title: Rowan University

text: In 1992, president Dr. Herman James oversaw the development of Glassboro State College into what would eventually become Rowan University. This transformation came about because of what was then the largest single gift to a public college or University in history. Industrialist Henry M. Rowan, Jr., a graduate of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology class of 1947, and his wife donated $100 million to the college, which later changed its name to Rowan College of New Jersey in his honor. The gift stipulated that the college open a College of Engineering, allowing the college to expand its course and curriculum offerings to the point that it became a full-fledged university, achieving that status in 1997. This status was given by the State of New Jersey based on Rowan University's doctoral degree program, the Ed.D. in Educational Leadership, and the numerous master's-level programs in education and business.


title: Rowan University

text: Following Dr. James' retirement as president in 1998, Dr. Donald Farish was chosen to succeed him and began further expansion on the Glassboro campus, opening a modern Science Hall in 2003 and a building to house the College of Education in 2005. In addition, acquisitions during the beginning of Farish's tenure as president led to the development of a tract of land bordering US Route 322 and State Route 55 as the West Campus.


title: Rowan University

text: The presidency of Donald J. Farish was noted for a continued crackdown on the university's partying culture, which declined alongside a rise in SAT scores and class rank among the incoming freshman classes. The crackdown on the partying culture began in earnest in 2002 with the official banning of kegs for use by Greek letter organizations. In 2006, two Rowan University students were found guilty for serving alcohol to minors at an off-campus party that resulted in the death of a 16-year-old male. Rowan promised to follow up with its own penalties.


title: Rowan University

text: On March 20, 2006, President Farish announced a joint venture between the university and Major League Soccer (MLS) to construct a new athletic complex based around a 20,000-seat soccer-specific stadium on property owned by the campus at the intersection of U.S. Route 322 and Route 55. Although the stadium was planned to be complete for the start of the 2009 MLS season, New Jersey's 2006 budget problems resulted in cutbacks in funding for the infrastructure upgrades required by increased traffic related to an MLS team. When plan fell through, the stadium project was relocated to nearby Chester, Pennsylvania.


title: Rowan University

text: The northern portion of the West Campus expansion currently contains the South Jersey Technology Park as well as room for future expansion; the southern portion of the West Campus expansion will accommodate both academic and athletic facilities. The university in 2015 opened a site across from the South Jersey Technology Park at Rowan University with practice fields for football, soccer, field hockey and lacrosse. Transportation between the two campuses will be provided with both shuttle service and improved bike paths, as well as improvements to Route 322 itself.


title: Rowan University

text: On a vast site adjacent to the West Campus ball fields, Inspira has begun work on an estimated $350-million medical center complex. The health care company broke ground May 24, 2017 on a 204-bed, 467,000-square-foot facility that is expected to open in September 2019.


title: Rowan University

text: Rowan University broke ground for the South Jersey Technology Park (SJTP) on April 10, 2006. The New Jersey Economic Development Authority (NJEDA) gave Rowan University $5.8 million to combine with $1.5 million from the New Jersey Commission on Science and Technology, $1 million from Samuel H. Jones, and $1 million from Rowan itself. SJTP is planned to be a site which will serve as an establishment for science and technology companies as well as academics. It is planned to have 25 buildings to provide competitively priced Class "A" facilities for budding entrepreneurs, start-up and established companies. SJTP was incorporated as a non-profit corporation with its own board of directors.


title: Rowan University

text: The first building, the Samuel H. Jones Innovation Center, has been leased completely out, and the revenue will help build a second building.


title: Rowan University

text: The Tech Park's first incubated business, SocialReach, has successfully graduated into its own offices in Philadelphia.


title: Rowan University

text: The second planned building will be approximately divided between research and technology labs and offices.


title: Rowan University

text: On August 12, 1996, 22-year-old Cindy Nannay was fatally shot outside Bozorth Hall by her estranged boyfriend, who then killed himself. Nannay was so afraid of Scott Lonabaugh, 27, that when he arrived on the campus to see her, she asked friends to accompany her to the parking lot, the Gloucester County Prosecutor's office said. As her friends looked on, Mr. Lonabaugh shot Ms. Nannay twice with a shotgun and then shot himself in the head, prosecutors said. Both died at the scene.


title: Rowan University

text: Eleven years later, in 2007, another student was murdered on campus. Sophomore Donald Farrell, 19, was robbed and beaten to death by unknown assailants while walking behind the Triad dormitory. A reward of $100,000 has been offered for information leading to the capture, arrest and conviction of the assailants. In an effort to find Farrell's assailants, television stations in Philadelphia, New Jersey and New York City aired reports on the murder, and America's Most Wanted twice featured segments on the incident.


title: Rowan University

text: Following Farrell's murder a new campus security initiative was undertaken, starting with a 14-point plan proposed by President Farish. The plan included hiring additional security staff, adding more fully trained police officers, starting a student patrol program, an expansion of the Safe Walk and Ride program, improving lighting in and around campus, installation of CCTV cameras, and changing security and police coverage from an 8-hour to a 12-hour shift.


title: Rowan University

text: It was announced on June 26, 2009, that Rowan would be partnering with Cooper University Hospital to create a new four-year medical school to reside on Broadway in Camden. Rowan was chosen by governor Jon Corzine to house the new medical school primarily because the University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey (UMDNJ) was not in a financial position to fund the creation of the school, for which Rowan issued $100 million in bonds.


title: Rowan University

text: The new school would require no new funding as $28 million would be diverted from UMDNJ Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, which will no longer be associated with Cooper University Hospital after the opening of Cooper Medical School. Opening in 2012 with an entering class of 50, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University was the only medical school in the state not affiliated with UMDNJ before their closing. It was the first new medical school in New Jersey in at least 30 years.


title: Rowan University

text: The Cooper Medical School of Rowan University was granted preliminary accreditation by the Liaison Committee on Medical Education on June 10, 2011.


title: Rowan University

text: In January 2012, a state advisory committee proposed a plan to merge Rowan with the Camden campus of Rutgers University (which would have been separated from Rutgers) under Rowan's name. The project was opposed by the Rutgers governing boards, faculty, students, and alumni, and by others in the state. Legislation passed in June 2012 rejected the idea of a merger, though it did include provisions for a loose collaboration between Rowan and Rutgers-Camden limited to research and teaching in the health sciences. This legislation, the "New Jersey Medical and Health Sciences Education Restructuring Act" (A3102 & S2063), enacted several essential changes to Rowan:


title: Rowan University

text: The university faced criticism for not providing more mental health resources and support for students after four students committed suicide between 2019 and 2021. Following the student deaths in 2019, the university expanded its resources better accommodate students' mental health, including bringing the number of counselors employed to 17 and partnering with TogetherAll, a 24/7 mental health support network. Additionally, the university received a $3 million grant in 2019 to start The Shreiber Family Pet Therapy Program after their success with bringing in local therapy dogs to help students with anxiety and stress.


title: Rowan University

text: Enrollment at Rowan from the fall semester of 2017 shows 15,401 undergraduates and 2,045 graduate students from 38 states and 34 countries. The overall admission rate is 53.0%. Undergraduates submitting statistics for a data set in 2017 had scores of 530 at the 25th percentile and 630 at the 75th percentile in SAT critical reading and 510 at the 25th percentile and 620 at the 75th percentile for SAT Math. As of the fall of 2016, the average accepted GPA was 3.46.


title: Rowan University

text: Rowan University has 18 sports teams (8 men's and 10 women's). The football, field hockey, women's lacrosse, and track & field teams play at Coach Richard Wackar Stadium at John Page Field, the basketball, volleyball, and swimming & diving teams play in Esbjornson Gymnasium (attached to the REC Center), and all other teams play on their own fields around campus. Rowan's teams are styled as the Profs (short for Professors, a nod to the school's history as a teaching college), and the current mascot is named "Whoo RU." Rowan also has club teams for archery, ballroom dance, baseball, men's and women's basketball, cheerleading, crew (rowing), cycling, dance, equestrian, fencing, field hockey, fishing, golf, men's and women's ice hockey, karate, men's and women's lacrosse, mixed martial arts (MMA), outdoors, paintball, powerlifting, Quidditch, racquetball, rock climbing, roller hockey, men's and women's rugby, skateboarding, ski and snowboarding, men's and women's soccer, softball, street hockey, swimming, table tennis, tennis, ultimate Frisbee, men's and women's volleyball, and wrestling.


title: Rowan University

text: A member of the NCAA in Division III, the sports teams at Rowan University have been moderately successful on a national level. The Profs football team is regularly a contender for the national title, having gone to the Amos Alonzo Stagg Bowl five times (1999, 1998, 1996, 1995, 1993) and the national semifinals in 1992, 1997, 2001, 2004 and 2005. The women's field hockey team won the national championship in 2002 and had a perfect season of 21 wins and no losses. The men's basketball team has made the Division III National Championship Tournament 12 times, winning the national title in 1996. The men's soccer team has made the NCAA Division III National Championship Tournament 24 times, resulting in seven trips to the national semifinals. Rowan men's soccer has won national titles in both 1981 and 1990, finished second in 1979 and 2000, and third in 1980, 1985 and 1998. Rowan hosted the Division III National Championship Tournament Final Four for men's soccer in 2000 and Women's Lacrosse in 2002. The baseball team has won the Division III National Championship in 1978 and 1979 while making appearances in the NCAA Division III World Series in 2004, 2005, and 2021. The Profs compete in the New Jersey Athletic Conference.


title: Rowan University

text: The Chamberlain Student Center is the main location for dining on campus. Dining options include the Owl's Nest restaurant, Peet's Coffee, Grill Nation, Jersey Mike's, Freshens, Sono, Crust, Chef Jet, Smoked, Breakfast & Co., Bowl Life, Pop Up, and the RoGo convenience store. The Student Center also features a Game Room where students can play pool and arcade games such as skee-ball, ping pong, and air hockey. It is also home to the Student Government Association, Conference and Event Services, the Greek Affairs Office, Student Activities, the Mailroom, and the Information Desk. Students and staff also get their RowanCard ID here.


