title: Albert Warner

text: In 1934, the studio would suffer a net loss of over $2,500,000.00. $500,000 of this loss was also the result of physical damage to the Warner Bros. Burbank studio that occurred after a massive fire that broke out in the studio around the end of 1934, and destroyed twenty years worth of early Warner Bros. films. The following year, Hearst's film adaption of William Shakespeare's "A Midsummer Night's Dream" would fail at the box office and the studio net loss increased. During the year 1935, the studio's revived musicals would also suffer a major blow after director Busby Berkeley was arrested after killing three people while driving drunk one night. By the end of the 1935, however, relief would come for the Warners, as the studio would rebound with a year-end net profit of $674,158.00.


title: Albert Warner

text: On November 25, 1947, Albert Warner and other executives in the motion picture industry issued the Waldorf Statement, first promulgating the Hollywood Blacklist. Around this time, Albert also bought a second mansion in Miami Beach, Florida, where he lived for most of the remaining years of his life. By 1956, the studio was losing money and Albert wanted to retire and live full-time in his Miami Beach house.


title: Albert Warner

text: In May 1956, the brothers announced they were putting Warner Bros. on the market. Jack, however, secretly organized a syndicate headed by Boston banker Serge Semenenko that purchased 90% (800,000 shares) of the company's stock. After the three brothers sold their stock, in an under-the-table deal with Semenenko, Jack officially joined Semenenko's syndicate and bought back all his stock, which consisted of 200,000 shares. The deal officially completed in July. Now the company's largest stockholder, Jack appointed himself as the new company president. By the time Harry and Albert learned of their brother's subterfuge, it was too late.


title: Albert Warner

text: Albert read about Jack's dealings while spending time in New York City. He never spoke to Jack again, but he did later rejoin the company's board of directors to stop Jack "from stealing the stockholders blind".


title: Albert Warner

text: Albert Warner died of a stroke in 1967 in Miami Beach. A funeral service was held in Los Angeles. Warner was then interred in Brooklyn, next to his first wife Bessie Krieger. After Albert's second wife Bessie Warner died in 1970 she was interred with him as well in Brooklyn.


title: Albert Warner

text: In 1908, Warner married Bessie Krieger, in New Castle, Pennsylvania. Krieger died in 1923 from influenza. On April 23, 1925, Warner married Bessie Siegal, the widow of his friend, Jonas Siegal. The couple remained married until Warner's death in 1967. Through his marriage to Bessie Siegel, Warner had a stepson, Arthur Jack Steel, who married Ruth Mandel, and had sons John and Lewis Steel (named after Harry Warner's son Lewis Warner). Warner was noted as never adapting an upper class lifestyle, remaining unrefined throughout his life.


title: Albert Warner

text: Like his brother Harry, Albert too would be a fan of Thoroughbred racing and beginning in the 1930s owned horses he raced under the name Warbern Stable and later under the "nom de course", Warner Stable. Albert Warner became involved in Thoroughbred racing during the 1930s In March 1945, Warner purchased Elberton Hill Farm in Harford County, Maryland from G. Ray Bryson and his wife, Ella K. Bryson. The property was used for his East Coast racing operations under the management of trainer A. G. "Bob" Robertson.


title: Albert Warner

text: Among Warner's best horses, Native Charger won the 1965 Flamingo Stakes and the Florida Derby that sent him on the road to the Kentucky Derby in which he finished fourth to winner Lucky Debonair.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: The Ferrari 575M Maranello (Type F133) is a two-seat, two-door, grand tourer manufactured by Italian automobile manufacturer Ferrari. Launched in 2002, it is essentially an updated 550 Maranello featuring minor styling changes from Pininfarina. The 575M was replaced by the 599 GTB in the first half of 2006.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: Updates from the 550 included a redesigned interior as well as a number of mechanical improvements, including bigger brake discs, a larger and more powerful engine, improved weight distribution, refined aerodynamics and fluid-dynamics along with an adaptive suspension set-up (the four independent suspensions are also controlled by the gearbox, to minimize pitch throughout the 200-milliseconds shift time). Two six-speed transmissions were available, a conventional manual gearbox and, for the first time on a Ferrari V12, the "F1" automated manual gearbox built by Graziano Trasmissioni. The 575 model number refers to total engine displacement in centiliters, whilst the 'M' is an abbreviation of "modificata" ("modified").


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: For 2005, the company released a GTC handling package and a Superamerica version (a limited run of 559 retractable hardtop variants of the coupé), along with raising the power from to .


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: The GTC package included Ferrari's fourth Carbon fibre-reinforced Silicon Carbide (C/SiC) composite ceramic brake system, made by Brembo (the first 3 being featured on the Challenge Stradale, F430 and Enzo) as well as a more performance-tuned suspension system, low-restriction exhaust system, and unique 19 inch wheels. The new brakes were based on the company's Formula One technology. They used discs measuring 15.7 inches with six-piston calipers at the front and discs measuring 14.2 inches with four-piston calipers at the rear.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: Introduced in 2005, the Ferrari Superamerica was a convertible version of the 575M Maranello; it featured an electrochromic glass panel roof which rotated 180° at the rear to lie flat over the boot taking 60 seconds for operation. Patented "Revocromico" the roof incorporates a carbon-fiber structure that is hinged on the single axis with a luggage compartment lid, allowing access to the latter even with an open roof. The roof was manufactured in collaboration with French glass specialist Saint Gobain. With the roof open, the rear window, apart from holding the third stoplight, also acts as a wind deflector. This roof design was previously used on a 2000 Alfa Romeo Vola, designed by Leonardo Fioravanti. The Superamerica used the higher-output tune of the V12 engine used on the 575M, codenamed the F133 G, rated at and Ferrari marketed it as the world's fastest convertible car, with a top speed of . The GTC handling package was optional.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: Total production amounted to 559 units; this number followed Enzo Ferrari's philosophy that there should always be one fewer car available than what the market demanded; only 43 of those had a manual gearbox.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: A special 575M was built by Zagato for Japanese Ferrari collector Yoshiyuki Hayashi, and announced at the 2006 Geneva Motor Show. Designed to recall the 250 GT Berlinetta Zagato and commemorate the 50th anniversary of the 250 range, the GTZ was officially endorsed by Ferrari and includes Zagato's trademark double-bubble roofline, the custom coachbuilt bodywork recalling the styling of the Ferrari models of the 1960s and two-tone paint scheme. Six cars were built in total, that were later supplemented by three open variants based on an earlier 550 model. The mechanical components were unchanged.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: In 2003, Ferrari announced the sale of several 575M-based racing cars, known as the 575 GTC (not to be confused with the "575M GTC Handling Package"). Following the success of Prodrive built 550 based racing cars, Ferrari wished to offer their own racing car to customers. Introduced at the 2003 Frankfurt Motor Show, the 575 GTC was a modified 575M specially developed for the FIA GT Championship in collaboration with N Technology. Changes to the car included additional cooling vents on the front in order to cool the larger 6.0-liter V12 engine, an integrated roll-cage, a wider rear track, carbon-fiber body panels, a large fixed rear wing with a Gurney flap, a front splitter, and rear diffuser, a 6-speed Xtrac sequential manual transmission and the use of carbon-fiber racing seats and Lexan windows. The modifications allowed the car to achieve the dry weight of . The GTC shared the same tubular steel structure as the 575M.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: The modified engine was shared with the 550 GTS and generated a power output of at 6,000 rpm and of torque at 5,200 rpm. The increase in power was achieved by installing new camshafts and using a Magneti Marelli fuel injection system in place of the Bosch Motronic unit. A top speed of was possible albeit modifications in the aerodynamic components.


title: Ferrari 575M Maranello

text: Used primarily in the FIA GT Championship, the 575 GTC managed to take a single win in its first season, the Estoril 2003 race, followed by another lone win in 2004.


title: Guy Stockwell

text: Harry Guy Stockwell (November 16, 1933 – February 6, 2002) was an American actor who appeared in nearly 30 movies and 250 television series episodes.


title: Guy Stockwell

text: Stockwell was born in New York City, the son of singer/dancer Elizabeth "Betty" Margareta Veronica and Harry Stockwell. Guy's father, a baritone singer/actor on Broadway, was famously known for singing the voice of Prince Charming in Disney's animated film "Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs". Guy's younger brother was actor Dean Stockwell.


title: Guy Stockwell

text: Stockwell began his acting career on the stage, working in the Broadway productions "Innocent Voyage" with his brother Dean and "Chicken Every Sunday". That affinity for the stage would later inspire him to become a co-founder of the Los Angeles Art Theater. He then went on to hold the recurring role of Chris Parker from 1961 to 1962 in twenty-six episodes of the ABC series "Adventures in Paradise", starring Gardner McKay as the skipper of a sailing vessel set in the South Pacific.


title: Guy Stockwell

text: Stockwell was also cast in episodes of "The Roaring 20s", "Perry Mason" (Season 8, Episode 5), "Quincy, M.E.", "Simon & Simon", "Knight Rider", "Tales of the Gold Monkey", "The Eddie Capra Mysteries", "Magnum, P.I.", "Murder, She Wrote", "Columbo", "Quantum Leap" (with his brother, Dean), "Bonanza", "Land of the Giants", "Tombstone Territory", "Combat!", "The Richard Boone Show", "Gunsmoke", Wagon Train",The Virginian" and "Return to Peyton Place". He had important roles in several major motion pictures including "The War Lord" co-starring with Charlton Heston, "The Plainsman", the leading role in "Beau Geste", "Tobruk", "The Monitors", "It's Alive" and "Santa Sangre".


title: Guy Stockwell

text: Stockwell suffered from diabetes in later years and died of its complications. He was married and divorced three times and had three children.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: Roc is an American comedy-drama television series that aired on Fox from August 25, 1991 to May 10, 1994. The series stars Charles S. Dutton as Baltimore garbage collector Roc Emerson and Ella Joyce as his wife Eleanor, a nurse.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: "Roc" began life as a traditional television sitcom, chronicling the ups and downs of Baltimore garbage collector Charles "Roc" Emerson (Charles S. Dutton), a tightwad who constantly brought home "perks" (i.e. items thrown away by residents on his route); his wife Eleanor (Ella Joyce), a registered nurse; his womanizing younger brother Joey (Rocky Carroll), a ne'er-do-well musician who had recently returned to the neighborhood; and his father Andrew (Carl Gordon), a retired Pullman porter. A much-played scene during the series' promotion featured Roc greeting his returning brother with a casual glance and a tired "Hey, Joey." When Eleanor suggests that he should have more to say, Roc agrees, and follows up with "Hey, Joey, where's my money?"


