title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The improved Sovereign+ was announced at the October 2012 NBAA, it rolled out in early March 2013, first flew in April, and began deliveries on December 23 after certification, at a time when the Sovereign fleet reached 349 and had flown 802,000 hours.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: Winglets were for more range of , new PW306D engines with autothrottles provides of thrust for a top speed and a FL450 direct climb, full fuel payload was increased and the Garmin G5000 replaces the avionics.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: In March 2021, Cessna announced that Sovereign+ production had ended to reduce market overlap between it and the similarly capable but more recently-developed Citation Latitude and Citation Longitude. 349 Sovereign and 94 Sovereign+ aircraft were produced.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The Citation Excel fuselage was stretched for a longer cabin and joined with a large, newly-designed wing with large trailing edge flaps for good runway performance, with 16.3° wing sweep and a relatively high critical Mach number for efficient TAS cruise.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: It is powered by Pratt & Whitney Canada PW306C engines, derated from the Gulfstream G200 or Do 328JET, and uses Honeywell Primus Epic glass cockpit avionics with four LCD screens.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The cabin maintains a altitude with the pressurization and typically comprise double-club seating for eight, two more than the Gulfstream G150, plus a side facing seat, and can accommodate up to 11.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: At a weight of and ISA -5°C, it burns 653 kg (1,440 lb) per hour at Mach 0.778 / or /h at a long-range cruise speed of Mach 0.634 / .


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: The Learjet 60 cruises faster with less fuel but its cabin is smaller, the slower Hawker 900XP has less range and a wider but shorter cabin


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: In Americas, 20 were in Brazil, 12 in Canada and eight in Mexico. In Europe, ten were in U.K., nine in Germany, three in Prague and in Austria, two in the Netherlands. In Africa, eight were in Egypt, four in South Africa and one in Morocco. In Asia, eight were in Turkey, five in China, three in Australia and one in Jordan.


title: Cessna Citation Sovereign

text: Most corporate operators fly the aircraft 350- to 400-hr. per year, less for individuals while fractional ownership and air charter aircraft may be used 1,200 hr. per year.


title: Waluscha De Sousa

text: Waluscha De Sousa (born 28 November 1979) is an Indian actress and model. She made her debut in the 2016 Hindi film "Fan".


title: Waluscha De Sousa

text: Waluscha De Sousa hails from Goa and is of paternal Portuguese and maternal German descent. She was discovered by famous Indian fashion designer Wendell Rodricks at the age of 16.


title: Waluscha De Sousa

text: Waluscha lived by the beach and was an athlete in her growing years. She loves the outdoors and is a complete adventurer. She studied at 'Our Lady of the Rosary' at Dona Paula in Panjim and later completed her graduation at St. Xavier's College, Mapusa.


title: Waluscha De Sousa

text: Waluscha modeled for leading designers in the country and subsequently took part in the Miss India pageant, where she secured herself the "Miss Body Beautiful" title. She did her first TV commercial for Pepsi with Shah Rukh Khan at the age of 17. Years later, she once again featured in a Hyundai commercial with the actor. She has also been the face of brands including Jaipur Jewels, L'Oreal, Avon Haircare naturals, Falguni and Shane's new Peacock collection 2016.


title: Waluscha De Sousa

text: She was married to Marc Robinson in Goa. The couple have three children, Chanel Robinson, Brooklyn Robinson and Sienna Robinson. The couple filed for a divorce in 2013.


title: Gritty

text: Gritty is the official mascot for the Philadelphia Flyers National Hockey League (NHL) team. He is a furry orange creature with googly eyes who wears Flyers gear. Gritty has been compared to the Phillie Phanatic, the mascot for the Philadelphia Phillies baseball team. He was created by Brian Allen of Flyland Designs with help from David Raymond, the first man to portray the Phillie Phanatic. Gritty was introduced on September 24, 2018. According to his official biography, Gritty emerged after construction at the Wells Fargo Center, the Flyers' home arena, disturbed his secret hideout.


title: Gritty

text: Within the months following his debut, Gritty became an internet sensation and made appearances on several talk shows. Since his creation, he has been met with increasingly positive reviews.


title: Gritty

text: Prior to the 2018–19 NHL season, the only two National Hockey League teams without an official mascot were the Philadelphia Flyers and the New York Rangers. The Flyers' previous mascot, Slapshot, lasted only for the 1976–77 season. In 1995, the Washington Capitals introduced their own Slapshot, named by fifth-grade student Stephanie Williams in a contest.


title: Gritty

text: The impetus behind Gritty's creation started when the Flyers' marketing department attended the mascot events at the 2016 NHL All-Star Game in Nashville, Tennessee, and realized that they were missing out on all the marketing and community outreach programs that the league's mascots were generating for their respective teams. The Flyers then commissioned Brian Allen of Flyland Designs in Bellefonte, Pennsylvania, to design Gritty in August 2018. David Raymond, who portrayed the Phillie Phanatic, consulted on Gritty's creation.


title: Gritty

text: The Flyers organization wanted Gritty to have a rather intimidating appearance, as "someone you'd high-five but not hug" according to Allen.


title: Gritty

text: Gritty made his debut on September 24, 2018, and appeared on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" several days later. Gritty was active on social media from his debut: his odd appearance and stunts on Twitter, such as seeming to threaten the mascot of the Pittsburgh Penguins and recreating Kim Kardashian's "Break the Internet" photograph, contributed to his rise in infamy. Within days, Gritty's Twitter account had more followers than any other NHL mascot. In his first on-ice appearance, Gritty fell while firing T-shirts into the crowd from a T-shirt cannon. In his second appearance on ice, Gritty body-checked contestants in a goalie race during an intermission and shot a Flyers staff member with a T-shirt cannon.


title: Gritty

text: On October 13, 2019, the first ever "Gritty anti-runners 5K" took place. This 5K race included Gritty's favorite things along the track, including hot dogs, silly string, and a shrine to Claude Giroux.


title: Gritty

text: In November 2019, during a fan meet-and-greet between Gritty and Flyers season ticket holders, a fan reported that the Flyers employee portraying Gritty punched their 13-year-old son in the back. After an internal investigation by the Flyers led to no other witnesses of such abuse, the fan reported the incident to the Philadelphia Police Department, which has led to its own investigation. On February 3, 2020, the Flyers employee portraying Gritty was officially cleared of any wrongdoing and charges were declined to be filed following an investigation conducted by the South Detectives Division of the Philadelphia Police Department.


title: Gritty

text: In May 2020, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in Pennsylvania, Gritty began wearing a face shield. In September, the Philadelphia Department of Public Health released a promotional video featuring Gritty to encourage wearing face masks in public, and in December the department and the NHL cleared Gritty to resume public appearances at Flyers games.


title: Gritty

text: Gritty appeared in the season premiere of ABC's Philadelphia-set sitcom "Abbott Elementary" in the season two premiere, "Development Day".The episode premiered on September 21, 2022.


title: Gritty

text: Gritty made a professional wrestling appearance at WWE's Extreme Rules event held on October 8, 2022 showing getting beaten by The Miz backstage who was looking for Dexter Lumis. Eventually, after Lumis put Miz to sleep, Gritty attacked him and left afterwards.


title: Gritty

text: Observers brought attention to his appearance, which could be construed as frightening, while "The Guardian" described him as an "acid trip of a mascot." Response to Gritty's introduction was immediate and sharply mixed, with many fans on social media expressing bewilderment and some fright at his appearance. Public perception of Gritty became increasingly positive as Gritty's antics, which subverted the cuddly, family-friendly appearance and demeanor of other NHL mascots, gained more attention on social media. Gritty was lampooned on "Last Week Tonight with John Oliver" and "Saturday Night Live".


title: Gritty

text: Philadelphia residents embraced Gritty shortly after his debut as representing the city's rough and tumble character. The Philadelphia City Council passed a formal resolution honoring Gritty in October, declaring that he honored the city's spirit and passion. Within two months, the mascot amassed almost 200,000 Twitter followers. Gritty was the top league mascot in a 2019 vote of the NHL Players' Association.


title: Gritty

text: Gritty was reappropriated as a leftist icon, as activists identified with the mascot's "cheerful, unkempt, maniacal demeanor", and googly-eyed, anarchic mirth. Gritty appeared on a Philadelphia anti-Trump protest banner a week after his debut and was spread through leftist online forums and Internet meme groups, which depicted Gritty with themes of anti-capitalism, socialism, and anti-fascism. Philadelphia City Council member Helen Gym described the Trump vs. Gritty phenomenon as "one orange horror has been met with another." When Philadelphia played an important role in determining the 2020 United States presidential election, social media users depicted Gritty, as the city personified, defeating outgoing incumbent Donald Trump.


title: Generation III reactor

text: Generation III reactors, or Gen III reactors, are a class of nuclear reactors designed to succeed Generation II reactors, incorporating evolutionary improvements in design. These include improved fuel technology, higher thermal efficiency, significantly enhanced safety systems (including passive nuclear safety), and standardized designs intended to reduce maintenance and capital costs. They are promoted by the Generation IV International Forum (GIF).


title: Generation III reactor

text: The first Generation III reactors to begin operation were Kashiwazaki 6 and 7 advanced boiling water reactors (ABWRs) in 1996 and 1997. Since 2012, both have been shut down due to security concerns. Due to the prolonged period of stagnation in the construction of new reactors and the continued (albeit declining) popularity of Generation II/II+ designs in new construction, relatively few third generation reactors have been built.


title: Generation III reactor

text: The older Gen II reactors comprise the vast majority of current nuclear reactors. Gen III reactors are so-called advanced light-water reactors (LWRs). Gen III+ reactors are labeled as "evolutionary designs". Though the distinction between Gen II and III reactors is arbitrary, few Gen III reactors have reached the commercial stage as of 2022. The Generation IV International Forum calls Gen IV reactors "revolutionary designs". These are concepts for which no concrete prognoses for realization existed at the time.


title: Generation III reactor

text: The improvements in reactor technology in third generation reactors are intended to result in a longer operational life (designed for 60 years of operation, extendable to 100+ years of operation prior to complete overhaul and reactor pressure vessel replacement) compared with currently used Generation II reactors (designed for 40 years of operation, extendable to 60+ years of operation prior to complete overhaul and pressure vessel replacement).


