title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: The Royal Proclamation continued to govern the cession of Indigenous land in British North America, especially Upper Canada and Rupert's Land. Upper Canada created a platform for treaty making based on the Royal Proclamation. After loyalists moved into land after Britain's defeat in the American Revolution, the first impetus was created out of necessity.


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: According to historian Colin Calloway, "scholars disagree on whether the proclamation recognized or undermined tribal sovereignty".


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: Some see the Royal Proclamation of 1763 as a "fundamental document" for First Nations land claims and self-government. It is "the first legal recognition by the British Crown of Aboriginal rights" and imposes a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown. The intent and promises made to the native in the Proclamation have been argued to be of a temporary nature, only meant to appease the Native peoples who were becoming increasingly resentful of "settler encroachments on their lands" and were capable of becoming a serious threat to British colonial settlement. Advice given by a Sir William Johnson, superintendent of Indian Affairs in North America, to the Board of Trade on August 30, 1764, expressed that:


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: Anishinaabe jurist John Borrows has written that "the Proclamation illustrates the British government's attempt to exercise sovereignty over First Nations while simultaneously trying to convince First Nations that they would remain separate from European settlers and have their jurisdiction preserved." Borrows further writes that the Royal Proclamation along with the subsequent Treaty of Niagara, provide for an argument that "discredits the claims of the Crown to exercise sovereignty over First Nations" and affirms Aboriginal "powers of self-determination in, among other things, allocating lands".


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: The functional content of the proclamation was reintroduced into American law via Johnson v. Mcintosh [1823].


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: In October 2013, the 250th anniversary of the Royal Proclamation was celebrated in Ottawa with a meeting of Indigenous leaders and Governor-General David Johnston. The Aboriginal movement Idle No More held birthday parties for this monumental document at various locations across Canada.


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: The influence of the Royal Proclamation of 1763 on the coming of the American Revolution has been variously interpreted. Many historians argue that the proclamation ceased to be a major source of tension after 1768 since the aforementioned later treaties opened up extensive lands for settlement. Others have argued that colonial resentment of the proclamation contributed to the growing divide between the colonies and the mother country. Some historians argue that even though the boundary was pushed west in subsequent treaties, the British government refused to permit new colonial settlements for fear of instigating a war with Native Americans, which angered colonial land speculators. Others argue that the Royal Proclamation imposed a fiduciary duty of care on the Crown.


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: George Washington was given of wild land in the Ohio region for his services in the French and Indian War. In 1770, Washington took the lead in securing the rights of him and his old soldiers in the French War, advancing money to pay expenses on behalf of the common cause and using his influence in the proper quarters. In August 1770, it was decided that Washington should personally make a trip to the western region, where he located and surveyed tracts for himself and military comrades. After some dispute, he was eventually granted letters patent for tracts of land there. The lands involved were open to Virginians under terms of the Treaty of Lochaber of 1770, except for the lands located south of Fort Pitt, now known as Pittsburgh.


title: Royal Proclamation of 1763

text: In the United States, the Royal Proclamation of 1763 ended with the American Revolutionary War because Great Britain ceded the land in question to the United States in the Treaty of Paris (1783). Afterward, the U.S. government also faced difficulties in preventing frontier violence and eventually adopted policies similar to those of the Royal Proclamation. The first in a series of Indian Intercourse Acts was passed in 1790, prohibiting unregulated trade and travel in Native American lands. In 1823, the U.S. Supreme Court case "Johnson v. M'Intosh" established that only the U.S. government, and not private individuals, could purchase land from Native Americans.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: The Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms was a South Korean entertainment and sex scandal publicized in 2019 as part of the Burning Sun scandal. The two scandals were tied together by the release of revealing KakaoTalk messages that exposed alleged crimes at the Burning Sun nightclub, and separately, by K-pop singer and entertainer Jung Joon-young and his friends and colleagues.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Leaked KakaoTalk messages from Jung's phone revealed conversations and videos dating from 2015 to 2016, which were used in a police investigation that resulted in gang rape convictions (two victims, separate dates) of Jung and four other chatroom members: a former member of F.T. Island, Choi Jong-hoon; a former Burning Sun employee named Kim; a businessman named Kwon; and a former employee of YG Entertainment named Heo. Jung's conviction included charges for eleven instances of illegal filming and sharing. Big Bang singer Seungri, around whom the Burning Sun scandal centered, was charged, at the same time as Jung and Choi, with sharing illegal photos in Jung's chatrooms. He was subsequently found guilty on nine charges in the Burning Sun scandal, one of which was three instances of sharing illegal photos via a mobile chatroom.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: During the course of the investigation, other charges were made against solo singers Roy Kim and Eddy Kim for allegations of sharing illicit photographs in Jung's chatrooms. Both of their cases were eventually dropped after it was determined that, while they each shared one photo they found online, they did not create illicit content or participate in the chatroom where Jung shared illicit content.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Other entertainers were affected by the leaked KakaoTalk messages. Singer Yong Jun-hyung left the boyband Highlight after he admitted to viewing an illegal video Jung had shared with him. Lee Jong-hyun of rock band CNBLUE also admitted to viewing Jung's videos and allegedly asked Jung to get him a woman to have sex with; Lee later quit CNBLUE. Actor Cha Tae-hyun and comedian Kim Jun-ho both temporarily suspended their entertainment industry activities after the chatrooms revealed they allegedly gambled illegally.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: The allegations of sex crimes involved added to the South Korea's "epidemic" of what is called "molka", a Korean word for the online distribution of nonconsensual sex videos taken of women.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: South Korean singer-songwriter and television personality Jung Joon-young began his entertainment career in 2012 as a contestant on the audition show "Superstar K 4," in which he placed third. While filming the show, he met fellow contestants Roy Kim and Eddy Kim, both solo singer-songwriters. Jung later met Big Bang member Seungri at an awards show.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: In 2016, an ex-girlfriend filed criminal charges against Jung, claiming he filmed them having sex without her consent. She later withdrew the charges. During this period, Jung dropped out of the television show "2 Days & 1 Night", but returned after three months. In 2017, a "JoongAng Ilbo" analysis noted that Jung's quick return to show business after his 2016 sex scandal showed the public was becoming more tolerant of the "private lives of celebrities".


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On February 26, 2019, cable TV channel SBS funE published KakaoTalk messages they received from an unnamed source. The messages, which would become part of the Burning Sun scandal, appeared to show Seungri directing staff at a nightclub he owned to bring prostitutes for the club's clients.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: The "SBS Eight O'Clock News" revealed that the source of the KakaoTalk messages was a lawyer named Bang Jung-hyun, who was interviewed by the news program on March 11, 2019. Bang said he obtained the messages from a whistleblower who was a technician at a phone repair shop where Jung had dropped his phone off for repairs. The whistleblower had sent an email to Bang that contained thousands of messages taken from Jung's phone from a period of eight months in 2015 and 2016. The messages appeared to include Jung, Seungri, and other male celebrities. Bang said of the chats, "Their conversations showed that there were not only sex crimes by celebrities, but also a cozy relationship between them and top police officers." Bang told SBS he had forwarded the messages to the Anti-Corruption and Civil Rights Commission in February. SBS reported that the messages could not have been manipulated because a tamper-proof device called a hash-code verification was embedded in them; the messages could therefore stand as circumstantial evidence to seek more evidence, SBS reported.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Media outlets, including "The Korea Times", later translated the messages into English. In one conversation, dated January 1, 2016, Jung allegedly typed in a group chat, "Let's all get together online, hit the strip bar and rape them in the car", to which another member of the group chat, identified only as "Park", responded, "Our lives are like a movie. We have done so many things that could put us in jail. We just haven't killed anyone." Another group chat, dated April 17, 2016, allegedly shows Jung responding to a conversation with two people identified only as "Kim 1" and "Choi":Kim 1: Anybody want porn?


