title: French wine

text: The concept of Terroir, which refers to the unique combination of natural factors associated with any particular vineyard, is important to French "vignerons". It includes such factors as soil, underlying rock, altitude, slope of hill or terrain, orientation toward the sun, and microclimate (typical rain, winds, humidity, temperature variations, etc.). Even in the same area, no two vineyards have exactly the same terroir, thus being the base of the "Appellation d'origine contrôlée" (AOC) system that has been a model for appellation and wine laws across the globe. In other words: when the same grape variety is planted in different regions, it can produce wines that are significantly different from each other. In France the concept of "terroir" manifests itself most extremely in the Burgundy region.


title: French wine

text: The amount of influence and the scope that falls under the description of "terroir" has been a controversial topic in the wine industry.


title: French wine

text: The amount of information included on French wine labels varies depending on which region the wine was made in, and what level of classification the wine carries. As a minimum, labels will usually state that classification, as well as the name of the producer, and, for wines above the Vin De Table level, will also include the geographical area where the wine was made. Sometimes that will simply be the wider region where the wine was made, but some labels, especially for higher quality wines, will also include details of the individual village or commune, and even the specific vineyard where the wine was sourced. With the exception of wines from the Alsace region, France had no tradition of labelling wines with details of the grape varieties used. Since New World wines made the names of individual grape varieties familiar to international consumers in the late 20th century, more French wineries started to use varietal labelling. In general, varietal labelling is most common for the Vin de Pays category, although some AOC wines now also display varietal names. For most AOC wines, if grape varieties are mentioned, they will be in small print on a back label.


title: French wine

text: Labels will also indicate where the wine was bottled, which can be an indication as to the quality level of the wine, and whether it was bottled by a single producer, or more anonymously and in larger quantities:


title: French wine

text: The recognized wine producing areas in France are regulated by the Institut National des Appellations d'Origine – INAO in acronym. Every appellation in France is defined by INAO, in regards to the individual regions particular wine "character". If a wine fails to meet the INAO's strict criteria it is declassified into a lower appellation or even into Vin de Pays or Vin de Table. With the number of appellations in France too numerous to mention here, they are easily defined into one of the main wine producing regions listed below:


title: French wine

text: Alsace is primarily a white-wine region, though some red, rosé, sparkling and sweet wines are also produced. It is situated in eastern France on the river Ill and borders Germany, a country with which it shares many grape varieties as well as a long tradition of varietal labelling. Grapes grown in Alsace include Riesling, Gewurztraminer, Pinot gris, Pinot blanc, Pinot noir, and Muscat


title: French wine

text: Beaujolais is primarily a red-wine region generally made from the Gamay grape. Gamay is characterized by an early ripening and acidic variety. Due to the carbonic maceration that producers use during the wine-making process Beaujolais wines are brightly colored with a low level of soft tannin. They usually have an intense fruity flavor of raspberry and cranberry. Apart from Gamay grape some white and sparkling rosé are also produced.


title: French wine

text: Beaujolais region is situated in central East of France following the river Saone below Burgundy and above Lyon. There are 12 appellations in Beaujolais including Beaujolais AOC and Beaujolais-Villages AOC and 10 Crus: Brouilly, Regnié, Chiroubles, Cote de Brouilly, Fleurie, Saint-Amour, Chénas, Juliénas, Morgon and Moulin-a-Vent. The Beaujolais region is also notorious for the Beaujolais Nouveau, a popular vin de primeur which is released annually on the third Thursday of November.


title: French wine

text: Bordeaux is a large region on the Atlantic coast, which has a long history of exporting its wines overseas. This is primarily a red wine region, famous for the wines Château Lafite-Rothschild, Château Latour, Château Mouton-Rothschild, Château Margaux and Château Haut-Brion from the Médoc sub-region; Château Cheval Blanc and Château Ausone in Saint-Émilion; and Château Pétrus and Château Le Pin in Pomerol. The red wines produced are usually blended, from Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot and sometimes Cabernet Franc. Bordeaux also makes dry and sweet white wines, including some of the world's most famous sweet wines from the Sauternes appellation, such as Château d'Yquem.


title: French wine

text: The Bordeaux Wine Official Classification of 1855 resulted from the Exposition Universelle de Paris, when Emperor Napoleon III requested a classification system for France's best Bordeaux wines that were to be on display for visitors from around the world. Brokers from the wine industry ranked the wines according to a château's reputation and trading price.


title: French wine

text: Brittany is not an official wine region anymore, but it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its . Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Rennes, Quimper, Morlaix, Le Quillo, Cléguérec, Sain Sulliac, Le Folgoët, etc.


title: French wine

text: Burgundy or "Bourgogne" in eastern France is a region where red and white wines are equally important. Probably more terroir-conscious than any other region, Burgundy is divided into the largest number of appellations of any French region. The top wines from Burgundy's heartland in Côte d'Or command high prices.


title: French wine

text: There are two main grape varieties used in Burgundy – Chardonnay for white wines, and Pinot noir for red. White wines are also sometimes made from Aligoté, and other grape varieties will also be found occasionally.


title: French wine

text: Gustave Henri Laly, a renowned wine producer from Burgundy, supplied the French General Assembly with his Montrachet produced at Mont Dardon around the turn of the 20th century.


title: French wine

text: Champagne, situated in northeastern France, close to Belgium and Luxembourg, is the coldest of France's major wine regions and home to its major sparkling wine. Champagne wines can be both white and rosé. A small amount of still wine is produced in Champagne using (as AOC Coteaux Champenois) of which some can be red wine.


title: French wine

text: Corsica is an island in the Mediterranean the wines of which are primarily consumed on the island itself. It has nine AOC regions and an island-wide vin de pays designation and is still developing its production methods as well as its regional style.


title: French wine

text: Île-de-France is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its . 5 villages of Ile de France (north-east of the Seine et Marne department) are part of the area and more than 200 small recreational vineyards were established in the last decades covering about 12 hectares altogether.


title: French wine

text: Jura, a small region in the mountains close to Switzerland where some unique wine styles, notably "Vin Jaune" and "Vin de Paille", are produced. The region covers six appellations and is related to Burgundy through its extensive use of the Burgundian grapes Chardonnay and Pinot noir, though other varieties are used. It also shares cool climate with Burgundy.


title: French wine

text: Languedoc-Roussillon is the largest region in terms of vineyard surface and production, hence the region in which much of France's cheap bulk wines have been produced. So-called "wine lake", Languedoc-Roussillon is also the home of some innovative producers who combine traditional French wine like blanquette de Limoux, the world's oldest sparkling wine, and international styles while using lessons from the New World. Much Languedoc-Roussillon wine is sold as Vin de Pays d'Oc.


title: French wine

text: Loire valley is a primarily white-wine region that stretches over a long distance along the Loire River in central and western France, and where grape varieties and wine styles vary along the river. Four sub-regions are situated along the river:


title: French wine

text: Normandy is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its . Several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades and at least one operates on a commercial scale in Grisy near Caen.


title: French wine

text: Picardy is not an official wine region anymore. Yet it has a rich history related to grapegrowing and winemaking and has recently been demonstrating a revival of its . 40 villages of Picardy (south of the Aisne department) are now part of the area and several small recreational vineyards were established in the last two decades e.g. in Coucy le Château, Gerberoy, Gouvieux, Clairoix, etc.


title: French wine

text: Provence, in the south-east and close to the Mediterranean. It is perhaps the warmest wine region of France and produces mainly rosé and red wine. It covers eight major appellations led by the Provence flagship, Bandol. Some Provence wine can be compared with the Southern Rhône wines as they share both grapes and, to some degree, style and climate. Provence also has a classification of its most prestigious estates, much like Bordeaux.


title: French wine

text: Rhône Valley, primarily a red-wine region in south-eastern France, along the Rhône River. The styles and varietal composition of northern and southern Rhône differ, but both parts compete with Bordeaux as traditional producers of red wines.


title: French wine

text: Savoy or "Savoie", primarily a white-wine region in the Alps close to Switzerland, where many grapes unique to this region are cultivated.


title: French wine

text: South West France or "Sud-Ouest", a somewhat heterogeneous collection of wine areas inland or south of Bordeaux. Some areas produce primarily red wines in a style reminiscent of red Bordeaux, while other produce dry or sweet white wines. Areas within "Sud-Ouest" include among other:


title: French wine

text: There are also several smaller production areas situated outside these major regions. Many of those are VDQS wines, and some, particularly those in more northern locations, are remnants of production areas that were once larger.


title: French wine

text: France has traditionally been the largest consumer of its own wines. However, wine consumption has been dropping in France for 40 years. During the decade of the 1990s, per capita consumption dropped by nearly 20 percent. Therefore, French wine producers must rely increasingly on foreign markets. However, consumption has also been dropping in other potential markets such as Italy, Spain and Portugal.


title: French wine

text: The result has been a continuing wine glut, often called the wine lake. This has led to the distillation of wine into industrial alcohol as well as a government program to pay farmers to pull up their grape vines through vine pull schemes. A large part of this glut is caused by the re-emergence of Languedoc wine.


title: French wine

text: Immune from these problems has been the market for Champagne as well as the market for the expensive ranked or classified wines. However, these constitute only about five percent of French production.


title: French wine

text: French regulations in 1979 created simple rules for the then-new category of Vin de pays. The Languedoc-Roussillon region has taken advantage of its ability to market varietal wines.


title: French wine

text: L'Office national interprofessionnel des vins, abbreviated ONIVINS, is a French association of vintners.


title: David Schofield (actor)

text: David Schofield (born 16 December 1951) is an English actor. He is best known for his role as Ian Mercer in the films "" (2006) and "" (2007). He also appeared in the films "An American Werewolf in London" (1981), "Gladiator" (2000), "From Hell" (2001), "Valkyrie" (2008), "The Wolfman" (2010) and "Darkest Hour" (2017).


