title: Pentane

text: Pentane is an organic compound with the formula CH—that is, an alkane with five carbon atoms. The term may refer to any of three structural isomers, or to a mixture of them: in the IUPAC nomenclature, however, pentane means exclusively the "n"-pentane isomer; the other two are called isopentane (methylbutane) and neopentane (dimethylpropane). Cyclopentane is not an isomer of pentane because it has only 10 hydrogen atoms where pentane has 12.


title: Pentane

text: Pentanes are components of some fuels and are employed as specialty solvents in the laboratory. Their properties are very similar to those of butanes and hexanes.


title: Pentane

text: Pentanes are some of the primary blowing agents used in the production of polystyrene foam and other foams. Usually, a mixture of n-, i-, and increasingly cyclopentane is used for this purpose.


title: Pentane

text: Because of their low boiling points, low cost, and relative safety, pentanes are used as a working medium in geothermal power stations and organic Rankine cycles. It is also used in some blended refrigerants.


title: Pentane

text: Pentanes are relatively inexpensive and are the most volatile liquid alkanes at room temperature, so they are often used in the laboratory as solvents that can be conveniently and rapidly evaporated. However, because of their nonpolarity and lack of functionality, they dissolve only nonpolar and alkyl-rich compounds. Pentanes are miscible with most common nonpolar solvents such as chlorocarbons, aromatics, and ethers.


title: Pentane

text: The boiling points of the pentane isomers range from about 9 to 36 °C. As is the case for other alkanes, the more thickly branched isomers tend to have lower boiling points.


title: Pentane

text: The same tends to be true for the melting points of alkane isomers, and that of isopentane is 30 °C lower than that of "n"-pentane. However, the melting point of neopentane, the most heavily branched of the three, is 100 °C "higher" than that of isopentane. The anomalously high melting point of neopentane has been attributed to the tetrahedral molecules packing more closely in solid form; this explanation is contradicted by the fact that neopentane has a lower density than the other two isomers, and the high melting point is actually caused by neopentane’s significantly lower entropy of fusion.


title: Pentane

text: The branched isomers are more stable (have lower heat of formation and heat of combustion) than n-pentane. The difference is 1.8 kcal/mol for isopentane, and 5 kcal/mol for neopentane.


title: Pentane

text: Like other alkanes, pentanes are largely unreactive at standard room temperature and conditions - however, with sufficient activation energy (e.g., an open flame), they readily oxidize to form carbon dioxide and water:


title: Pentane

text: Such reactions are unselective; with "n"-pentane, the result is a mixture of the 1-, 2-, and 3-chloropentanes, as well as more highly chlorinated derivatives. Other radical halogenations can also occur.


title: Pentane

text: Pentane is a component of exhaled breath for some individuals. A degradation product of unsaturated fatty acids, its presence is associated with certain diseases and cancers.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Wasim Jaffer (born 16 February 1978) is an Indian retired professional cricketer. He was a right-handed opening batsman and an occasional right arm off-break bowler. He is currently the highest run-scorer in Ranji Trophy cricket, surpassing Amol Muzumdar. In November 2018, he became the first batsman to score 11,000 runs in the competition. In January 2019, he became the most capped player in Ranji Trophy history with appearance of his 146th match surpassing Madhya Pradesh's Devendra Bundela (145). He was appointed as batting coach for Bangladesh cricket team. In March 2020, he announced his retirement from all forms of cricket.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: In June 2020, Jaffer was announced as the head coach of Uttarakhand for 2020–21 season. Citing "interference and bias" in the team selection, he stepped down in February 2021. In July 2021, he was appointed as head coach of Odisha for two years. Wasim Jaffer became Bangladesh U-19 cricket team's batting consultant.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Following a prolific school career, including an innings of 400 not out as a 15-year-old, he made his entry into the first-class cricket and scored a triple-century in his second match. This innings of 314 not out helped set a series of firsts for Mumbai. It was the first occasion that a batsman had made a triple century for Mumbai away from home and, in putting on 459 runs with his opening partner Sulakshan Kulkarni, the pair became the first from Mumbai to pass 400. "The Indian Express" wrote, "Such was his temperament during the 675 minute stay that it was hard to believe he was playing only his second match. What was more praiseworthy was the youngster's ability to find gaps at will."


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Jaffer represented Scholes CC in the Huddersfield Drakes League for a number of seasons as their overseas player. For the 2010 season he moved a few miles down the road to Skelmanthorpe Cricket Club, and broke the league record for runs scored in a single season. In the 2011 season Jaffer signed to Himley CC in the Birmingham and District Premier League.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: In his Test career so far, Jaffer has five centuries of which two were double-centuries. He has Test centuries against Pakistan, England, West Indies and South Africa.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: As of the 2013 season Wasim Jaffer travelled to England where he played for Ainsdale CC in the LDCC league. Here he enjoyed a successful first half of the season scoring multiple centuries and a had a strike rate of 97.93 and a top score of 153 not out. Injury curtailed his time at Ainsdale as he had to return home to India for an operation on his knee.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: In June 2015, Jaffer switched to Vidarbha from 2015/16 Ranji season. On 1 January 2018, Vidarbha won Ranji Trophy and in the final against Delhi, Jaffer hit the winning boundary.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: In November 2018, in the third round of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy against Baroda, Jaffar became the first batsman to score 11,000 runs in the Ranji Trophy. The following month, in round seven of the tournament, he scored his 55th century in first-class cricket. Later the same month, he equalled the record for playing in the most matches in the Ranji Trophy, with 145. He was the leading run-scorer for Vidarbha in the group-stage of the 2018–19 Ranji Trophy, with 763 runs in eight matches. In the quarter-final match of the tournament, against Uttarakhand, he scored his 19,000th run in first-class cricket.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: In the opening round of the 2019–20 Ranji Trophy, Jaffer became the first cricketer to play in 150 matches in the Ranji Trophy. On 7 March 2020, Jaffer retired from all formats of the game.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: An opening batsman, with the style of Mohammed Azharuddin, much was expected of Jaffer as he entered Test cricket for in a home series against South Africa in 2000. However, the experienced bowlers Shaun Pollock and Allan Donald proved too difficult for him to cope with, and he managed just 46 runs from his four innings. He would not start another international match for some time, eventually returning in May 2002 for a tour of the West Indies. Jaffer had a respectable series, making 51 in Bridgetown and 86 at Antigua. He had done enough to be included in the Indian squad for their tour of England the following summer but, despite a half century at Lord's, he struggled in his other innings and was dropped after two Tests.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Jaffer was recalled to the Test squad for the tour of Pakistan 2005–06 in the wake of excellent domestic form, but did not play in the Tests. It was in the next series in India that Jaffer scored his maiden Test century: exactly 100 against England at Nagpur, in his first Test since his recall.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: He made his first Test double-century at the Antigua Recreation Ground against the West Indies in June 2006. His 212 was made in over 500 minutes during the second innings was the equal second highest by an Indian batsman in the Caribbean.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: In July 2006, his position as India's first-choice opener with partner Virender Sehwag was confirmed via the award of a central contract (Grade C) by the Board of Control for Cricket in India.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Jaffer's ODI debut came in November 2006 against South Africa but he was unproductive and was immediately dropped. However, he continued to score in the Test format, making his third Test century against South Africa at Newlands.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Despite making a pair in the opening Test of his next series against Bangladesh at Chittagong, he returned to form with 138 in the following Test before retiring hurt.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Jaffer scored 202 in the first innings of the second Test of the 2007 series against Pakistan at Eden Gardens, Kolkata.


title: Wasim Jaffer

text: Wasim Jaffer resigned as head coach of Uttarakhand cricket team in January 2021 alleging selection bias by officials. In response, he was accused by the Uttarakhand Cricket Association of promoting muslim players in the team and bringing in maulvis inside the dressing room for religious prayers - allegations which he denied, following which a number of cricketers came out in support of him.


title: Veolia

text: Veolia Environnement S.A., branded as Veolia, is a French transnational company with activities in three main service and utility areas traditionally managed by public authorities – water management, waste management and energy services. It previously also managed transport services through its subsidiary Veolia Transport (later Transdev) until January 2019. In 2012, Veolia employed 318,376 employees in 48 countries. Its revenue in that year was recorded at €29.4 billion. It is quoted on Euronext Paris. It is headquartered in Aubervilliers.


title: Veolia

text: Between 1998 and 2003 the company was known as Vivendi Environnement, having been spun off from the Vivendi conglomerate, most of the rest of which became Vivendi. Prior to 1998 Vivendi was known as Compagnie Générale des Eaux.


title: Veolia

text: In 2014, following a major restructuring, the company adopted the unaccompanied Veolia name across its businesses.


title: Veolia

text: On 14 December 1853, a water company named Compagnie Générale des Eaux (CGE) was created by an Imperial decree of Napoleon III. In 1853, CGE obtained a concession in order to supply water to the public in Lyon, serving in this capacity for over a hundred years. In 1860, it obtained a 50-year concession with the City of Paris.


title: Veolia

text: For a hundred years, Compagnie Générale des Eaux remained largely focused on the water sector. However, following the appointment of Guy Dejouany as CEO in 1976, CGE extended its activities into other sectors with a series of takeovers.


title: Veolia

text: Beginning in 1980, CGE began diversifying its operations from water into waste management, energy, transport services, and construction and property. It did so by acquiring:


title: Veolia

text: In 1998, CGE changed its name to "Vivendi", and sold off its property and construction divisions the following year. Vivendi Environnement was formed in 1999 to consolidate its environmental divisions. Its divisions at the formation of Vivendi Environnement were:


title: Veolia

text: Vivendi went on to list on the New York Stock Exchange (as "V"), and in December, announced a major merger with Canal+ and Seagram, the owner of Universal Studios film company, to become Vivendi Universal and now named Vivendi.


title: Veolia

text: In July 2000, Vivendi Environnement was divested through IPOs in Paris and later New York in October 2001). Initially, Vivendi Universal retained a 70% stake in Vivendi Environnement in 2000, but by December 2002, it was reduced to 20.4%. In 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement.