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Jung, who was in Los Angeles filming a television show, returned to Seoul on March 12, where he was booked as a suspect on charges of illegal hidden camera filming and sharing and accused of taping ten or more women. Later that day, Jung released a statement saying, "I admit to all my crimes", and resigned from all his entertainment work a day following Seungri's resignation. Jung said, "I filmed women without their consent and shared it in a chatroom, and while I was doing so I didn't feel a great sense of guilt", and apologized to his victims.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On March 13, SBS reported allegations that police had tampered with evidence in Jung's 2016 sex scandal.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Jung and Seungri were both called into the Seoul Metropolitan Police Agency (SMPA) on March 14, with more than 100 journalists gathered outside. Jung apologized before entering the station for questioning, followed by Seungri later that day. Seungri exited first at around 6:15 a.m. on March 15, and Jung exited around an hour later, following 21 hours of questioning. Jung told reporters he had handed in his "golden phone", a nickname for his second mobile phone that reporters had speculated may be where Jung stored his illegal videos.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Meanwhile, on March 14, two more singers, Yong Jun-hyung of the boy band Highlight and Choi Jong-hoon of the band F.T. Island, announced their retirement from their respective music groups following speculation that they were participants in Jung's chatrooms. Yong admitted to viewing one of Jung's sex tapes that was recorded without the woman's permission and participating in "inappropriate conversations" about it, saying, "All these behaviours were extremely unethical, and I was stupid". Yong was questioned by police as a witness. Choi had been a member of one of the chatrooms that was of immediate interest in media reports and the investigation. In one conversation, Choi allegedly detailed his own drunk driving incident from 2016, that was allegedly kept out of media coverage due to help from a police official with the surname Yoon. Choi was questioned by police on March 16 under allegations of secretly filming and sharing videos.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On March 15, another Korean idol, Lee Jong-hyun of rock band CNBLUE, admitted to viewing Jung's sex videos in a group chatroom and making disparaging remarks about women, talking about them as sexual objects. The admission followed a prior denial on his part and an SBS report of an alleged KakaoTalk conversation he had with Jung, during which Lee asked for "young", "pretty" and "kind" women he could have sex with, and to which Jung responded, "Who do you want?" Lee left CNBlue in August after a female YouTuber revealed private messages he sent her, "drawing new attention to his inappropriate interactions with and about women", "Billboard" reported.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Other celebrities affected by the scandal were actor Cha Tae-hyun and comedian Kim Jun-ho, Jung's fellow cast members on "2 Days & 1 Night", who suspended all of their entertainment industry activities on March 16 after the chatroom conversations revealed they allegedly gambled large amounts of money while playing golf overseas.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Jung was arrested on March 21 for charges under the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes. He was charged with crimes against at least ten victims for illegally filming and distributing sex tapes. Jung admitted to the charges and apologized at the hearing for his arrest at the Seoul Central District Court, and was later taken to the SMPA's Jongno Police Station. On March 29, he was transferred from the police station again to the prosecution for referral of an indictment, and he was indicted on April 17.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On April 2, 2019, the SMPA issued a summons for singer-songwriter Roy Kim, who they said appeared in the illegal chatroom with Jung, Seungri and Choi, and booked him the following day for distributing an obscene photo in the chatroom, which he denied taking himself, and which investigators agreed was likely the case. Roy Kim's agency coordinated his return to South Korea from the United States where he was attending school, and he was questioned by police on April 10.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On April 3, Label SJ, the agency for Kangin of boy band Super Junior, released a statement admitting that Kangin had been a member of Jung's chatroom while the two worked together on the television show "Hitmaker" three years prior and denied any illegal activity on Kangin's part. On April 4, police said that Kangin, Jeong Jin-woon of boy band 2AM, and model Lee Cheol-woo were members of the chatrooms, but they had no plans to question them yet.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On April 5, singer-songwriter Eddy Kim was booked for circulating one or more illegally taken photographs from the chatrooms.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: An early April police tally stated that seven chatroom members had been booked for disseminating spy camera content; and there were a total of 23 different groups or one-on-one chatrooms, with sixteen participants. Included in the bookings and instances of occurrences were: Jung, 13; Choi, 3; and Seungri, 1. Two arrests included Jung and a former Burning Sun employee, surnamed Kim, including a probe of five others.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On April 19, 2019, the first victim complaint against chatroom members was filed against Jung, Choi and three others: former employees of the Burning Sun and YG Entertainment, and an anonymous businessman. The complainant alleged that, after passing out, she had been raped in a Daegu hotel room in March 2016, in an incident that was filmed by the group. The victim's complaint followed an April 11 interview of Bang on JTBC's "Lee Gyu-yeon's Spotlight", where he reported there were about ten photos and videos from the chatrooms that showed forced sexual assaults, sometimes by multiple members of the chat group. Bang had met with some of the women from the videos, who were unaware of what had happened to them, perhaps due to having been drugged. On April 23, the SMPA began an investigation into the complainant's allegations, which reportedly occurred after a fan signing event for Jung; and a second similar rape case at a resort in Hongcheon in January 2016, where another alleged victim traveled with Jung and Choi. The SMPA said they were aware of group rape after examining the videos, but had not been able to identify the victims until they came forward. The cases were assigned to the SMPA's Women and Juvenile Affairs Division, who have expertise in crimes against women, including sexual assault.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Choi was arrested on May 9 for allegations of group sexual assault with four members of Jung's chat group in March 2016; after appearing at a hearing with two others and denying the charges against him. Another male, surname Kwon, was also arrested; with both Choi and Kwon charged under the Act on Special Cases Concerning the Punishment, etc. of Sexual Crimes. Jung, who was still under police custody, pled guilty to eleven cases of the illicit filming and sharing at a May 10 pretrial hearing, where he offered to settle with the victims. He was being investigated separately in the group rape case, where he, like Choi, denied allegations. On May 17, the SMPA referred the gang rape case to prosecutors, recommending indictments on charges of special rape. On June 5, after indictments, the Seoul Central District Court merged the trials for the five previously accused, Jung, Choi, Kwon, a Burning Sun MD named Kim, and an entertainment director named Heo, to include two charges of group rapes of the two victims in 2016. The five appeared at a June 27 hearing and denied the rape charges. At the first trial hearing on July 16, which included the illegal filming and sharing and rape charges, Jung and Kwon admitted to having sex but denied rape, and Choi denied having sex. Jung's lawyer submitted a statement contesting the legality of evidence obtained from the KakaoTalk messages in violation of the Personal Information Protection Act. The court specified five victims, two reference witnesses, a time period for the alleged illegal photography from November 2015 to June 2016, the dates of the alleged rapes on January 9 and March 20, 2016, and the need for confidentiality of the victims. The next trial dates, on August 19, August 26, September 2, September 16, September 23, October 7 and October 21 were closed to the public. At the ninth trial date on November 13, prosecutors recommended prison sentences on the rape charges for all five men. The defendants and number of years respectively were: Jung, 7; Choi, 5; Kwon, 10; Kim, 10; and Heo, 5. Jung's charges included the illicit filming and sharing. Prosecutors also asked that all five be restricted from working with minors for 10 years, be required to disclose personal information, and undergo sexual violence treatment programs. Another trial date was held on November 27.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On November 29, the court sentenced Jung to six years in prison and Choi to five, and both were sentenced to complete 80 hours of sexual assault treatment and a five-year restriction on working with minors. The judge said "the defendants treated the women as simple instruments of sexual pleasure", "committing crimes of gang rape and sexual assault" and "sharing their acts in a chatroom with acquaintances", and said the "damage to the victims could not be recovered". Both Jung and Choi cried after the sentences were announced. The other three defendants were also sentenced, with Kim receiving a five-year prison sentence, Kwon a four-year prison sentence, and Heo a suspended sentence with two years' probation and 160 hours of community service. By December 6, Jung, Choi and Kim had submitted appeals to the court for their convictions.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On January 30, 2020, Jung and Choi were indicted by prosecutors on more charges, along with nine others in the Burning Sun case, Jung for allegations of soliciting prostitution and Choi for bribing a police officer during his drunk driving incident in February 2016. On February 4, the first trial hearing for an appeal of the November 29 rape convictions by all five defendants was held. At the March 18 trial for Choi for additional charges, he admitted to illegal filming and sharing in the KakaoTalk chatrooms, but denied the 2016 police bribery charge. Prosecutors proposed an additional one-year and a half sentencing on top of his prior rape conviction sentence, if convicted.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Agencies for Roy Kim and Eddy Kim released statements on February 25 and March 6, respectively, that their indictments had been suspended from prosecution due to each singer having uploaded only one image that was captured online, and had belonged to a "hobby chatroom" with Jung Joon-young, not the more questionable one.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On April 3, Jung and Burning Sun employee Kim were fined one million won and two million won, respectively, in a summary judgment for the prostitution charges, along with judgments for two others in the Burning Sun case.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On May 12, an appellate court reduced the prison sentences for three of the defendants: Jung's to five years from six, Choi's to two-and-a-half years from five, and Kim's to four years from five. Sentences for the other two defendants, Kwon's four years in prison and Heo's two years' probation, remained the same as the first trial. Jung had submitted documents attesting to his regret, and Choi and Kim had settled with one of the victims, accounting for the sentence reductions. Jung and Choi were additionally denied probation, mandated to attend treatment programs and restricted from working with children and teens. Jung and Choi submitted appeals to the Supreme Court of South Korea on May 13 and May 18, respectively, and on September 24, the sentences for Jung (five years) and Choi (two-and-a-half years) were upheld.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: On August 12, Seungri was sentenced by a military court to a three-year prison term on nine charges related to the Burning Sun scandal, one of which was a "violation of the Act on Special Cases Concerning The Punishment, Etc. of Sexual Crimes" or his distribution of three nude photos of women via a mobile chatroom. As part of the sentencing, his personal information was reported to the government's sex crimes' registry, with employment restrictions.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Seungri's case concluded in a military appeals court in January 2022, with a reduced prison sentence of a year and a half and a fine, based on an admission of guilt and "refection" on all nine charges.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: The SBS investigative reporter who examined the KakaoTalk chat messages sent by the whistleblower to the television station SBS funE was Kang Kyung-yoon. When she started interviewing some of the victims of the videos, she found they did not know of their existence. She said, "Some of them begged, 'Please save me. How do I live after this? She said they were ashamed and angry but feared "wearing a scarlet letter as a sex crime victim", and thus feared being identified. Kang said that the sex video investigation was seen by some people as a means to avert attention away from the larger corruption scandal with its multiple allegations, but she perceived it as a serious social issue that needed reporting on. On November 25, 2019, following the assumed suicide of idol Goo Hara, Kang said that Goo, who had undergone public scrutiny over a sex video that was filmed by her boyfriend, had contacted her to offer support.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Jung was investigated and arrested for allegations of illegal hidden camera filming and distributing, and on May 10 conceded to the charges, at the first hearing for his trial. He was subsequently indicted in January 2020 for soliciting prostitution. Jung, Choi Jong-hoon and three others were arrested and charged with group sexual assault. Choi was also indicted for the attempted bribery of a police officer in 2016 to cover up a case of driving under the influence (although an initial police investigation was dropped), and for illegal hidden camera filming and distribution. Seungri, Roy Kim and Eddy Kim were investigated for allegations of sharing, individually, one illicit photograph in Jung's chatrooms.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Months after the scandal started, music artists denied involvement. In late September, Jeong Jin-woon of 2AM, reported in April to have been a member of one of Jung's chatrooms, released a statement that he was not involved in the illegal chatrooms. Also in late September, rapper Zico, who had mentioned Jung's "golden phone" on a television program in 2016, and was rumored to have seen the illegal videos, released lyrics in a song on his new album referring to it, "I've never seen a video like that, I swear to God." At the same time, music site Melon had to explain a banner, recommending a Jung Joon-young album to users, that popped up due to an automated system.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Public protests, led by women's and civic groups, directed towards the Burning Sun scandal and Jung Joon-young's sex-video chatrooms started in March and continued throughout the year.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: A representative for the Korean Cyber Sexual Violence Response Center (KCSVRC), a Seoul activist group that provides legal advice to victims of hidden-camera related crimes, said there are a lot of "Jung Joon-youngs" in society, and if the scandal had not involved a celebrity, it would have been uneventful. They said they hoped the anger it had generated would bring a change in the way such cases were looked at and punished; saying that a real change has to come from within a male society that it is not right to share or watch the videos. The House of Sharing, a support group for comfort women, responded to language revealed in Jung's chatroom conversations, where the women, in sexual contexts, were said to be "like comfort women". The president, Ahn Shin-kwon said, "We cannot hide our anger toward them for using such words to disparage women. It is disappointing to see such appalling historical knowledge from celebrities, who have a lot of influence over the public."


