closed for reconstruction; a 'pop-up'-style replacement, the Campus Common, has been opened for the duration.


title: Macquarie University

text: The Global Leadership Program (GLP) is a university-funded co-curricular program that is open to all students and can be undertaken alongside any degree at Macquarie University. The GLP aims to instil leadership and innovation skills, cross-cultural understanding and a sense of global citizenship in its graduates. Upon successful completion of the GLP, students receive a formal notation on their academic transcript and a certificate.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie's GLP was the first of its kind when it launched in the Australian university sector in 2005 and is the country's flagship tertiary global leadership program with more than 4000 active participants in more than 200 academic disciplines. GLP is a co-curricular learning and engagement program that students design according to their own interests and complete at their own pace. Students are required to complete a workshop series, attend tailored keynote speaker and networking events and complete an experiential credit component. This ranges from short-term study abroad, volunteering (domestic and/or international), internships (domestic and/or international), learning a new language or attending internationally themed seminars and study tours.


title: Macquarie University

text: The GLP won the Institute for International Education's 2017 Heiskell award for Innovation in International Education - Internationalising the Campus. Macquarie University is the first Southern Hemisphere university to receive the award in its 17-year history.


title: Macquarie University

text: The GLP was awarded the 2018 NSW International Student Community Engagement Award (Joint Winner) in the Education Provider category. This award recognises the innovative way in which the GLP facilitates connection and engagement with community for Macquarie University International GLP Students, and also recognises the contribution that the GLP makes to the International Student experience in New South Wales. In 2019, the GLP won the Global PIEoneer Award for International Education in the category of 'Progressive Education Delivery' in Guildhall, London. The PIEoneer Awards are the only global awards that celebrate innovation and achievement across the whole of the international education industry.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University has its own community radio station on campus, 2SER FM. The station is jointly owned by Macquarie University and University of Technology, Sydney.


title: Macquarie University

text: Macquarie University students celebrate Conception Day each year since 1969 to – according to legend – commemorate the date of conception of Lachlan Macquarie, as his birthday fell at the wrong time of year for a celebration. Conception Day is traditionally held on the last day of classes before the September mid-semester break.


title: Macquarie University

text: Notable alumni include: Minister for the Environment and Water, Tanya Plibersek; Australian politician and former Lord Mayor of Brisbane, Jim Soorley; New South Wales Minister for Health, Brad Hazzard; Australian politician, Mike Kelly; Australian basketball player, Lauren Jackson; Australian swimmer, Ian Thorpe; Australian water polo player, Holly Lincoln-Smith; three founding members of the Australian children's musical group The Wiggles (Greg Page and Murray Cook); former Director-General of the National Library of Australia, Anne-Marie Schwirtlich AM; New Zealand conservationist, Pete Bethune; Miss Universe Australia 2008, Laura Dundovic; Australian Journalist, Hugh Riminton; BBC Presenter, Yalda Hakim.


title: Macquarie University

text: Notable alumni in science include: Australian scientist Barry Brook, American physicist Frank Duarte, and Australian physicist Cathy Foley. Alumni notable in the business world include: Australian hedge fund manager Greg Coffey, Australian businesswoman Catherine Livingstone, founder of Freelancer.com Matt Barrie, businessman Napoleon Perdis; Australian venture capitalist Larry R. Marshall; Former CEO of Seven West Media, David Leckie; Australian Economist, Sean Turnell; Former CEO of Commonwealth Bank & former Chairman of the Australian Government Future Fund Board of Guardians, David Murray.


title: Macquarie University

text: Australian writer and four time Miles Franklin Award winner, Thea Astley; Hungarian Australian mathematician, Esther Szekeres; Australian mathematician, Neil Trudinger; Australian environmentalist and activist, Tim Flannery; British physicist and author, Paul Davies; British-Australian physicist, John Clive Ward; Israeli-Australian mathematician, José Enrique Moyal; Australian linguist, Geoffrey Hull; Australian geologist, Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science, John Veevers; Australian climatologist, Ann Henderson-Sellers; Australian sociologist, Raewyn Connell.


title: Macquarie University

text: Four Macquarie University academics were included in The World's Most Influential Minds 2014 report by Thomson Reuters, which identified the most highly cited researchers of the last 11 years.


title: Surface Pressure

text: "Surface Pressure" is a song from Disney's 2021 animated musical film "Encanto", released by Walt Disney Records as part of the film's soundtrack on November 19, 2021. It is a cumbia-song written by American singer-songwriter Lin-Manuel Miranda and performed by American actress Jessica Darrow in her role as Luisa Madrigal. "Surface Pressure" details the struggles of Luisa, who wields the magical "gift" of superhuman strength and hence faces the stresses of being the reliable older sister in her family—the Madrigals.


title: Surface Pressure

text: The song garnered Darrow's first-ever appearances on various charts around the world. It reached number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, making "Encanto" the first Disney film to produce two top-10 songs on the Hot 100, following the chart-topper "We Don't Talk About Bruno". Elsewhere, "Surface Pressure" has peaked at number three in the United Kingdom, number seven in Ireland, number 12 in Canada, number 18 in Australia, and number 26 in New Zealand. It reached number 9 on the "Billboard" Global 200. Critics praised the song's lyrical substance, Darrow's vocal techniques, and the production atypical of traditional Disney songs.


title: Surface Pressure

text: "Surface Pressure" is a song featured in 2021 American computer-animated musical fantasy comedy film "Encanto", the 60th feature film from Walt Disney Animation Studios. It appears as the third track on the film's soundtrack, released by Walt Disney Records. American actress Jessica Darrow performed the vocals of the song, which was written and produced by American musician Lin-Manuel Miranda. In the film, "Surface Pressure" is a song focusing on Luisa Madrigal, one of the older sisters of the main protagonist Mirabel Madrigal.


title: Surface Pressure

text: "Surface Pressure" is a reggaeton song with cumbia elements. Known as "the buff lady", Luisa is the always obliging second-oldest sister of Mirabel Madrigal, the film's protagonist. In their magical Madrigal family, Mirabel is the ordinary one as she does not have a superpower. As the third generation of the family grows into adulthood, cracks begin to appear in the walls of their "enchanted" casita, which leads Mirabel on a mission to find out what is diminishing their magic. She seeks help from Luisa, who is muscular and tough and has superhuman strength. However, Mirabel's question of "what's wrong" is met with an emotional meltdown in the form of a musical track from Luisa that sees her letting down her guard, admitting her fears and weaknesses. As her strength is no longer her prominent feature, the cracks in their family dynamic begin to show more. Luisa eventually becomes the first one to lose her Gift, because she, her family, and the townspeople put too much pressure on her. Writing for "Collider", Sebastian Stoddard said Luisa "is the reason the journey of the movie exists at all; had she not been in her position and lost her Gift, it may have taken far longer for the family to notice anything wrong with their Miracle".


title: Surface Pressure

text: Darrow sings "Surface Pressure" in a "muscular" contralto. The song contains Miranda's "typically dexterous lyrics", over a "thrumming" beat. In the bridge, Luisa flies through an imaginary sea of pink clouds, wondering what would happen if she were to "shake the crushing weight of expectations" and take a break; the beat kicks back in, only for her to be pulled down into the same "drip, drip, drip" yet again.


