title: Pressure vessel

text: Pressure vessels are designed to operate safely at a specific pressure and temperature, technically referred to as the "Design Pressure" and "Design Temperature". A vessel that is inadequately designed to handle a high pressure constitutes a very significant safety hazard. Because of that, the design and certification of pressure vessels is governed by design codes such as the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code in North America, the Pressure Equipment Directive of the EU (PED), Japanese Industrial Standard (JIS), CSA B51 in Canada, Australian Standards in Australia and other international standards like Lloyd's, Germanischer Lloyd, Det Norske Veritas, Société Générale de Surveillance (SGS S.A.), Lloyd’s Register Energy Nederland (formerly known as Stoomwezen) etc.


title: Pressure vessel

text: Note that where the pressure-volume product is part of a safety standard, any incompressible liquid in the vessel can be excluded as it does not contribute to the potential energy stored in the vessel, so only the volume of the compressible part such as gas is used.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Elmo Russell "Bud" Zumwalt Jr. (November 29, 1920 – January 2, 2000) was a United States Navy officer and the youngest person to serve as Chief of Naval Operations. As an admiral and later the 19th Chief of Naval Operations, Zumwalt played a major role in United States military history, especially during the Vietnam War. A decorated war veteran, Zumwalt reformed United States Navy personnel policies in an effort to improve enlisted life and ease racial tensions. After he retired from a 32-year navy career, he launched an unsuccessful campaign for the United States Senate.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt was born in San Francisco, California, the son of Elmo Russell Zumwalt, and his wife, Frances Pearl (née Frank) Zumwalt, both country doctors. Frances was raised Jewish, the daughter of Julius and Sarah Frank of Burlington, Vermont. His family moved to Los Angeles, California, where he grew up. She became estranged from her parents for marrying outside the faith, as the Zumwalts were Christians.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt, an Eagle Scout and recipient of the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award from the Boy Scouts of America, attended Tulare Union High School in Tulare, California, where he became the valedictorian, and Rutherford Preparatory School in Long Beach, California.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt had planned to become a doctor like his parents, but in 1939, he was accepted to the United States Naval Academy (USNA) at Annapolis, Maryland. As a midshipman at the USNA, he was president of the Trident Society, vice president of the Quarterdeck Society and the two-time winner of the June Week Public Speaking Contest (1940–41). Zumwalt also participated in intercollegiate debating and was a Company Commander (1941) and Regimental Three Striper (1942). He graduated with distinction and was commissioned as an ensign on June 19, 1942. He also received an honorary degree from Texas Tech University.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt was assigned to , a destroyer. In August 1943, "Phelps" was detached for instruction in the Operational Training Command-Pacific in San Francisco. In January 1944, Zumwalt reported for duty on board . On this ship, he was awarded the Bronze Star Medal with Valor device for "heroic service as Evaluator in the Combat Information Center ... in action against enemy Japanese battleships during the Battle for Leyte Gulf, October 25, 1944".