title: Veolia

text: As a result of Vivendi Environnement spinning off from its parent Vivendi Universal in 2002, in 2003, Vivendi Environnement was renamed to Veolia Environnement. In 2005, the name "Veolia" was established as an umbrella brand for all of the Group's divisions (water, environmental services, energy services and transport) and a new logo was created. The names of the divisions at the time of rebranding were:


title: Veolia

text: In November 2009, Antoine Frérot has become the Chairman and the CEO of the Group after succeeding Henri Proglio who has been appointed CEO of Électricité de France. The change has been part of a huge politico-financial scandal in France as Proglio kept executive positions – and subsequent salary – in both companies until public criticism forced him to give up his Veolia revenues.


title: Veolia

text: In March 2011 the company announced the formation of Veolia Transdev, the result of the combination of its transport subsidiary Veolia Transport with Transdev, a subsidiary of Caisse des Dépôts. Veolia Transdev is the world's private-sector leader in sustainable mobility with more than 110,000 employees in 28 countries.


title: Veolia

text: In July 2011, amid disappointing financial results, the company announced the launch of new restructuring plans and redeployment of assets and businesses. In December 2011, Veolia announced a €5bn divestment program over 2012–2013. The company would comprise only three divisions (Water, Environmental Services and Energy Services). The transport businesses Veolia Transdev would be divested. Veolia sold a 20% share of Veolia Transdev (now called Transdev) to Caisse des Dépôts in December 2016 and continued to hold a 30% share. In January 2019, the 30% share was sold to the Rethmann Group, the owner of Rhenus.


title: Veolia

text: In July 2022, Estelle Brachlianoff has become the CEO of the Group after succeeding Antoine Frérot who will remain as Chairman of its Board.


title: Veolia

text: Veolia Water is the world leader in water services. It handles water and wastewater services for clients in the public sector and in various industries. It also creates and constructs the required technology and infrastructure. In 2012, Veolia Water employed 89,094 people and recorded revenue of €12.078 billion 37.2% of its revenue comes from France, 30.2 from other European countries, 8.8% from Americas, 16.2% from Asia and 7.6% from Africa and the Middle East.


title: Veolia

text: Veolia Water was renamed from Vivendi Water in 2005, which was renamed from CGE water division in 1999.


title: Veolia

text: Veolia Environmental Services operates waste management services around the world, including the treatment of hazardous and non-hazardous liquid and solid waste. It also deals with the collection and recycling of waste.


title: Veolia

text: Veolia Environmental Services was originally part of the CGEA, created in 1912 and acquired by CGE in 1980. It was renamed to Onyx Environnement in 1989, and then again renamed to Veolia Environmental Services in 2005.


title: Veolia

text: In 1998, the energy service division of the CGE, originally the Compagnie Générale de Chauffe/Groupe Montenay prior to 1995, was renamed to Dalkia. It ran the business as a joint venture with Électricité de France (EDF) from 2000 until 2014, when it purchased Dalkia's international operations in full, and EDF bought its French operations. The company's services include maintaining and managing heating and cooling systems, making plants more energy efficient, and selecting the most adapted energies. In 2012, Dalkia employed 49,824 employees and recorded revenue of €7.664 billion (France 42%, Continental Europe 24%, Southern Europe 14.5%, Northern Europe 8%, North America 3%, China 1.5%, other countries 7%).


title: Veolia

text: In North America, Veolia Energy traded under the Trigen Energy name until February 2011. It was the largest operator and developer of efficient district energy (heating, cooling, and cogeneration) systems in North America, located in ten major U.S. cities. It also provides facility operations, energy management, and advisory services. On December 30, 2019, Veolia sold its U.S. district energy assets to Antin Infrastructure Partners, which renamed the business Vicinity Energy.


title: Veolia

text: In Latin America, Proactiva was a 50-50 joint venture formed in 1999 between Veolia Environnement and Fomento de Construcciones y Contratas (FCC), until Veolia bought the other 50% share from FCC in 2013. As a result, Veolia now owns 100% of Proactiva.


title: Veolia

text: Transdev (formerly Veolia Transdev) was formed in 2011 from a merger of Veolia Transport with the old Transdev, a subsidiary of Caisse des Dépôts. Currently, Veolia owns 30% of the company's shares.


title: Veolia

text: Prior to the merger, Veolia Transport was the transport division of Veolia. It was originally part of the CGEA, which was acquired in 1980, and the transport division was then renamed Connex in 1999, then finally renamed to Veolia Transport in 2005.


title: Veolia

text: At the time of merger, Veolia Transport recorded revenues of €7.863 billion in 2011 (For 2010 : Europe 83%, included France 37.1%, North America 13.2%, Asia-Pacific 3.7%). It employed 101,798 people. It worked with public authorities under public-private partnerships to manage public transit systems (buses, trains, metros, ferries, etc.). On 6 December 2011 Veolia Environment, seeking to reduce debt and focus on its core businesses of water, waste and energy, announced that it will eventually sell its share in Veolia Transdev, within a two-year time frame, by when its own activities will have been reorganized. After this announcement, the Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations, for its part, officially reiterated its commitment to Veolia Transdev and its continued support as a shareholder to the group's development.


title: Veolia

text: In early 2012 it was reported that Cube Infrastructure, a fund controlled by the French bank Natixis (Groupe BPCE), was likely to acquire about half of Veolia's stake in Transdev. The Caisse des Dépôts would take over the other half. This was later changed in October 2012 to Caisse des Dépôts acquiring 10% of the shares from Veolia. This however was not implemented. In December 2016, CDC finally bought 20% shares from Veolia. As a result, Veolia's share on the company reduced to 30%.


title: Veolia

text: On 31 December 2012, shares in Veolia Environnement were held as follows: 9.3% by Caisse des Dépôts et Consignations (primary shareholder), followed by Groupe Industriel Marcel Dassault (6.3%), Groupama (5.42%), Velo Investissement (4.73%), Électricité de France (4.22%), Veolia Environment (2.73%). Public and other institutional investors the remaining 67.3%.


title: Veolia

text: Veolia issued two profit warnings in 2011 and announced plans to quit half of the 77 countries where it does business. It launched a €5 billion ($6.4 billion) fire sale of assets. The company and its top executives were facing the prospect of a U.S. class-action lawsuit in January 2012 over allegations that they made "misleading" statements between 2007 and 2011 about its financial well-being. The company, which was described as "struggling" by the "Financial Times", said that a complaint had been filed against it in New York for violation of U.S. federal securities laws. Veolia's shares were the worst performer on France's CAC 40 index in 2011, falling 60%.


title: Veolia

text: The company's sustainable development activities are diverse. Because it operates in four sectors with a huge potential impact on the environment, both the risks and opportunities presented by sustainable development activities are substantial. The company's sustainability efforts are furthered by its Foundation and Institute which emphasize innovation and research.


title: Veolia

text: The Veolia Foundation supports non-profit activities related to sustainable development, professional continuous development and the protection of the environment in France and overseas. The Foundation supports projects through financial aid and voluntary services provided by its employees. It also supports emergency relief operations in collaboration with humanitarian organisations.


title: Veolia

text: Following the 2010 Haiti earthquake, the Veolia Foundation dispatched 30 tons of emergency supplies (mainly water treatment units) via French Red Cross air transportation. The Foundation also sent Veolia technical experts to provide water to the disaster's victims.


title: Veolia

text: The Institut Veolia was created in 2001 to provide insights into major global challenges such as climate change, urbanisation and various economic, social and cultural issues related to the environment. The institute is built around a committee that brings together seven experts and an international network of researchers and experts. Its activities include organising conferences and publishing articles and reports.


title: Veolia

text: As of 31 December 2009, the Group's research and development investments reached €89.8 million (€92.1 million in 2008, €84.6 million in 2007).


title: Veolia

text: The Research and Innovation division includes 850 experts and supports around 200 scientific partnerships with private and public organisations. The division focuses on four main issues:


title: Veolia

text: Veolia's R&I division has determined nine main development programmes through which a number of research projects are managed:


title: Veolia

text: On 4 May 2009, a Veolia Environmental Service's plant in West Carrollton, Ohio, United States, exploded. The blast leveled two buildings on the property which were a laboratory and a building that had several 200,000 gallon chemical tanks. This particular plant handles fuel blending among other services. Two workers at the plant were injured in the blast. The explosion caused $50 million in damage to the plant itself. More than a dozen homes up to a mile radius from the blast were also damaged due to the explosion.


title: Veolia

text: Two workers died after a catastrophic mechanical failure in April 2011 at a waste water treatment plant in Gatlinburg, Tennessee, United States, owned by the local municipality and operated by Veolia Water. At least 1.5 million gallons of a mix of storm and sewage water were spilled into a nearby river after a sewage-holding wall collapsed.


title: Veolia

text: In 2017, French company Veolia sued Lithuania in Stockholm arbitration court demanding about 100 million euros in damages. Veolia alleges that Lithuanian government is involved in illegal conduct and that it expropriated Veolia's investments. This is Veolia's second arbitration lawsuit against Lithuania after it sued Lithuania in Washington arbitration court in 2016.


title: Veolia

text: In February 2011 the Tower Hamlets London Borough Council of the London borough of Tower Hamlets, voted to review its position with Veolia and place no further contracts with it, after claiming that Veolia's work for the Israeli government assisted the "continued oppression of the Palestinian people".


title: Veolia

text: The Justice and Peace Commission, part of the Catholic Church in England, urged London municipalities to stop doing business with Veolia because of its involvement with illegal settlements. Veolia denied wrongdoing.


title: Veolia

text: Palestinian human-rights organization Al-Haq instructed lawyers in the Netherlands to submit a formal objection against the decision of Stadsregio Arnhem Nijmegen, a municipality, to award a public transport concession to Hermes, the Dutch subsidiary of Veolia Transdev. The objection was based on Veolia's involvement in what Al-Haq claims are Israel's violations of international law.


title: Veolia

text: In a 2012 interview with the Israeli press, Veolia's Denis Gasquet, senior executive vice president, admitted that Veolia had been under pressure from pro-Palestinian groups in Europe, particularly over the Jerusalem Light Rail. Parties within Veolia had argued that the group was losing tenders as a result, but Gasquest said he did not know of any tenders lost due to Veolia's activities in Israel. He confirmed Veolia's intention to stay in Israel and the occupied Palestinian territories, while exiting the transport business.