title: Surface Pressure

text: The song begins with a series of proclamations: "I'm the strong one / I'm not nervous / I'm as tough as the crust of the earth is / I move mountains / I move churches / And I glow 'cause I know what my worth is". Later, Luisa exposes her vulnerability: "Under the surface I feel berserk as a tightrope walker in a three-ring circus / Under the surface / Was Hercules ever like 'Yo, I don't wanna fight Cerberus?' / Under the surface I'm prеtty sure I'm worthless if I can't be of sеrvice". This confession illustrates how, underneath her strong appearance, she feels the weight of the world on her shoulders because of the burdens and responsibilities she carries as the older sibling. In a "deceptively coolly" tone, she sings of the "drip, drip, drip that'll never stop", a metaphorical line about how one final crack will break the whole house (and herself) down. However, Luisa also speaks of how, despite going out of her way to help everyone, she does not fall: "watch as she buckles and bends but never breaks".


title: Surface Pressure

text: Miranda explained that the song is an homage to his sister, Luz Miranda-Crespo: "That song is my love letter and apology to my sister. I watched my sister deal with the pressure of being the oldest and carrying burdens I never had to carry [...] I put all of that angst and all of those moments into Luisa". "Encanto" director Byron Howard said Miranda's lyrics added more depth to Luisa: "She's a fun, comedic, and broad character but to have this grounded soul really changed the way we saw her as she moved through the script". Jared Bush, one of the film's directors, explained why it was important for them to explore the differences in modern-day communities, particularly with a unique character such as Luisa: "One of the benefits of putting a giant extended family on screen was that there are so many different types of people, certainly in this large family from Colombia, where there's naturally this amazing mix between European and Indigenous and African [communities] coming in together as one family". Darrow herself deemed the song an example of how music is an emotional escape: "When the struggle gets real, we turn the music louder. Even though there's something going on in the inside, it's all good on the outside and you have a good time…It's a journey that I think Disney music does [well]".


title: Surface Pressure

text: Kristy Puchko of Mashable described Luisa as a tribute and called her "bold, buff, beautiful, with a beguiling swagger". Puchko found her to be a "dazzling vision of feminine strength" because of her physical abilities, countering that the song "makes her messier, more complicated, more real, and thereby a terrific representation of what it means to be a big sister. Because — as Luisa expresses — the gifts that define us can begin to feel like a trap. Like if we aren't always strong, we've failed everyone". Puchko called it a "supreme sucker punch of a song", writing: "there's a lot of lovely songs in "Encanto", there are none that hit harder than that ['Surface Pressure']". "The Indian Telegraph" said the song is "for all the big sisters out there".


title: Surface Pressure

text: Jackson McHenry of "Vulture" noted how Lin-Manuel Miranda has honed a talent for writing about the stress of over-achievers, referencing "Hamilton"s "Non-Stop" and "Breathe" from "In the Heights". McHenry opined that the inspiration for "Surface Pressure" can most likely be found in Miranda's lyrics to the songs in "", such as "What I Was Born to Do" and particularly "One Perfect Moment", deemed by McHenry an extended version of the bridge on "Surface Pressure".


title: Surface Pressure

text: The song became a representation for some women on the video-sharing app TikTok, as they visualized how they relate to Luisa's impassioned struggle. Some users include stories about the narratives of carrying the emotional weight of being an older sister, while others expressed how the song calls them out for adding pressure to their bigger sister/brother.


title: Surface Pressure

text: "Collider"s Sebastian Stoddard said the song "explains the struggle [of being an older sibling] perfectly. The first time you hear it, there's so many lyrics that stand out". Michael Ordoña of the "Los Angeles Times" called the song a "colorful depiction of her supernaturally strong character's secret struggles". After the song broke into the top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot 100, Jackson McHenry of "Vulture" said: "[...] the key thrill here is that 'Surface Pressure', the actual best song in "Encanto", is getting the attention it deserves. Finally we have an excuse to talk about the best Madrigal family member". McHenry also noted that it should be acknowledged "that Disney messed up big-time and decided to only submit the act-two love song 'Dos Oruguitas' for awards contention, ignoring both 'Bruno' and 'Surface Pressure'. Quinci LeGardye of "Marie Claire" called it a "standout song", labeling it "an anthem to perfectionists everywhere".


title: Surface Pressure

text: For the week of January 8, 2022, "Surface Pressure" debuted at number 54 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100; it was the second-highest entry of the week, only behind fellow "Encanto" song "We Don't Talk About Bruno". On the chart dated January 29, the song climbed to number 10, while "We Don't Talk About Bruno" was at number two, making "Encanto" the first Disney film to have two top-ten entries. It rose to number 9 the following week, and later rose to its peak of number eight.


title: Surface Pressure

text: In the UK, "Surface Pressure" peaked at number five on January 21, 2022, becoming the second song from the film to reach the top five, behind "We Don't Talk About Bruno" at number one that same week.


title: Darude

text: Toni-Ville Henrik Virtanen (; born July 17, 1975), better known by his stage name Darude (), is a Finnish DJ and record producer from Eura, Satakunta. His music is characterised by its progressive/uplifting style. He started making music in 1995 and released the platinum-selling hit single "Sandstorm" in late 1999. His debut studio album, "Before the Storm", was released on September 18, 2000 and sold 800,000 copies worldwide, earning Darude three Finnish Grammy Awards. It peaked at number one on Finland's Official List and number 6 on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart in the United States. Darude's second studio album, "Rush", reached number 11 on the "Billboard" dance chart in 2003 and number 4 on weekly album chart in Finland.


title: Darude

text: His third studio album, "Label This!" was released in 2007. Though it did not chart as high as his previous albums, "Gawker" praised the album's single "In the Darkness" as "a floating, gossamer piece of trance music... it's tightly composed, easy to dance to, and has a soaring, undeniable hook." In 2011, he co-founded the record label EnMass Music, through which he has released a number of mix compilations related to his radio show "Salmiakki Sessions." After performing at festivals such as the tenth anniversary of Tomorrowland in 2014 and Future Music Festival in 2015, he released his most recent studio album, "Moments", on August 14, 2015, followed by a tour of the United States and Canada in September 2015. He represented Finland in the Eurovision Song Contest 2019, alongside singer Sebastian Rejman, with the song "Look Away".


title: Darude

text: Toni-Ville Henrik Virtanen was born on July 17, 1975 in the Finnish village of Hinnerjoki in Eura. Virtanen started his career as a musician while studying at Turku Polytechnic, making music using his PC's tracker software. As his interest in music production rapidly grew, he moved on to more serious production techniques. While at a classmate's party, Virtanen played the song "Rude Boy" (written by Swedish artist Leila K) several times in a row. This earned him the nickname "Rude Boy," which gradually morphed into "Da Rude" and then "Darude". Active in the Finnish music trance and house scene since 1995, Virtanen continued producing music into the 1990s. He began occasionally releasing demos to radio stations beginning in 1997, and offering his music for download on MP3.com, making him an early adopter of online file sharing for music promotion.