title: Rowan University

text: There are three primary publications on Rowan's campus, "The Whit," "Venue," and "Avant." "The Whit" is in the classic newspaper format and is published weekly during the school year except during exams. "Venue" is a more "alternative" publication that is uncensored and focuses on campus opinions and humor. Initially formed in 1968, "Venue" was a very political publication that only later changed its format. "Venue" prints out four issues a year in full color and is run entirely by students. "Avant" is a student-led literary magazine that compiles students' poems, short stories, photos, and artwork. "Avant" publishes fall and spring issues each year.


title: Rowan University

text: In addition to print publications, Rowan also has an award-winning radio station, Rowan Radio 89.7 WGLS-FM, which began in 1964 on a $6,000 budget. Additionally, the Rowan Television Network (RTN) is a student-run closed-circuit television station that provides 24-hour content to the students of Rowan University. RTN currently consists of 11 student-produced television shows, various sports related programming, and coverage of topical events occurring on campus.


title: Rowan University

text: Rowan provides housing for over 6,500 students in 13 University owned housing complexes and 5 affiliated housing units. Students have a choice between halls, apartments, or townhouses. Full-time, non-commuter students are required to live in on-campus until the completion of their sophomore year, and are thus guaranteed on-campus housing during this time. After this, students must enter into a housing lottery.


title: Rowan University

text: With the university's continued growth, housing at Rowan's main Glassboro campus has reached capacity. To counter this, the university offers incentives for first-year students who volunteer to live in tripled units (three students in a standard two person dorm room). Incentives include $1000 off housing/academic year, free summer housing, and a free in-room fridge/microwave rental. As of late 2015, the tripling program has been highly successful at gaining voluntary sign-ups. In addition to the tripling program, the university has moved to construct new housing aggressively.


title: Rowan University

text: The student-run Residence Hall Association represents students who live on-campus. The Residence Hall Association (RHA) is an organization formed to represent the interests of resident students and work to improve the quality of life on campus. RHA is affiliated with the National Association of College and University Residence Halls, Inc. (NACURH, Inc.).


title: Rowan University

text: Mimosa Hall was constructed in 1967 and is in the center of campus adjacent to the student center. This 4-story building has suite style rooms consisting of 2–3 bedrooms with a common bathroom. The hall houses 310 students, including 1 Resident Director and 11 Resident Assistants.


title: Rowan University

text: Chestnut Hall is a 3-story colonial-style building constructed in 1984. The building is on the North end of campus in between Holly Pointe Commons and Magnolia Hall. It features bedrooms arranged around a common bathroom and a small lounge. The common bathroom and lounges are maintained by RLUH staff and come fully furnished. The building accommodates 384 students, including 1 Resident Director and 14 Resident Assistants.


title: Rowan University

text: Willow Hall was constructed in 1984 and is on the north end of campus near Chestnut Hall and Magnolia Hall. It houses 203 students, including 1 Resident Director and 6 Resident Assistants. The building features bedrooms with a hallway connecting them to a common bathroom and small lounge. There are no laundry services for this building so students must bring their laundry to the Student Center.


title: Rowan University

text: Magnolia Hall is a colonial style hall constructed in 1984. It houses 201 students including 6 Resident Assistants. The bedrooms consist of 1–3 students and a hallway leading to a common bathroom and lounge which are maintained by RLUH staff. The hall is adjacent to Willow Hall.


title: Rowan University

text: Evergreen Hall is located on the south end of campus and was constructed in 1962. The hall houses 230 students split across 3 floors. The building features an interior courtyard, but is off-limits to students except with explicit permission from the resident director. The building features 2 bedrooms connected by a private bathroom. Each floor has a private study room, and the building has an air-conditioned lounge and kitchen. The building has a staff of 6 resident assistants and is on the southern end of campus, next to Mullica Hall.


title: Rowan University

text: Mullica Hall was built in 1963 and houses 107 students, including 3 resident assistants and 1 resident director. The building has 3 floors and a common kitchen and air-conditioned lounge. The hall features 2 bedrooms connected by a common private bathroom. The hall is next to Evergreen Hall.


title: Rowan University

text: Holly Pointe Commons is a 1,415 bed housing complex consisting of single, double, and triple occupancy bedrooms. It also features a 550-seat dining hall opened in the Fall 2016 semester. Constructed on the former location of Mansion Park Apartments, the taller portion of the complex is seven stories and is connected to a four-story building via overhead walkways. It is the first project constructed under a public-private partnership on Rowan's campus.


title: Rowan University

text: As the university continues to expand, numerous other potential housing sites have been evaluated by master planners. In mid-2015, the Borough of Glassboro issued Requests for Qualified Developers for the remaining developable land along Rowan Boulevard. Additionally, the Borough is seeking to redevelop the former Roxy theater location in Downtown Glassboro. Rowan University has agreed to lease space at this location for its College of Performing Arts and the Rowan Television Network.


title: Rowan University

text: Edgewood Park Apartments is a complex of four identical buildings, each with three floors and 24 quad-occupancy apartments, housing 480 students.


title: Rowan University

text: Triad Apartments was acquired by the university in 1966 and contains three wings of four floors each. The building's first floor was used as classroom space and the Office of Public Safety until a renovation in the early 2000s converted it into student housing with air conditioning. The other three floors were unrenovated. It holds 378 students.


title: Rowan University

text: The Townhouse Complex was built in 2005 and has 113 apartment style living units that accommodate 464 students in single occupancy rooms. The lower density complex features ample shade covering and is located farther from the main Rowan Boulevard/Glassboro business district. However, some students choose to live here because it is closer to most academic buildings and quieter than other locations. There is a three-story parking garage to accommodate Townhouse residents.


title: Rowan University

text: Rowan Boulevard Apartments opened in September 2009 and contains four buildings housing 884 students located along the south side of Route 322 and Main Street. The apartments have both single-bedroom and four-bedroom/two bathroom configurations. Three buildings housing 568 students finished for the 2009–2010 school year and the final building was completed the following year.


title: Rowan University

text: The Whitney Center is a five-story mixed use building located on Rowan Boulevard. The ground floor contains retail space including businesses such as Pizza Hut, and 7-Eleven. The top four floors contain student apartment-style housing. The building also houses a portion of the Rowan Honors College Living Learning Community.


title: Rowan University

text: Starting in the fall of 2017, Rowan University offered apartment-style housing options in a public-private partnership with Nexus Properties. The locations include 223 West High Street, 230 Victoria Street, 57 North Main Street, 114 Victoria Street. These apartments all feature similar layouts and consist of 2, 4, 6, and 8 person configurations.


title: Rowan University

text: This 6-level 316,500 sq ft (29,400 m) upscale building opened in August 2015. Formally named 220 On the Boulevard, it runs along Victoria Avenue, from Whitney Avenue to Rowan Boulevard. It then turns and runs along the midsection of Rowan Boulevard to Redmond Avenue. The developer Nexus Properties own the mixed use building. It features 456 beds of student housing in 110 4-bedroom apartments and 10 2-bedroom apartments. Through an agreement between the building owner and Rowan University, housing is managed through the Rowan housing request system. 220 Rowan Boulevard also features 57 units of market rate housing (apartments open to the general public) on the top two floors. Finally, on the ground floor the building contains retail space and an outpatient medical facility managed through a partnership with Cooper Bone and Joint and Inspira Health Network.


title: Rowan University

text: There are more than 100 clubs and organizations at Rowan University; along with more than 30 Greek organizations on campus.


title: Rowan University

text: Other chartered clubs report to the Student Government Association including national award-winning programs such as the Rowan Television Network, the local PRSSA, the Rowan College Republicans, the Rowan Democratic Club, and The Student University Programmers (SUP). Cinema Workshop, the university's student film club, celebrated its 30th anniversary in 2007.


title: Rowan University

text: New Jersey Transit bus routes 313 and 412 serve the university. U.S. Route 322 (Mullica Hill Road) bisects the campus. It is a planned stop on the Glassboro–Camden Line, a proposed diesel multiple unit (DMU) light rail system.


title: Jenny Frost

text: Jennifer Frost (born 22 February 1978) is an English singer, television presenter and model. She was a member of girl group Precious before replacing Kerry Katona in the group Atomic Kitten from 2001 until they disbanded in April 2004. Frost returned with the group in 2005, 2006, and 2008 for one-off appearances but chose not to return when the group were invited to appear on ITV2's "The Big Reunion" in 2012. Original member Katona was asked to come back, and she agreed. Frost presented makeunder show "Snog Marry Avoid?" from 2008 to 2011. In 2011 she co-presented "OK! TV" alongside Jeff Brazier. Frost reunited with Atomic Kitten in July 2021.


title: Jenny Frost

text: Frost was born in Wallasey, Merseyside and grew up in Prestwich, near Manchester. She loved music from an early age. Her earliest concert experience was when her father took her to a Level 42 concert at the age of nine. Sport and dancing were Frost's favourite activities, however, modelling was her dream. After attending St Monica's High School she started to work for the BBC Television for the "Holiday" programme and travelling around the world.


title: Jenny Frost

text: Frost started her musical career in 1998 in the group Precious, who were the UK entry at the Eurovision Song Contest 1999, with the song "Say It Again". The song was a top 10 hit in the UK Singles Chart and came twelfth in the contest itself. Subsequent releases by Precious enjoyed only modest success, and their debut album failed to chart at all, ultimately leading the group to go their separate ways by the end of 2000. Frost moved on by replacing Kerry Katona in Atomic Kitten, a girl group founded by OMD frontman Andy McCluskey, in 2001. After the release of their third studio album, Atomic Kitten split in 2004 although reformed in 2005, 2006 and 2008. On 4 March 2012 it was confirmed that Atomic Kitten would reform but was later confirmed that Frost would not be returning to the group and would be replaced by Kerry Katona. Hamilton has since confirmed that Frost would be welcome to rejoin the group in the future. On 6 July 2021, it was announced that Frost would rejoin Atomic Kitten for the release of "Southgate You're the One (Football's Coming Home Again)", a remake of "Whole Again" for the 2020 Euros.


title: Jenny Frost

text: After the split of Atomic Kitten, Frost embarked on a solo career and released her first single "Crash Landing" on 10 October 2005, which peaked at number 47 and thus failed to reach the Top 40. Frost originally recorded the song for the band Route 1, but decided to remake it and shoot a music video for the song which featured her in a spaceship in a pink/purple setting. Frost recorded many other songs in hope of releasing a solo album, "Mirrors" and "Bad Girl", being amongst them, but later said in February 2009 that she did not want to continue as a solo artist.