title: Generation III reactor

text: The core damage frequencies for these reactors are designed to be lower than for Generation II reactors – 60 core damage events for the European Pressurized Reactor (EPR) and 3 core damage events for the Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR) per 100 million reactor-years are significantly lower than the 1,000 core damage events per 100 million reactor-years for BWR/4 Generation II reactors.


title: Generation III reactor

text: The third generation EPR reactor was also designed to use uranium more efficiently than older Generation II reactors, using approximately 17% less per unit of electricity generated than these older reactor technologies. An independent analysis conducted by environmental scientist Barry Brook on the greater efficiency and therefore lower material needs of Gen III reactors, corroborates this finding.


title: Generation III reactor

text: Gen III+ reactor designs are an evolutionary development of Gen III reactors, offering improvements in safety over Gen III reactor designs. Manufacturers began development of Gen III+ systems in the 1990s by building on the operating experience of the American, Japanese, and Western European light-water reactor.


title: Generation III reactor

text: The nuclear industry began to promote a nuclear renaissance suggesting that Gen III+ designs should solve three key problems: safety, cost and buildability. Construction costs of US$1,000/kW were forecast, a level that would make nuclear competitive with gas, and construction times of four years or less were expected. However, these estimates proved over-optimistic.


title: Generation III reactor

text: A notable improvement of Gen III+ systems over second-generation designs is the incorporation in some designs of passive safety features that do not require active controls or operator intervention but instead rely on gravity or natural convection to mitigate the impact of abnormal events.


title: Generation III reactor

text: Generation III+ reactors incorporate extra safety features to avoid the kind of disaster suffered at Fukushima in 2011. Generation III+ designs, passive safety, also known as passive cooling, requires no sustained operator action or electronic feedback to shut down the plant safely in the event of an emergency. Many of the Generation III+ nuclear reactors have a core catcher. If the fuel cladding and reactor vessel systems and associated piping become molten, corium will fall into a core catcher which holds the molten material and has the ability to cool it. This, in turn protects the final barrier, the containment building. As an example, Rosatom installed a 200-tonne core catcher in the VVER reactor as the first large piece of equipment in the reactor building of Rooppur 1, describing it as "a unique protection system". In 2017, Rosatom has started commercial operations of the NVNPP-2 Unit 1 VVER-1200 reactor in central Russia, marking the world's first full start-up of a generation III+ reactor.


title: Generation III reactor

text: The first Generation III reactors were built in Japan, in the form of advanced boiling water reactors. On 5 August 2016, a Generation III+ VVER-1200/392M reactor became operational (first grid connection) at Novovoronezh Nuclear Power Plant II in Russia, which was the first operational Generation III+ reactor.


title: Generation III reactor

text: Several other Generation III+ reactors are under late-stage construction in Europe, China, India, and the United States. The next Generation III+ reactors to come online were an AREVA EPR reactor at the Taishan Nuclear Power Station (first grid connection on 2018-06-29) and a Westinghouse AP1000 reactor at the Sanmen Nuclear Power Station (first grid connection on 2018-06-30) in China.


title: Generation III reactor

text: In the United States, reactor designs are certified by the Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC). , the commission has approved seven new designs, and is considering one design more as well as renewal of an expired certification.


title: Generation III reactor

text: Proponents of nuclear power and some who have historically been critical have acknowledged that third generation reactors as a whole are safer than older reactors.


title: Generation III reactor

text: Edwin Lyman, a senior staff scientist at the Union of Concerned Scientists, has challenged specific cost-saving design choices made for two Generation III reactors, both the AP1000 and ESBWR. Lyman, John Ma (a senior structural engineer at the NRC), and Arnold Gundersen (an anti-nuclear consultant) are concerned about what they perceive as weaknesses in the steel containment vessel and the concrete shield building around the AP1000 in that its containment vessel does not have sufficient safety margins in the event of a direct airplane strike. Other engineers do not agree with these concerns, and claim the containment building is more than sufficient in safety margins and factors of safety.


title: Generation III reactor

text: The Union of Concerned Scientists in 2008 referred to the EPR as the only new reactor design under consideration in the United States that "...appears to have the potential to be significantly safer and more secure against attack than today's reactors."


title: Generation III reactor

text: There have also been issues in fabricating the precision parts necessary to maintain safe operation of these reactors, with cost overruns, broken parts, and extremely fine steel tolerances causing issues with new reactors under construction in France at the Flamanville Nuclear Power Plant.


title: Rob Roy (cocktail)

text: The Rob Roy is a cocktail consisting primarily of whisky and vermouth, created in 1894 by a bartender at the Waldorf Astoria in Manhattan, New York City. The drink was named in honor of the premiere of "Rob Roy", an operetta by composer Reginald De Koven and lyricist Harry B. Smith loosely based upon Scottish folk hero Rob Roy MacGregor.


title: Rob Roy (cocktail)

text: A Rob Roy is similar to a Manhattan, but is made exclusively with Scotch whisky; the Manhattan is traditionally made with rye, and today also commonly made with bourbon or Canadian whisky. While this version of a Manhattan may have been first dubbed a Rob Roy in 1894, the Manhattan made with Scotch whisky first appears in print ten years earlier in a London bar guide by Charlie Paul, perhaps the earliest published recipe for a Manhattan.


title: Rob Roy (cocktail)

text: Like the Manhattan, the Rob Roy can be made "sweet", "dry", or "perfect". The standard Rob Roy is the sweet version, made with sweet vermouth, so there is no need to specify a "sweet" Rob Roy when ordering. A "dry" Rob Roy is made by replacing the sweet vermouth with dry vermouth. A "perfect" Rob Roy is made with equal parts sweet and dry vermouth.


title: Rob Roy (cocktail)

text: The Rob Roy includes a dash of Angostura bitters (mostly for color), and is usually served in a cocktail glass garnished with two maraschino cherries on a skewer (for the standard version), or a lemon twist (for the perfect and dry versions).


title: Robert Kerman

text: Robert Charles Kerman (December 16, 1947 – December 27, 2018), also known as R. Bolla, was an American actor who had a noted pornographic acting career during what is considered to be the "golden age" period of the porn film industry during the mid-1970s to the early/mid-1980s. He grew up in a middle-class Italian neighborhood of Bensonhurst, Brooklyn. As R. Bolla (or Richard Bolla, a pun on slang terms for penis and testicles), he appeared in well over 100 pornographic films, most famously "Debbie Does Dallas" (1978). He was one of few adult performers to have an appreciable mainstream acting career, with his most widely known leading role being Professor Harold Monroe in the controversial horror film "Cannibal Holocaust" (1980).


title: Robert Kerman

text: Born in Brooklyn, New York City, Kerman graduated from Brooklyn College in 1970. While in college, he began his acting career and appeared in numerous Off-Broadway plays. Later he also studied acting at the American Academy of Dramatic Arts.


title: Robert Kerman

text: Kerman's onscreen sex appearances began with director Roberta Findlay's "Anyone But My Husband". He became one of the most prolific male stars of the Golden Age of Porn. Unlike many of his adult-industry peers, Kerman bitterly regretted his participation in the adult film industry, especially being in the film "Debbie Does Dallas", which he felt ruined any prospect of him attaining mainstream acting success. He stated: "In retrospect I'm really sorry that I did it, because I probably ruined the best years of my life as an actor." He was inducted into the AVN Hall of Fame in 1998. He performed in 230 films.


title: Robert Kerman

text: Although his professional career began in adult films, Kerman was a trained actor who played minor parts in such mainstream productions such as "The Goodbye Girl" (1977) and "Concorde Affaire '79". In the 1980s, he starred in several Italian horror films, including Ruggero Deodato's "Cannibal Holocaust", and Umberto Lenzi's cannibal films "Mangiati Vivi" and "Cannibal Ferox". Still, he remained active in pornography throughout the first half of the decade, with roles including Lawyer Quim in "Liquid A$$ets" (1982), and Fritz von Holenwohl in the Henri Pachard directed "Public Affairs" (1984). In 1985, attempting to work solely in mainstream productions, he obtained a Hollywood agent and went on to play supporting roles in television series such as "Hill Street Blues" and "Simon & Simon", In 1987 he appeared in the film "No Way Out". However, he also continued to appear in pornographic cinema and was dropped by his agent. Unable to find work and feeling betrayed, he slid into years of depression and substance abuse.


title: Robert Kerman

text: In the DVD commentary for "Cannibal Holocaust" (in interview with Sage Stallone and Bob Murawski), Kerman described film director Ruggero Deodato as "remorseless" and "uncaring". Incensed by the realization during filming that an animal's death was not being faked, Kerman physically tackled the director and stormed off the set. He was not present when other animals, including a coatimundi, were killed. Kerman was also a guest for the film's 35th-anniversary screening at the Alamo Drafthouse Cinema in Yonkers, New York, on February 28, 2015.


title: Robert Kerman

text: In the 2000s, Kerman played a sea captain in Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man", and Dr. Monroe in the drama short "Vic", directed by Sage Stallone. He made personal appearances at horror conventions to speak about his experiences on "Cannibal Holocaust". Kerman died on December 27, 2018, at the age of 71 of complications of diabetes.


title: Voiceless glottal fricative

text: The voiceless glottal fricative, sometimes called voiceless glottal transition, and sometimes called the aspirate, is a type of sound used in some spoken languages that patterns like a fricative or approximant consonant "phonologically", but often lacks the usual "phonetic" characteristics of a consonant. The symbol in the International Phonetic Alphabet that represents this sound is , and the equivalent X-SAMPA symbol is codice_1, although has been described as a voiceless vowel because in many languages, it lacks the place and manner of articulation of a prototypical consonant as well as the height and backness of a prototypical vowel:


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras (; ; ) was a pre-Socratic Greek philosopher and rhetorical theorist. He is numbered as one of the sophists by Plato. In his dialogue "Protagoras", Plato credits him with inventing the role of the professional sophist.


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras also is believed to have created a major controversy during ancient times through his statement that, "Man is the measure of all things," interpreted (possibly wrongly, since he disagreed) by Plato to mean that there is no objective truth; Protagoras seems to have meant that each person's own personal history, experiences and expectations, developed over their lifetime, determine their judgments, opinions, and statements regarding "truth" (which is the title of the book in which Protagoras made this statement). When a person makes a judgment about a certain thing—good or bad or beautiful or unjust—that person will differ from other people's judgments because their experience has been different.


title: Protagoras

text: This concept of individual relativity was intended to be provocative; naturally, it drew fire from Plato and other philosophers, contrasting with both popular opinion and other philosophical doctrine that reality and its truth must have an objective grounding. But it was part of Protagoras' point that the statement is somewhat counterintuitive. He argued that believing that others' opinions about the world are valid and must be respected, even if our own experience of truth is different, is necessary for a community to base itself and its decisions on open, democratic debate.