title: Darude

text: In 1999, he gave a demo for the track "Sandstorm" to his producer, JS16 (Jaakko Salovaara). Virtanen signed on with JS16's 16 Inch Records label, and shortly thereafter, "Sandstorm" was released as a single. "Sandstorm" was a hit internationally, selling platinum and holding the No. 1 spot on the Finnish Dance Chart for seventeen consecutive weeks. After becoming the No. 3 single in the United Kingdom (becoming the first record by a Finnish artist to do so), "Sandstorm" eventually sold 2 million units worldwide, and was the world's biggest selling 12-inch single in 2000. The song went on to be widely featured in the media, particularly at sporting events and on soundtracks for video games and television shows. Various videos and live streams of "Sandstorm" had gathered some 60 million hits by December 2014, and in October 2015, the track achieved platinum sales status in the UK as it surpassed 600,000 sales in the UK.


title: Darude

text: Darude's debut studio album "Before the Storm" was produced by JS16 (Jaakko Salovaara), and features two of JS16's remixes. The album includes several singles, including "Sandstorm." The second single "Feel the Beat" had replicated the success of "Sandstorm", reaching No. 1 on the singles charts in Finland for 2 weeks and No. 5 on the UK Singles Chart. "Before the Storm" was released on September 5, 2000 and sold 800,000 copies worldwide, earning Darude three Finnish Grammy awards. It also peaked on a number of charts, including No. 1 on Finland's Official List for albums, No. 6 on the "Billboard" Dance/Electronic Albums chart and No. 11 on the US Independent Albums chart. It also charted at No. 9 in Sweden, No. 14 in Norway, and No. 18 in Canada, among other rankings. Shortly after the album's release, Darude created a vocal edit of "Out of Control", and released it as a single; "Out of Control (Back for More)". This single also charted in major countries and was re-released on several editions of the album.


title: Darude

text: Darude began a world tour in 2001, releasing "Before the Storm: Australian Tour Edition" in the process. 2002 saw the release of "Before the Storm: Special Edition", featuring a collection of remixes of Darude's work.


title: Darude

text: After releasing the singles "Music" and "Next to You" in early 2003, in July of that year both tracks were included on Darude's second album, "Rush". The album reached No. 11 on the "Billboard" Top Electronic Albums chart and No. 4 on weekly album chart in Finland, while "Next to You" charted at No. 1 on the Finnish singles chart. MacKenzie Wilson of Allmusic criticized the lack of variety between tracks but praised the release in general, writing that Darude "builds upon the dynamics of "Before the Storm", raises the pressure, and fuels the flame for an electrifying dozen-track set. Darude's talent in keeping the energy at an elevated level without losing touch with the album's overall ambience is what makes him a star and an integral part of the new-millennium dance scene. His classy of[sic] mix of techno and trance is perfected into a fashionably slick spiral of synthesized heat." After the release of "Rush" Darude maintained a heavy touring schedule, particularly the United States and Eastern Europe.


title: Darude

text: His single "Tell Me" was released in Finland on April 11, 2007 and "My Game" on September 19, 2007. "Label This!" is the third studio album from Darude. Released on October 24, 2007 in Finland and on October 27 in Europe, the American edition was released in 2008, with the notable inclusion of Darude's newest single, "I Ran (So Far Away)" featuring Blake Lewis, as the third track on the album. The album did not chart as high as Darude's two previous album releases, though Gawker wrote that the album's single "In the Darkness" "is a floating, gossamer piece of trance music of the kind AraabMuzik spun into such magic on "Electronic Dream". Like 'Sandstorm,' it's tightly composed, easy to dance to, and has a soaring, undeniable hook."


title: Darude

text: Darude was ranked No. 96 on the DJ List as of December 11, 2010 and No. 314 in the DJ Mag Top 100. He has also recently completed remixes for artists such as ATB and The Thrillseekers, with radio play from Radio 1 personalities such as Pete Tong, Judge Jules, Ferry Corsten, and Paul Oakenfold. Darude co-founded the record label EnMass Music in 2011. Through EnMass Music, Darude released a DJ mix compilation titled "Salmiakki Sessions Vol. 1" on December 20, 2011. The compilation is a reflection of his namesake radio mix show, and includes ten of his recent remix productions and eight of his track redone by Finnish artists and producers. Five of the tracks are previously unreleased exclusives for the compilation. He took part in a label showcase for EnMasse in Amsterdam in October 2012.


title: Darude

text: Darude continued to tour into 2013, performing that year at the Groove Cruise out of Miami and playing two days of Tomorrowland in July 2014 in Belgium. In March 2015 he performed at Future Music Festival in Australia, playing at all five festival dates in Sydney, Melbourne, Brisbane, Adelaide and Perth, also playing a variety of sideshows at clubs as part of the festival.


title: Darude

text: Darude's most recent studio album, "Moments", was his first full-length release in eight years. Guest artists included Caater and string band Apocalyptica, among others. The lead single from the album, "Beautiful Alien," had previously charted at No. 1 on the Finnish iTunes charts, with a music video released as well in March 2015. "Moments" was officially released on August 14, 2015 through Warner Music Finland in Europe and overseas.


title: Darude

text: The album blends genres such as electro, progressive house, and We Rave You wrote that "Darude's ability is once again proven filling the spectrum from big-room to trance to dubstep-infused depth." The album's mixing of genres was generally well-received, and Dancing Astronaut praised the release, writing that "Darude’s return is a clear departure from what once defined him. In "Moments", he steps outside the proverbial EDM box by toying around with a multitude of different styles, several of which appear simultaneously in each track." YourEDM opined that the album was "gorgeous," explaining that it "features a wide variety of influences and sounds" with "great production, atmospheres, and melodies riding alongside quaintly catchy vocals."


title: Darude

text: Shortly following the album's release in September 2015, Darude embarked on a ten date tour of the United States and Canada, culminating in a performance at the inaugural TwitchCon, a gaming and tech convention organised by video streaming platform Twitch and held in San Francisco on September 25 and 26, 2015. With over 20,000 attendees over the weekend, Darude appeared as the headline DJ at the official afterparty, held in the Bill Graham Civic Auditorium on September 26, 2015, and also featuring a performance from deadmau5. In the run up to the event, Darude appeared as a guest in the deadmau5 Coffee Run series, chatting to the Canadian DJ about various topics while being driven in deadmau5's Lamborghini Huracán supercar. deadmau5 noted that "You [Darude] and a very select few others are responsible for the influx of electronic music into North America. It was 'Sandstorm' – I'm totally being serious... that's what all the clubs were hitting on. That's the first time [electronic music] became less 'underground and cool'... there wasn't anything before that".


title: Darude

text: On January 29, 2019, Darude was announced as the Finnish representative for the Eurovision Song Contest 2019 in Tel Aviv, Israel. He performed alongside Sebastian Rejman, and his entry "Look Away" was decided in a special edition of "Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu". They performed third in the first semi-final at Eurovision, but was placed last among the 17 countries competing in the semi-final, thus failing to qualify for the grand final.


title: Darude

text: Darude has a son (born 2009) and a daughter (born 2017) with his American wife, Michelle. He lived in Atlanta, the United States, from the late 2000s to 2013. , Darude has lived in Salo, Finland, with his family.


