title: Associative array

text: The dictionary problem is the classic problem of designing efficient data structures that implement associative arrays.


title: Associative array

text: In some cases it is also possible to solve the problem using directly addressed arrays, binary search trees, or other more specialized structures.


title: Associative array

text: Many programming languages include associative arrays as primitive data types, and they are available in software libraries for many others. Content-addressable memory is a form of direct hardware-level support for associative arrays.


title: Associative array

text: Associative arrays have many applications including such fundamental programming patterns as memoization and the decorator pattern.


title: Associative array

text: The name does not come from the associative property known in mathematics. Rather, it arises from the fact that values are associated with keys. It is not to be confused with associative processors.


title: Associative array

text: In an associative array, the association between a key and a value is often known as a "mapping", and the same word mapping may also be used to refer to the process of creating a new association.


title: Associative array

text: In addition, associative arrays may also include other operations such as determining the number of mappings or constructing an iterator to loop over all the mappings. Usually, for such an operation, the order in which the mappings are returned may be implementation-defined.


title: Associative array

text: A multimap generalizes an associative array by allowing multiple values to be associated with a single key. A bidirectional map is a related abstract data type in which the mappings operate in both directions: each value must be associated with a unique key, and a second lookup operation takes a value as an argument and looks up the key associated with that value.


title: Associative array

text: where codice_6 and codice_7 are keys, codice_8 is a value, codice_9 is an associative array, and codice_10 creates a new, empty associative array.


title: Associative array

text: Suppose that the set of loans made by a library is represented in a data structure. Each book in a library may be checked out only by a single library patron at a time. However, a single patron may be able to check out multiple books. Therefore, the information about which books are checked out to which patrons may be represented by an associative array, in which the books are the keys and the patrons are the values. Using notation from Python or JSON, the data structure would be:


title: Associative array

text: A lookup operation on the key "Great Expectations" would return "John". If John returns his book, that would cause a deletion operation, and if Pat checks out a book, that would cause an insertion operation, leading to a different state:


title: Associative array

text: For dictionaries with very small numbers of mappings, it may make sense to implement the dictionary using an association list, a linked list of mappings. With this implementation, the time to perform the basic dictionary operations is linear in the total number of mappings; however, it is easy to implement and the constant factors in its running time are small.


title: Associative array

text: Another very simple implementation technique, usable when the keys are restricted to a narrow range, is direct addressing into an array: the value for a given key "k" is stored at the array cell "A"["k"], or if there is no mapping for "k" then the cell stores a special sentinel value that indicates the absence of a mapping. As well as being simple, this technique is fast: each dictionary operation takes constant time. However, the space requirement for this structure is the size of the entire keyspace, making it impractical unless the keyspace is small.


title: Associative array

text: The most frequently used general purpose implementation of an associative array is with a hash table: an array combined with a hash function that separates each key into a separate "bucket" of the array. The basic idea behind a hash table is that accessing an element of an array via its index is a simple, constant-time operation. Therefore, the average overhead of an operation for a hash table is only the computation of the key's hash, combined with accessing the corresponding bucket within the array. As such, hash tables usually perform in O(1) time, and outperform alternatives in most situations.


title: Associative array

text: Hash tables need to be able to handle collisions: when the hash function maps two different keys to the same bucket of the array. The two most widespread approaches to this problem are separate chaining and open addressing. In separate chaining, the array does not store the value itself but stores a pointer to another container, usually an association list, that stores all of the values matching the hash. On the other hand, in open addressing, if a hash collision is found, then the table seeks an empty spot in an array to store the value in a deterministic manner, usually by looking at the next immediate position in the array.


title: Associative array

text: Open addressing has a lower cache miss ratio than separate chaining when the table is mostly empty. However, as the table becomes filled with more elements, open addressing's performance degrades exponentially. Additionally, separate chaining uses less memory in most cases, unless the entries are very small (less than four times the size of a pointer).


title: Associative array

text: Another common approach is to implement an associative array with a self-balancing binary search tree, such as an AVL tree or a red–black tree.


title: Associative array

text: Compared to hash tables, these structures have both advantages and weaknesses. The worst-case performance of self-balancing binary search trees is significantly better than that of a hash table, with a time complexity in big O notation of O(log "n"). This is in contrast to hash tables, whose worst-case performance involves all elements sharing a single bucket, resulting in O("n") time complexity. In addition, and like all binary search trees, self-balancing binary search trees keep their elements in order. Thus, traversing its elements follows a least-to-greatest pattern, whereas traversing a hash table can result in elements being in seemingly random order. Because they are in-order, tree-based maps can also satisfy range queries (find all values between two bounds) where a hashmap can only find exact values. However, hash tables have a much better average-case time complexity than self-balancing binary search trees of O(1), and their worst-case performance is highly unlikely when a good hash function is used.


title: Associative array

text: It is worth noting that a self-balancing binary search tree can be used to implement the buckets for a hash table that uses separate chaining. This allows for average-case constant lookup, but assures a worst-case performance of O(log "n"). However, this introduces extra complexity into the implementation, and may cause even worse performance for smaller hash tables, where the time spent inserting into and balancing the tree is greater than the time needed to perform a linear search on all of the elements of a linked list or similar data structure.


title: Associative array

text: Associative arrays may also be stored in unbalanced binary search trees or in data structures specialized to a particular type of keys such as radix trees, tries, Judy arrays, or van Emde Boas trees, though the ability of these implementation methods within comparison to hash tables varies; for instance, Judy trees remain indicated to perform with a smaller quantity of efficiency than hash tables, while carefully selected hash tables generally perform with increased efficiency in comparison to adaptive radix trees, with potentially greater restrictions on the types of data that they can handle. The advantages of these alternative structures come from their ability to handle operations beyond the basic ones of an associative array, such as finding the mapping whose key is the closest to a queried key, when the query is not itself present in the set of mappings.


title: Associative array

text: The basic definition of the dictionary does not mandate an order. To guarantee a fixed order of enumeration, ordered versions of the associative array are often used. There are two senses of an ordered dictionary:


title: Associative array

text: The latter sense of ordered dictionaries are more commonly encountered. They can be implemented using an association list, by overlaying a doubly linked list on top of a normal dictionary, or by moving the actual data out of the sparse (unordered) array and into a dense insertion-ordered one.


title: Associative array

text: Associative arrays can be implemented in any programming language as a package and many language systems provide them as part of their standard library. In some languages, they are not only built into the standard system, but have special syntax, often using array-like subscripting.


title: Associative array

text: Built-in syntactic support for associative arrays was introduced in 1969 by SNOBOL4, under the name "table". TMG offered tables with string keys and integer values. MUMPS made multi-dimensional associative arrays, optionally persistent, its key data structure. SETL supported them as one possible implementation of sets and maps. Most modern scripting languages, starting with AWK and including Rexx, Perl, PHP, Tcl, JavaScript, Maple, Python, Ruby, Wolfram Language, Go, and Lua, support associative arrays as a primary container type. In many more languages, they are available as library functions without special syntax.


title: Associative array

text: In Smalltalk, Objective-C, .NET, Python, REALbasic, Swift, VBA and Delphi they are called "dictionaries"; in Perl, Ruby and Seed7 they are called "hashes"; in C++, Java, Go, Clojure, Scala, OCaml, Haskell they are called "maps" (see map (C++), unordered_map (C++), and ); in Common Lisp and Windows PowerShell, they are called "hash tables" (since both typically use this implementation); in Maple and Lua, they are called "tables". In PHP, all arrays can be associative, except that the keys are limited to integers and strings. In JavaScript (see also JSON), all objects behave as associative arrays with string-valued keys, while the Map and WeakMap types take arbitrary objects as keys. In Lua, they are used as the primitive building block for all data structures. In Visual FoxPro, they are called "Collections". The D language also has support for associative arrays.


title: Associative array

text: Many programs using associative arrays will at some point need to store that data in a more permanent form, like in a computer file. A common solution to this problem is a generalized concept known as "archiving" or "serialization", which produces a text or binary representation of the original objects that can be written directly to a file. This is most commonly implemented in the underlying object model, like .Net or Cocoa, which include standard functions that convert the internal data into text form. The program can create a complete text representation of any group of objects by calling these methods, which are almost always already implemented in the base associative array class.


title: Associative array

text: For programs that use very large data sets, this sort of individual file storage is not appropriate, and a database management system (DB) is required. Some DB systems natively store associative arrays by serializing the data and then storing that serialized data and the key. Individual arrays can then be loaded or saved from the database using the key to refer to them. These key–value stores have been used for many years and have a history as long as that as the more common relational database (RDBs), but a lack of standardization, among other reasons, limited their use to certain niche roles. RDBs were used for these roles in most cases, although saving objects to a RDB can be complicated, a problem known as object-relational impedance mismatch.


title: Associative array

text: After , the need for high performance databases suitable for cloud computing and more closely matching the internal structure of the programs using them led to a renaissance in the key–value store market. These systems can store and retrieve associative arrays in a native fashion, which can greatly improve performance in common web-related workflows.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: Amitabh Bhattacharya (born 16 November 1976) is an Indian lyricist and playback singer who works in Bollywood films. He shot to fame with the film "Dev.D" with the song "Emotional Atyachar" turning an instant hit. He sang this song under the name "Band Master Rangeela And Rasila". He also lent his voice to this song with Amit Trivedi. He has been continuously writing lyrics for a variety of Bollywood movies since then and has also sung a few of them. Bhattacharya has also maintained a close association with Amit Trivedi since their first film "Aamir". He has written the lyrics or sang for most of the film albums composed by the latter. His lyrics have been variously described as "frillfree" and "smartly worded".