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: North Korean fans of the TV show "2 Days & 1 Night", which had starred Jung and two more celebrities who quit, were disappointed it was off-air, many of them not aware it had halted productions due to the scandal. It had been one of their favorite South Korean programs since the early 2010s, of analog television viewers in Pyongsong, Nampo, Pyongyang and places closer to the border, and for others through USB sticks and DVDs. The show went on hiatus for nine months after public criticism of the show's "chronic moral hazard problems". Viewers accused the show of leniency in the handling of Jung's prior public 2016 case of filming his girlfriend, after they allowed him to return to the show after a short absence; and were critical that the production crew had been a part of the group chat that was aware of Cha Tae-hyun's and Kim Jun-ho's gambling issues.


title: Jung Joon-young KakaoTalk chatrooms

text: Jung's distribution of sex videos was one of the top gender issues talked about on online platforms in South Korea for the first half of 2019, with research showing a growing trend of gender based topics, most in a negative context. Google Korea's 2019 most popular domestic searched terms included Jung Joon-young ranked at number two over-all, and number one for top public figure; with Burning Sun ranked at number three for domestic news and issues.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li Xian (; born 19 October 1991) is a Chinese actor. He began his acting career by playing minor role in the film "Feng Shui" (2012). His first major role came as a red fox in the adventure fantasy film "Soul Snatcher" (2020). Xian had his small-screen debut in the web series "City of Fantasy" (2014). His breakthrough role came in the esports drama, "Go Go Squid!" (2019). Xian appeared in Forbes Asia 100 Digital Stars list and Forbes China Celebrity 100 list in 2020.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li Xian () was born on October 19, 1991, in Xianning and grew up in Jingzhou, Hubei. Xian was educated at the Jingzhou Middle School in Jingzhou. In 2009, he planned to study STEM in college, but he failed the annual college entrance examination. So he retook the test and was enrolled in acting major at Beijing Film Academy in 2010. For the convenience of entry, Xian changed his Chinese name from "晛" to "现", which means "present".


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Xian began his acting career with a minor role in the director Wang Jing's film "Feng Shui" (2012) as a young Li Xaoli. He followed it with a role in the romantic teen film "Singing When We're Young" (2012). He made his small-screen debut in the first China's urban web series "City of Fantasy" (2014), in which he played a depressed young widower who rely on drugs to continue to live after his wife passed away named A Liang. Xian then appeared in the coming-of-age brotherhood web series, "Who Sleeps My Bro" (2016) "as" a troubled university student named Xie Xun. These part led him to being cast in the feature film adapted from the web series. He followed it with an appearance in the music video for the song "I Am Jiang Xiaobai" by Zhang Qi and the music video for the song "Medals" by Lu Han. Later Xian was cast in the esports romance film "Love O2O" (2016), playing an online game developer team named Yu Banshan. Also that year, he was cast in the first Chinese forensic web series "Medical Examiner Dr. Qin" as one of the investigative team criminal police captain, Lin Tao.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Xian's received his first starring role in the thriller detective web series "Tientsin Mystic" as the god river who is solves complicated case by his logical reason and judgement, Guo Deyou. To better depict the character, he learned the Mengzi dialect, freediving, snorkeling, and deep diving. He won a The Actors of China Awards for Outstanding Actor for the first time for the role in 2017. Xian then appeared in the film "The Founding of an Army" (2017)"," Luo Ronghuan . In 2018, Xian starred in the romance television series "Only Side by Side with You" as a special forces agent, Chang Jianxiong. He gained 20 pounds in 45 days for the role. Xian then made a special appearance in the web series urban drama "Women in Shanghai" as a fresh graduate who looking for a job in Shanghai named Chen Xiaowei. Also that year he was starring in film Nuts as intelligence university student, Xu Zicong.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Xian's breakthrough role came in the esports romantic comedy television series, "Go Go Squid!" (2019) based on the Mo Bao Fei Bao's novel "Stewed Squid with Honey." He portrayed Han Shangyan, a passionate young man, who had dedicated his life to winning a world championship for China. The series was the most-streamed series in 2019. Xian was awarded The Actors of China Award for outstanding actor in 2019 and 2020 as well as his first nomination for the Huading Award for Best New Actor in 2019 for the role. Xian contributed to the soundtrack song "For Future (Gei Wei Lai)", which appeared on Billboard China Social Chart as well as Billboard China Top 100 for 10 weeks and peaked at Top 7. Xian then made a special appearance as an air traffic controller in the Chinese film The Captain, which was directed by Hong Kong's Andrew Lau Wai-keung and is based on a real-life mid-air crisis aboard a Sichuan Airlines flight. Xian was awarded Best Choice of Multi-Screen Communication for Influential Actor in 2020 for the role. Also that year he was starring in n the live action costume drama "Sword Dynasty." He started sword training and physical training three months prior to the start of filming. Xian received a nomination at the Busan International Film Festival Asia Contents Award for best actor for the role.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: In 2020 Xian participated for the first time in the CCTV New Year's Gala where he performed "Hello 2020". In the same year he has two starring films postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic; "The Enigma of Arrival" and "Soul Snatcher". He played Xiao Long in "The Enigma of Arrival." Later, he made a special appearance as IT staff in the Chinese entry for the Best International Feature Film at the 93rd Academy Awards, Leap. Later he starring in Mei Feng first directed romance film "Love Song 1980." The film was adapted from Yu Xiaodan's novel "The Lover in 1980". It follows this character which is set in the 1980s, facing the fate of the times and social waves, using love as a guide, seeking spiritual truth. Marko Stojiljković of Asian Movie Pulse wrote: "here is more than just a dash of everyman in Li Xian’s interpretation of Zheng Wen that could have been seen in some of the finest European actors of the past (for instance, Marcello Mastroianni)..." His final film of the year was in Song Haolin's f adventure fantasy film "Soul Snatcher" Xian sang the soundtrack title "Glorious Future (Qian Cheng Si jin)" with Chen Linong, which peaked at No. 8 on Billboard China Social Chart.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Xian will next star in Wang Wei's historical television series "A Love Never Lost" and portrait a patriotic young man during a republican era. The series will be broadcast by Beijing TV and distributed worldwide by iQIYI in 2021. He also slated to star in Guo Zijian and Han Sanping's adventure suspense film adaptation of Ma Bo Young's "Antique Bureau Central Bureau" novel "Schemes in Antiques"


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li has been labeled as the "Present boyfriend". The first impression of Li is modesty. Chi Xiangzhen, head of Weiquan, praised Li's sunny and fresh image, his work ethic, and his modern attitude. Actress Yang Zi, Li's co-star in "Go Go Squid!," complimented him for being one of the most serious and dedicated actors she has worked with. She argued against the belief that Li became an overnight sensation by citing his previous hard work in the industry. In 2019, "GQ"'s editor mentioned Li as the best example of a hard-working individual bound for success. CEO Yang Tian Zen told Youth With You's contestants to follow Li's example of navigating fame. She praised Li for learning Japanese and English to improve his acting skills instead of solely seeking wealth. Actress Liu Tianchi also praised Li's professionalism.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li has listed He Zhengyu, Oguri Shun, Ryan Gosling as his favorite actors. He wants to create characters and storylines that have a positive effect on the film industry, audience, and society. He has always loved watching movies and sharing film reviews. He even predicted the Oscar winner list for 2020 with 90% accuracy.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li doesn't consider himself to be an idol; he always refers to himself as an actor. He is recognized for his masculine appearance, style, positive energy and good attitude. He has been featured often in fashion magazines, experimenting with different modeling styles He posed for both classic and artistic portrait styles in "GQ" magazine's May 2020 issue. His modern photos appeared in "L'OFFICIELX" magazine's August 2019 issue. In the same year, Li was invited by "Elle" to appear with Yangzi, his costar in Go Go Squid! on their magazine cover. The issue sold more than 20,000 copies in the first two printings. Li showed off his suit style in "LEON the Professional" with Chunxia in January 2020. He is the first Chinese artiste to grace the cover of 'Dazed Korea' magazine