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: Eleanor Lucy V. Kendrick (born 8 June 1990) is an English actress best known for playing Anne Frank in the BBC's 2009 miniseries "The Diary of Anne Frank", Ivy Morris in the first series of the 2010 revived "Upstairs Downstairs", and Meera Reed in the HBO series "Game of Thrones". She also voices Taelia Fordragon in "".


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: Kendrick was born in London. She attended Dulwich College Preparatory School, in Cranbrook, Kent, followed by Benenden School, also in Kent, and spent time with the National Youth Theatre. In October 2009, she began her BA in English Literature at the University of Cambridge.


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: Kendrick has played roles in "Waking the Dead" (2004), "Doctors" (2004), "In 2 Minds" (2004), "Prime Suspect: The Final Act" (2006), "Lewis" (2007), and the film "An Education", scripted by Nick Hornby and which premièred at the 2009 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: Kendrick played Anne Frank in the 2009 miniseries "The Diary of Anne Frank". She said that her approach to playing Frank was to "peel back the layers of idolisation and to think of the characters just as normal people". Her performance was praised for "bringing fresh realism to an iconic role".


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: In 2009, she made her stage début as Juliet in a Shakespeare's Globe production of "Romeo and Juliet". In December 2010, she played maid Ivy Morris in BBC One's revival of "Upstairs Downstairs". She did not return for the second series, broadcast in 2012.


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: In 2011, Kendrick appeared in the BBC Radio 4 production of "Life and Fate". She also played the character Allison in "Being Human" in the episode "Puppy Love" in 2012. She returned to the role in the ultimate episode of the series "The Last Broadcast" in 2013.


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: In 2012, Kendrick was cast in the role of Meera Reed in season 3 of "Game of Thrones". In 2013 she returned to the stage in "In the Republic of Happiness" and "The Low Road "at the Royal Court Theatre; she is also playing the character Constance on Sky1's "Chickens". Kendrick also played the part of Helen in "Misfits".


title: Ellie Kendrick

text: Kendrick's first play, "Hole", premiered at the Royal Court Theatre in 2018 under the direction of Helen Goalen and Abbi Greenland. The play combines Greek mythology and physics to explore female rage and oppression. She wrote the play in 2016 as part of a writing group with the Royal Court.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Rioplatense Spanish (), also known as Rioplatense Castilian, is a variety of Spanish spoken mainly in and around the Río de la Plata Basin of Argentina and Uruguay. It is also referred to as River Plate Spanish or Argentine Spanish. It is the most prominent dialect to employ "voseo" in both speech and writing. Many features of Rioplatense are also shared with the varieties spoken in south and eastern Bolivia, and Paraguay. This dialect is often spoken with an intonation resembling that of the Neapolitan language of Southern Italy, but there are exceptions.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: As Rioplatense is considered a dialect of Spanish and not a distinct language, there are no credible figures for a total number of speakers. The total population of these areas would amount to some 25–30 million, depending on the definition and expanse.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Rioplatense is mainly based in the cities of Buenos Aires, Rosario, Santa Fe, La Plata, Mar del Plata and Bahía Blanca in Argentina, the most populated cities in the dialectal area, along with their respective suburbs and the areas in between, and in all of Uruguay. This regional form of Spanish is also found in other areas, not geographically close but culturally influenced by those population centers (e.g., in parts of Paraguay and in all of Patagonia). Rioplatense is the standard in audiovisual media in Argentina and Uruguay. In the northeast of Uruguay there exists a variety of Portuguese influenced by Rioplatense Spanish, known as Riverense Portuñol.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: The Spanish brought their language to the area during the Spanish colonization in the region. Originally part of the Viceroyalty of Peru, the Río de la Plata basin had its status raised to Viceroyalty of the Río de la Plata in 1776.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Until the massive immigration to the region started in the 1870s, the language of the Río de la Plata had virtually no influence from other languages and varied mainly by localisms. Argentines and Uruguayans often state that their populations, like those of the United States and Canada, comprise people of relatively recent European descent, the largest immigrant groups coming from Italy and Spain.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Several languages, especially Italian, influenced the "criollo" Spanish of the time, because of the diversity of settlers and immigrants to Argentina and Uruguay:


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: European settlement decimated Native American populations before 1810, and also during the expansion into Patagonia (after 1870). However, the interaction between Spanish and several of the native languages has left visible traces. Words from Guarani, Quechua and others were incorporated into the local form of Spanish.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Rioplatense Spanish distinguishes itself from other dialects of Spanish by the pronunciation of certain consonants.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Aspiration of , together with loss of final , tend to produce a noticeable simplification of the syllable structure, giving Rioplatense informal speech a distinct fluid consonant-vowel-consonant-vowel rhythm:


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Preliminary research has shown that Rioplatense Spanish, and particularly the speech of the city of Buenos Aires, has intonation patterns that resemble those of Italian dialects. This correlates well with immigration patterns. Both Argentina and Uruguay have received large numbers of Italian settlers since the 19th century.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: According to a study conducted by National Scientific and Technical Research Council of Argentina Buenos Aires and Rosario residents speak with an intonation most closely resembling Neapolitan. The researchers note this as a relatively recent phenomenon, starting in the beginning of the 20th century with the main wave of Southern Italian immigration. Before that, the "porteño" accent was more like that of Spain, especially Andalusia, and in case of Uruguay, the accent was more like Canarian dialect.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: One of the features of the Argentine and Uruguayan speaking style is the voseo: the usage of the pronoun "vos" for the second person singular, instead of "tú". In other Spanish-speaking regions where "voseo" is used, such as in Chile and Colombia, the use of voseo has at times been considered a nonstandard lower speaking style, whereas in Argentina and Uruguay it is standard.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: The second person plural pronoun, which is "vosotros" in Spain, is replaced with "ustedes" in Rioplatense, as in most other Latin American dialects. While "usted" is the formal second person singular pronoun, its plural "ustedes" has a neutral connotation and can be used to address friends and acquaintances as well as in more formal occasions (see T-V distinction). "Ustedes" takes a grammatically third- person plural verb.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: As an example, see the conjugation table for the verb "amar" (to love) in the present tense, indicative mode:


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Although apparently there is just a stress shift (from " amas" to " amás"), the origin of such a stress is the loss of the diphthong of the ancient "vos" inflection from "vos amáis" to "vos amás". This can be better seen with the verb "to be": from "vos sois" to "vos sos". In vowel-alternating verbs like "perder" and "morir", the stress shift also triggers a change of the vowel in the root:


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: For the "-ir" verbs, the Peninsular "vosotros" forms end in "-ís", so there is no diphthong to simplify, and Rioplatense "vos" employs the same form: instead of "tú vives", "vos vivís"; instead of "tú vienes", "vos venís" (note the alternation).


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: The imperative forms for "vos" are identical to the imperative forms in Peninsular but stressing the last syllable:


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: When in Peninsular the imperative has one syllable, a vowel corresponding to the verb's class is added (stress remains the same):


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: The verb "ir" (to go) is never used in this form. The corresponding form of the verb "andar" (to walk, to go) substitutes for it.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: The plural imperative uses the "ustedes" form (i. e. the third person plural subjunctive, as corresponding to "ellos").