title: Roc (TV series)

text: The four principal cast members were all accomplished stage actors, and had become acquainted with each other while appearing in various August Wilson plays on Broadway. Three of the four leads were fresh from appearing in "The Piano Lesson." In fact, Charles S. Dutton wanted all four of "The Piano Lesson" leads to be on the show (The fourth being S. Epatha Merkerson, who would go on to star in "Law & Order" for 17 years). After a successful live episode (guest-starring Dutton's then-wife Debbi Morgan) was broadcast in February 1992, the producers and the Fox network agreed to air each episode of the second season as a live performance. Virtually every episode from season two began with a prologue in which one of the cast members directly addressed the home viewers for a few minutes. A current events item from the past week, or even that very day, would be mentioned to prove that (East Coast) viewers were indeed watching a live performance, and current events from the previous week were frequently incorporated into the dialogue. One episode dealt with the 1992 Presidential Election, and aired the Sunday before the election. As the Emersons await the results, the director interrupts the program to mention that the results are unknown, causing "dismay" amongst the characters. "Roc" was the first prime time scripted American series since the late 1950s to broadcast each episode of an entire season live, a feat which wasn't repeated until the entire third season of NBC's "Undateable" was broadcast live in 2015. A Fox executive reportedly said that "Roc" "didn't feel live" to audiences because "those actors were so good, they never made a mistake." After the live format received only a limited ratings boost, the show returned to its original pre-taped format for season 3.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: As it progressed, the series adopted a more dramatic tone, with several installments featuring social commentaries on gang activities, violence among youths, the consequences of drug use on childbirth, and the plight of African-Americans in the United States.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: One of the central problems around town was the arrival of a powerful drug dealer named Andre, whose efforts throughout the community were met with counter-movements from Roc and others. This began with a brief showdown at Roc's home in which an angered Roc eventually grabbed hold of Andre and warned him that his actions would not go unchallenged. This soon gave rise to several new characters, including a vigilante named Ronnie (played by rapper Tone Lōc) and Calvin, a co-worker and friend of Roc (played by rapper Heavy D). As the story line progressed, victories were back-and-forth between the two sides, with Andre taking one of Joey's young friends under his influence, taunting Roc, and eventually being shot on-screen by an unseen assailant. Roc became a quick police suspect but was exonerated, with the shooter soon revealed to be Calvin. As Calvin began his prison sentence, Roc and Eleanor agreed to raise his teenage daughter Sheila (Alexis Fields). Once recovered, Andre was eventually confronted by Joey, Ronnie, and several of their friends about his continuing to trouble the community. After later expressing a measure of respect toward Roc, Andre would soon begin steps toward reformation.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: The series' theme song began as "God Bless the Child," a composition written by iconic jazz vocalist Billie Holiday in 1939, who was born in Baltimore, Maryland where the show is set. It is performed by a cappella singer Jerry Lawson (lead singer of The Persuasions) and three unknown studio singers. It was eventually replaced with "Live Your Life Today", performed by En Vogue.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: The original theme song was written by Fred Thaler, entitled "Keep On Walkin On". It was instead used in the closing credits at the end of each episode.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: The complete series was finally made available to viewers in July 2021 by Amazon Prime Video, BET Plus and on video on demand via Pluto TV.


title: Roc (TV series)

text: While fans were devoted, their numbers were also low; for three seasons, "Roc" was acclaimed critically but was generally towards the bottom of the Nielsen ratings (though it did quite well in African American households). "Roc" gained recognition in the form of award nominations, including an Emmy nomination for its camera work, with Charles Dutton receiving an NAACP Image Award for Outstanding Actor in a Comedy Series.


title: Damon Gupton

text: Damon Jamal Gupton (born January 4, 1973) is an American actor and orchestral conductor, best known for his series regular roles as Charles Foster on "Deadline", Evrard Velerio on "Prime Suspect", Adam Page on "The Divide", Detective Cal Brown on "The Player", Deputy Chief Henderson on Black Lightning, and SSA Stephen Walker on "Criminal Minds". He has also co-starred in the films "The Last Airbender" (2010), "Whiplash" (2014), and "La La Land" (2016).


title: Damon Gupton

text: Gupton was born in Detroit, Michigan. He attended the University of Michigan, where he directed a musical ensemble, and graduated with a bachelor's degree in Music Education. He received the Emerging Artist Award from the University's School of Music, Theatre & Dance Alumni Society. He also graduated in drama from Juilliard School in New York. Gupton studied conducting at the Aspen Music Festival and School with David Zinman and Murry Sidlin. He later attended the National Conducting Institute in Washington, D.C., studying with Leonard Slatkin.


title: Damon Gupton

text: In 2004, he was an American Conducting Fellow at the Houston Symphony, and was assistant conductor of the Kansas City Symphony in 2006. Gupton was a guest conductor with various orchestras, including the Cincinnati Pops, Cleveland Orchestra, National Symphony Orchestra, Detroit Symphony, Baltimore Symphony, San Diego Symphony, San Antonio Symphony, Princeton Symphony Orchestra, as well as Monte Carlo Philharmonic Orchestra, the NHK Orchestra of Tokyo, and the Orquesta Filarmonica de UNAM. He was the conductor of the Sphinx Chamber Orchestra during its national tour, including performances at Carnegie Hall. Gupton won Mexico City's third International Eduardo Mata Conducting Competition, the Robert J. Harth Conducting Prize, and The Aspen Conducting Prize. He was named a Presidential Professor by the University of Michigan in January 2009.


title: Damon Gupton

text: In 2012, Gupton performed in the Broadway production of the play "Clybourne Park", receiving an AUDELCO nomination for Best Supporting Actor. In September 2012, Gupton landed the lead role on the short-lived AMC drama series "The Divide", playing District Attorney Adam Page. Gupton joined the cast of the NBC procedural drama series "The Player" in February 2015, co-starring as Detective Cal Brown alongside Wesley Snipes. On December 3, 2015, he was cast in the recurring role of psychiatrist Gregg Edwards on the fourth season of A&E's drama-thriller series "Bates Motel".


title: Damon Gupton

text: On September 30, 2016, CBS announced that Gupton had joined "Criminal Minds" as a regular cast member, portraying Stephen Walker, a special agent in the Behavioral Analysis Unit. He began appearing in the series' twelfth season. On June 11, 2017, it was announced that he would depart the show after one season. Gupton was subsequently cast as Inspector Henderson in the superhero drama series "Black Lightning".


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Herschend Family Entertainment (HFE) is a privately owned themed-entertainment company that operates several theme parks and tourist attractions within the United States, and as of 2021, one aquarium in Vancouver, Canada.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Founded by Jack and Pete Herschend of Branson, Missouri, in its early years HFE was simply known as Herschend Enterprises. In the 1980s the name was changed to Silver Dollar City Inc., and in 2003, the company gained the current name. HFE is currently headquartered in Peachtree Corners, Georgia. The company's mission is to "Create Memories Worth Repeating” in a manner “consistent with Christian values and ethics.”


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: HFE traces roots back to Hugo and Mary Herschend from Chicago, Illinois along with sons Jack and Pete. The family vacationed in Missouri's Ozark Mountains region and fell in love with the nature the area offered. In 1951 Hugo obtained a 99-year lease on a Branson, Missouri area attraction called Marvel Cave. Hugo suffered a heart attack and later died in 1955, however Mary along with her two sons continued to improve the cave attraction by installing electric lighting and building cement walkways. A cable train was installed in 1958 to ferry guests out of the depths of the cave upon the end of the tour. The attendance nearly doubled and a small frontier town was erected to entertain visitors as they waited for their cave tour. In order to increase attendance furthermore at the attraction, a gimmick was used by naming the village "Silver Dollar City" and distributing silver dollars as change to every visitor in hope that when they would spend the rare coins they would tell people where they had got them from. The idea was a success, and the Herschend family soon found themselves involved in the theme park business.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: In 1969, Silver Dollar City drew national attention when producer Paul Henning brought the cast and crew of the popular "Beverly Hillbillies" television show to the park to film five episodes.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: The company also co-owns and co-operates with partners Dolly Parton and her company The Dollywood Company, the dinner and theatre company Pirates Voyage Dinner and Show in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina and Dolly Parton's Stampede (formerly Dixie Stampede).