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: A National Award-winning lyricist, he has won the National Award for the song "Agar Zindagi" from the film "I Am". He won his first Filmfare award for the song "Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin" in 2012. In his song-writing career he has won highest number of awards, precisely 9, for the song "Channa Mereya" to date.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: Some of his written songs are "Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin", "Channa Mereya", "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil", "Bulleya", "Kabira", "Balam Pichkari", "Badtameez Dil", "Mast Magan", "Raabta", "Zehnaseeb", "Abhi Mujh Mein Kahin", "Naina", "Khairiyat", "Manja", "Janam Janam" , "Zinda Hoon", "Gerua", "Zaalima", "Sapna Jahan", "Sweetheart", "Namo Namo" "Ghar More Pardesiya", "First Class", "Kalank Title Track", "Param Sundari" etc.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: Bhattacharya was born into a Bengali family. He completed his schooling from Spring Dale College, Indira Nagar, Lucknow in 1995 and completed his Graduation from Lucknow University in 1999 before venturing out to Mumbai for becoming a singer.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: In a prolific interview given to the "Times of India" in 2013, Bhattacharya said that he migrated to Mumbai from Lucknow harbouring dreams of becoming a singer fourteen years ago (1999). He stood in the long queues in front of music composers' office and gave them demo "Audio Cassettes" to listen to him. But it didn't bear any fruit.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: He went up to music composer & director Pritam Chakraborty. It was Pritam who gave him work and allowed him to assist.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: During his struggling days, he started writing lyrics for Advertisement jingles to lower his frustration of not getting work. He learned the art of song-writing during those struggling days.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: In the year 2004, when his friend Amartya Rahut introduced him to music composer Amit Trivedi, Trivedi and Rahut, who often composed music for television channels, took Bhattacharya as a dummy singer to give presentations of his music. Trivedi also urged him to write rough lyrics. While writing lyrics, Bhattacharya discovered that he had an innate talent of giving words to tunes. Over the years, Trivedi and Bhattacharya became good friends.


title: Amitabh Bhattacharya

text: His major breakthrough came when Trivedi was working upon the music of Anurag Kashyap's Dev.D, Trivedi insisted Bhattacharya to write rough lyrics. Bhattacharya wrote the lyrics for the songs of Dev.D, and most of its major songs became a hit, thus nearly ending 8 years of his struggle for recognition.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: Kirk Brandon (born 3 August 1956) is an English musician best known as the leader of the bands Theatre of Hate and Spear of Destiny and a former lover of Boy George.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: Brandon's music career started in 1978, in Clapham, south London, with the formation of punk group The Pack, in which he was the singer and songwriter.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: The Pack consisted of Brandon, Scottish-born drummer Rab Fae Beith and two Canadian brothers, Simon and Jon Werner on guitars. The last live gig by The Pack took place at the 101 club in Clapham.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: Brandon then formed the post punk new wave band Theatre of Hate in 1980 recruiting Stan Stammers on bass guitar, Nigel Preston on drums, Billy Duffy on guitar and John 'Boy' Lennard on saxophone. Theatre of Hate had their largest hit from the "Westworld" album with the single "Do You Believe in the Westworld?", which achieved #40 in the UK Singles Chart in January 1982, while the album rose to #17 in the UK Albums Chart in March 1982.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: Theatre of Hate disbanded in 1983. Brandon and Stammers were then joined by Lascelles James on saxophone and Chris Bell on drums to form Spear of Destiny. The new band adopted a more melodic and less aggressive sound, distancing themselves from post-punk and moving a little more towards mainstream pop.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: While continuing to explore the political ideas that he wrote about in Theatre of Hate, Brandon's lyrics for Spear of Destiny dealt more frequently with the classic pop themes of love and romance. Many line-up changes followed with the band swelling to a 6 piece and then contracting back to a 4 piece. The band's reputation as a live act never translated itself into record sales, and Spear of Destiny only had one Top 20 hit.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: In 2003, Brandon did a solo tour as support to The Alarm on their 'Poppyfields' tour. His set included some new material played on an acoustic guitar with electric pick up, as well as some material from his time with Theatre of Hate and Spear of Destiny.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: In later years he performed in the punk supergroup, Dead Men Walking, before reforming and touring with Spear Of Destiny in 2007 and 2008.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: Brandon continues to tour with both Spear of Destiny and Theatre of Hate, as well as a revamped Dead Men Walking, playing occasionally as The Pack, and acoustic shows including with cellist Sam Sansbury.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: As a boy, Kirk Brandon attended Churston Ferrers Grammar School in Devon. In 1987, Brandon developed reactive arthritis and could not walk for more than a year. Brandon was married in 1994 to a Danish woman, Christina. Shortly after he was declared bankrupt.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: In 1997, Brandon sued the singer Boy George for malicious falsehood and lost. George revealed details of his love for Brandon and their romantic and sexual affair in his 1995 autobiography "Take It Like a Man". Brandon claimed that stories about the gay affair in the early 1980s damaged his career as a musician. He also objected to the lyrics of a Boy George song, "Unfinished Business", which apparently were aimed at him: "I hear you married a Danish girl ... You break your promise easily ... You lie, you lie, you lie. Yeah tough guy, you know exactly what I mean." Brandon demanded damages from Boy George, George's publishers, Sidgwick and Jackson, and also Virgin Records and EMI Virgin Music Publishing. The judge ruled in favour of the defendants, and ordered Brandon to pay some of their legal costs.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: In January 2008, Brandon sued GlaxoSmithKline UK over personal injuries as a result of taking the anti-depressant drug Seroxat. Brandon had heart surgery in 2011. He was a tutor at the Brighton Institute of Modern Music in 2012.


title: Kirk Brandon

text: Brandon was portrayed by the actor Richard Madden in the 2010 television film "Worried About the Boy", a dramatisation of Boy George's rise to fame in the early 1980s.


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod ( ; CM) is a discontinued open-source operating system for mobile devices, based on the Android mobile platform. It was developed as free and open-source software based on the official releases of Android by Google, with added original and third-party code, and based on a rolling release development model. Although only a subset of total CyanogenMod users elected to report their use of the firmware, on 23 March 2015, some reports indicated that over 50 million people ran CyanogenMod on their phones. It was also frequently used as a starting point by developers of other ROMs.


title: CyanogenMod

text: In 2013, the founder, Stefanie Kondik, obtained venture funding under the name Cyanogen Inc. to allow commercialization of the project. However, the company did not, in her view, capitalize on the project's success, and in 2016 she left or was forced out as part of a corporate restructure, which involved a change of CEO, closure of offices and projects, and cessation of services, and therefore left uncertainty over the future of the company. The code itself, being open source, was later forked, and its development continues as a community project under the LineageOS name.


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod offered features and options not found in the official firmware distributed by mobile device vendors. Features supported by CyanogenMod included native theme support, FLAC audio codec support, a large Access Point Name list, "Privacy Guard" (per-application permission management application), support for tethering over common interfaces, CPU overclocking and other performance enhancements, unlockable bootloader and root access, soft buttons, status bar customisation and other "tablet tweaks", toggles in the notification pull-down (such as Wi-Fi, Bluetooth and GPS), and other interface enhancements. CyanogenMod did not contain spyware or bloatware, according to its developers. CyanogenMod was also said to increase performance and reliability compared with official firmware releases.


title: CyanogenMod

text: The name "CyanogenMod" derived from "cyanogen" (the name of a chemical compound adopted as a nickname by Kondik) + Mod (a term for user-developed modifications, known as modding).


title: CyanogenMod

text: Soon after the introduction of HTC Dream (named the "T-Mobile G1" in the United States) mobile phone in September 2008, a method was discovered to attain privileged control (termed "root access") within Android's Linux-based subsystem. Having root access, combined with the open-source nature of the Android operating system, allowed the phone's stock firmware to be modified and re-installed onto the phone.


title: CyanogenMod

text: In the following year, modified firmware for the Dream was developed and distributed by Android enthusiasts. One, maintained by a developer named "JesusFreke", became popular among Dream owners. After Google issued its Android RC30 over-the-air update in November 2008 that fixed the bug that had previously been used for root access, he began offering modified versions that restored root access and gradually expanded them. In August 2009, JesusFreke stopped work on his firmware and suggested users to switch to a version of his ROM that had been further enhanced by developer "Cyanogen" (the online name used by Stefanie Kondik, a Samsung software engineer) called "CyanogenMod" (user adaptations being often known as modding).


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod grew in popularity, and a community of developers, called the CyanogenMod Team (and informally "Team Douche") made contributions. Within a few months, the number of devices and features supported by CyanogenMod blossomed, and CyanogenMod became one of the popular Android firmware distributions.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Similar to many open-source projects, CyanogenMod was developed using a distributed revision control system with the official repositories being hosted on GitHub. Contributors submit new features or bugfix changes using Gerrit. Contributions may be tested by anyone, voted up or down by registered users, and ultimately accepted into the code by one of a handful of CyanogenMod developers.


title: CyanogenMod

text: A version of ADW.Launcher, an alternative launcher (home screen) for the Android operating system, became the default launcher on CyanogenMod 5.0.8. The launcher provides additional features not provided by the default Android launcher, including more customization abilities (including icon themes, effects, and behavior), the ability to backup and restore configuration settings, and other features. As of version 9, CyanogenMod's own launcher, Trebuchet, is included with the firmware.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Initially, CyanogenMod releases were provided on a nightly, milestone, and "stable version" schedule; as of CyanogenMod 11 M6, the "stable" label will no longer be used, having been supplanted by "milestone" "M-builds" that are part of the CyanogenMod's rolling release development model.


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod 7 firmware is based on Android 2.3 Gingerbread with additional custom code contributed by the CyanogenMod Team. The custom portions of CyanogenMod are primarily written by Cyanogen (Stefanie Kondik) but include contributions from the xda-developers community (such as an improved launcher tray, dialer, and browser) and code from established open-source projects (such as BusyBox in the shell).


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod 7 development began when Google released Android 2.3's source code. On 15 February 2011, the first release candidates of CyanogenMod 7 were rolled out on several of the supported devices. The fourth release candidate was released on 30 March 2011 and brought increased support for the Nook Color and similar devices, as well as many bug fixes. On 11 April 2011, the public version of CyanogenMod 7.0 was released, based on Android 2.3.3. CyanogenMod 7.1 was released on 10 October 2011, based on Android 2.3.4. The latest stable version, CyanogenMod 7.2 was released on 16 June 2012, based on Android 2.3.7, bringing a predictive phone dialer, lock-screen updates, ICS animation backports and many bug fixes.