title: Jenny Frost

text: After Atomic Kitten's brief reunion in 2008, Frost stated she wanted to concentrate on a television presenting career. From July 2008, she has presented the very successful BBC Three programme "Snog Marry Avoid?". The series returned to BBC Three in February 2009 for a second series and a third series in February 2010. A fourth series aired in early 2011. She competed in Channel 4's former reality series "Famous and Fearless" in January 2011. From 13–17 and 20 June 2011 she guest co-presented "OK! TV" on Channel 5, she became a permanent presenter on 15 August, the programme was later axed and last broadcast on 16 December. She appeared on ITV game show "The Chase" in 2011 and won £14,000 for her chosen charity. She has guest presented "LIVE with..." on Channel 5.


title: Jenny Frost

text: She appeared on the 2005 edition of "I'm a Celebrity...Get Me Out of Here!" on the ITV network, where she was eliminated on day 14.


title: Jenny Frost

text: Frost worked for Storm Model Management and performed various modelling assignments, one of which was being the body of Playboy's underwear range in 2011. That same year, she became the face for Nelsons (Homeopathy) products.


title: Jenny Frost

text: Frost became engaged to DJ Dominic Thrupp in 2002. In September 2007, Frost confirmed on the television show "Loose Women" that she was pregnant. Her son, Caspar J. Thrupp, was born on 9 October 2007. The wedding was due to take place in January 2010 but was hastily cancelled following the death of Frost's mother Rita from lung cancer. In August 2010, Frost confirmed that she had separated from Thrupp.


title: Jenny Frost

text: Frost's father lived in Spain until his death in September 2017. In August 2011, she married Spanish scuba diving school owner Vicente Juan Spiteri in Ibiza. Their twin daughters, Blake and Nico, were born on 20 January 2013.


title: Repeating rifle

text: A repeating rifle is a single-barreled rifle capable of repeated discharges between each ammunition reloads. This is typically achieved by having multiple cartridges stored in a magazine (within or attached to the gun) and then fed individually into the chamber by a reciprocating bolt, via either a manual or automatic action mechanism, while the act of chambering the round typically also recocks the hammer/striker for the following shot. In common usage, the term "repeating rifle" most often refers specifically to manual repeating rifles (e.g. lever-action, pump-action, bolt-action, etc.), as opposed to self-loading rifles, which use the recoil and/or blowback of the previous shot to cycle the action and load the next round, even though all self-loading firearms are technically a subcategory of repeating firearms.


title: Repeating rifle

text: Repeating rifles were a significant advance over the preceding single-shot breechloading rifles when used for military combat, as they allowed a much greater rate of fire. The repeating Spencer rifle saw use by cavalry during the American Civil War and the subsequent American Indian Wars, and the first repeating air rifle to see military service was the Windbüchse rifle.


title: Repeating rifle

text: While some early long guns were made using the revolver mechanism popular in handguns, these did not have longevity. Even though the revolver mechanism was fine for pistols, it posed a problem with long guns: without special sealing details, the cylinder produces a gas discharge close to the face when the weapon is fired from the shoulder, as was the common approach with rifles.


title: Repeating rifle

text: Although most falling-blocks were single-shot actions, some early repeaters used this design, notably the Norwegian Krag–Petersson and the U. S. Spencer rifle. The former loaded from a Henry-style underbarrel magazine; the latter fed from a tubular magazine in the buttstock.


title: Repeating rifle

text: In a classic lever-action firearm of the Henry-Winchester type, rounds are individually loaded into a tubular magazine parallel to and below the barrel. A short bolt is held in place with an over center toggle action. Once closed, the over center action prevents opening solely by the force on the bolt when the weapon is fired. This toggle action is operated by a hand grip that forms part of the trigger guard. When operated, a spring in the tubular magazine pushes a fresh round into position. Returning the operating lever to the home position chambers the round and closes the breach. An interlock prevents firing unless the toggle is fully closed. The famous Model 1873 Winchester is exemplary of this type. Later lever-action designs, such as Marlin leverguns and those designed for Winchester by John Browning, use one or two vertical locking blocks instead of a toggle-link. There also exist lever-action rifles that feed from a box magazine, which allows them to use pointed bullets.


title: Repeating rifle

text: A one-off example of Lever action reloading on automatic firearms is the M1895 Colt–Browning machine gun. This weapon had a swinging lever beneath its barrel that was actuated by a gas bleed in the barrel, unlocking the breech to reload. This unique operation gave the nickname "potato digger" as the lever swung each time the weapon fired.


title: Repeating rifle

text: With a pump-action firearm, the action is operated by a movable fore-end that the shooter moves backwards and forwards to eject a spent round, and extract and chamber a fresh round of ammunition. Pump-actions are usually associated with shotguns, but one example of a pump-action rifle is the Remington Model 7600 series. Rifles with pump action are also called slide-action. This style of rifle is still popular with some local law enforcement branches as a rifle that is easy to train officers who are already familiar with the pump shotgun.


title: Repeating rifle

text: The bolt is a mechanism that is operated by hand to extract a fired cartridge, move a fresh round into the chamber and reset the firing pin, readying the weapon to fire again. The bolt closes the breech end of the barrel and contains the firing pin. The bolt is held in place with a lever that fits into a notch. Moving this lever out of the notch will release the restraint on the bolt, allowing it to be drawn back. An extractor removes the spent cartridge, which is then ejected through the lever slot. A spring at the bottom of the magazine pushes up the reserve rounds, positioning the topmost between the bolt and the chamber at the base of the barrel. Pushing the bolt lever forward chambers this round and pushing the lever into the notch locks the bolt and enables the trigger mechanism. The complete cycle action also resets the firing pin. The Mauser rifle of the late 19th and early 20th centuries is the most famous of the bolt-action types, with most similar weapons derived from this pioneering design, such as the M1903 Springfield and the Karabiner 98 Kurz rifle (abbreviated often as Kar98k or simply K98). The Russian Mosin–Nagant rifle, the British Lee–Enfield, and the Norwegian Krag–Jørgensen are examples of alternate bolt-action designs.


title: Repeating rifle

text: In blowback operation, the bolt is not actually locked at the moment of firing. To prevent violent recoil, in most firearms using this mechanism the opening of the bolt is delayed in some way. In many small arms, the round is fired while the bolt is still travelling forward, and the bolt does not open until this forward momentum is overcome. Other methods involve delaying the opening until two rollers have been forced back into recesses in the receiver in which the bolt is carried. Simple blowback action is simple and inexpensive to manufacture, but is limited in the power it can handle, so it is seen on small caliber weapons such as machine pistols and submachine guns. Lever-delayed blowback, as seen in for example the French FAMAS assault rifle, can also handle more powerful cartridges but is more complicated and expensive to manufacture.


title: Repeating rifle

text: In a recoil-operated firearm, the breech is locked, and the barrel recoils as part of the firing cycle. In long-recoil actions, such as the Browning Auto-5 shotgun, the barrel and breechblock remain locked for the full recoil travel, and separate on the return; in short-recoil actions, typical of most semiautomatic handguns (e.g. the Colt M1911), the barrel recoils only a short distance before decoupling from the breechblock.


title: Repeating rifle

text: In a gas-operated mechanism, a portion of the gases propelling the bullet from the barrel are extracted and used to operate a piston. The motion of this piston in turn unlocks and operates the bolt, which performs extraction of the spent cartridge and via spring action readies the next round. Almost all modern military rifles use mechanisms of this type.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Retesh Bhalla (born April 7, 1982) is an American professional wrestler currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) as a producer and manager. He is best known for his time with Total Nonstop ActionImpact Wrestling under the ring name Sonjay Dutt. He also worked for WWE as a producer from 2019 to 2021.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt is known for his several stints in Jeff Jarrett's promotion Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), later renamed Impact Wrestling, where he started in 2003. Dutt competed in the X-Division for several years, winning the Impact X Division Championship in 2017. He also competed for Jarrett's Global Force Wrestling, where he was a former GFW NEX*GEN Champion. Dutt also wrestled for the independent promotion Combat Zone Wrestling during his early years, where he captured the CZW World Junior Heavyweight Championship and won the Best of the Best tournament in 2004. Due to his contributions, he was inducted into the CZW Hall of Fame in 2019. His ring name is modeled after that of famous Bollywood actor Sanjay Dutt.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt's parents moved from India to the United States before he was born, though most of his extended family still lives in New Delhi. He later worked for KYDA Pro wrestling for the first two years of his professional career.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt got his first break wrestling in Major League Wrestling (MLW) in 2003 where he debuted the Dragon Rana on Jimmy Yang at the promotion's August 3 event, "Summer Apocalypse". Dutt would go on to win an international tournament, hosted by MLW in September 2003 to win the company's Junior Heavyweight Championship, defeating Tony Mamaluke, Eddie Colón, and Christopher Daniels. In an early 2004 MLW Junior Heavyweight Title match Dutt pinned Jack Evans to retain the title at "MLW Reloaded".