title: David Schofield (actor)

text: Schofield was born in Wythenshawe, Manchester, England on New Year's Day, one of ten children in a working-class family. He attended St. John Fisher and Thomas More R.C. Primary School, along with his brother, Peter. His first acting experience was at Manchester Boys' School at the age of 12. In 1967 he was accepted as student assistant stage manager at a local repertory theatre. He worked in every department as a prop-maker, sound-man, writer, stage sweeper, waiter and tea-maker, putting in 14-hour days, six days a week. After two seasons, at the age of 19, he became a student of the London Academy of Music and Dramatic Art, which he left early to pursue his path as a working actor.


title: David Schofield (actor)

text: Schofield earned credits in TV series such as "Band of Gold", "Footballers' Wives" and "Holby City" among many other TV productions. On the big screen he is best known as the paranoid darts player in the Slaughtered Lamb in "An American Werewolf in London" (1981), and his other films include "The Dogs of War" (1980), "Tree of Hands" (1989), "The Last of the Mohicans" (1992), "Anna Karenina" (1997), "Gladiator" (2000), "From Hell" (2001), and as Ian Mercer in the "Pirates of the Caribbean" films. He has also appeared in "Valkyrie" (2008) as anti-Hitler conspirator Erwin von Witzleben, "The Wolfman" (2010), "F" (2010), "Burke and Hare" (2010), "Lord of Tears" (2013) and as Peter Carmichael in the suspense thriller "Last Passenger" (2013). On TV he appeared alongside Jimmy Jewel in the ITV comedy-drama "Funny Man" (1981), played the title role "Shackleton" (1983), in "Jekyll & Hyde" (1990) starring Michael Caine, and played DCS John Salway in the award-winning BBC series "Our Friends in the North" in 1996. In 2008, he starred as Kirill, in the web series of the same name. In 2009 Schofield guest starred as King Alined in the BBC fantasy drama series "Merlin". In 2011 he played the sinister Police Sergeant Foley in Hugo Blick's" The Shadow Line", a seven-part series for BBC Two. In autumn 2015, he was seen as Odin in the episode "The Girl Who Died" in the ninth series of the BBC1 series "Doctor Who". In 2016 he appeared as Vivan Wolsey in the BBC series' "Father Brown" episode 4.1 "The Mask of the Demon" and "The Coroner" episode 2.6 "Life". In 2017 he appeared as Abbot Eadred in "The Last Kingdom". In 2018, he appeared as Thomas the Apostle in the film "Mary Magdalene", written by Helen Edmundson.


title: David Schofield (actor)

text: Schofield has performed for the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Royal National Theatre, and the Royal Exchange, Manchester. He created the role of John Merrick in Bernard Pomerance’s play The Elephant Man for its premiere in 1977. He played Roy Cohn in the National's 1993 production of "". He also acted in musicals ("Saucy Jack and the Space Vixens") and plays on the West End stage in London.


title: David Schofield (actor)

text: In 2001-02 Schofield appeared as Javert in a BBC radio adaptation of "Les Misérables". Since 2007 he has played Frank Twist in the BBC Radio 4 drama series "Brief Lives" set in a Manchester legal practice. In 2011, he played Tellwright in Helen Edmundson's adaptation of "Anna of the Five Towns".


title: David Schofield (actor)

text: David Schofield's wife is Lally and their children are Fred and Blanche. Schofield is a patron of the Gesar Foundation.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: The EDSA Carousel is a bus rapid transit (BRT) line that is part of the bus routes in Metro Manila. The line has an exclusive right-of-way on a dedicated bus lane called the EDSA Busway which is separated from the normal road traffic in EDSA by concrete barriers and steel bollards. Interim operations began on June 1, 2020, serving as a replacement of the former bus routes along EDSA, acting as an augmentation service to the MRT Line 3 due to the limited capacity restrictions put in place by the general community quarantine in Metro Manila as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic in the Philippines. Full operations began later on July 1, 2020. Intended to be largely served by bus stops along the median, some stops are temporarily served by bus stops on the curbside.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: The line is operated by the Mega Manila Consortium Corporation and ES Transport and Partners Consortium under the supervision of the Department of Transportation (DOTr) and Metropolitan Manila Development Authority (MMDA).


title: EDSA Carousel

text: Epifanio de los Santos Avenue is the main thoroughfare of Metro Manila. Traffic congestion has always been a concern in the area and since 2007, the MMDA ordered buses to stay on the two right-most lanes of the road. Plastic barriers were later added in 2016.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: A proposal for a bus rapid transit (BRT) system, using funds from the World Bank was approved in 2017. EDSA was intended to be the second phase of the implementation of the bus rapid transit system, following Quezon Avenue. Line 2, known as the "Central Corridor", will be eventually realized as the EDSA Carousel.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: On March 16, 2020, the Inter-Agency Task Force for the Management of Emerging Infectious Diseases (IATF-EID) imposed a community quarantine due to the COVID-19 pandemic, which halted almost all public and private transportation using EDSA. This paved the way for the immediate construction of the EDSA Busway. Traffic in the EDSA Busway is restricted to authorized buses as well as emergency vehicles such as ambulances. The EDSA Carousel line is distinct from the World Bank-funded BRT project.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: On July 1, 2020, the EDSA Carousel line, also designated as Route E, started its interim operations with a total of fifteen stops in a dedicated bus lane completed by the Metropolitan Manila Development Authority.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: Due to the increasing amount of passengers as restrictions are slowly being relaxed, volumes of passengers began to increase as well. In the wake of increasing inflation and world market movements affecting currency values, free rides for the EDSA Carousel was announced for the remaining months of then-President Rodrigo Duterte's term. Upon Bongbong Marcos's assumption of the presidency, free rides were extended until the end of 2022, in spite of budgetary concerns. However, the free rides introduced problems of ridership capacity and the amount of buses available to serve passengers during rush hours.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: Proposals to privatize the operations of the EDSA Carousel to further improve its services were explored. Transportation Secretary Jaime Bautista is open to such proposals, adding these must be "explored expeditiously."


title: EDSA Carousel

text: The line initially had 15 bus stops on its interim launch, with additional stops added in the following months. On June 20, 2022, the Department of Transportation announced an additional 11 more stops would be added to the EDSA Carousel, which would bring the total number of stops to 29. There are 550 authorized buses that serve the entire route.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: The line utilizes existing footbridges along EDSA by constructing additional stairways to the center island of EDSA. It also uses some stations of the MRT Line 3 and LRT Line 1 by making use of the train stations' emergency exit stairways. Some bus stops, such as the ones at Ayala (northbound), SM Mall of Asia, and Macapagal Boulevard, still use the existing stops on the curbside, while the Ayala southbound bus stop is located inside One Ayala.


title: EDSA Carousel

text: On November 16, 2020, the Department of Transportation (DOTr) signed an agreement with SM Prime Holdings, DM Wenceslao and Associates Inc., and Double Dragon Properties Corp. for the construction of EDSA busway bridges. The bridges will be shouldered by the three companies, seeking to provide safer, convenient, and PWD-friendly walkways for the riding public using the EDSA Carousel stops, and for pedestrians crossing EDSA. The pedestrian bridges were conceptualized with concourses, concierge, ticketing booths, and turnstiles for the automated fare collection system. Ramps and elevators would also be available to provide accessibility for PWDs, senior citizens, and pregnant passengers. The structures will be strategically located at the SM Mall of Asia, SM North EDSA, SM Megamall, Macapagal Boulevard in Aseana City and the corner of EDSA and Macapagal Boulevard. The groundbreaking ceremony for the EDSA Busway Concourse Project was held on May 18, 2021. It is expected to be completed in March 2022.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Nikolai Philippe Fraiture (born November 13, 1978) is an American musician best known as the bassist of the American rock band The Strokes. Since co-founding the band in 1998, he has released six studio albums with them. Among other creative projects, Fraiture released a solo record under the name Nickel Eye in 2009 and has been the frontman of the band Summer Moon since 2016.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Fraiture was born in New York City to a Franco-Russian mother and French father. He was raised with his older brother Pierre and younger sister Elizabeth in the Yorkville neighborhood of the Upper East Side. Fraiture met future bandmate Julian Casablancas at the age of six while attending the Friends School and Lycée Français de New York, from which he graduated in 1997. Through Casablancas, Fraiture met future Strokes members Nick Valensi and Fabrizio Moretti while they were teenagers. Fraiture later attended Hunter College with Valensi.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Fraiture received his first bass at 16 when his grandfather gave it to him as a graduation present, but Fraiture gave it away to Casablancas and did not resume playing until two years later.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Fraiture took up bass when he was around 18 and started playing in a band with childhood friend Julian Casablancas, guitarist Nick Valensi, and drummer Fabrizio Moretti. The Strokes was formed in 1998 when guitarist Albert Hammond Jr. joined the group. After a year of rehearsing and playing at small venues, and several rejections from record companies, the group caught the interest of Ryan Gentles, then a booker at New York's Mercury Lounge. Gentles sent their three-track demo to Geoff Travis of Rough Trade Records and their first EP"The Modern Age" was released on the label, followed by a tour in England to promote the EP, with Gentles joining them as their manager. After a bidding war, the band signed with RCA in March 2001. Their first album, "Is This It", was released in fall 2001. Following the completion of their five-album contract deal with RCA Records in 2013, the band has continued to release new music through Casablancas' Cult Records.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Fraiture started his side project, Nickel Eye, during the hiatus after "First Impressions of Earth". He enlisted the help of South, a UK band introduced to him by a friend, as his backing band. Nickel Eye recorded some demos at South Studios in Hackney, London. With some guest appearances by Nick Zinner of the New York City-based band Yeah Yeah Yeahs and Regina Spektor, "The Time of the Assassins" was completed a few months later in New York. The album is musically inspired by some of Fraiture's favorite artists, such as Neil Young, Frank Black, Leonard Cohen, and The Kinks. "The Time of the Assassins" was released on January 27, 2009 on Rykodisc. Nickel Eye’s first performance was on October 15, 2008 at London’s Borderline venue.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: In 2016, Fraiture started a new band, Summer Moon with Jane’s Addiction’s Stephen Perkins (drums), Uh Huh Her’s Camila Grey (keyboardist and vocalist), and The Airborne Toxic Event's Noah Harmon (guitar), with Fraiture providing vocals and bass for the group. The group's debut album "With You Tonight" was released in 2017. As of 2020, the band is working on an EP.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: In 2007, Fraiture composed the music and starred in the movie "A Kind of Dream" with wife Illy Fraiture. The movie was a 30-minute black and white silent film written and directed by Danny Velez.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: On May 19, 2012, for the 37th season finale of "Saturday Night Live", Fraiture played bass alongside Arcade Fire and guest/musical host Mick Jagger.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Fraiture is one-half of the performance art project Arts Elektra with his brother Pierre Fraiture, a New York-based mixed medium artist. The duo combines live performance of original rock music compositions with live painting. Beginning in 2019, Arts Elektra launched a twelve-act, site-specific piece entitled "C'est Le Moment Ou Jamais (It's Now Or Never)" at different locations globally. Their first act was performed in April 2019 at the World Trade Center in New York City and the second act was presented that December during Art Basel week at the Miami River Art Fair. The works created are auctioned off to benefit different charities.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: Fraiture married artist Ilona "Illy" Jankovich in 2004. They have two children, a daughter, Elysia & a son, Phoenix.