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod version 8 was planned to be based on Android 3.x Honeycomb. However, as the source code for Honeycomb wasn't provided by Google until it appeared in the source tree history of its successor, Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich, the release schedule advanced from CyanogenMod 7 (Gingerbread) directly to CyanogenMod 9 (Ice Cream Sandwich).


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod 9 is based on Google's Android 4.0 Ice Cream Sandwich and is the first version of CyanogenMod to use the Trebuchet launcher. Stefanie Kondik and her team have announced that they had begun work on the new release after Google released the source code of Android 4.0.1. Development on this release took longer than with previous releases due to the significance of the changes between Android 2.3 "Gingerbread" and 4.0 "Ice Cream Sandwich", and the team took this opportunity to clarify their vision for the ROM and rethink any modifications which were no longer necessary due to improvements within Android.


title: CyanogenMod

text: By the last days of November 2011, some alpha versions had been distributed, in particular for the Samsung mobile phones Nexus S and Galaxy S. On 9 August 2012, after various betas and release candidates, CyanogenMod released the finished version of CyanogenMod 9. Given that the next version of Android, 4.1 "Jelly Bean", had already been released by that point, development moved swiftly on to CyanogenMod 10. On 29 August 2012, CyanogenMod released a minor update, version 9.1.0, bringing bugfixes and an app called SimplyTapp for NFC payments.


title: CyanogenMod

text: On 4 April 2012, during development, CyanogenMod unveiled "Cid" (pronounced ), the new CyanogenMod mascot, which replaced the previous mascot, Andy the skateboarding "bugdroid". Designed by user "Ciao", Cid (C.I.D.) is an abbreviation of "Cyanogenmod ID".


title: CyanogenMod

text: On 6 November 2013 the CyanogenMod team started pushing the code of CyanogenMod 11, based on Android 4.4 KitKat, to GitHub. The first nightly release of CyanogenMod 11.0 began rolling out for a selected number of devices on 5 December 2013. Since then, M-builds have been released every month for supported devices, offering a more stable experience than nightlies. With build M6 it was clarified that CyanogenMod would no longer be releasing final builds specially tagged "stable", but instead would utilize the rolling release model with M-builds representing a stable channel.


title: CyanogenMod

text: The global OnePlus One is shipped with a variant of CyanogenMod 11 M9 known as "CyanogenMod 11S". The latest version of CyanogenMod 11S for the One is 11.0-XNPH05Q, based on CyanogenMod 11 M11 and Android 4.4.4 "KitKat", and was released as an over-the-air (OTA) update in February 2015.


title: CyanogenMod

text: The first nightly release of CyanogenMod 12, based on Android 5.0 Lollipop, began rolling out for a selected number of devices on 6 January 2015. A stable snapshot was released on 25 June 2015, and a security patch snapshot was released on 1 September 2015.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Cyanogen OS 12, a variant of CyanogenMod 12 for the OnePlus One and Yu Yureka was released in April 2015. Yu Yuphoria got Cyanogen OS 12 out-of-the-box when it was launched in May 2015.


title: CyanogenMod

text: The first nightly release of CyanogenMod 12.1, based on Android 5.1, was announced on . A stable snapshot build was released on 1 September 2015, but nightly builds continue to roll out every day.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Lenovo ZUK Z1, Wileyfox Swift and Storm got Cyanogen OS 12.1 out-of-the-box when it was launched in September 2015.


title: CyanogenMod

text: The first nightly release of CyanogenMod 13.0, based on Android 6.0, was released on for a small number of devices, but was gradually developed for other devices. A few weeks after the first nightly release of CyanogenMod 13.0 for Android 6.0, CyanogenMod was given a minor update and was based on Android 6.0.1. First stable builds were released on 2016-03-15.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Due to the early release of Android 7.1, CyanogenMod skipped producing nightly builds for CyanogenMod 14.0. Code initially written for CyanogenMod 14 was cherry-picked into the cm-14.1 branch.


title: CyanogenMod

text: The first experimental build of Cyanogenmod 14.1 based on Android 7.1 was released for Oneplus 3 devices on 4 November 2016. On 8 November 2016, official nightlies began for angler (Huawei Nexus 6P), bullhead (LG Nexus 5X), cancro (Xiaomi Mi3w/Mi4), d855 (LG G3), falcon/peregrine/thea/titan/osprey (Moto G variants), h811/h815 (LG G4), klte/kltedv/kltespr/klteusc/kltevzw (Samsung Galaxy S5), oneplus3 (OnePlus 3), Z00L/Z00T (ZenFone 2). It is missing some of the signature features of CyanogenMod, however, and was considered a "work in progress". This version will add multi-window support.


title: CyanogenMod

text: In December 2016 the CyanogenMod developer group forked and re-branded the CyanogenMod code into a new project named LineageOS, which is built on top of CyanogenMod versions 13 and 14.1 and uses the name LineageOS for subsequent releases. This project is supported by the community-operated LineageOS Project. LineageOS version 15.1 is the first release fully controlled by the new LineageOS team, although it will continue to include many of the common features previously provided in CyanogenMod.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Cyanogen Inc. was an American venture-funded company with offices in Seattle, Washington and Palo Alto, California, announced officially in September 2013, which aimed to commercialize CyanogenMod. The funding was led by Mitch Lasky of Benchmark and raised $7 million. It began when Kirt McMaster approached Stefanie Kondik on LinkedIn in 2013, to discuss possible commercialization of the project.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Rumors of plans to commercialize CyanogenMod, as well as the subsequent announcement of Cyanogen Inc., led to a certain level of discord within the CyanogenMod community. Several CyanogenMod developers raised concerns that developers who had provided their work in the past were not being appropriately acknowledged or compensated for their free work on what was now a commercial project, further that the original ethos of the community project was being undermined and that these concerns were not being adequately addressed by Cyanogen Inc. Examples include the "Focal" camera app developer Guillaume Lesniak ("xplodwild") whose app was withdrawn from CyanogenMod allegedly following demands by the new company to adopt closed-source modifications and licensing.


title: CyanogenMod

text: In response, Stefanie Kondik affirmed commitment to the community, stating that the majority of CyanogenMod historically did not use GPL but the Apache licence (the same license used by Google for Android), and dual licensing was being proposed in order to offer "a stronger degree of protection for contributors... while still offering CM some of the freedoms that the Apache license offers":


title: CyanogenMod

text: Developer "Entropy512" also observed that CyanogenMod was legally bound by its position to make some of the firmware changes, because of the Android license and marketing conditions ("CTS terms"), which specify what apps may and may not do, and these were raised in part by Android developers at Google informally speculatively as a result of perceptions of CyanogenMod's high profile in the market.


title: CyanogenMod

text: In January 2015, it was reported that Microsoft had invested in Cyanogen, and that this might be part of a strategy to create an Android version that worked well with Microsoft platforms. In April 2015, Cyanogen announced a strategic partnership with Microsoft, to integrate Microsoft apps and services into Cyanogen OS. In January 2016, Cyanogen rolled out an update that started presenting Microsoft applications when a user attempts to open certain file types on Cyanogen OS phones.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Despite the popularity of CyanogenMod as a custom ROM, Cyanogen Inc. failed to persuade phone companies to use its version of Android. In July 2016 it fired around 30 of its 136 staff and management, including its product head, and closed its Seattle office (other offices were described as "gutted"), as part of a strategic change by the newly employed Chief Operating Officer Lior Tal. CEO Kirt McMaster also stepped down from his role in October 2016 with Tal becoming CEO at that point, and CyanogenMod founder Stefanie Kondik was believed to have been removed from the board and left a month later in November 2016.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Media analysis focused on dubious management decisions at Cyanogen Inc. as part of the reason for the failure. In 2014 the company abruptly notified its existing partner OnePlus – who used CyanogenMod for its phones and had just launched models in India – that it had reached an exclusive agreement covering India with another supplier, leading to an acrimonious breakup of their relationship, which was described in the media as "practically screwing over" and "betraying" OnePlus and a "surprisingly childish" move; OnePlus was banned from selling in India as a result. Subsequently, Cyanogen's CEO boasted of their intention to displace Google in controlling the Android operating system. Unable to gain sufficient uptake of its operating system, it then shifted focus and fired its core team and replaced its CEO, before shutting down its core operating system development operations.


title: CyanogenMod

text: A day after leaving, Stefanie Kondik wrote a blog post in which she stated that in hindsight, she had trusted and hired "the wrong people", who had not shared a common vision, and that she had ended up unable to prevent the failure of the company and the forming of a "new team" in its place. She drew attention to her own part in the failure, the loss of rights to the "CyanogenMod" name by the community, and to the rift in perception among Android developers (""The rest of the ROM community seems to be highly dependent on us, but simultaneously wants us dead. How on earth do you fix this?""). She asked the community to consider forking and rebranding the source code, possibly with some form of crowdfunding based on the project's underlying popularity.


title: CyanogenMod

text: On 23 December 2016, Cyanogen Inc. announced that it was shutting down the infrastructure behind CyanogenMod. This was shortly followed by news that the main CyanogenMod project would migrate, renaming itself as "LineageOS". On 24 December 2016, Head of Developer Relations and community forum administrator Abhisek Devkota, a Cyanogen "core team" member, wrote that the community had lost its "last remaining advocate" within the company and its voice in Cyanogen Inc. and its software's future. He stated that while "that this most recent action from [Cyanogen Inc.] is definitely a death blow for CyanogenMod", the community had already begun taking the steps needed to fork the project under a new name and aimed to return to its grassroots origins while retaining professional approaches adopted during the Cyanogen Inc. era. Due to the negative connotations attached to Cyanogen Inc's conduct, as well as the scope for legal dispute, the forked project decided not to use the existing brand names "Cyanogen" or "CyanogenMod", which in any case belonged to the company.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Early responses of tablet and smartphone manufacturers and mobile carriers were typically unsupportive of third-party firmware development such as CyanogenMod. Manufacturers expressed concern about improper functioning of devices running unofficial software and the related support costs. Moreover, modified firmware such as CyanogenMod sometimes offer features for which carriers would otherwise charge a premium (e.g., tethering). As a result, technical obstacles including locked bootloaders and restricted access to root permissions were common in many devices.