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras was born in Abdera, Thrace, opposite the island of Thasos (today part of the Xanthi regional unit). According to Aulus Gellius, he originally made his living as a porter, but one day he was seen by the philosopher Democritus carrying a load of small pieces of wood he had tied with a short cord. Democritus realized that Protagoras had tied the load together with such perfect geometric accuracy that he must be a mathematical prodigy. Democritus promptly took him into his own household and taught him philosophy. Protagoras became well known in Athens and even became a friend of Pericles.


title: Protagoras

text: The dates of his life are not recorded but extrapolated from writings that have survived the ages. In "Protagoras" Plato wrote that, before a gathering of Socrates, Prodicus, and Hippias, Protagoras stated that he was old enough to be the father of any of them. This suggests a birth date of not later than 490 BC. In the "Meno" he is said to have died at approximately the age of 70, after 40 years as a practising Sophist. His death, then, may be presumed to have occurred circa 420 BC, but is not known for certain, since assumptions about it are based on an apparently fake story about his trial for asebeia (impiety) in Athens.


title: Protagoras

text: Plutarch wrote that Pericles and Protagoras spent a whole day discussing an interesting point of legal responsibility, that probably involved a more philosophical question of causation: "In an athletic contest, a man had been accidentally hit and killed with a javelin. Was his death to be attributed to the javelin, to the man who threw it, or to the authorities responsible for the conduct of the games?"


title: Protagoras

text: Even though he was mentored by Democritus, Protagoras did not share his enthusiasm for the pursuit of mathematics. "For perceptible lines are not the kind of things the geometer talks about, since no perceptible thing is straight or curved in that way, nor is a circle tangent to a ruler at a point, but the way Protagoras used to say in refuting the geometers" (Aristotle, Metaphysics 997b34-998a4). Protagoras was skeptical about the application of theoretical mathematics to the natural world; he did not believe they were really worth studying at all. According to Philodemus, Protagoras said that "The subject matter is unknowable and the terminology distasteful". Nonetheless, mathematics was considered to be by some a very viable form of art, and Protagoras says on the arts, "art ("tekhnê") without practice and practice without art are nothing" (Stobaeus, "Selections" 3.29.80).


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras also was known as a teacher who addressed subjects connected to virtue and political life. He especially was involved in the question of whether virtue could be taught, a commonplace issue of fifth century BC Greece, that has been related to modern readers through Plato's dialogue. Rather than educators who offered specific, practical training in rhetoric or public speaking, Protagoras attempted to formulate a reasoned understanding, on a very general level, of a wide range of human phenomena, including language and education. In Plato's "Protagoras", he claims to teach "the proper management of one's own affairs, how best to run one's household, and the management of public affairs, how to make the most effective contribution to the affairs of the city by word and action".


title: Protagoras

text: He also seems to have had an interest in "orthoepeia"—the correct use of words—although this topic is more strongly associated with his fellow sophist Prodicus. In his eponymous Platonic dialogue, Protagoras interprets a poem by Simonides, focusing on the use of words, their literal meaning, and the author's original intent. This type of education would have been useful for the interpretation of laws and other written documents in the Athenian courts. Diogenes Laërtius reports that Protagoras devised a taxonomy of speech acts, such as assertion, question, answer, command, etc. Aristotle also says that Protagoras worked on the classification and proper use of grammatical gender.


title: Protagoras

text: The titles of his books, such as "Technique of Eristics" ("Technē Eristikōn", literally "Practice of Wranglings"— wrestling used as a metaphor for intellectual debate), prove that Protagoras also was a teacher of rhetoric and argumentation. Diogenes Laërtius states that he was one of the first to take part in rhetorical contests in the Olympic games.


title: Protagoras

text: Eusebius quoting Aristocles of Messene says that Protagoras was a member of a line of philosophy that began with Xenophanes and culminated in Pyrrhonism.


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras also said that on any matter, there are two arguments ("logoi") opposed to one another. Consequently, he may have been the author of "Dissoi logoi", an ancient Sophistic text on such opposing arguments. According to Aristotle, Protagoras was criticized for having claimed "to make the weaker argument stronger".


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras is credited with the philosophy of relativism, which he discussed in his lost work, "Truth" (also known as "Refutations"). Although knowledge of Protagoras' position is limited, his relativism is inferred from one of his most famous statements: "Man is the measure of all things: of the things that are, that they are, of the things that are not, that they are not."


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras appears to have meant that each individual is the measure of how things are perceived by that individual. Therefore, things are, or are not, true according to how the individual perceives them. For example, Person X may believe that the weather is cold, whereas Person Y may believe that the weather is hot. According to the philosophy of Protagoras, there is no absolute evaluation of the nature of a temperature because the evaluation will be relative to who is perceiving it. Therefore, to Person X, the weather is cold, whereas to Person Y, the weather is hot. This philosophy implies that there are no absolute "truths". The truth, according to Protagoras, is relative, and differs according to each individual.


title: Protagoras

text: Plato ascribes relativism to Protagoras and uses his character Socrates as a foil for his own commitment to objective and transcendent realities and values. Plato ascribes to Protagoras an early form of what John Wild categorized as phenomenalism. That being an assertion that something that is, or appears for a single individual, is true or real for that individual. However, as described in Plato's "Theaetetus", Protagoras's views allow that some views may result from an ill body or mind. He stressed that although all views may appear equally true, and perhaps, should be equally respected, they certainly are not of equal gravity. One view may be useful and advantageous to the person who has it, while the perception of another may prove harmful. Hence, Protagoras believed that the sophist was there to teach the student how to discriminate between them, i.e., to teach virtue.


title: Protagoras

text: Both Plato and Aristotle argue against some of Protagoras's claims regarding relativity; however, they argue that the concept provides Protagoras with too convenient an exemption from his own theory and that relativism is true for him yet false for those who do not believe it. They claim that by asserting that truth is relative, Protagoras then could say that whatever further theory he proposed "must" be true.


title: Protagoras

text: Protagoras was a proponent of either agnosticism or, as Tim Whitmarsh claims, atheism, on the grounds that since he held that if something is not able to be known it does not exist. Reportedly, in Protagoras's lost work, "On the Gods", he wrote: "Concerning the gods, I have no means of knowing whether they exist or not, nor of what sort they may be, because of the obscurity of the subject, and the brevity of human life."


title: Protagoras

text: According to Diogenes Laërtius, the outspoken, agnostic position taken by Protagoras aroused anger, causing the Athenians to expel him from the city, and all copies of his book were collected and burned in the marketplace. The deliberate destruction of his works also is mentioned by Cicero. The classicist John Burnet doubts this account, however, as both Diogenes Laërtius and Cicero wrote hundreds of years later and as no such persecution of Protagoras is mentioned by contemporaries who make extensive references to this philosopher. Burnet notes that even if some copies of the Protagoras books were burned, enough of them survived to be known and discussed in the following century.


title: Protagoras

text: Nonetheless, very few fragments from Protagoras have survived, although he is known to have written several different works: "Antilogiae" and "Truth". The latter is cited by Plato, and was known alternatively as, "The Throws" (a wrestling term referring to the attempt to floor an opponent). It began with the "Man is the measure" (ἄνθρωπος μέτρον) pronouncement. According to Diogenes Laërtius other books by Protagoras include: "On the Gods", "Art of Eristics", "Imperative", "On Ambition", "On Incorrect Human Actions", "On Those in Hades", "On Sciences", "On Virtues", "On the Original State of Things" and "Trial over a Fee".


title: Jaden Hardy

text: Jaden Hardy (born July 5, 2002) is an American professional basketball player for the Dallas Mavericks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2021 class.


title: Jaden Hardy

text: Hardy and his family moved to Nevada from Detroit, Michigan prior to high school. He attended Coronado High School in Henderson, Nevada. As a junior, Hardy averaged 30.4 points, 9.1 rebounds and 8.4 assists per game, earning Nevada Gatorade Player of the Year and "Las Vegas Review-Journal" Boys Athlete of the Year honors. On January 8, 2021, he opted out from the remainder of his senior season. He was named to the rosters for the McDonald's All-American Game, Jordan Brand Classic and Nike Hoop Summit.


title: Jaden Hardy

text: Hardy was a consensus five-star recruit and one of the top players in the 2021 class. Most recruiting analysts predicted that he would play professionally instead of attending college, with Kentucky and UCLA being his most likely college destinations. On May 15, 2021, he announced that he would join the NBA G League, forgoing college basketball. He chose the G League over offers from Kentucky and UCLA, among others.


title: Jaden Hardy

text: On June 9, 2021, Hardy signed with the NBA G League Ignite, a developmental team affiliated with the NBA G League. He averaged 17.7 points, 4.6 rebounds and 3.2 assists per game, shooting 35.1 percent from the field. He was drafted 37th in the 2022 NBA draft by the Sacramento Kings and traded on draft night to the Dallas Mavericks. He made his summer league debut on July 7 against the Chicago Bulls with 28 points, four rebounds, three assists, and one steal in a 100–99 loss.


title: Jaden Hardy

text: Hardy's older brother, Amauri, played college basketball for UNLV and Oregon. His father, Ramsey, competed for Tuskegee at the college level.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw is an American post-hardcore band from Hempstead, New York. The band is fronted by vocalist Daryl Palumbo and guitarist Justin Beck, and was a major part of the Long Island music scene in the early 2000s. The band has been influential in the progression of the underground music scene in the eastern United States and United Kingdom for the post-hardcore genre, and are known for their intense live shows as well as their frequent line-up changes.