title: Veolia

text: On 1 April 2015, the company announced on its website "Veolia closes the sale of its activities in Israel." This was taken by supporters of the BDS (Boycott Divestment and Sanctions) movement to signify a success for their campaigning efforts: "The sale follows a worldwide campaign against the company’s role in illegal Israeli settlements that cost the firm billions of dollars of lost contracts."


title: Veolia

text: Veolia offered unpaid internship positions under the Irish government's JobBridge initiative. This scheme was opposed by left-wing political groups, who claim it amounts to free labour and can cause a claimant who refuses many such offers to fall foul of a provision in the Irish Social Welfare that allows benefits to be withdrawn from unemployed who were fired.


title: Veolia

text: On 22 June 2016, Michigan Attorney General Bill Schuette began its first civil action in the Flint water crisis by filing suit against Veolia North America and Lockwood, Andrews & Newnam (LAN) who were hired to consult Flint water plant officials after the switch to the Flint River in April 2015. The lawsuit accuses Veolia and LAN of professional negligence and public nuisance. Veolia is also accused of fraud. Veolia called the accusations "baseless, entirely unfounded and appears to be intended to distract from the troubling and disturbing realities that have emerged as a result of this tragedy". And added: "In fact, when Veolia raised potential lead and copper issues, city officials and representatives told us to exclude it from our scope of work because the city and the EPA were just beginning to conduct lead and copper testing."


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit is a full-size luxury car produced by Rolls-Royce Motors, in Crewe, England, from 1980 to 1997. It was the first model in the SZ series. The Silver Spur is a long-wheelbase version of the Silver Spirit, produced from 1980 to 2000. It was the first car to feature a retractable Spirit of Ecstasy. The spring-loaded mascot sank into the radiator shell if dislodged from its position.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Silver Spirit was introduced by Rolls-Royce in 1980 as the first of a new generation of company models. It formed the basis for the Flying Spur, Silver Dawn, Touring Limousine, Park Ward, and Bentley Mulsanne/Eight series. The Spirit/Spur carried over the basic design of the Silver Shadow, its 6.75 L "L410" V8 engine and GM-sourced THM400 3-speed automatic gearbox, and similarly styled unitary bodywork manufactured at Pressed Steel. The Spur/Spirit continued the Silver Shadow's emphasis on ride quality by utilizing its hydropneumatic self-levelling suspension, modified with Girling automatic hydraulic ride height control system and gas-charged shock absorbers. Sealed beam headlamps were fitted in the United States due to longstanding regulations, while European laws allowed for the fitment of more modern composite units.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Silver Spirit II and Silver Spur II were refinements of the original models, introduced at the 1989 Frankfurt Motor Show. Suspension design saw the most change, with "Automatic Ride Control" introduced, a fully automatic system that adjusted dampers at all four wheels in real time. Other updates included the adoption of ABS and fuel injection as standard for all models and markets. The last Mark I Silver Spirit/Spur was chassis no KCH27798, with Mark II cars starting with 29001. The fuel injection system was now Bosch's MK-Motronic.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: Originally retaining the three-speed Turbo Hydramatic GM400 transmission from earlier Spirits/Spurs, a four-speed unit (the GM 4L80E) was introduced in the winter of 1991. The size of the petrol tank was also increased, up to , meaning that the car's range was now up to well over .


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: Exterior and interior changes were minimal, with a considerably smaller steering wheel and two additional ventilation outlets added to the fascia mildly modernising the look up front.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Silver Spirit III and Silver Spur III were introduced in 1993, featuring engine improvements and some cosmetic updates. A new design of intake manifold and cylinder heads increased power output. The parameters of the semi-active suspension system were modified so that shock absorbers would default into "soft" ride mode when they wore out (rather than "hard" in the previous Mark II, noticeably impacting ride quality). Dual airbags were introduced inside, along with independent adjustment of the rear seats.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The 1994–1995 Flying Spur was a turbocharged, higher performance version of the Silver Spur III. 134 cars were produced.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Silver Dawn is a special edition of the Silver Spur III with several additional options, such as Electronic Traction Assistance System and rear seat heaters. The radiator height is reduced by and the size of the Spirit of Ecstasy was reduced by 20 percent. The new front was later inherited by the Mark IV series. This model appeared one year earlier on the American market before becoming available to the rest of the world.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: Designed in the autumn of 1992, the "New Silver Spirit/New Silver Spur" was the final revision of the Silver Spirit and Silver Spur, introduced late in 1995 as a 1996-year model.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: A marketing decision had been made that the cars should not get a "series IV" designation because the number four is a homonym for death in some Far Eastern languages.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: Major changes included the introduction of a Garrett turbocharger on all models and the replacement of the previous Bosch engine management systems with one by Zytec. Also new were updated integrated front and rear bumpers and sixteen-inch wheels. As of 1997, the long wheelbase became standard, with limousine models offered in extra-long only. Inside, a wooden column running down the centre of the dashboard was added.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: Silver Spirit production ended during the 1997 model year , although vehicles continued to be produced through 2000 to use up Silver Spirit bodies and parts remaining in stock.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Rolls-Royce Park Ward Limousine is a limited edition Silver Spur/Spirit mark IV with a extended wheelbase and a taller roof. The Park Ward replaced the Silver Spur/Spirit Touring Limousine. In the middle of the 1998 model year the name was changed to "Rolls-Royce Silver Spur Park Ward". The model nomenclature on the badge on the rear of the car says "Park Ward". Standard equipment on this model included a bar cabinet with crystal decanters and goblets, intercom, an electrically operated division and a backseat sunroof.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Rolls-Royce Park Ward Limousine should not be confused with succeeding stretched Rolls-Royce Silver Seraph Park Ward, which was based on the car that replaced the Silver Spirit and was available from 2000–2002.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: Rolls-Royce touring limousines were built to a Robert Jankel design in cooperation with coach builder Mulliner Park Ward, London.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The first Silver Spur Limousine was produced in 1982. 16 cars had the extended wheelbase, and 84 cars with extended wheelbase were produced in 1984 and later. One car had a wheelbase extension. These cars were extended at the B-pillar, between the front and rear doors.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: From 1991 on, 99 units of the Touring Limousine with wheelbase extension were produced. The car was lengthened at the C-pillar with an opera window added. Like these earlier models, most of the cars had fold-down occasional seats in the rear passenger area.


title: Rolls-Royce Silver Spirit

text: The Park Ward Limousine was the last one to be officially extended (, again at the C-pillar) with 70 vehicles produced from 1996 to 1999.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Major General Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, (; 30 January 1890 – 29 May 1968) was Chief of MI6, the British Secret Intelligence Service (SIS), from 1939 to 1952, during and after the Second World War.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Stewart Graham Menzies was born in England in 1890 into a wealthy family as the second son of John Graham Menzies and Susannah West Wilson, daughter of ship-owner Arthur Wilson of Tranby Croft. His grandfather, Graham Menzies, was a whisky distiller who helped establish a cartel and made huge profits. His parents became friends of King Edward VII. Menzies was a nephew of Robert Stewart Menzies. But Menzies' father was dissolute, never established a worthwhile career, and wasted his share of the family fortune; he died of tuberculosis in 1911 in his early 50s, leaving only a minimal estate.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Menzies was educated at Eton College, becoming president of the student society Pop, and left in 1909. He excelled in sports, hunting and cross-country running. He won prizes for his studies of languages, and was considered an all-around excellent student.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: From Eton he joined the Grenadier Guards as a Second Lieutenant. After a year with this regiment, he transferred to the Second Life Guards. He was promoted to Lieutenant and appointed Adjutant by 1913.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: During the First World War Menzies served in Belgium. He was wounded at Zandvoorde in October 1914, and fought gallantly in the First Battle of Ypres in November 1914. Menzies was promoted to captain on 14 November, and received the DSO in person from King George V on 2 December.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Menzies' regiment was decimated during fighting in 1915, suffering very heavy casualties in the Second Battle of Ypres. Menzies was seriously injured in a gas attack in 1915, and was honourably discharged from active combat service.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: He then joined the counterintelligence section of Field Marshal Douglas Haig, the British commander. In late 1917, he reported to high British leadership that Haig's intelligence chief Brigadier John Charteris was fudging intelligence estimates, which soon led to Charteris' removal. This whistle-blowing was apparently done very discreetly. Menzies was promoted to brevet major before the end of the war.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Following the end of the war, Menzies entered MI6 (also known as SIS). He was a member of the British delegation to the 1919 Versailles Peace Conference. Soon after the war, Menzies was promoted to lieutenant-colonel of the Imperial General Staff, General Staff Officer, first grade. Within MI6, he became assistant director for special intelligence. Admiral Hugh Sinclair became director-general of MI6 in 1924, and he made Menzies his deputy by 1929, with Menzies being promoted to full colonel soon afterwards.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: In 1924, Menzies was allegedly involved—alongside Sidney Reilly and Desmond Morton—in the forging of "The Zinoviev Letter". This forgery is considered to have been instrumental in the Conservative Party's victory in the United Kingdom general election of 1924, which ended the country's first Labour government.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: In 1939, when Admiral Sinclair died, Menzies was appointed Chief of Secret Intelligence Service (the SIS). He expanded wartime intelligence and counterintelligence departments and supervised codebreaking efforts at Bletchley Park.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: When the Second World War began, SIS expanded greatly. Menzies insisted on wartime control of codebreaking, and this gave him immense power and influence, which he used judiciously. By distributing the Ultra material collected by the Government Code & Cypher School, MI6 became an important branch of the government for the first time. Extensive breaches of Nazi Enigma signals gave Menzies and his team enormous insight into Adolf Hitler's strategy, and this was kept a closely-held secret, not only during the war, but until as late as 1974. (Frederick Winterbotham's 1974 book "The Ultra Secret" lifted the cloak of secrecy at last.) The Nazis had suspicions, but believed Enigma to be unbreakable, and never knew during the war that the Allies were reading a high proportion of their wireless traffic. Menzies kept Prime Minister Winston Churchill supplied daily with important Ultra decrypts, and the two worked together to ensure that financial resources were devoted toward research and upgrading technology at Bletchley Park, to keep pace with Nazi coding refinements, as well as directing talented workers to the massive effort, which employed nearly 10,000 workers by 1945. Bletchley's efforts were decisive in the battle against Nazi submarine warfare, which was severely threatening trans-Atlantic shipping, particularly in the first half of 1943. Britain, which was cut off from Europe after mid-1940, was almost completely dependent on North American supplies for survival. The access to Ultra was also vitally important in the battle for Normandy, leading up to D-Day in June 1944, and afterward.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Menzies has been suspected as being involved with the assassination, on 24 December 1942, of François Darlan, the Vichy military commander who defected to the allies in Algeria. British historian David Reynolds noted in his book, "In Command of History", that Menzies—who rarely left London during the war—was in Algiers around the period he was killed, making SOE (Special Operations Executive) involvement seem likely.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Menzies, who was promoted to major-general in January 1944, also supported efforts to contact anti-Nazi resistance, including Wilhelm Canaris, the anti-Hitler head of Abwehr, in Germany. Prime Minister Winston Churchill was kept informed of these efforts throughout the war, and information from and about the Nazi resistance was exploited tactically. Menzies coordinated his operations with Special Operations Executive (SOE) (although he reputedly considered them "amateurs"), British Security Coordination (BSC), Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Free French Forces. He was awarded the Order of the Yugoslav Crown.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: After the war, Menzies reorganised the SIS for the Cold War. He absorbed most of SOE. He was sometimes at odds with the Labour governments. He also had to weather a scandal inside SIS after revelations that SIS officer Kim Philby was a Soviet spy.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Nonetheless, Menzies deserved some of the blame for Soviet agents having penetrated MI6, according to Anthony Cave Brown in his book "C: The Secret Life of Sir Stewart Graham Menzies, Spymaster to Winston Churchill". Menzies was already the head of the service when Kim Philby joined in 1941. Cave Brown insists that Menzies's primary criteria were whether the applicants were upper-class former officers and recommended by another government department, or else were known to him personally. In his "New York Times" review of Brown's book, novelist Ken Follett makes this conclusion: "Mr Philby outwitted Menzies because Mr Philby was intelligent and professional and cool, where Menzies was an amiable upper-class sportsman who was out of his depth. And British intelligence, except for the code breakers, was like Menzies—amateur, anti-intellectual and wholly outclassed."