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: The Herschends extended their brand in 1976 upon purchasing a small tourist attraction in Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, called Goldrush Junction. The following year the attraction was renamed Silver Dollar City Tennessee as part of a development plan to transform the property into a theme park patterned after the original Silver Dollar City in Branson. For the Pigeon Forge park, the Ozark Mountains theme of the original Silver Dollar City was slightly reworked to represent the Great Smoky Mountains and Appalachia culture instead, fitting the location in the foothills of the Smokies.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: In 1986, singer and actress Dolly Parton, who grew up near Pigeon Forge, became a co-owner, and the park's name was changed to Dollywood, reflecting her involvement. At this point, the Pigeon Forge park was branched off into a separate division of HFE called The Dollywood Company, which oversees all the properties that Dolly Parton has interest in.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Along with the Herschend family, Dolly Parton co-owns the Dolly Parton's Stampede (formerly Dixie Stampede) dinner attraction chain, which has locations in Pigeon Forge (opened 1988), Myrtle Beach (1992), and Branson (1995). A location in Orlando opened in 2003 and closed in early 2008.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: In 2001 a new water park was opened adjacent to the Dollywood theme park called Dollywood's Splash Country.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Former Herschend employee William R. "Bill" Doyle, III was hired as the President & CEO of Callaway Gardens in June, 2015.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Doyle resigned effective July 8, 2019 after four years on the job to return to Herschend. He continued as a trustee of the Ida Cason Callaway Foundation and assisted in the search for a new president.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Herschend began managing "Callaway Gardens" in 2020. Two years later, they purchased most of the assets, including The Lodge & Spa, Golf: Lake View Course & Mountain View Course and conference center. Herschend will lease and manage the Ida Cason Callaway Foundation’s Virginia Hand Callaway Discovery Center, Cecil B. Day Butterfly Center, Ida Cason Memorial Chapel and the gardens. Callaway had about 500 employees.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: HFE built several water parks in the 1980s which have since sold to other companies such as Wet 'n Wild, Frontier City, and Six Flags. White Water Branson, built in 1980, was the forerunner and is still owned by HFE; while the White Waters in Oklahoma City (1981), Grand Prairie, Texas (1982), Garland, Texas (1982) and Atlanta (1983) have been sold.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: The 4,000 seat Grand Palace Theatre opened in 1992 by the Herschends. The theatre was co-owned by singer Kenny Rogers. Along with Rogers headliners were Glen Campbell, Louise Mandrell and Barbara Mandrell. In 1994 HFE entered into a ten-year contract with Radio City Entertainment. The Grand Palace Theatre would be the first to host the Radio City Christmas Spectacular starring the world famous Rockettes outside of New York City’s Radio City Music Hall. The shows were successful and led to Radio City Entertainment launching tours of their shows in other cities throughout the United States.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: HFE built the $10 million Grand Village Shops with Kenny Rogers adjacent to The Grand Palace Theatre in 1993. Ozark wares and English bone china filled the twenty six New Orleans themed shops. HFE later bought out entertainer Kenny Rogers and sold The Grand Palace in 1996 and The Grand Village in 2005.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: American Adventures, a children's theme park opened alongside White Water Atlanta. The park was sold to Six Flags in 1999.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: In 1994, The Dollywood Company constructed a large music theatre in Pigeon Forge called Music Mansion. Headlined by James Rogers, the highly successful theatre was operated by HFE until 2001, when it was sold to Anita Bryant. In 2005 the theatre was sold again and converted to a WonderWorks location. A Music Mansion Theatre was planned for Myrtle Beach, but never materialized.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: In 2003 the Dollywood Company opened a new Dixie Stampede location in Orlando, Florida along Interstate 4. The location operated until early 2008, when the property was sold to Simon Property Group for an undisclosed amount. The building was torn down, and an extension of the Orlando Vineland Premium Outlets was built on the land. HFE has plans to build another Dixie Stampede in the region at some point, though specific plans have not been disclosed.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: In 2004 HFE purchased the Hawaiian Falls water parks located in Dallas, Garland and The Colony, Texas. In 2006 all three parks were sold.


title: Herschend Family Entertainment

text: Herschend also briefly operated Six Flags Darien Lake from 2012-2014, installing the famous Moose on the Loose Pony Tack ride.


title: Eadgifu of Kent

text: Eadgifu of Kent (also Edgiva or Ediva) (in or before 903 – in or after 966) was the third wife of Edward the Elder, King of Wessex.


title: Eadgifu of Kent

text: Eadgifu was the daughter of Sigehelm, Ealdorman of Kent, who died at the Battle of the Holme in 902. She married Edward in about 919 and became the mother of two sons, Edmund I of England, later King Edmund I, and Eadred of England, later King Eadred, and two daughters, Saint Eadburh of Winchester and Eadgifu. She survived Edward by many years, dying in the reign of her grandson Edgar.


title: Eadgifu of Kent

text: According to a narrative written in the early 960s, her father had given Cooling in Kent to a man called Goda as security for a loan. She claimed that her father had repaid the loan and left the land to her, but Goda denied receiving payment and refused to surrender the land. She got possession of Cooling six years after her father's death, when her friends persuaded King Edward to threaten to dispossess Goda of his property unless he gave up the estate. Edward later declared Goda's lands forfeit and gave the charters to Eadgifu, but she returned most of the estates to Goda, although retained the charters. Some time after this her marriage to Edward took place. After his death King Æthelstan required Eadgifu to return the charters to Goda, perhaps because the king was on bad terms with his stepmother.


title: Eadgifu of Kent

text: She disappeared from court during the reign of her step-son, King Æthelstan, but she was prominent and influential during the reign of her two sons and attested many of their charters. In charter S 562 in 953, a grant to her by Eadred of land at Felpham in Sussex, she is described as "famula Dei", suggesting that she may have taken religious vows while continuing to live on her own estates.


title: Eadgifu of Kent

text: Following the death of her younger son Eadred in 955, she was deprived of her lands by her eldest grandson, King Eadwig, perhaps because she took the side of his younger brother, Edgar, in the struggle between them. When Edgar succeeded on Eadwig's death in 959 she recovered some lands and received generous gifts from her grandson, but she never returned to her prominent position at court. She is last recorded as a witness to a charter in 966.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: Ludwig van Beethoven's Piano Sonata No. 8 in C minor, Op. 13, commonly known as , was written in 1798 when the composer was 27 years old, and was published in 1799. It has remained one of his most celebrated compositions. Beethoven dedicated the work to his friend Prince Karl von Lichnowsky. Although commonly thought to be one of the few works to be named by the composer himself, it was actually named "" (to Beethoven's liking) by the publisher, who was impressed by the sonata's tragic sonorities.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: Prominent musicologists debate whether or not the "" may have been inspired by Mozart's piano sonata K. 457, since both compositions are in C minor and have three very similar movements. The second movement, "Adagio cantabile", especially, makes use of a theme remarkably similar to one in the spacious second movement of Mozart's sonata. Close similarities have also been noted with Bach's Partita no. 2 in C minor. Both works open with a declamatory fanfare marked "Grave", sharing a distinct combination of dotted rhythms, melodic contour, and texture. Furthermore, the first four notes of the Partita's "Andante" (G-C-D-Eb, prominently repeated throughout the work) are found in the "Pathétique" as the first notes of important themes – first in the hand-crossing second subject of its first movement (initially transposed), then in the main theme of the "Rondo". It is known that Beethoven was familiar with the works of Bach, studying "The Well-Tempered Clavier" as a youth and returning to his predecessor's compositional styles later in life.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: In its entirety, encompassing all three movements, the work takes approximately 19 minutes to perform.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The first movement is in sonata form. It begins with a slow introductory theme, marked "Grave". The exposition, marked "Allegro di molto con brio", is in time (alla breve) in the home key of C minor and features three themes. Theme 1 features an aggressive rocket theme covering two octaves, accompanied with constant tremolo octaves in the left hand. Beethoven then makes use of unorthodox mode mixture, as he presents theme 2 in E minor rather than its customary parallel major. This theme is more lyrical than the first and makes use of grace notes and crossed hands. Theme 3 modulates to the mediant, E major, and features an Alberti-type figuration for the bass with tremolo. A codetta, with ideas from the opening allegro, closes the section. Some performers of the sonata include the introduction in the repeat of the exposition (Rudolf Serkin and András Schiff, for example), but most return to the beginning of the allegro section. This movement is one of the few compositions that contain hundred twenty-eighth notes.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The development section begins in the key of G minor. In this section, Beethoven extends Haydn's compositional practice by returning to the introductory section. After this reappearance of the "Grave", the composer generates suspense with an extended dominant preparation.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The recapitulation brings back the themes of the exposition in different keys: themes 1 and 3 are played in the tonic key of C minor, then theme 2 is played in the unexpected key of F minor but then returns to the tonic key. The coda is very dramatic and includes a brief reminder of the "Grave" before ending with a swift cadence.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: This movement exemplifies the expressive "Adagio" style of many slow movements in the classical period. The famous "cantabile" melody is played three times, always in A major, separated by two modulating episodes; the movement is thus a simple rondo rather than the sonata form more common for movements of this seriousness. The first episode is set in F minor (the relative minor of A major), further modulating to E major before returning to the main theme. The second episode begins in A minor and modulates to E major. With the final return of the main theme, the accompaniment becomes richer and takes on the triplet rhythm of the second episode. There is a brief coda.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The main theme of this movement opens nearly identically to an episode in the slow movement of Mozart's Piano Sonata No. 14, K. 457.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The "cantabile" theme from this movement was used as the theme music for radio's most widely listened-to classical music program, "Adventures in Good Music", which aired nationally in the United States and in many other countries from 1970 to 2007. The theme was performed by Karl Haas, the program's host. Several rock songs have also sampled the "cantabile". Kiss used the main theme as the basis for their song "Great Expectations" on 1976's "Destroyer" and on 2003's "" (featuring the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra and the Australian Children's Choir, both of whom performed while donning the band's makeup). Billy Joel also used the "cantabile" as the melody for the chorus of his 1983 song "This Night" from the album "An Innocent Man". "L.v. Beethoven" is credited on the album sleeve as co-writing the chorus with Joel.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: All three movements (with the 2nd Movement played in total) were featured and played by Schroeder (and the recording performed by Ingolf Dahl) in the 1969 animated film "A Boy Named Charlie Brown". In addition, "cantabile" was partially performed by Schroeder (actually by composer David Benoit) but interrupted by the "sports mice" in the 2000 TV film "It's the Pied Piper, Charlie Brown".


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The sonata closes with a cut time movement in C minor. The main theme closely resembles the second theme of the "Allegro" of the first movement: its melodic pattern is identical for its first four notes, and its rhythmic pattern for the first eight. There is also a modified representation of the melody from the second movement, so it connects all three movements together. The movement's sonata rondo form includes a brief coda. The three rondo episodes are in E major, A major, and C major. The common use of "sforzando" creates a forceful effect.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: The sonata "Pathétique" was an important success for Beethoven, selling well and helping create his reputation as a composer, not just as an extraordinary pianist. Not only was it instantly popular, it also exposed the world to the characteristics that Beethoven would continue to develop in the coming years.


