title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Aguinaldo is captured by the Americans in Palanan, Isabela on March 23, 1901, effectively ending the war. Held as a prisoner of war in Malacañang Palace, he is visited by his former aide-de-camp Manuel Quezon, who surrenders to the Americans upon orders of his superior, General Tomás Mascardo, and visits Aguinaldo to verify his capture and consults Aguinaldo whether Mascardo should surrender. Aguinaldo tells Quezon that the decision for Mascardo to surrender is up to Mascardo himself. Mabini is captured by the Americans and exiled to Guam where he pens his own narrative of the war, "La Revolución Filipina" ('The Philippine Revolution'). He notes Aguinaldo's failure as an ineffective leader of the Philippines. Alejandrino's position is also overrun. Remedios receives a letter from Goyo. Joven is then rescued by Kiko and Eduardo Rusca, Luna's former aide. Decades later, Quezon runs for president in 1935, while an older Eduardo and Joven give Aguinaldo a small salute.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Other members of the ensemble cast are Christopher Aronson, RK Bagatsing, Carlo Cruz, Jason Dewey, Bret Jackson, Ethan Salvador, Lorenz Martinez, Karl Medina, Stephanie Sol, and Markki Stroem.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Plans for a sequel to Jerrold Tarog's "Heneral Luna" went underway after its critical and commercial success. Tarog envisioned the sequel as being about Gregorio del Pilar, a young General who, like "Heneral Luna"s titular protagonist Antonio Luna, was among the Filipino historical figures during the Philippine–American War. Accordingly, Paulo Avelino, who played Del Pilar in "Luna", came aboard to reprise his role.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Tarog's research for "Goyo" involved studying biographies authored by Teodoro Kalaw as well as crossing the Tirad Pass. Tarog again incorporated several prominent Filipino figures including the likes of Apolinario Mabini and Emilio Aguinaldo, aiming for a scope larger than what was present in "Heneral Luna". Tarog co-wrote the film's screenplay with Rody Vera, who has said he had thoroughly studied "Luna" "to understand the flow of the conversations and other details unique to each character".


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: "Goyo" entered pre-production in January 2017. To prepare his scenes, Avelino underwent horseback riding lessons in March 2017. Tarog projected a 50-day film shoot, which began in May 2017. The complete ensemble cast was also revealed in a photo taken during the May shoot, including the likes of Mon Confiado as Emilio Aguinaldo, Epy Quizon as Apolinario Mabini, Benjamin Alves as Manuel L. Quezon, Leo Martinez as Pedro Paterno, and Alvin Anson as José Alejandrino, reprising their roles from "Heneral Luna". Filming was completed on November 27, 2017, lasting 60 days. The production cost for the film is said to be triple the budget of "Luna".


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: On February 15, 2017, a 20-minute short film entitled "Angelito" was exclusively released during the theatrical premiere of "I'm Drunk, I Love You" to serve as a prelude to "Goyo" and to intertwine both the sequel and "Heneral Luna". The film's teaser trailer was released on September 9, 2017. In May 2018, it was announced that the film would be released on September 5, 2018.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: The film was made available on DVD on December 16, 2018. It also began streaming on Netflix starting January 26, 2019.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: The film received praise for its acting, cinematography, music, and set design, which Zach Yonzon in Spot.PH highlighted as "some of the best in Philippine cinema". Yonzon also gave it a score of 3 out of 5, considering "Goyo" to be "masterfully done" though somewhat preposterously made. Writing for the Philippine edition of "Esquire", Miguel Escobar called the film captivating: "It's a slow burn through the first half, but it's never boring and always beautiful." Fred Hawson of ABS-CBN News called it "subdued but powerful" and gave a score of 9 out of 10.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: It was reported that the sequel to "Goyo" would be about President Manuel L. Quezon, with Benjamin Alves and TJ Trinidad set to reprise their roles as younger and older versions of Quezon respectively. However, director Jerrold Tarog's work on the sequel was postponed after Star Cinema hired him in 2018 to direct "Darna". Tarog has said he would proceed with writing the script for the Quezon film by the time filming for "Darna" is completed.


title: Dirk Verbeuren

text: Dirk Verbeuren (born 8 January 1975) is a Belgian musician and the current drummer of American thrash metal band Megadeth, amongst other projects. He previously was a member of the Swedish melodic death metal band Soilwork.


title: Dirk Verbeuren

text: Verbeuren recorded five full-length albums and a live DVD/Blu-ray with Soilwork, and performed in Europe, the United States, Canada, Japan, Australia, Russia and China as a headlining act between early 2004 and July 2016. As of 2016, Verbeuren left Soilwork to join Megadeth as a full-time member.


title: Dirk Verbeuren

text: Verbeuren cites Dave Lombardo and Mick Harris as earliest influences on his drumming. Other influences include Gavin Harrison, Sean Reinert, Gene Hoglan, Tomas Haake, Steve Flynn, Pete Sandoval, Morgan Ågren, Tony Laureano and Chad Smith. Verbeuren is also a fan of hip hop music and mentioned The Beastie Boys, Run-DMC, and Public Enemy as his favourite hip hop groups in the teen years.


title: Dirk Verbeuren

text: Verbeuren is endorsed by Tama drums and sticks, Meinl cymbals, Evans Drumheads, Toontrack software, dB drumshoes and Alien Ears in-ear monitors. He recorded four elaborate MIDI drum packs for Toontrack: "Library of the Extreme: Blasts and Fills", "Death & Thrash", "Fill Insanity" and "Metal Beats" and contributed MIDI tracks to "The Metal Foundry SDX" and "Metal! EZX".


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: Kingdom Come is the ninth studio album by American rapper Jay-Z. It was released on November 21, 2006, through Roc-A-Fella Records and Def Jam Recordings. It was considered a "comeback album" for the rapper, as 2003's "The Black Album" was promoted as his final release. The production on the album was handled by multiple producers including Just Blaze, DJ Khalil, Dr. Dre, The Neptunes, Swizz Beatz and Kanye West among others. The album also features guest appearances by John Legend, Beyoncé, Usher, Ne-Yo and more.


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: "Kingdom Come" was supported to four singles: "Show Me What You Got", "Lost One", "30 Something" and "Hollywood". The album received generally lukewarm reviews from music critics but was a commercial success. It debuted at number one on the US "Billboard 200", selling 680,000 copies in its first week. At the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, Jay-Z earned a nomination for Best Rap Album.


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: "Kingdom Come" was the first Jay-Z album released since 2003's "The Black Album", which had been widely hyped as Jay-Z's "retirement" album. The video for that album's hit single "99 Problems" had ended with Jay-Z going down in a hail of gunfire. Jay-Z stated in interviews that that scene represented the "death" of Jay-Z and the "rebirth" of Shawn Carter. Because of this, Jay-Z had originally planned to release "Kingdom Come" under his real name of Shawn Carter, but decided in the end to release it under his more-famous stage name Jay-Z. The album's second single, "Lost One" (produced by Dr. Dre) addresses Jay's split with Roc-A-Fella co-founder Damon Dash, the death of his nephew, and supposedly his relationship with actress Rosario Dawson.


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: Past collaborators Kanye West and particularly Just Blaze made significant contributions to the album's production. This is the first time Dr. Dre has played a substantial role in a Jay-Z album, as he produced four beats and mixed every song on the album. Relatively unknown newcomers B-Money, Syience, and DJ Khalil also contributed to the album's production, as well as Coldplay lead singer Chris Martin. "Kingdom Come"'s opening track "The Prelude" features additional vocals from Pain in da Ass who featured on some of Jay-Z's earlier album introductions, impersonating characters from films such as "Scarface", "Goodfellas", and "Carlito's Way".


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: "Kingdom Come" received generally lukewarm reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 67, based on 23 reviews. According to "Pitchfork" journalist Peter Macia, "the early consensus on "Kingdom Come" [was] that it's one of Jay-Z's worst albums." He praised the song "Minority Report" writing "It's the only song on Kingdom Come that offers any real insight into the unique position Jay-Z is in, and possibly the only one that anyone will care to remember." Reviewing the record for "Rolling Stone", Rob Sheffield said "the highs are really high, and the lows are really low", particularly applauding the title track and "Trouble" while finding "Beach Chair" especially awful. Nathan Rabin wrote in "The A.V. Club" that contrary to the hype leading up to its release, "Kingdom Come" was "just another solid album" from a rapper who now "succeeds on craft and hard-won experience rather than hunger", finding it devoid of the urgent sense his previous records displayed. Robert Christgau gave it an honorable mention in his "MSN Music" consumer guide, naming "30 Something" and "Minority Report" as highlights while writing that Jay-Z was enjoying "the pleasures of going legit". In "The New York Times", Kelefa Sanneh deemed "Kingdom Come" an intriguing but "halfway successful" attempt by "a grown-up rapper trying to make a grown-up album". AllMusic editor Andy Kellman was more critical, dismissing the record as "a display of complacency and retreads — a gratuitous, easily resistible victory lap — that very slightly upgrades the relative worth of "The Blueprint²"." Jay-Z later considered it to be his worst album.


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: In the 10th anniversary, Preezy Brown from Vibe write an article about the album and said: ""Kingdom Come" was stacked to the brim with all of the bells and whistles to compensate for any rust on the part of Hov, but ultimately would not be enough to mask the album's blemishes." They singled out "The Prelude" ("One of the superior intros in Hov's catalog"), "Lost Ones" ("one of the more heartfelt and transparent tunes of his career"), "Do U Wanna Ride" ("an open letter to former street associate-turned-inmate Emory Jones, Jay Z shows glimpses of the greatness that set him apart"), "I Made It" ("Another brief moment of brilliance on Kingdom Come, which is dedicated to the accomplishment of his mama proud") and the last two songs, "Minority Report" (one of the more unsung compositions in Jay Z's career and a stellar example of his underrated social commentary") and "Beach Chair" (an intense sonic affair that finds Jay Z reflecting on his past, present, and future, and is among the best work found on his first post-retirement album) as highlights. He said "both of which see Hov venturing outside of his comfort zone with favorable results."