title: CyanogenMod

text: However, as community-developed software has grown more popular and following a statement by the U.S. Library of Congress that permits "jailbreaking" mobile devices, manufacturers and carriers have softened their position regarding CyanogenMod and other unofficial firmware distributions, with some, including HTC, Motorola, Samsung and Sony Ericsson, providing support and encouraging development. As a result of this, in 2011 the need to circumvent hardware restrictions to install unofficial firmware lessened as an increasing number of devices shipped with unlocked or unlockable bootloaders, similar to the Nexus series of phones. Device manufacturers HTC and Motorola announced that they would support aftermarket software developers by making the bootloaders of all new devices unlockable, although this still violates a device's warranty. Samsung sent several Galaxy S II phones to the CyanogenMod team with the express purpose of bringing CyanogenMod to the device, and mobile carrier T-Mobile US voiced its support for the CyanogenMod project, tweeting "CM7 is great!".


title: CyanogenMod

text: Until version 4.1.11.1, CyanogenMod included proprietary software applications provided by Google, such as Gmail, Maps, Android Market (now known as Play Store), Talk (now Hangouts), and YouTube, as well as proprietary hardware drivers. These packages were included with the vendor distributions of Android, but not licensed for free distribution. After Google sent a cease and desist letter to CyanogenMod's chief developer, Stefanie Kondik, in late September 2009 demanding she stop distributing the aforementioned applications, development ceased for a few days. The reaction from many CyanogenMod users towards Google was hostile, with some claiming that Google's legal threats hurt their own interests, violated their informal corporate motto "Don't be evil" and was a challenge to the open-source community Google claimed to embrace.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Following a statement from Google clarifying its position and a subsequent negotiation between Google and Cyanogen, it was resolved that the CyanogenMod project would continue, in a form that did not directly bundle in the proprietary "Google Experience" components. It was determined that the proprietary Google apps may be backed-up from the Google-supplied firmware on the phone and then re-installed onto CyanogenMod releases without infringing copyright.


title: CyanogenMod

text: On 28 September 2009, Cyanogen warned that while issues no longer remain with Google, there were still potential licensing problems regarding proprietary, closed-source device drivers. On 30 September 2009, Cyanogen posted an update on the matter. Kondik wrote she was rebuilding the source tree, and that she believed the licensing issues with drivers could be worked out. She added that she was also receiving assistance from Google employees. On 16 June 2012, the CyanogenMod 7.2 release announcement stated: "CyanogenMod does still include various hardware-specific code, which is also slowly being open-sourced anyway."


title: CyanogenMod

text: Replicant is a CyanogenMod fork that removes all proprietary software and drivers and thus avoids all aforementioned legal issues. However, Replicant does not support devices that depend on proprietary drivers, which is most phones as of 2016.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Cyanogen commercially developed operating systems that came pre-installed on some devices (OnePlus One, YU Yureka, YU Yuphoria, Andromax Q, BQ Aquaris X5, Lenovo ZUK Z1, Wileyfox Swift, Wileyfox Storm, Alcatel ONETOUCH POP Mirage) based upon the CyanogenMod source code.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Cyanogen OS is often distributed with additional bundled proprietary apps such as the Google Play ecosystem, and a suite of software unique to Cyanogen OS known as C-Apps. CyanogenMod does not include either by default, but users can obtain them separately if they wish.


title: CyanogenMod

text: Initially distinguished with the suffix -S "(CyanogenMod 11S)", with version 12 Cyanogen rebranded the custom offering as Cyanogen OS. Cyanogen started pushing Cyanogen OS 13 based on Android 6.0.1 to OnePlus One phones OTA on 9 April 2016 phase wise by the code name ZNH0EAS26M. CyanogenMod can be installed on Cyanogen OS devices.


title: CyanogenMod

text: CyanogenMod officially supported a large number of devices, including most Nexus and Google Play Edition devices. It provided SNAPSHOT (stable) and NIGHTLY builds for more than 150 devices (on the development branch).


title: Amy Van Nostrand

text: Amy Van Nostrand (born April 11, 1953) is an American actress. She has appeared on Broadway in "The Hothouse" by Harold Pinter; off-Broadway, she appeared in Pearl Theatre's "Dance With Me".


title: Amy Van Nostrand

text: On Broadway, Van Nostrand appeared as Miss Cutts in "The Hothouse". She has worked with many regional theatres including Huntington Theatre Company, George Street Playhouse, Williamstown Theatre Festival, Coast Playhouse, Pittsburgh Public Theater, Trinity Rep, Weston Playhouse Theatre Company, and The People's Light & Theatre Company.


title: Amy Van Nostrand

text: In film and television her credits include "Partners in Crime", "Outside Providence", "Execution of Justice", "Say You’ll Be Mine", "Deception", "The House of Mirth", "Made in Heaven", "The Fugitive," "Frasier," "The Practice," "Wings," "Trial By Jury," "Dangerous Heart," "Almost Grown," "Over My Dead Body," "L.A. Law," "Cagney and Lacey," "The Flood," "Kids Like These," "Vietnam War Stories," "Family Album, U.S.A.," and "One Life to Live".


title: Amy Van Nostrand

text: Amy Van Nostrand is an Associate Producer with "Seven Girlfriends" and a Member of Board of Directors for Weston Playhouse Theatre Company.


title: Amy Van Nostrand

text: She won the Dramalogue Award for Outstanding Actress for "The Colorado Catechism" by Vincent J. Cardinal.


title: Amy Van Nostrand

text: Amy Van Nostrand married actor Tim Daly in 1982, and they divorced in 2010. They have two children, Sam Daly and Emelyn Daly.


title: Old Saxony

text: "Old Saxony" is the original homeland of the Saxons. It corresponds roughly to the modern German states of Lower Saxony, eastern part of modern North Rhine-Westphalia state (Westphalia), Nordalbingia (Holstein, southern part of Schleswig-Holstein) and western Saxony-Anhalt (Eastphalia), which all lie in northwestern Germany. It had four provinces: Nordalbingia, Eastphalia, Westphalia and Angria or Angaria, these provinces, in turn, were divided into smaller territories, the gaue, which are equivalent to modern Districts of Germany ("Kreise"), and were equivalent to the English shires (modern counties).


title: Old Saxony

text: It should not be confused with the modern German state of Saxony, which is in eastern Germany, adjoining the northwest border of the Czech Republic.


title: Old Saxony

text: Tacitus in his 1st century work "De Origine et situ Germanorum" ascribes several tribes of Germanic peoples inhabiting the northern seaboard and interior lands later called "Old Saxony", viz;


title: Old Saxony

text: "(English translation)" "There follow in order the Reudignians, and Aviones, and Angles, and Varinians, and Eudoses, and Suardones and Nuithones; all defended by rivers or forests. Nor in one of these nations does aught remarkable occur, only that they universally join in the worship of "Herthum (Nerthus)"; that is to say, the Mother Earth." —Tacitus, "Germania, 40, translated 1877 by Church and Brodribb.


title: Old Saxony

text: Tacitus believed that these tribal precursors of the Saxons were the original and ancient inhabitants of this land. Modern linguistic and archaeological evidence tends to support this.


title: Old Saxony

text: Ptolemy's "Geographia", written in the 2nd century, is sometimes considered to contain the first mentioning of the Saxons. Some copies of this text mention a tribe called "Saxones" in the area to the north of the lower River Elbe, thought to derive from the word "Sax" or stone knife.


title: Old Saxony

text: However, other copies call the same tribe "Axones", and it is considered likely that it is a misspelling of the tribe that Tacitus in his "Germania" called "Aviones". These earliest known tribal Saxons inhabited "Northern Albingia", a region bordering the northern bank of the mouth of River Elbe in what is now Western Holstein. As land became scarce, the Saxon population began to expand southward where it absorbed indigenous populations such as Cherusci, Chamavi and Chatti, and remaining portions of the Langobardi (Lombards) and Suebi. This broader domain is called "Old Saxony". The Chauci, according to Tacitus, also lived in the general area later known as "Old Saxony" and were highly respected among Germanic tribes. He describes them as peaceful, calm, and levelheaded. At some point they may have merged with, or were perhaps synonymous to, the Saxons.


title: Old Saxony

text: Saxons had been raiding the eastern seaboard of Britain from here during the 3rd and 4th centuries (prompting the construction of maritime defences in eastern Britain called the Saxon Shore) and it is thought that following the collapse of the Roman defences on the Rhine in 407 pressure from population movements in the east forced the Saxons and their neighbouring tribes the Angles and the Jutes to migrate westwards by sea and invade the fertile lowland areas of Britain. The traditional date for this invasion is 449 and is known as the Adventus Saxonum. This began a vicious 400-year war of occupation and led to the creation of various Saxon kingdoms in England including that of the South Saxons (Sussex), the West Saxons (Wessex) and the East Saxons (Essex) alongside others established by the Angles and the Jutes and are the foundations of the modern English nation.


title: Old Saxony

text: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the 5th century the Old Saxons who remained in "Germania" were loosely associated with the Merovingian kingdom of Franks, but practically remained independent and maintained their old pagan religion (for more on this see: Germanic paganism). The Saxon pagan religion appears to have focused on the worship of the Irminsul or "great pillar"; a divine tree that connected Heaven and Earth and is thought to have existed at a site close to modern Obermarsberg.


title: Old Saxony

text: For the most part, the Saxon lands were a broad plain, save on the south, where they rose into hills and the low mountainous country of the Harz and Hesse. This low divide was all that separated the country of the Saxons from their ancient enemies and ultimate conquerors, the Franks. The lack of clear physical definition along this border, from time immemorial, had been the cause of incessant tribal conflict between them. Saxons as inhabitants of present-day Northern Germany are mentioned in 555, when Theudebald, the Frankish king, died and the Saxons used this opportunity for war. The Saxons were defeated by Chlothar I, Theudebald's successor. Some of their Frankish successors fought against the Saxons, while others were allied with them; Chlothar II won a decisive victory against the Saxons.