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt made his debut for NWA Total Nonstop Action (TNA) on October 15, 2003, when he teamed with Eric Young to defeat Jerrelle Clark and El Fuego in a tag team match. He began working regularly for the promotion the following year. In May 2004, Dutt began a Best of Three Series with Amazing Red to determine the number one contender to the TNA X Division Championship, which Red won. Throughout the summer of 2004 Dutt participated in the America's X-Cup as a part of Team USA along with Jerry Lynn, Chris Sabin, and Elix Skipper against Team AAA (Héctor Garza, Mr. Águila, Juventud Guerrera, and Abismo Negro). After several months, Dutt became the onscreen protégé of Sabu, with Raven using him to vicariously assault Sabu. In addition, Dutt acted as a mouthpiece for the perpetually mute Sabu. This angle was postponed and then dropped after Sabu was sidelined with various health problems, and in the interim Dutt made appearances with World Wrestling Entertainment, provoking rumors of an imminent contract offer.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt's presence in TNA was reduced in late-2004 and early-2005 during the tenure of Dusty Rhodes as booker, but his role within the promotion was once again expanded after Rhodes resigned. Dutt won a four-way X Division match at No Surrender on July 17, 2005, to qualify for the 2005 Super X Cup. He lost to Samoa Joe, however, in the first round of the tournament.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: In September 2005, Dutt, Shark Boy, and Simon Diamond spent two weeks in India, where they visited several cities, promoting the debut of "Impact!" on ESPN Star Sports. On September 28 in Bhopal, a riot broke out when 1000 fans were excluded from an event after attendance exceeded expectations. None of the three TNA wrestlers were injured.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: At Bound for Glory on October 23, Dutt defeated Austin Aries, Roderick Strong, and Alex Shelley in a four way X Division match on the pre-show. In 2006, Dutt earned a spot on Team USA in the 2006 World X Cup.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Throughout late 2006 and early 2007, Dutt was involved in the Paparazzi Championship Series, led by Kevin Nash, who insinuated throughout the PCS Challenge that Dutt was taking steroids, as a running joke, which would usually lead to the hotheaded Dutt comically losing his temper. Although he did not win the series, it put him over with the fans. After PCS ended, Nash took Dutt and his newfound tag team partner Jay Lethal under his wing and promised to give them an extreme makeover. After Lethal got a new character mimicking the "Macho Man" Randy Savage, Nash attempted to get Dutt a new character as well. All of these attempts were Kevin Nash's past gimmicks, including Oz, Vinnie Vegas, and Diesel, all of which Dutt despised.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On the April 26 episode of "Impact!", Dutt and Lethal won a shot at the X Division Championship held by Chris Sabin at Sacrifice. Dutt was unhappy at Lethal getting the pinfall, however, Dutt and Lethal started fighting with each other. Kevin Nash came out and separated the two, but Dutt kicked him and left the ring. On a later episode of "Impact!", Dutt apologized to Nash and claimed "it was the heat of the moment". Nash forgave Dutt but warned him not to do it again.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On June 7, Dutt introduced a new gimmick reminiscent of a Zen in which he called himself "The Guru" Sonjay Dutt. As part of the gimmick, he began dressing all in white, and apologized to Nash and Lethal for his behavior. At Victory Road, Dutt competed in the 10 man Ultimate X match in an attempt to become the number one contender for the X Division Championship, but was eliminated in the Gauntlet portion of the match.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt and Lethal began to have some problems when Dutt began showing interest in Lethal's on-screen girlfriend SoCal Val. Dutt participated in the Xscape match at Lockdown where he was the first participant eliminated. At Slammiversary, Dutt ruined Lethal and SoCal Val's wedding, when he begged Val to marry him instead. Dutt attacked Lethal, and began a villainous turn, which led to Dutt and Lethal facing off in matches at Victory Road and Hard Justice, splitting the victories. At No Surrender, Val turned on Lethal and assisted Dutt in winning a "Ladder of Love" ladder match. On February 20, 2009, Dutt left TNA after his contract expired due to he and TNA management being unable to come to terms on a new deal.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Since making his TNA debut, he has worked for independent promotions such as Ring of Honor, UWA, Combat Zone Wrestling, MXW Pro Wrestling, VCW and NWA Virginia and has toured Japan with Pro Wrestling Zero1. He also has wrestled for HUSTLE in Japan as a member of the stable Takada Monster Army under the ring name "Monster J". On July 28, 2006, Dutt lost to Último Dragón in UWA. In November 2006, Sonjay returned to UWA and won the 2006 Grand Prix Tournament Championship.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On May 9, 2008, Dutt was announced as the eighth and final participant in the Chikara 2008 Rey de Voladores tournament, having previously competed in the 2007 King of Trios alongside The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin) as Team TNA. On June 21, 2008, he appeared at a Combat Zone Wrestling show, where he was defeated by Pinkie Sanchez. He appeared on the July 12, 2008 show to team with Chuck Taylor in a losing effort against Pinkie Sanchez and Ruckus. On September 19, 2008, he teamed up with Shelley and Sabin to challenge Último Guerrero, Atlantis, and Negro Casas for the CMLL World Trios Championship at the company's 75th Anniversary Show, but were unable to defeat the reigning champions.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: After leaving TNA, Dutt returned to Japan to compete for Pro Wrestling Zero1, after a four-year hiatus, and on March 15, 2009, defeated Ikuto Hidaka to win the Zero1 International Junior Heavyweight Championship. Dutt vacated the title on November 29, 2009, for the Tenka-Ichi 2009 tournament. He attempted to regain the title, but was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by Prince Devitt.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt made his Pro Wrestling Guerrilla debut on April 11, 2009, at "Ninety-Nine", where he defeated Roderick Strong in a singles match. The following day at "One Hundred", the promotion's 100th show, he was defeated by El Generico. Since leaving TNA, Dutt has also begun making appearances for Ring of Honor. He made his return to the company on May 8, 2009, in Boston, MA, wrestling in a 3-way dance with Eddie Edwards and Bryan Danielson, who ended up winning the match. On August 31 Dutt made his "Ring of Honor Wrestling" debut in a losing effort against Delirious, with whom he would feud for the rest of the year.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: After an eleven-month break from Ring of Honor, Dutt returned to the promotion on December 17, 2010, replacing an injured Kenny Omega and facing ROH World Champion Roderick Strong in a losing effort in a non–title match. At the following day's Final Battle 2010 pay-per-view Dutt again replaced Omega and faced Eddie Edwards in another losing effort.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: In 2011, it was revealed that Dutt would take part in a new hiphop/pro wrestling collaboration, the Urban Wrestling Federation, with taping of the first event "First Blood" taking place on June 3. On June 19 Dutt, working under the ring name Schwagg Dutt, was announced as being a part of the roster of All Wheels Wrestling. At the pilot tapings on June 29, Dutt was first defeated in a five-minute Iron Man match by Aaron Aguilera, before defeating him, Dubai and RPM (Jay Lethal) in an Ultimate X match. In December 2011, Dutt took part in TNA's India project, Ring Ka King.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On July 27, 2013, Dutt was defeated by Jay Lethal in the first round for the vacant ROH World Championship. On November 9, 2013, Dutt defeated Ben Ortiz at House of Hardcore 3. Sonjay, along with Zema Ion appeared on Singapore Pro Wrestling's Collision on January 11, 2014. He faced Russian wrestler Serg White. On March 12, 2014, Sonjay dutt was defeated by El Ligero In a Revolution Pro event. On May 5, 2014, At Continental Wrestling Federation Dutt defeated John Morrison to Capture the CWF United States Championship. Dutt defeated Eita Kobayashi In a Wrestling City Asia event.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On October 12, 2016, Dutt competed in a four-way match against Fenix el Rey, Jonathan Gresham, and Jeff Cobb at a Lucha Ilimitado card in Yakima, Washington with Fenix winning (to be crowned the first Corazon de Oro champion).


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On March 4, 2017 at ROH Manhattan Mayhem 2017 Dutt was unsuccessful at winning the ROH World Television Championship against Marty Scurll.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On June 28, 2012, Dutt returned to TNA, defeating Rubix to qualify for a tournament for the TNA X Division Championship. On July 8 at Destination X, Dutt defeated Rashad Cameron to qualify for the finals of the tournament. Later that same event, Dutt was defeated by Zema Ion in the final Ultimate X match, which also included Kenny King and Mason Andrews. During the match, Dutt legitimately separated his shoulder and had to leave the match momentarily to get it popped back into place. Dutt returned on the July 26 episode of "Impact Wrestling" as one of four men vying for a shot at the X Division Championship, however, TNA World Heavyweight Champion Austin Aries opted not to grant him the shot due to his injured shoulder, instead naming Kenny King the number one contender. Dutt returned to TNA during the August 31 and September 1 house shows, working against Zema Ion. On September 5, Dutt was named the number one contender to Ion's X Division Championship at No Surrender. Four days later, Dutt was defeated in his pay-per-view title match. On the September 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Dutt again unsuccessfully challenged Ion for the X Division Championship. On January 12, 2013, Dutt returned to TNA to take part in TNA X-Travaganza, teaming with Petey Williams in a tag team match, where they were defeated by Christopher Daniels and Kazarian. Dutt returned to "Impact Wrestling" on March 21, unsuccessfully challenging Kenny King for the X Division Championship in a three-way match, also involving Zema Ion. On July 18, Dutt won a 3-way match against Homicide and Petey Williams to get a shot at the X-Division Title on July 25. On July 25, Dutt was defeated by Manik in the Ultimate X for the TNA X Division Championship, which also included Greg Marasciulo. On August 21, Dutt returned to "Impact Wrestling" where he wrestled against TNA X Division Champion Manik in a losing effort. On December 30, 2013, Dutt was part of TNA #Old School wrestled against Chris Sabin and Austin Aries in a three-way dance, where Aries emerged victorious.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On May 13, 2015, Global Force Wrestling (GFW) announced Dutt as part of their roster. On June 12, 2015, Dutt made his GFW debut defeating Sonjay Dutt during a GFW Grand Slam Tour event in Jackson, Tennessee which was the promotions inaugural event. The following night, Dutt teamed with Chase Owens defeating the team of Jason Kincaid and Jamin Olivencia.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On July 10, 2015, during a "GFW Grand Slam Tour" event in Erie, Pennsylvania, Dutt teamed with Moose defeating Olivencia and Jon Bolen. On July 24, 2015, during the first ever TV Tapings for "GFW Amped", Dutt was defeated by Jigsaw in the first round of the GFW NEX*GEN Championship tournament. On November 27, 2015, Dutt defeated P. J. Black for the GFW NEX*GEN Championship.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt retained in his first international title defense on March 2, 2016, retaining over Marty Scurll in Exeter, UK. On May 13, 2016, Dutt defeated DJ Z and Lio Rush in a triple threat match at a GFW/MCW joint event to retain the GFW NEX*GEN Championship. On November 25, 2016, Dutt lost the GFW NEX*GEN Championship to Cody Rhodes.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: In April 2017, it was announced the Dutt would be working as a producer for TNA, now Impact Wrestling. On the April 20 episode of "Impact", Dutt surprised everyone by making his in-ring return in a six-way X Division title match. However, during the match he sustained a serious eye injury which effectively ruled him out of the contest. After its conclusion Dutt was treated backstage by the Impact Wrestling medical team. At the "Impact Wrestling" taping in Mumbai, India, on May 30, 2017, Dutt challenged and defeated then X Division Champion Low-Ki to win his first ever Impact Wrestling championship. After his victory he was emotional and celebrated with fellow wrestlers including Mahabali Shera, Eddie Edwards, Swoggle, Braxton Sutter and Matt Sydal, and also celebrated with the fans in the audience including Mohin Khan. At Slammiversary XV he retained his X Division Championship against Low Ki in a two out of three falls match. At Destination X, he defeated Trevor Lee in a Ladder Match to retain X Division Championship. On the September 14 episode of "Impact", Dutt lost the title to Lee, ending his reign at 81 days. At Bound for Glory, Dutt competed in a Six-way match for the Impact X Division Championship which was won by Trevor Lee. on the November 9 episode of Impact, Dutt lost to Matt Sydal. on the November 16 episode of Impact, Dutt, Dezmond Xavier and Garza Jr. defeated Andrew Everett, Taiji Ishimori and Trevor Lee. on the January 11, 2018 episode of Impact, Dutt, Dezmond Xavier and Garza Jr. defeated Caleb Konley, Hakim Zane and Trevor Lee.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On January 6, 2018, Dutt announced he would undergo surgery to fix a torn right Achilles. On the February 8, 2018, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Dutt returned as he and Josh Mathews became the new commentary team and remained on commentary until April 19, 2018. On January 23, 2019, it was reported that Dutt had been granted his release from Impact Wrestling.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On January 23, 2019, Dutt signed with WWE as a producer. On June 29, 2021, it was reported that Dutt had departed from WWE.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On June 30, 2021, it was reported that Dutt had signed with AEW as a producer. However, he later would also become a wrestling manager. On April 6, 2022 episode of "AEW Dynamite", which took place five days after Dutt reunited with Jay Lethal at Ring of Honor's "Supercard of Honor XV", Dutt would make his debut on AEW television, where he and Lethal appeared on-screen and promised Samoa Joe a present. The next week, Satnam Singh would attack Joe and align with Dutt and Lethal.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: On April 1, 2022, Dutt appeared at Ring of Honor's Supercard of Honor XV, where he restrained Jay Lethal after Lethal attacked Matt Sydal. Dutt would turn heel later in the night, aligning with Lethal and would afterwards begin a feud with Samoa Joe after Joe won the ROH Television Championship.