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: The song Minority Report received further notice from hip-hop fans and critics alike especially for its production and its message. Mitch Findlay from HNHH said: "While Kingdom Come as an album is oft-maligned, largely viewed as a mediocre comeback album, there are some gems to be found. The best of which is Minority Report, an elegiac reflection on the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina. Jay is at his most somber, spitting poetry rich with images, lamenting the mistreatment from government and former Commander-In-Chief George Bush. The pattern of A-List producers continues with Dr. Dre at the boards, and Ne-yo closes off the track with a haunting, powerful refrain - “seems like we don’t even care”." The Spin staff also singled out the song as one of the high-lists on the album: "It’s not the best track to listen to on a purely aesthetic basis, with Jay rapping in a stilted flow over a plodding piano beat. But the song stands out for both its incisiveness and its honesty." and called it "one of his most interesting bits of rapping ever". At the 50th Annual Grammy Awards, "Kingdom Come" received a nomination for Best Rap Album; the award was won by Kanye West for his 2007 album "Graduation".


title: Kingdom Come (Jay-Z album)

text: "Kingdom Come" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, selling 680,000 copies in its first week, according to Nielsen Soundscan. This became Jay-Z's ninth US number one album and tied him with the Rolling Stones for the third most number-one albums in the US. In its second week, the album dropped to number six on the chart, selling an additional 140,000 copies. On December 14, 2006, the album certified double platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for shipments of two million copies. As of August 2009, the album has sold 1,510,000 copies in the United States, according to Nielsen SoundScan.


title: Jake Thomas

text: Jake Thomas (born January 30, 1990) is an American actor and director, perhaps best known for his role as Matt McGuire, the title character's younger brother, in the Disney Channel show "Lizzie McGuire" (2001–04). In 2002, he won a Young Artist Award for supporting actor for his performance in "A.I. Artificial Intelligence" (2001). He also appeared in "Cory in the House" (2007–08), playing the role of Jason Stickler.


title: Jake Thomas

text: Thomas was born in Knoxville, Tennessee, the son of Kim Simmons Thomas, a television reporter and writer, and Bob Thomas, a radio personality, actor and writer. The youngest of three children, he has two older siblings. Thomas attended Farragut High School, and graduated from California State University, Northridge with a degree in screenwriting and Japanese.


title: Jake Thomas

text: He is best known for his role as Matt McGuire, the younger brother on "Lizzie McGuire", which ran from 2001 to 2004 on Disney Channel. He was set to reprise the role in the series’ continuation on Disney+ although the show was later cancelled in December 2020 before it could be released.


title: Jake Thomas

text: Thomas has appeared in numerous television shows and movies, including playing Eric Miller in the "Without a Trace" episode "Wannabe", a young Hugh Hefner in the television movie "Hefner: Unauthorized", "3rd Rock from the Sun" and had a recurring role in "Cory in the House" as Jason Stickler.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The Bibliothèque nationale de France (, 'National Library of France'; BnF) is the national library of France, located in Paris on two main sites known respectively as "Richelieu" and "François-Mitterrand". It is the national repository of all that is published in France. Some of its extensive collections, including books and manuscripts but also precious objects and artworks, are on display at the BnF Museum (formerly known as the ) on the Richelieu site.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The National Library of France is a public establishment under the supervision of the Ministry of Culture. Its mission is to constitute collections, especially the copies of works published in France that must, by law, be deposited there, conserve them, and make them available to the public. It produces a reference catalogue, cooperates with other national and international establishments, and participates in research programs.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The National Library of France traces its origin to the royal library founded at the Louvre Palace by Charles V in 1368. Charles had received a collection of manuscripts from his predecessor, John II, and transferred them to the Louvre from the Palais de la Cité. The first librarian of record was Claude Mallet, the king's valet de chambre, who made a sort of catalogue, "Inventoire des Livres du Roy nostre Seigneur estans au Chastel du Louvre". Jean Blanchet made another list in 1380 and Jean de Bégue one in 1411 and another in 1424. Charles V was a patron of learning and encouraged the making and collection of books. It is known that he employed Nicholas Oresme, Raoul de Presle and others to transcribe ancient texts. At the death of Charles VI, this first collection was unilaterally bought by the English regent of France, the Duke of Bedford, who transferred it to England in 1424. It was apparently dispersed at his death in 1435.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Charles VII did little to repair the loss of these books, but the invention of printing resulted in the starting of another collection in the Louvre inherited by Louis XI in 1461. Charles VIII seized a part of the collection of the kings of Aragon. Louis XII, who had inherited the library at Blois, incorporated the latter into the "Bibliothèque du Roi" and further enriched it with the Gruthuyse collection and with plunder from Milan. Francis I transferred the collection in 1534 to Fontainebleau and merged it with his private library. During his reign, fine bindings became the craze and many of the books added by him and Henry II are masterpieces of the binder's art.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Under librarianship of Jacques Amyot, the collection was transferred to Paris and then relocated on several occasions, a process during which many treasures were lost. Henry IV had it moved to the Collège de Clermont in 1595, a year after the expulsion of the Jesuits from their establishment. In 1604, the Jesuits were allowed to return and the collection was moved to the Cordeliers Convent, then in 1622 to the nearby on the rue de la Harpe. The appointment of Jacques Auguste de Thou as librarian initiated a period of development that made it the largest and richest collection of books in the world. He was succeeded by his son who was replaced, when executed for treason, by Jérôme Bignon, the first of a line of librarians of the same name. Under de Thou, the library was enriched by the collections of Queen Catherine de Medici. The library grew rapidly during the reigns of Louis XIII and Louis XIV, due in great part to the interest of Minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert, himself a dedicated collector of books.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The site in the Rue de la Harpe becoming inadequate, the library was again moved, in 1666, to two adjacent houses in Rue Vivienne. After Colbert, Louis XIV's minister Louvois also took interest in the library and employed Jean Mabillon, Melchisédech Thévenot and others to procure books from every source. In 1688, a catalogue in eight volumes was compiled. Louvois considered the erection of an opulent building to host it on what would become the Place Vendôme, a project that was however left unexecuted following the minister's death in 1691.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The library opened to the public in 1692, under the administration of Abbott Camille le Tellier de Louvois, the minister's son. The Abbé Louvois was succeeded by Jean-Paul Bignon, who in 1721 seized the opportunity of the collapse of John Law's Mississippi Company. The company had been relocated by Law into the former palace of Cardinal Mazarin around Hôtel Tubeuf, and its failure freed significant space in which the Library would expand (even though the Hotel Tubeuf itself would remain occupied by French East India Company and later by France's financial bureaucracy until the 1820s. Bignon also instituted a complete reform of the library's system. Catalogues were made which appeared from 1739 to 1753 in 11 volumes. The collections increased steadily by purchase and gift to the outbreak of the French Revolution, at which time it was in grave danger of partial or total destruction, but owing to the activities of Antoine-Augustin Renouard and Joseph Van Praet it suffered no injury.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The library's collections swelled to over 300,000 volumes during the radical phase of the French Revolution when the private libraries of aristocrats and clergy were seized. After the establishment of the French First Republic in September 1792, "the Assembly declared the "Bibliothèque du Roi" to be national property and the institution was renamed the "Bibliothèque Nationale". After four centuries of control by the Crown, this great library now became the property of the French people."


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: A new administrative organization was established. Napoleon took great interest in the library and among other things issued an order that all books in provincial libraries not possessed by the "Bibliothèque Nationale" should be forwarded to it, subject to replacement by exchanges of equal value from the duplicate collections, making it possible, as Napoleon said, to find a copy of any book in France in the National Library. Napoleon furthermore increased the collections by spoil from his conquests. A considerable number of these books were restored after his downfall. During the period from 1800 to 1836, the library was virtually under the control of Joseph Van Praet. At his death it contained more than 650,000 printed books and some 80,000 manuscripts.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Following a series of regime changes in France, it became the Imperial National Library and in 1868 was moved to newly constructed buildings on the Rue de Richelieu designed by Henri Labrouste. Upon Labrouste's death in 1875 the library was further expanded, including the grand staircase and the Oval Room, by academic architect Jean-Louis Pascal. In 1896, the library was still the largest repository of books in the world, although it has since been surpassed by other libraries for that title.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The Richelieu site occupies a full city block in Paris, surrounded by rue de Richelieu (west), rue des Petits-Champs (south), (east), and (north). There are two entrances, respectively on 58, rue de Richelieu and 5, rue Vivienne. This site was the main location of the library for 275 years, from 1721 to 1996. It now hosts the BnF Museum as well as facilities of the BnF, the library of the Institut National d'Histoire de l'Art (in the since 2016) and the library of the École Nationale des Chartes. It was comprehensively renovated in the 2010s and early 2020s on a design by architects and Virginie Brégal.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: On 14 July 1988, President François Mitterrand announced "the construction and the expansion of one of the largest and most modern libraries in the world, intended to cover all fields of knowledge, and designed to be accessible to all, using the most modern data transfer technologies, which could be consulted from a distance, and which would collaborate with other European libraries". Due to initial trade union opposition, a wireless network was fully installed only in August 2016.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: In July 1989, the services of the architectural firm of Dominique Perrault were retained. The design was recognized with the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture in 1996. The construction was carried out by Bouygues. Construction of the library ran into huge cost overruns and technical difficulties related to its high-rise design, so much so that it was referred to as the "TGB" or ""Très Grande Bibliothèque"" (i.e. "Very Large Library", a sarcastic allusion to France's successful high-speed rail system, the TGV). After the move of the major collections from the Rue de Richelieu, the National Library of France was inaugurated on 15 December 1996.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: , the BnF contained roughly 14 million books at its four Parisian sites (Tolbiac, i.e. Bibliothèque François-Mitterrand, and Richelieu, Arsenal and Opéra) as well as printed documents, manuscripts, prints, photographs, maps and plans, scores, coins, medals, sound documents, video and multimedia documents, scenery elements..." The library retains the use of the Rue de Richelieu complex for some of its collections.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The Manuscripts department houses the largest collection of medieval and modern manuscripts worldwide.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: The collection includes medieval chansons de geste and chivalric romances, eastern literature, eastern and western religions, ancient history, scientific history, and literary manuscripts by Pascal, Diderot, Apollinaire, Proust, Colette, Sartre, etc.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Gallica is the digital library for online users of the Bibliothèque nationale de France and its partners. It was established in October 1997. Today it has more than 6 million digitized materials of various types: books, magazines, newspapers, photographs, cartoons, drawings, prints, posters, maps, manuscripts, antique coins, scores, theater costumes and sets, audio and video materials. All library materials are freely available.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: On February 10, 2010, a digitized copy of "Scenes of Bohemian Life" by Henri Murger (1913) became Gallica's millionth document. And in February 2019, the five millionth document was a copy of the manuscript "Record of an Unsuccessful Trip to the West Indies" stored in the Bibliothèque Inguimbertine.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Most of Gallica's collections have been converted into text format using optical character recognition (OCR-processing), which allows full-text search in the library materials.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Each document has a digital identifier, the so-called ARK (Archival Resource Key) of the National Library of France and is accompanied by a bibliographic description.