title: Nikolai Fraiture

text: The family lives in New York City & have lived in the West Village neighborhood for a number of years.


title: Sash window

text: A sash window or hung sash window is made of one or more movable panels, or "sashes". The individual sashes are traditionally paned windows, but can now contain an individual sheet (or sheets, in the case of double glazing) of glass.


title: Sash window

text: The oldest surviving examples of sash windows were installed in England in the 1670s, for example at Ham House. The invention of the sash window is sometimes credited, without conclusive evidence, to Robert Hooke. Others see the sash window as a Dutch invention. H.J. Louw believed that the sash window was developed in England, but concluded that it was impossible to determine the exact inventor.


title: Sash window

text: The sash window is often found in Georgian and Victorian houses, and the classic arrangement has three panes across by two up on each of two sash, giving a "six over six" panel window, although this is by no means a fixed rule. Innumerable late Victorian and Edwardian suburban houses were built in England using standard sash window units approximately 4 feet (1.2 m) in width, but older, hand-made units could be of any size.


title: Sash window

text: To facilitate operation, the weight of the glazed panel is usually balanced by a heavy steel, lead, or cast-iron "sash weight" or counter-weight concealed within the window frame. The sash weight is connected to the window by a braided cotton sash cord, or a chain, that runs over a pulley at the top of the frame, although spring balances are sometimes used. Repairing a broken cord requires disassembling parts of the window frame.


title: Sash window

text: The term "sash windows" is used interchangeably with the term "box sash windows" in the United Kingdom, and frequently used to describe the same thing. Historically box sash windows are heavier and more stately in nature than modern sash windows, but both terms are used within the industry when referring to the same type of window.


title: Sash window

text: The name "hung sash window", which is more usual in the United States than in the United Kingdom, typically refers to a double-hung window with two sashes that can move up and down in the window frame. These windows are commonly found in older buildings in warmer climates, as they promote airflow and are easy to clean. A significant advantage of double-hung windows is that they provide efficient cooling of interiors during warm weather. Opening both the top and bottom of a sash window by equal amounts allows warm air at the top of the room to escape, thus drawing relatively cool air from outside into the room through the bottom opening. A double-hung window where the upper sash is smaller (shorter) than the lower is termed a cottage window.


title: Sash window

text: A single-hung window has two sashes, but normally the top sash is fixed and only the bottom sash slides. Triple- and quadruple-hung windows are used for tall openings, common in New England churches. Construction is usually of softwood, and these sashes were traditionally only single-glazed.


title: Sash window

text: Sash windows may be fitted with "simplex hinges", which allow the window to be locked into hinges on one side while the counterbalance on the other side is detached, allowing the window to be opened for escape or cleaning.


title: Sash window

text: The glass in old windows can be the very early 'plate' or 'broad' glass to 'crown' or 'cylinder'. Old glass is recognised by its imperfections ('ream') which result in optical distortion. Traditional cylinder glass is still made, but other sorts of antique glass are no longer available.


title: Sash window

text: Modern double-glazed sash windows are available. These may have true muntins or "glazing bars", or may imitate them by applying them to the surface of the glazing, giving the appearance of multiple small panes, whereas each sash consists of only one large double-glazed unit.


title: Sash window

text: Traditional problems with solid wooden sash windows include rot, swelling or distortion of the woodwork or rattling in the wind (due to shrinkage of the wood). These problems can be solved by careful repair and the introduction of draught stripping. It is also a common problem for painters to paint the sash stuck. The sliding mechanism makes sash windows more vulnerable to these problems than traditional casement windows. Sash windows are relatively high maintenance, but offer advantages in return (style, aesthetics, abides by laws (relating to older houses and buildings), natural resources etc.). However, well-maintained sash windows should last generations without needing parts replaced. It is also possible to clean all the glass from within the building by sliding the two panes to different positions.


title: Sash window

text: uPVC or vinyl sash windows have become available since the first PVC window frames were being introduced in Germany in the 1960s. They have come to dominate the window industry with more than 50% of all window sashes being made of vinyl in the USA as of 2017. The waterproof nature of uPVC and ease of installation are also benefits. Problems with uPVC include durability and the environmental issues. Over time the plasticizer chemicals used to make vinyl sashes flexible evaporate leaving the material brittle and prone to breaking. Vinyl is also weaker than wood and aluminum sashes and requires extra support in large window openings. Vinyl is also used on wood windows as an outside cladding to protect the wood from the weather but allow the inside of the window to take advantage of the appearance of fine wood. Vinyl is also available in a large range of colours and textures although white is by far the most common. Vinyl is limited mainly to residential usage and low rise commercial due to its flammability and the toxic fumes it produces when burned. In the future fire rated versions of UPVC windows may be used in high rise construction, but currently flammability and toxic fumes are a significant obstacle.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Exposition Universelle of 1900, better known in English as the 1900 Paris Exposition, was a world's fair held in Paris, France, from 14 April to 12 November 1900, to celebrate the achievements of the past century and to accelerate development into the next. It was held at the esplanade of Les Invalides, the Champ de Mars, the Trocadéro and at the banks of the Seine between them, with an additional section in the Bois de Vincennes, and it was visited by more than 50 million people. Many international congresses and other events were held within the framework of the Exposition, including the 1900 Summer Olympics.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Many technological innovations were displayed at the Fair, including the "Grande Roue de Paris" ferris wheel, the "Rue de l'Avenir" moving sidewalk, the first ever regular passenger trolleybus line, escalators, diesel engines, electric cars, dry cell batteries, electric fire engines, talking films, the telegraphone (the first magnetic audio recorder), the galalith and the matryoshka dolls. It also brought international attention to the Art Nouveau style. Additionally, it showcased France as a major colonial power through numerous pavilions built on the hill of the Trocadéro Palace.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Major structures built for the Exposition include the Grand Palais, the Petit Palais, the Pont Alexandre III, the Gare d'Orsay railroad station and the entrances of Paris Métro stations by Hector Guimard; all of them remaining today, including two original entrances by Guimard.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The first international exposition was held in London in 1851. The French Emperor Napoleon III attended and was deeply impressed. He commissioned the first Paris Universal Exposition of 1855. Its purpose was to promote French commerce, technology and culture. It was followed by another in 1867, and, after the Emperor's downfall in 1870, another in 1878, celebrating national unity after the defeat of the Paris Commune, and then in 1889, celebrating the centennial of the French Revolution.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Planning for the 1900 Exposition began in 1892, under President Carnot, with Alfred Picard as Commissioner-General. Three French Presidents and ten Ministers of Commerce held office before it was completed. President Carnot died shortly before it was completed. Though many of the buildings were not finished, the Exposition was opened on 14 April 1900 by President Émile Loubet.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Countries from around the world were invited by France to showcase their achievements and cultures. Of the fifty-six countries invited to participate with official representation, forty accepted, plus an additional number of colonies and protectorates of France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Portugal.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Austria, Bosnia-Herzegovina and Hungary participated as independent nations, although belonging to Austria-Hungary at that time. Finland, although having a national pavilion located at the Rue des Nations, officially participated as part of Russia. Egypt, also with an own pavilion, participated as part of Turkey. The few exhibitors from countries without an official presence at the Fair participated under a joint "International Section".