title: Old Saxony

text: In 690, two priests called Ewald the Black and Ewald the Fair set out from Northumbria to convert the Old Saxons to Christianity. It is recorded that at this time Old Saxony was divided into the ancient dioceses of Münster, Osnabrück, and Paderborn. However, by 695 the pagan Saxons had become extremely hostile to the Christian priests and missionaries in their midst and began to realize that their aim was to convert their overlord and destroy their temples and religion. Ewald the Fair was quickly murdered, but Ewald the Black they subjected to torture, and he was torn limb from limb. Afterwards the two bodies were cast into the Rhine. This is understood to have happened on 3 October 695 at a place called Aplerbeck, near Dortmund, where a chapel still stands. The two Ewalds are now celebrated in Westphalia as saints.


title: Old Saxony

text: Their reluctance to accept the new Christian religion and propensity to mount destructive raids on their neighbours would eventually bring them into direct conflict with Charlemagne, the powerful king of the Franks and later emperor. After a bloody and highly attritious thirty-year campaign between 772–804 the Old Saxons led by Widukind were eventually subdued by Charlemagne and ultimately forced to convert to Christianity.


title: Old Saxony

text: The bonds of kindred and clan were particularly strong among the Saxons, and in spite of many divisions the Saxons were an unusually homogeneous nation living as late as the 8th century as the early Germans described by Tacitus in "Germania" had lived. The long warfare with the Franks largely reduced but did not wholly obliterate their distinct cultural identity.


title: Old Saxony

text: Adam of Bremen, writing in the 11th century, compared the shape of Old Saxony to a triangle, and estimated from angle to angle the distance was eight days journey. In area Old Saxony was the greatest of the German tribal duchies. It included the entire territory between the lower Elbe and Saale rivers almost to the Rhine. Between the mouths of the Elbe and the Weser it bordered the North Sea. The only parts of the territory which lay across the Elbe were the counties of Holstein and Ditmarsch. The tribal lands were roughly divided into four kindred groups: the "Angrians", along the right bank of the Weser; the "Westphalians", along the Ems and the Lippe; the "Eastphalians", on the left bank of the Weser; and the "Nordalbingians", in modern Holstein. But not even with these four tribal groups was the term of tribal division reached. For the Saxon “nation” was really a loose collection of clans of kindred stock. For example, the Nordalbingians alone were divided into lesser groups: "Holsteiners", "Sturmarii", "Bardi", and the men of "Ditmarsch".


title: Old Saxony

text: Old Saxony is the place from which most of the raids and later colonisations of Britain were mounted. The region was called "Old Saxony" by the later descendants of Anglo-Saxon migrants to Britain, and their new colonies in Wessex and elsewhere were the "New Saxony" or "Seaxna". In Germany, the Saxon lands were known simply as "Saxony" (Modern German: "Sachsen") and only later came to be called "Lower Saxony", to differentiate those original Saxon tribal territories from what became the Kingdom of Saxony or "Upper Saxony" in territories far to the south-east of the original Saxon homeland. The Anglo-Saxon writer Bede claimed in his work "Historia ecclesiastica gentis Anglorum" (731) that Old Saxony was the area between the Elbe, the Weser and the Eider in the north and north-west of modern Germany and was a territory beyond the borders of the Roman Empire.


title: Old Saxony

text: It has been claimed that the Old Saxons were composed of an aristocracy of nobles, a free warrior class of distinction and renown, leading freemen united and controlled by ancient custom of kindred and clan.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: Edgardo Jose Santiago Valenciano (, born August 6, 1964), also known as Gary V., is a Filipino singer-songwriter, dancer, musician, actor, music producer and television host. Valenciano has released 39 albums, and won the Awit Award for "Best Male Performer" twelve times.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: He is currently part of ABS-CBN's contract artists, having been a mainstay of the Sunday noontime musical variety show "ASAP" and the noontime, weekday singing contest segment of "It's Showtime". Valenciano is frequently tapped to sing theme songs for the network's soap operas and in-house film arm, Star Cinema. Aside from music, he is UNICEF Philippines' first National Ambassador, since 1998.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: Valenciano was given the ASAP Elite Platinum Circle Award several times for his achievements in the local music industry. In his 34 years in the music industry, he has been awarded multi-platinum recording awards for most of his full-length studio albums.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: Gary Valenciano was born in Santa Mesa district of City of Manila on August 6, 1964. He is the sixth of seven children of Vicente Calacas Valenciano, a Bicolano from Camalig, Albay and Grimilda Santiago y Olmo (1934–2019) from Arecibo, Puerto Rico. His parents met in New York City, married, and settled in Manila. His mother is a Puerto Rican of Italian descent who sang opera in Manila during the 1960s. Valenciano attended primary and secondary school in La Salle Green Hills.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: In 1978, at 14 years old, Valenciano made his first television appearance in an advertisement for Fress Gusto, a now-discontinued soft drink sold by San Miguel Corporation.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: He started as a choir singer, then launched his career in singing and show business on May 13, 1983. He first appeared as a solo artist in 1982 in the television programme "The Pilita and Jackie Show", and later in "Germspesyal" and "Penthouse Live".


title: Gary Valenciano

text: He had his first solo concert in April 1984 at the Araneta Coliseum, followed by a number of albums. Three of his albums were released internationally, including the Christian-inspired album "Out of the Dark". He won the Awit Award twelve times in the "Best Male Recording" category alone. He has been called "Mr. Pure Energy" due to his high energy dance performances in concerts.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: As an actor, he won the "Best Single Performance by an Actor" trophy when he performed in a drama television movie for GMA7 in the 90s. He has appeared in 14 full-length films as the lead actor for some of the top movie companies like Viva Films, Regal Films, Seiko Films, and Star Cinema, with leading ladies like Vilma Santos, Maricel Soriano, Lorna Tolentino, Kris Aquino, Sharon Cuneta, Gretchen Barretto, Princess Punzalan, and Ms. Universe 1993 Dayanara Torres.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: As an inspirational artist, he recorded a number of Christian albums and was chosen to do a music video for the Billy Graham Evangelistic Association (BGEA) for a song he co-wrote, "Could You Be Messiah," in 1994. He was then tapped for Global Mission in Puerto Rico in 1994 where he performed with Michael W. Smith and Steve Green. BGEA tapped him as well as in Amsterdam 2000 where he performed for over 10,500 evangelists. He is a member of the Board of Trustees of Christian Broadcasting Network, producers of "The 700 Club". He performed at the 50th anniversary of CBN in Virginia Beach and has guested on "The 700 Club USA" many times.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: As a performing artist, he was called the "Michael Jackson of the Philippines" in the 80s and 90s, and continues to hold concerts all over the world. He has sold-out venues and theatres in the Philippines and all over the world, performing in venues like the Shrine Auditorium and Microsoft Theater in California, the Roy Thompson Hall in Canada, the Budokhan Hall in Japan, the Navy Pier in Chicago, and the Sydney Entertainment Center and Hillsong Auditorium in Australia. He has performed all over the world, including in the US, Canada, Hong Kong, Japan, Korea, China, Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore, Brunei, Taiwan, Papua New Guinea, New Zealand, Australia, Israel, Puerto Rico, Saudi Arabia, Dubai, Bahrain, Abu Dhabi, Al Ain, Oman, Qatar, Paris, London, Finland, Norway, Ireland, Germany, Spain, Switzerland, Italy, and Amsterdam.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: In 1998, he became UNICEF Philippines' first National Ambassador. In 2006, the Doha Asian Games Organising Committee has named Gary Valenciano the official performer of the Asian Games' theme song, "Side By Side". In 2008, he marked his tenth year as a UNICEF Ambassador with a visit to Sitio Avocado, a former war zone in Negros Oriental.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: Valenciano returned to acting in 2008 by appearing in the drama anthology "Maalaala Mo Kaya", where he portrayed a prisoner who finds religion and becomes a born again Christian. That same year, he was nominated for "Best Single Performance by an Actor" in the 22nd PMPC Star Awards for TV.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: In 2009, Valenciano released a collaborative album with Martin Nievera called "As 1", with the carrier single of the same title.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: In 2010, Valenciano was in a Holy Week drama special, "Gulong" ("Wheel"), a CBN Asia production shown on GMA.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: For his 25th anniversary in 2008, STAR RECORDS, the music arm of ABSCBN, released "GV 25", a compilation of songs he composed and recorded sung by music stars of the Philippines like Sharon Cuneta, Rachel Ann Go, Martin Nievera, Piolo Pascual, Jed Madela, Erik Santos, and Christian Bautista.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: For his 30th anniversary in 2013, his concert ARISE, which was originally staged at the Araneta Coliseum for two nights and restaged at the MOA ARENA to a jam-packed audience, won as PMPC's Best Concert of the Year. His album "With You" won the Best Inspirational Album for the same year at the Catholic Mass Media Awards.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: Valenciano formed the Shining Light Foundation in 1989, focusing on supporting diabetics and a scholarship program that has produced many multi-awarded scholars and students.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: Valenciano married Maria Anna Elizabeth "Angeli" Pangilinan, the sister of senator Francis Pangilinan, on August 6, 1984. Together, they have three children: Paolo Valenciano, a director and the vocalist of the band Salamin; Gabriel Valenciano, a singer, keyboardist, dancer, and director; and Kiana Valenciano, a model and singer-songwriter. The family resides in Antipolo.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: He is currently living with type 1 diabetes, and has been an endorser for several wellness products related to the condition. In May 2018, Valenciano started feeling ill after a performance with his son Gabriel for the celebration of his 35th anniversary in showbiz in ABS-CBN's top-rating Sunday afternoon show, ASAP, and had to undergo open heart surgery due to blockage of his left anterior descending artery caused by his diabetes. The procedure was successfully performed on May 6, 2018, and he was released from the hospital by May 12.