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li Xian likes to talk about sports, book lists, music, and movies on his Weibo. In 2019, during the broadcast of his drama "Go Go Squid!", Xian's Baidu Index, WeChat Index, and Weibo all ranked first in follower growth. His followers on Weibo grew quickly from 5 million to 20 million. Xian is one of Baidu’s Top 10 most-searched celebrities of 2019.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: In 2016, Li was an ambassador at the Xindi Charity Vertical Run-Bravely Go to Shanghai IFC of the Vertical Marathon World Tour, held at the Shanghai International Financial Center. He participated in the opening ceremony and aerobics classes with children at the event. In March 2017, he participated in the promotion of the United Nations's World Wildlife Day with public welfare videos and social media posts, calling on the public to actively participate in the protection of wildlife and defend the natural environment. Li advocated against pollution using public welfare videos for the third United Nations Environment Conference in December 2017, which focused on promoting "a zero-pollution earth." In 2018, Li was appointed as a brand ambassador of White Magnolia's Reading Program at the 24th Shanghai TV Festival.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li is the goodwill ambassador of the China Youth Development Foundation. On January 29, 2020, he donated 200,000 yuan to the foundation's "Fight against the Epidemic – Project Hope Special Action" to support efforts against the COVID-19 pandemic. His act lead fans to spontaneously launch a public fundraising activity, "Donate together with Idol Li", through the Blog Public Welfare Platform of Sina Weibo, which raised over 1.1 million yuan of donations and materials. On the 51st Earth Day, Li and Ma Sichun were invited as the representative of "4.22 Earth Day: I Commit to Be a Responsible Consumer" series of public welfare activities, "Good for Earth, Good for Me: For the Earth for Ourselves" annual charity project (GEGM project). In their respective areas of concern, they spoke on the all-media platform in the form of public welfare posters and public welfare advocacy videos committed responsible consumers. In the public welfare advocacy videos, they all discussed about how to consume responsibly in their daily lives and earnestly consume responsibly from various aspects of clothing, food, housing, transportation and shopping. In February 2020, Li, along with Chang Shilei, Doudou, and Zhu Yilong, performed a song to support citizens of Wuhan in their fight against COVID-19. The lyrics express concern and gratitude towards the unsung medical heroes who sacrifice themselves for Wuhan.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li Xian resonates with both male and female audiences. He has been a global spokesperson for a smartphone, luxury lifestyle brands, international sportswear, international cosmetics, an American clothing brand, a major Chinese manufacturer of appliances, the largest card payment organization, an online marketplace, home furniture, food, and beverages. He was appointed as the first brand ambassador of a resort and tourism campaign, which earned him Brand Value Star of the Year.


title: Li Xian (actor)

text: Li's role as Guo Deyou in "Tientsin Mystic" earned him a nomination for Best Web Drama Actor at The Actors of China Awards and a popularity award from Netease Awards In 2019, his role as Han Shangyan on "Go Go Squid!" earned him a nomination for Best Newcomer at the Huading Awards , and a nomination at for Best Actor (Emerald Category) at The Actors of China Awards . He won Quality Actor of the Year at the Tencent Video All Star Awards and popularity awards from Weibo Weibo TV Awards, and iQIYI All-Star Carnival. He has also been recognized by "GQ"'s Men of the Year, "Esquire"'s Man at His Best Awards, and the Film and TV Role Model Annual Ranking. He won Best Choice of Multi-Screen Communication for an Influential Actor. "The Beijing News" selected him as an Entertainment Person of the Year, and he earned a spot in Forbes China's 30 Under 30 list.


title: Surzhyk

text: Surzhyk (, ) refers to a range of mixed sociolects of Ukrainian and Russian languages used in certain regions of Ukraine and the neighboring regions of Russia and Moldova. There is no unifying set of characteristics; the term is, according to some authors, used for "norm-breaking, non-obedience to or non-awareness of the rules of the Ukrainian and Russian standard languages".


title: Surzhyk

text: Surzhyk is a Ukrainian word that could refer to any mixed language, not necessarily including Ukrainian or Russian. When used by non-Ukrainian speaking people of Ukraine, the word is most commonly used to refer to a mix of Ukrainian with another language, not necessarily Russian. When used in Russia the word almost always specifically refers to a Ukrainian-Russian language mix. It differs from both Ukrainian and spoken "Ukrainian Russian", although it is impossible to draw a clear line between them and surzhyk.


title: Surzhyk

text: The vocabulary mix of each of its constituent languages (Ukrainian and Russian) varies greatly from locality to locality, or sometimes even from person to person, depending on the degree of education, personal experience, rural or urban residence, the geographical origin of the interlocutors, etc. The percentage of Russian words and phonetic influences tends to be greatest in the east and south and in the vicinity of big Russian-speaking cities. It is commonly spoken in most of eastern Ukraine's rural areas, with the exception of the large metropolitan areas of Donetsk, Kharkiv, and Luhansk, where the majority of the population uses standard Russian. In rural areas of western Ukraine, the language spoken contains fewer Russian elements than in central and eastern Ukraine but has nonetheless been influenced by Russian.


title: Surzhyk

text: The ancient common origin, and relatively recent divergence, of Russian and Ukrainian make it difficult to establish the degree of mixing in a vernacular of this sort.


title: Surzhyk

text: The Ukrainian word "surzhyk" (from Proto-Slavic *sǫ — «with» + *rъžь — «rye») — originally referred to mix of different grains that includes rye or a product like flour or bread made from such a mix.


title: Surzhyk

text: According to data presented by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology in 2003, 11% to 18% of the people of Ukraine were found to communicate in Surzhyk. Specifically, in western Ukraine, Surzhyk is spoken by 2.5% of the population, while in the south, it is spoken by over 12.4% of the population. In the east, 9.6% of the population speaks Surzhyk. As Western Ukraine has a higher ratio of Ukrainian speakers to Russian speakers than the rest of Ukraine, the lesser proportion of Surzhyk speakers compared with the east and south is understandable.


title: Surzhyk

text: One problem in analysing the linguistic status of Ukraine is that there is a tendency for code-switching errors to exist across the entire spectrum of languages. In other words, those who identify themselves as Russian-speaking or Ukrainian-speaking can often be found blending the two languages to some degree. Only a few of these individuals were found to acknowledge the non-standardness of the use of either or both languages, or the fact that they were actually blending Russian and Ukrainian in their speech at all.


title: Surzhyk

text: Surzhyk originated at the end of the 18th century, when Ukrainian peasants started to have greater contact with the Russian language as Ukrainian society modernized. Industrialization resulted in workers migrating from Central Russia to Ukrainian cities and the urbanization of the Ukrainian peasantry. Russian civil and military administration, together with cultural, business, religious and educational institutions, soon became forces of linguistic Russification. Ukrainian peasants moving to the cities regarded Russian as being more urban and prestigious than their own language. However, because their schooling in the Russian language was inadequate, most Ukrainian peasants who strove to speak it ended up blending it with their native Ukrainian; this was how Surzhyk was born.


title: Surzhyk

text: The speaking of pure Ukrainian (i.e. a language without elements of Russian), was for the most part avoided by the urban intelligentsia, because the Ukrainian language was associated with provincialism and nationalism. At this point, the majority of Ukrainians found it easy to become competent in Russian. The association of the Ukrainian language with a rural lifestyle or narrow-minded nationalism encouraged more Ukrainians to adopt Russian as their language of choice. Such decisions led to an increased prevalence of Surzhyk in everyday speech and the further dilution of the Ukrainian language.


title: Surzhyk

text: In 1721, the Russian Tsar Peter the Great prohibited the publication of books in Ukraine, except for Russian-language religious works, and decreed that Ukrainian books and records were to be burned. In 1786, it was decreed that services in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church were to be conducted using only the Russian pronunciation of Old Church Slavonic, and not the Ukrainian pronunciation. Decrees in 1863, 1876, and 1881 prohibited the publication and importation of Ukrainian books, as well as the public use of the Ukrainian language in general. The Russian regime of the day viewed the use of Ukrainian as evidence of political opposition and harshly suppressed it.


title: Surzhyk

text: The use of the Ukrainian language in theatre and music was also banned, and it had to be translated into other languages. Education in the Ukrainian language also suffered similarly, with ethnically Ukrainian teachers being replaced with ethnic Russians. In the early 20th century, children were punished for speaking Ukrainian to one another in school, and people sometimes lost their jobs for speaking it.


title: Surzhyk

text: Kingdom of Hungary's rule in western Ukraine in the late 18th and 19th centuries was also linguistically oppressive. For example, in Zakarpattia, Hungarian was the only language permitted by the regime, so Ukrainian was excluded from institutions like schools. Even so, language policies here were not as restrictive as those applied in eastern Ukraine by the Tsarist regime of Russia.


title: Surzhyk

text: In the 1920s, after Ukraine became a part of the Soviet Union, the Ukrainian language saw a revival under the Soviet policy of "korenizatsiya" (nativisation), which supported the development of non-Russian languages. The purpose was to gain the support of those ethnic groups that had been oppressed by the Tsarist regime. Soviet government business in Ukraine was conducted in the Ukrainian language, with the aim of integrating the Ukrainian people into the new Soviet system. This Ukrainianisation brought with it a significant advance in the development, standardisation, and codification of the Ukrainian language. Accompanying it was an increase in the number of Ukrainian-language publications, as well as theatre productions and schools in which Ukrainian was used.


title: Surzhyk

text: From the 1930s onwards, the Russian language exerted significant influence on Ukrainian, and the regime of Joseph Stalin began to actively suppress the Ukrainian language. Along with many of the other languages spoken in the Soviet Union, Ukrainian was viewed as a challenge to centralised power and the linguistic unification of the Soviet people. Terminology and wording that was similar or identical to Russian was emphasized in dictionaries, grammar books, and the official guidance issued to editors and publishers. This resulted in a generally more Russianised Ukrainian than had existed prior to the Soviet Union. After Ukraine became independent, this outcome would eventually generate disagreement regarding the question of what constitutes pure Ukrainian.


title: Surzhyk

text: Words and other Ukrainian-language speech forms that are similar to those of Russian were emphasised. In addition, many Russian words or terms replaced their Ukrainian equivalents and were then modified by Ukrainian grammar and phonetics. The following table contains a few examples of how the Ukrainian language was changed during the Soviet era.


title: Surzhyk

text: Members of the cultural elite who promoted local languages were later purged from positions of authority during the reign of Stalin, as part of an effort to strengthen the cohesion of the Soviet Union and promote Russian as the official language of the Soviet Union.