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: After the end of World War II in August 1945, Zumwalt continued to serve until December 8, 1945, as the prize crew officer of the "Ataka", a 1,200-ton Japanese river gunboat with a crew of 200. In this capacity, he took the first American-controlled ship since the outbreak of World War II up the Huangpu River to Shanghai, China. There, they helped to restore order and assisted in disarming the Japanese.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt next served as executive officer of the destroyer , and in March 1946, was transferred to the destroyer , as executive officer and navigator.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: In January 1948, Zumwalt was assigned to the Naval Reserve Officers Training Corps unit of the University of North Carolina, where he remained until June 1950. That same month, he assumed command of , a destroyer escort that was commissioned in a reserve status. The "Tills" was placed in full active commission at Charleston Naval Shipyard on November 21, 1950, and he continued to command her until March 1951, when he joined the battleship as navigator and served with the ship in operations in Korea.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Detached from USS "Wisconsin" in June 1952, he attended the Naval War College, Newport, Rhode Island, and in June 1953, he reported as head of the Shore and Overseas Bases Section, Bureau of Naval Personnel, Navy Department, Washington, DC. He also served as officer and enlisted requirements officer, and as action officer on Medicare legislation. Completing that tour of duty in July 1955, he assumed command of the destroyer , participating in two deployments with the United States Seventh Fleet. In this assignment, he was commended by the Commander, Cruiser-Destroyer Forces, United States Pacific Fleet, for winning the Battle Efficiency Competition for his ship and for winning Excellence Awards in Engineering, Gunnery, Anti-Submarine Warfare, and Operations. In July 1957, he returned to the Bureau of Naval Personnel for further duty. In December 1957, he was transferred to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of the Navy (Personnel and Reserve Forces), and served as special assistant for naval personnel until November 1958, then as special assistant and naval aide until August 1959.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Ordered to the first ship built from the keel up as a guided missile frigate, , built at the Bath (Maine) Iron Works, he assumed command of that frigate at her commissioning in December 1959, and commanded it until June 1961. During the period of his command, "Dewey" earned the Excellence Award in Engineering, Supply, Weapons, and was runner-up in the Battle Efficiency Competition. He was a student at the National War College, Washington, DC, during the 1961–1962 class year. In June 1962, he was assigned to the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense (International Security Affairs), Washington, DC, where he served first as desk officer for France, Spain, and Portugal, then as director of arms control and contingency planning for Cuba. From December 1963 until June 21, 1965, he served as executive assistant and senior aide to the Honorable Paul H. Nitze, Secretary of the Navy. For duty in his tour in the offices of the Secretary of Defense and the Secretary of the Navy, he was awarded the Legion of Merit.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: After his selection for the rank of rear admiral, Zumwalt assumed command of Cruiser-Destroyer Flotilla Seven on 24 July 1965 in San Diego. He then served as Director, Systems Analysis Division, OPNAV (OP-96) from August 1966 to August 1968. In September 1968, he became Commander Naval Forces Vietnam and Chief of the Naval Advisory Group, United States Military Assistance Command Vietnam (MACV) and was promoted to vice admiral in October 1968. Zumwalt was the Navy adviser to General Creighton Abrams, Commander, MACV. Zumwalt always spoke very highly of Abrams, and said that Abrams was the most caring officer he had ever known.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt's command was not a blue-water force, like the Seventh Fleet; it was a brown-water unit: he commanded the flotilla of Swift Boats that patrolled the coasts, harbors, and rivers of Vietnam. Among the swift-boat commanders were his son Elmo Russell Zumwalt III and later future Senator and Secretary of State John Kerry. Among his other forces were Task Force 115, the Coastal Surveillance Force, Task Force 116, the River Patrol Force and Task Force 117, the joint Army-Navy Mobile Riverine Force.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: President Richard Nixon nominated Zumwalt to be Chief of Naval Operations in April 1970. Upon being relieved as Commander Naval Forces Vietnam on May 15, 1970, he was awarded a second Navy Distinguished Service Medal for exceptionally meritorious service.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt assumed duties as Chief of Naval Operations and was promoted to full admiral on July 1, 1970, and quickly began a series of moves intended to reduce racism and sexism in the Navy. These were disseminated in Navy-wide communications known as "Z-grams". These included orders authorizing beards (sideburns, mustaches, and longer groomed hair were also acceptable) and introducing beer-dispensing machines to barracks.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt instituted the 'Mod Squad'—Destroyer Squadron 26 and later 31—to give promising young officers early command experience. Billets were a rank lower than normal.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt reshaped the Navy's effort to replace large numbers of aging World War II-era vessels, a plan called "High-Low". Instituted over the resistance of Admiral Hyman Rickover and others, High-Low sought to balance the purchase of high-end, nuclear-powered vessels with low-end, cheaper ones—such as the Sea Control Ship—that could be bought in greater numbers. Rickover, the 'Father of the Nuclear Navy', preferred buying a few major ships to buying many ordinary ones. Zumwalt proposed four kinds of warships to fit the plan; in the end, only the of missile patrol boats and the of guided missile frigates became reality, and only six of the planned 100+ "Pegasus"-class hydrofoils were built. The "Oliver Hazard Perry" class stood as the most numerous class of United States' warships since World War II until the advent of the s. Zumwalt was the last Chief of Naval Operations to live at Number One Observatory Circle before it became the official residence of the vice president. For Zumwalt, not pleased with the choice, this was reason enough to challenge Virginia Senator Harry F. Byrd Jr. in the 1976 Senate election in Virginia.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: "Z-gram" was the semi-official title for policy directives issued by Elmo Zumwalt as Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). Many of these directives were efforts to reform outdated policies potentially contributing to difficulties recruiting and retaining qualified naval personnel during the period of United States withdrawal from the Vietnam War.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: After he retired, Zumwalt wrote "," published by Quadrangle Books in 1976. It reviews his Navy career and includes reprints of all the Z-grams he issued as CNO.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Also in 1976, Zumwalt unsuccessfully ran as a Democratic candidate for the United States Senate from Virginia, and was defeated by incumbent independent senator Harry F. Byrd Jr. by a 57% to 38% result. Later, he held the presidency of the American Medical Building Corporation in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: While serving in Shanghai in 1945, Zumwalt met and married Mouza Coutelais-du-Roche, whose French-Russian family was living there. She returned with him to the United States. They had four children: Elmo Russell Zumwalt III; James Gregory Zumwalt; Ann F. Zumwalt Coppola; and Mouzetta C. Zumwalt-Weathers.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt's eldest son, Elmo Zumwalt III, served as lieutenant on one of Zumwalt's patrol boats during the Vietnam War. In January 1983, he was diagnosed with lymphoma, and in 1985 it was discovered that he also had Hodgkin's disease. In addition, his grandson Elmo Russell Zumwalt IV had been born in 1977 with learning disabilities. Admiral Zumwalt and his family were convinced that both son and grandson were victims of Agent Orange, which the admiral had ordered to be sprayed over the Mekong Delta to kill vegetation and drive "the Viet Cong back 1,000 yards off the water's edge".