title: Gary Valenciano

text: On April 17, 2019, Valenciano's mother died in Orlando, Florida, after battling pneumonia, congestive heart failure, and H1N1 flu.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Bullet to the Head is a 2012 American action film directed by Walter Hill. The screenplay by Alessandro Camon was based on the French graphic novel "Du plomb dans la tête" written by Matz and illustrated by Colin Wilson. The film stars Sylvester Stallone, Sung Kang, Sarah Shahi, Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, Christian Slater, and Jason Momoa. Alexandra Milchan, Alfred Gough, Miles Millar, and Kevin King-Templeton produced the film. The movie follows a hitman (Stallone) and a cop (Kang) who are forced to work together to bring down a corrupt businessman (Akinnuoye-Agbaje) after they are targeted by the businessman's assassin (Momoa).


title: Bullet to the Head

text: The film had an exclusive test screening at the International Rome Film Festival on November 14, 2012 and was officially released in US theatres on February 1, 2013. The film received mixed reviews and was a box office bomb.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: In the city of New Orleans, hitman Jimmy Bobo and his partner Louis Blanchard kill a corrupt former MPDC policeman, Hank Greely, although Bobo leaves a prostitute, Lola, alive. Later, at a bar, Blanchard is murdered by another hitman, Keegan, who also attempts to kill Bobo but fails.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Washington, D.C., Detective Taylor Kwon arrives in New Orleans to investigate his former partner's death and meets Lieutenant Lebreton, who informs him Lola confirmed Greely was assassinated. Kwon goes to the morgue, and, after seeing Blanchard's body and finding out who he is, he deduces that Blanchard and Bobo killed Greely. Meanwhile, Keegan meets with his employer, Robert Morel, and Morel's lawyer Marcus Baptiste. Baptiste reveals that Greely tried to blackmail Morel, and provided local mobster Baby Jack with a file detailing Morel's illegal operations. Keegan later kills Baby Jack and his men and retrieves the file.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Kwon meets Bobo in a bar and informs him that he knows Bobo and Blanchard killed Greely. Bobo leaves, and when Kwon tries to follow him, he is attacked by corrupt cops who were ordered by Morel to prevent Kwon from further investigating about Greely. Kwon manages to disarm and gun down one of the corrupt cops but is wounded by the other. Bobo rescues Kwon by running over the other cop and takes him to a tattoo parlor, where Bobo's estranged daughter, Lisa, treats Kwon's wounds. They later go to a massage parlor where Bobo interrogates Ronnie Earl, the middleman who hired Bobo and Blanchard on Morel's behalf. Ronnie Earl tries to kill Bobo, but Bobo manages to kill him, although his gun jams. Bobo later confronts Kwon, who admits to having tampered with Bobo's gun, nearly causing his death. Bobo and Kwon agree to work together.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Bobo and Kwon kidnap Baptiste and take him to Bobo's house, where he is forced to give them a flash drive detailing Morel's plans to acquire housing projects and demolish them to build office buildings and reveals Keegan is an ex-mercenary hired to be Morel's enforcer. Afterwards, Bobo shoots him in the head. Keegan and his men trace Baptiste's cellphone to Bobo's house, but Bobo and Kwon are able to escape and detonate a bomb, killing Keegan's men. Keegan escapes and swears revenge on Bobo. Angered at Bobo's methods, Kwon abandons him and continues alone.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Kwon meets with Lieutenant Lebreton to ask for his help, but Lebreton tries to kill him, as he is also on Morel's payroll. Bobo kills him and saves Kwon. Meanwhile, Keegan learns about Lisa and kidnaps her. Morel then calls Bobo and offers to trade Lisa for the flash drive. Bobo agrees, and meets with Morel in an abandoned warehouse, where he delivers the flash drive to him and Lisa is returned to him, while Kwon infiltrates the building to arrest Morel killing several of Morel's men along way. Keegan becomes furious when Bobo is allowed to leave; he kills Morel and his men before confronting Bobo; they fight until Bobo stabs Keegan in the throat and Kwon shoots him dead from afar.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Kwon retrieves the flash drive and Bobo shoots him in the shoulder to make it appear as if Kwon failed to capture him. Lisa decides to stay with Kwon waiting for the police and Bobo leaves. He later meets Kwon at a bar, where Kwon tells him he did not mention Bobo's involvement to the police this time, but if Bobo continues in the business, Kwon will take him down. Bobo welcomes him to try and drives off into the night.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: The film is based on Alexis Nolent's French graphic novel "Du Plomb Dans La Tête" ("Lead in the Head"), with a screenplay by Alessandro Camon under the working title "Headshot". The producing team previously produced the film "I Am Number Four". An executive attached to the film has said, "[This movie] is exactly the type of fast-paced, universally themed project that suits our business model. Sylvester Stallone is an international icon and we're really excited to be in business with him."


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Originally Wayne Kramer was attached to direct, but left the project when his vision of the film was darker than Stallone wanted. Sylvester Stallone then called Walter Hill who had just had a movie fall apart six weeks before that he had been trying to do for a year. Hill later recalled:


title: Bullet to the Head

text: When Sly and I first talked about doing it, I told him I thought if we did it as an homage to ’70s or ’80s action films – and if he got a haircut and if we played it not at some nuclear level and left a little room for humor – everything would probably work out. I mean, this is one of those plots... You know, in terms of the real world, they’re fairly preposterous. But that's OK. That's part of the given. As long as you don't break the rules and contradict yourself within that sensibility, people go for the ride... Sly and I have known each other for probably 35 years. I have always been a great admirer of Sly's. Most directors love movie stars because they’re such fabulous tools to tell stories with. Sly is an actor but he's a star and he's been a star for a very long time. When he sent me this, there was a feeling on both our parts, that if this was ever going to happen – us working together – we better sit down and do it. Time is moving on.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Thomas Jane was originally cast for the part that would eventually go to Sung Kang. The role was recast at the insistence of producer Joel Silver, stating a need for a "more 'ethnic' actor" to appeal to a wider audience.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: The real truth is these movies are all foreign driven. They need domestic releases. If the economics are right, people feel like they can be commercial in a reasonable way domestically. But they’re really foreign driven. This movie would not exist without expectation of the foreign audience being vastly greater than the domestic.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: We’re not breaking new ground. We’re trying to be entertaining within a format that's familiar. There's a kind of ice skating that goes on where you must let the audience know that you're not taking yourself too seriously. But at the same time, the jokes are funny but the bullets are real. The jeopardy has to be real. When it gets outlandish, there needs to be no drift into parody – self-parody, maybe inevitable for old directors.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: They don't like each other. They’re not going to like each other. The most they’re going to achieve by the end is a kind of grudging respect. I'm just comfortable with that. It seems to be an inherently more dramatic situation than if they’re friendly and they get along and respect each other. Also, frankly, it gives you better avenue to work in humor. These things have to be leavened with humor. It actually reinforces the action.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: One of the things I like about New Orleans is it feels like you're in a western with the architecture. All the balconies, the old buildings, it feels like you're in the 1880s. Some of it spills into the movie. I don't know how much of it creeps into the edges and helps you or how much of it is just by design. Usually you're trying to tell a narrative through your characters and have all this stuff bleed in around the edges.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Hill said he told Stallone "to play things more casually. I wanted him to play his natural personality as much as possible. He's a very engaging guy. I told him, “I'm not interested in you inventing a character as much as imagining yourself as character.” He went right with that."


title: Bullet to the Head

text: The soundtrack album was released digitally on January 29, 2013 and in stores on February 19. The album features the film's score, consisting of 15 tracks composed by Steve Mazzaro and produced by Hans Zimmer.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: On August 23, 2011, it was announced that the film would be released on April 13, 2012. On February 23, 2012, the release date was moved back. It was released on February 1, 2013.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: "Bullet to the Head" was Sylvester Stallone's worst opening weekend gross in 32 years, and his second-lowest opening weekend gross of all time. "Bullet to the Head" made $4,458,201 for its opening weekend. As of March 24, 2013, the film has grossed $9,489,829 in the United States and $12,457,380 worldwide for a total of $21,947,209, failing to bring back its $40 million budget.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 46% based on 140 reviews, with average rating of 5.08/10. The site's consensus reads: ""Bullet to the Head"s unapologetically trashy thrills evoke memories of its star and director's proud cinematic pasts – but sadly, those memories are just about all it has to offer". On Metacritic the film has score of 48/100 based on reviews from 34 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences surveyed by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B− on scale of A to F.


title: Bullet to the Head

text: Sylvester Stallone was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Actor for his performances in this film, "Escape Plan" and "Grudge Match", where he lost to Jaden Smith for "After Earth".