title: Glassjaw

text: The band formed in the summer of 1993 after Palumbo and Beck met each other at camp. Of the band name, Beck has said: "We had a list of names, and we were just like, let's pick one of these band names which ones the coolest. At the time there were a bunch of bands coming out with two names in one like that, like mouthpiece, curbjaw, stuff like that. We were going down the list, and the first name that I liked was Swiftkick. I'm all like, that's a sick name. But for some reason Glassjaw stuck. There's really no reason behind it; it just sounded cool." The band played their first show in 1994 in Oceanside, New York. In the early days, Beck and Weinstock were also playing with Jewish straight edge metalcore band, Sons of Abraham. Sons of Abraham constitute an important influence on Glassjaw, songs such as "Hurting and Shoving (She Should Have Let Me Sleep)" by Glassjaw drawing particularly on earlier Sons of Abraham releases. Palumbo was in his own straight-edge band called XbustedX. The group's line-up changed constantly in their early years while they played in the local New York hardcore scene. Beck's primary instrument throughout this time was drums, but switched to bass guitar when Ariel Telford left the band in 1998, and then switched to lead guitar when Kris Baldwin left and Manuel Carrero joined the band in 1999. From 1994 to 1999 the band did several demo recordings of some songs that would eventually appear on their official releases, as well as several other compositions that would not see official release. The band recorded the five-song "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" EP in 1997. The record was released independently on the label 2 Cents a Pop, and saw a re-release in 2001 without label affiliation. The line-up on this record was Daryl Palumbo, Justin Beck, Todd Weinstock, Kris Baldwin and Ariel Telford. "Star Above My Bed", from the EP, is still in the band's set lists to this day. A significant recording came in 1999 working with Don Fury (Quicksand, Snapcase, Orange 9mm, The Hearing Aides), showcasing songs that appeared on their debut LP "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Silence".


title: Glassjaw

text: In 1999, the band entered the studio at Indigo Ranch in Malibu, California, with producer Ross Robinson (At the Drive-In, Korn, Limp Bizkit, Slipknot, among others) to record their first full-length album titled "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Silence", which saw release in 2000 through Roadrunner Records. On being signed, guitarist Justin Beck said: "Ross showed up at a practice, we start a song; 5-4-3-2-1. Ross stands up, waving his hands and he's like, 'It's over, it's done. I want to do this, you've got a deal! The line-up on this record was Palumbo, Beck, Todd Weinstock, Manuel Carrero and Sammy Siegler (who left the band prior to the subsequent tour). Robinson has said of it: "Our goal at the time of that record was to destroy Adidas rock", a self-deprecating reference to the Adidas-sponsored bands (Korn, Limp Bizkit) Robinson had produced and championed as part of the nu-metal movement. The music was aggressive and unrelenting, but also included spacious songs like "When One Eight Becomes Two Zeros", "Her Middle Name is Boom", "Piano" and the epic "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Silence", the latter of which deals with Palumbo's problems with Crohn's disease. The music, along with Palumbo's lyrics—which were often bitter and resentful towards particular characters he was discussing—and his singing style—powerful and aggressive guttural screaming with a melodic touch—created a unique dynamic. Although "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Silence" is often cited as a milestone post-hardcore album, it saw little push from Roadrunner, making the band disillusioned with the label. Matters were somewhat worsened when Palumbo started to have bouts with his Crohn's disease on tour, as his aggressive performance style sometimes triggers a relapse, which has the potential to be fatal. It is alleged that Roadrunner would not allow Palumbo to leave the tour to rest.


title: Glassjaw

text: Larry Gorman of Orange 9mm officially took over drumming duties partway through touring, which saw dates with Deftones and a six-week European tour with Soulfly. The line-up continued to rotate following the conclusion of the tour when Manuel Carrero was kicked out by Roadrunner for being the only member to have date conflicts with touring.


title: Glassjaw

text: In 2001, the band entered the studio in secret with Ross Robinson and began recording their follow-up album "Worship and Tribute", which would see release the following year. The album was engineered and mixed by Mike Fraser. They left Roadrunner in December 2001, finding them problematic, and shopped the album to other labels and ended up signing a deal with Warner Bros. Records. The line-up on this record was Palumbo, Beck (who also provided bass duties), Weinstock, and Shannon Larkin of Amen and later Godsmack, who provided drumming duties due to recording time constraints, as he had worked well with producer Ross Robinson in the past, although Larry Gorman was composing parts and officially the drummer of the band. Ross Robinson does not use a 'click track' (automated metronome) when recording drummers, as he believes "it takes away from the true essence of the music". This album showcased a more melodic and mature Glassjaw, as they started to further incorporate jazz and ambient influences, particularly in tracks like "Ape Dos Mil", "Must've Run All Day", "The Gillette Cavalcade of Sports", and "Convectuoso" (which did not appear on the official release due to a publishing dispute with Roadrunner). Palumbo said of it: "It's a mélange of influences, a collage is what this band is all about. This record pays tribute to everything from Bad Brains to Anthrax to The Cure to Squeeze and so much more." Lyrically, the more confrontational elements heard on "Everything..." were reined in, with Palumbo taking a more cerebral approach.


title: Glassjaw

text: Dave Allen joined the group as bassist following the recording of the album. The band then toured extensively throughout 2002–2003, playing all over the world, including festival tours such as Warped Tour, Ozzfest and Snocore. In October 2002, dates in Germany and the UK were cancelled when Palumbo was hospitalized in Paris after suffering a relapse of the Crohn's; he underwent intestinal surgery. The dates were rescheduled to December, but he suffered another relapse. On their return in April 2003 he was hospitalized again in Glasgow, Scotland, which led to cancellations including the Kerrang! Weekender and a date at the London Astoria.


title: Glassjaw

text: The band took a hiatus in 2004, while Palumbo was composing and performing with his new group Head Automatica—which included drummer Larry Gorman—and Beck worked on his band merchandise business. In late 2004, Todd Weinstock, Dave Allen, and Larry Gorman were all fired from the band, fueling rumors that they had split up. Indeed, the band's website displayed "RIP GlassJAw" in the header for a time, though this may have been in jest. The band denied that they were splitting up and cited Palumbo's ongoing problems with Crohn's disease as one of the reasons for the hiatus.


title: Glassjaw

text: After a two-year hiatus, the band played three shows in 2005; two at The Downtown in Farmingdale, New York, with proceeds going to charity, and a spot on The Used's tour at the "Hammerstein Ballroom". They were initially meant to be main tour support for The Used, but Palumbo had further problems with his Crohn's (Head Automatica also cancelled all their US shows). Manuel Carrero, who had been playing with a band named The Jiant, replaced Allen as bassist after nearly five years away from the group. Durijah Lang, who was also a former band member from their early years, replaced Larry Gorman behind the kit. The band did not fill its vacant guitarist role and continued as a four-piece.


title: Glassjaw

text: In October 2005 the band released a B-side EP of songs not used on "Worship and Tribute", titled "El Mark". Their official website became active once again in November 2006. The band would go on to tour in December of that year as support for Deftones, and a few headlining shows of their own (dubbed the "Fucking Tour 2006"). Palumbo said, 'The best thing about the tour was just having it happen'. Also, on New Year's Eve of 2006, they played at two-day festival Stillborn Fest in Connecticut, alongside Hatebreed and others. Along with new material was the confirmation that a new album would be released in 2007, with the new songs introduced at the shows included.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw's official site homepage showed "7.7.7." in large bold text, referring to a one-off show at the Carling Academy Brixton in England. It was then announced on fan site Glassjaw.net that they would be playing a warm up show at the Camden Barfly on 6.7.7. These shows were the first in the UK for four years. At the end of 2007, Glassjaw, for the first time, headlined in southern California in various venues such as the Avalon in Hollywood, the House of Blues in San Diego, and the Glasshouse in Pomona. This was dubbed the "100% Maybe" tour, a joke referring to the uncertain nature of their tours due to frequent cancellations. The band was one of the headlining acts of 2007's Saints & Sinners Festival at the Asbury Park Convention Hall in Asbury Park, New Jersey, along with Against Me!.


title: Glassjaw

text: In 2008, Glassjaw returned to the UK, playing at the two-day festival Give It A Name in Sheffield on May 10, and in London on May 11. They also did shows in Cardiff, Wales, and Dublin, Ireland.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw's next release was highly anticipated, not only due to their last full-length release dating back to 2002, but also the delay and lack of information regarding its status and/or release. In an interview with Palumbo in the July 2006 issue of "AP magazine", he stated that the band were in the process of writing and recording new material for the next album, which they hoped to release in 2007. Palumbo hinted that there could be a unifying concept behind the album.


title: Glassjaw

text: In November 2007, in the first Glassjaw interview in years, Beck revealed they had written "about eleven good songs -- seven [that] I love, and four to six half-baked ideas we need to finish". In an interview with "Kerrang!", Palumbo stated that the new album should be released by "The end of this year or early 2009...I hope." Details emerged from "The Grixer" in May 2008 that the album was "awaiting vocals" and "should be wrapped up and completed in the coming months". In a May 2008 interview with "Verse One" magazine, Beck said: "Right now I’d just be happy to finish up this record. I’m sure if it’s not a giant pile of shit, we’d love to play it live. Exact dates, plans, don't know yet." In a June 2008 interview conducted by Glassjaw.net, Beck stated, "As far as I am personally concerned, there will be a release well before the end of the year."


title: Glassjaw

text: The album was not produced by Ross Robinson, as with previous releases; instead Beck co-produced the album with his friend Jonathan Florencio. Florencio also engineered the album. By June 2008, drums, bass, and guitar parts of thirteen songs had been tracked, however vocal tracking was incomplete, with some vocals having been recorded for "You Think You're (John Fucking Lennon)", "Jesus Glue", the reworked "Star Above My Bed" (based on the Kiss Kiss Bang Bang and not Don Fury version), and "Natural Born Farmer," all of which had been played live and which were expected to be included on the album; however, tracks "Convectuoso" and "Midwestern Stylings" were not included on "Worship and Tribute", despite media reports and announcements at live shows. A fifth, unnamed track had only freestyle vocals recorded, perhaps indicating that lyrics were yet to be written for the rest of the album at this point. It was rumored prior to the official announcement that the album would be self-titled, and Beck hinted, though speculatively, at a possible digital release. He also stated he would have wanted to release the record himself, but it is likely it will be released by Warner Bros., as with "Worship and Tribute".


title: Glassjaw

text: In the fall of 2009, Glassjaw supported Brand New on their headline tour. Not long after, Palumbo, Beck and Manny conducted an exclusive video interview for Glassjaw.net on Ryan's Rock Show, where the band stated that the long absence of released material was due to "decisions we made when we were 21 years old," alluding to a possible legal/contractual dispute with either Roadrunner or most likely with their second major label, Warner Bros.


title: Glassjaw

text: In December 2009, it was announced that Manuel Carrero and Durijah Lang left Saves the Day in order to focus entirely on Glassjaw. This made it clear that both Carrero and Lang are not just hired touring musicians and are full-time members.