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: When the pianist and composer Ignaz Moscheles discovered the work in 1804, he was ten years old; unable to afford to buy the music, he copied it out from a library copy. His music teacher, on being told about his discovery, "warned me against playing or studying eccentric productions before I had developed a style based on more respectable models. Without paying heed to his instructions, however, I laid Beethoven's works on the piano, in the order of their appearance, and found in them such consolation and pleasure as no other composer ever vouchsafed me."


title: Piano Sonata No. 8 (Beethoven)

text: Anton Schindler, a musician who was a friend of Beethoven in the composer's later years, wrote: "What the "Sonate Pathétique" was in the hands of Beethoven (although he left something to be desired as regards clean playing) was something that one had to have heard, and heard again, in order to be quite certain that it was the same already well-known work. Above all, every single thing became, in his hands, a new creation, wherein his always "legato" playing, one of the particular characteristics of his execution, formed an important part."


title: Sabal palmetto

text: Sabal palmetto (, ""), also known as cabbage palm, cabbage palmetto, sabal palm, blue palmetto, Carolina palmetto, common palmetto, Garfield's tree, and swamp cabbage, is one of 15 species of palmetto palm.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: "Sabal palmetto" grows up to tall. Starting at half to two-thirds the height, the tree develops into a rounded, costapalmate fan of numerous leaflets. A costapalmate leaf has a definite costa (midrib) unlike the typical palmate or fan leaf, but the leaflets are arranged radially like in a palmate leaf. All costapalmate leaves are about across, produced in large compound panicles up to in radius, extending out beyond the leaves. The fruit is a black drupe about long containing a single seed. It is extremely salt-tolerant and is often seen growing near both the Atlantic Ocean coast and the Gulf of Mexico coast.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: In 1998, a new mutant form of "S. palmetto" was discovered in southwest Florida, and named as a cultivar, "Sabal palmetto" "Lisa". This cultivar has unusually thick and leathery, largely fused leaflets that give the palm a unique and appealing appearance. Over 60% of the seedlings have the same leaf characteristics as the parent plant and "Sabal palmetto" "Lisa" has been popularized in the nursery trade in Florida over the last 20 years and proven to be as resistant to heat, wind, cold, drought, and neglect as the common form while keeping its shape.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: "Sabal palmetto" is native to the Southern United States, specifically the coastal plain of the lower East Coast including southeast North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Texas and Florida. It can also be found in Cuba, the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Bahamas.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: The species is hardy to the US Department of Agriculture's zone 8, and has been reported to have some cold hardness down to , but needs hot and humid summers to grow well. Maintenance of the cabbage palm tree is very easy and very adaptable. The cabbage palmetto is known to tolerate drought, standing water and brackish water. Even though this palm is drought-tolerant, it thrives on regular light watering and regular feeding. It is highly tolerant of salt winds, but not saltwater flooding.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: "Sabal palmetto" is a popular landscape plant in subtropical climates and used for its tolerance of salt spray and drought, and is moderately cold hardy. Because of their relatively long establishment period and prevalence on southern ranchlands, few, if any are grown from seed in nurseries. Instead, established plants are dug in the wild with small rootballs since virtually all the severed roots die and must be replaced by new roots in the new location. Most leaves are removed at this time to reduce transpiration.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: Most references rate the species as hardy to USDA hardiness zone 8a. Cabbage palms have excellent hurricane resistance, but are frequently overpruned. Sabal palms normally only do well in hot and humid summer climates.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: The cabbage palm is remarkably resistant to fire, floods, coastal conditions, cold, high winds, and drought. Despite this, recent mortality has been caused by Texas phoenix palm decline, a phytoplasma currently found on the west coast of Florida.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: "Sabal palmetto" trunks appear in two different conditions, which can be confusing (see photo). When leaves die, the leaf bases typically persist for a while, creating a spiky, "basketweave" effect. These remnant leaf bases are called "bootjacks" or "boots", for short. The name stems from the "Y" shape that was reminiscent of devices used to aid individuals in removing boots. Transplanted palms are sometimes deliberately shorn of these bootjacks. Taller specimens are more likely to have lost their bootjacks and appear relatively smooth and columnar. The loss of bootjacks is a natural, if poorly understood, phenomenon, as the palm does not create a leaf abscission zone so the loss of the leaf bases results from some other physical or biological process.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: The growing heart of the new fronds, also known as the terminal bud, gives the tree its "cabbage" name, since this is extracted as a food and tastes like other undifferentiated plant meristem tissue, such as the heart of a cabbage or artichoke. It is one of several palm species that are sometimes used to make heart of palm salad. Heart of palm was commonly eaten by Native Americans. However, extracting the heart kills this species of palm, because the terminal bud is the only point from which the palm can grow, so without this bud, the palm is not able to replace old leaves and eventually dies.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: The cabbage-like terminal bud has been eaten as hearts of palm. The bristles on the sheaths of young leaves have been made into scrubbing brushes. The trunks have been used as wharf piles. On June 28, 1776, Charleston patriots under William Moultrie made a fort of palmetto trunks and from it defended successfully against the British in the Revolutionary War.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: The sabal palmetto is the official state tree of both Florida and South Carolina (the latter is nicknamed "The Palmetto State").


title: Sabal palmetto

text: A silhouette of a palmetto ("S. palmetto") appears on the official flag of the US state of South Carolina.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: An image of a palmetto appears on the back of South Carolina's state quarter, which was issued in 2000.


title: Sabal palmetto

text: Two images of "S. palmetto" appear on the official great seal of the State of Florida and the flag of Florida.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, the inverse gamma distribution is a two-parameter family of continuous probability distributions on the positive real line, which is the distribution of the reciprocal of a variable distributed according to the gamma distribution.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: Perhaps the chief use of the inverse gamma distribution is in Bayesian statistics, where the distribution arises as the marginal posterior distribution for the unknown variance of a normal distribution, if an uninformative prior is used, and as an analytically tractable conjugate prior, if an informative prior is required. It is common among some Bayesians to consider an alternative parametrization of the normal distribution in terms of the precision, defined as the reciprocal of the variance, which allows the gamma distribution to be used directly as a conjugate prior. Other Bayesians prefer to parametrize the inverse gamma distribution differently, as a scaled inverse chi-squared distribution.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: with shape parameter formula_8 and scale parameter formula_9. Here formula_10 denotes the gamma function.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: Unlike the Gamma distribution, which contains a somewhat similar exponential term, formula_9 is a scale parameter as the distribution function satisfies:


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: where the numerator is the upper incomplete gamma function and the denominator is the gamma function. Many math packages allow direct computation of formula_14, the regularized gamma function.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: formula_18 in the expression of the characteristic function is the modified Bessel function of the 2nd kind.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: The Kullback-Leibler divergence of Inverse-Gamma("α", "β") from Inverse-Gamma("α", β) is the same as the KL-divergence of Gamma("α", "β") from Gamma("α", "β"):


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: where formula_26 are the pdfs of the Inverse-Gamma distributions and formula_27 are the pdfs of the Gamma distributions, formula_28 is Gamma("α", "β") distributed.


title: Inverse-gamma distribution

text: Note that formula_50 is the scale parameter from the perspective of the inverse gamma distribution. This can be straightforwardly demonstrated by seeing that formula_50 satisfies the conditions for being a scale parameter.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Mollie Ziegler Hemingway (born c. 1974) is an American conservative author, columnist, and political commentator. She is the editor in chief of the online magazine "The Federalist" and a contributor for Fox News.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Initially a harsh critic of Donald Trump during the 2016 Republican primary, Hemingway has since become a vocal supporter of Trump and has claimed the 2020 election was rigged.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Mollie Ziegler was born in Denver, Colorado. Her father is a retired pastor of the Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and her mother is a retired schoolteacher. She earned a degree in economics from the University of Colorado Denver.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Hemingway has written columns in publications such as the "Wall Street Journal", "National Review", "The New York Times Magazine", and Ricochet. She was one of the founding members of "The Federalist". She has appeared multiple times on C-SPAN. In 2017, she became a Fox News contributor. Her columns have been published in "USA Today", "The Los Angeles Times", "The Guardian", "The Washington Post", CNN, and RealClearPolitics.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Early in the 2016 presidential campaign, she described then-candidate Donald Trump as "a demagogue with no real solutions for anything at all." However, since then, she has been described as pro-Trump, with "Politico" describing her as "a reliably pro-Trump commentator", while "Salon" called her "The Federalist"'s "most reliable Trump defender". The "New York Times" wrote in 2020 that Hemingway's columns "have earned presidential retweets and affirmation for their scathing criticism of Democrats and the news media, whom she accuses of lying about just about everything when it comes to the president."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In May 2017, Hemingway defended Trump's decision to fire FBI Director James Comey. In July 2017, after Comey testified to Congress, Hemingway questioned Comey's character, saying "this is not a choir boy here. [Comey] could teach masterclasses in how to cover your own behind and engage in typical Washington, DC shenanigans."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In February 2018, she argued that Carter Page, a former Trump campaign advisor who had been subjected to intelligence surveillance since 2014, had his civil liberties violated. Hemingway stated, "if the civil rights and civil liberties of Carter Page can be violated, they can be violated for anyone." Page, who had relationships with numerous Russian citizens and held pro-Putin views, had been the subject of attempted recruitment by Russian intelligence since 2013. In April 2019, the Mueller Report revealed that investigators found no direct evidence that Page coordinated Trump campaign activities with the Russian government.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In May 2018, Trump tweeted a quote attributed to Hemingway which gave credence to a conspiracy theory initiated by Trump in May 2018 that the Obama administration had placed a spy in his 2016 presidential campaign for political purposes,<ref name="Davis_Haberman_5/28/2018"></ref> and stated that the surveillance was "unprecedented and scandalous." "Vox" countered statements such as Hemingway's, stating that while an FBI informant did meet with several Trump campaign advisers, the FBI didn't actually intend to spy on Trump, but was instead "most likely part of a legitimate counterintelligence operation targeted at Russia's election interference campaign..."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In November 2018, Hemingway described Special Counsel Robert Mueller's investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 election as "a very Stalinist-type approach to criminal justice."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In a November 2019, Hemingway named the alleged whistleblower who exposed the Trump-Ukraine scandal. "The Daily Beast" wrote that naming the whistleblower "seemingly break[s] the network's policy of identifying the person."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In June 2020, she accused the media of fabricating reports that law enforcement used tear gas and excessive force against peaceful protestors to clear a path for Trump to stage a photo op in front of St. John's Church. Law enforcement later acknowledged that it did in fact shoot pepper-based irritants into the crowd.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Following the 2021 United States Capitol attack, Hemingway pushed the disproven claim that the attack was unarmed, claiming a "lack of actual arms that were used" despite evidence that offenders carried handguns as well as other weapons including knives and bear spray. She has also disputed its status as an insurrection, tweeting that "people who call the few-hour riot at the Capitol by unarmed protesters an 'insurrection' are bad people who are harming the country."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: "Washington Post" columnist Dana Milbank criticized conservative panelists, including Hemingway, for concluding in a discussion that marriage is good for women.