title: Sonjay Dutt

text: Dutt was featured in the 2004 video game "" and the 2008 video game "TNA Impact!". He also did some of the motion capturing for "" and "WWE 2K18".


title: HuniePop

text: HuniePop is a tile-matching and dating sim adult video game created by American game designer Ryan Koons, under the alias of HuniePot. The game was released for Microsoft Windows, macOS, and Linux-based personal computers in January 2015, after being funded via a successful Kickstarter campaign. "HuniePop" is available in two different versions, an uncensored version available via Humble Bundle and MangaGamer, and a censored version via Steam. The game follows the dating adventures of the main character as they try to woo several different women in their home town.


title: HuniePop

text: In February 2015, Koons released an update that gave "HuniePop" a new ending that unlocks options that make it easier for players to fill out a female character's profile and select date locations, among other options. Due to its strong sexual content and themes, Twitch blocked users from streaming gameplay footage of the title, regardless of which version of the game was being played.


title: HuniePop

text: Gameplay focuses on the player character (who can be male or female) interacting with several different women, each of whom has her own distinct personalities and preferences. The player can interact with women by talking to them and giving them gifts. Doing this rewards the player with "Hunie", an in-game currency that can be used to upgrade the player's stats. These stats allow the player to earn more points during dates, increasing their chance of success.


title: HuniePop

text: In order to progress through the game, players must take the women on dates, where they will play a tile matching game where they must make matches of 3 or more of the same tokens. The player must earn enough points to complete the date before they run out of moves. Each woman has a specific type of token that they like and dislike, and players will gain more points if they match the type of token that the woman prefers. The player can also use special items called "date gifts" during their dates which grant positive effects to help the player earn more points. After a successful date, the player is rewarded with a picture of the woman the date was with. Each successful date will also raise the game's difficulty, making subsequent dates require more points to complete. After 3 successful dates with a woman, the player will be able to take them on a date at night, and if that date is successful, the player can bring the woman to their bedroom for one final round of tile matching (and, if this is successful, have sexual intercourse with her). Unlike regular dates, the player has unlimited moves to complete the bedroom game, but the score meter constantly drains over time, so to win, matches must be made quickly until the meter is full.


title: HuniePop

text: Throughout the game the player is guided by Kyu, a love fairy set on turning the player into a successful Lothario. She gives the player tips on how to interact with each woman and explains how the game's various mechanics work. She also becomes dateable after one bedroom game.


title: HuniePop

text: A Kickstarter campaign was launched with a minimum funding goal of $20,000. The Kickstarter ended successfully, raising $53,536 from 1,483 backers.


title: HuniePop

text: "HuniePop" has received positive reception. "Hardcore Gamer" gave the game a rating of four out of five, writing ""HuniePop" is pornography—darn fine pornography at that—but it’s also a shockingly good puzzle game. Occasionally those two identities feel at odds with each other, but for the most part they work in concert to show you a good time." "Kotaku" also gave a mostly positive review, praising it for being "strategically deep and challenging enough to kick a "Candy Crush" casual's ass" while also commenting that the game lacked a "strong finish". GameZone's Mike Splechta called the game "fun and engaging". "Destructoid" criticized the game's conversations as lacking in variety while stating that "In the end, I realize this is a game that, while riddled with issues, I liked a lot. A whole lot. In fact, with better writing and some more care given to the characters to flesh them out, it could be so much more."


title: HuniePop

text: Since "HuniePop"'s release, there have been other games inspired by it, such as Front Wing's "Purino Party".


title: HuniePop

text: On April 4, 2016, Koons released a spin-off game called "HunieCam Studio". "HunieCam Studio" is an adult themed business simulation game, and features many of the characters who previously appeared in "HuniePop". The game's art style also shifted to a more cartoon style, away from the anime-based art. Kotaku gave "HunieCam Studio" a mixed review, commenting that although the game's text was occasionally entertaining, they found the overall game experience to be "extremely boring".


title: HuniePop

text: A sequel, "HuniePop 2: Double Date", was announced in 2020. It is a sequel to "HuniePop" with the player controlling the same protagonist, and features returning characters from "HuniePop" and "HunieCam Studio". It was released for Microsoft Windows and OS X on February 8, 2021.


title: China Mac

text: Raymond Yu (born February 5, 1982), known professionally as China Mac, is an American rapper, entertainer, activist, and former gang member.


title: China Mac

text: Yu was born and raised in Brooklyn to Chinese immigrants, from Hong Kong. He moved into a group home at the age of 8. Yu joined the Ghost Shadows gang when he was 12. In his teenage years, he would partake in freestyle rap battles with other kids at the juvenile detention center.


title: China Mac

text: On November 9, 2003, Mac was involved in an altercation with MC Jin at a bar in Chinatown, Manhattan, where he shot Jin's acquaintance, rapper Christopher "LS" Louie, in the back. Mac later went on the run for over a year and was apprehended in Seattle, Washington when he tried to leave the country with a fake passport. In prison, he was nicknamed "China Mac" by the Mac Ballers gang. He was released on parole in November 2013 and founded the Red Money Records record label and pet store with the money he saved up while in prison.


title: China Mac

text: Mac returned to prison for an accused parole violation and was later released in 2017. Since then, he has uploaded video content, including the food show "Mac Eats", onto his YouTube channel, China Mac TV.


title: China Mac

text: In 2018, Mac was a prominent critic of Lil Pump's single "Butterfly Doors", which used the pejorative ching chong slur.


title: China Mac

text: In 2019, he released the dual EP, "Yin" and "Yang." That same year, Mac released a Chinese/Spanish record with Tali Goya.


title: China Mac

text: In July 2020, amidst the rise in anti-Asian hate crimes during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States, an 89 year old Chinese grandmother was assaulted and set on fire in Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. Mac and actor Will Lex Ham organized a march in that neighborhood on August 1, 2020 as a response to raise awareness about anti-Asian hate crimes. The "They Can't Burn Us All" rallying cry has transformed into a national protest for "unity amongst all people against hate crimes and racism." The duo later held rallies in both Los Angeles and San Francisco. These events have garnered hundreds to participate.


title: Anomaly detection

text: In data analysis, anomaly detection (also referred to as outlier detection and sometimes as novelty detection) is generally understood to be the identification of rare items, events or observations which deviate significantly from the majority of the data and do not conform to a well defined notion of normal behaviour. Such examples may arouse suspicions of being generated by a different mechanism, or appear inconsistent with the remainder of that set of data.


title: Anomaly detection

text: Anomaly detection finds application in many domains including cyber security, medicine, machine vision, statistics, neuroscience, law enforcement and financial fraud to name only a few. Anomalies were initially searched for clear rejection or omission from the data to aid statistical analysis, for example to compute the mean or standard deviation. They were also removed to better predictions from models such as linear regression, and more recently their removal aids the performance of machine learning algorithms. However, in many applications anomalies themselves are of interest and are the observations most desirous in the entire data set, which need to be identified and separated from noise or irrelevant outliers.


title: Anomaly detection

text: Three broad categories of anomaly detection techniques exist. Supervised anomaly detection techniques require a data set that has been labeled as "normal" and "abnormal" and involves training a classifier. However, this approach is rarely used in anomaly detection due to the general unavailability of labelled data and the inherent unbalanced nature of the classes. Semi-supervised anomaly detection techniques assume that some portion of the data is labelled. This may be any combination of the normal or anomalous data, but more often than not the techniques construct a model representing normal behavior from a given "normal" training data set, and then test the likelihood of a test instance to be generated by the model. Unsupervised anomaly detection techniques assume the data is unlabelled and are by far the most commonly used due to their wider and relevant application.


title: Anomaly detection

text: Many attempts have been made in the statistical and computer science communities to define an anomaly. The most prevalent ones include:


title: Anomaly detection

text: Anomaly detection is applicable in a very large number and variety of domains, and is an important subarea of unsupervised machine learning. As such it has applications in cyber-security intrusion detection, fraud detection, fault detection, system health monitoring, event detection in sensor networks, detecting ecosystem disturbances, defect detection in images using machine vision, medical diagnosis and law enforcement.