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Among the colonies and protectorates present in the Fair were French Algeria, Cambodia, Congo, Dahomey, Guadeloupe, Guiana, Guinea, India, Indochina, Ivory Coast, Laos, Madagascar, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Oceania, Réunion, Senegal, Somaliland, Sudan, Tonkin, Tunisia, West Africa, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, the Dutch East Indies, British Canada, Ceylon, India and Western Australia and the Portuguese colonies.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The site of the Exposition covered along the left and right banks of the Seine from the esplanade of Les Invalides to the Eiffel Tower (built for the 1889 Exposition) at the Champ de Mars. It also included the Grand Palais and Petit Palais on the right bank. An additional section of for agricultural exhibits and other structures was built in the Bois de Vincennes. The total area of the Exposition, , was ten times larger than the 1855 Exposition.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Exposition buildings were meant to be temporary; they were built on iron frames covered with plaster and staff, a kind of inexpensive artificial stone. Many of the buildings were unfinished when the Exposition opened, and most were demolished immediately after it closed.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Porte Monumentale de Paris, located on the Place de la Concorde, was the main entrance of the Exposition. The architect of the monument overall was René Binet, although many others contributed to the constituent parts. His overall design was inspired by the biological studies of Ernst Haeckel. It was composed of towering polychrome ceramic decoration in Byzantine motifs, crowned by a statue high called "La Parisienne". Unlike classical statues, she was dressed in modern Paris fashion. "La Parisienne" was executed by sculptor Paul Moreau-Vauthier who collaborated with Paris' pre-eminiment haute couturier of the day, Jeanne Paquin, who designed the figure's fashionable attire. Below the statue was a sculptural prow of a boat, the symbol of Paris, and friezes depicting the workers who built the Exposition. The central arch was flanked by two slender, candle-like towers, resembling minarets. The gateway was brightly illuminated at night by 3,200 light bulbs and an additional forty arc lamps. Forty thousand visitors an hour could pass beneath the arch to approach the twenty-six ticket booths. Above the ticket booth windows, the names of provincial cities were inscribed, symbolically enacting a hierarchical relation between Paris and the provinces.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The structure of the entrance tower as a whole was adorned with Byzantine motifs and Persian ceramic ornamentation, but the true inspiration behind the piece was not of cultural background. Binet sought inspiration from science, tucking the vertebrae of a dinosaur, the cells of a beehive, rams, peacocks, and poppies into the design alongside other animalistic stimuli.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Gateway, like the Exposition buildings, was intended to be temporary, and was demolished as soon as the Exposition was finished. The ceramic frieze depicting the workers of the Exposition was designed by Anatole Guillot, an academic sculptor. The workers frieze was preserved by the head of the ceramics firm that made it, Émile Müller, and moved to what is now Parc Müller in the town of Breuillet, Essonne. The workers were situated above a frieze of animals designed by sculptor Paul Jouve and executed by ceramicist Alexandre Bigot.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Pont Alexandre III was an essential link of the Exposition, connecting the pavilions and palaces on the left and right banks of the Seine. It was named after Czar Alexander III of Russia, who had died in 1894, and celebrated the recent alliance between France and Russia. The foundation stone was laid by his son, Czar Nicholas II in 1896, and the bridge was finished in 1900. It was the work of engineers Jean Resal and Amédée D'Alby and architect Gaston Cousin. The widest and longest of the Paris bridges at the time, it was constructed on a single arch of steel long. Though it was named after the Russian Czar, the themes of the decoration were almost entirely French. At the ends, the bridge was supported by four massive stone pylons high, decorated with statues of the "Renomées" (The Renowned), female figures with trumpets, and gilded statues of the horse Pegasus. At the base of the pedestals are allegorical statues representing the France of Charlemagne, the France of the Renaissance, the France of Louis XIV and France in 1900. The Russian element was in the center, with statuary of the Nymphs of the Neva River holding a gilded seal of the Russian Empire. At the same time that the Pont Alexander III was built, a similar bridge, the Trinity Bridge was built in Saint-Petersburg, and was dedicated to French-Russian friendship by French President Félix Faure.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: To house the industrial, commercial, scientific, technological and cultural exhibitions, the French organization built huge thematic pavilions on the esplanade of Les Invalides and the Champ de Mars and reused the Galerie des machines from the 1889 Exposition. On the other bank of the Seine, they built the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais for the fine arts exhibitions.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The 83,047 French and foreign exhibitors at the Fair were divided into 18 groups based on their subject matter, which in turn were divided into 121 classes, and based on the class to which they belonged, they were alocated in the corresponding official thematic pavilion. Each thematic pavilion was divided into national sections, which were the responsibility of the corresponding country and where its exhibitors were located. Some country with a strong presence in a specific sector, at its own request, was even granted a plot adjoining to the main building to built a small pavilion to house its exhibitors.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Twenty-one of the thirty-three official pavilions were devoted to technology and the sciences. Among the most popular was the Palace of Optics, whose main attractions included the Great Paris Exposition Telescope, which enlarged the image of the moon ten thousand times. The image was projected on a screen in size, in a hall which seated two thousand visitors. This telescope was the largest refracting telescope at that time. The optical tube assembly was long and in diameter, and was fixed in place due to its mass. Light from the sky was sent into the tube by a movable mirror.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Another very popular feature of the Palace of Optics was the giant kaleidoscope, which attracted three million visitors. Other features of the optics pavilion included demonstrations of X-rays and dancers performing in phosphorescent costumes.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Palais des Illusions (Palace of Illusions), adjoining the Palace of Optics, was an extremely popular exhibition. It was a large hall which used mirrors and electric lighting to create a show of colorful and bizarre optical illusions. It was preserved after the Exposition in the Musée Grévin


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Another scientific attraction was the aquarium, the largest in the world at the time, viewed from an underground gallery long. The water tanks were each long, wide and deep, and contained a wide selection of exotic marine life.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Palace of Electricity and the adjoining Water Castle ("Chateau d'Eau"), designed by architects Eugène Hénard and Edmond Paulin, were among the most popular sights. The Palace of Electricity was built partly incorporating architectural elements of the old Palace of the Champ de Mars from the 1889 Exposition. The Palace was enormous, long and wide, and its form suggested a giant peacock spreading its tail. The central tower was crowned by an enormous illuminated star and a chariot carrying a statue of the Spirit of Electricity high, holding aloft a torch powered by 50,000 volts of electricity, provided by the steam engines and generators inside the Palace. Electrical lighting was used extensively to keep the Fair open well into the night. Producing the light for the Exposition consumed of oil an hour. The facade of the Palace and the Water Castle, across from it, were lit by an additional 7,200 incandescent lamps and seventeen arc lamps. Visitors could go inside to see the steam-powered generators which provided electricity for the buildings of the Exposition.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Water castle, facing the Palace of Electricity, had an equally imposing appearance. It had two large domes, between which was a gigantic fountain, circulating of water a minute. Thanks to the power from Palace of Electricity, the fountain was illuminated at night by continually changing colored lights.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Grand Palais, officially the "Grand Palais des beaux-arts et des arts decoratifs", was built on the right bank upon the site of the Palace of Industry of the 1855 Exposition. It was the work of two architects, Henri Deglane for the main body of the building, and Albert Thomas for the west wing, or Palais d'Antin. The iron frame of the Grand Palais was quite modern for its time; it appeared light, but in fact, it used of metal, compared with seven thousand for the construction of the Eiffel Tower. The facade was in the ornate Beaux-Arts style or Neo-Baroque style. The more modern interior iron framework, huge skylights and stairways offered decorative elements in the new Art Nouveau style, particularly in the railings of the staircase, which were intricately woven in fluid, organic forms. During the Fair, the interior served as the setting for the exhibitions of paintings and sculptures. The main body of the Grand Palais housed the "Exposition décennale des beaux-arts de 1889 à 1900" with the paintings of French artists in the north wing, the paintings of artists from other countries in the south wing and the sculptures in the central hall, with some outdoor sculptures nearby. The Palais d'Antin, or west wing, housed the "Exposition centennale de l'art français de 1800 à 1889".


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Petit Palais, that is facing the Grand Palais, was designed by Charles Girault. Much like the Grand Palais, the facade is Beaux-Arts and Neo-Baroque, reminiscent of the Grand Trianon and the stable at Chantilly. The interior offers examples of Art Nouveau, particularly in the railings of the curving stairways, the tiles of the floors, the stained glass, and the murals on the ceiling of the arcade around the garden. The entrance murals were painted by Paul-Albert Besnard and Paul Albert Laurens. During the Fair, the Petit Palais housed the "Exposition rétrospective de l'art français des origines à 1800".