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In 2016, "New York Times" writer Ana Marie Cox characterized Hemingway as "no fan of Donald Trump", despite writing for conservative publication "The Federalist". Cox characterized Hemingway as surprisingly open on issues of marriage and sexuality for a conservative Christian, saying she "sound[s] a little bit like a feminist in talking about sex..."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Charlotte Hays of the Independent Women's Forum described her as "a lightning rod in the debates about feminism and religious liberty" and, "a big deal in conservative-leaning intellectual circles of the nation's capital."


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: Jonathan Chait of "New York" Magazine has said that Hemingway's work is becoming increasingly reactionary during the Trump era, adding that she has joined a cadre of conservatives whose "increasingly right-wing character has been mixed with a conviction that Democratic elections are inherently fraudulent, and that extra-legal processes can be justified as countermeasures".


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: and has contributed to four other books, "Dual Citizens: Politics and American Evangelicalism", "The Seven Deadly Virtues: 18 Conservative Writers on Why the Virtuous Life is Funny as Hell", "The Christmas Virtues: A Treasury of Conservative Tales for the Holidays", and "Conservative Christmas Quotables", as well as authoring the pamphlet, "Imprimis - September 2017 - Russian Collusion?".


title: Mollie Hemingway

text: In "", the reporter Mollie Mullaney is based on both Mollie Hemingway and Calkins Media columnist J. D. Mullane.


title: Alton Mason

text: Alton Devon Mason ( ; born November 21, 1997) is an American male model, the first black male model to have walked for Chanel. "GQ Australia" named him male model of the year in 2019 and "Forbes" listed him in its 30 Under 30 2021 for Art & Style.


title: Alton Mason

text: Alton Mason was born in Nebraska. His father, Alton Mason Sr., is a former professional basketball player and his mother is a former model. He is the eldest of 4 children. Due to his father's career, the family moved regularly, living in several European countries, until finally settling in Arizona. When he was 17, he moved away from Arizona to study dancing and acting at the American Musical and Dramatic Academy in Los Angeles, California.


title: Alton Mason

text: Through choreographer Laurieann Gibson, he was able to obtain a position as backup dancer for Diddy at the BET Awards 2015, which eventually led to being signed by a modeling agency. Mason was then discovered on Instagram and cast for Kanye West's Yeezy Season 3 show at Madison Square Garden. Two years later, he walked for the Gucci Fall 2017 show at the Milan Fashion Week. He also made appearances at the New York Fashion Week for Hugo Boss, and in a short film modeling clothes designed by Pharrell Williams for Chanel. He was part of the spring/summer campaign for Lacoste in 2019. Other brands Mason has modeled for include Gucci, Versace, Fenty x Puma, Michael Kors, Puma, Philipp Plein, Jeremy Scott, Tom Ford, Valentino, Fendi, Karl Lagerfeld, Louis Vuitton, and Off-White.


title: Alton Mason

text: In 2020, he filmed in Lagos, Nigeria a music video for his first single "Gimme Gimme", as part of the soundtrack of Amarachi Nwosu and Soof Light's short film "Rise in Light", in which he also starred. The video was used to publicize a fundraising in support of Nigerian communities, collecting more than $10,000 for the Aga Khan Foundation.


title: Fire-control system

text: A fire-control system (FCS) is a number of components working together, usually a gun data computer, a director, and radar, which is designed to assist a ranged weapon system to target, track, and hit a target. It performs the same task as a human gunner firing a weapon, but attempts to do so faster and more accurately.


title: Fire-control system

text: The early history of naval fire control was dominated by the engagement of targets within visual range (also referred to as direct fire). In fact, most naval engagements before 1800 were conducted at ranges of .


title: Fire-control system

text: Even during the American Civil War, the famous engagement between and was often conducted at less than range.


title: Fire-control system

text: Rapid technical improvements in the late 19th century greatly increased the range at which gunfire was possible. Rifled guns of much larger size firing explosive shells of lighter relative weight (compared to all-metal balls) so greatly increased the range of the guns that the main problem became aiming them while the ship was moving on the waves. This problem was solved with the introduction of the gyroscope, which corrected this motion and provided sub-degree accuracies. Guns were now free to grow to any size, and quickly surpassed calibre by the turn of the century. These guns were capable of such great range that the primary limitation was seeing the target, leading to the use of high masts on ships.


title: Fire-control system

text: Another technical improvement was the introduction of the steam turbine which greatly increased the performance of the ships. Earlier screw-powered capital ships were capable of perhaps 16 knots, but the first large turbine ships were capable of over 20 knots. Combined with the long range of the guns, this meant that the target ship could move a considerable distance, several ship lengths, between the time the shells were fired and landed. One could no longer "eyeball" the aim with any hope of accuracy. Moreover, in naval engagements it is also necessary to control the firing of several guns at once.


title: Fire-control system

text: Naval gun fire control potentially involves three levels of complexity. Local control originated with primitive gun installations aimed by the individual gun crews. Director control aims all guns on the ship at a single target. Coordinated gunfire from a formation of ships at a single target was a focus of battleship fleet operations. Corrections are made for surface wind velocity, firing ship roll and pitch, powder magazine temperature, drift of rifled projectiles, individual gun bore diameter adjusted for shot-to-shot enlargement, and rate of change of range with additional modifications to the firing solution based upon the observation of preceding shots.


title: Fire-control system

text: The resulting directions, known as a firing solution, would then be fed back out to the turrets for laying. If the rounds missed, an observer could work out how far they missed by and in which direction, and this information could be fed back into the computer along with any changes in the rest of the information and another shot attempted.


title: Fire-control system

text: At first, the guns were aimed using the technique of artillery spotting. It involved firing a gun at the target, observing the projectile's point of impact (fall of shot), and correcting the aim based on where the shell was observed to land, which became more and more difficult as the range of the gun increased.


title: Fire-control system

text: Between the American Civil War and 1905, numerous small improvements, such as telescopic sights and optical rangefinders, were made in fire control. There were also procedural improvements, like the use of plotting boards to manually predict the position of a ship during an engagement.


title: Fire-control system

text: Then increasingly sophisticated mechanical calculators were employed for proper gun laying, typically with various spotters and distance measures being sent to a central plotting station deep within the ship. There the fire direction teams fed in the location, speed and direction of the ship and its target, as well as various adjustments for Coriolis effect, weather effects on the air, and other adjustments. Around 1905, mechanical fire control aids began to become available, such as the Dreyer Table, Dumaresq (which was also part of the Dreyer Table), and Argo Clock, but these devices took a number of years to become widely deployed. These devices were early forms of rangekeepers.


title: Fire-control system

text: Arthur Pollen and Frederic Charles Dreyer independently developed the first such systems. Pollen began working on the problem after noting the poor accuracy of naval artillery at a gunnery practice near Malta in 1900. Lord Kelvin, widely regarded as Britain's leading scientist first proposed using an analogue computer to solve the equations which arise from the relative motion of the ships engaged in the battle and the time delay in the flight of the shell to calculate the required trajectory and therefore the direction and elevation of the guns.


title: Fire-control system

text: Pollen aimed to produce a combined mechanical computer and automatic plot of ranges and rates for use in centralised fire control. To obtain accurate data of the target's position and relative motion, Pollen developed a plotting unit (or plotter) to capture this data. To this he added a gyroscope to allow for the yaw of the firing ship. Like the plotter, the primitive gyroscope of the time required substantial development to provide continuous and reliable guidance. Although the trials in 1905 and 1906 were unsuccessful, they showed promise. Pollen was encouraged in his efforts by the rapidly rising figure of Admiral Jackie Fisher, Admiral Arthur Knyvet Wilson and the Director of Naval Ordnance and Torpedoes (DNO), John Jellicoe. Pollen continued his work, with occasional tests carried out on Royal Navy warships.


title: Fire-control system

text: Meanwhile, a group led by Dreyer designed a similar system. Although both systems were ordered for new and existing ships of the Royal Navy, the Dreyer system eventually found most favour with the Navy in its definitive Mark IV* form. The addition of director control facilitated a full, practicable fire control system for World War I ships, and most RN capital ships were so fitted by mid 1916. The director was high up over the ship where operators had a superior view over any gunlayer in the turrets. It was also able to co-ordinate the fire of the turrets so that their combined fire worked together. This improved aiming and larger optical rangefinders improved the estimate of the enemy's position at the time of firing. The system was eventually replaced by the improved "Admiralty Fire Control Table" for ships built after 1927.


title: Fire-control system

text: During their long service life, rangekeepers were updated often as technology advanced, and by World War II they were a critical part of an integrated fire control system. The incorporation of radar into the fire control system early in World War II provided ships the ability to conduct effective gunfire operations at long range in poor weather and at night. For U.S. Navy gun fire control systems, see ship gun fire-control systems.


title: Fire-control system

text: The use of director-controlled firing, together with the fire control computer, removed the control of the gun laying from the individual turrets to a central position; although individual gun mounts and multi-gun turrets would retain a local control option for use when battle damage limited director information transfer (these would be simpler versions called "turret tables" in the Royal Navy). Guns could then be fired in planned salvos, with each gun giving a slightly different trajectory. Dispersion of shot caused by differences in individual guns, individual projectiles, powder ignition sequences, and transient distortion of ship structure was undesirably large at typical naval engagement ranges. Directors high on the superstructure had a better view of the enemy than a turret mounted sight, and the crew operating them were distant from the sound and shock of the guns. Gun directors were topmost, and the ends of their optical rangefinders protruded from their sides, giving them a distinctive appearance.