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: As for the subjunctive forms of "vos" verbs, while they tend to take the "tú" conjugation, some speakers do use the classical "vos" conjugation, employing the "vosotros" form minus the "i" in the final diphthong. Many consider only the "tú" subjunctive forms to be correct.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: In the preterite, an "s" is sometimes added, for instance "(vos) perdistes". This corresponds to the classical "vos" conjugation found in literature. Compare Iberian Spanish form "vosotros perdisteis".


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: In the old times, "vos" was used as a respectful term. In Rioplatense, as in most other dialects which employ "voseo", this pronoun has become informal, supplanting the use of "tú" (compare "you" in English, which used to be formal singular but has supplanted the former informal singular pronoun "thou"). It is used especially for addressing friends and family members (regardless of age), but may also include most acquaintances, such as co-workers, friends of one's friends, etc.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Although literary works use the full spectrum of verb inflections, in Rioplatense (as well as many other Spanish dialects), the future tense tends to use a verbal phrase (periphrasis) in the informal language.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: This verb phrase is formed by the verb "ir" ("to go") followed by the preposition "a" ("to") and the main verb in the infinitive. This resembles the English phrase "to be going to" + infinitive verb. For example:


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: The present perfect (Spanish: Pretérito perfecto compuesto), just like "pretérito anterior", is rarely used: the simple past replaces it. However, the Present Perfect is still used in Northwestern Argentina, particularly in the province of Tucumán.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: In Chilean Spanish there is plenty of lexical influence from the Argentine dialects suggesting a possible "masked prestige" otherwise not expressed, since the image of Argentine things is usually negative. Influences run across the different social strata of Chile. Argentine tourism in Chile during summer and Chilean tourism in Argentina would influence the speech of the upper class. The middle classes would have Argentine influences by watching football on cable television and by watching Argentine programs in the broadcast television. "La Cuarta", a "popular" tabloid, regularly employs lunfardo words and expressions. Usually Chileans do not recognize the Argentine borrowings as such, claiming they are Chilean terms and expressions. The relation between Argentine dialects and Chilean Spanish is one of "asymmetric permeability", with Chilean Spanish adopting sayings of the Argentine variants but usually not the other way around. Despite this, people in Santiago, Chile, value Argentine Spanish poorly in terms of "correctness", far behind Peruvian Spanish, which is considered the most correct form.


title: Rioplatense Spanish

text: Some Argentine words have been adopted in Iberian Spanish such as "pibe", "piba" "boy, girl", taken into Spanish slang where it produced "pibón", "very attractive person".


title: Italic peoples

text: The Italic peoples were an ethnolinguistic group identified by their use of Italic languages, a branch of the Indo-European language family.


title: Italic peoples

text: The Italic peoples are descended from the Indo-European speaking peoples who inhabited Italy from at least the second millennium BC onwards. Latins achieved a dominant position among these tribes, establishing ancient Roman civilization. During this development, other Italic tribes adopted Latin language and culture in a process known as Romanization. This process was eventually extended to certain parts of Europe. The ethnic groups which emerged as a result are known as Romance peoples.


title: Italic peoples

text: The Italics were an ethnolinguistic group who are identified by their use of the Italic languages, which form one of the branches of Indo-European languages.


title: Italic peoples

text: Outside of the specialised linguistic literature, the term is also used to describe the ancient peoples of Italy as defined in Roman times, including pre-Roman peoples like the Etruscans and the Raetians, who did not speak Indo-European languages. Such use is improper in linguistics, but employed by sources such as the Encyclopædia Britannica, which contends that «Italy attained a unified ethnolinguistic, political, and cultural physiognomy only after the Roman conquest, yet its most ancient peoples remain anchored in the names of the regions of Roman Italy — Latium, Campania, Apulia, Bruttium, Lucania, Emilia Romagna, Samnium, Picenum, Umbria, Etruria, Venetia, and Liguria».


title: Italic peoples

text: During the Copper Age, at the same time that metalworking appeared, Indo-European speaking peoples are believed to have migrated to Italy in several waves. Associated with this migration are the Remedello culture and Rinaldone culture in Northern and Central Italy, and the Gaudo culture of Southern Italy. These cultures were led by a warrior-aristocracy and are considered intrusive. Their Indo-European character is suggested by the presence of weapons in burials, the appearance of the horse in Italy at this time and material similarities with cultures of Central Europe.


title: Italic peoples

text: According to David W. Anthony, between 3100 and 3000 BCE, a massive migration of Proto-Indo-Europeans from the Yamnaya culture took place into the Danube Valley. Thousands of kurgans are attributed to this event. These migrations probably split off Pre-Italic, Pre-Celtic and Pre-Germanic from Proto-Indo-European. By this time the Anatolian peoples and the Tocharians had already split off from other Indo-Europeans. Hydronymy shows that the Proto-Germanic homeland was in Central Germany, which would be very close to the homeland of Italic and Celtic languages as well. The origin of a hypothetical ancestral "Italo-Celtic" people is to be found in today's eastern Hungary, settled around 3100 BCE by the Yamnaya culture. This hypothesis is to some extent supported by the observation that Italic shares a large number of isoglosses and lexical terms with Celtic and Germanic, some of which are more likely to be attributed to the Bronze Age. In particular, using Bayesian phylogenetic methods, Russell Gray and Quentin Atkinson argued that Proto-Italic speakers separated from Proto-Germanics 5500 years before present, i.e. roughly at the start of the Bronze Age. This is further confirmed by the fact that the Germanic language family shares more vocabulary with the Italic family than with the Celtic language family.


title: Italic peoples

text: From the late third to the early second millennium BCE, tribes coming both from the north and from Franco-Iberia brought the Beaker culture and the use of bronze smithing, to the Po Valley, to Tuscany and to the coasts of Sardinia and Sicily. The Beakers could have been the link which brought the Yamnaya dialects from Hungary to Austria and Bavaria. These dialects might then have developed into Proto-Celtic. The arrival of Indo-Europeans into Italy is in some sources ascribed to the Beakers. A migration across the Alps from East-Central Europe by Italic tribes is thought to have occurred around 1800 BCE. The first documented arrival of steppe-related ancestry and yDNA haplogroups are found in individuals of the Polada Culture. These individuals settled in the foothills of the Eastern Alps and present a material culture similar to contemporary cultures of Switzerland, Southern Germany, and Austria. It is likely that the first large movement of Indo-European elites occurred at this time, bringing archaic Italo-Celtic dialects with them.


title: Italic peoples

text: In the mid-second millennium BCE, the Terramare culture developed in the Po Valley. The Terramare culture takes its name from the black earth ("terra marna") residue of settlement mounds, which have long served the fertilizing needs of local farmers. These people were still hunters, but had domesticated animals; they were fairly skillful metallurgists, casting bronze in moulds of stone and clay, and they were also agriculturists, cultivating beans, the vine, wheat and flax. The Latino-Faliscan people have been associated with this culture, especially by the archaeologist Luigi Pigorini.