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Raoul Rigault, leader during the Paris Commune, was known for habitually occupying the library and reading endless copies of the newspaper "Le Père Duchesne".


title: Bibliothèque nationale de France

text: Alain Resnais directed "Toute la mémoire du monde", a 1956 short film about the library and its collections.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: James, son of Alphaeus (Greek: Ἰάκωβος, "Iakōbos"; Aramaic: ܝܥܩܘܒ ܒܪ ܚܠܦܝ; "Ya'akov ben Halfai"; ; ) was one of the Twelve Apostles of Jesus, appearing under this name in all three of the Synoptic Gospels' lists of the apostles. He is generally identified with James the Less (Greek "Iakōbos ho mikros", ) and commonly known by that name in church tradition. He is also labelled "the Minor", "the Little", "the Lesser", or "the Younger", according to translation. He is distinct from James, son of Zebedee and in some interpretations also from James, brother of Jesus (James the Just). He appears only four times in the New Testament, each time in a list of the twelve apostles.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: James, son of Alphaeus is often identified with James the Less, who is only mentioned four times in the Bible, each time in connection with his mother. () refers to "Mary the mother of James the younger and of Joses", while () and () refer to "Mary the mother of James".


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Since there was already another James (James, son of Zebedee) among the twelve apostles, equating James son of Alphaeus with "James the Less" made sense. (James son of Zebedee was sometimes called "James the Greater").


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Jerome identifies James, son of Alpheus with James the Less writing in his work called "The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary" the following:


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Papias of Hierapolis, who lived circa 70–163 AD, in the surviving fragments of his work "Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord" relates that Mary, wife of Alphaeus is mother of James the Less:


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Modern Biblical scholars are divided on whether this identification is correct. John Paul Meier finds it unlikely. Amongst evangelicals, the "New Bible Dictionary" supports the traditional identification, while Don Carson and Darrell Bock both regard the identification as possible, but not certain.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Jerome, apparently voicing the general opinion of Early Church, maintains the doctrine of perpetual virginity of Mary. He proposed that James, son of Alphaeus, was to be identified with "James, the brother of the Lord" () and that the term "brother" was to be understood as "cousin." The view of Jerome, the "Hieronymian view," became widely accepted in the Roman Catholic Church, while Eastern Catholics, Eastern Orthodox and Protestants tend to distinguish between the two. Geike (1884) states that Hausrath, Delitzsch, and Schenkel think James the brother of Jesus was the son of Clophas-Alphaeus.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: In two small but potentially important works ascribed by some to Hippolytus, "On the Twelve Apostles of Christ" and "On the Seventy Apostles of Christ," he relates the following:


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: It is important to remember that James, the brother of Jesus is attributed the same death; he was stoned to death by the Jews too. This testimony of "Hippolytus", if authentic, would increase the plausibility that James the son of Alphaeus is the same person as James the brother of Jesus.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: These two works of "Hippolytus" are often neglected because the manuscripts were lost during most of the church age and then found in Greece in the 19th century. As most scholars consider them spurious, they are often ascribed to "". The two are included in an appendix to the works of Hippolytus in the voluminous collection of Early Church Fathers.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: According to the surviving fragments of the work "Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord" by Papias of Hierapolis Cleophas and Alphaeus are the same person, Mary wife of Cleophas or Alphaeus would be the mother of James, the brother of Jesus, and of Simon and Judas (Thaddeus), and of one Joseph.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Thus, James, the brother of the Lord would be the son of Alphaeus, who is the husband of Mary of Cleophas or Mary the wife of Alphaeus. However, the Anglican theologian J.B. Lightfoot maintains that the fragment in question is spurious.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: As reported by the Golden Legend, which is a collection of hagiographies compiled by Jacobus de Voragine in the thirteenth century:


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Alphaeus is also the name of the father of the tax-collector Levi mentioned in . The publican appears as Matthew in , which has led some to conclude that James and Matthew might have been brothers. The four times that James son of Alphaeus is mentioned directly in the Bible (each time in the list of the Apostles) the only family relationship stated is that his father is Alphaeus. In two lists of the Apostles, the other James and John are listed as brothers and that their father is Zebedee.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Mark the Evangelist is the earliest known source in the Bible to mention "James, son of Alphaeus" as one of the twelve Apostles. Mark the Evangelist mentions a "James, son of Alphaeus" only once and this is in his list of the 12 Apostles (). At the beginning of Jesus' ministry he first calls Peter and his brother Andrew and asks them to follow him (). In the next verses it tells the story of how James the Greater and his brother John the Apostle came to follow Jesus (). After some healing by Jesus he meets Levi son of Alphaeus who was a tax collector and he then asks Levi (better known as Matthew) to follow him ( and ). Peter, Andrew, James the Greater and John the Apostle are listed as Apostles (). Levi, son of Alphaeus is listed as an Apostle under the name of Matthew and James alone is listed as the son of Alphaeus ().


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Overall, Mark the Evangelist lists three different Jameses: "James, son of Alphaeus", James the Greater and James the brother of Jesus (). On three separate occasions he writes about a James without clarifying which James he is referring to. There is a James at the transfiguration, , at the Mount of Olives, , and the Garden of Gethsemane, . Although this James is listed alongside John the Apostle, a clear distinction isn't made about which Apostle James is being referred to, even when both Apostles are meant to be in a similar location. All twelve Apostles attend the Last Supper () which immediately precedes the Garden of Gethsemane. There is a reference to Mary mother of James the Younger and Joseph (); however, Mark the Evangelist has already told us that James the brother of Jesus has a brother called Joseph ().


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Peter, Andrew, James, son of Zebedee and his brother John were all called to follow Jesus (). In a story that parallels the calling of Levi, son of Alphaeus, Matthew is called to follow Jesus (). Matthew is never referred directly to as being the Son of Alphaeus in the Gospel of Matthew or any other book in the Bible, but as Levi, Son of Alphaeus (). In Mark he is regarded as a tax collector (). In the Gospel of Matthew the tax collector (Matthew) called to follow Jesus is listed as one of the twelve Apostles. James, son of Alphaeus is also listed as one of the 12 Apostles ().


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: Matthew doesn't mention any James in his Gospel that isn't identified without association to his family. There are 3 James that are mentioned by Matthew; James, Brother of Jesus, Joseph, Simon and Judas (), James son of Zebedee and brother of John () and James, son of Alphaeus. At the Transfiguration it is specified that the James is brother of John () and at the Garden of Gethsemane it is specified that it is the son of Zebedee (). It is not specified by Matthew that there was a James at the Mount of Olives; he mentions only disciples (). Matthew also mentions a Mary the mother of James and Joseph who was at the crucifixion. This James is not given the epithet the younger ().


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: A James was arrested along with some other Christians and was executed by King Herod Agrippa in his persecution of the church (). However, the James in has a brother called John. James, son of Zebedee has a brother called John () and we are never explicitly told that James son of Alphaeus has a brother. Robert Eisenman and Achille Camerlynck both suggest that the death of James in Acts 12:1–2 is James, son of Zebedee and not James son of Alphaeus.


title: James, son of Alphaeus

text: In Christian art, James the Less is depicted holding a fuller's club. One tradition maintains that he was crucified at Ostrakine in Lower Egypt, where he was preaching the Gospel.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: Jesper Kyd Jakobson (; born 3 February 1972) is a Danish composer and sound designer who has worked on various video game, television, and film projects. He has composed soundtracks for the "Hitman" series, "Assassin's Creed" series, "Borderlands" series, "Darksiders II" and "State of Decay", among many others. His scores use orchestra, choir, acoustic manipulations and electronic soundscapes.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: Kyd started playing the piano at an early age. Later, he took several years of training in classical guitar, note reading, choir singing and classical composition for piano. However, he is mostly self-taught. Kyd started using computers for composing on a Commodore 64 at age 14, and later an Amiga. He and Mikael Balle became members of the demogroup Silents DK, and later started collaborating with a group of coders known as Crionics. They eventually made the Amiga demoscene production "Hardwired". Kyd also created and scored the first wild demo, "Global Trash 2", together with Mikael Balle.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: Kyd then left the demoscene and started to work as a game musician. He and others created the computer game developer Zyrinx and a game called "Sub-Terrania" for the Sega Genesis. The team then relocated to Boston. Kyd composed music for two additional Zyrinx titles, "Red Zone" and "Scorcher" and the music for two externally developed games, "Amok" and "The Adventures of Batman and Robin" for the Sega Genesis. Zyrinx dissolved when their game publisher Scavenger went bankrupt.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: Many former Zyrinx members returned to Denmark to start IO Interactive, but Kyd moved to New York City and set up his own sound studio in Manhattan called "Nano studios". He then worked as a freelance video game musician.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: The soundtrack to "Hitman:" "Codename 47" was based on urban soundscapes and ethnic instrumentation. He then recorded the soundtrack of "" with 110 musicians of the Budapest Symphony Orchestra and Hungarian Radio Choir.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: He recorded the score for the action/adventure "Freedom Fighters" with the Hungarian Radio choir. It was described by "Film Score Monthly Magazine" as "Vangelis on steroids".


title: Jesper Kyd

text: He used modern electronica and symphonic and choral music in "". Kyd followed up with "", also performed by the Budapest Symphony Orchestra and Hungarian Radio Choir.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: Kyd then provided a cinematic middle eastern-based score for Ubisoft's "Assassin's Creed". He then wrote music for several games in the Assassin's Creed and Borderlands franchise. Kyd also wrote the soundtrack for the action/adventure "Darksiders II", notable for being his first entirely non-digital score.