title: Surzhyk

text: After the collapse of the Soviet Union and the emergence of Ukraine as a sovereign state, the Ukrainian language became a key issue in the nation's politics. Ukrainian became Ukraine’s sole official language, and therefore the ability to master it in speech became an important skill for politicians and other prominent figures. Many such individuals were speakers of Russian who began to use Ukrainian, but because they had not perfected it another form of Surzhyk emerged which clearly showed the effect of Russification on the Ukrainian language. Linguists began to engage in debates over the 'correct' way to speak Ukrainian, because the Soviet language policies had had a profound effect on the Ukrainian language. On the one hand, some linguists argue that Ukrainian should only use the forms that existed prior to the Soviet Union, while others argue that the current forms, which emerged from the Soviet language policy, are more up-to-date and more familiar to the Ukrainians of today, and would therefore be better at meeting contemporary needs.


title: Surzhyk

text: In Soviet times, the usage of Ukrainian gradually decreased, particularly during those times when the Russification policies intensified (i.e. in the 1930s and during the late 1970s to early 1980s), and so a sizable portion of ethnic Ukrainians possess a better knowledge of formal Russian than of formal Ukrainian. Since 1991, however, Ukrainian has been the sole official language. After this change, it was realised that much of the population of Ukraine was actually unable to speak Ukrainian fluently. This was highly apparent in the case of many Ukrainian officials (including the President of Ukraine), who were observed to make code-mixing mistakes in their speech.


title: Surzhyk

text: The prevalence of Surzhyk is greatest in the countryside. In the cities, people tend to speak purer forms of Ukrainian or Russian. This contrasts with the more rural inhabitants, who lack the prestige associated with the educational and technological advantages that people in the cities have. However, in spite of the differences that exist between the rural and urban varieties of the spoken language, many visitors find that they have trouble communicating with the local population of Ukraine when they follow guidebooks published abroad. This is because these books tend to focus on either pure Russian or pure Ukrainian and disregard the hybrid form.


title: Surzhyk

text: The speaking of Surzhyk instead of Russian or Ukrainian is viewed negatively by nationalist language activists. Because it is neither the one nor the other, they regard Surzhyk as a threat to the uniqueness of Ukrainian culture.


title: Surzhyk

text: Nikolai Gogol used the language extensively in his short story collection "Evenings on a Farm Near Dikanka". Surzhyk has been an object of parody in Ukrainian literature since the very emergence of the Ukrainian language. For example, in the 1798 poem "Eneyida", written by Ivan Kotlyarevsky and based on the Latin poem "Aeneid", for satirical purposes the character "Filozop" speaks Surzhyk while standing over the dead Pallas.


title: Surzhyk

text: Surzhyk is often also used for comic effect in the arts. Examples include the short plays of Les Poderviansky, and the repertoire of the pop star Verka Serdyuchka. The punk-rock group Braty Hadyukiny (literally “viper's brothers”) sings many of its songs in Surzhyk, often to underscore the rural simplicity of its songs' protagonists.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: Empress Xiaoxianchun (28 March 1712 – 8 April 1748), of the Manchu Bordered Yellow Banner Fuca clan, was a posthumous name bestowed to the wife and first empress consort of Hongli, the Qianlong Emperor. She was Empress consort of Qing from 1738 until her death in 1748. She was described as a respected and virtuous person, praised and favoured by the emperor. She did not like spending money for her own good and took her duties seriously when it came to Confucian rituals.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: The future Empress Xiaoxianchun was born on the 22nd day of the second lunar month in the 51st year of the reign of the Kangxi Emperor, which translates to 28 March 1712 in the Gregorian calendar.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: On 3 September 1727, Lady Fuca married Hongli, the fourth son of the Yongzheng Emperor, and became his primary consort. She then moved into the Palace of Eternal Spring in the western part of the Forbidden City. She gave birth on 3 November 1728 to Hongli's first daughter, who would die prematurely on 14 February 1730, on 9 August 1730 to his second son, Yonglian, who would die due to smallpox on 23 November 1738, and on 31 July 1731 to his third daughter, Princess Hejing of the First Rank.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: The Yongzheng Emperor died on 8 October 1735 and was succeeded by Hongli, who was enthroned as the Qianlong Emperor. On 23 January 1738, Lady Fuca, as the emperor's primary consort, was instated as Empress.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: That same year the Death of Crown Prince Yonglian struck, the Empress was left heartbroken but since she was the role model of the inner court, she remained strong and continued her duties as Empress of the Great Qing and Fuca Clan but deep inside she was filled with sorrow as her son's death still lingered in her mind for many years. She managed to hide the fact that she was upset from everyone but one, her mother-in-law, Empress Dowager Chongqing, who mentioned once that the Empress' eyes often looked sad.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: In the "Draft History of Qing", Lady Fuca is described as a respected and virtuous person. She looked after the Qianlong Emperor and the people in the palace, and served her role as Empress well. She was praised and favoured by the emperor. It is also said that Lady Fuca did not like spending money for her own good. Instead of wearing jewellery, she would wear artificial flowers in her hair. The Qianlong Emperor once told her a story that Manchus were too poor to make their own pouches from cloth and had to settle for simple deer hide instead. She immediately made one for him. He was touched by the gift. Lady Fuca also made other pouches for him.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: Lady Fuca took her duties seriously when it came to Confucian rituals. As head of the harem, she supervised the emperor's consorts when performing a ritual. One of these was a rite concerning sericulture that was presided over by the Empress. This rite, which had been practised since the Zhou dynasty, was gradually restored during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor. For the purpose of this rite, a sericulture altar was constructed in 1742. In 1744, a new Altar to Sericulture was completed, largely at Lady Fuca's urging. That year, Lady Fuca became the first empress in the Qing dynasty to personally lead the women in the palace in these rites. They made offerings of mulberry and presented them to silkworm cocoons, all of them working industriously. The whole rite was painted on four scrolls in 1751 in memory of Lady Fuca.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: On 27 May 1746, Lady Fuca gave birth to the emperor's seventh son, Yongcong, Emperor Qianlong had high hopes for Yongcong and crowned him Crown Prince shortly after his birth. However, Yongcong too would die prematurely on 29 January 1748 due to smallpox, similar to Yonglian. The death of Yongcong caused the Empress to be heartbroken once more, all hope for Empress Fuca collapsed, the death of her second son left her depressed and also deteriorated her health.


title: Empress Xiaoxianchun

text: In 1748, during one of the Qianlong Emperor's southern tours, she became seriously ill and eventually died on 8 April, 3 months after the death of Yongcong. The Empress' funeral was lavishly done. The Emperor was deeply affected and did not take it well. When he found out that two of his sons, Yonghuang and Yongzhang, did not mourn for the Empress, he came out with a decree that the both of them would not be allowed to ascend the throne. In addition, court officials who shaved their hair, which was considered disrespectful as it was forbidden to do so throughout the mourning period, were either heavily punished or executed.


title: Shaad Randhawa

text: Shaad Randhawa (born 21 November 1978) is an Indian actor. In 2006, Shaad made his film debut with Mohit Suri's "Woh Lamhe". He is the son of Indian wrestler and actor Randhawa and Malika (sister of actress Mumtaz).


title: Shaad Randhawa

text: Shaad started his career with Bollywood film "Woh Lamhe" as Nikhil Rai. After that he played in "Awarapan", "Dhoom Dadakaa", "Rokkk" and "Aashiqui 2". Shashi Ranjan's "Dhoom Dadakka" was Shaad's first film where he played the lead role. Shaad made his TV debut with Ekta Kapoor's "Chandrakanta", where he played the role of Swayam.


title: Judith Faulkner

text: Judith R. Faulkner (born August 1943) is an American billionaire, and the CEO and founder of Epic Systems, a healthcare software company located in Wisconsin. Faulkner founded Epic Systems in 1979, with the original name of Human Services Computing. In 2013, "Forbes" called her "the most powerful woman in healthcare", and on their 2020 list of the world's billionaires she was ranked 836th with a net worth of US$5.5 billion.


title: Judith Faulkner

text: Faulkner was born in August 1943 to Louis and Del Greenfield. Faulkner's parents inspired her early interest in health care; her father, Louis, was a pharmacist and her mother, Del, was the director of Oregon Physicians for Social Responsibility. She was raised in the Erlton neighborhood of Cherry Hill, New Jersey and graduated from Moorestown Friends School in 1961. She received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Dickinson College and a master's degree in computer science from the University of Wisconsin–Madison.


title: Judith Faulkner

text: In 1979, shortly after receiving her master's degree, Faulkner co-founded Human Services Computing, with Dr. John Greist.


title: Judith Faulkner

text: Human Services Computing, which later became Epic Systems, began in a basement at 2020 University Avenue in Madison, WI. The company was started with a $70,000 investment from friends and family, but has never taken investment from venture capital or private equity and remains a privately held company. In fact, Faulkner prides herself in the fact that Epic is homegrown; they have never acquired another company and Faulkner has stated they will never go public. Epic Systems now holds the medical records of over 200 million people. Faulkner and her family currently own 43 percent of Epic Systems.


title: Judith Faulkner

text: Faulkner lives in Madison, Wisconsin. She is married to Dr. Gordon Faulkner, a pediatrician. They have three children.


title: Taboo (film series)

text: Taboo is a pornographic movie series of the 1980s and 1990s, which eroticizes father-daughter & mother-son incest. It stars Kay Parker among others, and was directed by Kirdy Stevens among others.


title: Mie goreng

text: Mie goreng (; meaning "fried noodles"), also known as bakmi goreng, is an Indonesian style of stir-fried noodle dish. It is made with thin yellow noodles stir fried in cooking oil with garlic, onion or shallots, fried prawn, chicken, beef, or sliced bakso (meatballs), chili, Chinese cabbage, cabbages, tomatoes, egg, and other vegetables. Ubiquitous in Indonesia, it is sold by food vendors from street-hawkers, "warungs", to high-end restaurants.