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211 was a scheduled international passenger flight from Dhaka, Bangladesh, to Kathmandu, Nepal, that crashed on 12 March 2018 while landing, killing 51 of the 71 people aboard. The aircraft, a 76-seat Bombardier Q400 operated by US-Bangla Airlines, burst into flames after the crash, and the 20 surviving passengers were seriously injured from the impact and the fire. At the time of the accident, it was the deadliest aviation disaster involving a Bangladeshi airline, and the deadliest incident involving the Bombardier Dash 8 Q400.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: A commission appointed by the government of Nepal investigated the accident and issued a report that concluded that the probable cause of the crash was pilot disorientation and a loss of situational awareness on the part of the flight crew. The report was criticized by the airline and by the Bangladeshi representative to the commission, who felt that the air traffic controllers at Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu had not done their job properly and could have prevented the accident.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The aircraft, operating as flight number BS-211, departed Shahjalal International Airport in Dhaka, Bangladesh, at 06:51 UTC (12:51pm Bangladesh Standard Time) bound for Tribhuvan International Airport in Kathmandu, Nepal. BS-211 was a regularly scheduled flight that operated four times a week between the two cities.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: At 08:10 UTC, the first officer contacted Kathmandu Approach, who told the flight to descend to and enter a holding pattern at a specified navigational waypoint. Long approach delays were common at Kathmandu due to a lack of airport capacity and high volumes of traffic into and out of the airport, so the instruction to enter a holding pattern was not unusual. Since they were slightly ahead of schedule, the pilots expected the delay to last several minutes, so they discussed the navigational elements of the holding pattern, and configured the flight management system in preparation. However, before the aircraft had arrived at the holding point, the approach controller instead cleared the flight to descend and proceed directly to the approach for runway 02. The pilots did not reconfigure the flight management system for the approach, so when the aircraft arrived at the next waypoint, the autopilot began a left-hand turn of the aircraft as it had been configured for the holding pattern. The pilot realized that the plane was turning away from the intended course, and quickly changed the aircraft heading selector to a course that would intercept the correct approach, and manually selected a rate of descent. Those manual inputs disengaged the flight management system that automatically controlled the course and the rate of descent.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The crew performed the landing checklist, with the pilot erroneously stating that the landing gear was down and locked. Because the flight management system was disengaged, the pilots had to manually adjust the aircraft's rate of descent, and failed to select a rate that kept the aircraft at its intended altitude throughout the planned descent. The first officer repeatedly called out that they were too high on their approach altitude. Meanwhile, a gear-unsafe alert tone sounded continuously in the cockpit, unacknowledged by the pilots. With their attention focused on trying to adjust to the correct altitude, and distracted by audible warnings, the crew failed to notice that the plane was still off course, and had by this time flown to the right of the desired approach path, descending at rates as high as . Audible warnings of "MINIMUM", "SINK RATE", "TERRAIN", and "TOO LOW-GEAR" sounded, adding to the confusion. The first officer noticed that the landing gear was not down and lowered it, but by this time the aircraft had already passed the runway and neither pilot was aware of it. The tower contacted the flight crew and informed them that they had been cleared to land on runway 02, but they appeared to be heading to runway 20, the opposite end of the single runway, and asked the pilot's intention. Still unaware that they had already passed the runway, the pilot responded that he intended to land on runway 02. Seeing high terrain ahead of them, the pilot performed a sharp right-hand turn, during which the aircraft descended to as low as above the ground, and reached bank angles of up to 35 to 40°. This triggered additional alerts and alarms of "PULL UP", "TERRAIN", and "BANK ANGLE" in the cockpit. After flying to the west without spotting the runway, the pilot calmly admitted to the first officer that he had made a mistake and had become distracted by talking to her, and performed another steep right turn, with bank angles as high as 45° and descent rates of over .


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: Eventually, with air traffic controllers on the radio still trying to clarify where the aircraft was going and the plane flying in a southeasterly direction, the first officer spotted runway 20 at the aircraft's 3 o'clock position, about away, and the pilot made a sharp and abrupt right turn back to the west in an attempt to return to the approach end of the runway. The aircraft overflew the end of runway 20 on a heading of 255°, above the ground, turning left with a bank angle of 40°. Alarmed by the actions of the aircraft, the air traffic controller hastily cancelled the flight's landing clearance, erroneously calling out "takeoff clearance cancelled". The aircraft flew over the airport's domestic passenger terminal less than over the roof, and controllers in the tower ducked down out of fear. The aircraft made another sharp turn in an attempt to line up with the runway before touching down at an angle along the runway with its right main landing gear. The aircraft was travelling at the cockpit-indicated airspeed of and a heading of 190 degrees when it hit the runway. The aircraft skidded off the runway, crashed through the inner perimeter fence on the edge of the airport, and slid down the slope. The aircraft disintegrated into pieces as it slid down the rough slope before crashing into the football field and bursting into flames. The aircraft came to a stop about southeast of the runway.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The aircraft was a Bombardier Q400, configured with a seating capacity of 76 passengers, and registered as aircraft S2-AGU. It was first delivered to Scandinavian Airlines in 2001, and flown by three airlines before being purchased by US-Bangla Airlines in 2014. It had already been involved in a minor incident in 2015, when it skidded off the runway in Saidpur, resulting in minor damage to its right main wheels. At the time of the crash, the aircraft had flown a total of 28,649 takeoff cycles for a total of 21,419 hours and was current on its maintenance. The impact forces of the crash and the postcrash fire destroyed the aircraft.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The aircraft was carrying 65 adult passengers, two children, and four crew members, for a total of 71 on board. Of the passengers, 33 were from Nepal, 32 were from Bangladesh, one was from China, and one was from the Maldives. All of the crew were from Bangladesh. Fifty-one passengers and crew members were killed in the accident; 22 from Nepal, 28 from Bangladesh, and one from China. Most of the Nepalis killed in the crash were medical students who were returning home during a break from school. Twenty passengers survived with serious injuries.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The captain of the flight was 52-year-old Abid Sultan, a former Bangladesh Air Force pilot. Sultan had 22 years of flying experience, with more than 5,500 hours of flight time, and more than 1,700 hours of experience flying the Q400. He had worked for US-Bangla since 2015 and was also an instructor and Q400 check pilot for the airline. He was experienced with the flight to Kathmandu, having flown it more than 100 times. He had resigned from the airline before the flight, but as part of the airline's code of conduct, he was required to continue working until he had been discharged. He suffered multiple blunt-force trauma to his head and chest, initially surviving the crash, but he died of his injuries the next day.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The first officer was 25-year-old Prithula Rashid, the first female pilot of the airline. She joined the airline in July 2016, and had a total of 390 hours of flight experience, 240 hours in the aircraft type. This was her first time flying into Kathmandu. She died of her injuries, described as blunt-force injury to her head.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The plane was engulfed in flames within seconds of the plane's initial touchdown, and airport personnel immediately dispatched emergency equipment. Fire trucks arrived within two minutes and firefighters had to put out a grass fire in their path before they could reach the aircraft. The fire at the crashed aircraft took 15 minutes to extinguish. The airport was closed for three hours after the crash, and incoming flights were diverted to other airports. As of March 2019, one year after the crash, the wreckage of the aircraft was still beside the runway at the airport.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The 22 passengers who survived the impact and subsequent fire were sent to local hospitals. Two of those survivors later died of their injuries. Survivability was the highest on the right side or near the front of the aircraft, as passengers on the left side were most likely directly killed by impact forces, but the rapidly spreading fire after the crash limited options for escape for the passengers who survived the initial impact. Many of the crash victims were burned beyond recognition, and required DNA tests to identify their remains. At the time of the accident, it was the deadliest aviation disaster involving a Bangladeshi airline, and the deadliest accident involving the Bombardier Dash 8 Q400.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: In the following days, Nepali Prime Minister Khadga Prasad Oli visited the crash site and announced that an investigation into the cause of the crash was underway. Imran Asif, chief executive officer of US-Bangla Airlines, told reporters that the company's early opinion was that the crash was caused by air traffic controllers at the airport misleading the pilots, causing them to attempt to land on the wrong runway. He said that he doubted that any negligence existed on the part of the pilots. Nepal Army Lt Col Puran Ghale, who was among the first rescuers to arrive at the aircraft after the crash, complained that aircraft engineers were slow to arrive at the crash site, which hindered the rescue efforts. A spokesman for the airline insisted that the governments of both Bangladesh and Nepal co-operate in the investigation to "launch a fair investigation and find the reason behind the accident." Responding to early reports, the airline denied that the doomed flight was the first officer's maiden flight into Kathmandu. In later statements, the airline said that it would cover the hospital expenses of injured survivors and pay US$25,000 to the relatives of each of the passengers who died.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: Two days after the accident, US-Bangla Airlines suspended all service to Kathmandu for an indefinite period. The airline applied for resumption of its Kathmandu operation, in September 2018, intending to resume flights on 28 October, but a source inside the Civil Aviation Authority of Nepal said that approval was "highly unlikely" to be granted due to the many critical statements about the operation of the airport that executives from the airline had made after the accident.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: Shortly after the accident, a local news agency published a video taken by Kathmandu residents showing the plane flying very low in the vicinity of the airport. In early 2019, a second video surfaced on social media sites that showed CCTV footage from the airport. The second video showed the aircraft narrowly missing buildings and parked airplanes at the airport, and the last moments of the flight.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: After the crash, the government of Nepal formed an Aircraft Accident Investigation Commission to determine the cause and the circumstances of the accident. The six-member commission was also assisted by Captain Salahuddin Rahmatullah, the head of the Aircraft Accident Investigation Group of the Civil Aviation Authority of Bangladesh, and Nora Vallée, senior investigator for the Transportation Safety Board of Canada, where the aircraft was manufactured.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The commission released a preliminary report on 9 April 2018. The report was a brief synopsis of the accident and stated that the aircraft had touched down down runway 20 heading southwest before going off the runway. It said the cockpit voice and flight data recorders had been recovered and had been sent to the Transportation Safety Board of Canada for analysis along with other aircraft components.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: On 27 August 2018, Nepal's "Kathmandu Post" newspaper reported that a source had leaked details from the still-ongoing official investigation. The source said that the commission was planning to assign blame for the crash on Captain Abid Sultan, and said that he was smoking continuously in the cockpit, lied to the control tower during the landing, and engaged in erratic behavior. The airline and the Bangladeshi representative to the commission dismissed the newspaper report as "baseless", stating that the story was filled with false information, designed to make the airline and its employees look bad.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The final investigation report released on 27 January 2019 concluded that pilot disorientation and a lack of situation awareness led to the crash.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The report also shows that Sultan made multiple abusive statements regarding a young female pilot whom he had trained and who had questioned his reputation as an instructor. Their relationship was a major topic of discussion throughout the flight. He also spoke of a rumor that the trainee pilot and he had engaged in an extramarital affair, which had forced him to resign from the company. When telling this, he cried and wondered aloud where he would be able to find another job and stated that he had been so worried that he had not slept the previous night. Records show that Rashid, the co-pilot, who was on her first flight to Kathmandu and showed interest to learn at every stage of the flight, was a passive listener to Sultan's story throughout the flight.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The sole Bangladeshi representative on the investigative panel was publicly critical of the final report, saying that it left out the fact that air traffic controllers at the airport did not execute their duties properly. He said that the controllers could have provided navigational assistance to the pilots once it became apparent that they were disoriented, but they did not. He said that if the controllers had done so, the accident could have been averted.


title: US-Bangla Airlines Flight 211

text: The crash was featured on season 21 of the Canadian documentary series "Mayday". The episode is entitled "Meltdown over Kathmandu".