title: Jesper Kyd

text: Jesper Kyd's influences include composers such as Ottorino Respighi, Igor Stravinsky, Jean-Michel Jarre, Vangelis, Mike Oldfield, John Williams, Jerry Goldsmith, and bands such as Röyksopp, the Knife, Pink Floyd, and Underworld.


title: Adrian Rawlins

text: Adrian John Rawlins (born 27 March 1958) is an English actor best known for playing Arthur Kidd in "The Woman in Black" and James Potter in the "Harry Potter" films. In 2019, he starred in "Chernobyl" as Nikolai Fomin.


title: Adrian Rawlins

text: Rawlins was born in Stoke-on-Trent, Staffordshire, the son of Mavis (née Leese) and Edward Rawlins, a market trader. Rawlins was educated at Stanfield Technical High School in Stoke-on-Trent and the Stoke VI Form College. He then studied art and acting at Manchester Metropolitan University.


title: Adrian Rawlins

text: Rawlins has appeared in several films including "Wilbur Wants to Kill Himself", and also has a pivotal role in the Harry Potter film series as Harry Potter's father James Potter. Onstage, he has appeared in "Her Naked Skin" (2008, National Theatre). He played Richard Collingsworth in the 1989 TV serial version of "The Ginger Tree", opposite Samantha Bond. He also starred in "The Woman in Black" which was made for television and aired at Christmas 1989.


title: Adrian Rawlins

text: Since 2014, he has volunteered at East Riding Theatre in East Riding of Yorkshire, becoming artistic director in 2015.


title: Alan Kay

text: Alan Curtis Kay (born May 17, 1940) is an American computer scientist best known for his pioneering work on object-oriented programming and windowing graphical user interface (GUI) design. At Xerox PARC he led the design and development of the first modern windowed computer desktop interface. There he also led the development of the influential object-oriented programming language Smalltalk, both personally designing most of the early versions of the language and coining the term "object-oriented."


title: Alan Kay

text: He has been elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Royal Society of Arts. He received the Turing award in 2003.


title: Alan Kay

text: Kay is also a former professional jazz guitarist, composer, and theatrical designer. He also is an amateur classical pipe organist.


title: Alan Kay

text: Originally from Springfield, Massachusetts, Kay's family relocated several times due to his father's career in physiology before ultimately settling in the New York metropolitan area when he was nine.


title: Alan Kay

text: He attended Brooklyn Technical High School. Having accumulated enough credits to graduate, he then attended Bethany College in Bethany, West Virginia, where he majored in biology and minored in mathematics.


title: Alan Kay

text: Kay then taught guitar in Denver, Colorado for a year and hastily enlisted in the United States Air Force when the local draft board inquired about his nonstudent status. After taking an aptitude test, he was made a computer programmer, a billet usually filled by women due to its secretarial connotations at the time. There he devised an early cross-platform file transfer system.


title: Alan Kay

text: After his discharge, he enrolled at the University of Colorado Boulder and earned a Bachelor of Science (B.S.) in mathematics and molecular biology in 1966.


title: Alan Kay

text: In the autumn of 1966, he began graduate school at the University of Utah College of Engineering. He earned a Master of Science in electrical engineering in 1968, then a Doctor of Philosophy in computer science in 1969. His doctoral dissertation, "FLEX: A Flexible Extendable Language", described the invention of a computer language named FLEX. While there, he worked with "fathers of computer graphics" David C. Evans (who had recently been recruited from the University of California, Berkeley to start Utah's computer science department) and Ivan Sutherland (best known for writing such pioneering programs as Sketchpad). Their mentorship greatly inspired Kay's evolving views on objects and computer programming. As he grew busier with research for the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), he ended his musical career.


title: Alan Kay

text: In 1968, he met Seymour Papert and learned of the programming language Logo, a dialect of Lisp optimized for educational purposes. This led him to learn of the work of Jean Piaget, Jerome Bruner, Lev Vygotsky, and of constructionist learning, further influencing his professional orientation.


title: Alan Kay

text: Leaving Utah as an associate professor of computer science in 1969, Kay became a visiting researcher at the Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory in anticipation of accepting a professorship at Carnegie Mellon University. Instead, in 1970, he joined the Xerox PARC research staff in Palo Alto, California. Through the decade, he developed prototypes of networked workstations using the programming language Smalltalk.


title: Alan Kay

text: Along with some colleagues at PARC, Kay is one of the fathers of the idea of object-oriented programming (OOP), which he named. Some original object-oriented concepts, including the use of the words 'object' and 'class', had been developed for Simula 67 at the Norwegian Computing Center. Kay said:


title: Alan Kay

text: I'm sorry that I long ago coined the term "objects" for this topic because it gets many people to focus on the lesser idea. The big idea is "messaging".


title: Alan Kay

text: While at PARC, Kay conceived the Dynabook concept, a key progenitor of laptop and tablet computers and the e-book. He is also the architect of the modern overlapping windowing graphical user interface (GUI). Because the Dynabook was conceived as an educational platform, he is considered one of the first researchers into mobile learning; many features of the Dynabook concept have been adopted in the design of the One Laptop Per Child educational platform, with which Kay is actively involved.


title: Alan Kay

text: From 1981 to 1984, Kay was Chief Scientist at Atari. In 1984, he became an Apple Fellow. After the closure of the Apple Advanced Technology Group in 1997, he was recruited by his friend Bran Ferren, head of research and development at Disney, to join Walt Disney Imagineering as a Disney Fellow. He remained there until Ferren left to start Applied Minds Inc with Imagineer Danny Hillis, leading to the cessation of the Fellows program.


title: Alan Kay

text: In 2001, Kay founded Viewpoints Research Institute, a nonprofit organization dedicated to children, learning, and advanced software development. For their first ten years, Kay and his Viewpoints group were based at Applied Minds in Glendale, California, where he and Ferren worked on various projects. Kay served as president of the Institute until its closure in 2018.


title: Alan Kay

text: In 2002 Kay joined HP Labs as a senior fellow, departing when HP disbanded the Advanced Software Research Team on July 20, 2005.


title: Alan Kay

text: He has been an adjunct professor of computer science at the University of California, Los Angeles, a visiting professor at Kyoto University, and an adjunct professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Kay served on the advisory board of TTI/Vanguard.


title: Alan Kay

text: In December 1995, while still at Apple, Kay collaborated with many others to start the open source Squeak version of Smalltalk. As part of this effort, in November 1996, his team began research on what became the Etoys system. More recently he started, with David A. Smith, David P. Reed, Andreas Raab, Rick McGeer, Julian Lombardi, and Mark McCahill, the Croquet Project, an open-source networked 2D and 3D environment for collaborative work.


title: Alan Kay

text: In 2001, it became clear that the Etoy architecture in Squeak had reached its limits in what the Morphic interface infrastructure could do. Andreas Raab, a researcher in Kay's group then at Hewlett-Packard, proposed defining a "script process" and providing a default scheduling mechanism that avoided several more general problems. The result was a new user interface, proposed to replace the Squeak Morphic user interface. Tweak added mechanisms of islands, asynchronous messaging, players and costumes, language extensions, projects, and tile scripting. Its underlying object system is class-based, but to users (during programming) it acts as if it were prototype-based. Tweak objects are created and run in Tweak project windows.


title: Alan Kay

text: In November 2005, at the World Summit on the Information Society, the MIT research laboratories unveiled a new laptop computer for educational use around the world. It has many names, including the $100 Laptop, the One Laptop per Child program, the Children's Machine, and the XO-1. The program was founded and is sustained by Kay's friend Nicholas Negroponte, and is based on Kay's Dynabook ideal. Kay is a prominent co-developer of the computer, focusing on its educational software using Squeak and Etoys.


title: Alan Kay

text: Kay has lectured extensively on the idea that the computer revolution is very new, and all of the good ideas have not been universally implemented. His lectures at the OOPSLA 1997 conference, and his ACM Turing Award talk, "The Computer Revolution Hasn't Happened Yet", were informed by his experiences with Sketchpad, Simula, Smalltalk, and the bloated code of commercial software.


title: Alan Kay

text: On August 31, 2006, Kay's proposal to the United States National Science Foundation (NSF) was granted, funding Viewpoints Research Institute for several years. The proposal title was "STEPS Toward the Reinvention of Programming: A compact and Practical Model of Personal Computing as a Self-exploratorium". A sense of what Kay is trying to do comes from this quote, from the abstract of a seminar at Intel Research Labs, Berkeley: "The conglomeration of commercial and most open source software consumes in the neighborhood of several hundreds of millions of lines of code these days. We wonder: how small could be an understandable practical 'Model T' design that covers this functionality? 1M lines of code? 200K LOC? 100K LOC? 20K LOC?"


title: Alan Kay

text: His other honors include the J-D Warnier Prix d'Informatique, the ACM Systems Software Award, the NEC Computers & Communication Foundation Prize, the Funai Foundation Prize, the Lewis Branscomb Technology Award, and the ACM SIGCSE Award for Outstanding Contributions to Computer Science Education.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Amy Goodman (born April 13, 1957) is an American broadcast journalist, syndicated columnist, investigative reporter, and author. Her investigative journalism career includes coverage of the East Timor independence movement, Morocco's occupation of Western Sahara, and Chevron Corporation's role in Nigeria.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Since 1996, she has been the main host of "Democracy Now!", a progressive global news program broadcast daily on radio, television and the Internet. She has received awards for her work, including the Thomas Merton Award in 2004, a Right Livelihood Award in 2008, and an Izzy Award in 2009 for "special achievement in independent media".