title: Italic peoples

text: The Urnfield culture might have brought proto-Italic people from among the "Italo-Celtic" tribes who remained in Hungary into Italy. These tribes are thought to have penetrated Italy from the east during the late second millennium BC through the Proto-Villanovan culture. They later crossed the Apennine Mountains and settled central Italy, including Latium. Before 1000 BCE several Italic tribes had probably entered Italy. These divided into various groups and gradually came to occupy central Italy and southern Italy. This period was characterized by widespread upheaval in the Mediterranean, including the emergence of the Sea Peoples and the Late Bronze Age collapse.


title: Italic peoples

text: The Proto-Villanovan culture dominated the peninsula and replaced the preceding Apennine culture. The Proto-Villanovans practiced cremation and buried the ashes of their dead in pottery urns of a distinctive double-cone shape. Generally speaking, Proto-Villanovan settlements have been found in almost the whole Italian peninsula from Veneto to eastern Sicily, although they were most numerous in the northern-central part of Italy. The most important settlements excavated are those of Frattesina in Veneto region, Bismantova in Emilia-Romagna and near the Monti della Tolfa, north of Rome. The Latino-Faliscans, the Veneti, and possibly the Osco-Umbrians too, have been associated with this culture.


title: Italic peoples

text: In the 13th century BCE, Proto-Celts (probably the ancestors of the Lepontii people), coming from the area of modern-day Switzerland, eastern France and south-western Germany ("RSFO" Urnfield group), entered Northern Italy (Lombardy and eastern Piedmont), starting the Canegrate culture, who not long time after, merging with the indigenous Ligurians, produced the mixed Golasecca culture.


title: Italic peoples

text: In the early Iron Age, the relatively homogeneous Proto-Villanovan culture (1200-900 BCE), closely associated with the Celtic Halstatt culture of Alpine Austria, characterised by the introduction of iron-working and the practice of cremation coupled with the burial of ashes in distinctive pottery, shows a process of fragmentation and regionalisation. In Tuscany and in part of Emilia-Romagna, Latium and Campania, the Proto-Villanovan culture was followed by the Villanovan culture. The earliest remains of Villanovan culture date back to circa 900 BCE.


title: Italic peoples

text: In the region south of the Tiber ("Latium Vetus"), the Latial culture of the Latins emerged, while in the north-east of the peninsula the Este culture of the Veneti appeared. Roughly in the same period, from their core area in central Italy (modern-day Umbria and Sabina region), the Osco-Umbrians began to emigrate in various waves, through the process of Ver sacrum, the ritualized extension of colonies, in southern Latium, Molise and the whole southern half of the peninsula, replacing the previous tribes, such as the Opici and the Oenotrians. This corresponds with the emergence of the Terni culture, which had strong similarities with the Celtic cultures of Hallstatt and La Tène. The Umbrian necropolis of Terni, which dates back to the 10th century BCE, was identical in every aspect to the Celtic necropolis of the Golasecca culture.


title: Italic peoples

text: By the mid-first millennium BCE, the Latins of Rome were growing in power and influence. This led to the establishment of ancient Roman civilization. In order to combat the non-Italic Etruscans, several Italic tribes united in the Latin League. After the Latins had liberated themselves from Etruscan rule they acquired a dominant position among the Italic tribes. Frequent conflict between various Italic tribes followed. The best documented of these are the wars between the Latins and the Samnites.


title: Italic peoples

text: The Latins eventually succeeded in unifying the Italic elements in the country. Many non-Latin Italic tribes adopted Latin culture and acquired Roman citizenship. During this time Italic colonies were established throughout the country, and non-Italic elements eventually adopted the Latin language and culture in a process known as Romanization. In the early first century BCE, several Italic tribes, in particular the Marsi and the Samnites, rebelled against Roman rule. This conflict is called the Social War. After Roman victory was secured, all peoples in Italy, except for the Celts of the Po Valley, were granted Roman citizenship.


title: Italic peoples

text: In the subsequent centuries, Italic tribes were assimilated into Latin culture in a process known as Romanization.


title: Italic peoples

text: A genetic study published in "Science" in November 2019 examined the remains of six Latin males buried near Rome between 900 BC and 200 BC. They carried the paternal haplogroups R-M269, R-311, R-PF7589 and R-P312 and the maternal haplogroups H1aj1a, T2c1f, H2a, U4a1a, H11a and H10. A female from the preceding Proto-Villanovan culture carried the maternal haplogroups U5a2b. These examined individuals were distinguished from preceding populations of Italy by the presence of ca. 25-35% steppe ancestry. Overall, the genetic differentiation between the Latins, Etruscans and the preceding proto-villanovan population of Italy was found to be insignificant.


title: Queen Anne style architecture in the United States

text: Queen Anne style architecture was one of a number of popular Victorian architectural styles that emerged in the United States during the period from roughly 1880 to 1910. Popular there during this time, it followed the Second Empire and Stick styles and preceded the Richardsonian Romanesque and Shingle styles. Sub-movements of Queen Anne include the Eastlake movement.


text: The style bears almost no relationship to the original Queen Anne style architecture in Britain (a toned-down version of English Baroque that was used mostly for gentry houses) which appeared during the time of Queen Anne, who reigned from 1702 to 1714, nor of Queen Anne Revival (which appeared in the latter 19th century there).


text: The American style covers a wide range of picturesque buildings with "free Renaissance" (non-Gothic Revival) details, rather than being a specific formulaic style in its own right.


text: The term "Queen Anne", as an alternative both to the French-derived Second Empire style and the less "domestic" "Beaux-Arts" style, is broadly applied to architecture, furniture and decorative arts of the period from 1880 to 1910. Some Queen Anne architectural elements, such as the wrap-around front porch, continued to be found into the 1920s.


text: Queen Anne style buildings in the United States came into vogue during the 1880s, replacing the French-derived Second Empire as the 'style of the moment'. The popularity of high Queen Anne style waned in the early 1900s, but some elements continued to be found on buildings into the 1920s, such as the wrap-around front porch (often L-shaped).


text: The British 19th-century Queen Anne style that had been formulated there by Norman Shaw and other architects arrived in New York City with the new housing for the New York House and School of Industry at 120 West 16th Street (designed by Sidney V. Stratton, 1878). The Astral Apartments that were built in Brooklyn in 1885–86 (to house workers) are an example of red-brick and terracotta Queen Anne architecture in New York. E. Francis Baldwin's stations for the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad are also familiar examples of the style, built variously of brick and wood.


text: Gabled and domestically scaled, these early American Queen Anne homes were built of warm, soft brick enclosing square terracotta panels, with an arched side passage leading to an inner court and back house. Their detailing is largely confined to the treatment of picturesquely disposed windows, with small-paned upper sashes and plate glass lower ones. Triple windows of a Serlian motif and a two-story oriel window that projects asymmetrically were frequently featured.


text: The most famous American Queen Anne residence is the Carson Mansion in Eureka, California. Newsom and Newsom were notable builder-architects of 19th-century California homes and public buildings, and they designed and constructed (1884–86) this 18-room home for William Carson, one of California's first lumber barons.