title: Glassjaw

text: In January 2010, Glassjaw debuted a new song, entitled "All Good Junkies Go To Heaven" live on their UK tour. The song's title was announced by Daryl Palumbo via Twitter some months before. It was the first new song that Glassjaw has played in nearly four years ("Lennon" and "Jesus Glue" were debuted late 2006). In addition, the band also added "El Mark" and "Convectuoso" to their setlists, two fan-favorite B-sides that had been sparingly played live. On the last show of their 2010 tour at Emo's in Austin, TX, the band premiered a new song with the tentative title "Wolfegg".


title: Glassjaw

text: In August 2010, Glassjaw returned to the UK to headline the Hevy Music Festival held at the Port Lympne Wild Animal Park near Folkestone. Temporary session bassist Sarosh Brohi stepped in for the tour.


title: Glassjaw

text: To promote an EP consisting of 5 new songs, Glassjaw presented a unique marketing program where fans were offered a free digital release in conjunction with a special limited product or event. Any time a fan bought an item off their online store, included but not mentioned in the package, the fan would get a 2" die-cut plastic logo for free. Other fans received a random postcard in the mail. The postcard had no return label, no explanation and consisted of a perforated logo. On August 8, 2010 (8/8) the band released a 7" vinyl single for "All Good Junkies Go to Heaven" spray-painted green and pink on either side of the vinyl at the UK's Hevy Fest. This is the first official Glassjaw release since 2005's El Mark EP. On August 8, 2010 via MerchDirect, "All Good Junkies Go To Heaven" became available for purchase. Within hours of availability, the vinyl had sold out. Fans soon realized that in order to play the vinyl, they needed the die-cut logo. Shortly thereafter, in addition to the launch of the single, a "one-take" live video of their 2008 song "You Think You're John Fucking Lennon" was posted on the official Glassjaw website.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw then announced the release of another vinyl single for release on September 9, 2010 (9/9) for the song "Jesus Glue," as well as a digital download for "All Good Junkies Go To Heaven" in various formats.


title: Glassjaw

text: On September 23, the band posted a video for the song, "Stars," a reworked version of "Star Above my Bed," a fan favorite. As they did with "Junkies" and "Jesus Glue," continuing the date patterns of 8/8, 9/9, on October 10, 2010 (10/10) the band released another vinyl, containing the track "Natural Born Farmer" and the digital release of "Jesus Glue."


title: Glassjaw

text: On December 12, 2010 (12/12), Glassjaw released "You Think You're (John Fucking Lennon)" on vinyl which instantly sold out. On December 19, an Amazon.com page listing was opened for a Glassjaw EP titled, "Our Color Green (The Singles)" (an allusion to the band's first release) with a 1/1/11 release date, all but confirming the rumors of the vinyl tracks being on the aforementioned EP. On December 20, 2010, MerchDirect began selling ticket/poster bundles for Glassjaw shows across the U.S.


title: Glassjaw

text: On New Years Day 2011, the "Our Color Green (The Singles)" EP was released digitally to online music retailers including iTunes, Amazon, and eMusic among others. The band also encored their 1/1/11 show at the Best Buy Theater in New York with five new songs that Daryl confirmed would be on the bands forthcoming album to be released early in the year.


title: Glassjaw

text: At 11:11am on January 11, glassjaw.com began streaming a studio recording of "Gold." The website's background was changed to a live band photo with the text "coloring book, the extended play. available exclusively at venue. gratis." After the first concert on their 2011 tour, February 13, 2011, the new EP "Coloring Book" was given away free to each fan that attended the concert.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw played two shows in the UK, at the London HMV Forum (March 30) and the Cardiff Solus (March 31), with support from Napalm Death and also headlined Soundfest (June 10), playing alongside other artists such as Brother Ali, Del the Funky Homosapien and If He Dies He Dies. The band also played the Radio 1 / NME Stage at Reading and Leeds Festival in August 2011.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw played their first show of 2012 in support of Rise Against's Endgame Tour. It was the only show in which Glassjaw opened for them on the tour. A Day To Remember, The Menzingers, Architects, Touché Amoré, and Title Fight also supported on selected dates. Glassjaw were also added to the Sonisphere festival line-up around this time were to perform Worship & Tribute in its entirety during their set. However, it was announced on March 29, 2012 via Sonisphere's website that the festival was canceled due to issues in setting up the festival. As a result, the band scheduled a date at New York's Irving Plaza to play the album in its entirety. The band also played Hevy Fest in 2012, alongside acts such as Converge, Rolo Tomassi and Will Haven. It marked Glassjaw's second time playing at the festival, and the first since headlining it in 2010. On December 1, 2012 the band played the Unsilent Night Festival in Texas, where they performed a cover of the 108 song "Woman".


title: Glassjaw

text: In 2013, the band embarked on a summer headlining tour in the United States. In the fall, the band played Riot Fest in Chicago, as well as an opening for Deftones at a Los Angeles show at the Greek Theater, and also played a headlining show in Santa Ana, California.


title: Glassjaw

text: At the beginning of 2014, the band participated in the Soundwave Festival in Australia, as well as playing a few Australian club shows with The Dillinger Escape Plan. In the summer of 2014, Glassjaw once again briefly returned to performing, playing a brief set at the Amnesia Rockfest (in Montebello, QC). Later in the fall, the band played Riot Fest in both Denver and Toronto, Made In America Festival in Philadelphia, and Fun Fun Fun Fest in Austin, Texas, which would be the band's last performance with Carrero on bass and Lang on drums.


title: Glassjaw

text: On the weekend of November 28, 2014, the band's merchandise website had a Black Friday sale where fans would get 19.93% off their order if they applied the promo code "weactuallyjuststartedwriting", hinting that a new album was in the works.


title: Glassjaw

text: In July 2015 it was confirmed by drummer Durijah Lang that he and bass player Manuel Carrero quit the band in January. When asked for an explanation, Lang reportedly said, "I just felt like I needed to. No axe to grind with those guys. I just ran out of good reasons not to call it a day." The two went on to join Burn.


title: Glassjaw

text: Both Lang and Carrero were replaced by two former Glass Cloud members in bassist Travis Sykes and drummer Chad Hasty.


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw's first performance with the newly installed rhythm section was a surprise performance at Amityville Music Hall in Amityville, NY on August 7, 2015. Along with that performance, the band played a handful of performances including Wrecking Ball Festival, Heavy Montreal, Taste Of Chaos Festival, and Aftershock Festival, as well as a show opening for Coheed And Cambria in Asbury Park, New Jersey, and a headling show in San Francisco with Dance Gavin Dance.


title: Glassjaw

text: On December 1, 2015, Glassjaw released a new song titled "New White Extremity" on the band's SoundCloud account. Music news website Pitchfork stated that the band would be releasing a new album, but did not give detail on when the album would be released.


title: Glassjaw

text: On January 31, 2016 Glassjaw debuted new material at The Old Blue Last in London. At this warm-up show, they performed "New White Extremity" as well as six other new songs, which they did not name at the time. The following night, February 1, 2016, Glassjaw played at the O2 Ritz in Manchester Theater, again playing more new material including another song called "Shira".


title: Glassjaw

text: In February and March 2016, Glassjaw opened for Coheed and Cambria on their "The Color Before the Sun" tour in the United Kingdom and in the United States. During this tour, the band played "New White Extremity" and "Shira". Also during this tour, they played 7 small headlining shows in nearby cities. At these headlining shows, the band's set list contained mostly new songs that have yet to be released. Some of these news songs are speculated to be titled "Neo", "Metal", "Post Apocalyptic", and "Abigados". The band did not make any other announcements about their oft-rumored third album for nearly two years. However, on May 18, 2016 it was announced that the band would be playing both Denver and Chicago dates of Riot Fest.


title: Glassjaw

text: In December 2016, The Dillinger Escape Plan drummer Billy Rymer confirmed that he'd tracked drums for "a whole album's worth of material" towards the band's third album.


title: Glassjaw

text: On November 15, 2017, Amazon leaked a few details of a new Glassjaw album tentatively titled "Material Control". It was listed with a December 1, 2017 release date containing 12 tracks. A flexi-disc format of the album containing 10 songs was sent to fans who previously had ordered Glassjaw merchandise through Justin Beck's MerchDirect company prior to an official announcement.


title: Glassjaw

text: On November 24, 2017, Glassjaw released a new song titled "Shira" and confirmed a December 1, 2017 release date for "Material Control". The album was released via Century Media Records to critical acclaim. The music video for "Shira" followed in April 2018.


title: Glassjaw

text: In April 2018, the band announced a co-headlining summer tour with Quicksand. On June 28, 2018, the band released a music video for "Golgotha".


title: Glassjaw

text: The band's sound has always been rooted in the New York hardcore scene. Elements of the late 1980s youth crew style of hardcore are prominent in their earlier recordings, and Youth of Today have been cited as an important influence. Beck has cited Faith No More's attitude towards making music as an influence, while Palumbo has specifically cited Mike Patton as a huge influence on him. Glassjaw has been described as nu metal early in their career, alternative metal and post-hardcore.


title: Glassjaw

text: Apart from this, Palumbo's lyrics frequently quote other artists as a tribute, quoting acts such as Frank Zappa, Tori Amos, and Gravediggaz, among others.


title: Glassjaw

text: RockSound named the band "The Biggest DIY Band In The World" because of the band's independence from major labels, insistence on maintaining creative control of both their sound and presentation and grassroots approach to distributing their music despite several hiatuses. On why the band still exists, Palumbo stated, "Glassjaw provides a real outlet for all our creativity. And allows us to sit around making dick and fart jokes all day." Beck stated, "Glassjaw would suck if this was how we paid our rent because then you'd make stupid decisions in order to pay the bills. Once money and popularity have a bearing on your art then it's gone, diluted. You lose it."


title: Glassjaw

text: In a nod to how the band shuns the music industry standard of putting out an album, when asked why the long wait for new music, Palumbo stated "...we write a lot. When the band is at the forefront, that’s when the spark really seems to happen. If it was up to me and him, we’d get together every weekend and make an album almost every few months. But I think the most poignant and potent Glassjaw [comes from] us stockpiling the goodness until it’s time to do it. And when it’s time to do it, the universe very much lets us know.”