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The industrial and commercial exhibits were located inside several large palaces on the esplanade between les Invalides and the Alexander III Bridge. One of the largest and most ornate was the Palais des Manufactures Nationale, whose facade included a colorful ceramic gateway, designed by sculptor Jules Coutan and architect Charles Risler and made by the Sèvres Porcelain manufactory. After the Exposition it was moved to the wall of Square Felix-Déésroulles, next to the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés, where it can be seen today.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Palace of Furniture and Decoration was particularly lavish and presented many displays of the new Art Nouveau style.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Palace of Agriculture and Food was inside the former Galerie des machines, an enormous iron-framed building from the 1889 Exposition. Its most popular feature was the Champagne Palace, offering displays and samples of French Champagne.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Fifty-six countries were invited to the Exposition, and forty accepted. The Rue des Nations was created along the banks of the Seine between the esplanade of Les Invalides and the Champ de Mars for the national pavilions of the larger countries. Each country paid for its own pavilion. The pavilions were all temporary, made of plaster and "staff" on a metal frame and were designed in an architectural style that represented a period in the country's history, often imitating famous national monuments.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: At the Rue des Nations, on the left bank of the Seine, on the Quai d'Orsay, overlooking the river, from the Pont des Invalides towards the Pont de l'Alma, were located the national pavilions of Italy, Turkey, the United States, Austria, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Hungary, Great Britain, Belgium, Norway, Germany, Spain, Monaco, Sweden, Greece, Serbia and Mexico. Behind them, in second line, were located the pavilions of Denmark, Portugal, Peru, Persia, Finland, Luxembourg, Bulgaria and Romania. The other nations were located elsewhere in the Exposition site.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: In addition to their own national pavilion, the countries managed other spaces at the Fair. The industrial, commercial, scientific and cultural exhibitors of each country were distributed among the national sections of the different official thematic pavilions.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The pavilion of Turkey was covering . It was designed by a French architect, Adrien-René Dubuisson, and was a mixture of copies of Islamic architecture from mosques in Istanbul and elsewhere in the Ottoman Empire.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The United States pavilion was modest, a variation on the United States Capitol Building designed by Charles Allerton Coolidge and Georges Morin-Goustiaux. The main U.S. presence was in the commercial and industrial palaces. One unusual aspect of the U.S. presence was The Exhibit of American Negroes at the Palace of Social Economy, a joint project of Daniel Murray, the Assistant Librarian of Congress, Thomas J. Calloway, a lawyer and the primary organizer of the exhibit, and W. E. B. Du Bois. The goal of the exhibition was to demonstrate progress and commemorate the lives of African Americans at the turn of the century. The exhibit included a statuette of Frederick Douglass, four bound volumes of nearly 400 official patents by African Americans, photographs from several educational institutions (Fisk University, Howard University, Roger Williams University, Tuskegee Institute, Claflin University, Berea College, North Carolina A&T), and, most memorably, some five hundred photographs of African-American men and women, homes, churches, businesses and landscapes including photographs from Thomas E. Askew.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The pavilions of the Austro-Hungarian domains in the Balkans, Bosnia and Herzegovina, offered displays on their lifestyles, consisting of folklore traditions, highlighting peasanthood and the embroidery goods produced in the country. Designed by Karl Panek, it featured murals on the history of Slavic peoples by Alphonse Mucha.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The pavilion of Hungary was designed by Zoltán Bálint and Lajos Jámbor. Its cupola displayed agricultural produce and hunting equipment.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The British Royal pavilion consisted of a mock-Jacobean mansion decorated with pictures and furniture, designed by Sir Edwin Lutyens. It was largely used for receptions for important visitors to the Exposition.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The German pavilion was the tallest, at , designed by Johannes Radke and built of wood and stained glass. However, most of the German presence at the Exposition was in the commercial pavilions, where they had important displays of German technology and machinery, as well as models of German steamships and a full-scale model of a German lighthouse.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Royal Pavilion of Spain was designed in Neo-Plateresque style by José Urioste Velada. It housed the Retrospective Exhibition of Spanish Art formed by the collection of tapestries, in which thirty-seven pieces made between the 15th and 18th centuries from the Royal Collections were exhibited. The pavilion basement housed a Spanish-themed café-restaurant, named "La Feria", that was the first restaurant in History with a completely electric kitchen.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Sweden's yellow and red structure covered in pine shingles drew attention with its bright colours. It was designed by Ferdinand Boberg.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The pavilion of Finland, designed by Gesellius, Lindgren, Saarinen, had clean-cut, modern architecture.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Russia had an imposing presence on the Trocadéro hill. The Russian pavilion, designed by Robert Meltzer, was inspired by the towers of the Kremlin and had exhibits and architecture presenting artistic treasures from Samarkand, Bukhara and other Russian dependencies in Central Asia.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Chinese pavilion, designed by Louis Masson-Détourbet, was in the form of a Buddhist temple with staff in Chinese traditional dress. This pavilion suffered some disruption in August 1900, when anti-Western rebels seized the International delegations in Beijing in the Boxer Rebellion and held them for several weeks until an expeditionary force from the Eight-Nation Alliance arrived and recaptured the city. During the disruption at the Fair, a Chinese procession was attacked by angered Parisians.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Korean pavilion, designed by Eugène Ferret, was mostly stocked by French Oriental collectors, including Victor Collin de Plancy, with a supplement of Korean goods from Korea. One object of note on display was the "Jikji", the oldest extant book printed with movable metal type.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: An area of several dozen hectares on the hill of the Trocadéro Palace was set aside for the pavilions of the colonies and protectorates of France, the Netherlands, Great Britain, and Portugal.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The largest space was for the French colonies in Africa, the Caribbean, the Pacific and Southeast Asia. These pavilions featured traditional architecture of the countries and displays of local products mixed with modern electric lighting, motion pictures, dioramas, and guides, soldiers, and musicians in local costumes. The French Caribbean islands promoted their rum and other products, while the French colony of New Caledonia highlighted its exotic varieties of wood and its rich mineral deposits.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The North African French colonies were especially present; The Tunisian pavilion was a miniature recreation of the Sidi Mahrez Mosque of Tunis. Algeria, Sudan, Dahomey, Guinea and the other French African colonies presented pavilions based on their traditional religious architecture and marketplaces, with guides in costume.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The French colonies of Indochina, Tonkin and Cambodia also had an impressive presence, with recreations of pagodas and palaces, musicians and dancers, and a recreation of a riverside village from Laos.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Netherlands displayed the exotic culture of its crown colony, the Dutch East Indies. The pavilion displayed a faithful reconstruction of 8th-century Sari temple and also Indonesian vernacular architecture of Rumah Gadang from Minangkabau, West Sumatra.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Besides its official scientific, industrial and artistic palaces, the Exposition offered an extraordinary variety of attractions, amusements and diversions.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Eiffel Tower, that was built as the main entrance of the 1889 Exposition, was the main and central attraction of the 1900 Exposition. For this Exposition, it was repainted in shaded tones from yellow-orange at the base to light yellow at the top, and was fitted with 7,000 electric lamps. At the same time, the lifts in the east and west legs were replaced by lifts running as far as the second level and the lift in the north pillar was removed and replaced by a staircase to the first level. The layout of both first and second levels was modified, with the space available for visitors on the second level.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The "Grande Roue de Paris" was a very popular attraction. It was a gigantic ferris wheel high, which took its name from a similar wheel created by George Washington Gale Ferris Jr. at the 1893 World's Columbian Exposition in Chicago. It could carry 1,600 passengers in its forty cars in a single voyage. The cost of a ride was one franc for a second class car, and two francs for a more spacious first-class car. Despite the high price, passengers often had to wait an hour for a place.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The "Rue de l'Avenir" () moving sidewalk was a very popular and useful attraction, given the large size of the Exposition. It ran along the edge of the Exposition, from the esplanade of Les Invalides to the Champ de Mars, passing through nine stations along the way, where passengers could board. The fare was an average of fifty centimes. The sidewalk was accessed from a platform above the ground level. The passengers stepped from the platform onto the moving sidewalk traveling at , then onto a more rapid sidewalk moving at . The sidewalks had posts with handles which passengers could hold onto, or they could walk. It was designed by architect Joseph Lyman Silsbee and engineer Max E. Schmidt.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: A Decauville electric train followed the same route, running at an average speed of in the opposite direction of the moving sidewalk. The rail track was sometimes at high like the movable sidewalks, sometimes at ground level and sometimes underground.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: An experimental passenger electrobus line, designed by Louis Lombard-Gérin, ran in the Bois de Vincennes from 2 August to 12 November 1900. It was a long circular route connecting the recently opened Porte de Vincennes metro station with Lac Daumesnil. It was the first trolleybus in regular passenger service in History.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The "Globe Céleste" was an immense globe-shaped planetarium which offered a presentation on the night sky. The globe, designed by Napoléon de Tédesco, was in diameter, and the blue and gold exterior was painted with the constellations and the signs of the zodiac. It was placed atop a masonry support high, supported by four columns. A flower garden on the support surrounded the globe. Spectators seated in armchairs inside watched a presentation on the stars and planets projected overhead.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The sphere was the scene of a fatal accident on 29 April 1900 when one of access ramps, hastily made of a newly introduced material, reinforced concrete, collapsed onto the street below, killing nine persons. Following the accident the French government established the first regulations for the use of reinforced concrete.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Lumière brothers, who had made the first public projections of a motion picture in 1895, presented their films on a colossal screen, by , in the Gallery of Machines. Another innovation in motion pictures was presented at the Exposition at the Phono-Cinema Theater; a primitive talking motion picture, where the image on the screen was synchronized to the sound from phonographs.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: An even more ambitious experiment in motion pictures was the "Cinéorama" of Raoul Grimoin Sanson, which simulated a voyage in a balloon. The film, projected on a circular screen in circumference by ten synchronized projectors, depicted a landscape passing below. The spectators sat in the center above the projectors, in what resembled the basket suspended beneath a large balloon.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Another popular attraction was the "Mareorama", which simulated a voyage by ship from Villefranche to Constantinople. The viewers stood on the railing of a ship simulator, watching painted images pass by of the cities and seascapes en route. The illusion was aided by machinery that rocked the ship, and fans which blew gusts of wind.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: "L'Andalousie au temps des Maures" () was a Spanish-themed open air attraction with folkloric live performances at Quai Debilly, at the western end of Trocadéro, on the right bank of the Seine, featuring full-scale moorish architecture reproductions from the Alhambra, Córdoba, Toledo, the Alcázar of Seville and a tall reproduction of the Giralda. It was a French-produced attraction that had no relation with the official representation of Spain at the Fair.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: "Le Vieux Paris" () was a recreation of the streets of old Paris, from the Middle Ages to the 18th century, with recreations of historic buildings and streets filled with performers and musicians in costumes. It was built following an idea by Albert Robida. There were also several recreations depicting picturesque or touristic regions of France, including exhibitions from Provence, Bretagne, Poitou, Berry and Auvergne, using their pre-revolutionary provincial names rather than their departments. Provence was represented by two reconstructions, a Provençal farmhouse or "mas" and a reconstruction called "Vieil Arles" which reconstructed certain Roman ruins and part of the town's cathedral.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Swiss Village, at the edge of the Exposition near Avenue de Sufren and Motte-Piquet, was a recreation of a Swiss mountainside village, complete with a cascade, a lake and collection of thirty-five chalets.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The "Panorama du Tour du Monde" was an animated panorama journey from Europe to Japan in a building by Alexandre Marcel in the architectural styles of India, China, Cambodia, Japan and Renaissance Europe. It consisted in panoramic paintings by Louis Dumoulin in front of which groups of native people, dressed accordingly, move, play, dance, stroll or work. The visitor traveled through representations of Fuenterrabía (Spain), the Pnyx hill in Athens (Greece), the cemetery of Stamboul and the Golden Horn of Constantinople (Turkey), Syria, the Suez Canal (Egypt), Ceylon, the Angkor Wat temple (Cambodia), Shanghai (China) and Nikkō (Japan). The visit continued by showing dioramas of Rome, Moscow, New York and Amsterdam and ended with a mobile panorama of a boat trip along the coast of Provence, from Marseille to La Ciotat. It was funded and sponsored by the "Compagnie des messageries maritimes".