title: Anomaly detection

text: Anomaly detection was proposed for intrusion detection systems (IDS) by Dorothy Denning in 1986. Anomaly detection for IDS is normally accomplished with thresholds and statistics, but can also be done with soft computing, and inductive learning. Types of statistics proposed by 1999 included profiles of users, workstations, networks, remote hosts, groups of users, and programs based on frequencies, means, variances, covariances, and standard deviations. The counterpart of anomaly detection in intrusion detection is misuse detection.


title: Anomaly detection

text: It is often used in preprocessing to remove anomalous data from the dataset. This is done for a number of reasons. Statistics of data such as the mean and standard deviation are more accurate after the removal of anomalies, and the visualisation of data can also be improved. In supervised learning, removing the anomalous data from the dataset often results in a statistically significant increase in accuracy. Anomalies are also often the most important observations in the data to be found such as in intrusion detection or detecting abnormalities in medical images.


title: Anomaly detection

text: Many anomaly detection techniques have been proposed in literature. Some of the popular techniques are:


title: Anomaly detection

text: The performance of methods depends on the data set and parameters, and methods have little systematic advantages over another when compared across many data sets and parameters.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The Fiat X1/9 is a two-seater mid-engined sports car designed by Bertone and manufactured by Fiat from 1972–1982 and subsequently by Gruppo Bertone from 1982–1989.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: With a transverse engine and gearbox in a mid-mounted, rear-wheel drive configuration, the X1/9 was noted for its balanced handling, retractable headlights, lightweight removable hardtop which could be stowed under the bonnet, front and rear storage compartments — and for being the first Fiat to have been designed from its conception to meet US safety regulations.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The X1/9 was developed from the 1969 Autobianchi A112 Runabout concept, with styling by Bertone under chief designer Marcello Gandini.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Even though the Runabout was named for the Autobianchi A112, it was powered by a version of the brand new Fiat 128 SOHC engine. The Runabout featured a distinctive wedge shape and took many styling cues from contemporary power-boat design. Though the more extreme features of the Runabout such as the C pillar mounted headlights and the small wind-deflector windscreen were lost for the production car, many aesthetic features of the Autobianchi Runabout are readily identifiable on the X1/9. The long flat bonnet with central indentation, the large front overhang, the wedge shape with prominent C-pillar roll-over hoop and the car-length indented waterline all made the successful transition to the X1/9, giving it a highly distinctive appearance.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Designed around the Fiat SOHC engine and transmission from the front wheel drive Fiat 128, the X1/9 relocated the transverse drive train and suspension assembly from the front of the 128 to the rear of the passenger cabin, directly in front of the rear axle, giving a mid-engined layout. The engine was designed by Aurelio Lampredi, famed Ferrari engine designer before he went to work for FIAT (the parent company, at that time). The fuel tank and spare wheel were located ahead of the engine, behind the driver and passenger seats respectively — optimizing the proportion of the car's weight within its wheelbase for more balanced handling and enabling cargo areas front and rear.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Once developed for production, the two-seater featured sharp-edged styling with a wedge shape, retractable headlights, an integrated front spoiler and a removable hard top roof panel (targa top). The removable hardtop could be stored in the front boot; a second luggage compartment was provided at the rear of the car, accessible through a conventional boot lid.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Unlike Fiat's marketing nomenclature at the time which used a numerical system (e.g., 127, 128, 124, 131) denoting relative position in the model range, the X1/9 retained its prototype code as its marketing name. Fiat's prototype coding used "X0" for engines, "X1" for passenger vehicles and "X2" for commercial vehicles. The X1/9 was thus the ninth passenger car developed using the nomenclature.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Originally slated to debut at the November 1972 Turin Motor Show, the X1/9's launch was delayed until after the show to avoid upstaging the new Fiat 126 city car. Press test drives were held at the end of November 1972, on the Sicilian Madonie roads home to the Targa Florio road race.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The car was intended to replace the 850 Spider, another Bertone design, not the larger and pricier 124 Sport Spider whose production continued for much of the X1/9's life. The car's monocoque body was produced at the Bertone factory in Grugliasco (Turin) and then transported to the Fiat's Lingotto factory for final assembly. As mentioned before, the X1/9's type "128 AS" single overhead cam inline-four engine was derived from the Fiat 128, specifically from the 128 Coupé 1300.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Changes included a new cast aluminium oil sump, complementing the aluminium cylinder head. With a twin-choke Weber 32 DMTR carburettor and an 8.9:1 compression ratio, the engine produced at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 3,400 rpm.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The all-synchronized 4-speed transmission was also carried over from the 128, though with a taller fourth gear ratio to exploit the sports car's better aerodynamics. As a consequence the X1/9 had a top speed of over , 10 km/h higher than the similarly engined but 65 kg lighter 128 Coupé 1300.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: As standard the X1/9 came with 4.5J×13-inch stamped steel wheels fitted with tyres, while cast alloy wheels were an extra-cost option.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Suspension was fully independent, with MacPherson struts front and rear. The split circuit brake system used equally sized solid discs all around. Steering was rack and pinion.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The interior, upholstered in leatherette, featured two bucket seats with integrated headrests and a four-spoke steering wheel (resembling the one fitted to the Lamborghini Marzal). The engine cover and rear trunk could be opened with (lockable) interior latches located on the driver's side door jamb.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The original 1.3-litre, 4-speed X1/9 can be distinguished from the later 1.5-litre, 5-speed model by its wrap-around steel split bumpers with rubber blocks, and the shallower engine compartment lid.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Fiat began marketing a right-hand drive variant in 1976. Prior to this, Radbourne Racing had been converting left-hand drive X1/9s to a right-hand drive configuration for sale in the UK market. None of these early conversions are believed to remain in existence.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: In 1982, shortly after the introduction of the 1500 model, complete production was assumed by Bertone with models subsequently badged as the "Bertone" X1/9. Bertone models featured revised footwells redesigned to enhance legroom and sitting comfort for persons taller than the original design's target.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The last production models were named the Gran Finale and sold over the 1989/1990 period. They were a dealer modification of the special edition (commonly abbreviated to SE) of 1988/1989, with the addition of a rear spoiler and "gran finale" badges.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Reported numbers vary by source, but about 2/3 of the approximately 160,000 X1/9s produced were sold in the USA. Three generations of X1/9 were sold in the U.S.: 1974 cars, 1975-1978 cars, and 1979-1989 cars.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The 1974 U.S. examples aligned closely with worldwide models, including small (but U.S.-specific) bumpers, 1290 cc engines, and four-speed transmissions.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The 1975-1978 U.S. cars were unique to the U.S. market with "ladder-style" impact absorbing bumpers front and rear. To meet U.S. evaporative and exhaust emission standards, X1/9s were fitted with exhaust gas recirculation valves, air pumps and activated charcoal systems. These cars were rated at .


title: Fiat X1/9

text: In 1979 U.S. cars received increases in displacement to 1498 cc and five-speed transmissions, with max power up to . The 1979 U.S. cars retained the previous emission controls. Model years 1980 and 1981 saw a transition from carburetion to Bosch L-Jetronic fuel injection, with the changeover coming in 1980 for cars sold in California and a gradual changeover for "federal" cars from late 1980 to 1981 model years. The combination of fuel injection (FI), a catalytic converter and unleaded gasoline allowed these cars to meet California's and later federal emission standards. Fuel injected cars were rated at .


title: Fiat X1/9

text: In 1979 U.S. X1/9s also received both exterior and interior revisions including integrated bumpers front and rear, as well as new front grilles and airdams. The instrument panel and dash redesign moved the heating and ventilation controls from the center console up to the main dash, relocated the radio to the center dash area, moved the fuse panel from the area above the driver's left knee to the area above the passenger's footwell where the glovebox was, and moved the glovebox to atop the dash.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: During 1982, Fiat ended its presence in the U.S. Fiat turned over marketing and support of the X1/9 to International Automobile Importers, Inc., headed by Malcolm Bricklin, and turned over full production duties to Bertone.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: In 1983 the orphaned X1/9 was sold as the "Bertone X1/9". IAI and Bertone continued to update the X1/9, providing improved rust protection, revised seating to accommodate taller drivers, and a modernized electrical system for 1984 models.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: U.S. sales of the X1/9 fell in the final few years, and 1987 was the last year that IAI imported X1/9s to the U.S.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: From mid-1987 to end of the production in 1989, Bertone X1/9s were imported to the U.S. by M.I.K. Automotive, Inc. in North Hollywood, California, owned by Miro Kefurt, who at that time was the number one Bertone dealer in the U.S. and one of the very few that sold exclusively X1/9s. The last four X1/9s were imported to the U.S. in April 1990 (1989 model year cars, produced in December 1989).


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Bertone conducted at least three design and engineering studies with the X1/9. Along with several standard X1/9s taken from the production line, examples of all three design studies are now on display in the Volandia Museum adjacent to the Malpensa/Milan airport, which is the new home of the majority of the Bertone collection that was sold after the company went through final bankruptcy proceedings.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: An all-aluminum X1/9 body shell was developed in concert with ALCAN. Five all-aluminum cars, dubbed "Superlight" (not Superleggera), were built to the same strength and stiffness of the normal steel cars, and tested for vibration, noise, high load input, and corrosion. The program also tested the specially developed adhesives and techniques used to assemble bodyshell components. Weight savings were 1/3 of the normal steel body. Since a 24-hour Showroom Stock endurance race was expected to reveal a lot about the durability of aluminum cars, one of these aluminum-bodied prototypes was entered into the 1987 Longest Day of Nelson Ledges race, but a mishap on a test and tune practice lap prevented the car from running the race.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The second design study was a 2+1 completed in 1981, dubbed "Passo Lungo." Two inches of width was added to the entire car, and more than seven inches of length was added behind the door and ahead of the rear wheels. The spare tire was relocated to the new space behind the driver's seat, and a third seat was added to the space behind the passenger seat originally used for the spare tire. "Opera" windows were added to the sail panels. The stock 1.5L engine was replaced by the 2.0L DOHC FIAT engine to add more power to compensate for the added weight.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The X1/9 "Passo Lungo" was based on a European specification 1500 Fiat X/19 with a stretched wheelbase of to accommodate a back seat, usable only by small children. Only one example is known to exist which is currently on display with the Bertone collection in Volandia. In stretching the body, the targa roof also had to be made longer and could no longer be stowed in the front boot of the car (as it had been designed for in the normal X1/9).