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 2012, Goodman received the Gandhi Peace Award for a "significant contribution to the promotion of an enduring international peace". She is the author of six books, including the 2012 "The Silenced Majority: Stories of Uprisings, Occupations, Resistance, and Hope," and the 2016 "Democracy Now!: Twenty Years Covering the Movements Changing America." In 2016, she was criminally charged with a riot in connection with her coverage of protests of the Dakota Access pipeline. This action was condemned by the Committee to Protect Journalists. The charges were dismissed by the North Dakota district judge on October 17, 2016.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 2014 she was awarded the I.F. Stone Medal for Journalistic Independence by Harvard University's Nieman Foundation.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Amy Goodman was born to secular Jewish parents who were active in social action groups. Her father, George Goodman, was an ophthalmologist. Her mother, Dorothy Goodman, a literature teacher and later a social worker. She has two brothers, David Goodman and Steven N. Goodman. Goodman's maternal grandfather was an Orthodox rabbi. Her maternal grandmother was born in Rivne, Ukraine.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Raised in New York, Goodman studied for a year at the College of the Atlantic in Bar Harbor, Maine and graduated in 1984 from Radcliffe College of Harvard University with a degree in anthropology.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 1991, covering the East Timor independence movement, Goodman and fellow journalist Allan Nairn reported that they were badly beaten by Indonesian soldiers after witnessing a mass killing of Timorese demonstrators: what became known as the Santa Cruz Massacre.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 1998, Goodman and journalist Jeremy Scahill documented Chevron Corporation's role in a confrontation between the Nigerian Army and villagers who had seized oil rigs and other equipment belonging to oil corporations. Two villagers were shot and killed during the standoff. On May 28, 1998, the company provided helicopter transport to the Nigerian Navy and Mobile Police (MOPOL) to their Parabe oil platform, which had been occupied by villagers who accused the company of contaminating their land. Soon after landing, the Nigerian military shot and killed two of the protesters, Jola Ogungbeje and Aroleka Irowaninu, and wounded 11 others. Chevron spokesperson Sola Omole acknowledged that the company transported the troops. Omole said that Chevron management had requested troops from the government to protect their facility. The documentary made by Goodman and her colleagues, "", won the George Polk Award in 1998.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Michael Delli Carpini, dean of the Annenberg School for Communication, said of Goodman: "She's not an editorialist. She sticks to the facts... She provides points of view that make you think, and she comes at it by saying: 'Who are we not hearing from in the traditional media?'"


title: Amy Goodman

text: Goodman had been news director of Pacifica Radio station WBAI in New York City for more than a decade when she co-founded "Democracy Now! The War and Peace Report" in 1996. Since then, "Democracy Now!" has been described as "probably the most significant progressive news institution that has come around in some time" by professor and media critic Robert McChesney.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 2001, the show was temporarily pulled off the air, as a result of a conflict between some Pacifica Radio board members and staff members and listeners over the direction of the station. During that time, it moved to a converted firehouse, from which it broadcast from January 2002 for nearly eight years, until November 13, 2009. "Democracy Now!" subsequently moved to a studio located in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Goodman credits the program's success to the "huge niche" left by coverage of mainstream media organizations.


title: Amy Goodman

text: When President Bill Clinton called WBAI on Election Day 2000 for a quick get-out-the-vote message, Goodman and WBAI's Gonzalo Aburto challenged him for 28 minutes with human rights questions about AIM activist Leonard Peltier, racial profiling, the Iraq sanctions, Ralph Nader, the death penalty, the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), the normalization of relations with Cuba, and the Israeli–Palestinian conflict. Clinton defended his administration's policies and said that Goodman was "hostile and combative".


title: Amy Goodman

text: During the 2008 Republican National Convention in Saint Paul, Minnesota, several of Goodman's colleagues from "Democracy Now!" were arrested and detained by police while reporting on an anti-war protest outside the RNC. While trying to ascertain the status of her colleagues, Goodman was also arrested and held, accused of obstructing a legal process and interfering with a police officer. Fellow "Democracy Now!" producers, including reporter Sharif Abdel Kouddous, were held on charges of probable cause for riot. The arrests of the producers were videotaped. Goodman and her colleagues were later released, City Attorney John Choi indicated that the charges would be dropped. Goodman ("et al.") filed a federal civil lawsuit against the St. Paul and Minneapolis police departments and the US Secret Service for the illegal arrests. The agencies reached a $100,000 settlement, and agreed to educate officers about the First Amendment rights of members of the press and public.


title: Amy Goodman

text: On November 25, 2009, Goodman and her two colleagues, Denis Moynihan and Chuck Scurich were detained for approximately 90 minutes by Canadian agents at the Douglas, British Columbia border crossing into Canada while en route to a scheduled meeting at the Vancouver Public Library. Immigration officials asked questions pertaining to the intended topics of discussion at the meeting. They wanted to know whether she would be speaking about the 2010 Olympic Games to be held in Canada.


title: Amy Goodman

text: She and her colleagues were eventually permitted to enter Canada after the customs authorities took four photographs of her, inspecting Scurich’s computer, and stapled a "control document" into her passport; it required that she leave Canada within 48 hours.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In September 2016, Goodman covered the Dakota Access Pipeline protests in Morton County, North Dakota; footage from her reporting "showed security personnel pepper-spraying and siccing attack dogs on demonstrators." After "Democracy Now!" aired the footage, she was charged by state prosecutor Ladd Erickson with criminal trespass. After the court dismissed that charge, Erickson charged her with riot, gaining a warrant for her arrest. Erickson said that Goodman acted as "a protester" rather than a journalist, because "Everything she reported on was from the position of justifying the protest actions."


title: Amy Goodman

text: Goodman turned herself in to the Morton County sheriff on October 17, saying that she would be fighting the charges against her as a "clear violation" of the First Amendment, which guarantees freedom of the press. She was supported by the Committee to Protect Journalists, which issued a statement saying: "This arrest warrant is a transparent attempt to intimidate reporters from covering protests of significant public interest. [...] Authorities in North Dakota should stop embarrassing themselves, drop the charges against Amy Goodman, and ensure that all reporters are free to do their jobs." Steve Andrist, executive director of the North Dakota Newspaper Association, also expressed concern that a journalist was one of only two people covered by an arrest warrant from the day in question. Authorities said that Goodman was charged because she was identified from the video footage.


title: Amy Goodman

text: On October 17, 2016, the case was dismissed by District Judge John Grinsteiner, of the South Central Judicial District, who found no probable cause to support a riot charge. The charges against Goodman reportedly increased the public awareness of the Dakota Access Pipeline protests. Goodman had presented that day's "Democracy Now!" broadcast from in front of the Morton County Courthouse. Reporter Deia Schlosberg was arrested in similar circumstances while reporting on pipeline-related protests.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Goodman has received awards for her work, including the Robert F. Kennedy Prize for International Reporting (1993, with Allan Nairn) and the George Polk Award (1998, with Jeremy Scahill). In 1999, she declined to accept the Overseas Press Club Award, in protest at the group's pledge not to ask questions of keynote speaker Ambassador Richard Holbrooke and because the OPC was honoring Indonesia for its improved treatment of journalists despite the fact that its forces had recently beaten and killed reporters in occupied East Timor.


title: Amy Goodman

text: On October 2, 2004, she was presented the Islamic Community Award for Journalism by the Council on American-Islamic Relations. On November 18, 2004, she was presented the Thomas Merton Award. In 2006, she received the Puffin/Nation Prize for Creative Citizenship.


title: Amy Goodman

text: Goodman was a recipient of the 2008 Right Livelihood Award. The Right Livelihood Award Foundation cited her work in "developing an innovative model of truly independent grassroots political journalism that brings to millions of people the alternative voices that are often excluded by the mainstream media".


title: Amy Goodman

text: On March 31, 2009, Goodman, with Glenn Greenwald, received the first Izzy Award (named after journalist I. F. "Izzy" Stone) for "special achievement in independent media". The award is presented by Ithaca College's Park Center for Independent Media.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In May 2012, she received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from DePauw University in recognition of her journalistic work. She also received the Gandhi Peace Award from Promoting Enduring Peace, for a "significant contribution to the promotion of an enduring international peace".


title: Amy Goodman

text: On May 16, 2014, she received an honorary Doctor of Letters degree from Purchase College, SUNY in recognition of her progressive journalism.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In February 2015, she (and Laura Poitras) received the 2014 I.F. Stone Lifetime Achievement Award from the Nieman Foundation for Journalism at Harvard.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 2016, Goodman and "Democracy Now!" (along with Laura Gottesdiener, John Hamilton and Denis Moynihan) received a Sigma Delta Chi Award for excellence in journalism from the Society of Professional Journalists in the category of Breaking News Coverage (Network/Syndication Service/Program Service) for their piece, “Standoff at Standing Rock: Epic Native resistance to Dakota Access Pipeline.”


title: Amy Goodman

text: On February 14, 2019, she, and others, received the Frederick Douglass 200 award and was honored at the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. The Frederick Douglass 200 award is a project of the Frederick Douglass Family Initiatives and the Antiracist Research and Policy Center at American University in Washington D.C.


title: Amy Goodman

text: In 2006, Goodman narrated the film "", a documentary chronicling the life and times of the retired Democratic politician George McGovern, focusing on his failed 1972 bid for the presidency.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore (8 August 1605 – 30 November 1675), also often known as Cecilius Calvert, was an English nobleman, who was the first Proprietor of the Province of Maryland, ninth Proprietary Governor of the Colony of Newfoundland, and second of the colony of Province of Avalon to its southeast. His full title was "First Lord Proprietary, Earl Palatine of the Provinces of Maryland and Avalon in America". He received the proprietorship after the death of his father, The 1st Baron Baltimore (1579 – 15 April 1632), for whom it had been intended. Cecil, Lord Baltimore, established and managed the Province of Maryland from his home, Kiplin Hall, in North Yorkshire, England. As an English Roman Catholic, he continued the legacy of his father by promoting religious tolerance in the colony.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Maryland became a haven for Catholics in the New World, particularly important at a time of religious persecution in England. Lord Baltimore governed Maryland for forty-two years. He also continued to be Lord Proprietor and Governor of Newfoundland for the Province of Avalon.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Calvert was born on 8 August 1605 in Kent, England, to George Calvert, a young English lawyer and assistant to Lord Cecil (1563–1612), Secretary of State to King James I, and was christened "Cecilius" in honour of his father’s employer. His mother, his father’s wife, was Anne Mynne (or Mayne), and he was the first of several sons. At the time, his father was under pressure to conform, and all ten children were baptised into the Church of England.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Calvert entered Trinity College, Oxford, in 1621. His mother died the following year. In 1625, his father, George Calvert, was created the first Baron Baltimore, of Baltimore, County Longford, in the peerage of Ireland, which did not give him a seat in the English House of Lords. He formally converted to Roman Catholicism the same year, and it is likely that his children followed him; at least his sons did.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: In 1628, Cecil Calvert accompanied his father, along with most of his siblings and his stepmother, to the newly settled Colony of Newfoundland. The colony failed due to disease, extreme cold and attacks by the French, and the family returned to England.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Cecil Calvert succeeded as second Baron Baltimore upon his father's death in April 1632. On 8 August 1633, the new Lord Baltimore was called to the bar as a barrister from Gray's Inn.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Lord Baltimore, as Cecil now was, received a Charter from King Charles I for the new colony of Maryland, to be named for the Queen Consort, Henrietta Maria (wife of King Charles I). This was shortly after the death, in April 1632, of his father, The 1st Baron Baltimore, who had long sought the charter to found a colony in the mid-Atlantic area to serve as a refuge for English Roman Catholics. The original grant would have included the western shore of the Chesapeake Bay as far south as the Potomac River and the entirety of the eastern shore (later known as the Delmarva peninsula).