title: Mie goreng

text: In Indonesia, where mie goreng is one of the most widespread simple dishes, the dish's origin is clearly associated with Chinese Indonesian cuisine. Chinese influences are evident in Indonesian food such as "bakmi", "mie ayam", "pangsit", "bakso", "lumpia", "kwetiau goreng", and "mie goreng". The dish is derived from Chinese "chow mein" and believed to have been introduced by Chinese immigrants in Indonesia. Despite being influenced by Chinese cuisine, "mie goreng" in Indonesia has a definite Indonesian taste and has been heavily integrated into Indonesian cuisine, through, for example, the application of sweet soy sauce that adds mild sweetness,a sprinkle of fried shallots, and spicy "sambal". Pork and lard are eschewed in favour of shrimp, chicken, or beef to cater to the Muslim majority.


title: Mie goreng

text: "Mie goreng" is traditionally made with yellow wheat noodles, stir-fried with chopped shallots, onion, and garlic with soy sauce seasoning, egg, vegetables, chicken, meat or seafood. However, other versions might use dried instant noodles instead of fresh yellow wheat noodles. A common practice in Indonesia is the inclusion of the powdered instant noodle seasonings, along with egg and vegetables. Authentic "mie goreng" uses fresh ingredients and spices; however, bottled instant spice paste might be used for practical reasons.


title: Mie goreng

text: The almost identical recipe is often used to create other dishes. For example, "bihun goreng" is made by replacing yellow wheat noodles with "bihun" (rice vermicelli), while "kwetiau goreng" uses "kwetiau" (thick flat rice noodles) instead.


title: Mie goreng

text: A number of "mie goreng" variants exist. In Indonesia "mie goreng" variants are usually named after the ingredients, while some might be named after the region of origin.


title: Mie goreng

text: Indonesians tend to name similar foreign dishes as "mie goreng", for example in Indonesia, "chow mein" is often called "mie goreng Tionghoa" and "yakisoba" is called "mie goreng Jepang".


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark (; born 10 July 1965) is a Greek princess and educator. She is the eldest child of Constantine II and Anne-Marie of Denmark, who were King and Queen of Greece from 1964 until the abolition of the monarchy in 1973. She was heiress presumptive to the Greek throne from her birth in 1965 until the birth of her brother Crown Prince Pavlos in 1967.


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: Alexia was born on 10 July 1965 at Mon Repos, a villa on the Greek island of Corfu used at the time as a summer residence by the Greek royal family. She was the first child born to the then King Constantine II and Queen Anne-Marie of the Hellenes. At the time of her birth, her father was King of Greece, her grandfather was King of Denmark, and her great-grandfather was King of Sweden.


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: As the monarch's only child, between her own birth and the birth on 20 May 1967 of her brother Pavlos, Alexia was heir presumptive to the throne of the Hellenes, then an extant monarchy.


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: Greece's order of succession to the throne from the previous Salic law, prevalent in much of the continent, and which precluded the succession of women, to male-preference primogeniture, which accorded succession to the throne to a female member of a dynasty if she has no brothers, similar to the then extant succession laws of the United Kingdom, Denmark and Spain.


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: Alexia grew up in exile and was raised in between Rome and London. Prior to her education at the Hellenic College of London, she attended the Miss Surtee’s School for Boys and Girls in Rome, Italy. After Hellenic College, she went to the Froebel College of the Roehampton Institute, a division of the University of Surrey, in 1985 and took a BA in History and Education in 1988.


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: In 1989, she achieved a Post Graduate Certificate of Education and became a primary school teacher in the inner city area of Southwark in London between 1989 and 1992 before moving to Barcelona where she became a teacher of children with developmental disabilities.


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: On 9 July 1999, Alexia married Carlos Javier Morales Quintana, an architect and a champion yachtsman, at St. Sophia Cathedral, London. The bride wore a gown by the Austrian designer Inge Sprawson. Her attendants were her sister Princess Theodora, her niece Princess Maria-Olympia, and Princess Mafalda, daughter of Kyril, Prince of Preslav, a son of former King Simeon of Bulgaria. The couple have four children:


title: Princess Alexia of Greece and Denmark

text: Alexia and her family now live in her husband's native land, at Puerto Calero marina, Yaiza, Lanzarote in the Canary Islands, in a house designed by her husband.


title: Area codes 330 and 234

text: Area codes 330 and 234 are telephone area codes in the North American Numbering Plan (NANP) for a part of northeast Ohio. The numbering plan area (NPA) includes the cities of Akron, Canton, Youngstown, and Warren.


title: Area codes 330 and 234

text: Area code 330 was established on March 9, 1996 in an area code split of area code 216. It was Ohio's first new area code since the creation of NANP in 1947.


title: Area codes 330 and 234

text: Area code 234, originally planned as the relief code for the Jacksonville, Florida area, was established on October 30, 2000, to form an overlay plan for the service area. Ten-digit dialing has been mandatory since October 1, 2000.


title: Castanets

text: Castanets, also known as "clackers" or palillos, are a percussion instrument (idiophone), used in Spanish, Kalo, Moorish, Ottoman, Italian, Sephardic, Swiss, and Portuguese music. In ancient Greece and ancient Rome there was a similar instrument called the crotalum.


title: Castanets

text: The instrument consists of a pair of concave shells joined on one edge by a string. They are held in the hand and used to produce clicks for rhythmic accents or a ripping or rattling sound consisting of a rapid series of clicks. They are traditionally made of hardwood (chestnut; Spanish: castaño), although fibreglass has become increasingly popular.


title: Castanets

text: In practice, a player usually uses two pairs of castanets. One pair is held in each hand, with the string hooked over the thumb and the castanets resting on the palm with the fingers bent over to support the other side. Each pair will make a sound of a slightly different pitch.


title: Castanets

text: The origins of the instrument are not known. The practice of clicking hand-held sticks together to accompany dancing is ancient, and was practiced by both the Greeks and the Egyptians. In more modern times, the bones and spoons used in Minstrel show and jug band music can also be considered forms of the castanet.


title: Castanets

text: During the baroque period, castanets were featured prominently in dances. Composers like Jean-Baptiste Lully scored them for the music of dances which included Spaniards ("Ballet des Nations"), Egyptians ("Persée", "Phaëton"), Ethiopians ("Persée", "Phaëton"), and Korybantes ("Atys"). In addition, they are often scored for dances involving less pleasant characters such as demons ("Alceste") and nightmares ("Atys"). Their association with African dances is even stated in the ballet "Flore" (1669) by Lully, ""… les Africains inventeurs des danses de Castagnettes entrent d'un air plus gai …""


title: Castanets

text: A rare occasion where the normally accompanying instrument is given concertant solo status is Leonardo Balada's "Concertino for Castanets and Orchestra Three Anecdotes" (1977). The "Conciertino für Kastagnetten und Orchester" by the German composer Helmut M. Timpelan, in cooperation with the castanet virtuoso, José de Udaeta, is another solo work for the instrument. See also the Toccata Festiva for castanets by Allan Stephenson. Sonia Amelio has also performed her castanet arrangements as a concert soloist.


title: Castanets

text: In the late Ottoman Empire, köçeks not only danced but played percussion instruments, especially a type of castanet known as the "çarpare", which in later times were replaced by metal cymbals called "zills".


title: Castanets

text: Castanets are often played by singers or dancers. Castanets are commonly used in the flamenco dance. In fact, Spanish folk dance "Sevillanas" is the style typically performed using castanet. Escuela bolera, a balletic dance form, is also accompanied by castanets. The name (Spanish: "castañuelas") is derived from the diminutive form of "castaña", the Spanish word for chestnut, which they resemble. In Andalusia they are usually referred to as "palillos" (little sticks) instead, and this is the name by which they are known in flamenco.


title: Castanets

text: Castanets were used to evoke a Spanish atmosphere in Georges Bizet's opera, "Carmen". They are also found in the "Dance of the Seven Veils" from Richard Strauss' opera "Salome" and in Richard Wagner's "Tannhäuser". An unusual variation on the standard castanets can be found in Darius Milhaud's "Les Choëphores", which calls for castanets made of metal. Other uses include Rimsky-Korsakov's "Capriccio espagnol", Ravel's "Rapsodie espagnole", Francis Poulenc's "Concerto for Two Pianos and Orchestra in D minor" and Karl Jenkins's "Tangollen".


title: Castanets

text: One can also see Spanish influence in the music of Naples through the presence of castanets, as it was registered by Athanasius Kircher on his Tarantella Napoletana (tono hypodorico).


title: Castanets

text: When used in an orchestral or jug band setting, castanets are sometimes attached to a handle, or mounted to a base to form a pair of machine castanets. This makes them easier to play, but also alters the sound, particularly for the machine castanets. It is possible to produce a roll on a pair of castanets in any of the three ways in which they are held. When held in the hand, they are bounced against the fingers and palm of the hand; on sticks, bouncing between fingers and the player's thigh is one accepted method. For a machine castanet, a less satisfactory roll is obtained by the rapid alternation of the two castanets with the fingers.


title: Castanets

text: Handle castanets were developed for use in orchestral music. A pair of castanets are fitted onto the end of a straight piece of wood. They are useful for producing a sustained roll, especially loud rolls, on the instrument.


title: Michael Rady

text: Rady made his acting debut in the feature film "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants", playing Kostas Dounas, a role he reprised in the sequel, "The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants 2". He has appeared in other feature films with small parts including "The Guardian". Rady also starred in the independent film "InSearchOf".


title: Michael Rady

text: Rady had a recurring role in the CBS summer series, "Swingtown", playing philosophy teacher Doug Stephens. He appeared in the second season of Showtime's TV drama "Sleeper Cell". Rady appeared as a guest star in two seasons of the ABC Family series "Greek" playing the Honors Polymer Science major and Honors Engineering Floor Resident Advisor Max Tyler.


title: Michael Rady

text: In 2009, he was cast in The CW series "Melrose Place" as Jonah Miller, an aspiring filmmaker. Since 2014, he has appeared in a number of made-for-television movies airing on the Hallmark Channel.