title: Fire-control system

text: Unmeasured and uncontrollable ballistic factors, like high altitude temperature, humidity, barometric pressure, wind direction and velocity, required final adjustment through observation of the fall of shot. Visual range measurement (of both target and shell splashes) was difficult prior to availability of Radar. The British favoured coincident rangefinders while the Germans favored the stereoscopic type. The former were less able to range on an indistinct target but easier on the operator over a long period of use, the latter the reverse.


title: Fire-control system

text: Submarines were also equipped with fire control computers for the same reasons, but their problem was even more pronounced; in a typical "shot", the torpedo would take one to two minutes to reach its target. Calculating the proper "lead" given the relative motion of the two vessels was very difficult, and torpedo data computers were added to dramatically improve the speed of these calculations.


title: Fire-control system

text: In a typical World War II British ship the fire control system connected the individual gun turrets to the director tower (where the sighting instruments were located) and the analogue computer in the heart of the ship. In the director tower, operators trained their telescopes on the target; one telescope measured elevation and the other bearing. Rangefinder telescopes on a separate mounting measured the distance to the target. These measurements were converted by the Fire Control Table into the bearings and elevations for the guns to fire upon. In the turrets, the gunlayers adjusted the elevation of their guns to match an indicator for the elevation transmitted from the Fire Control table—a turret layer did the same for bearing. When the guns were on target they were centrally fired.


title: Fire-control system

text: Even with as much mechanization of the process, it still required a large human element; the Transmitting Station (the room that housed the Dreyer table) for HMS "Hood"s main guns housed 27 crew.


title: Fire-control system

text: Directors were largely unprotected from enemy fire. It was difficult to put much weight of armour so high up on the ship, and even if the armour did stop a shot, the impact alone would likely knock the instruments out of alignment. Sufficient armour to protect from smaller shells and fragments from hits to other parts of the ship was the limit.


title: Fire-control system

text: The performance of the analog computer was impressive. The battleship during a 1945 test was able to maintain an accurate firing solution on a target during a series of high-speed turns.


title: Fire-control system

text: Night naval engagements at long range became feasible when radar data could be input to the rangekeeper. The effectiveness of this combination was demonstrated in November 1942 at the Third Battle of Savo Island when the engaged the Japanese battleship at a range of at night. " Kirishima" was set aflame, suffered a number of explosions, and was scuttled by her crew. She had been hit by at least nine rounds out of 75 fired (12% hit rate).


title: Fire-control system

text: The wreck of "Kirishima" was discovered in 1992 and showed that the entire bow section of the ship was missing.


title: Fire-control system

text: The Japanese during World War II did not develop radar or automated fire control to the level of the US Navy and were at a significant disadvantage.


title: Fire-control system

text: By the 1950s gun turrets were increasingly unmanned, with gun laying controlled remotely from the ship's control centre using inputs from radar and other sources.


title: Fire-control system

text: The last combat action for the analog rangekeepers, at least for the US Navy, was in the 1991 Persian Gulf War when the rangekeepers on the s directed their last rounds in combat.


title: Fire-control system

text: An early use of fire-control systems was in bomber aircraft, with the use of computing bombsights that accepted altitude and airspeed information to predict and display the impact point of a bomb released at that time. The best known United States device was the Norden bombsight.


title: Fire-control system

text: Simple systems, known as "lead computing sights" also made their appearance inside aircraft late in the war as gyro gunsights. These devices used a gyroscope to measure turn rates, and moved the gunsight's aim-point to take this into account, with the aim point presented through a reflector sight. The only manual "input" to the sight was the target distance, which was typically handled by dialing in the size of the target's wing span at some known range. Small radar units were added in the post-war period to automate even this input, but it was some time before they were fast enough to make the pilots completely happy with them. The first implementation of a centralized fire control system in a production aircraft was on the B-29.


title: Fire-control system

text: By the start of the Vietnam War, a new computerized bombing predictor, called the Low Altitude Bombing System (LABS), began to be integrated into the systems of aircraft equipped to carry nuclear armaments. This new bomb computer was revolutionary in that the release command for the bomb was given by the computer, not the pilot; the pilot designated the target using the radar or other targeting system, then "consented" to release the weapon, and the computer then did so at a calculated "release point" some seconds later. This is very different from previous systems, which, though they had also become computerized, still calculated an "impact point" showing where the bomb would fall if the bomb were released at that moment. The key advantage is that the weapon can be released accurately even when the plane is maneuvering. Most bombsights until this time required that the plane maintain a constant attitude (usually level), though dive-bombing sights were also common.


title: Fire-control system

text: The LABS system was originally designed to facilitate a tactic called toss bombing, to allow the aircraft to remain out of range of a weapon's blast radius. The principle of calculating the release point, however, was eventually integrated into the fire control computers of later bombers and strike aircraft, allowing level, dive and toss bombing. In addition, as the fire control computer became integrated with ordnance systems, the computer can take the flight characteristics of the weapon to be launched into account.


title: Fire-control system

text: By the start of World War II, aircraft altitude performance had increased so much that anti-aircraft guns had similar predictive problems, and were increasingly equipped with fire-control computers. The main difference between these systems and the ones on ships was size and speed. The early versions of the High Angle Control System, or HACS, of Britain's Royal Navy were examples of a system that predicted based upon the assumption that target speed, direction, and altitude would remain constant during the prediction cycle, which consisted of the time to fuze the shell and the time of flight of the shell to the target. The USN Mk 37 system made similar assumptions except that it could predict assuming a constant rate of altitude change. The Kerrison Predictor is an example of a system that was built to solve laying in "real time", simply by pointing the director at the target and then aiming the gun at a pointer it directed. It was also deliberately designed to be small and light, in order to allow it to be easily moved along with the guns it served.


title: Fire-control system

text: The radar-based M-9/SCR-584 Anti-Aircraft System was used to direct air defense artillery since 1943. The MIT Radiation Lab's SCR-584 was the first radar system with automatic following, Bell Laboratory's M-9 was an electronic analog fire-control computer that replaced complicated and difficult-to-manufacture mechanical computers (such as the Sperry M-7 or British Kerrison predictor). In combination with the VT proximity fuze, this system accomplished the astonishing feat of shooting down V-1 cruise missiles with less than 100 shells per plane (thousands were typical in earlier AA systems). This system was instrumental in the defense of London and Antwerp against the V-1.


title: Fire-control system

text: Although listed in Land based fire control section anti-aircraft fire control systems can also be found on naval and aircraft systems.


title: Fire-control system

text: In the United States Army Coast Artillery Corps, Coast Artillery fire control systems began to be developed at the end of the 19th century and progressed on through World War II.


title: Fire-control system

text: Early systems made use of multiple observation or base end stations (see "Figure 1") to find and track targets attacking American harbors. Data from these stations were then passed to plotting rooms, where analog mechanical devices, such as the plotting board, were used to estimate targets' positions and derive firing data for batteries of coastal guns assigned to interdict them.


title: Fire-control system

text: U.S. Coast Artillery forts bristled with a variety of armament, ranging from 12-inch coast defense mortars, through 3-inch and 6-inch mid-range artillery, to the larger guns, which included 10-inch and 12-inch barbette and disappearing carriage guns, 14-inch railroad artillery, and 16-inch cannon installed just prior to and up through World War II.


title: Fire-control system

text: Fire control in the Coast Artillery became more and more sophisticated in terms of correcting firing data for such factors as weather conditions, the condition of powder used, or the Earth's rotation. Provisions were also made for adjusting firing data for the observed fall of shells. As shown in Figure 2, all of these data were fed back to the plotting rooms on a finely tuned schedule controlled by a system of time interval bells that rang throughout each harbor defense system.


title: Fire-control system

text: It was only later in World War II that electro-mechanical gun data computers, connected to coast defense radars, began to replace optical observation and manual plotting methods in controlling coast artillery. Even then, the manual methods were retained as a back-up through the end of the war.


title: Fire-control system

text: Land based fire control systems can be used to aid in both Direct fire and Indirect fire weapon engagement. These systems can be found on weapons ranging from small handguns to large artillery weapons.


title: Fire-control system

text: Modern fire-control computers, like all high-performance computers, are digital. The added performance allows basically any input to be added, from air density and wind, to wear on the barrels and distortion due to heating. These sorts of effects are noticeable for any sort of gun, and fire-control computers have started appearing on smaller and smaller platforms. Tanks were one early use that automated gun laying had, using a laser rangefinder and a barrel-distortion meter. Fire-control computers are not just useful for large cannons. They can be used to aim machine guns, small cannons, guided missiles, rifles, grenades, rockets—any kind of weapon that can have its launch or firing parameters varied. They are typically installed on ships, submarines, aircraft, tanks and even on some small arms—for example, the grenade launcher developed for use on the Fabrique Nationale F2000 bullpup assault rifle. Fire-control computers have gone through all the stages of technology that computers have, with some designs based upon analogue technology and later vacuum tubes which were later replaced with transistors.


title: Fire-control system

text: Fire-control systems are often interfaced with sensors (such as sonar, radar, infra-red search and track, laser range-finders, anemometers, wind vanes, thermometers, barometers, etc.) in order to cut down or eliminate the amount of information that must be manually entered in order to calculate an effective solution. Sonar, radar, IRST and range-finders can give the system the direction to and/or distance of the target. Alternatively, an optical sight can be provided that an operator can simply point at the target, which is easier than having someone input the range using other methods and gives the target less warning that it is being tracked. Typically, weapons fired over long ranges need environmental information—the farther a munition travels, the more the wind, temperature, air density, etc. will affect its trajectory, so having accurate information is essential for a good solution. Sometimes, for very long-range rockets, environmental data has to be obtained at high altitudes or in between the launching point and the target. Often, satellites or balloons are used to gather this information.