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: When the Crown realised that settlers from Virginia had already crossed the bay to begin settling the southern tip of their eastern shore, the grant was revised to include the eastern shore only as far south as a line drawn east from the mouth of the Potomac River (including the future State of Delaware). Once that alteration was made, the final charter was confirmed on 20 June 1632. This charter would be heavily contested by the 2nd Lord Baltimore's heirs and the Penn family in the Penn–Calvert Boundary Dispute.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Baltimore's fee for the Charter, which was legally a rental of the land from the King, was one-fifth of all gold and silver found and the delivery of two Native American arrows to the royal castle at Windsor every Easter. The Charter established Maryland as a palatinate, giving Baltimore and his descendants rights nearly equal to those of an independent state, including the rights to wage war, collect taxes and establish a colonial nobility. In questions of interpretation of rights, the Charter would be interpreted in favour of the proprietor.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Supporters in England of the Virginia colony opposed the Charter, as they had little interest in having a competing colony to the north. Rather than going to the colony himself, Baltimore stayed behind in England to deal with the political threat and sent his next younger brother Leonard in his stead. He never travelled to Maryland.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: While the expedition was being prepared, Baltimore was busy in England defending the 1632 Charter from former members of the Virginia Company. They were trying to regain their original Charter, including the entirety of the new Maryland colony, which had previously been included within the domains described as a part of Virginia. They had informally tried to thwart the founding of another colony for years, but their first formal complaint was lodged with the "Lords of Foreign Plantations" (Lords of Trade and Plantations) in July 1633. The complaint claimed that Maryland had not truly been unsettled, as stated in its charter, because William Claiborne had previously run a trading station on Kent Island in the middle of the Chesapeake Bay off the eastern shore. It also claimed that the Charter was so broad as to constitute a violation of the liberties of the colony's subjects. At this point there were few Marylanders yet in residence.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: The first expedition consisted of two ships that had formerly belonged to Baltimore's father George, "Ark" and "Dove". They departed from Gravesend in Kent with 128 settlers on board. They were chased and forced to return by the British Royal Navy so that the settlers would take an oath of allegiance to the King as required by law. They then sailed in October 1632 for the Isle of Wight to pick up more settlers. There, two Jesuit priests (including Father Andrew White) and nearly 200 more settlers boarded before the ships set out across the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Baltimore sent detailed instructions for the governance of the colony. He directed his brother to seek information about those who had tried to thwart the colony and to contact William Claiborne to determine his intentions for the trading station on Kent Island. He also emphasised the importance of religious toleration among the colonists, who numbered nearly equally Catholic and Protestant.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: With these last instructions, the expedition crossed the Atlantic and sailed through Cape Charles (headland) and Cape Henry into the large harbour and lower bay called Hampton Roads at the entrance to the Chesapeake Bay and the mouth of the James River. After meeting with the Virginians at their colony and capital of Jamestown, they continued up the Bay to the Potomac River, then further upstream and landed on 25 March 1634 at Blakistone Island (later called St. Clement's Island). There they erected a cross and celebrated their first Mass with Father White. Several days later, they returned downstream and founded the first settlement at St. Mary's City (in the future St. Mary's County), on 27 March 1634, on land purchased from the native Yaocomico tribe, a branch of the Piscataway Indians.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: From England, Baltimore tried to manage the political relations with the Crown and other parts of government. Claiborne, the trader on Kent Island, resisted the new settlement and conducted some naval skirmishes against it.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Calvert attempted to stay closely involved in the governance of the colony, though he never visited it. During his long tenure, he governed through deputies: the first was his younger brother Leonard Calvert (1606–1647), and the last was his only son Charles.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: The enterprise took place in the context of serious unrest in England. In 1629, King Charles I had dissolved Parliament and governed for the next eleven years without consultation from any representative body. William Laud, Archbishop of Canterbury, and his Star Chamber campaigned against both Puritans and Catholics. As a result, the Puritans and Separatists began to emigrate to New England in Plymouth Colony and Massachusetts Bay Colony. Catholics began to see Maryland as a possible English-speaking place of refuge.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, struggled to maintain possession of Maryland during the English Civil War by trying to convince Parliament of his loyalty; he appointed a Protestant, William Stone, as his governor. It is accepted he did this exclusively to maintain possession of the colony during the civil war, as his loyalties were with King Charles.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: In 1649, Maryland passed the Maryland Toleration Act, also known as the "Act Concerning Religion", mandating religious tolerance for Trinitarian Christians only (those who profess faith in the "Holy Trinity" – Father, Son and Holy Spirit, excluding Nontrinitarian faiths). Passed on 21 September 1649, by the General Assembly of the Maryland colony, it was the first law establishing religious tolerance in the British North American colonies. The Calvert family sought enactment of the law to protect Catholic settlers and Nonconformist Protestants who did not conform to the established Church of England.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Lord Baltimore's family also had title to Ferryland and the Province of Avalon in Newfoundland. The 1st Baron Baltimore administered the colony between 1629 and 1632, when he left for the Colony of Virginia and later visited the northern reaches along the Chesapeake Bay (which included the future Maryland). In 1637, however, Sir David Kirke acquired a charter giving Cecil, 2nd Baron Baltimore, title to the entire island of Newfoundland, superseding the charter granted to his father George, 1st Baron Baltimore. The 2nd Lord Baltimore fought against the new Charter. Although, in 1661, he gained official recognition of the old Charter of Avalon, he never attempted to retake the Avalon colony. Sir George Calvert, Lord Baltimore, cited the huge expense of fighting the French privateer de la Rade as one of the reasons for abandoning of the Colony of Avalon in 1629.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: He married Anne Arundell, "Reichsgräfin von Wardour", daughter of The 1st Baron Arundell of Wardour, in 1627 or 1628. They had nine children. Of the nine, only three, including Charles, 3rd Baron Baltimore, survived to adulthood. Later, her name became the inspiration for the naming of one of the earliest counties to be "erected" (founded), namely Anne Arundel County, Maryland. Anne's father built Hook Manor, a country house near Semley, Wiltshire for her in 1637 and gave the house (which still stands) to the couple in 1639.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Cecil, 2nd Lord Baltimore, died in Middlesex, England, on 30 November 1675. He was succeeded by his son and heir, Charles.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: He died in England on 30 November 1675, aged 70 years. Parish records state that he is buried at St. Giles-in-the-Fields Church, London, UK, though the exact location of his grave is unknown.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: A plaque commemorating Cecil, 2nd Baron Baltimore, was placed in St. Giles's in 1996 by the Governor of Maryland. However, genealogists for Kiplin Hall state, "A number of the early Calverts were buried at St Giles in the Fields, Charing Cross Road, London. We cannot yet be certain whether Cecil is one of them." This is possibly due to poor record keeping of Catholic burials or numerous outbreaks of disease that overwhelmed burial staff and led to confusion in parish registers.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Numerous place names honour the Barons Baltimore, including the counties of Baltimore, Calvert, Cecil, Charles, and Frederick.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: A 1908 statue of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, for which Francis X. Bushman served as sculptor's model, stands on the steps at the west entrance of the Circuit Courthouse of Baltimore City (built 1896–1900 – renamed the Clarence M. Mitchell, Jr. Courthouse in the 1980s) facing Saint Paul Street and a small Court Plaza with a fountain. It is the site of annual "Maryland Day" (25 March) ceremonies which continue inside the elaborate lobby and ceremonial courtrooms.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: Harford County is named for Henry Harford, the illegitimate son of The 6th Baron Baltimore. Although precluded by his birth status from inheriting the peerage, he inherited the Lord Proprietorship, only to lose it later during the American Revolution.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: The Flag of Maryland uses the arms of the 2nd Baron with the Calvert (father's family) black and gold paly (6 vertical bars), with a bend dexter counterchanged, and the Crossland (mother's family) red and white bottony (tre-foiled) counterchanged cross. The flag first flew 11 October 1880, in Baltimore by the newly reorganised Maryland National Guard (state militia) at a parade marking the 150th anniversary of the founding of Baltimore Town (1729–1730). It also flew 25 October 1888, at Gettysburg Battlefield for ceremonies dedicating monuments to the Maryland regiments of the Army of the Potomac and of the Confederate States Army. During the Civil War, the black and gold chevrons were used as a symbol on uniforms and flags by the Northern (Union) Maryland soldiers and units and the bottonee cross from the Crosslands by the Southern (Confederate) regiments from Maryland. The later reunification of the two squares of the colonial seal and proprietary family's coat-of-arms in the increased use of a "Maryland Flag" in the late 19th and early 20th centuries symbolised the post-war reconciliation of the two sides of the bitterly divided border state. Officially, it was adopted as the State flag in 1904.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: The Great Seal of Maryland, which was stolen in 1645, was replaced by a similar seal by Cecil. The seal features the Calvert arms and motto, which is still used in the Government of Maryland.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: The black and gold quarters were the arms of the Calverts themselves, while the red and silver were for the Crosslands, the family of the 1st Baron's mother, Alice.