title: Stewart Menzies

text: After 43 continuous years of service in the British Army, Menzies retired to Bridges Court in Luckington in rural Wiltshire at 62 in mid-1952. Menzies was certainly adept at bureaucratic intrigue, a virtual necessity in his position, but his efforts as Chief had a major role in winning the Second World War, as evidenced by his nearly 1,500 meetings with Churchill during the war.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: His first marriage was in 1918 to Lady Avice Ela Muriel Sackville, younger daughter of Gilbert Sackville, 8th Earl De La Warr and Lady Muriel Agnes Brassey, daughter of Thomas Brassey, 1st Earl Brassey. They were divorced in 1931.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: His second wife Pamela Thetis Garton (née Beckett) (d. 13 March 1951) was the fourth daughter of Rupert Evelyn Beckett by his wife Muriel Helen Florence Paget, daughter of Lord Berkeley Charles Sydney Paget, himself a younger son of the 2nd Marquess of Anglesey. Menzies and Garton married on 13 December 1932. Garton was an invalid for many years, suffering from clinical depression and anorexia nervosa. She had Menzies' only child, a daughter, Fiona, in 1934.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: His third marriage was in 1952 (as her fourth husband) to Audrey Clara Lilian Latham (b. 1899), formerly wife of Sir Henry Birkin, 2nd Bt., Lord Edward Hay, and Niall Chaplin, and daughter of Sir Thomas Paul Latham, 1st Bt. Stewart and Audrey were both over age 50 at the time of their marriage, each had separate estates (his in Wiltshire, west of London, hers in Essex, east of London), and they for the most part lived separately, but they met in London for dinner each Wednesday.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Anthony Cave Brown also reported that Menzies had a long-standing affair with one of his secretaries, which he ended upon retirement (and presumably remarriage) in 1952; the secretary apparently tried to kill herself at that time.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Stewart Menzies is a character in the 2014 film "The Imitation Game" and is portrayed by Mark Strong.


title: Stewart Menzies

text: Stewart Menzies is also a character in the 2021 film "Munich – The Edge of War" and is portrayed by Richard Dillane.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: Charles A. Flynn (born ) is a United States Army general who serves as commanding general of United States Army Pacific since June 4, 2021. He previously served as Deputy Chief of Staff for Operations, Plans and Training (G3/5/7) of the Army Staff from June 2019 to May 2021. He is the younger brother of Lieutenant General Michael T. Flynn, Donald Trump's first National Security Advisor.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: Flynn was raised in Middletown, Rhode Island, and graduated from Middletown High School in 1981. Flynn received his commission via the Army Reserve Officers' Training Corps at the University of Rhode Island in 1985. He earned a Bachelor of Science in Marketing from the University of Rhode Island in 1985.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: Flynn received a Master of Arts in National Security and Strategic Studies from the Naval War College in 1997 and a Master of Science in Joint Campaign Planning and Strategy from the Joint Advanced Warfighting School within the Joint Forces Staff College of National Defense University.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: At the start of his career, Flynn became qualified as an Infantry officer. In addition, he completed the Ranger, Airborne, and Pathfinder courses. His early assignments included: commander of A Company, 4th Battalion, 325th Infantry Regiment and commander of A Company 2nd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment. He also served as operations officer (S-3) of 1st Battalion, 27th Infantry Regiment and 2nd Brigade Combat Team, 25th Infantry Division.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: Flynn subsequently commanded 2nd Battalion, 504th Infantry Regiment, which included deployment for Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom. He deployed to Iraq again as commander of 1st Brigade Combat Team, 82nd Airborne Division. He later served as executive assistant to the Director of the Joint Staff and executive officer for the commander of International Security Assistance Force, United States Forces – Afghanistan. Flynn went on to serve as director of the Mission Command Center of Excellence (MCCOE) and acting commander of the United States Army Combined Arms Center.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: As Flynn advanced through the general officer ranks, he served as the 82nd Airborne Division's deputy commander for operations and assistant operations officer for readiness (G-3/5/7) for United States Army Forces Command. He commanded the 25th Infantry Division from 2014 to 2016, then was assigned as deputy commander of United States Army Pacific. He next served as assistant deputy chief of staff for operations (G-3/5/7) at Headquarters Department of the Army. In June 2019, Flynn was assigned as deputy chief of staff for operations (G3/5/7).


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: On November 30, 2020, his nomination for promotion to general was submitted to the U.S. Senate and was confirmed by voice vote of the full Senate on December 20, 2020. On January 25, 2021, the Department of Defense announced that Flynn will be the next commander of the United States Army Pacific at Fort Shafter in Honolulu. He assumed that command in a change of command ceremony at Fort Shafter, Hawaii on June 4, 2021.


title: Charles A. Flynn

text: During the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, a conference call took place between Capitol police, D.C. officials, and Pentagon officials. In that call, the Chief of the Capitol police made "an urgent, urgent immediate request for National Guard assistance", telling them he needed "boots on the ground". However, Lieutenant General Walter E. Piatt, Director of the Army Staff, said he could not recommend the request be approved. Initially denying his involvement, the Army later confirmed that Flynn had participated in the phone call, although claimed he cannot remember if he said anything on the critical call about deploying National Guard, but others on the call reported hearing his voice. In early December 2021, Colonel Earl G. Matthews released a memo that accused Flynn of making willful distortions of the events of January 6, describing Flynn and LTG Walter E. Piatt as "absolute and unmitigated liars" and of giving “perjured testimony before Congress”. Charles Flynn's role drew scrutiny in light of his brother Michael's recent calls for martial law and a redo election overseen by the military.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: Yoon Bo-mi (born August 13, 1993), better known by the mononym Bomi, is a South Korean singer and actress. She is best known as a member of the South Korean girl group Apink.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: Yoon Bo-mi was born in Suwon, Gyeonggi Province, South Korea on August 13, 1993. She has one older sister, Yoon Sun-mi, and a younger brother, Yoon Jong-jin. She was trained in the martial art of Taekwondo from the age of five and is a holder of a third degree black belt. She attended Youngshin Girls High School and later on, Korean Arts High School; from where she graduated in February 2012. While studying, she decided to put off college to concentrate on music.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: Yoon, along with fellow members, was formally introduced as a member through the group's reality show, "Apink News". Yoon debuted with Apink on Mnet's M! Countdown performing their songs "I Don't Know (몰라요; "Mollayo")", and "Wishlist" which were included on their debut EP "Seven Springs of Apink".


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: In 2012, Yoon, along with Apink co-member Chorong had a cameo role in the drama "Reply 1997", where she portrayed the teenage version of Moon Jeong-mi, the deceased mother of Yoon Yoon-jae.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: Yoon was an MC on the variety show "Weekly Idol" from 17 July 2013 to 8 July 2015. She also joined the cast of the variety show "The Human Condition" in 2014 and has appeared in MBC's "Real Men" female special in early 2015.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: In September 2015, she was cast in KBS' 10-episode web drama "Love Profiler K" as top star Yuna, which aired in November on Naver.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: In January 2016, Yoon and fellow member Kim Nam-joo became the new MCs of "Shikshin Road 2". She then joined the fourth season of We Got Married along with actor Choi Tae-joon who serves as her virtual husband on the show.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: In 2017, Yoon was cast in a supporting role in the romantic comedy drama "Because This Is My First Life".