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Other recreations with costumed vendors and musicians elsewhere the Exposition included recreations of the bazaars, souks and street markets of Algiers, Tunis and Laos, a Venetian canal with gondolas, a Russian village and a Japanese tea house.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Exposition had several large theatres and music halls, the largest of which was the Palais des Fêtes, which had fifteen thousand seats, and offered programs of music, ballet, historical recreations and diverse spectacles. A separate thoroughfare of the Exposition, the Rue de Paris, was lined with amusements, including music venues, a comedy theater, marionettes, American jazz, a Grand Guignol theater, and the celebrated "Backwards House", which had its furniture on the ceiling, its chandeliers on the floor, and windows which gave reverse images. Other diversions elsewhere in and around the Exposition included an orchestra from Madagascar, a Comedy Theater, and the Columbia Theater at Port Maillot, with acts ranging from panoramas of life in the Orient to a water ballet. These diversions were popular but expensive; entry to the Comedy Theater cost up to five francs.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The most celebrated actress during the Exposition was Sarah Bernhardt, who had her own theater, The Théâtre Sarah Bernhardt (now the Théâtre de la Ville), and premiered one of her most famous roles during the Exposition. This was "L'Aiglon", a new play by Edmond Rostand in which she played the Duc de Reichstadt, the son of Napoleon Bonaparte, imprisoned by his unloving mother and family until his melancholy death in the Schönbrunn Palace in Vienna. The play ended with a memorable death scene; according to one critic, she died "as dying angels would die if they were allowed to." The play ran for nearly a year, with standing-room places selling for as much as 600 gold francs.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Another popular diversion during the Exposition was the theater of the American dancer, Loie Fuller, who performed a famous Serpentine dance in which she waved large silk scarves which seemed to envelop her into a cloud. Her performance was widely reproduced in photographs, paintings and drawings by Art Nouveau artists and sculptors, and were captured in very early motion pictures. She was filmed on ten 70mm projectors that created a 330-degree picture, patented by Cinéorama.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Many international congresses and other events were held in Paris in 1900 within the framework of the Exposition. A large area within the Bois de Vincennes was set aside for sporting events, which included, among others, many of the events of the 1900 Summer Olympics. A chess tournament was also held.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The 1900 Summer Olympics were the second modern Olympics games held, and the first ones held outside Greece. Between 14 May and 28 October 1900, an enormous number of sporting activities were held along the Exposition. The sporting events rarely used the term of "Olympic". Indeed, the term "Olympic Games" was replaced by ""Concours internationaux d'exercices physiques et de sport"" () in the official report of the Exposition. The press reported competitions variously as "International Championships", "International Games", "Paris Championships", "World Championships" and "Grand Prix of the Paris Exposition". The International Olympic Committee had no real control over the organization, no official interpretation has ever been made and various sources list differing events, further adding to the confusion that was Paris 1900.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: 997 competitors took part in nineteen different sports, including women competing for the first time. A number of events were held for the first and only time in Olympic history, including automobile and motorcycle racing, ballooning, cricket, croquet, a swimming obstacle race and underwater swimming. France provided 72% of all athletes (720 of the 997) and won the most gold, silver and bronze medal placings. The United States athletes won the second largest number, with just seventy-five of the 997 athletes. The pigeon race was won by a bird which flew from Paris to its home in Lyon in four and a half hours. The free balloon competition race was won by a balloon which traved from Paris to Russia in 35 hours and 45 minutes.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Another special event at the Exposition was a gigantic banquet hosted by the French President, Émile Loubet, for 20,777 mayors of France, Algeria and towns in French colonies, hosted on 22 September 1900 in the Tuileries Gardens, inside two enormous tents. The dinner was prepared in eleven kitchens and served to 606 tables, with the orders and needs of each table supervised by telephone and vehicle.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The organizers of the Exposition were not miserly in recognizing the 83,047 exhibitors of products, about half of whom came from France, and 7,161 from the United States. The awards ceremony was held on 18 August 1900, and was attended by 11,500 persons. 3,156 grand prizes were handed out, 8,889 gold medals, 13,300 silver medals, 12,108 bronze medals, and 8,422 honorable mentions. Many of the participants, such as Campbell's Soup or Michigan Stove Company, added the Paris award to the advertisements and labels of their products.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The cost of an admission ticket was one Franc. At the time, the average hourly wage for Paris workers was between 40 and 50 centimes. In addition, most popular attractions charged an admission fee, usually between fifty centimes and Franc. The average cost of a simple meal at the Exposition was 2.50 Francs, the half-day wages of a worker.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The amount budgeted for the Paris Exposition was one hundred million French Francs; twenty million from the French State, twenty million from the City of Paris, and the remaining sixty million expected to come from admissions, and backed by French banks and financial institutions.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The official final cost was 119 million Francs, while the total amount actually collected from admission fees was 126 million Francs. However, there were unplanned expenses of 22 million Francs for the French State, and 6 million Francs for the City of Paris, bringing the total cost to 147 million Francs, or a deficit of 21 million Francs. The deficit was to a degree offset by the long-term additions to the city infrastructure; new buildings and bridges, including the Grand and Petit Palais, the Pont Alexander III and the Passerelle Debilly; and additions to the transport system; The Paris Métro, the funicular railway on Montmartre, and two new train stations, the Gare d'Orsay and the Gare des Invalides, and the new facade and enlargement and redecoration of the Gare de Lyon and other stations.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Exposition was so expensive to organize and run that the cost per visitor ended up being about six hundred francs more than the price of admission. The exhibition lost a grand total of 82,000 francs after six months in operation. Many Parisians had invested money in shares sold to raise money for the event and therefore lost their investment. With a much larger than expected turnout the exhibit sites had gone up in value. Continuing to pay rent for the sites became increasingly hard for concessionaires as they were receiving fewer customers than anticipated. The concessionaires then went on strike, which ultimately resulted in the closure of a large part of the exposition. To resolve the matter, the concessionaires were given a fractional refund of the rent they had paid.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Art Nouveau ("New Art") style began to appear in Belgium and France in the 1880s and became fashionable in Europe and the United States during the 1890s. It was highly decorative and took its inspiration from the natural world, particularly from the curving lines of plants and flowers and other vegetal forms. The architecture of the Exposition was largely of the Belle Epoque style and Beaux-Arts style, or of eclectic national styles. Art Nouveau decoration appeared in the interiors and decoration of many of the buildings, notably the interior ironwork and decoration of the Monumental gateway of the Exposition, the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais, and in the portal of the Palace of National Industries.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Art Nouveau style was very popular in the pavilions of decorative arts. The jewelry firm of Fouquet and the glass and crystal manufactory of Lalique all presented collections of Art Nouveau objects. The Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory created a series of monumental swan vases for the Exposition, as well as the monumental entrance to the Palace of National Manufacturers.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Many Exposition posters also made use of the Art Nouveau style. The work of the most famous Art Nouveau poster artist, Alfons Mucha, had many forms at the Exposition. He designed the posters for the official Austrian participation in the Exposition, painting murals depicting scenes from the history of Bosnia as well as the menu for the restaurant at the Bosnian pavilion, and designed the menu for the official opening banquet. He produced displays for the jeweler Georges Fouquet and the perfume maker Houbigant, with statuettes and panels of women depicting the scents of rose, orange blossom, violet and buttercup. His more serious art works, including his drawings for "Le Pater", were shown in the Austrian pavilion and in the Austrian section of the Grand Palais. Some of his murals can be seen now in the Petit Palais.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The most famous appearance was in the edicules, or entrance coverings, of the stations of the Paris Métro designed by Hector Guimard. Most were removed not long after the Exposition, but two original edicules remain. It also appeared in the interior decoration of many popular restaurants, notably the Pavillon Bleu at the Exposition, Maxim's, and the Le Train Bleu restaurant of the Gare de Lyon, and in the portal of the Palace of National Manufacturers made by the Sèvres Porcelain Manufactory.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The Exposition was a showcase not only of French Art Nouveau, but also the variations that had appeared in other parts of Europe, including the furniture of the Belgian architect and designer Victor Horta, designs of the German Jugendstil by Bruno Möhring, and of the Vienna Secession of Otto Wagner. Their display at the Exposition brought the new style international attention.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Most of the palaces and buildings constructed for the Exposition Universelle were demolished after the conclusion of the Exposition and all items and materials that could be salvaged were sold or recycled. They were built largely of wood and covered with staff, which was formed into columns, statuary, walls, stairs. A few of the major structures built for the Exposition were preserved, including the Grand Palais and the Petit Palais, and the two major bridges, the Pont Alexandre III and the Passerelle Debilly, though the latter was later dismantled and moved a few dozen meters from its original placement.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Most of the Art Nouveau metro station edicules designed by Hector Guimard were removed soon after the Exposition closed, but two of the originals still exist, including one at its original location, at the Porte Dauphine metro station.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The monumental portal of the Palace of National Manufacturers, made by the Sèvres Manufactory, was preserved and moved to Square Felix-Desruelles, next to the Abbey of Saint-Germain-des-Prés.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: A copy of the Statue of Liberty by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi exhibited at the Fair, was placed in the Luxembourg Gardens in 1905 at the request of his widow.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: After visiting the "Panorama du Tour du Monde", King Leopold II of Belgium commissioned its architect, Alexandre Marcel, to build a Japanese tower and a Chinese pavilion in the Royal Domain of Laeken, Brussels, Belgium. Marcel rebuilt there the Japanese red pagoda of the "Tour du Monde" (now known as the Japanese Tower) and moved the original entry pavilion to the tower from Paris. He also built the Chinese Pavilion whose wooden panelling was sculpted in Shanghai. Both structures are now part of the Museums of the Far East.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: One of the most curious vestiges is La Ruche, at 2 Passage de Dantzig (15th .). This is a three-story building constructed entirely out of bits and pieces of Exposition buildings, purchased at auctions by sculptor Alfred Boucher. The iron roof, made by Gustave Eiffel, originally covered the kiosk of the Wines of Médoc, in the palace of agriculture and foods. The statues of women in theatrical costumes by the front door came from the Indochina pavilion, while the ornamental iron gate at the entrance was part of the Palace of Women. In the years after the Exposition, La Ruche served as the temporary studio and home of dozens of young artists and writers including Marc Chagall, Henri Matisse, Amedeo Modigliani, Fernand Léger and the poet Guillaume Apollinaire. It was threatened with demolition in the 1960s but was saved by culture minister André Malraux. It is now a historical monument.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Response to the monumental gateway was mixed, with some critics comparing it to a pot-bellied stove. It was described as "lacking in taste" and was considered by some critics to be the ugliest of all the exhibits. "La Parisienne", made by Moreau-Vauthier, was referred to by some as "the triumph of prostitution" because of her flowing robe and modernized figure and was criticized by many visitors.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The interior of the central dome had niches holding large sculptures. One was described as both a personification of electricity and as Salammbô, Gustave Flaubert's infamous Carthaginian "femme fatale", who was a symbol of light. La Porte Monumental is considered to be a structure of the Salammbô style and 'the most typically 1900 monument of the entire exhibition'.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: The controversial gateway became known as "La Salamanda" among the public because it resembled the stocky and intricately designed salamander-stoves of the time, only adding to its ridicule.