text: After 1885, usage of Eastlake-style trim shifted over to "free classic" or Colonial Revival trim, including pedimented entryways and Palladian windows.


text: Smaller and somewhat plainer houses can also be Queen Anne. The William G. Harrison House is an example, built in 1904 in rural Nashville, Georgia.


text: The Shingle style in America was made popular by the rise of the New England school of architecture, which eschewed the highly ornamented patterns of the Eastlake style. In the Shingle style, English influence was combined with the renewed interest in Colonial American architecture which followed the 1876 celebration of the Centennial. Architects emulated colonial houses' plain, shingled surfaces as well as their massing, whether in the simple gable of McKim Mead and White's Low House or in the complex massing of Kragsyde, which looked almost as if a colonial house had been fancifully expanded over many years. This impression of the passage of time was enhanced by the use of shingles. Some architects, in order to attain a weathered look on a new building, even had the cedar shakes dipped in buttermilk, dried and then installed, to leave a grayish tinge to the façade.


text: The Shingle style also conveyed a sense of the house as continuous volume. This effect—of the building as an envelope of space, rather than a great mass, was enhanced by the visual tautness of the flat shingled surfaces, the horizontal shape of many shingle-style houses, and the emphasis on horizontal continuity, both in exterior details and in the flow of spaces within the houses.


text: McKim, Mead and White and Peabody and Stearns were two of the notable firms of the era that helped to popularize the shingle style, through their large-scale commissions for "seaside cottages" of the rich and the well-to-do in such places as Newport, Rhode Island. However, the most famous Shingle-style house built in America was "Kragsyde" (1882), the summer home commissioned by Bostonian G. Nixon Black, from Peabody and Stearns. Kragsyde was built atop the rocky coastal shore near Manchester-By-the-Sea, Massachusetts, and embodied every possible tenet of the shingle style.


text: Many of the concepts of the Shingle style were adopted by Gustav Stickley, and adapted to the American version of the Arts and Crafts Movement.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: The Venus Callipyge, also known as the Aphrodite Kallipygos () or the Callipygian Venus, all literally meaning "Venus (or Aphrodite) of the beautiful buttocks", is an Ancient Roman marble statue, thought to be a copy of an older Greek original. In an example of anasyrma, it depicts a partially draped woman, raising her light peplos to uncover her hips and buttocks, and looking back and down over her shoulder, perhaps to evaluate them. The subject is conventionally identified as Venus (Aphrodite), though it may equally be a portrait of a mortal woman.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: The marble statue extant today dates to the late 1st century BC. The lost Greek original on which it is based is thought to have been bronze, and to have been executed around 300 BC, towards the beginning of the Hellenistic era. The provenance of the marble copy is unknown, but it was rediscovered, missing its head, in the early modern era. The head was restored, first in the 16th century and again in the 18th century (in which case the sculptor followed the earlier restoration fairly closely); the restored head was made to look over the shoulder, drawing further attention to the statue's bare buttocks, thereby contributing to its popularity. In the 17th and 18th centuries the statue was identified as Venus and associated with a temple to Aphrodite Kallipygos at Syracuse, discussed by Athenaeus in his "Deipnosophists". The statue was copied a number of times, including by Jean-Jacques Clérion and François Barois.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: The Venus Kallipygos as we have it is a Roman work in marble, dating to the late 1st century BC. It is considered to be a copy or "paraphrase" of an older Greek statue, probably bronze. This lost original is thought to have been created around 300 BC, near the inception of the Hellenistic era. The marble version's sculptor and provenance are unknown. It was rediscovered, missing its head, in Rome by at least the 16th century. It is sometimes said to have been found in the ruins of Emperor Nero's Domus Aurea, though this is unlikely, as fragments uncovered there contained no evidence of high-quality works of art such as the Venus.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: The missing head was reconstructed in the 16th century. The restorer decided to have the figure look over her shoulder at her own buttocks, a choice that gave the Venus its distinctive pose and had a significant effect on later interpretations of the work. The statue was acquired by the Farnese family and was in the Palazzo Farnese by 1594; it may be the draped Venus described as being in the palace by visitors earlier that century. In the 17th century it is known to have been kept in the palace's "Sala dei Filosophi", where it stood surrounded by statues of eighteen ancient philosophers. In 1731 the Farnese estate was inherited by Charles of Bourbon, who moved some of the marbles, including the Venus, across the Tiber River to the Villa Farnesina.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: In 1786 the Bourbons decided to move the Venus Kallipygos to Naples with the rest of the Farnese collection. First, however, it was sent to be restored by Carlo Albacini. Responding to contemporary criticisms of some of the statue's features, Albacini replaced the head, the arms, and one leg; he followed the previous restoration fairly faithfully in having the figure look back over her shoulder. By 1792 the statue was at the Museum of Capodimonte in Naples, and by 1802 it was in the Museo degli Studi, now the Naples National Archaeological Museum, where it remains.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: The restorers' decision to have the figure look over her back greatly affected subsequent interpretations, to the point that the classicists Mary Beard and J. G. W. Henderson describe it as having "created a 'masterpiece' in place of a fragment". The restored statue's pose draws further attention to the naked buttocks, and gives the figure a distinctly erotic aspect. The restoration recalled in the minds of viewers a story recorded in Athenaeus' "Deipnosophists" about the founding of a temple of "Aphrodite Kallipygos" in ancient Syracuse, Sicily. According to Athenaeus, two beautiful sisters from a farm near Syracuse argued over which of them had the shapelier buttocks, and accosted a young passerby to have him judge. They showed themselves off to the traveler, the son of a rich man, and he voted for the older sister. Subsequently, he became smitten with her and fell ill with love-sickness. Learning what had happened, the man's younger brother went out to see the girls for himself, and fell in love with the younger sister. Thereafter the brothers refused to consider any other brides, so their father arranged for the sisters to come marry them. The citizens dubbed the sisters "Kallipugoi" ("Women with Beautiful Buttocks"), and with their new-found prosperity they dedicated a temple to Aphrodite, calling her Kallipygos.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: Other sources mention the cult of Aphrodite Kallipygos at Syracuse. The Christian writer Clement of Alexandria includes it in a list of erotic manifestations of pagan religion. From the 16th century, Athenaeus' tale circulated in Vincenzo Cartari's retelling of stories from classical mythology, "Le Imagini". Many viewers of the 17th and 18th centuries identified the statue's subject as the goddess, and supposed the work to be a cult statue from the temple of Venus Kallipygos. It was thus often described at the time as Venus exiting the bath. Others identified it instead with one of the "beautiful-buttocked" girls from Athenaeus' story, and as such it was alternatively known as "La Belle Victorieuse" or "La Bergère Grecque".


title: Venus Callipyge

text: In 1836, called it a "charming statuette" but noted that it was "placed in a reserved hall, where the curious are only introduced under the surveillance of a guardian, though even this precaution has not prevented the rounded forms which won for the goddess the name of Callipyge, from being covered with a dark tint, which betrays the profane kisses that fanatic admirers have every day impressed there. We ourselves knew a young German tourist smitten with a mad passion for this voluptuous marble; and the commiseration his state of mind inspired set aside all idea of ridicule."