title: Michael Rady

text: Rady was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on August 20, 1981. Rady married Rachael Kemery and they have four children: two sons, Ellington born in 2012 and August born in 2014, and two daughters, Olive born in 2016 and Maisie Iris born in 2021. Rady is a vegan.


title: Throat singing

text: Throat singing refers to several vocal practices found in different cultures around the world. The most distinctive feature of such vocal practices is to be associated to some type of guttural voice, that contrasts with the most common types of voices employed in singing, which are usually represented by chest (modal) and head (light, or falsetto) registers. Also, throat singing is often described as producing the sensation of more than one pitch at a time, i.e., the listener perceives two or more distinct musical notes, while the singer is producing a single vocalization.


title: Throat singing

text: Throat singing, therefore, consists of a wide range of singing techniques that originally belong to particular cultures and seem to share some sounding characteristics that make them especially noticeable by other cultures and users of mainstream singing styles. The term originates from the translation of the Tuvan/Mongolian word Xhöömei/Xhöömi, that literally means throat, guttural. Ethnic groups from Russia, Mongolia, Japan, South Africa, Canada, Italy, China and India, among others, accept and normally employ the term throat singing to describe their special way of producing voice and song.


title: Throat singing

text: The term throat singing is obviously not precise, because any singing technique involves the sound generation in the "throat", i.e., the voice produced at the level of the larynx, which includes the vocal folds and other structures. Therefore it would be, in principle, admissible to refer to classical operatic singing or pop singing as "throat singing" for instance. However, the term throat is not adopted by the official terminology of anatomy (Terminologia Anatomica) and is not technically associated with most of the singing techniques. Many authors, performers, coaches and listeners associate throat singing with overtone singing. Throat singing and overtone singing are certainly not synonyms, contrary to what is inaccurately indicated by many dictionaries (e.g. , in the definition by Britannica) but, in some cases, both aspects may be clearly present, such as in the khargyraa technique from Tuva, with a very deep, tense voice, and rich overtone enhancements and embellishments.


title: Throat singing

text: Furthermore, "singing with the throat" may be regarded as a demeaning expression to some singers, because it may imply that the singer is using a high level of effort, resulting in a rather forced or non-suitable voice. The word "throaty" is usually associated to a rough, raspy, breathy or hoarse voice. In spite of being a term frequently used in the literature starting in the 1960's, some contemporary scholars tend to avoid the use of throat singing as a general term.


title: Throat singing

text: There is a consistent and enthusiastic international reception for concerts and workshops given by musical groups belonging to the several cultures that incorporate throat singing . Besides the traditional ethnic performances, throat singing is also cultivated and explored by numerous musicians belonging to contemporary, rock, new-age, pop and independent movements.


title: Throat singing

text: Throat singing techniques may be classified under (1) an ethnomusicological approach: considering the various cultural aspects, the association to rituals, religious practices, storytelling, labor songs, vocal games, and other contexts; (2) a musical approach: considering their artistic use, the basic acoustical principles, and the physiological and mechanical procedures to learn, train and produce them.


title: Throat singing

text: The most commonly referred types of throat singing techniques, present in musicological and ethnomusicological texts, are generally associated with ancient cultures. Some of them, as the Khöömei from Mongolia, Tuva and China, and the Canto Tenore from Sardinia, are acknowledged by UNESCO as Intangible Cultural Heritage.


title: Throat singing

text: In musically related terms, throat singing refers among others, to the following specific techniques:


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: ‘Abdul-Basit ‘Abdus-Samad (), or Abdel Basit Abdel Samad, or Abdul Basit Muhammad Abdus Samad (1927 – 30 November 1988) was an Egyptian Quran reciter and Hafiz and is regarded as one of the best reciters of the Quran who ever lived. He had won three world Qira'at competitions in the early 1970s. ‘Abdus-Samad was one of the first huffaz to make commercial recordings of his recitations, and the first president of the Reciters' Union in Egypt. At 10, Abdul Basit finished learning the Quran. He also learned 7 styles of Quran recitation by the age of 12 and the 10 styles by 14. He came to be called the "Golden Throat" and the "Voice of Heaven" due to his melodious style, breath control, and unique emotional and engaging tone. He has a son, Tareq Abd El Basit Abd El Samad, who is also a known sheikh in Egypt; he has done many interviews on his father's life, family and career.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad was born in the year 1927 in the village of Al-Maarazeh situated in Qena Governorate (Egypt). From a very early age, he was very committed with the memorization and recitation of the Quran. His grandfather, Sheikh Abdul Samad, was well known for his memorization of the Quran and known for his ability to memorize the Quran according to its rules of recitation (al-tajwid and al-ahkam). His father, Muhammad Abdul Samad, was also one of the great reciters of the Quran and worked as a civil servant in the Ministry of Communications.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad had two older brothers, Mahmoud and Abdul Hamid Abdul Samad. Both brothers were memorizing the Quran at the Madrasa, so their younger brother Abdul Basit joined them when he was six years old. The teacher of Abdul Basit noticed that his young student was quick in his memorization and very observant and keen to follow his teacher with all the pronunciation of the letters and the stop and start positions. His teacher also noticed his talent for recitation and great voice.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad completed his memorization of the Qur'an at the age of ten and then requested his grandfather and father to continue his education with the Qira’at (recitations). They both agreed and sent him to the city of Tanta (Lower Egypt) to study the Quranic recitations (‘ulum al-Quran wa al-Qira’at) under the tutelage of Sheikh Muhammad Salim. Although the distance to travel to Tanta was very far, the young student was convinced and prepared to travel the long distance since this would lay an important foundation for his future.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: One day before his departure to Tanta, the family heard about the arrival of Sheikh Muhammad Salim to the Religious Institute in Armant in order to settle there as a teacher of Recitations. The people received and welcomed him in the best way, because he was well known for his knowledge and abilities as a scholar of the Quran. It was as if fate brought this scholar to his family at the right time. The people of the city established an association in Asfun Al-Matanah to preserve the Quran, so that Sheikh Muhammad Salim could teach the memorization of the Quran and its recitations. Abdul Basit went to him and reviewed the entire Qur’an with him, and then memorized the Al-Shatibia, which is the classical text of the science of the seven recitations.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: When Sheikh Abdul Basit reached the age of twelve, requests came from all the cities and villages of Qena Governorate (Egypt), especially Asfun Al-Matanah, with the help of Sheikh Muhammad Salim, who recommended Sheikh Abdul Basit everywhere he went, as Sheikh Salim's testimony was trusted by all people.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad officially started his career as a Quran reciter in Cairo at the age of 23, when he was invited to attend the celebration of the birth of Sayyida Zainab. On the final night of the celebration, the guests were greeted by the top reciters of the era, namely Sheikh Abdul Fattah Al-Shashaa’i, Sheikh Mustafa Isma’il, Sheikh Abdul Azim Zahir, Sheikh Abu Al-Aynayn Sha’iisha, and others. The young Sheikh Abdul Basit was trying to find a place for him among the audience of listeners to listen to these famous giants, see them and sit with them.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: After midnight, Sheikh Abdul Basit was accompanied by one of his relatives, who knew the officials in the Sayyida Zainab Mosque. He asked them for permission so that Sheikh Abdul Basit could also recite. He said: “I present to you a reader from Upper Egypt, whose voice is sweet and beautiful, and he will recite to you for ten minutes.” At that moment, the mosque was completely full to end, and the audience listened to his amazing voice that took the hearts of the listeners to the point that all attendees of the mosque yelled on top of his voice “Allah Akbar” ("God is the greatest"). Every time Sheikh Abdul Basit wanted to finish the recitation with “Sadaqallahul Azim” ("Allah Almighty has spoken the truth"), the audience insisted that he keeps on reading and he continued for about two hours and finished the recitation in the early morning.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: After this experience, Sheikh Abdul Basit began to think about applying to the radio station as a Quran reciter, but he hesitated a lot due to his affiliation with the Upper Egypt, nevertheless, he choose to pursue a career as a Quran reciter. Sheikh Abdul Basit was appointed as a Quran reciter on the radio in the year 1951.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: Through the travels of Sheikh Abdul Basit Abdul Samad around the world, he received a large number of honours and awards.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: He suffered from complications from diabetes later in life, but his liver problems coincided with diabetes, and he could not fight these two conditions together. He contracted hepatitis less than a month before his death. He was admitted to a hospital but his health deteriorated further. This prompted his children and doctors to advise him to travel London for treatment, where he stayed for a week. He was accompanied by his son Tariq, who asked to take him back to Egypt.


title: Abdul Basit 'Abd us-Samad

text: He died on Wednesday, November 30, 1988, and his funeral was national and official at the local and global levels. So great was the attendance at his funeral, it included ambassadors of various countries attending on behalf of their people, as well as kings and heads of state, in appreciation of his role in the field of advocacy in all its forms. His surviving relatives included (from oldest to the youngest): Yasir, Hisham, and Tariq. Following his father's footsteps, Yasir also became a Qari. In 2006, a mosque in his native village of Armant in Luxor, Southern Egypt, was opened under his name.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: In physics and materials science, plasticity, also known as plastic deformation, is the ability of a solid material to undergo permanent deformation, a non-reversible change of shape in response to applied forces. For example, a solid piece of metal being bent or pounded into a new shape displays plasticity as permanent changes occur within the material itself. In engineering, the transition from elastic behavior to plastic behavior is known as yielding.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Plastic deformation is observed in most materials, particularly metals, soils, rocks, concrete, and foams. However, the physical mechanisms that cause plastic deformation can vary widely. At a crystalline scale, plasticity in metals is usually a consequence of dislocations. Such defects are relatively rare in most crystalline materials, but are numerous in some and part of their crystal structure; in such cases, plastic crystallinity can result. In brittle materials such as rock, concrete and bone, plasticity is caused predominantly by slip at microcracks. In cellular materials such as liquid foams or biological tissues, plasticity is mainly a consequence of bubble or cell rearrangements, notably T1 processes.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: For many ductile metals, tensile loading applied to a sample will cause it to behave in an elastic manner. Each increment of load is accompanied by a proportional increment in extension. When the load is removed, the piece returns to its original size. However, once the load exceeds a threshold – the yield strength – the extension increases more rapidly than in the elastic region; now when the load is removed, some degree of extension will remain.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Elastic deformation, however, is an approximation and its quality depends on the time frame considered and loading speed. If, as indicated in the graph opposite, the deformation includes elastic deformation, it is also often referred to as "elasto-plastic deformation" or "elastic-plastic deformation".