title: Exposition Universelle (1900)

text: Short silent actuality films documenting the Exposition by French director Georges Méliès and by Edison Manufacturing Company producer James H. White, have survived.


title: Jack DeSena

text: John Patrick De Sena (born December 6, 1987), better known by his stage name Jack DeSena, is an American actor. He is best known for his work on the sketch comedy series "All That", for the voice work of Sokka on the Nickelodeon series "," and for the voice work of Callum on the Netflix series "The Dragon Prince".


title: Jack DeSena

text: De Sena was born in Boston, Massachusetts. His family moved to Irvine, California in 1999, where he attended Irvine High School. After, he attended UCLA. He was a very active member of the international "ComedySportz" troupe (a comic improvisation team that participates in games as seen on "Whose Line Is It Anyway?"). Having joined "All That"s cast at the start of its 7th season in 2002, he subsequently tied with Logan Lerman for the 2005 Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Series (Comedy or Drama) - Leading Young Actor. He rapidly gained recognition for his skilled and clever ad-libbing from his work as Sokka on "" and also guest starred as Jimmy Olsen in "The Batman".


title: Jack DeSena

text: De Sena worked on the online mockumentary web series "Dorm Life," a 2008 Webby Honoree for Best Writing and Comedy: Individual Short or Episode. De Sena appeared on an episode of "King of the Hill", "Luanne Gets Lucky." De Sena has also appeared in an episode of "Generator Rex," "Crash and Burn." In 2012, De Sena appeared on the Hulu original series "Battleground". In 2013, he appeared as the judge of the texting competition and later as an airport investigator on the Nickelodeon sitcom "Sam & Cat". In 2014, he voiced Robin in the animated film "".


title: Jack DeSena

text: He is also known as "Mr. Roberts" in the TV series "100 Things to Do Before High School", a role he played from 2014 to 2016.


title: Jack DeSena

text: Since January 19, 2016, he and his long time friend Chris W. Smith have been creating and starring in comedy sketches on their YouTube channel "Chris and Jack". New sketches are uploaded to the channel on the first Thursday of every month.


title: Jack DeSena

text: He is currently the voice of Callum on the Netflix animated series "The Dragon Prince", which premiered on September 14, 2018.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: Rebekah Vardy v Coleen Rooney, which is popularly known as the Wagatha Christie trial, was a libel case between British footballers' wives (WAGs) Rebekah Vardy and Coleen Rooney. The dispute began in 2019, when Rooney accused Vardy of leaking posts from her private Instagram account to the British newspaper "The Sun". In 2022, the dispute escalated to the High Court of Justice, in which Vardy sued Rooney for libel. On 29 July 2022, the court dismissed Vardy's claim on the basis that Rooney's statements were substantially true.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: In 2019, Coleen Rooney, the wife of the footballer Wayne Rooney, suspected that posts from her private Instagram account were being leaked to "The Sun," a British tabloid newspaper that regularly publishes celebrity stories. To determine the source of the stories, Rooney posted fabricated stories and restricted access to them to Rebekah Vardy, the wife of footballer Jamie Vardy. "The Sun" published these stories, which included claims that the basement of Rooney's house had flooded, that Rooney had visited Mexico to "make a baby girl", and that Rooney had planned to appear on "Strictly Come Dancing".


title: Wagatha Christie

text: In late 2019, Rooney posted on Twitter that Vardy had leaked the stories to the press. Rooney's tweet went viral and was dubbed "Wagatha Christie", a portmanteau of the term "WAG"– an acronym for the wives and girlfriends of professional athletes– and the name of Agatha Christie, a well-known writer of whodunit crime fiction. Vardy responded on Twitter, denying the claims and implying her Instagram account had been hacked.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: In June 2020, Vardy commenced action in the English High Court to sue Rooney for defamation. Defamation and libel cases are often not brought to the High Court; lawyers often advise against taking such cases to court because the reputational loss for the complainant is often high. At a preliminary High Court hearing on 19 November 2020, Justice Warby found Rooney had used defamatory words about Vardy. Neither Rooney nor Vardy were at the court.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: Vardy argued that the accusation over her Instagram account was false. Following the earlier ruling, it was Rooney's onus to prove Vardy was responsible for leaking stories to "The Sun" or to convince the judge that publication of the allegation was in the public interest.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: The trial commenced on 10 May 2022. During the proceedings, Rooney requested documents related to "The Sun" publisher News Group Newspapers and four "The Sun" journalists. The judge Justice Steyn allowed Vardy to use written summaries from these journalists as part of the case.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: The judge also asked for the mobile phones of Vardy and her agent Caroline Watt to be searched. Watt said she had accidentally dropped her phone into the North Sea during a family holiday in Scotland. Vardy's copy of the messages were said to have been lost during a failed backup when Vardy's technology expert "[forgot] the password which he used to encrypt the material". Rooney's lawyer David Sherborne said these were attempts to conceal incriminating evidence. Rooney's lawyers also stated the case "Armory v Delamirie" (1722), which set a precedent stating any deliberately missing evidence in a case should be assumed to be of the highest possible value, applies to electronic communications.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: Rooney alleged Vardy was the source of information for "The Sun on Sunday" "Secret Wag" feature, an anonymous column that discussed the private lives of others. Sherbourne questioned Vardy about her history of leaking information to the tabloid press, quoting from a 2004 interview in which Vardy detailed a sexual encounter with singer Peter Andre. Vardy apologised, saying her former husband had forced her to participate in the interview and that her words had been misrepresented.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: The trial received international media coverage and ended on 19 May. Helen Lewis, a writer for the American magazine "The Atlantic", called the case "the most ill-advised defamation case" since Oscar Wilde's dispute with John Douglas. Lewis wrote that the trial represented "a clash between different ideas of celebrity", with Rooney guarding her privacy and Vardy "an avatar of a made-for-Instagram world, in which you are a fool if you do not monetise your personal life".


title: Wagatha Christie

text: On 29 July, Justice Steyn ruled in favour of Rooney. Steyn said that Vardy had regularly passed information about Rooney to the press, was critical of missing evidence from Vardy and called her evidence "manifestly inconsistent with the contemporaneous documentary evidence, evasive or implausible" on "many occasions". Steyn also said "The Sun on Sunday" "Secret Wag" column "is highly likely... [to have been] a journalistic construct rather than a person", and that "the evidence connecting Ms Vardy to this column is thin".


title: Wagatha Christie

text: Vardy faced estimated legal costs of approximately £3million and her reputation was damaged. Vardy said that she was "extremely sad and disappointed at the decision" and that she had been the subject of "vile abuse" since the trial began. Vardy later told Kate McCann of TalkTV that the media coverage of the case was sexist and misogynistic, and was later said to be experiencing panic attacks and post-traumatic stress as a result of the trial.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: In her press statement, Rooney said that she was pleased but did not believe the case should have gone to court when the money could have been better spent elsewhere. In her statement, Vardy said she was sad and disappointed but would not appeal, and called for an end to abuse against her. Rooney also said that she was not seeking any compensation for the case.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: At a subsequent hearing, Justice Steyn ordered Vardy to pay 90% of Rooney's costs with the first installment assessed at £800,000 to be paid by mid-November 2022. The full amount is expected to be approximately £1,500,000.


title: Wagatha Christie

text: In July 2022, Channel 4 announced it would produce a two-part television play called "" based on the events of the trial. The drama, which is to be directed by Oonagh Kearney, will recreate courtroom scenes using verbatim court transcripts against analysis in media. The cast will include Natalia Tena as Vardy and Chanel Cresswell as Rooney. Michael Sheen will play the role of barrister David Sherborne and Simon Coury will play Rooney's opposing barrister Hugh Tomlinson. Wayne Rooney and Jamie Vardy will be played by Dion Lloyd and Marci Nagyszokolyai respectively.


title: Angelyne (miniseries)

text: Angelyne is an American miniseries starring Emmy Rossum as Angelyne. It premiered on Peacock on May 19, 2022.


title: Angelyne (miniseries)

text: Angelyne is an enigmatic blonde bombshell who rose to fame in the 1980s with billboard advertisements featuring her image. In the 2010s, Jeff Glaser is a journalist for The Hollywood Reporter trying to uncover the true identity and life story of Angelyne. However, his efforts are hampered by her secrecy and conflicting accounts from herself and those who know her.