title: Venus Callipyge

text: A marble copy by Jean-Jacques Clérion (1686) was sent to Versailles. Another copy was made by François Barois during his residence at the French Academy in Rome, 1683–1686. It was sent to Versailles, then to Marly-le-Roi in 1695, where it was provided with additional marble draperies by Jean Thierry, not to offend an increasingly prudish public taste; it remained at Marly until the Revolution, when it found its way to the Jardin des Tuileries.


title: Venus Callipyge

text: Augustus the Strong ordered a copy, which was executed by Pierre de l’Estache in Rome between 1722 and 1723, for the "Grosser Garten", Dresden. However it was destroyed in 1945 (Desmas 2002).


title: Venus Callipyge

text: The 19th-century identification was repopularised by the 20th century lyrics of the French lyricist Georges Brassens, in his "Vénus Callipyge", which seems explicitly to reference Jean de La Fontaine in his "Conte tiré d'Athénée", among the posthumous tales (the third under that title in the so-called "contes libertins", the first two in the Première partie, published 10 January 1665), which paraphrases Athenaeus' account and ends in direct reference to the famous buttocks:


title: Venus Callipyge

text: "Metallic Venus", Jeff Koons's modern interpretation made of polished steel, is from his "Antiquity Series". The highly erotic, chrome-finished sculpture celebrates the original themes of beauty, fertility, and innocence but with a modern perspective. Fresh flowers in the piece are replaced daily, representing the throwaway, consumerist culture of modern society.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Mitch Rapp is a fictional character in a series of novel by Vince Flynn and in the film adaptation of "American Assassin". Since Flynn's death in 2013, the series has been continued by Kyle Mills.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Rapp is a counter-terrorism operative, employed, first unofficially then officially, by the CIA. The primary focus of the character is thwarting foreign terrorist attacks on the United States and he is presented as an aggressive operative who is willing to take measures that are more extreme than might be considered commonly acceptable.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Rapp's high school sweetheart Maureen Eliot, who was attending Syracuse University with Rapp, was killed in the December 21, 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. She had been one of thirty-five Syracuse students returning from a semester overseas. One year later he was recruited into the Central Intelligence Agency by Irene Kennedy.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Over the course of the series Rapp terminates a large number of terrorists both on foreign and domestic soil. His main conflicts center on foreign terrorists.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Rapp attended Syracuse University, where he majored in international business and minored in French. He attended the college on a lacrosse scholarship and was an All-American. Rapp was also offered a scholarship by the University of North Carolina, but turned that one down because his high school sweetheart Maureen was attending Syracuse with the hope of getting into broadcasting. Maureen, whom Rapp had known since he was sixteen years old, was killed in the December 21, 1988 bombing of Pan Am Flight 103. She had been one of thirty-five Syracuse students returning from a semester overseas.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Nearly a year after Maureen's death, Rapp was recruited into the CIA by Irene Kennedy. He began training the week after graduating from Syracuse. Only twenty-three years old at the time, Rapp did not go through the standard CIA training program at "The Farm", outside Williamsburg, Virginia. Instead, for a year straight he was shuttled from one location to the next, sometimes spending a week, sometimes a month. The bulk of the training was handled by Stan Hurley, a former CIA operative, who taught him "how to shoot, stab, blow things up, and even kill with his bare hands". In other words, he was schooled in firearms and marksmanship, hand-to-hand combat, and explosives. Endurance was stressed. There were long swims and even longer runs. Between all the heavy lifting, they worked on his foreign language skills. Since he had minored in French at Syracuse, within a month at the CIA he was fluent in the language. He was then taught Arabic and Persian and can passably speak Urdu and Pashto. He also speaks French, German and Italian. He is ambidextrous, but naturally left-handed.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Rapp then became an operative of the Orion Team, a highly secretive organization supported by the CIA but outside the Agency. It is funded by money that has been diverted out of congressionally funded programs. The job of the Orion Team in a nutshell is to take the war to the terrorists. It was formed in response to the Lockerbie disaster by the then CIA director of operations Thomas Stansfield. The unit operates in secret, independent of the U.S. national security apparatus and circumvents the leviathan of politics and gets around small impediments like the executive order banning assassinations. The team is headed by Rapp's recruiter, Irene Kennedy, whose official role is as director of the CIA's Counterterrorism Center.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Rapp has been the Orion Team's star operative almost from the day he started and has been honed into the most effective counterterrorism operative in America's arsenal. He's spent significant amounts of time in Europe, the Middle East, and Southwest Asia collecting intelligence and when the situation called for it, dealing with threats in a more final manner.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Officially, Rapp has nothing to do with the U.S. government; rather, he is referred to in the business as a private contractor. Rapp lives a life completely separate from the Agency. His cover is that of a successful entrepreneur. With the help of the CIA, he runs a small computer consulting business on the side that just happens to do a fair amount of international business, which gives him the cover to travel frequently. To keep things legitimate, Rapp often does indeed conduct business while abroad.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: One of Rapp's aliases is Mitch Kruse. In the special ops community he is often known only by his call sign, "Iron Man" after the annual Ironman Triathlon in which he has participated on several occasions and has twice won. His only remaining family is his brother, Steven Rapp, a millionaire financial genius. Mitch and Steven grew up in McLean, Virginia.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: Throughout the books, Rapp works with several special operations units including Navy SEALs and DEVGRU, Delta Force, Air Force Special Operations Command, the FBI Hostage Rescue Team, and the 160th Special Operations Aviation Regiment (Airborne). He also has close ties with "SEAL Demolition and Salvage Corporation", a private military company specializing in underwater salvage such as getting rid of debris for ports and shipyards and training law enforcement divers, but whose employees also work from time to time as freelance operatives for the CIA. The company is owned and operated by Scott Coleman, former commanding officer of SEAL Team Six and friend of Rapp.


title: Mitch Rapp

text: The "New York Times" bestseller, "Consent to Kill," was intended to be the first Mitch Rapp film in a proposed series of films by CBS Films. "Consent to Kill" was scheduled to be produced by Lorenzo di Bonaventura and Nick Wechsler; the screenplay was written by Jonathan Lemkin. The studio's last few films had performed poorly, causing them to delay the production of this film. Antoine Fuqua was originally attached to direct, with several names being rumored to play Rapp, including Gerard Butler, Colin Farrell and Matthew Fox, but the studio announced some major changes in June 2011. One of these changes was that although the first film in the series was initially going to be based on an earlier novel, it would now be based it on a later instalment, "American Assassin," which explains how Rapp became a CIA officer. Another change was that the leading man would, consequently, be younger, to reflect Rapp at a younger age and still at the beginning of his covert career. On 19 January 2016 CBS Films announced that "American Assassin" would be directed by Michael Cuesta and written by Stephen Schiff. Production needed to start by April 30, 2016, or the rights to the film would revert to the Vince Flynn Estate. On May 10, 2016, Deadline announced that 24-year-old actor Dylan O'Brien was in talks to play Rapp, with the "idea that O’Brien’s Mitch Rapp is college aged, and the hope is the actor grows as the series progresses."