title: Cecil Calvert, 2nd Baron Baltimore

text: The coat was the inspiration for the naming of the Baltimore oriole bird, whose orange and black feathers resembled Lord Baltimore's coat of arms. The bird in turn inspired the name of the Baltimore Orioles baseball team.


title: Mario Bava

text: Mario Bava (31 July 1914 – 27 April 1980) was an Italian filmmaker who worked variously as a director, cinematographer, special effects artist and screenwriter, frequently referred to as the "Master of Italian Horror" and the "Master of the Macabre". His low-budget genre films, known for their distinctive visual flair and stylish technical ingenuity, feature recurring themes and imagery concerning the conflict between illusion and reality, as well as the destructive capacity of human nature. He was a pioneer of Italian genre cinema, and is regarded as one of the most influential auteurs of the horror film genre.


title: Mario Bava

text: After providing special effects work and other assistance on productions like "Hercules" (1958) and "Caltiki – The Immortal Monster" (1959), Bava made his official feature directorial debut with the horror film "Black Sunday", released in 1960. He went on to direct such films as "The Girl Who Knew Too Much", "Black Sabbath", "The Whip and the Body" (all released in 1963), "Blood and Black Lace" (1964), "Planet of the Vampires" (1965), "Kill, Baby, Kill" (1966), "" (1968), "A Bay of Blood" (1971), "Baron Blood" (1972), "Lisa and the Devil" (1974) and "Rabid Dogs" (1974).


title: Mario Bava

text: According to the British Film Institute, "Bava took a vital role in the creation of the modern horror film. If there was to be a Mount Rushmore-style monument dedicated to four directors whose work pioneered a new form of big screen chills and thrills, those giant faces etched in granite on the mountainside would be: Bava, Alfred Hitchcock, Georges Franju and Michael Powell."


title: Mario Bava

text: Born to sculptor, cinematographer and special effects pioneer Eugenio Bava, the younger Mario Bava followed his father into the film industry, and eventually earned a reputation as one of Italy's foremost cameramen, lighting and providing the special effects for such films as "Hercules" (1958) and its sequel "Hercules Unchained" (1959) (both were lampooned on "Mystery Science Theater 3000").


title: Mario Bava

text: Mario Bava's son and frequent assistant director Lamberto Bava, later became a noted fantasy and horror film director in his own right.


title: Mario Bava

text: Mario Bava was born in Sanremo, Liguria on 31 July 1914. He was the son of Eugenio Bava (1886-1966), a sculptor who also worked as a special effects photographer and cameraman in the Italian silent movie industry. Mario Bava's first ambition was to become a painter. Unable to turn out paintings at a profitable rate, he went into his father's business, working as an assistant to other Italian cinematographers like Massimo Terzano. He also helped his father at the special effects department at Benito Mussolini's film factory, the Istituto Luce.


title: Mario Bava

text: Bava became a cinematographer himself in 1939, shooting two short films with Roberto Rossellini. He made his feature debut in the early 1940s. Bava's camerawork was an instrumental factor in developing the screen personas of such stars of the period as Gina Lollobrigida, Steve Reeves and Aldo Fabrizi.


title: Mario Bava

text: During the late 1950s, his eventual career trajectory as a director began when he was relied upon to complete projects begun by or credited to his colleague Riccardo Freda and other filmmakers, including "I Vampiri" (1957) (the first Italian horror film of the sound era), "The Day the Sky Exploded" (1958) (the first Italian science fiction film), "Caltiki – The Immortal Monster" (1959) and "The Giant of Marathon" (1959).


title: Mario Bava

text: Bava collaborates in "I vampiri" (a.k.a. "The Devil's Commandment") for director Riccardo Freda in 1956, a movie now referred to as the first Italian horror film. Bava was originally hired as the cinematographer, but when Freda walked out on the project midway through production, Bava completed the film in several days, even creating the innovative special effects that were needed. He also handled the cinematography and special effects on the 1955 Kirk Douglas epic "Ulysses" and the 1957 Steve Reeves classic "Hercules", two films credited with sparking the Italian sword and sandal genre.


title: Mario Bava

text: Bava co-directed "The Day the Sky Exploded" in 1958, the first Italian science fiction film, predating even the sci-fi films of Antonio Margheriti. Because he had no earlier credited experience as a director, the film was credited solely to Paolo Heusch.


title: Mario Bava

text: In 1960, Bava directed the gothic horror classic "Black Sunday", his first solo directorial effort, which made a genre star out of Barbara Steele. His use of light and dark in black-and-white films is widely acclaimed along with his spectacular use of color in films such as "Black Sabbath", "Kill, Baby... Kill!", "Blood and Black Lace" and "The Whip and the Body".


title: Mario Bava

text: His work has proven to be very influential. Bava directed two films that are now regarded as the earliest entries in the Italian giallo genre: "The Girl Who Knew Too Much" (1963) and "Blood and Black Lace" (1964). His 1965 science fiction horror film "Planet of the Vampires" was a thematic precursor to "Alien" (1979). Although comic books had served as the basis for countless serials and children's films in Hollywood, Bava's "" (1968) brought an adult perspective to the genre; the movie was influenced by Pop artists Andy Warhol and Roy Lichtenstein. Many elements of the 1966 film "Kill, Baby... Kill!", regarded by Martin Scorsese as Bava's masterpiece, also appear in the Asian strain of terror film known as J-horror. 1971's "A Bay of Blood" is considered one of the early slasher films, and was explicitly imitated in "Friday the 13th Part 2".


title: Mario Bava

text: Bava was disappointed with the theatrical distribution of some of his later films. His "Lisa and the Devil" (1972) never was selected by a distributor. Eventually, in order to get it released, the producer reedited the movie into an "Exorcist" clone, adding footage shot in 1975, and retitling it "House of Exorcism". Bava's "Semaforo Rosso" (1974) never was released theatrically during his lifetime, and in the late 1990s, it also would be reedited, with new footage added, and retitled; it was released on video as "Rabid Dogs". It was released on DVD in 2007, slightly altered and again retitled, as "Kidnapped".


title: Mario Bava

text: In 1977, Bava directed his last horror film, "Shock". His son, Lamberto Bava, was an uncredited co-director. The elder Bava later did special effects matte work on Dario Argento's 1980 film "Inferno". Bava died suddenly of a heart attack on 27 April 1980, at age 65. His doctor had given him a physical just a few days before, and had pronounced him to be in perfect health. At the time of his death, Bava was about to start shooting a science fiction film titled "Star Riders", on which Luigi Cozzi had hoped to collaborate.


title: Mario Bava

text: Although most of Bava's films as director failed to achieve major commercial success upon release, many eventually found acclaim as cult classics, with their content and production values being favourably compared to the works of Alfred Hitchcock. Despite his reputation as a talented artist during his lifetime, Bava's shy, self-deprecating demeanour prevented him from taking advantage of opportunities that would have furthered his international standing within the film industry, and he turned down multiple opportunities to work in Hollywood.


title: Mario Bava

text: Mario Bava's son Lamberto Bava worked for 14 years as Bava's assistant director (beginning with "Planet of the Vampires"), and became a horror film director. On several of Mario's movies, Mario was credited as John M. Old. Later, Lamberto was sometimes credited as John M. Old, Jr. When Lamberto directed his first solo film "Macabre" in 1980 and screened the completed work for his father, Mario commented jokingly to Lamberto: "I am very proud of you. Now I can die in peace". (He actually did die less than two months later.)


title: Mario Bava

text: Several books have been published about Mario Bava: "Mario Bava" by Pascal Martinet (Edilig, 1984) and "Mario Bava" edited by Jean-Louis Leutrat (Éditions du Céfal, 1994) in French; "Mario Bava" by Alberto Pezzotta (Il Castoro Cinema, 1995) in Italian; "The Haunted Worlds of Mario Bava" by Troy Howarth (FAB Press, 2002) and most recently, the massive critical biography "Mario Bava: All the Colors of the Dark" by Tim Lucas (Video Watchdog, 2007; ).


title: Mario Bava

text: Mario Bava's directing style has heavily influenced many directors including Joe Dante, Martin Scorsese, Quentin Tarantino, Francis Ford Coppola, John Landis, and Tim Burton. Bava and his works have also influenced Dario Argento, Lucio Fulci, Federico Fellini, John Carpenter, Nicolas Winding Refn, Roger Corman, Edgar Wright and Jennifer Kent.


title: Mario Bava

text: The satirical TV series "Mystery Science Theater 3000" concluded their show in 1999 with "Danger: Diabolik".


title: Varada Sethu

text: Varada Sethu (born 1992) is an Indian-born British actress, best known for playing DS Mishal Ali in the BBC apocalyptic TV Series "Hard Sun". She has also featured in "Now You See Me 2" as the assistant to Michael Caine’s character.


title: Varada Sethu

text: Varada Sethu and her twin sister, Abhaya, were born in Kerala, India. Sethu's parents were both doctors. Having moved to the North East of England at a young age, she grew up in Newcastle upon Tyne. Sethu attended Dame Allan’s Schools and was a member of the National Youth Theatre. During her final year of sixth form, Sethu won the 2010 "Miss Newcastle" competition. She went on to study Veterinary medicine at University of Bristol, later switching to Physiology. Sethu has been performing both Bharatanatyam and Mohiniyattam from a young age. Sethu continued her acting education at the Identity School of Acting in London.


title: Varada Sethu

text: Sethu appeared in a short film "Appearances" as Sameena in 2010. Later Sethu landed the role of Kiran in the 2011 feature film "Sket", then as Meghana Scariah in "" in 2012. In 2015 she made an appearance in the 2000 TV series "Doctors" as PC Kylie Green. Her career continued in 2016 appearing as Peaseblossom in a 2016 TV movie version of "A Midsummer Night's Dream." Also in 2016, Sethu acted alongside Michael Caine and Daniel Radcliffe in "Now You See Me 2" and as an Indian nurse in "New Blood". In 2017, Sethu starred as Aisha in 2 episodes of "Doctor Foster". Sethu also starred as DS Mishal Ali for 6 episodes in the British crime drama series "Hard Sun" in 2018.