title: Fire-control system

text: Once the firing solution is calculated, many modern fire-control systems are also able to aim and fire the weapon(s). Once again, this is in the interest of speed and accuracy, and in the case of a vehicle like an aircraft or tank, in order to allow the pilot/gunner/etc. to perform other actions simultaneously, such as tracking the target or flying the aircraft. Even if the system is unable to aim the weapon itself, for example the fixed cannon on an aircraft, it is able to give the operator cues on how to aim. Typically, the cannon points straight ahead and the pilot must maneuver the aircraft so that it oriented correctly before firing. In most aircraft the aiming cue takes the form of a "pipper" which is projected on the heads-up display (HUD). The pipper shows the pilot where the target must be relative to the aircraft in order to hit it. Once the pilot maneuvers the aircraft so that the target and pipper are superimposed, he or she fires the weapon, or on some aircraft the weapon will fire automatically at this point, in order to overcome the delay of the pilot. In the case of a missile launch, the fire-control computer may give the pilot feedback about whether the target is in range of the missile and how likely the missile is to hit if launched at any particular moment. The pilot will then wait until the probability reading is satisfactorily high before launching the weapon.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Francisco "Kiko" Casilla Cortés (; born 2 October 1986) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Getafe CF.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: He started playing for Real Madrid, but only represented the reserve teams in the early stage of his career. He went on to appear in 126 competitive matches for Espanyol over six La Liga seasons before returning to his previous club in 2015, with whom he won three UEFA Champions League titles as backup to Keylor Navas. In 2019–20, he won promotion to the Premier League with Leeds United.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Born in Alcover, Tarragona, Catalonia, Casilla did not enjoy much playing time in his two-year stint with Real Madrid reserve side, Real Madrid Castilla. In the 2005–06 season, he played in Segunda División after having graduated from the C team, being only third choice after Jordi Codina and David Cobeño.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: After only four appearances, Casilla was expected to receive more opportunities after the departure of Cobeño. However, Codina became the starter and Antonio Adán, a fellow youth graduate, the backup, and Casilla ended up playing only in the last game of the campaign, with an eventual relegation befalling.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: In August 2007, Casilla was acquired by RCD Espanyol on a free transfer. On 20 January 2008, he made his debut in La Liga in a 1–2 away loss against Real Valladolid, coming on as a substitute for injured Iñaki Lafuente two minutes after half-time as the habitual starter Carlos Kameni was away on international duty. That month, news surfaced that Arsenal were interested in acquiring the young Spaniard's services.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Barred by Kameni and new signing Cristian Álvarez, Casilla joined Segunda División B side Cádiz CF on loan for 2008–09. The move was extended for the entirety of the following campaign after the Andalusians returned to division two, and he again started most of the season, but the team was immediately relegated.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Casilla still sat on the bench for Espanyol's first game in 2010–11 but, on 31 August 2010, moved again on loan, to second division club FC Cartagena. Subsequently, returned to the "Pericos", he constantly battled for first-choice status with Álvarez.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: After the Argentine left, Casilla became the undisputed starter. On 1 February 2015, he was sent off against Sevilla FC for handling Iago Aspas' shot outside of the penalty area, and his replacement Pau López could not prevent an eventual 2–3 defeat.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: On 17 July 2015, Casilla returned to Real Madrid on a five-year contract for €6 million. He made his competitive debut on 31 October, in a 3–1 win over UD Las Palmas.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Casilla played understudy to Keylor Navas in his first season, appearing in seven official matches. Two of those came in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League, as the tournament ended in conquest.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: On 9 August 2016, Casilla was in goal for injured Navas in the 3–2 victory against fellow Spaniards Sevilla for the UEFA Super Cup, in Trondheim. He managed to contribute more in his second year, and the club won the national championship after a five-year wait. His Champions League input consisted of the 2–1 group phase defeat of Sporting CP, as they again emerged victorious in the competition.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Casilla made two appearances in the Champions League and 17 in all competitions during 2017–18, as Madrid won their third consecutive and 13th overall title in the tournament. In the following campaign, after the summer signing of Chelsea's Thibaut Courtois, he was further demoted down the pecking order.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: On 17 January 2019, the 32-year-old Casilla moved abroad for the first time in his career and signed a four-and-a-half-year contract at Leeds United of the English Championship. He made his debut nine days later, in a 2–1 win against Rotherham United.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: In September 2019, Casilla was accused of racially abusing Charlton Athletic forward Jonathan Leko in a match between the two teams. He was charged by The Football Association but remained available for selection during the investigation. On 28 February 2020, he received an eight-game ban and £60,000 fine after being found guilty.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Casilla played his first game in the Premier League on 16 January 2021, in a 0–1 home loss to Brighton & Hove Albion. He was second-choice to young Frenchman Illan Meslier over the season.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: On 12 July 2021, Casilla was loaned to Elche CF for the next Spanish top-division season. Initially a starter, he eventually lost his place to Édgar Badía.


title: Kiko Casilla

text: Casilla represented Spain at under-21 level once, playing 29 minutes in a 2–0 friendly defeat of France in Benidorm. On 29 August 2014, he was called up to full side manager Vicente del Bosque's 23-man squad for matches against France and Macedonia in September, as third-choice behind Iker Casillas and David de Gea. He only made his debut, however, on 18 November, replacing the former for the last 14 minutes of a friendly with Germany in Vigo and being beaten by Toni Kroos for the game's only goal.


title: Hickory Dickory Dock

text: "Hickory Dickory Dock" or "Hickety Dickety Dock" is a popular English-language nursery rhyme. It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 6489.


title: Hickory Dickory Dock

text: Other variants include "down the mouse ran" or "down the mouse run" or "and down he ran" or "and down he run" in place of "the mouse ran down".


title: Hickory Dickory Dock

text: The earliest recorded version of the rhyme is in "Tommy Thumb's Pretty Song Book", published in London in about 1744, which uses the opening line: 'Hickere, Dickere Dock'. The next recorded version in "Mother Goose's Melody" (c. 1765), uses 'Dickery, Dickery Dock'.


title: Hickory Dickory Dock

text: The rhyme is thought by some commentators to have originated as a counting-out rhyme. Westmorland shepherds in the nineteenth century used the numbers "Hevera" (8), "Devera" (9) and "Dick" (10) which are from the language Cumbric.


title: Hickory Dickory Dock

text: The rhyme is thought to have been based on the astronomical clock at Exeter Cathedral. The clock has a small hole in the door below the face for the resident cat to hunt mice.


title: Don DeFore

text: Donald John DeFore (August 25, 1913 – December 22, 1993) was an American actor. He is best known for his roles in the sitcom "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" from 1952 to 1957 and the sitcom "Hazel" from 1961 to 1965, the former of which earned him a Primetime Emmy Award nomination.


title: Don DeFore

text: DeFore was one of seven children born in Cedar Rapids, Iowa, to Joseph Ervin, a railroad engineer for the Chicago and North Western Transportation Company and a local politician, and Albina Sylvia DeFore (née Nezerka). Albina, who occasionally directed plays at their local church, was the daughter of Czech immigrants from the former . Her father Jan Nežerka (1846-1928) was born in Písková Lhota (baptized Catholic in Kostelní Lhota) and her mother Marie Najbrtová (1852-1930) was born in (baptized Evangelical in Hořátev).


title: Don DeFore

text: After graduating from Washington High School in Cedar Rapids, DeFore attended the University of Iowa. He initially studied law while also playing basketball, track, and baseball before becoming interested in acting. Since acting was not a major study at the university, he left and enrolled at the Pasadena Community Playhouse, where he won a scholarship and stayed for three years.


title: Don DeFore

text: During this time, four fellow students and he wrote a play called "Where Do We Go from Here?" It was presented in a little theater in Hollywood with DeFore in the cast. As a young man, DeFore toured the country in stock companies for several years before making his Broadway debut in "Where Do We Go from Here?" in 1938, when Oscar Hammerstein II offered to take it to Broadway, and DeFore and five of the original cast members went along. The show ran for four weeks, and DeFore was soon recognized as a member of legitimate theater. He remained in New York and won a key role in "The Male Animal", which ran for almost eight months on Broadway and eight months on the road.


title: Don DeFore

text: In Hollywood, DeFore's first screen appearance was in a bit part in 1936's "Reunion". By the early 1940s, he was appearing regularly in films such as: "The Male Animal" (1942), "A Guy Named Joe" (1943), "Thirty Seconds Over Tokyo" (1944), "You Came Along" (1945), "Without Reservations" (1946), "It Happened on 5th Avenue" (1947), "Romance on the High Seas" (1948), "My Friend Irma" (1949), and "Jumping Jacks" (1952). In 1946, exhibitors voted him the fourth-most promising "star of tomorrow".


title: Don DeFore

text: DeFore also worked in radio, performing on such programs as "Suspense," "Old Gold Comedy Theater," and "Lux Radio Theatre", but he is best known for his work in television. Beginning in 1952, DeFore had a recurring role as the Nelsons' friendly neighbor, "Thorny", on the ABC sitcom "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet", earning a nomination in 1955 for a Best Supporting Actor in a Regular Series Primetime Emmy Award. In time, though, the role of Thorny was superseded by Lyle Talbot as Joe Randolph, and Mary Jane Croft as his wife Clara.


title: Don DeFore

text: From 1954 to 1955, he served as president of the National Academy of Television Arts & Sciences. He was instrumental in arranging for the Emmy Awards to be broadcast on national television for the first time on March 7, 1955. He also served on the board of the Screen Actors Guild.


title: Don DeFore

text: From 1961 to 1965, DeFore was a co-star of the television series "Hazel" as George Baxter, employer of the spirited, domineering housekeeper Hazel Burke, played by Shirley Booth and based on the cartoon character appearing in "The Saturday Evening Post". DeFore was not the original actor to portray George Baxter. In the pilot episode, the role was played by character actor Edward Andrews. DeFore took over the role when the series was green-lighted. The series ran on NBC for four seasons (1961-65); DeFore and his co-star Whitney Blake were written out of the series when CBS picked up the series for its final season (1965-66).


title: Don DeFore

text: In 1970, DeFore appeared as Mayor Evans on the TV Western "The Men from Shiloh" in the episode titled "Colonel Mackenzie Versus the West". In that role, he played a murderer, which was a major shift from the comedy roles for which he was better known on "The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet" and "Hazel".