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The third study was a full-convertible top (Spider) version of the X1/9. The fixed rear window and sail panels were deleted, and a more conventional roll bar/hoop was added for rollover protection. A fascia was fabricated to mate with the engine compartment lid to cover the body shoulders where the sails panels used to be. The convertible top is not a structure that emerges from behind the passenger compartment area; rather it is a flexible cover that mounts using the original targa top clips along the windshield in front, stretches over and is supported by the new roll bar, and is secured into place in the rear with twist-clips.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The Filipinetti X1/9 of Scuderia Filipinetti was presented first at the Geneva Motor Show in March 1973 as the first Fiat X1/9 race car. It was built in cooperation with Fiat by the technician and racer Mike Parkes who later developed and built the Lancia Stratos. The Filipinetti had a 1290 cc engine with Lucas mechanical fuel injection and a Colotti five-speed gearbox. The power was about at 8600 rpm with a top speed of .


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The Fiat subsidiary Abarth, in 1973, developed the Abarth X1/9 Prototipo to replace the 124 Spider Abarth as Fiat's main rally car. Ultimately, the parallel 131 Abarth project was chosen over the X1/9 as the main rally competition platform.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The X1/9 Prototipo used an 1840 cc engine (a bored out 1600 cc 124-derived unit) with a custom 16-valve cylinder head fed by twin 44 mm Weber IDF carburettors. Externally the cars sported flared wheel-arches, a small "duck tail" spoiler and an F1 style air intake designed to feed the carburettors cool air from above the cars roof. All the X1/9 Prototipos were raced in the traditional Abarth lime-green/yellow and orange/pink colour scheme.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The prototype nature of the X1/9 Prototipo project means that the exact number of cars produced is impossible to define. Components and entire body-shells were routinely swapped and replaced as part of the development process, but it is believed that 5 genuine cars were produced.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: In 1975 the X1/9 was chosen by Dallara to enter the World Championship for Makes in the Group 5 Special Production class. The Dallara Icsunonove (the Italian pronunciation of "X1/9") featured a modified X1/9 engine with a custom 16-valve cylinder-head and fundamental suspension and body/monocoque alterations, the most obvious of which are the massively flared wheel-arches and the oversized rear wing.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The Faran Car Co. Ltd. was a UK based company that offered their Eliminator kit in both DIY and in-house assembled form. The design featured replacement fibreglass mouldings for the front and rear wings together with front and rear integrated bumper sections. The external modifications were completed by side sill skirts and a rear boot spoiler not dissimilar in style to that found on a De Tomaso Pantera. Faran also offered conversions using Lancia or Fiat Twin Cam engine units, although some owners opted to keep the original SOHC setup. Production of the Faran kits ended following a factory fire.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: Eurosport (UK) Ltd. is an X1/9 parts specialist that produced two kit variants commonly referred to as the full and bolt-on kits. The full kit was a contender to the Faran version and utilises wide replacement fibreglass moldings for the front and rear wings, together with front and rear integrated bumper sections. Side skirts completed the styling which featured Ferrari Testarossa style side air intake mouldings ahead of the rear wheels. The bolt-on kit in contrast featured replacement front and rear integrated bumper sections that were moulded to blend with the standard wings. This allowed the 1500 alloy bumpers to be substituted with ease and offer a more modern appearance. Side sill skirts were also included in the bolt-on kit. Both kits are still available today.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: The Schult X1/9 kit was produced in Germany and could again be likened to have taken some inspiration from the Testarossa style, but with more angular lines. Current availability for the Schult conversion is unknown.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: In 2020, fewer than 300 X1/9s are road legal in the UK. There is, however, an active owners club and with over 1,000 registered SORN plenty of scope for this to increase. The club produces a quarterly magazine, attends and organises events, and provides advice on the maintenance of the car.


title: Fiat X1/9

text: While over 100,000 of the approximately 160,000 X1/9s produced by FIAT and Bertone were sold in the USA and Canada, a mere fraction of that number remain on the roads of those two countries. The latest available figures are from the fall of 2018, at which time 1,034 X1/9s were legally plated for road operation in the USA and 115 were legally plated for road operation in Canada.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: Andrew Williams (born December 12, 1977) is an American musician and professional wrestler, well known as the former rhythm guitarist of Every Time I Die. As a professional wrestler, he is signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name the Butcher, where he is known for his tag team with the Blade under the name the Butcher and the Blade.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: Williams had aspired to be a professional wrestler and trained at Renegade Wrestling Association in Ontario, Canada for six months, until he sustained a knee injury. During the layoff, he learned to play the guitar, and formed Every Time I Die alongside lead guitarist Jordan Buckley and drummer Michael Novak. He has appeared on every release that the band has done, and had not missed a live show, until January 2020, when he wrestled Diamond Dallas Page and Dustin Rhodes at Bash at the Beach. From January to March, Every Time I Die had written and recorded their ninth album, and had been expected to tour the album in June, supporting Parkway Drive and Hatebreed, but this would be delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Since he could not tour with the band, he was able to continue working for All Elite Wrestling (AEW), as they are based in Jacksonville, and Florida has deemed wrestling as essential business critical to the state's economy. On January 17, 2022, Williams and Buckley announced on social media that Every Time I Die broke up. Williams had previously been with the other members of Every Time I Die (minus Keith Buckley) attempting to form a new band and expressed interest in collaborating with AEW music producer Mikey Rukus on Twitter. However, despite those events, Williams had previously hinted during AEW's talk show Hey! (EW) hosted by RJ City that he originally no longer had an interest in recording music saying "In the 25 years that I was a professional musician" when asked by City a question about his music career. On December 7, 2022; Williams had posted on Twitter jamming with founding Every Time I Die drummer Michael Novak hinting a return to music.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: In the mid-2010s, Williams resumed his training with Josh Barnett, initially as a workout session. He continued working with Barnett, but only sporadically, since he does not live in California. He began attending Grapplers Anonymous, based in Lackawanna, and received further training from long-time friend and professional wrestler Jesse Guilmette. During the summer of 2015, he started working on the independent circuit, and made run-ins at Smash Wrestling where he chokeslammed Tarik, and at Progress Wrestling, where he powerbombed Jimmy Havoc through a table. His first tag match was on a Interspecies Wrestling Halloween show, partnering Wes in a dark match, and defeating Los Dumbfucks. In February 2016, he returned to Smash Wrestling, and had another confrontation with Tarik, who laid him out in the ring. His first singles match was confirmed the following month after the show, but at Any Given Sunday 4, he was defeated by Tarik. During the match, he tore his meniscus, which he had surgery for, before going on tour with Every Time I Die ten days later.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: In March 2017, Williams appeared at Joey Janela's Spring Break, successfully teaming with Penelope Ford in an intergender tag team match against Guilmette (under his Braxton Sutter ring name) and his wife Allie. Janela had suggested that Williams should wrestle either Nikolai Volkoff or Glacier at the event, but he declined, preferring the intergender matchup instead. September saw the beginning of Williams and Guilmette regularly teaming with each other, and in their first match at a Pro Wrestling Rampage event, they won the PWR Tag Team Championship, defeating the Upper Echelon (Colby Redd and P. B. Smooth). However, this reign was short-lived, lasting 63 days. In their first defence of the title, Williams was absent and was replaced by JJ Rumham (as he was playing in Newcastle during the "Low Teens" tour); the pairing of Guilmette and Rumham were defeated by the Homewreckers (Anthony Gaines and Jet Rebel). Known as the Butcher and the Blade, Williams and Guilmette predominately wrestled in promotions across the Northeast, as well as in Ottawa, where Capital City Championship Combat (C4) is based.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: On the November 27, 2019, episode of "Dynamite", Williams (now known under the ring name the Butcher) made his debut for All Elite Wrestling (AEW) in a post-match attack on Cody, alongside the Blade and the Bunny, establishing themselves as heels. It was later revealed that the Butcher and the Blade had been hired by MJF, furthering his ongoing feud with Cody. On the December 11 episode of "Dynamite", the Butcher won his first tag match in AEW when he and the Blade defeated Cody and Q. T. Marshall, who was handpicked by MJF. The following week on the December 18 episode of "Dynamite", the Butcher and the Blade were defeated by Cody and his new partner, Darby Allin.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: On January 15, 2020, Williams missed a live show in Paris for the first time in twenty-two years, to appear at Bash at the Beach. Teaming with MJF, the Butcher and the Blade defeated Marshall, Diamond Dallas Page and Dustin Rhodes in a six-man tag team match, where he took a "Diamond Cutter" from DDP. In March 2020, the Butcher and the Blade had a brief feud with the Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy, Luchasaurus and Marko Stunt), which would lead to the Butcher and the Blade ending their alliance with MJF. On the March 11 episode of "Dynamite", the Butcher and the Blade teamed with MJF for the second and final time, in a defeat of the Jurassic Express. On the March 18 episode of "Dynamite", they were defeated by Jungle Boy and Luchasaurus, following interference by MJF who called for the finisher, allowing Jungle Boy to send the Butcher to the outside and then he and Luchasaurus hit their finisher on the Blade.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: During the summer, the Butcher and the Blade began working with Lucha Brothers (Rey Fenix and Penta El Zero Miedo) and later, formed a group, led by Eddie Kingston. However, the group disbanded on the November 18 episode of "Dynamite", after the Butcher and the Blade sided with Kingston, while the Lucha Brothers reunited their Death Triangle group with Pac, who had returned the previous week. They feuded with Pac, Penta, and Fenix for the next couple of weeks.