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: In March 2020, Yoon was a lead cast member in the web drama "Oppa Will Date Instead." In October, she joined the cast of the drama "Please Don't Date Him", which stars Song Ha-yoon and Lee Jun-young. The multi-part drama aired on South Korea's MBC network on November 10, 2020.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: In late 2013, she appeared in K-Hunter's "Marry Me" music video and was featured in hip-hop group M.I.B's song "Let's Talk About You". In 2015, she was featured in David Oh's debut song "I Know, I Know", released on May 11, and on June 16, released a duet with Im Seulong titled "Lovely" for variety show "Some Guys, Some Girls". She was later featured in Yoon Hyun-sang's digital single "Let's Eat Together", released on September 24, 2015; she also starred in the music video.


title: Yoon Bo-mi

text: All song credits are adapted from the Korea Music Copyright Association's database unless stated otherwise.


title: County Louth

text: County Louth ( ; ) is a coastal county in the Eastern and Midland Region of Ireland, within the province of Leinster. Louth is bordered by the counties of Meath to the south, Monaghan to the west, Armagh to the north and Down to the north-east, across Carlingford Lough. It is the smallest county in Ireland by land area and the 17th most populous, with just over 139,100 residents as of 2022. The county is named after the village of Louth. Louth County Council is the local authority for the county.


title: County Louth

text: County Louth is named after the village of Louth, which in turn is named after Lugh, a god of the ancient Irish. Historically, the placename has had various spellings; , , and (see Historic Names List, for full listing). is the modern simplified spelling.


title: County Louth

text: The county is steeped in myth, legend and history, and is a setting in the epic. Later it saw the influence of the Vikings, as seen in the name of Carlingford Lough. They also established a longphort at Annagassan in the ninth century. At this time Louth consisted of three sub-kingdoms, each subject to separate over-kingdoms: ; ; and, the . The whole area became part of the O'Carroll Kingdom of (Oriel) early in the 12th century under . At the same time, the area was removed from the diocese of Armagh and the episcopal see of the Diocese of Airgíalla or Clogher was transferred to Louth .


title: County Louth

text: A number of historic sites are in the county, including religious sites at Monasterboice, Mellifont Abbey and the St Mary Magdalene Dominican Friary.


title: County Louth

text: The Normans occupied the Louth area in the 1180s, forming the County of Oriel (Uriel or Vriell) out of the O'Carroll kingdom. At this time the western boundary of occupation was unfixed and Monaghan was still considered part of Oriel. However, over time, Louth became differentiated as 'English' Oriel, to distinguish it from the remainder ('Irish' Oriel), outside the control of the Norman colony, which had passed into the hands of the McMahon lordship of .


title: County Louth

text: In the early 14th century Edward Bruce made claim to the High Kingship of Ireland and led an expeditionary force to Ireland. The Scottish army was repulsed from Drogheda but laid waste to much of the Anglo-Norman colony of Ireland including Ardee and Dundalk. Edward was crowned on the hill of Maledon near Dundalk on 2 May 1316. His army was finally defeated and Edward was killed in the Battle of Faughart near Dundalk, by a chiefly local force led by John de Bermingham. He was created 1st Earl of Louth and granted estates at Ardee on 12 May 1319 as a reward for his services to the Crown in defeating the Scots. De Bermingham was subsequently killed in the Braganstown massacre on 13 June 1329 along with some 200 members of his family and household, in a feud between the Anglo-Irish families of Louth.


title: County Louth

text: One of the Statutes of Kilkenny in 1465 (5 Ed. IV, 3) stated "That every Irishman that dwell betwixt or amongst Englishmen in the County of Dublin, Myeth, Vriell [i.e. Oriel], and Kildare ... shall take to him an English surname of one town, as Sutton, Chester, Trym, Skryne, Corke, Kinsale; or colour, as white, blacke, browne; or arte or science, as smith or carpenter; or office, as cooke, butler ...". This was an attempt to compel Irish families in the Pale, including Louth, to adopt English surnames.


title: County Louth

text: In 1189, a royal charter was granted to Dundalk after a Norman nobleman named Bertram de Verdun erected a manor house at Castletown Mount. Bertram's granddaughter Roesia de Verdun later built Castle Roche in 1236. In 1412, a royal charter was granted to Drogheda which unified the towns of Drogheda-in-Meath and Drogheda-in-Uriel (Louth) as a County in its own right, styled as ‘the County of the town of Drogheda’. Drogheda continued as a County Borough until the setting up of County Councils, through the enactment of the Local Government (Ireland) Act 1898, which saw all of Drogheda, including a large area south of the River Boyne, become part of an extended County Louth.


title: County Louth

text: Until the late 16th century, 1596, Louth was considered part of Ulster, before becoming part of Leinster after a conference held at Faughart between the Chiefs of Ulster (Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone and Hugh Roe O'Donnell), on the Irish side, and the Ulster-born Miler Magrath, Anglican Archbishop of Cashel, and Thomas Butler, 10th Earl of Ormond on that of the English. The lands of Ballymascanlan, part of the former estates of Mellifont Abbey, were transferred from Armagh to Louth .


title: County Louth

text: The 16th and 17th centuries featured many skirmishes and battles involving Irish and English forces, as Louth was on the main route to 'the Moiry Pass' and the Ulster areas often in rebellion and as yet uncolonised. Oliver Cromwell attacked Drogheda in 1649 slaughtering the Royalist garrison and hundreds of the town's citizens. Towards the end of the same century, the armies of the warring Kings, James II and William (III) of Orange, faced off in south Louth during the build-up to the Battle of the Boyne; the battle was fought west from Drogheda. Drogheda held for James under Lord Iveagh but surrendered to William the day after the battle of the Boyne.


title: County Louth

text: In 1798, the leaders of the United Irishmen included Bartholomew Teeling, John Byrne, and Patrick Byrne, all from Castletown; Anthony Marmion from Louth Town and Dundalk, Anthony McCann from Corderry; Nicholas and Thomas Markey from Barmeath, and Arthur McKeown, John Warren, and James McAllister from Cambricville. They were betrayed by informers, notably a Dr Conlan, who came from Dundalk, and an "agent provocateur" called Sam Turner, from Newry. Several leaders were hanged.


title: County Louth

text: The Burning of Wildgoose Lodge took place on the night of 29–30 October 1816, for which 18 men were executed.


title: County Louth

text: The priest and scientist Nicholas Callan (1799–1864), inventor of the first induction coil, was from Darver.


title: County Louth

text: Louth, colloquially known as "The Wee County", is the smallest of Ireland's 32 counties by area. It is the 17th most populous county, making it the fourth most densely populated county on the island of Ireland. It is the smallest of Leinster's 12 counties in size and the 6th-largest by population. Louth is bordered by four counties - Meath to the south, Monaghan to the west, Armagh to the north, and Down to the northeast. It bounded to the east by the Irish sea. Dundalk is the county town and is located approximately from Belfast and from Dublin. Louth is also the northernmost county in Leinster, and the only county in the province to share a border with Northern Ireland.


title: County Louth

text: Louth has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen climate classification "Cfb"), with cool humid summers and mild winters, strongly influenced by Atlantic ocean currents. Coastal areas generally experience milder winters and cooler, windier summers than inland areas. Daytime highs are generally in the range throughout the county in July, with overnight lows in the range. January and February are the coldest months, with average daily minimum temperatures typically falling below .


title: County Louth

text: Met Éireann records climate data for the county from their station at Boharnamoe, ca. from Ardee, in the southwest of the county. The county's record high temperature is , set on 12 July 1983. The coldest temperature ever recorded in Louth was on 1 January 1979, when the temperature at Ardee fell to . Due to the moderating influence of the Irish sea, the temperature at Ardee has only surpassed once since records began in 1968. Prolonged or heavy snow is rare, but most of the county will typically experience snowfall on a few days per year.


title: County Louth

text: Precipitation is evenly distributed year-round, with only about of rainfall separating the wettest months (October and November) from the driest months (March and April). There are a number of synoptic weather stations which solely record rainfall located throughout the county. The driest areas are located along the coast, with average annual rainfall at Clogherhead being , making it one of the driest locations on the island of Ireland. The wettest areas of the county are located around the Cooley Mountains, with the stations at Omeath () and Glenmore () recording the most rainfall in the county.


title: County Louth

text: The coastal areas of the county are particularly vulnerable to flooding and storm surges during the Winter months, and significant flood defences have been constructed along Dundalk Bay. Louth County Council's Climate Change Adaptation Strategy identified coastal and riverine flooding as the primary environmental risks to the county.


title: County Louth

text: According to the Central Statistics Office, Louth had a population of 128,884 as of the 2016 Census, a 4.9% increase since the 2011 Census of Ireland. The population density of the county is 155.4 people per square kilometre, which is more than double the national average and makes Louth the second most densely populated county in the Republic of Ireland, and the fourth most densely populated county on the island of Ireland. As of 2016, Louth was also the second most urbanised county in the State, with 67.6% of the county's population living within urban areas. Under CSO classification, an "urban area" is a town with a population greater than 1,500. As a result, much of the county outside of the larger towns is relatively sparsely populated, with most small areas (SAs) having a population density of between 20 and 50 people per km2.


title: County Louth

text: The county has two dominant population centres, Dundalk, located in the north of the county, and Drogheda, located in the south on the border with County Meath. These two towns combined comprise approximately 58.3% of the county's total population, and are the 6th- and 8th-largest urban areas in Ireland respectively. Overall, Drogheda is the larger of the two; however, the town's southern environs - home to roughly 5,000 people - are located in Meath. Therefore, Dundalk is the largest settlement wholly located within Louth and is also the county's administrative capital.


title: County Louth

text: Louth has experienced a rapid rate of population growth since the 1960s, nearly doubling in size over the fifty years between the census of 1966 and that of 2016. Its rate of growth (4.9%) since the 2011 census ranks 7th of 26 counties. The sizable population growth in the county is influenced by its location along the Dublin–Belfast corridor; with the completion of the M1 motorway in particular driving the growth of Drogheda as a commuter town of Dublin. However, the northern areas of the county along the border with Northern Ireland experienced a slight decline in population between 2011 and 2016.