title: Don DeFore

text: For his contribution to the television industry, Don DeFore has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame located at 6804 Hollywood Blvd.


title: Don DeFore

text: In 1965, DeFore and his daughter Penny wrote "With All My Love", a book detailing Penny's experiences working in a Korean orphanage. DeFore's memoirs, "Hollywood DeFore 'n After" were never published, however, his youngest son, Ron, included portions in his book, "Growing Up in Disneyland, Waldorf Publishing 2019, along with his own biography. The title was a metaphor for his life in a celebrity family but was also literal as his father was the only person to own a food establishment bearing the name of a real person: "Don DeFore's Silver Banjo Barbecue" in Frontierland 1957 - 1962.


title: Don DeFore

text: DeFore married singer Marion Holmes (January 21, 1918 - November 17, 2011) on February 14, 1942. Judy Garland served as Holmes' matron of honor. Holmes performed with the Henry Busse Orchestra from 1935 to 1939, and later with Art Kassel and his "Castles in the Air" from 1939 until their marriage. They had five children: Penny, David, Dawn, Ron, and Autumn. They remained married until DeFore's death in 1993.


title: Don DeFore

text: DeFore and his family were longtime residents of the Mandeville Canyon section of Brentwood and attended the Village Church of Westwood Lutheran. DeFore served as Brentwood's honorary mayor and also served as a member of the advisory committee for the California Department of Rehabilitation. DeFore was also a 33rd degree Freemason.


title: Don DeFore

text: From 1957 to 1962, DeFore and his family operated the Silver Banjo Barbecue, a restaurant located in Frontierland of Disneyland Park in Anaheim, California. In July 1969, DeFore served as the American delegate at the Moscow International Film Festival.


title: Don DeFore

text: A long-time Republican, DeFore supported Barry Goldwater in the 1964 United States presidential election and was a delegate at the 1976 and 1980 Republican National Conventions. His friend, former actor and 40th President of the United States Ronald Reagan, appointed him to the Presidential Advisory Council to the Peace Corps. His youngest son, Ron, also held political positions within the Reagan Administration, which he highlights in his book, "Growing Up in Disneyland," Waldorf Publishing, 2019, that was both an autobiography and partial biography of his father.


title: Don DeFore

text: On December 22, 1993, DeFore died of cardiac arrest at Saint John's Health Center in Santa Monica, California. His cremated remains are interred at the Westwood Village Memorial Park Cemetery in Los Angeles.


title: Line of Duty (series 3)

text: The third series of "Line of Duty", consisting of six episodes, premiered on 24 March 2016 on BBC Two. The series follows Superintendent Ted Hastings (Adrian Dunbar), DS Steve Arnott (Martin Compston) and DC Kate Fleming (Vicky McClure) as they lead an investigation into the corrupt actions of Sergeant Danny Waldron (Daniel Mays). Supporting cast includes Craig Parkinson as DI Matthew "Dot" Cottan and Polly Walker as Gill Biggeloe. Keeley Hawes returns as DI Lindsay Denton.


title: Line of Duty (series 3)

text: Series 3 saw many positive reviews and continued to achieve higher viewing figures than both previous series. Andrew Billen of "The Times" praised the series quoting "The characters have been memorable, sometimes indelibly so. The plotting has been meticulous, demanding our more than usual attention. Yet it has remained a work of social realism." James Watson of "The Spectator" wrote "what makes "Line of Duty" so good is not just the traditional pleasures of plot, pace and characterisation. It's also Mercurio's entirely justified belief that the more technical aspects of an anti-corruption case can be extremely dramatic too."


title: History of Tibet

text: While the Tibetan plateau has been inhabited since pre-historic times, most of Tibet's history went unrecorded until the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism around the 6th century. Tibetan texts refer to the kingdom of Zhangzhung (c. 500 BCE – 625 CE) as the precursor of later Tibetan kingdoms and the originators of the Bon religion. While mythical accounts of early rulers of the Yarlung Dynasty exist, historical accounts begin with the introduction of Buddhism from India in the 6th century and the appearance of envoys from the unified Tibetan Empire in the 7th century. Following the dissolution of the empire and a period of fragmentation in the 9th-10th centuries, a Buddhist revival in the 10th–12th centuries saw the development of three of the four major schools of Tibetan Buddhism.


title: History of Tibet

text: After a period of control by the Mongol Empire and Yuan dynasty, Tibet became effectively independent in the 14th century and was ruled by a succession of noble houses for the next 300 years. In the 17th century, the senior lama of the Gelug school, the Dalai Lama, became the head of state with the aid of the Khoshut Khanate. In the early 18th century, the Dzungar Khanate occupied Tibet and a Qing dynasty expeditionary force attacked them, conquering Tibet in 1720. It remained a Qing territory until the fall of the dynasty. In 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama went into exile in India in response to hostilities with the PRC. The Chinese invasion and flight of the Dalai Lama created several waves of Tibetan refugees and led to the creation of Tibetan diasporas in India, the United States, and Europe.


title: History of Tibet

text: Following the Chinese invasion, Tibetan independence and human rights emerged as international issues, gaining significant visibility alongside the 14th Dalai Lama in the 1980s and 90s. Chinese authorities have sought to assert control over Tibet and has been accused of the destruction of religious sites and banning possession of pictures of the Dalai Lama and other Tibetan religious practices. During the crises created by the Great Leap Forward, Tibet was subjected to mass starvation, allegedly because of the appropriation of Tibetan crops and foodstuffs by the PRC government. The PRC disputes these claims and points to their investments in Tibetan infrastructure, education, and industrialization as evidence that they have replaced a theocratic feudal government with a modern state.


title: History of Tibet

text: Tibet lies between the civilizations of China and India. Extensive mountain ranges to the east of the Tibetan Plateau mark the border with China, and the Himalayas of Nepal and India separate Tibet and India. Tibet has been called the "roof of the world" and "the land of snows".


title: History of Tibet

text: Linguists classify the Tibetan language and its dialects as belonging to the Tibeto-Burman languages, the non-Sinitic members of the Sino-Tibetan language family.


title: History of Tibet

text: Some archaeological data suggest archaic humans passed through Tibet at the time India was first inhabited, half a million years ago. Impressions of hands and feet suggest hominins were present at the above 4,000 meters above sea level high Tibetan Plateau 169,000–226,000 years ago. Modern humans first inhabited the Tibetan Plateau at least twenty-one thousand years ago. This population was largely replaced around 3000 years ago by Neolithic immigrants from northern China. However, there is a "partial genetic continuity between the Paleolithic inhabitants and the contemporary Tibetan populations". The vast majority of Tibetan maternal mtDNA components can trace their ancestry to both paleolithic and Neolithic during the mid-Holocene.


title: History of Tibet

text: Megalithic monuments dot the Tibetan Plateau and may have been used in ancestor worship. Prehistoric Iron Age hillforts and burial complexes have recently been found on the Tibetan Plateau, but the remote high altitude location makes archaeological research difficult.


title: History of Tibet

text: According to Namkhai Norbu some Tibetan historical texts identify the Zhang Zhung culture as a people who migrated from the Amdo region into what is now the region of Guge in western Tibet. Zhang Zhung is considered to be the original home of the Bön religion.


title: History of Tibet

text: By the 1st century BC, a neighboring kingdom arose in the Yarlung Valley, and the Yarlung king, Drigum Tsenpo, attempted to remove the influence of the Zhang Zhung by expelling the Zhang's Bön priests from Yarlung. Tsenpo was assassinated and Zhang Zhung continued its dominance of the region until it was annexed by Songtsen Gampo in the 7th century.


title: History of Tibet

text: In AD 108, "the Kiang or Tibetans, a nomad from south-west of Koko-nor, attacked the Chinese posts of Gansu, threatening to cut the Dunhuang road. Liang Kin, at the price of some fierce fighting, held them off." Similar incursions were repelled in AD 168–169 by the Chinese general Duan Gong.


title: History of Tibet

text: Chinese sources of the same era mention of a Fu state () of either Qiang or Tibetan ethnicity "more than two thousand miles northwest of Shu County". Fu state was pronounced as "bod" or "phyva" in Archaic Chinese. Whether this polity is the precursor of Tufan is still unknown.


title: History of Tibet

text: The pre-Imperial Yarlung Dynasty rulers are considered mythological because sufficient evidence of their existence has not been found.


title: History of Tibet

text: Nyatri Tsenpo is considered by traditional histories to have been the first king of the Yarlung Dynasty, named after the river valley where its capital city was located, approximately fifty-five miles south-east from present-day Lhasa. The dates attributed to the first Tibetan king, Nyatri Tsenpo (), vary. Some Tibetan texts give 126 BC, others 414 BC.


title: History of Tibet

text: Nyatri Tsenpo is said to have descended from a one-footed creature called the Theurang, having webbed fingers and a tongue so large it could cover his face. Due to his terrifying appearance he was feared in his native Puwo and exiled by the Bön to Tibet. There he was greeted as a fearsome being, and he became king.


title: History of Tibet

text: The Tibetan kings were said to remain connected to the heavens via a "dmu" cord ("dmu thag") so that rather than dying, they ascended directly to heaven, when their sons achieved their majority. According to various accounts, king Drigum Tsenpo ("Dri-gum-brtsan-po") either challenged his clan heads to a fight, or provoked his groom "Longam" ("Lo-ngam") into a duel. During the fight the king's "dmu" cord was cut, and he was killed. Thereafter Drigum Tsenpo and subsequent kings left corpses and the Bön conducted funerary rites.


title: History of Tibet

text: In a later myth, first attested in the "Maṇi bka' 'bum", the Tibetan people are the progeny of the union of the monkey Pha Trelgen Changchup Sempa and rock ogress Ma Drag Sinmo. But the monkey was a manifestation of the bodhisattva Chenresig, or Avalokiteśvara (Tib. "Spyan-ras-gzigs") while the ogress in turn incarnated Chenresig's consort Dolma (Tib. "<nowiki>'</nowiki>Grol-ma").