title: Glassjaw

text: Both Palumbo and Beck have been openly vocal about their negative experiences with Roadrunner, and have continued to talk about them years after their departure from the label in December 2001. They openly advise people not to buy their first full-length so as not to give the label money, and have repeatedly told fans at shows to illegally download the record. Palumbo has said of them:


title: Glassjaw

text: Regarding the re-release of the remastered version of "Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Silence" in March 2009 by Roadrunner, Beck was quoted by Alter The Press! in saying


title: Glassjaw

text: Glassjaw have been regarded as one of the most influential bands of the post-hardcore genre. Born of the Long Island hardcore scene, producer Ross Robinson declared in 2000 that Glassjaw "was on a mission to destroy the ‘Adidas Rock’ of nu-metal bands like Limp Bizkit." Their usage of dissonant melodies through their two guitarists, Justin Beck and Todd Weinstock, created a jazz-like sound that was unique and original for the genre. Nick Greer of Sputnikmusic stated that "part of what makes Glassjaw such a stand out band is a combination of structured genre blending and blissfully naive experimentation." Michael Ventimiglia of the Long Island Press said that their "Worship and Tribute" album "helped shape and define music for a new generation."


title: Glassjaw

text: Modern post-hardcore bands such as Funeral for a Friend, Night Verses, The Movielife and Letlive have named Glassjaw as a formidable influence. Funeral For a Friend lead singer Matt Davies-Kreye stated that "Glassjaw are such an experimental band and integrate a lot of different styles and influences in their music such as ambient rock, hardcore, post-rock and jazz. They always taught me to go against the grain, pay more attention to dynamics and think outside of the box when writing songs. I like to think that our new material is heavily GlassJaw-influenced." Mike Cunniff of Boston Manor said that "they definitely have a strong cult following not dissimilar to Brand New. Their music has stood the test of time because they have always been so fresh and original.”


title: Renault Master

text: The Renault Master is a large van produced by the French manufacturer Renault since 1980, now in its third generation. It replaced the earlier Renault Super Goélette light trucks. Opel has sold versions of the second and third series vans as the Opel Movano in Continental Europe and Vauxhall Movano in the United Kingdom. All three generations have been designed and manufactured by Renault, irrespective of the brand.


title: Renault Master

text: Over its lifetime, several different body styles have been available, from the standard van to bigger models with an increased load area, height, and longer wheelbases with an LWB prefix. Panel vans are very common, but pickups are also available. Heavier duty models of the Master were also sold by (now Volvo owned) Renault Trucks as the B series, later as the Messenger and the Mascott.


title: Renault Master

text: The original Renault Master was launched in September 1980. Originally launched with the Fiat-Sofim diesel engine, and from 1984 also with the power unit. In rare cases the Master was sold with a 2.0 L or 2.2 L Renault petrol engine.


title: Renault Master

text: They competed with a number of other manufacturer's products, and completed Renault's commercial range, after the Dodge 50 Series, which was latterly being built as the Renault 50 Series, after Renault's acquisition of the Dodge production facilities in the United Kingdom (at the time of Peugeot's takeover of Chrysler Europe).


title: Renault Master

text: The smaller Renault Trafic was also launched in 1980, resulting in a large range of light commercial vehicles.


title: Renault Master

text: The Master was distinctively styled with the sliding door design and unusual round door handles, similar to those of the Fiat Ritmo/Strada. The van was manufactured at Renault's then new SoVAB Batilly plant in northeastern France.


title: Renault Master

text: An alternative heavier duty version which appeared almost identical, was sold by Renault Trucks as the Renault B70 to B120. It first appeared as the B70 (diesel) and as the B80 (petrol) in the end of 1982. It was a light truck with a Renault Master I body on a separate chassis, with rear wheel drive and rear dual wheels.


title: Renault Master

text: The B series was offered with a range of alternative body options. As the Master (and the smaller Trafic) both carried manufacturer's plates from Renault's automobile division, RVI's production numbers appeared to plummet as the SG2 and SG3 were gradually replaced. It was introduced in the United Kingdom in 1990, gradually replacing the previous Chrysler Europe-developed Dodge/Renault 50 series.


title: Renault Master

text: It was thus decided in 1982 to transfer the new, heavier B series range to RVI. More powerful versions were gradually added, incorporating turbochargers and intercooling.


title: Renault Master

text: Although a 4x4 version of the B90 took part in the Paris Dakar Rally in 1987, the "civilian" version of the B90 4x4 truck was unveiled in 1990 only, and was sold until 1999. In 1993, the B series had a grille change and was renamed Messenger. It was replaced by the Renault Mascott.


title: Renault Master

text: The second generation Renault Master, which arrived in November 1997, was more conventional in appearance and, though primarily developed by Renault, was available from 1998 as the almost identical Opel Movano (badged in the United Kingdom as the Vauxhall Movano), and from Renault's closely related partner Nissan , from whom it was available as the Nissan Interstar from 1999.


title: Renault Master

text: This arrangement mirrors the collaboration between these companies on the Master's smaller counterpart, the Renault Trafic; within the industry, similar platform sharing arrangements existed between Fiat and Peugeot/Citroën, and also between Volkswagen and Mercedes.


title: Renault Master

text: The second generation of the Renault Master and the third generation of the Iveco Daily share many panels and some components of the cab, including the doors due to an agreement between Iveco and Renault stipulated in July 1994.


title: Renault Master

text: The agreement provided for the production and sharing of common components for a total of 120 thousand pieces a year produced in the various factories of Brescia (Italy, Iveco), Suzzara (Italy, Iveco), Valladolid (Spain, Iveco) and Batilly (France, Renault factory).


title: Renault Master

text: The Master used the Renault S-Type engine in S9U and S8W/S9W versions, the G-Type engine (G9T) and the Nissan YD engine. Displacements available (not across all chassis/body sizes) included 2.2, 2.5, and 2.8 litres with a range of power outputs.


title: Renault Master

text: The van received a mid life major facelift in the end of 2003, with the headlight area being heavily restyled (together with cosmetic changes to rear lights, wing mirrors, and dashboard), resulting in the front end somewhat resembling the smaller Trafic. Like its predecessor, the van was available in a number of sizes and configurations, and was a popular base for conversion to ambulance bodywork.


title: Renault Master

text: For the facelifted Master, the 2.8 litre engine option was replaced in some markets with the 3.0 litre ZD3 engine derived from the Nissan ZD30 engine, variants ZD3 200 or 202 for transverse mount front wheel drive arrangements and variants; 600, 604, 606 or 608 for rear wheel drive arrangements. The grille was redesigned in 2007 on Renault-badged models.


title: Renault Master

text: Renault Trucks marketed a heavy duty 3.0 L diesel version of the Master with rear-wheel drive and sold it as the Mascott. Other names for this version are: "Master Propulsion" (France and others), and "Master Pro" (The Netherlands).


title: Renault Master

text: It retained the name "Master" in Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, and Slovenia, "Master LDT" in Belgium, "Master Maxi" in Poland, and "Master Propulsion" in Spain, France, Italy, and Réunion. Available in Europe between 1999 and 2013, it was positioned between the Master and the larger Renault Midlum.


title: Renault Master

text: A new generation of the Renault Master was introduced in the summer of 2010, again including the rebadged Opel/Vauxhall Movano and Nissan NV400. It is the first time that either the Opel/Vauxhall or Nissan has been available with single/twin rear wheel drive.


title: Renault Master

text: The M-type 2.3 litre four cylinder diesel engine is shared by all four marques, and is available in three states of tune, from to . Renault Trucks discontinued the Mascott and sold the third generation Master in chassis cab format only, with payloads of up to 2.5 tonnes.


title: Renault Master

text: In the United Kingdom, the Movano is available in a large range of height, length and weight configurations, and capable of transporting up to . In 2014, the front grille was facelifted on the Renault Master but the facelift did not apply to the Opel/Vauxhall versions. On 18 April 2016, Renault announced starting producing an off-road version of the Renault Master, with a four-wheel drive layout.


title: Renault Master

text: In South Korea, FF Layout Master L1H1(S) and L2H2(L) panel van were launched on 15 October 2018. They are imported from France. The first Master in South Korean market will be diesel with manual gearbox. Short version trim(S)'s price are 29,000,000won, Long body van(L)'s price are 31,000,000won. Renault Korea possibly consider the competitors as the Hyundai Starex and Hyundai H350.


title: Renault Master

text: In 2021, the Opel/Vauxhall Movano was discontinued due to the partnership of Opel/Vauxhall with Group PSA, now known as Stellantis, and replaced with a new Movano, based on the Fiat Ducato.


title: Renault Master

text: The Master Z.E. was introduced in 2018 as a battery electric vehicle with a 33 kW-hr lithium ion battery and the "R75" electric traction motor from the contemporaneous Zoe and Kangoo Z.E., providing a driving range of under the WLTP cycle. Maximum torque output is . The battery capacity was increased to 52 kW-hr in spring 2022, extending the range to (WLTP). In the UK, the newer variant with larger range now is marketed as the Master E-Tech instead. It will go on sale in the Australian market in 2024.


title: Renault Master

text: The battery can be recharged at 7.4 kW (AC); the newer 52 kW-hr variant adds the ability to use a DC charger, but is limited to 22 kW.


title: Renault Master

text: At the 2022 Paris Motor Show, HYVIA presented a production version of the Renault Master Van H2-TECH, which runs on hydrogen.


title: AJ Griffin

text: Adrian Darnell "AJ" Griffin Jr. (born August 25, 2003) is an American professional basketball player for the Atlanta Hawks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He played college basketball for the Duke Blue Devils of the Atlantic Coast Conference (ACC).


title: AJ Griffin

text: Griffin was a starter on the varsity basketball team in Ossining, New York as a 7th and 8th grader in 2015-16 alongside senior Obi Toppin. Griffin played basketball for Archbishop Stepinac High School in White Plains, New York. As a freshman, he played with his older brother, Alan, and helped his team win its first Catholic High School Athletic Association (CHSAA) Archdiocesan title since 1984. In his sophomore season, he and R. J. Davis formed one of the top backcourts in the nation. Griffin averaged 20.9 points, 10.9 rebounds, 3.9 assists and 3.5 blocks per game. As a junior, he averaged 17.7 points, 8.8 rebounds, 2.4 assists, and 2.3 blocks per game, missing most of the season with a knee injury, and led Stepinac to the CHSAA Archdiocesan title. Griffin was sidelined for his senior season by an ankle injury. He was named to the McDonald's All-American Game and Jordan Brand Classic rosters.