title: Varada Sethu

text: In 2019, Sethu performed as a series regular in season seven of "" as Lance Corporal Manisha Chetri of the British Army. Sethu currently stars as rebel Cinta Kaz in the 2022 series "Andor".


title: European association football club records and statistics

text: This article details men's professional association football club records and statistics (individual and collective) in Europe.


text: "Italic" denotes record that was not achieved in country's top tier (unofficial record for non professional leagues).


text: "Italic" denotes record that was not achieved in country's top tier (unofficial record for non-professional leagues).


title: Reliance Communications

text: Reliance Communications Limited (RCOM) was an Indian mobile network provider headquartered in Navi Mumbai that offered voice and 2G and 3G and 4G data services.


title: Reliance Communications

text: In February 2019, the company filed for bankruptcy as it was unable to sell assets to repay its debt. It has an estimated debt of against assets worth .


title: Reliance Communications

text: As of March 2020, the company reworked its strategy and continues to operate 4G data services, fixed-line communications, data center services, and enterprise solutions as well as subsea cable networks under the banner name, "Global Cloud Xchange".


title: Reliance Communications

text: Reliance Communications was founded in India on 15 July 2004 as Reliance Infocomm Limited with the introduction of its nationwide CDMA2000 service. It became Reliance Communications Limited in 2006. The company introduced its GSM service in 2008. It began using MIMO technology in 2011 to improve the quality of its 3G service, providing a data rate of up to 28 Mbit/s.


title: Reliance Communications

text: In the 2010 spectrum auction, Reliance obtained licenses for 3G spectrum in three cities at a total licensing fee of . The company reduced the price of its 3G service by 61 percent in May 2012.


title: Reliance Communications

text: The company ended its CDMA operations in 2016, and migrated its subscribers to its GSM and LTE networks by September the same year.


title: Reliance Communications

text: On 1 July 2010, the board of Reliance Communications confirmed the acquisition of Digicable India's largest cable network in all-stock deal. The new entity was named Reliance Digicom, which integrated RCOM's DTH TV, IPTV and retail broadband operations with Digicable.


title: Reliance Communications

text: On 14 January 2016, Reliance Communications announced that it had acquired Sistema Shyam TeleServices Limited (SSTL, operating as MTS India) in an all-stock deal. SSTL received a 10 per cent stake in Reliance Communications after repaying its existing debt. Reliance Communications would assume responsibility for instalments that MTS owed the government for spectrum purchases, amounting to every year for 10 years. As a result of the deal, Reliance acquired MTS India's subscribers and SSTL's spectrum in the 850 MHz band.


title: Reliance Communications

text: India's antitrust regulator, the Competition Commission of India (CCI) approved the merger in February 2016. The Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI) also cleared the deal. SSTL shareholders approved the merger on 18 March 2016. By mid-August, it was approved by tax authorities and the shareholders and creditors of Reliance and SSTL. The merger was approved by the Rajasthan High Court on 30 September 2016 and the Bombay High Court on 7 October 2016. In April 2017, Reliance laid off 600 employees in preparation for its mergers with MTS and Aircel.


title: Reliance Communications

text: The Department of Telecommunications gave the final approval for the merger on 20 October 2017. On 31 October 2017, Reliance Communications announced that the merger was complete.


title: Reliance Communications

text: The company announced on 15 March 2017 the Securities and Exchange Board of India, Bombay Stock Exchange, and National Stock Exchange of India approved the merger. The deal was approved by the CCI on 20 March. Aircel and Reliance shareholders approved the merger on 22 and 24 April 2017, respectively, and it was expected to be completed by mid-2017.


title: Reliance Communications

text: However, on 1 October, Reliance allowed the merger agreement to lapse. The deal, which was expected to help the company repay of debt, was cancelled due to delays by entrenched competition. Reliance was looking at other options to meet their obligations under the SDR agreement and avoid insolvency proceedings by banks. Due to the failed Aircel merger, the company announced to employees in the wireless and DTH businesses on 25 October 2017 that they would be redundant effective 30 November. On 29 December 2017, Reliance discontinued voice services in India and provided only 4G data service.


title: Reliance Communications

text: In 2013, RCom signed a multi-year managed services agreement (MSA) with Ericsson to manage services of wireline and wireless network of of fiber and mobile infrastructure in 11 telecom circles in India. This arrangement was a smooth business relationship until 2016, post which RCom struggled to pay the dues. This has been seen as an effect of Reliance Jio that disrupted the Indian telecom industry with its aggressive pricing after its commercial launch in September 2016 that affected all leading telecom players.


title: Reliance Communications

text: By September 2017, Ericsson terminated the MSA and approached the NCLT to recover dues of . By May 2018, the NCLT initiated insolvency proceedings even as RCom tried to sell spectrum and other assets. At the same time, RComm reached out to Ericsson and agreed to pay as a settlement with a personal guarantee from Anil Ambani on the condition of withdrawal of insolvency proceedings. The Supreme Court reviewed the matter in August 2018 and ordered RComm to pay up to Ericsson by 30 September. RCom failed to comply with the payment and sought an extension of 60 days to comply. Ericsson filed a contempt petition in Supreme court.


title: Reliance Communications

text: In February 2019, the Supreme Court has held Anil Ambani and three others guilty of contempt of court and directed them to make payments by 19 March. In the meantime, Mukesh Ambani, the elder brother of Anil helped him with a bailout of which he paid just a day before the deadline on 18 March.


title: Reliance Communications

text: Reliance Communications Limited has paid to Swedish multinational telecom and networking firm Ericsson a day before the Supreme Court’s deadline, the Anil Ambani-led company said in a statement.


title: Reliance Communications

text: During 2020, a consortium of companies is bidding upwards of $200 Million USD to buy the assets of Reliance Communications. Members of the consortium include NKV Krishna's White Lotus Group, Mukesh Ambani's Reliance Group, Bharti Airtel, UV Asset Reconstruction (UVARCL) and US-based Varde Partners.


title: Empennage

text: The empennage ( or ), also known as the tail or tail assembly, is a structure at the rear of an aircraft that provides stability during flight, in a way similar to the feathers on an arrow. The term derives from the French language verb "empenner" which means "to feather an arrow". Most aircraft feature an empennage incorporating vertical and horizontal stabilising surfaces which stabilise the flight dynamics of yaw and pitch, as well as housing control surfaces.


title: Empennage

text: In spite of effective control surfaces, many early aircraft that lacked a stabilising empennage were virtually unflyable. Even so-called "tailless aircraft" usually have a tail fin (usually a vertical stabiliser). Heavier-than-air aircraft without any kind of empennage (such as the Northrop B-2) are rare, and generally use specially shaped airfoils whose trailing edge provide pitch stability, and rearwards swept wings, often with dihedral to provide the necessary yaw stability. In some aircraft with swept wings, the airfoil section or angle of incidence may change radically towards the tip.


title: Empennage

text: Structurally, the empennage consists of the entire tail assembly, including the tailfin, the tailplane and the part of the fuselage to which these are attached. On an airliner this would be all the flying and control surfaces behind the rear pressure bulkhead.


title: Empennage

text: The front (usually fixed) section of the tailplane is called the "horizontal stabiliser" and is used to provide pitch stability. The rear section of the tailplane is called the elevator, and is a movable aerofoil that controls changes in pitch, the up-and-down motion of the aircraft's nose. In some aircraft the horizontal stabilizer and elevator are one unit, and to control pitch the entire unit moves as one. This is known as a "stabilator" or "full-flying stabiliser".


title: Empennage

text: The vertical tail structure has a fixed front section called the "vertical stabiliser", used to control yaw, which is movement of the fuselage right to left motion of the nose of the aircraft. The rear section of the vertical fin is the "rudder", a movable aerofoil that is used to turn the aircraft's nose right or left. When used in combination with the ailerons, the result is a banking turn, a "coordinated turn", the essential feature of aircraft movement.


title: Empennage

text: Some aircraft are fitted with a tail assembly that is hinged to pivot in two axes forward of the fin and stabiliser, in an arrangement referred to as a "movable tail". The entire empennage is rotated vertically to actuate the horizontal stabiliser, and sideways to actuate the fin.


title: Empennage

text: The aircraft's cockpit voice recorder, flight data recorder and emergency locator transmitter (ELT) are often located in the empennage, because the aft of the aircraft provides better protection for these in most aircraft crashes.


title: Empennage

text: In some aircraft trim devices are provided to eliminate the need for the pilot to maintain constant pressure on the elevator or rudder controls.


title: Empennage

text: Multi-engined aircraft often have trim tabs on the rudder to reduce the pilot effort required to keep the aircraft straight in situations of asymmetrical thrust, such as single engine operations.


title: Empennage

text: Aircraft empennage designs may be classified broadly according to the fin and tailplane configurations.


title: Empennage

text: The overall shapes of individual tail surfaces (tailplane planforms, fin profiles) are similar to wing planforms.


title: Empennage

text: The tailplane comprises the tail-mounted fixed horizontal stabiliser and movable elevator. Besides its planform, it is characterised by:


title: Empennage

text: The fin comprises the fixed vertical stabiliser and rudder. Besides its profile, it is characterised by:


title: Empennage

text: An alternative to the fin-and-tailplane approach is provided by the V-tail and X-tail designs. Here, the tail surfaces are set at diagonal angles, with each surface contributing to both pitch and yaw. The control surfaces, sometimes called ruddervators, act differentially to provide yaw control (in place of the rudder) and act together to provide pitch control (in place of the elevator).


title: Empennage

text: An outboard tail is split in two, with each half mounted on a short boom just behind and outboard of each wing tip. It comprises outboard horizontal stabilizers (OHS) and may or may not include additional boom-mounted vertical stabilizers (fins). In this position, the tail surfaces interact constructively with the wingtip vortices and, with careful design, can significantly reduce drag to improve efficiency, without adding unduly to the structural loads on the wing.


title: Empennage

text: The configuration was first developed during World War II by Richard Vogt and George Haag at Blohm & Voss. The Skoda-Kauba SL6 tested the proposed control system in 1944 and, following several design proposals, an order was received for the Blohm & Voss P 215 just weeks before the war ended. The outboard tail reappeared on the Scaled Composites SpaceShipOne in 2003 and SpaceShipTwo in 2010.