title: County Louth

text: In 2016, Louth reached an all-time high population of 128,884 people, becoming one of only five counties in the State to surpass its pre-famine (1841 Census) peak. As of the 2016 Census, 7.4 per cent of the county's population was reported as younger than 5 years old, 27.8 per cent were between 5 and 25, 52.4 per cent were between 25 and 65, and 12.4 per cent of the population was older than 65. Of this latter group, 3,560 people (2.8 per cent) were over the age of 80. The population was evenly split between females (50.63 per cent) and males (49.37 per cent).


title: County Louth

text: In 2019, there were 1,700 births within the county, and the average age of a first time mother was 30.


title: County Louth

text: As of the 2016 Census, the population of County Louth was 91.5% white. Those who identified as White Irish constituted 83% of the county's population, and Irish Travellers comprised a further 0.6%. Caucasians who did not identify as ethnically Irish accounted for 7.8% of the population.


title: County Louth

text: The second largest ethnic group in Louth in 2016 was black, accounting for 2.8% of the population. Of this group, virtually the entire population lived in the two largest towns, with 50.5% of Louth's black residents living in Dundalk and 44.5% living in Drogheda.


title: County Louth

text: Those of Asian and Mixed Race backgrounds accounted for 1.9% (2,399 people) and 1.4% (1,756 people) of the population respectively, with the majority of these groups residing in either Drogheda or Dundalk. Around 3,000 people or 2.5% of the population did not state their ethnicity in 2016.


title: County Louth

text: In contrast to the other counties in the Mid-East Region, which are characterised by widespread migration from Dublin, Louth has one of the highest proportions of native residents in Ireland. Around two-thirds (66.2%) of Louth's residents were born within the county, making it the 7th most indigenous county in the State. People from Dublin accounted for just 7% of Louth's population in 2016, compared with 28% in neighbouring Meath to the south. A total of 18,638 people (14.6%) were born elsewhere in Ireland, and 24,509 people (19.2%) were born outside of the country.


title: County Louth

text: As with other border counties, people from Northern Ireland make up the largest proportion of people born outside of the Republic of Ireland within Louth. Those born in Northern Ireland comprise 5.5% of Louth's population, and people born in Britain comprise a further 3.1% of the population.


title: County Louth

text: Apart from the United Kingdom, the five largest foreign national groups in Louth are: Polish (2.2 percent), Lithuanian (1.6 percent), Nigerian (0.7 percent), Latvian (0.6 percent) and Pakistani (0.45 percent).


title: County Louth

text: The Cooley Peninsula was the last outpost in Leinster. Speakers of Irish existed around Omeath and into southern Armagh up until the middle of the 20th century. The area had its own local dialect, songs, poetry and traditional customs. The dialect, known as , is now extinct, as the last native speaker, Anne O'Hanlon, died in 1960 aged 89. However, extensive recordings were made by German linguist Wilhelm Doegen for the Royal Irish Academy in 1916. An Irish language college, , was originally established in Omeath in 1912, but later moved to Ranafast, County Donegal. In 2012, celebrated its 100th anniversary in Omeath, and locals were taught phrases in .


title: County Louth

text: Uniquely, the Cooley Peninsula had a sizable population of Presbyterian in the late 18th and 19th centuries, owing to its proximity to Ulster. In 1808, Reverend William Neilson published "An introduction to the Irish language" to distribute to Presbyterian ministers in the area, as many in their congregations could not speak English.


title: County Louth

text: Despite its historic , Louth has the lowest percentage of Irish speakers of any county in the State. In the 2016 Census, just 34.1% of the population stated that they could speak Irish.


title: County Louth

text: According to the Central Statistics Office (CSO), the Catholic Church is by far the largest religious institution in County Louth, with 105,186 members. Anglican denominations, including the Church of Ireland, England and Episcopalian, were the second largest group, with 2,079 members. There were 1,825 Muslims recorded in the 2016 Census, as well as 1,471 Orthodox Christians.


title: County Louth

text: The county is located within the archdiocese of Armagh in the Roman Catholic Church, and the Archbishop of Armagh has been recognised by the Vatican as the "Primate of All Ireland" since 1353. This was replicated in the Church of Ireland following the Reformation, and the Protestant Diocese of Armagh covers the same territorial extent as the Catholic diocese. Further, the Archbishop of Armagh also has the title of Primate of All Ireland within the Church of Ireland.


title: County Louth

text: As was the case in much of Ireland, there was a significant increase in the number of people stating that they were either non-religious or atheist in the 2016 Census. This demographic increased by 81% between 2011 and 2016, from 5,485 to 9,918. People with no religion now account for nearly 8% of the county's population.


title: County Louth

text: The fastest growing religions in the county between 2011 and 2016 were Evangelicalism (499%), Islam (56%) and Orthodox Christianity (50%), while the most rapidly declining religions were Methodist/Wesleyan (-25%), Apostolic or Pentecostal (-10.5%) and Presbyterian (-6.5%).


title: County Louth

text: The local authority is Louth County Council, offices in Dundalk, which provides a number of services including planning, roads maintenance, fire brigade, council housing, water supply, waste collection, recycling and landfill, higher education grants and funding for arts and culture.


title: County Louth

text: Since the implementation of the Local Government Reform Act 2014 on 1 June 2014, County Louth has been subdivided into four local electoral areas (LEAs) for elections to Louth County Council and three municipal districts for local government, which are:


title: County Louth

text: For elections to Dáil Éireann, Louth is represented by the five-seat Dáil constituency of Louth constituency which takes in the entire county of Louth and two electoral divisions in County Meath.


title: County Louth

text: This brought the areas of the Greater Drogheda area in County Meath and their combined population of 20,375 into a single constituency.


title: County Louth

text: At the 2020 general election, the constituency elected two Sinn Féin TDs (nationalist and left-wing), one Fine Gael TD (centre-right), one Labour Party TD (centre-left) and an Independent TD.


title: Dale Soules

text: Dale Soules (born ) is an American actress known for starring in "The Messenger" and portraying Frieda Berlin in "Orange Is the New Black" from 2014 to 2019.


title: Dale Soules

text: Soules was born on and grew up in the Greenwood Lake section of West Milford, New Jersey. She attended West Milford High School. While in high school, Soules became interested in acting and began acting in Summer stock theater, singing in church choirs and started studying acting at HB Studio.


title: Dale Soules

text: Soules moved to New York in the mid 60s after high school to pursue an acting career, and initially worked behind the scenes in theater in a variety of positions. Her big break came in 1968 when she landed her first Broadway role, the part of Jeanie in the original Broadway production of "Hair".


title: Dale Soules

text: She continued to appear in a number of theater productions including four years in the play "The Magic Show", "Hands on a Hard Body", "Grey Gardens", and "The Crucible".


title: Dale Soules

text: Soules joined "Orange Is the New Black" during its second season in the recurring role of Frieda Berlin. Starting with the show's sixth season, Soules was promoted to a series regular.


title: The Rhapsody Tour

text: The Rhapsody Tour was a worldwide concert tour by British rock band Queen and American singer Adam Lambert. The tour was announced following the success of the biopic film "Bohemian Rhapsody". The tour marks the group's third visits to North America and Oceania after performing there in 2014 as part of the Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2014–2015 and in 2017 and 2018 as part of the Queen + Adam Lambert Tour 2017–2018.


title: The Rhapsody Tour

text: The North American dates of the tour sold out in April 2019. The North American leg began on 10 July 2019, in Vancouver, Canada at the Rogers Arena and continued throughout the continent until its last show at the Spectrum Center in Charlotte on 23 August 2019.


title: The Rhapsody Tour

text: After performing with "American Idol" finalists Kris Allen and Adam Lambert during the programme's season finale in 2009, the active members of Queen, Brian May and Roger Taylor, began contemplating the future of the band after the group's amicable split with touring collaborator Paul Rodgers. Two years later, at the 2011 MTV Europe Music Awards, Queen was presented that year's Global Icon Award, accepted by May. As part of the broadcast, Queen performed a short set with Lambert, receiving an overwhelmingly welcoming response. Speculation regarding a collaboration with Lambert soon arose, with the three formally announcing a short summer tour of Europe in 2012, including three dates at the Hammersmith Apollo in London, as well as shows in Ukraine, Russia and Poland. As with the partnership with Paul Rodgers, John Deacon chose not to participate.


The 2008 United States presidential election in Florida took place on November 4, 2008, and was part of the 2008 United States presidential election. Voters chose 27 representatives, or electors to the Electoral College, who voted for president and vice president.


title: 2008 United States presidential election in Florida

text: Florida was won by Democratic nominee Barack Obama by a 2.8% margin of victory, making it the first time since 1996 the state was won by a Democrat. Prior to the election, most news organizations considered this state a toss-up, or swing state, as it was heavily targeted by both campaigns. Despite the fact that polls showed John McCain in the lead throughout much of 2008, Obama took the momentum in the two months before Election Day. Obama ended up winning the state with 51 percent of the vote, including wins in four counties that George W. Bush won in 2004. Obama became the first Democrat to win a majority of Florida's popular vote since Jimmy Carter in 1976.


text: , this is the last election in which Flagler County and Volusia County voted for the Democratic candidate. This is also the most recent election that Florida trended more Democratic than the previous one.


text: State-run primaries were held for the Democratic and Republican parties on January 29. The Green Party held its own primary on February 1.


text: As part of the 2008 Green Party presidential primaries, the Green Party held a mail-in primary in Florida on February 1.


text: Republican George W. Bush of Texas carried Florida by a convincing margin of 5% in 2004 against Democrat John Kerry, a much greater margin than in 2000 when Bush controversially won the state's 25 electoral votes against Democrat Al Gore of Tennessee by 537 votes.


text: Early polls showed Barack Obama faring poorly in Florida. During the primary season, Barack Obama did not campaign there and argued against seating its delegates for the Democratic convention, unfavorable media attention. Moreover, Florida's demographics did not favor him. A haven for retirees, Florida lacked many of the younger voters who passionately supported the Democratic nominee. Thus, in early 2008, opinion polling showed Republican John McCain leading most polls, sometimes by double digits.


text: Near the end of September, however, when the financial crisis of 2007–2008 became a more potent election issue, Obama proceeded to take the lead in most of the polls. Florida was especially hard hit by the economic shock. It was a hotspot of new home building and suffered tremendously from the subprime lending collapse. In addition, the state was full of retirees depending on 401ks; these were badly hurt by the stock market's fall.