title: AJ Griffin

text: Griffin was rated a five-star recruit by 247Sports and Rivals, and a four-star recruit by ESPN. On November 4, 2019, he committed to playing college basketball for Duke over offers from Kentucky and Villanova.


title: AJ Griffin

text: On November 19, 2021, Griffin scored 18 points in an 88–55 win against Lafayette. He was named to the ACC All-Freshman Team as well as Honorable Mention All-ACC. At the conclusion of his freshman season, Griffin announced his intention to enter the 2022 NBA draft. Ahead of the draft, Griffin was projected as a potential top five pick.


title: AJ Griffin

text: Griffin was selected with the 16th overall pick by the Atlanta Hawks in the 2022 NBA draft. He later joined the Hawks' 2022 NBA Summer League team. On July 3, 2022, the Hawks signed Griffin to a rookie-scale contract. On November 19, Griffin put up 17 points, alongside a game-winning alley-oop, five rebounds, an assist, a steal, and a block in a 124–122 win over the Toronto Raptors. On December 11, Griffin scored a game-winner in a 123–122 win over the Chicago Bulls.


title: AJ Griffin

text: Griffin represented the United States at the 2019 FIBA Under-16 Americas Championship in Brazil. He averaged 13.5 points, 4.3 rebounds and 3.3 steals per game, helping his team win the gold medal. Griffin scored 18 points against Canada in the final.


title: AJ Griffin

text: Griffin is a Christian and often takes to social media to speak about his faith. Griffin's father, Adrian, played in the National Basketball Association (NBA) for ten seasons before becoming a coach in the league, and serves as an assistant coach for the Toronto Raptors. His mother, Audrey Sterling, was an All-American in track and ran for Seton Hall. His oldest sister is Vanessa. His other two siblings have played college basketball: his brother, Alan, at Illinois and Syracuse, and his sister, Aubrey, at UConn.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Calcium nitrate, also called "Norgessalpeter" (Norwegian salpeter), is an inorganic compound with the formula Ca(NO)(HO). The anhydrous compound, which is rarely encountered, absorbs moisture from the air to give the tetrahydrate. Both anhydrous and hydrated forms are colourless salts. Calcium nitrate is mainly used as a component in fertilizers, but it has other applications. Nitrocalcite is the name for a mineral which is a hydrated calcium nitrate that forms as an efflorescence where manure contacts concrete or limestone in a dry environment as in stables or caverns. A variety of related salts are known including calcium ammonium nitrate decahydrate and calcium potassium nitrate decahydrate.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Norgessalpeter was synthesized at Notodden, Norway in 1905 by the Birkeland–Eyde process. Most of the world's calcium nitrate is now made in Porsgrunn.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Like related alkaline earth metal nitrates, calcium nitrate decomposes upon heating (starting at 500 °C) to release nitrogen dioxide:


title: Calcium nitrate

text: The fertilizer grade (15.5-0-0 + 19% Ca) is popular in the greenhouse and hydroponics trades; it contains ammonium nitrate and water, as the "double salt" <chem>5Ca(NO3)2.NH4NO3.10H2O</chem>. This is called calcium ammonium nitrate and often the name calcium nitrate prill is used as it always comes in a prilled (granular) form. Formulations lacking ammonia are also known: Ca(NO)·4HO (11.9-0-0 + 16.9 Ca) and the water-free 17-0-0 + 23.6 Ca. A liquid formulation (9-0-0 + 11 Ca) is also offered. An anhydrous, air-stable derivative is the urea complex Ca(NO)·4[OC(NH)], which has been sold as Cal-Urea.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Calcium nitrate is also used to control certain plant diseases. For example, dilute calcium nitrate (and calcium chloride) sprays are used to control bitter pit and cork spot in apple trees.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Calcium nitrate is used in waste water pre-conditioning for odour emission prevention. The waste water pre-conditioning is based on establishing an anoxic biology in the waste water system. In the presence of nitrate, the metabolism for sulfates stops, thus preventing formation of hydrogen sulfide. Additionally easy degradable organic matter is consumed, which otherwise can cause anaerobic conditions downstream as well as odour emissions itself. The concept is also applicable for surplus sludge treatment.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Calcium nitrate is used in set accelerating concrete admixtures. This use with concrete and mortar is based on two effects. The calcium ion accelerates formation of calcium hydroxide and thus precipitation and setting. This effect is used also in cold weather concreting agents as well as some combined plasticizers. The nitrate ion leads to formation of iron hydroxide, whose protective layer reduces corrosion of the concrete reinforcement.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Calcium nitrate is a very common coagulant in latex production, especially in dipping processes. Dissolved calcium nitrate is a part of the dipping bath solution. The warm former is dipped into the coagulation liquid and a thin film of the dipping liquid remains on the former. When now dipping the former into the latex the calcium nitrate will break up the stabilization of the latex solution and the latex will coagulate on the former.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: The dissolution of calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is highly endothermic (cooling). For this reason, calcium nitrate tetrahydrate is sometimes used for regenerable cold packs.


title: Calcium nitrate

text: Calcium nitrate can be used as a part of molten salt mixtures. Typical are binary mixtures of calcium nitrate and potassium nitrate or ternary mixtures including also sodium nitrate. Those molten salts can be used to replace thermo oil in concentrated solar power plants for the heat transfer, but mostly those are used in heat storage.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: Madness and Civilization: A History of Insanity in the Age of Reason (French: "Folie et Déraison: Histoire de la folie à l'âge classique", 1961) is an examination by Michel Foucault of the evolution of the meaning of madness in the cultures and laws, politics, philosophy, and medicine of Europe—from the Middle Ages until the end of the 18th century—and a critique of the idea of history and of the historical method.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: Although he uses the language of phenomenology to describe the influence of social structures in the history of the Othering of insane people from society, "Madness and Civilization" is Foucault's philosophic progress from phenomenology toward something like structuralism (a label Foucault himself always adamantly rejected).


title: Madness and Civilization

text: Philosopher Michel Foucault developed "Madness and Civilization" from his earlier works in the field of psychology, his personal psychological difficulties, and his professional experiences working in a mental hospital. He wrote the book between 1955–1959, when he worked cultural-diplomatic and educational posts in Poland and Germany, as well as in Sweden as director of a French cultural centre at the University of Uppsala.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: In "Madness and Civilization", Foucault traces the cultural evolution of the concept of insanity (madness) in three phases:


title: Madness and Civilization

text: In the Renaissance, art portrayed insane people as possessing wisdom (knowledge of the limits of the world), whilst literature portrayed the insane as people who reveal the distinction between what men are and what men pretend to be. Renaissance art and literature further depicted insane people as intellectually engaged with reasonable people, because their "madness" represented the mysterious forces of cosmic tragedy. Yet Renaissance intellectualism began to develop an "objective" way of thinking about and describing reason and unreason, compared with the subjective descriptions of madness from the Middle Ages.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: At the dawn of the Age of Reason in the 17th century, there occurred "the Great Confinement" of insane people in the countries of Europe; the initial management of insane people was to segregate them to the margins of society, and then to physically separate them from society by confinement, with other anti-social people (prostitutes, vagrants, blasphemers, "et al.") into new institutions, such as the General Hospital of Paris. Christian European society perceived such anti-social people as being in moral error, for having freely chosen lives of prostitution, vagrancy, blasphemy, unreason, etc. To revert such moral errors, society's new institutions to confine outcast people featured way-of-life regimes composed of punishment-and-reward programs meant to compel the inmates to choose to reverse their choices of lifestyle.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: The socio-economic forces that promoted this institutional confinement included the legalistic need for an extrajudicial social mechanism with the legal authority to physically separate socially undesirable people from mainstream society; and for controlling the wages and employment of poor people living in workhouses, whose availability lowered the wages of freeman workers. The conceptual distinction, between the mentally insane and the mentally sane, was a social construct produced by the practices of the extrajudicial separation of a human being from free society to institutional confinement. In turn, institutional confinement conveniently made insane people available to medical doctors then beginning to view madness as a natural object of study, and then as an illness to be cured.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: The Modern era began at the end of the 18th century, with the creation of medical institutions for confining mentally insane people under the supervision of medical doctors. Those institutions were product of two cultural motives: (i) the new goal of "curing" the insane away from poor families; and (ii) the old purpose of "confining" socially undesirable people to protect society. Those two, distinct social purposes soon were forgotten, and the medical institution became the only place for the administration of therapeutic treatments for madness. Although nominally more enlightened in scientific and diagnostic perspective, and compassionate in the clinical treatment of insane people, the modern medical institution remained as cruelly controlling as were mediaeval treatments for madness. In the preface to the 1961 edition of "Madness and Civilization", Foucault said that:


title: Madness and Civilization

text: In the critical volume, "Foucault" (1985), the philosopher José Guilherme Merquior said that the value of "Madness and Civilization" as intellectual history was diminished by errors of fact and of interpretation that undermine Foucault's thesis—how social forces determine the meanings of madness and society's responses to the mental disorder of the person. Specifically problematic was his selective citation of data, which ignored contradictory historical evidence of preventive imprisonment and physical cruelty towards insane people during the historical periods when Foucault said society perceived the mad as wise people—institutional behaviors allowed by the culture of Christian Europeans who considered madness worse than sin. Nonetheless, Merquior said that, like the book "Life Against Death" (1959), by Norman O. Brown, Foucault's book about "Madness and Civilization" is "a call for the liberation of the Dionysian id"; and gave inspiration for "Anti-Oedipus: Capitalism and Schizophrenia" (1972), by the philosopher Gilles Deleuze and the psychoanalyst Félix Guattari.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: In his 1994 essay ""Phänomenologie des Krankengeistes"" ('Phenomenology of the Sick Spirit'), philosopher Gary Gutting said:[T]he reactions of professional historians to Foucault's "Histoire de la folie" [1961] seem, at first reading, ambivalent, not to say polarized. There are many acknowledgements of its seminal role, beginning with Robert Mandrou's early review in [the "Annales d'Histoire Economique et Sociale"], characterizing it as a 'beautiful book' that will be 'of central importance for our understanding of the Classical period.' Twenty years later, Michael MacDonald confirmed Mandrou's prophecy: 'Anyone who writes about the history of insanity in early modern Europe must travel in the spreading wake of Michael Foucault's famous book, "Madness and Civilization".’Later endorsements included Jan Goldstein, who said, "For both their empirical content and their powerful theoretical perspectives, the works of Michel Foucault occupy a special and central place in the historiography of psychiatry;" and Roy Porter, "Time has proved "Madness and Civilization" [to be by] far the most penetrating work ever written on the history of madness." However, despite Foucault being herald of 'the new cultural history', there was much criticism.