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Perfect plasticity is a property of materials to undergo irreversible deformation without any increase in stresses or loads. Plastic materials that have been hardened by prior deformation, such as cold forming, may need increasingly higher stresses to deform further. Generally, plastic deformation is also dependent on the deformation speed, i.e. higher stresses usually have to be applied to increase the rate of deformation. Such materials are said to deform visco-plastically.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: The plasticity of a material is directly proportional to the ductility and malleability of the material.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Plasticity in a crystal of pure metal is primarily caused by two modes of deformation in the crystal lattice: slip and twinning. Slip is a shear deformation which moves the atoms through many interatomic distances relative to their initial positions. Twinning is the plastic deformation which takes place along two planes due to a set of forces applied to a given metal piece.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Most metals show more plasticity when hot than when cold. Lead shows sufficient plasticity at room temperature, while cast iron does not possess sufficient plasticity for any forging operation even when hot. This property is of importance in forming, shaping and extruding operations on metals. Most metals are rendered plastic by heating and hence shaped hot.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Crystalline materials contain uniform planes of atoms organized with long-range order. Planes may slip past each other along their close-packed directions, as is shown on the slip systems page. The result is a permanent change of shape within the crystal and plastic deformation. The presence of dislocations increases the likelihood of planes.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: On the nanoscale the primary plastic deformation in simple face-centered cubic metals is reversible, as long as there is no material transport in form of cross-slip. Shape-memory alloys such as Nitinol wire also exhibit a reversible form of plasticity which is more properly called pseudoelasticity.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: The presence of other defects within a crystal may entangle dislocations or otherwise prevent them from gliding. When this happens, plasticity is localized to particular regions in the material. For crystals, these regions of localized plasticity are called shear bands.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Microplasticity is a local phenomenon in metals. It occurs for stress values where the metal is globally in the elastic domain while some local areas are in the plastic domain.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: In amorphous materials, the discussion of "dislocations" is inapplicable, since the entire material lacks long range order. These materials can still undergo plastic deformation. Since amorphous materials, like polymers, are not well-ordered, they contain a large amount of free volume, or wasted space. Pulling these materials in tension opens up these regions and can give materials a hazy appearance. This haziness is the result of "crazing", where fibrils are formed within the material in regions of high hydrostatic stress. The material may go from an ordered appearance to a "crazy" pattern of strain and stretch marks.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: These materials plastically deform when the bending moment exceeds the fully plastic moment. This applies to open cell foams where the bending moment is exerted on the cell walls. The foams can be made of any material with a plastic yield point which includes rigid polymers and metals. This method of modeling the foam as beams is only valid if the ratio of the density of the foam to the density of the matter is less than 0.3. This is because beams yield axially instead of bending. In closed cell foams, the yield strength is increased if the material is under tension because of the membrane that spans the face of the cells.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Soils, particularly clays, display a significant amount of inelasticity under load. The causes of plasticity in soils can be quite complex and are strongly dependent on the microstructure, chemical composition, and water content. Plastic behavior in soils is caused primarily by the rearrangement of clusters of adjacent grains.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Inelastic deformations of rocks and concrete are primarily caused by the formation of microcracks and sliding motions relative to these cracks. At high temperatures and pressures, plastic behavior can also be affected by the motion of dislocations in individual grains in the microstructure.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Time-independent plastic flow in both single crystals and polycrystals is defined by a critical/maximum resolved shear stress ("τ"), initiating dislocation migration along parallel slip planes of a single slip system, thereby defining the transition from elastic to plastic deformation behavior in crystalline materials.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: The critical resolved shear stress for single crystals is defined by Schmid’s law "τ"=σ/m, where σ is the yield strength of the single crystal and "m" is the Schmid factor. The Schmid factor comprises two variables λ and φ, defining the angle between the slip plane direction and the tensile force applied, and the angle between the slip plane normal and the tensile force applied, respectively. Notably, because "m" > 1, "σ" > "τ".


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: There are three characteristic regions of the critical resolved shear stress as a function of temperature. In the low temperature region 1 ("T" ≤ 0.25"T"), the strain rate έ must be high to achieve high "τ" which is required to initiate dislocation glide and equivalently plastic flow. In region 1, the critical resolved shear stress has two components: athermal ("τ") and thermal ("τ"*) shear stresses, arising from the stress required to move dislocations in the presence of other dislocations, and the resistance of point defect obstacles to dislocation migration, respectively. At "T" = "T"*, the moderate temperature region 2 (0.25"T" < "T" < 0.7"T") is defined, where the thermal shear stress component "τ"* → 0, representing the elimination of point defect impedance to dislocation migration. Thus the temperature-independent critical resolved shear stress τ = τ remains so until region 3 is defined. Notably, in region 2 moderate temperature time-dependent plastic deformation (creep) mechanisms such as solute-drag should be considered. Furthermore, in the high temperature region 3 ("T" ≥ 0.7"T") έ can be low, contributing to low τ, however plastic flow will still occur due to thermally activated high temperature time-dependent plastic deformation mechanisms such as Nabarro–Herring (NH) and Coble diffusional flow through the lattice and along the single crystal surfaces, respectively, as well as dislocation climb-glide creep.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: During the easy glide stage 1, the work hardening rate, defined by the change in shear stress with respect to shear strain ("dτ"/"dγ") is low, representative of a small amount of applied shear stress necessary to induce a large amount of shear strain. Facile dislocation glide and corresponding flow is attributed to dislocation migration along parallel slip planes only (i.e. one slip system). Moderate impedance to dislocation migration along parallel slip planes is exhibited according to the weak stress field interactions between these dislocations, which heightens with smaller interplanar spacing. Overall, these migrating dislocations within a single slip system act as weak obstacles to flow, and a modest rise in stress is observed in comparison to the yield stress. During the linear hardening stage 2 of flow, the work hardening rate becomes high as considerable stress is required to overcome the stress field interactions of dislocations migrating on non-parallel slip planes (i.e. multiple slip systems), acting as strong obstacles to flow. Much stress is required to drive continual dislocation migration for small strains. The shear flow stress is directly proportional to the square root of the dislocation density (τ ~"ρ"), irrespective of the evolution of dislocation configurations, displaying the reliance of hardening on the number of dislocations present. Regarding this evolution of dislocation configurations, at small strains the dislocation arrangement is a random 3D array of intersecting lines. Moderate strains correspond to cellular dislocation structures of heterogeneous dislocation distribution with large dislocation density at the cell boundaries, and small dislocation density within the cell interior. At even larger strains the cellular dislocation structure reduces in size until a minimum size is achieved. Finally, the work hardening rate becomes low again in the exhaustion/saturation of hardening stage 3 of plastic flow, as small shear stresses produce large shear strains. Notably, instances when multiple slip systems are oriented favorably with respect to the applied stress, the τ for these systems may be similar and yielding may occur according to dislocation migration along multiple slip systems with non-parallel slip planes, displaying a stage 1 work-hardening rate typically characteristic of stage 2. Lastly, distinction between time-independent plastic deformation in body-centered cubic transition metals and face centered cubic metals is summarized below.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: Plasticity in polycrystals differs substantially from that in single crystals due to the presence of grain boundary (GB) planar defects, which act as very strong obstacles to plastic flow by impeding dislocation migration along the entire length of the activated slip plane(s). Hence, dislocations cannot pass from one grain to another across the grain boundary. The following sections explore specific GB requirements for extensive plastic deformation of polycrystals prior to fracture, as well as the influence of microscopic yielding within individual crystallites on macroscopic yielding of the polycrystal. The critical resolved shear stress for polycrystals is defined by Schmid’s law as well (τ=σ/ṁ), where σ is the yield strength of the polycrystal and "ṁ" is the weighted Schmid factor. The weighted Schmid factor reflects the least favorably oriented slip system among the most favorably oriented slip systems of the grains constituting the GB.


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: The GB constraint for polycrystals can be explained by considering a grain boundary in the xz plane between two single crystals A and B of identical composition, structure, and slip systems, but misoriented with respect to each other. To ensure that voids do not form between individually deforming grains, the GB constraint for the bicrystal is as follows:


title: Plasticity (physics)

text: ε = ε (the x-axial strain at the GB must be equivalent for A and B), ε = ε (the z-axial strain at the GB must be equivalent for A and B), and ε = ε (the xz shear strain along the xz-GB plane must be equivalent for A and B). In addition, this GB constraint requires that five independent slip systems be activated per crystallite constituting the GB. Notably, because independent slip systems are defined as slip planes on which dislocation migrations cannot be reproduced by any combination of dislocation migrations along other slip system’s planes, the number of geometrical slip systems for a given crystal system - which by definition can be constructed by slip system combinations - is typically greater than that of independent slip systems. Significantly, there is a maximum of five independent slip systems for each of the seven crystal systems, however, not all seven crystal systems acquire this upper limit. In fact, even within a given crystal system, the composition and Bravais lattice diversifies the number of independent slip systems (see the table below). In cases for which crystallites of a polycrystal do not obtain five independent slip systems, the GB condition cannot be met, and thus the time-independent deformation of individual crystallites results in cracks and voids at the GBs of the polycrystal, and soon fracture is realized. Hence, for a given composition and structure, a single crystal with less than five independent slip systems is stronger (exhibiting a greater extent of plasticity) than its polycrystalline form.