text: 16 news organizations made state-by-state predictions of the election. Here are their last predictions before election day:


text: The 3 poll averages showed McCain leading throughout most of the presidential election season, until the last month of October. The final 3 polls had Obama leading 49% to 48% with undecided voters to decide the election.


text: Obama and his interest groups spent $36,990,591 in the state. McCain and his interest groups spent $17,133,501. The Democratic ticket visited the state 12 times to the Republicans' 11 times.


text: Obama won the state and its 27 electoral votes on Election Day by a margin of about 2.82%. Obama held a consistent lead for most of the night as returns came in, but the networks avoided calling the state for Obama until the conservative northwestern portion, most of which is in the Central Time Zone, began reporting its returns.


text: According to exit polling, Obama's win in the state can be attributed to winning 96% of the African-American vote, 57% of Latino voters, and 52% among Independents.


text: Upset wins in the Orlando and Tampa Bay areas, where George W. Bush won in 2004, contributed to Obama's victory. In the former, Obama carried Orange County (which includes Orlando) by 19 points - the best margin for a Democratic candidate in 64 years. Before Al Gore and John Kerry narrowly won it, Orange County hadn't supported a Democratic presidential nominee since Franklin D. Roosevelt's last run for president in 1944. He also became the first Democrat to win Orlando in a presidential election since Roosevelt. Obama carried Osceola County, near Orlando, by a 20-point margin (Bush won it in 2004 52%-47%). His strong performance in Central Florida more than likely helped the Democrats flip two U.S. House seats in that region.


text: In the Tampa Bay region, Obama carried Hillsborough County, home to Tampa, by a 7-point margin. Obama also won Pinellas County, home to St. Petersburg, by a 53%-45% margin. Bush had narrowly carried the county by about 0.1% in 2004.


text: Like most Democratic candidates, Obama dominated South Florida, winning Miami-Dade, Broward and Palm Beach counties by comfortable margins. The vote from Miami-Dade came in very late in the evening, stopping the major networks from calling the state for Obama earlier in the evening. However, Obama maintained a lead of at least 125,000 votes from the moment polls closed in the state.


text: On the other hand, John McCain kept the state relatively close, losing by far less than his national average. In northern Florida, a Republican stronghold, McCain won the majority of counties by double-digit landslides. Along the panhandle, McCain routinely took over 70% of the vote. Obama won only a handful of counties - most home to major colleges. Moreover, McCain improved on George Bush's performance in large parts of northern Florida - something he achieved in very few other areas of the country. Obama's sole accomplishment involved Duval County (Jacksonville), where he narrowed George Bush's 61,580-vote victory to a far smaller 7,919 margin. In 2008, Duval County had only supported a Democrat for president once since 1952, when Jimmy Carter carried it in 1976.


text: In addition, McCain was able to do well along the I-4 corridor in central Florida. This heavily populated, "swingy" region often determines which candidate wins in Florida's statewide elections. In 2008, the Republican candidate won most counties, including heavily populated areas such as Brevard County. However, McCain's unexpectedly poor showing in Orlando, a city that had voted Republican in presidential elections from 1948 to 2004, severely hurt his position in central Florida.


text: Democrats also picked up two seats from Florida in the U.S. House of Representatives. Democrat Alan Grayson defeated incumbent Republican Ric Keller for Florida's 8th Congressional District seat while Democrat Suzanne Kosmas ousted incumbent Republican Tom Feeney for Florida's 24th Congressional District seat. Republicans, however, were successful at winning back Republican Mark Foley's old congressional seat in Florida's 16th Congressional District seat when Tom Rooney defeated Democratic incumbent Tim Mahoney by a comfortable margin. At the state level, Democrats picked up two seats in the Florida House of Representatives as well.


text: This also marked the first presidential election in history (and one of only two times to date) that Florida has voted Democratic while nearby Arkansas voted Republican.


text: Obama became the first ever Democrat to win the White House without carrying Dixie, Gilchrist, Hamilton or Sumter Counties, as well as the first to do so without carrying Levy County since James Buchanan in 1856, the first to do so without carrying Pasco County since John F. Kennedy in 1960, and the first to do so without carrying Glades, Madison, Hernando, Okeechobee, or Putnam Counties since Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964.


text: Despite the fact that Barack Obama won the state, John McCain carried 15 congressional districts in Florida, including two district occupied by Democrats. Obama carried 10 congressional districts, including two districts occupied by Republicans.


text: Technically the voters of Florida cast their ballots for electors: representatives to the Electoral College. Florida is allocated 27 electors because it has 25 congressional districts and 2 senators. All candidates who appear on the ballot or qualify to receive write-in votes must submit a list of 27 electors, who pledge to vote for their candidate and his or her running mate. Whoever wins the majority of votes in the state is awarded all 27 electoral votes. Their chosen electors then vote for president and vice president. Although electors are pledged to their candidate and running mate, they are not obligated to vote for them. An elector who votes for someone other than his or her candidate is known as a faithless elector.


text: The electors of each state and the District of Columbia met on December 15, 2008, to cast their votes for president and vice president. The Electoral College itself never meets as one body. Instead the electors from each state and the District of Columbia met in their respective capitols.


text: The following were the members of the Electoral College from the state. All 27 were pledged to Barack Obama and Joe Biden


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The Insurrection Act of 1807 is a United States federal law that empowers the President of the United States to deploy U.S. military and federalized National Guard troops within the United States in particular circumstances, such as to suppress civil disorder, insurrection, or rebellion.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The act provides a "statutory exception" to the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, which limits the use of military personnel under federal command for law enforcement purposes within the United States.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: Before invoking the powers under the Act, requires the President to first publish a proclamation ordering the insurgents to disperse. As part of the Posse Comitatus Act of 1878, these provisions are now codified as amended.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: There are Constitutional exceptions to Posse Comitatus restrictions rooted in the President's own constitutional authority. Defense Department guidelines describe "homeland defense" as a "constitutional exception" to Posse Comitatus restriction, meaning that measures necessary to guarantee National Security from external threats are not subject to the same limitations.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The Act empowers the U.S. president to call into service the U.S. Armed Forces and the National Guard:


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The 1807 Act replaced the earlier Calling Forth Act of 1792, which had allowed for federalization of state militias, with similar language that allowed either for federalization of state militias or use of the regular armed forces in the case of rebellion against a state government. The Act did not provide a criminal penalty for insurrection, which was instead introduced by the Confiscation Act of 1862.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The 1807 Act has been modified twice. In 1861, a new section was added allowing the federal government to use the National Guard and armed forces against the will of the state government in the case of "rebellion against the authority of the government of the United States," in anticipation of continued unrest after the Civil War. In 1871, the Third Enforcement Act revised this section () to protect Black Americans from attacks by the Ku Klux Klan. The language added at that time allows the federal government to use the act to enforce the Equal Protection Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution. This section of the act was invoked during the Reconstruction era, and again during desegregation fights during the Civil Rights Era.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The chief clause of the Insurrection Act, in its original 1807 wording (since updated to modern legal English), reads:


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: "An Act authorizing the employment of the land and naval forces of the United States, in cases of insurrections"


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: "Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of America in Congress assembled", That in all cases of insurrection, or obstruction to the laws, either of the United States, or of any individual state or territory, where it is lawful for the President of the United States to call forth the militia for the purpose of suppressing such insurrection, or of causing the laws to be duly executed, it shall be lawful for him to employ, for the same purposes, such part of the land or naval force of the United States, as shall be judged necessary, having first observed all the pre-requisites of the law in that respect.In 2016, Public Law 114-328 was amended to include Guam and the US Virgin Islands under Ch. 13 jurisdiction. §252: "Use of militia and armed forces to enforce Federal authority" currently reads:Whenever the President considers that unlawful obstructions, combinations, or assemblages, or rebellion against the authority of the United States, make it impracticable to enforce the laws of the United States in any State by the ordinary course of judicial proceedings, he may call into Federal service such of the militia of any State, and use such of the armed forces, as he considers necessary to enforce those laws or to suppress the rebellion.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: The Insurrection Act has been invoked throughout American history. In the 19th century, it was invoked during conflicts with Native Americans. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, it was invoked during labor conflicts. Later in the 20th century, it was used to enforce federally mandated desegregation, with Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy invoking the Act in opposition to the affected states' political leaders to enforce court-ordered desegregation. More recently, governors have requested and received support following looting in the aftermath of Hurricane Hugo in 1989 and during the 1992 Los Angeles riots.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: In 2006, the George W. Bush administration considered intervening in the state of Louisiana's response to Hurricane Katrina despite the refusal from Louisiana's governor, but this was inconsistent with past precedent, politically difficult, and potentially unconstitutional. A provision of the John Warner National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 2007, added by an unidentified sponsor, amended the Insurrection act to permit military intervention without state consent, in case of an emergency that hindered the enforcement of laws. Bush signed this amendment into law, but some months after it was enacted, all fifty state governors issued a joint statement against it, and the changes were repealed in January 2008.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: On June 1, 2020, President Donald Trump warned that he would invoke the Act in response to the George Floyd protests following the murder of George Floyd. In his official statement, Trump urged "every governor to deploy the National Guard in sufficient numbers" to re-establish civil law and order "until the violence has been quelled".


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: In 2020, Senator Richard Blumenthal introduced the CIVIL Act (Curtailing Insurrection act Violations of Individuals' Liberties Act) to restrict presidential authorities outlined in the Insurrection Act. The legislation sought to require the President to consult with Congress before invoking the Act, restricting the President's activation of troops under the Act to fourteen days without explicit congressional authorization, requiring the President, Secretary of Defense, and Attorney General to issue a joint certification Congress affirming a state's reluctance or inability to enforce the laws thus justifying the use of the military, and prohibiting active duty troops from performing law enforcement actions unless authorized by law.