title: Madness and Civilization

text: In "Psychoanalysis and Male Homosexuality" (1995), Kenneth Lewes said that "Madness and Civilization" is an example of the "critique of the institutions of psychiatry and psychoanalysis" that occurred as part of the "general upheaval of values in the 1960s." That the history Foucault presents in "Madness and Civilization" is similar to, but more profound than "The Myth of Mental Illness" (1961) by Thomas Szasz.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Peter William Shorrocks Butterworth (4 February 1915 – 17 January 1979) was an English actor and comedian, best known for his appearances in the "Carry On" series of films. He was also a regular on children's television and radio, and was known for playing The Monk on "Doctor Who". Butterworth was married to the actress and impressionist Janet Brown.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth was born at 29 Princes Street, Ulverston. Before his acting career started, Butterworth served as a lieutenant in the Fleet Air Arm of the Royal Navy during the Second World War. Whilst at "Stalag Luft III" he met Talbot Rothwell, who later went on to write many of the Carry On films in which Butterworth was to star. Having never performed in public before his imprisonment, Butterworth formed a duo with Rothwell and sang in the camp shows. They delivered a song which Rothwell called "The Letter Edged In Black". The performance was followed by some comic repartee which, according to Butterworth's account, provoked enough boos and hisses to have the desired effect of drowning out the sounds of an escape tunnel being dug by other prisoners' escape party. After the war, Butterworth kept a photo of the concert party line-up, something which offered inspiration to him when starting a career in acting.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth was one of the vaulters covering for the escapers during the escape portrayed by the book and film "The Wooden Horse". Butterworth later auditioned for the film in 1949 but "didn't look convincingly heroic or athletic enough" according to the makers of the film. Within the same camp as Butterworth and Rothwell were the future actors Rupert Davies and John Casson, the son of Lewis Casson and Sybil Thorndike. All five remained very close friends after the war ended and they all appeared on "This Is Your Life" when Butterworth was a subject of the programme in 1975.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth came to notice after appearing in pantomime around the UK. His first film appearance was in the Val Guest film "William Comes to Town" (1948). Guest and Butterworth became close friends and the two worked on a further seven films together during their careers. His first major success was on television in the Terry-Thomas sketch show "How Do You View?" in which he played the chauffeur "Lockitt": his wife, Janet Brown, was also a cast member. Butterworth also presented successful programmes aimed at children in the 1950s including "Whirligig" and "Butterworth Time". He continued to take minor parts in films and went on to appear alongside actors including Sean Connery, David Niven and Douglas Fairbanks Jr during his career. Around the time his work in the Carry On films began, he guest appeared in two First Doctor "Doctor Who" stories, starring William Hartnell, in 1965/66, ("The Time Meddler" and "The Daleks' Master Plan"), playing The Monk.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: He starred in the children's TV show "Saturday Special" (with the puppet Porterhouse the Parrot), broadcast on Saturdays at 5:00 pm, alternating with "Whirligig".


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth's association with the Carry On series began mid-way through the series with "Carry On Cowboy" (1965), playing the part of "Doc". He was put in touch with the creator of the series, Peter Rogers, by his friend Talbot Rothwell, the writer of "Carry On Cowboy" and who had written the previous four films. Out of the actors who were considered to be the "Carry On" team, he was the sixth most prolific performer in the series, making sixteen film appearances, two Christmas specials, the television series in 1975 and the west end theatre productions which also toured the country, alongside Sid James, Barbara Windsor and Kenneth Connor.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: His Carry On appearances portrayed his characters as typically quiet and subtly eccentric. He was often cast as a stooge for another character. Thus, in "Carry On Screaming!" he played Detective Constable Slobotham, the assistant for Detective Sergeant Bung (Harry H. Corbett); while in "Don't Lose Your Head" he played Citizen Bidet, the assistant to Citizen Camembert (Kenneth Williams). In "Carry On Camping" he played Joshua Fiddler, the laid-back and eccentric camp site manager, who persuades Sid James character to part with most of his money when booking into the camp site. Such was his loyalty to Peter Rogers and Gerald Thomas, that Butterworth agreed to play three small roles, in "Carry On Again Doctor", "Carry On Loving" and "Carry On Henry". He was unable to take larger parts, due to other work and stage commitments, but these minor roles were specially written into the films for him.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth returned to playing more substantial parts within the "Carry On" films with "Carry On Abroad" (1972), in which he played 'Pepe' the manager of an unfinished hotel, who greets his unexpected guests in the guise of the builder, the porter, the receptionist and telephone operator. He spends the first half of the film furiously trying to placate and accommodate them and the last half desperately trying to save the building from a flood, and whilst all this is going on, put up with his nagging wife (Hattie Jacques). Butterworth remained with the series until the final film in the main series, "Carry On Emmannuelle" (1978).


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Having appeared in many of Val Guest's films during the beginning of his career, he also made three appearances in the films of Richard Lester. He appeared in Lester's film version of "A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Forum" (1966). A decade later, he appeared consecutively in "The Ritz" and "Robin and Marian" (both 1976) alongside Sean Connery, Richard Harris and Audrey Hepburn. He had an uncredited cameo part in the film version of the musical "Oliver!" (1968) as a shopkeeper in court, and made a special appearance in an episode of "Catweazle" ("The Demi Devil" [1970]) and the "Dad's Army" episode "The Face on the Poster" (1975).


title: Peter Butterworth

text: In 1975 he was the subject of an episode of "This Is Your Life" whereby Eamonn Andrews surprised him while he was shopping in Selfridges, London. Friends who took part in the show included Terry Scott, Talbot Rothwell, Jimmy Jewel, John Casson and Rupert Davies. Butterworth's wife and their two children, Tyler and Emma were also at the recording. When the Carry on films finished in 1978, Butterworth began to concentrate on straight roles, taking a small part in the feature film "The First Great Train Robbery" with Sean Connery, and the Alan Bennett play "Afternoon Off" (both 1979). These two productions were shown posthumously.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth was introduced to actress and impressionist Janet Brown by Rothwell and the two married in 1946 at St Mary's, Bryanston Square, Marylebone. Brown later became known for her television impersonations of Margaret Thatcher during the 1970s and 1980s. They had two children: Their son, Tyler Butterworth, also became an actor and is married to the actress Janet Dibley. Their daughter, Emma, was born in 1962. She died in 1996 aged 34.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: In 1979, whilst "The First Great Train Robbery" was on general release, Butterworth was starring as Widow Twankey in the pantomime "Aladdin" at the Coventry Theatre. When the show had finished, he went back to his hotel following the evening's performance. His failure to return for the following day's matinee show caused alarm, and he was found dead in his room from a heart attack.


title: Peter Butterworth

text: Butterworth was buried in Danehill Cemetery, in East Sussex. Following his death, the producer of the "Carry On" films, Peter Rogers, said that Butterworth was "a thoroughly nice bloke and a dear friend".


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Goyo: The Boy General (), or simply Goyo, is a 2018 Philippine epic war drama film starring Paulo Avelino as the titular "Boy General", Gregorio del Pilar, who died during the historic Battle of Tirad Pass in the Philippine–American War. It was written, directed, edited, and scored by Jerrold Tarog, and is a sequel to the 2015 film "Heneral Luna", which chronicled Antonio Luna's life. Additional members of the ensemble cast include Carlo Aquino, Mon Confiado, Epy Quizon, Gwen Zamora, Empress Schuck, Alvin Anson, and Rafa Siguion-Reyna. It was released on September 5, 2018.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Following the assassination of General Antonio Luna, the task of purging his loyalists in the Philippine Revolutionary Army falls on General Gregorio "Goyo" del Pilar, a young, brash general and a favorite of President Emilio Aguinaldo. During a five-month respite from combat, Goyo and his unit, including his older brother Julian and his best friend Vicente Enriquez, capture Angel Bernal, the younger brother of Luna's former aides-de-camp, Manuel and José. They locate Manuel hiding with merchant Don Mariano Nable José and torture him into joining Goyo's unit. When Manuel refuses, they kill him. Meanwhile, Joven Hernando, who now works for his uncle, is assigned to be Goyo's photographer.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: While the Filipino army relaxes and the American forces prepare for a second offensive, General José Alejandrino, a Luna ally spared from the purge, meets Apolinario Mabini, who resigned from Aguinaldo's cabinet after the death of Luna. Mabini implores him to find out the real cause of Luna's death. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo joins Goyo in Bulacan and promotes him to Major-General of Pangasinan, while Goyo begins to court Remedios, the elusive daughter of Don Mariano. Meanwhile, Aguinaldo meets Mabini and offers him the post of Chief Justice, to which Mabini reluctantly accepts.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: Alejandrino travels to Manila to negotiate with General Elwell Otis and Arthur MacArthur Jr., who reject his proposal. Soon after, hostilities resume and the Filipino side is caught off-guard. Aguinaldo orders the march of the army to Pozorrubio to meet with General Manuel Tinio and organize a fighting force. However, Tinio's defeat by the American forces Aguinaldo to retreat further north. The arduous march escorting Aguinaldo and his family through the western mountainous terrain of the Cordilleras, daily American raids and ongoing tensions between soldiers of Luna's old unit take a toll on Goyo, weakens their defenses against American forces attacking their rearguard; the Americans are also successful in capturing Aguinaldo's mother and son.


title: Goyo: The Boy General

text: The army arrives at Mount Tirad and Goyo devises a delaying action to buy Aguinaldo and the rest of the army time to escape. Together with former Luna Sharpshooter Lieutenant García, fortified trenches are dug along the route of the mountain. The following day, the Americans quickly capture a town at the foot of the mountain but are initially unable to penetrate the defenses. With the aid of local guide Januario Galut, the American troops, mostly from the 33rd Volunteer Infantry Regiment under Major Peyton C. March, find the secret path leading to the top of the mountain behind the trenches and flank the Filipinos who are quickly overrun. Goyo, inspired by trauma, resolves to finish the fight, but is shot dead by an American sniper. As a result, his troops' morale breaks and the defenders quickly surrender. Joven and Garcia's son Kiko, also flee, but Joven falls off a cliff after encountering an American soldier. The Americans strip Goyo of his uniform and belongings and bury him at Mount Tirad.