title: Angelyne (miniseries)

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 86% approval rating based on 21 critic reviews, with an average rating of 8.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Emmy Rossum brings remarkable depth to a cipher in "Angelyne", a glitzy look at fame for fame's sake where the inscrutability is the point." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 74 out of 100 based on 15 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Talisca

text: Anderson Souza Conceição (born 1 February 1994), known as Anderson Talisca or Talisca, is a Brazilian professional footballer who plays for Al-Nassr in Saudi Professional League as an attacking midfielder or forward.


title: Talisca

text: A youth graduate from Bahia, where he arrived in 2009, Talisca made his professional debut against Corinthians on 7 July 2013, and scored his first goal in the next match against São Paulo.


title: Talisca

text: On 5 July 2014, after his debut season, Talisca moved to Portuguese champions Benfica for a €4.75 million fee (agent fee included), the highest paid for a Bahia player. On 18 July 2014, he scored his first goal for Benfica on his debut in their Taça de Honra semi-final win against Estoril. On 12 September, he scored a hat-trick in an away victory against Vitória de Setúbal. On 27 September, he scored two goals in a row against Estoril in an away win (3–2) and became the Primeira Liga's top goalscorer with five goals. On 5 October, he scored his sixth goal in Portuguese league and maintained the top scorer lead. On 31 October, he scored his eighth and fourth consecutive goal in Primeira Liga, in a home win against Rio Ave (1–0), keeping the top scorer lead.


title: Talisca

text: On 4 November 2014, he scored his first goal in the UEFA Champions League, the only goal of the game to defeat Monaco in the group stage. He described scoring the 82nd-minute goal as the "best feeling" in his life. On 26 January 2016, he netted a hat-trick in a 6–1 win at Moreirense in the Taça da Liga.


title: Talisca

text: In the 2015–16 season, Talisca scored Benfica's winning goal in a 2–1 away victory against Zenit Saint Petersburg in the second leg of UEFA Champions League's round of 16, to make the aggregate score 3–1. On 8 May, he sealed the 2–0 away win at Marítimo in the league with a direct free kick.


title: Talisca

text: On 24 August 2016, Talisca joined Turkish club Beşiktaş on a 1+1-year loan deal for a €2 million fee for the first season. Talisca signed a contract worth €1.5 million in the first season plus bonuses. On 13 September, on his return to the Estádio da Luz in a Champions League group game, he scored an added-time free kick to ensure a 1–1 draw.


title: Talisca

text: On 8 June 2018, Talisca was loaned out to Chinese Super League side Guangzhou Evergrande for a half year, with the transfer costing €5.8 million. He made his debut for Guangzhou Evergrande as a starter and scored a hat-trick, including a direct free kick, to help his team win 4–0 over Guizhou Hengfeng in the league on 18 July. On 29 July 2018, he scored two goals in his second appearance for Guangzhou in a 5–0 home win over Chongqing Dangdai Lifan.


title: Talisca

text: On 26 October 2018, Benfica announced that Talisca had moved permanently to the Chinese club for a transfer fee of €19.2 million.


title: Talisca

text: On 11 November 2014, Talisca was called up by Dunga to the Brazilian national team to replace Lucas Moura in the international fixtures against Turkey and Austria.


title: Talisca

text: He was called again by coach Tite in March 2018 to take part in the away friendly fixtures against Russia and Germany. He has yet to make his debut for the senior team, however.


title: Talisca

text: He has been nicknamed "Yaya Talisca" in reference to Ivorian midfielder Yaya Touré, but bases his game on that of his compatriot Neymar. He has also been compared to fellow Brazilian Rivaldo. After joining Saudi club Al-Nassr, he was given the nickname “The Musician” (الموسيقار).


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur or Tirupur ( ) is a city in the Indian state of Tamil Nadu. Tiruppur is the administrative headquarters of Tiruppur district and the fifth largest city as well as an urban agglomeration in Tamil Nadu. Located on the banks of Noyyal River, it has been ruled at different times, by the Early Pandyas, Medieval Cholas, Later Cholas, Mysore Kingdom and the British. It is about southwest of the state capital Chennai about east of Coimbatore south of Erode and north of Dharapuram.


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur is administered by municipal corporation which was established in 2008 and the total area of the corporation is 159.6 km divided into 60 wards. The total population of the city as per the 2011 census is 877,778. Tiruppur is a part of the Tiruppur constituency that elects its member of parliament.


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur is a major textile and knit wear hub contributing to 90% of total cotton knit wear exports from India. The textile industry provides employment to over six lakh people and contributed to exports worth in 2014–15.


title: Tiruppur

text: The name Tiruppur is said to have emerged during the Mahabharata era. According to legends, the cattle herds of Pandavas were stolen by thieves and the same was recaptured by Arjuna's forces resulting in the name "Thiruppur" (Thiruppu meaning "to turn" and oor meaning "a place" in Tamil) meaning "place where they were returned".


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur formed a part of the Kongu Nadu region ruled by the Cheras during Sangam period. The region was part of a prominent Roman trade route that connected east and west coasts of India. The medieval Cholas conquered the Kongu Nadu in the tenth century CE and Chola stone carvings mention "Kanchi Maanadhi" (Noyyal River) and the fertile sand that it deposited on its banks.


title: Tiruppur

text: The region came under the rule of the Vijayanagara Empire by the 15th century and later Palayakkarars, the chieftains of Madurai Nayaks ruled the region. In the later part of the 18th century, the region came under the Kingdom of Mysore, following a series of wars with the Madurai Nayak Dynasty. After the defeat of Tipu Sultan in the Anglo-Mysore Wars, the British East India Company annexed the region into the Madras Presidency in 1799.


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur was an agricultural town with irrigated farms and the farmers became small owners of various textile related units during the 1970s. The boom in the textile industry led to an inter woven network of the small scale units leading to growth of the city into a major textile hub. Tiruppur became a municipal corporation in 2008 and a separate Tiruppur district was carved out from parts of Coimbatore district and Erode district in 2009.


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur is located at on the banks of the Noyyal River. It has an average elevation of 295 metres (967 feet) and covers an area of .


title: Tiruppur

text: According to 2011 census, Tiruppur had a population of 444,352 with a sex-ratio of 955 females for every 1,000 males, much above the national average of 929. A total of 48,802 were under the age of six, constituting 24,818 males and 23,984 females. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes accounted for 5.47% and 0.06% of the population, respectively. The average literacy of the city was 78.17%, compared to the national average of 72.99%. The city had a total of 124,617 households. There were a total of 207,358 workers, comprising 490 cultivators, 721 main agricultural labourers, 3,492 in house hold industries, 191,882 other workers, 10,773 marginal workers, 89 marginal cultivators, 74 marginal agricultural labourers, 470 marginal workers in household industries and 10,140 other marginal workers. The area of Tiruppur was expanded in 2011 and the population was 877,778 as per the revised estimate.


title: Tiruppur

text: As per the religious census of 2011, Tiruppur (M Corp.) had 86.05% Hindus, 10.36% Muslims, 3.33% Christians, 0.03% Sikhs, 0.01% Buddhists, 0.07% Jains, 0.14% following other religions and 0.01% following no religion or did not indicate any religious preference.


title: Tiruppur

text: The climate in Tiruppur is hot semi-arid (Köppen "BSh") with the mean maximum and minimum temperatures varying between . The summer occurs during the months March, April and May when the weather is hot and dry. The maximum temperature during the summer months will be around and the minimum temperature will be around . The monsoon months are the months of June, July and August. These months are mainly characterised by mild showers and a reduced temperature. The post monsoon or winter months are September, October, November, December and January. These months generally have a cooler climate with temperatures rarely rise beyond a maximum of around . The minimum temperature during this season will be around .


title: Tiruppur

text: Due to the presence of the Palghat gap, the city receives some rainfall from the south-west monsoon from June to August. After a humid September, the north-east monsoon brings rains from October which lasts till early December. The average annual rainfall is around with the north-east and the south-west monsoons contributing 47% and 28%, respectively, to the total. The soil is predominantly black, which is suitable for cotton cultivation, but Tiruppur district also has some red loamy soil. Tiruppur falls under the Class III/IV seismic zone, having experienced a 6.0 Richter scale earthquake in 1900.


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur city is administered by Tiruppur Municipal Corporation headed by a mayor. Tiruppur Municipality was established in 1917 and was upgraded to a municipal corporation in 2008. The city is divided into 60 wards. Each ward is represented by a councillor who is elected by direct election and the mayor of Tiruppur is elected by councillors. The executive wing of the corporation is headed by a corporation commissioner and maintains basic services like water supply, sewage and roads. Law and order is maintained by Tiruppur police headed by a police commissioner who is equivalent to the rank of IGP (Inspector General Of Police ). The city police has seven police stations, three traffic police stations and over 1,000 personnel. The Tiruppur District Court is the ultimate judicial authority in the district.


title: Tiruppur

text: Thiruppur has two assembly constituencies Tiruppur North and Tiruppur South. Tiruppur is part of Tiruppur Lok Sabha constituency which was created during the delimination in 2008 consisting parts of erstwhile Coimbatore, Gobichettipalayam and Palani constituencies.


title: Tiruppur

text: Tiruppur is also known as the "knitwear capital" of India, accounting for 90% of India's cotton knitwear export. It has spurred up the textile industry in India for the past three decades. It contributes to a huge amount of foreign exchange in India. In the fiscal year 2013, exports were 17,500 crores. The city provides employment for many workers, with the average salary per worker being around 9,000 per month.


title: Tiruppur

text: There are over 10,000 garment manufacturing industries in Tiruppur, employing over 600,000 people. The cluster on an average exports textiles worth ₹ 25 billion a month. Cotton knitwear sent from here are in much demand in European countries.