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: In 2022, the Brennan Center for Justice submitted a proposal to the committee investigating the January 6 United States Capitol attack to reform the Insurrection Act with the intent of clarifying vague language and updating its contents to reflect issues of the present. Some of the language the BCJ identified as needing clarification include the section outlining the circumstances in which the President can invoke the Act that reads "any insurrection,


title: Insurrection Act of 1807

text: domestic violence, unlawful combination, or conspiracy" are legally accepted criteria for the law's invocation. BCJ argues that this criteria is broad and can possibly be interpreted to allow the President to invoke the Act to address any conspiracy, large or small, to include protests or petty criminal acts with active duty military forces. The BCJ also argued for Congress to rewrite the line "The President, by using the militia or the armed forces, or both, or by any other means," as the inclusion of "by any other means" can leave open the possibility of a force not formally under the control of the Department of Defense being authorized by the President to act under the auspices of the Insurrection Act.


title: Hailie Sahar

text: Hailie Sahar (born July 12, 1988) is an American actress. She is known for her performance as Lulu Abundance, later co-founder of the House of Ferocity in the TV series, "Pose".


title: Hailie Sahar

text: Sahar's father was a preacher in a Baptist church and she grew up in a religious household in Los Angeles. Sahar has five brothers. As a child, Sahar was a dancer for L.A.’s WNBA team, the Sparks. Sahar participated in Los Angeles Ball scene, and at 18, she became one of the youngest leaders of a house in the ball community by becoming the "mother" of the House of Rodeo, roughly a year after initially joining the house. Later, Sahar moved to the House of Allure. She describes herself as a woman of trans experience.


title: Hailie Sahar

text: Sahar landed her first on-screen role in 2011's "Leave It on the Floor." She was also cast as minor characters in USA’s "Mr. Robot" and Amazon’s "Transparent". Sahar also starred in the Off-Broadway production of "Charm". Sahar portrays Lulu as part of the main cast of "Pose", an FX TV series that began in 2018. In 2019 Sahar began playing the recurring character Jazmin on the Freeform TV show "Good Trouble".


title: Counties of Norway

text: Norway is divided into 11 administrative regions, called counties (singular , plural ; from Old Norse: "fylki" from the word "folk", , , , ) which until 1918 were known as "amter". The counties form the first-level administrative divisions of Norway and are further subdivided into 356 municipalities ("kommune", pl. "kommuner" / "kommunar"). The island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen are outside the county division and ruled directly at the national level. The capital Oslo is both a county and a municipality.


title: Counties of Norway

text: In 2017, the Solberg government decided to abolish some of the counties and to merge them with other counties to form larger ones, reducing the number of counties from 19 to 11, which was implemented on 1 January 2020. This sparked popular opposition, with some calling for the reform to be reversed. The Storting voted to partly undo the reform on 14 June 2022, with Norway to have 15 counties from 1 January 2024. Three of the newly merged counties, namely Vestfold og Telemark, Viken and Troms og Finnmark, will be dissolved and the old counties they were created from will reemerge. The to-be-reestablished counties will see some minor border changes compared to when they were abolished, as some municipalities were merged across former county borders during the 2020 local government reform ().


title: Counties of Norway

text: Below is a list of the Norwegian counties, with their current administrative centres. Note that the counties are administered both by appointees of the national government and to a lesser extent by their own elected bodies. The county numbers are from the official numbering system , which originally was set up to follow the coastline from the Swedish border in the southeast to the Russian border in the northeast, but with the numbering has changed with county mergers.


title: Counties of Norway

text: The island territories of Svalbard and Jan Mayen lie outside of the county system of Norway. Svalbard is administered by the Governor of Svalbard, and Jan Mayen is administered by the County Governor of Nordland (but not part of Nordland).


title: Counties of Norway

text: From the consolidation to a single kingdom, Norway was divided into a number of geographic regions that each had its own legislative assembly or Thing, such as Gulating (Western Norway) and Frostating (Trøndelag). The second-order subdivision of these regions was into "fylker", such as "Egdafylke" and "Hordafylke". In 1914, the historical term "fylke" was brought into use again to replace the term amt introduced during the union with Denmark. Current day counties (fylker) often, but not necessarily, correspond to the historical areas.


title: Counties of Norway

text: Counties (first three "fylke", last two "bilandskap") under the Eidsivating, located in Oplandene with the seat at Eidsvoll:


title: Counties of Norway

text: Finnmark (including northern Troms), the Faroe Islands, the Orkney Islands, Shetland, the Hebrides, Isle of Man, Iceland and Greenland were Norwegian "skattland" ("taxed countries"), and did not belong to any known counties or assembly areas.


title: Counties of Norway

text: From the end of the 12th century, Norway was divided into several "syssel". The head of the "syssel" was the "syslemann", who represented the king locally. The following shows a reconstruction of the different "syssel" in Norway c. 1300, including sub-"syssel" where these seem established.


title: Counties of Norway

text: From 1308, the term "len" (plural "len") in Norway signified an administrative region roughly equivalent to today's counties. The historic "len" was an important administrative entity during the period of Dano-Norwegian unification after their amalgamation as one state, which lasted for the period 1536–1814.


title: Counties of Norway

text: At the beginning of the 16th century the political divisions were variable, but consistently included four main "len" and approximately 30 smaller sub-regions with varying connections to a main "len". Up to 1660 the four principal "len" were headquartered at the major fortresses Bohus Fortress, Akershus Fortress, Bergenhus Fortress and the fortified city of Trondheim. The sub-regions corresponded to the church districts for the Lutheran church in Norway.


title: Counties of Norway

text: These four principal "len" were in the 1530s divided into approximately 30 smaller regions. From that point forward through the beginning of the 17th century the number of subsidiary "len" was reduced, while the composition of the principal "len" became more stable.


title: Counties of Norway

text: "Len" written as "län" continues to be used as the administrative equivalent of county in Sweden to this day. Each "len" was governed by a "lenman".


title: Counties of Norway

text: With the royal decree of 19 February 1662, each "len" was designated an "amt" (plural "amt") and the "lenmann" was titled "amtmann", from German "Amt" (office), reflecting the bias of the Danish court of that period.


title: Counties of Norway

text: After 1671 Norway was divided into four principal "amt" or "stiftsamt" and there were nine subordinate "amt":


title: Counties of Norway

text: At this time there were also two counties (grevskap) controlled by actual counts, together forming what is now Vestfold county:


title: Counties of Norway

text: From 1919 each "amt" was renamed a "fylke" (plural "fylke(r)") (county) and the "amtmann" was now titled "fylkesmann" (county governor).


title: Counties of Norway

text: The county numbers are from the official numbering system , which originally was set up to follow the coastline from the Swedish border in the southeast to the Russian border in the northeast, but the numbering has changed with county mergers. The number 13, 16 and 17 were dropped, and the number 50 was added to account for changes over the years. The lack of a county number 13 is due to the city of Bergen no longer being its own county, and is unrelated to fear of the number 13.


title: Counties of Norway

text: In 2018, Sør-Trøndelag was merged with Nord-Trøndelag into the new county of Trøndelag, and several followed.


title: Counties of Norway

text: In 2017 the Norwegian government announced the merge of the existing 19 fylker into 11 new fylker by 2020. As a result, several government responsibilities were transferred to the new regions.


title: Virginia Hey

text: Virginia Hey (born 19 June 1952) is an Australian actress, known for her role as Pa'u Zotoh Zhaan in the science fiction television series "Farscape", playing the "Warrior Woman" in "", and various roles in television drama series, such as lawyer Jennifer St James in "E Street".


title: Virginia Hey

text: Hey began her career as a fashion model after being discovered at a bus stop by "POL" magazine editor Wendy Adnam. Hey appeared on several magazine covers and started her acting career in television advertisements (57 in all), television dramas and films in Australia and the UK.


title: Virginia Hey

text: In 1979, Hey appeared in live TV performances with The Buggles for their song "Video Killed the Radio Star", including on the BBC's "Top of the Pops" and on German television. However, she does not appear in the official music video. (The official video for the same song is remembered best for being the first music video broadcast on MTV in 1981.)


title: Virginia Hey

text: Her film and television credits include the Warrior Woman in "" and General Pushkin's girlfriend in the Bond film "The Living Daylights". She is well known for the role of the blue-skinned alien priestess Zotoh Zhaan in "Farscape", for which she was nominated for best supporting actress by the Saturn Awards. She left the show early in the third season for health reasons: the blue makeup worn over her head and chest to achieve Zhaan's appearance caused her kidneys to bleed, subsequently causing a decline in her health.


title: Virginia Hey

text: Hey has also appeared in various Australian soap operas including "Prisoner (Cell Block H)" as Leigh Templar, "Neighbours" as Beth Travers, "E Street" as Jennifer St. James, and "Pacific Drive" as Margaux Hayes.


title: Virginia Hey

text: Since leaving "Farscape", Hey has started her own company, White Flower Lei, which manufactures perfumes and soaps. She currently resides in the UK.


title: Second Battle of Fort Wagner

text: The Second Battle of Fort Wagner, also known as the Second Assault on Morris Island or the Battle of Fort Wagner, Morris Island, was fought on July 18, 1863, during the American Civil War. Union Army troops commanded by Brig. Gen. Quincy Gillmore launched an unsuccessful assault on the Confederate fortress of Fort Wagner, which protected Morris Island, south of Charleston Harbor. The battle came one week after the First Battle of Fort Wagner. Although a Confederate victory, the valor of the Black Union soldiers in the battle was hailed, which had long-term strategic benefits in encouraging more African-Americans to enlist allowing the Union to employ a manpower resource that the Confederacy could not emulate for the remainder of the war.


title: Second Battle of Fort Wagner

text: Fort Wagner, or Battery Wagner as it was known to the Confederates, controlled the southern approaches to Charleston Harbor. It was commanded by Brigadier General William B. Taliaferro. An attempt was made on July 11 to assault the fort, the First Battle of Fort Wagner, but it was repulsed with heavy losses to the attackers because of artillery and musket fire. Brig. Gen. Quincy Gillmore intended to repeat his assault, but first executed feints to distract the Confederates' attention, the Battle of Grimball's Landing on July 16. Gillmore also ordered an artillery bombardment of the fort. The fort was on a very narrow island so the Union could only assault the fort with one regiment at a time.