title: Omar Khadr

text: Omar Ahmed Said Khadr (; born September 19, 1986) is a Canadian citizen who at the age of 15 was detained by the United States at Guantanamo Bay for ten years, during which he pleaded guilty to the murder of U.S. Army Sergeant 1st Class Christopher Speer and other charges. He later appealed his conviction, claiming that he falsely pleaded guilty so that he could return to Canada where he remained in custody for three additional years. Khadr sued the Canadian government for infringing his rights under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms; this lawsuit was settled in 2017 with a CA$10.5 million payment and an apology by the federal government.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Born in Canada, Khadr was taken to Afghanistan by his father, who was affiliated with Al-Qaeda and other terrorist organizations. On July 27, 2002, at age 15, Khadr was severely wounded during fighting between U.S. soldiers and Taliban fighters in the village of Ayub Kheyl; Khadr is alleged to have thrown the grenade that killed Speer. After he was captured and detained at the Bagram Airfield, he was sent to the Guantanamo Bay detention camps in Cuba. During his detention, Khadr was interrogated by both Canadian and US intelligence officers.


title: Omar Khadr

text: After eight years in detention, Khadr pleaded guilty in October 2010 to "murder in violation of the laws of war" and four other charges at a hearing before a United States military commission. The charges were filed under the Military Commission Act of 2006 and considered under US law to be war crimes, although the act was not in place at the time the alleged offenses took place. Khadr agreed to an eight-year sentence with no credit for eight years already served and the possibility of a transfer to Canada after a minimum of one year and parole eligibility after three years.


title: Omar Khadr

text: According to the UN, Khadr was the first person since World War II to be prosecuted in a military commission for war crimes committed while still a minor. His conviction and sentence were denounced by some civil rights groups and the United Nations Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Meanwhile, early in 2010, the Supreme Court of Canada had ruled that the Canadian government's interrogation of Khadr at Guantanamo Bay "offend[ed] the most basic Canadian standards [of] the treatment of detained youth suspects", but stopped short of ordering Khadr's repatriation. However, on September 29, 2012, Khadr returned to Canada to serve the remainder of his sentence in Canadian custody.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr was released on bail in May 2015 (pending an appeal of his U.S. conviction) after the Alberta Court of Appeal refused to block his release as had been requested by the Canadian government. In 2017, the Canadian government announced a $10.5 million settlement with Khadr to compensate for damages arising from its previous handling of the case. Tabitha Speer, Christopher Speer's widow, filed an application to enforce a US$134 million Utah default civil judgment in Canada. On March 25, 2019, the Alberta Court of Queen's Bench ruled that Khadr's time on conditional release counted towards his sentence, which was declared completed.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr was born in Toronto on September 19, 1986, to Ahmed Khadr and Maha el-Samnah, Egyptian and Palestinian immigrants who became Canadian citizens. The Khadr family had moved to Peshawar, Pakistan, in 1985, where his father worked for charities helping Afghan refugees.


title: Omar Khadr

text: He spent his childhood moving back and forth between Canada and Pakistan. He had six siblings and his mother wanted to raise their family outside of Canada, as she disliked some of its Western social influences.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 1992, Khadr's father was severely injured while in Logar, Afghanistan. Following the injury, the family moved to Toronto so he could recover. Omar enrolled at ISNA Elementary School for Grade 1.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 1995, after the family's return to Pakistan, Omar's father, Ahmed, was arrested and accused of financially aiding the Egyptian Islamic Jihad in the bombing of the Egyptian embassy in Pakistan. During his imprisonment, Ahmed was hospitalised following a hunger strike, before being released a year later due to lack of evidence.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Following the September 11, 2001 attacks in the United States, Omar's mother and his siblings feared U.S. bombing of Afghanistan, and retreated toward the Pakistani mountains, where the father visited infrequently.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In early 2002, Khadr was living in Waziristan with his mother and younger sister. At one point, he was forced to wear a burqa and disguise himself as a girl to avoid scrutiny, an act that upset him. When his father returned, Omar asked to be allowed to stay at a group home for young men, despite his mother's protests. His father agreed, and a month later allowed Omar to accompany a group of Arabs associated with Abu Laith al-Libi who needed a Pashto translator during their stay in Khost.


title: Omar Khadr

text: According to the April 2007 charges from the military commission, Khadr received "one-on-one" weapons training in June 2002, and his visits to his mother and sister became less frequent.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Starting in February 2002, American soldiers used an abandoned Soviet airbase in Khost, Afghanistan, as an intelligence-gathering outpost, with the goal of gaining the trust of the local community.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In the early morning of July 27, 2002, a team made up of the 19th Special Forces Group, the 505th Infantry Regiment and about twenty Afghan fighters associated with Pacha Khan Zadran, were sent to a house on a reconnaissance mission.


title: Omar Khadr

text: While at the house, a report came in that a monitored satellite phone had recently been used within 300–600 metres of the unit's location, and seven soldiers were sent to investigate the origin of the call.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Led by Major Randy Watt, the group included XO Captain Mike Silver, Sgt Christopher Speer, Layne Morris and Master Sgt. Scotty Hansen, the last three from the 19th Special Forces Group; Spc. Christopher J. Vedvick from the 505th, and his fire team.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The men arrived at a residential complex with earthen huts and a granary, surrounded by a stone wall with a metal gate approximately 100 metres from the main hut.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Seeing five men described as "well-dressed" in the main residence with AK-47s nearby, there is dispute whether the Americans approached and told the occupants to open the front door or set up a perimeter around the complex. In the end, the team waited approximately 45 minutes for support to arrive.


title: Omar Khadr

text: By that time a crowd of about 100 local Afghans had gathered around the area to observe the operation. An Afghan militiaman was sent toward the house to demand the surrender of the occupants, but retreated under gunfire.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Reinforcements from the 3rd Platoon of Bravo Company, 1st Battalion 505th Infantry Regiment arrived under the command of Captain Christopher W. Cirino, bringing the total number of soldiers to about fifty. Two more Afghans were sent to speak with the residents, and they returned and reported that the men claimed to be Pashtun villagers. The Americans told them to return and say the Americans wanted to search their house regardless of their affiliation. When the militiamen shared this information, the occupants of the hut opened fire, shooting both messengers. At least one woman and a child fled the huts, while the remaining occupants began throwing grenades at the American and Afghan troops, paired with intermittent rifle fire.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Morris and Silver took up positions outside the stone wall. Morris received a cut above his right eye and had shrapnel embedded in his nose. At first, Morris and Silver thought the wound was due to Morris's rifle malfunctioning, but it was later attributed to a grenade. Morris was then dragged a safe distance from the combat, and was shortly after joined by Spc. Michael Rewakowski, Pfc. Brian Worth and Spc. Christopher J. Vedvick, who had also been wounded by grenades.


title: Omar Khadr

text: At 09:10 UTC, the Americans sent a request for MedEvac to the 57th Medical Detachment. Ten minutes later, a pair of UH-60 Blackhawk helicopters were deployed, with AH-64 Apache helicopters as an escort. Arriving at the scene, the Apaches strafed the compound with cannon and rocket fire, while the medical helicopters remained from the ongoing firefight. The helicopters landed at 10:28 UTC to load the wounded aboard. Afterwards a pair of A-10 Warthog aircraft dropped multiple 500 lb bombs on the compound.


title: Omar Khadr

text: At this point, a five-vehicle convoy of American reinforcements arrived, bringing the number of troops to approximately 100. Two of these vehicles were destroyed by the militants. Ten minutes later, the MedEvac left for Bagram Airbase and reached Bagram Airfield at 11:30.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Unaware that Khadr and one other militant had survived the bombing, the ground forces sent a team consisting of "OC-1", Silver, Speer and three Delta Force soldiers through a hole in the south side of the compound's wall.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The team found the bodies of dead animals and three fighters. According to Silver's 2007 telling of the event, he heard a sound "like a gunshot" and saw the three Delta Force soldiers duck. A grenade went by the men and exploded near the rear of the group, injuring Speer, who was "wearing Afghan garb and helmetless."


title: Omar Khadr

text: "OC-1" reported that although he didn't hear any gunfire, the dust from the north side of the complex led him to believe the team was under fire from a shooter between the house and barn. He reported that a grenade was lobbed over the wall that led to the alley and landed 30–50 metres from the alley's opening. Running towards the alley to avoid the blast, "OC-1" fired a dozen M4 Carbine rounds into the alley as he ran past, although there was no visibility due to clouds of dust. Crouching at the southeast entrance to the alleyway, "OC-1" could see a man with a holstered pistol and two chest wounds moving on the ground next to an AK-47. From his position "OC-1" fired a single shot into the man's head, killing him. When the dust cleared, "OC-1" saw Khadr crouched, facing away from the action and shot Khadr twice in the back.


title: Omar Khadr

text: "OC-1" estimated that all the events since entering the wall had taken less than a minute to unfold, and that he had been the only American to fire his weapon. Silver initially claimed that two Delta Force troops had opened fire, shooting all three of the shots into Khadr's chest, after Khadr was seen to be holding a pistol and facing the troops.


title: Omar Khadr

text: These claims seem to contradict "OC-1"'s version of events. "OC-1" did agree however, that something was lying in the dust near Khadr, although he could not recall if it was a pistol or grenade.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Entering the alleyway, "OC-1" saw two dead militants under rubble and believed they had been killed by the airstrikes. He then confirmed that the man he had shot was dead. Moving back to Khadr, "OC-1" found that he was alive. Turning Khadr over onto his back, "OC-1" left the alley to find Speer, whose injuries "OC-1" was then unaware of. While leaving the alleyway, "OC-1" saw a third AK-47 and several grenades.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr was given on-site medical attention, during which time he repeatedly asked the medics to kill him. Delta Force soldiers ordered them not to harm the prisoner. Khadr was loaded aboard a CH-47 helicopter and flown to Bagram Airbase in Afghanistan, losing consciousness during the flight.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The following day, soldiers including Silver returned to search the premises. Local villagers were believed to have taken away the bodies of the two men killed and given them an Islamic burial. They refused to disclose the location to the Americans, who wanted to identify the fighters.