title: Andy Williams (guitarist)

text: Following AEW Revolution, the Butcher and the Blade ended their alliance with Kingston after he turned face and began teaming with Jon Moxley as they allied themselves with Matt Hardy who, along with Private Party, created a faction known as the Hardy Family Office.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Maureen Brigid Dowd (; born January 14, 1952) is an American columnist for "The New York Times" and an author.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: During the 1970s and early 1980s, Dowd worked for "The Washington Star" and "Time", writing news, sports and feature articles. Dowd joined "The New York Times" in 1983 as a Metropolitan Reporter, and became an op-ed writer in 1995.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd was born the youngest of five children in Washington, D.C. Her mother, Margaret "Peggy" (), was a housewife, and her father, Mike Dowd, worked as a Washington, D.C. police inspector. In 1969, Dowd graduated from Immaculata High School. In 1973, she received a B.A. in English from the Catholic University of America.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd entered journalism in 1974 as a dictationist for the "Washington Star", where she later became a sports columnist, metropolitan reporter, and feature writer. When the "Star" closed in 1981, Dowd worked for "Time". In 1983, Dowd joined "The New York Times", initially as a metropolitan reporter. Dowd began serving as correspondent in the "Times" Washington bureau in 1986.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: In 1991, Dowd received a Breakthrough Award from Columbia University. In 1992, she became a Pulitzer Prize finalist for national reporting, and in 1994 she won a Matrix Award from New York Association for Women in Communications.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd became a columnist on "The New York Times" op-ed page in 1995, replacing Anna Quindlen. Dowd was named a Woman of the Year by "Glamour" magazine in 1996, and won the 1999 Pulitzer Prize, for distinguished commentary. She won The Damon Runyon Award for outstanding contributions to journalism in 2000, and became the first Mary Alice Davis Lectureship speaker (sponsored by the School of Journalism and the Center for American History) at the University of Texas at Austin in 2005. In 2010, Dowd was ranked No. 43 on "The Daily Telegraph"s list of the 100 most influential liberals in America; in 2007, she was ranked No. 37 on the same list.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd's columns have been described as letters to her mother, whom friends credit as "the source, the fountain of Maureen's humor and her Irish sensibilities and her intellectual take." Dowd herself has said, "She is in my head in the sense that I want to inform and amuse the reader." Dowd's columns are distinguished by an acerbic, often polemical writing style. Her columns display a critical and irreverent attitude towards powerful, mostly political, figures such as former Presidents George W. Bush and Bill Clinton. Dowd also tends to refer to her subjects by nicknames. For example, she has often referred to Bush as "W." and former Vice President Dick Cheney as "Big Time". She has called former President Barack Obama "Spock" and "Barry.” Dowd's interest in candidates' personalities earned her criticism early in her career: "She focuses too much on the person but not enough on policy."


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd, who perceives her columns to be an exploration of politics, Hollywood, and gender-related topics, often uses popular culture to support and metaphorically enhance her political commentary. In a "Times" video debate, she said of the North Korean government, "you could look at a movie like "Mean Girls" and figure out the way these North Koreans are reacting; you know it's like high school girls with nuclear weapons—they just want some attention from us, you know?"


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd's columns have also been described as often being political cartoons that capture a caricatured view of the current political landscape with precision and exaggeration. For example, in the run-up to the 2000 presidential election Dowd wrote that Democratic candidate "Al Gore is so feminized and diversified and ecologically correct that he's practically lactating," while referring to the Democratic party as the "mommy party.” In a "Fresh" "Dialogues" interview years later, she said of Gore:"I was just teasing him a little bit because he was so earnest and he could be a little righteous and self important. That's not always the most effective way to communicate your ideas, even if the ideas themselves are right. I mean, certainly his ideas were right but he himself was—sometimes—a pompous messenger for them."In January 2014, Dowd said she ate about one-quarter of a cannabis-infused chocolate bar, while touring the legalized recreational cannabis industry. She said she was later told she should have only eaten one-sixteenth, which was not in the instructions on the label. She then described her negative experiences with legal cannabis in a June 3, 2014 "New York Times" op-ed. In September 2014, Dowd followed up on this story with another "New York Times" op-ed, this time describing a discussion of using consumable cannabis with her "marijuana Miyagi" Willie Nelson.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: On March 4, 2014, Dowd published a column about the dominance of men in the film industry in which she quoted Amy Pascal, co-chairman of Sony Pictures Entertainment. According to BuzzFeed, "leaked emails from Sony" suggested that Dowd had promised to provide the draft column to Pascal's husband, Bernard Weinraub, prior to the column's publication. BuzzFeed said the column "painted Pascal in such a good light that she engaged in a round of mutual adulation with Dowd over email after its publication." Both Dowd and Weinraub have denied that Weinraub ever received the column. On December 12, 2014, "Times" public editor Margaret Sullivan concluded, "While the tone of the email exchanges is undeniably gushy, I don't think Ms. Dowd did anything unethical here."


title: Maureen Dowd

text: In August 2014, it was announced that Dowd would become a staff writer for "The New York Times Magazine." Her first article under the new arrangement was published more than a year later.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd has been accused of sexism by Clark Hoyt, then-public editor of "The New York Times". A 2017 study which examined sexualized shaming of Monica Lewinsky in mainstream news coverage stated that in Dowd's extensive writings about Lewinsky, she repeatedly "mocked and disparaged her." A 2009 study of sexism towards Hillary Clinton and Sarah Palin in the 2008 election observed that Dowd had disparaged Palin as a "Barbie" over her pageantry past.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Other commentators have criticized Dowd for having an obsession with Bill and, especially, Hillary Clinton. During the 2008 Democratic primary, Dowd published an article titled "Can Hillary Clinton Cry Herself Back to the White House?", which a 2016 study said "[serves] to reinforce the stereotype that tears and visible emotions are feminine traits and signs of weakness". Dowd also published a column where she likened former Senator Clinton to the "Terminator", a ruthless cyborg where "unless every circuit is out, she'll regenerate enough to claw her way out of the grave"; in 2013 Jessica Ritchie, a research assistant at the University of Leicester, argued that portrayals such as these sought to portray Clinton and her presidential bid as improper and unnatural. According to then-public editor of "The New York Times" Clark Hoyt, Dowd's columns about Clinton were "loaded with language painting her as a 50-foot woman with a suffocating embrace, a conniving film noir dame and a victim dependent on her husband". A 2014 analysis by the advocacy group "Media Matters" of 21 years of Maureen Dowd's columns about Hillary Clinton found that of the 195 columns by Dowd since November 1993 containing significant mentions of Clinton, 72 percent (141 columns) were negative towards Clinton.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: During the 2016 presidential election, Dowd penned a "New York Times" op-ed, titled "Donald the Dove, Hillary the Hawk." Dowd argued that Donald Trump held dovish foreign policy beliefs, citing his purported opposition to the 2003 US invasion of Iraq. However, prior to the publication of the op-ed, it had been reported that Trump did in fact support the invasion, and there were no statements on the record opposing it. Throughout Trump's presidency, critics of his foreign policy referenced the Dowd op-ed, claiming that many of the actions taken by Trump were entirely inconsistent with the narrative put forth by Dowd.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: During the 2020 presidential election, Dowd wrote a column about Geraldine Ferraro, which originally—and incorrectly—stated that the last time a man and a woman ran on the Democratic ticket was the Mondale–Ferraro ticket, which led Clinton to joke that "either Tim Kaine and [she] had a very vivid shared hallucination four years ago or Maureen had too much pot brownie before writing her column again". The "New York Times" later corrected the column to say that 1984 was the last time a male Democratic presidential candidate chose a woman as his running mate.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: Dowd formerly dated Aaron Sorkin, the creator and producer of "The West Wing". She has also been briefly connected with actor Michael Douglas and is an ex-companion of her fellow "New York Times" columnist John Tierney.


title: Maureen Dowd

text: In 2004, Dowd received the Golden Plate Award of the American Academy of Achievement presented by Awards Council member Neil Sheehan at the International Achievement Summit in Chicago.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: Freeport-McMoRan Inc., often called Freeport, is an American mining company based in the Freeport-McMoRan Center, in Phoenix, Arizona. The company is the world's largest producer of molybdenum, is a major copper producer and operates the world's largest gold mine, the Grasberg mine in Papua, Indonesia.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: The current company was created in 1981 through the merger of Freeport Minerals, formerly Texas Freeport Sulphur Company and McMoRan Oil & Gas Company, becoming Freeport-McMoRan Inc.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: Freeport Sulphur Company was founded July 12, 1912 by the eldest son of Svante Magnus "E.M." Swenson, banker Eric Pierson Swenson, with a group of investors, to develop sulfur mining at Bryan Mound salt dome, along the US Gulf Coast. Freeport, Texas was also established in Nov. 1912 to house workers, and serve as a port for Houston, rivaling Galveston and Corpus Christi.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: Freeport mined sulfur along the Gulf Coast using the Frasch Process, the patents for which had expired in 1912. Previously, Union Sulphur Company founder and patent-holder Herman Frasch had enjoyed a monopoly on the process. The company became known as Freeport Sulphur, later changing its corporate name to Freeport Minerals.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: Enterprise to support Freeport Sulphur's business and the new town's infrastructure led to the incorporation of a holding company on September 30, 1913, to join the newer assets with Freeport Sulphur. Officers of the new holding company, Freeport Texas Company, were:


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: In 1919, minority stockholders John R. Williams & Sons, First National Bank of Richmond, Virginia vice-president, W. M. Addison, Benjamin P Alsopp, E. L. Norton, and Samuel W. Travers solicited proxies to use at the April 5th annual stockholders' meeting, claiming, according to reports, that "management has refused them adequate information regarding the property. President E.P. Swenson denies that information has been thus withheld and states that the board, which represents the dominant interests, has no vacancies at the present time."


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: In 1928, shareholder and scion of one of the founding investment firms, John Langbourne Williams & Sons, Langbourne Meade Williams, Jr. launched a proxy fight for control of the company. In 1929, he then sought help from his former supervisor at Lee, Higginson & Co., J.T. Claiborne, who then enlisted clerk John Hay Whitney – who had become one of the wealthiest men in America following the 1927 death of his father, Payne Whitney. Williams eventually gained control of the company from founder Swenson, becoming its president in 1931, with Claiborne as a Vice-President, and Whitney as Chairman. Williams also served as Chairman during 1958–1967.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: Williams led the company's diversification, beginning with the purchase of manganese deposits in Oriente Province, Cuba.


title: Freeport-McMoRan

text: In 1932, Freeport Sulphur Company acquired the sulfur rights for Lake Grande Ecaille and vicinity in Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana, and escalated the development of sulfur deposits in the Grand Ecaille dome in 1933, still using the Frasch Process developed by Dr. Herman Frasch, who had, in 1895, enjoined the American Sulphur Company into a partnership, forming the Union Sulphur Company, to initiate the first successful sulfur mining at Grand Ecaille, with which Freeport, like other competitors, would compete upon expiry of the Frasch patents in 1908. From its earliest inception, sulfur mining was the catalyst that developed Port Sulphur, Louisiana.