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Admiral Zumwalt and his son collaborated with writer John Pekkanen to create the book "My Father, My Son", published by MacMillan in September 1986, where they discussed the family tragedy of his son's battle with cancer. In 1988, the book was made into a TV movie with the same name, starring Karl Malden as the admiral and Keith Carradine as his son. Elmo Zumwalt III died from his cancer on August 14, 1988, at the age of 42, three months after the TV movie was shown.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: During his son's illness in the early 1980s, Admiral Zumwalt was very active in lobbying Congress to establish a national registry of bone marrow donors. Such donors serve patients who do not have suitably matched bone marrow donors in their families. Though his son ultimately was able to receive a transplant from his own sister, many patients don't have close relatives who are able and willing to help in this way. As such, his efforts were a major factor in the founding of the National Marrow Donor Program (NMDP) in July 1986. Admiral Zumwalt was the first chairman of the NMDP's board of directors.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: Zumwalt died on January 2, 2000, aged 79, at the Duke University Medical Center in Durham, North Carolina from mesothelioma. His funeral service was held at the Naval Academy Chapel. In his eulogy President Bill Clinton called Zumwalt "the conscience of the United States Navy".


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: The United States Navy's DD(X) guided missile destroyer program has been named the Zumwalt class in his honor, and its lead ship, , bears his name by Navy tradition.


title: Elmo Zumwalt

text: In 2013, the Mesothelioma Center for Excellence at the West Los Angeles VA Medical Center was renamed the Elmo Zumwalt Treatment & Research Center. It specializes in mesothelioma research, particularly for veterans who may have been exposed to asbestos during their service.


title: Jae Head

text: Jae Head (born December 27, 1996) is an American actor. He is best known for portraying Sean Junior (S.J.) Tuohy, son of Sean and Leigh Anne Tuohy (played by Tim McGraw and Sandra Bullock), in the 2009 film "The Blind Side," directed by John Lee Hancock.


title: Jae Head

text: Head was born in Hamlin, Texas, in 1996. When he was born, he had no aorta, and blood vessels had to be adapted to temporarily replace the aorta. He had open-heart surgery at two months and again at 14 months. Over a three-year period, his pulmonary vein was converted into an aorta.


title: Jae Head

text: Head first gained popularity by playing Bo Miller, a young boy befriended by Tim Riggins on the television series "Friday Night Lights". Subsequently, show creator Peter Berg cast Head in his film "Hancock" alongside Will Smith, Charlize Theron, and Jason Bateman. Head has also appeared in episodes of the CBS sitcom "How I Met Your Mother", "MADtv", and "".


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Umeshkumar Tilak Yadav (born 25 October 1987) is an Indian cricketer who currently plays for Vidarbha cricket team, Indian national team, Middlesex and Kolkata Knight Riders in the Indian Premier League.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: A right-arm fast bowler, Yadav has played for Vidarbha at domestic level since 2008 and is the first player from the team to have played Test cricket. He made his One Day International (ODI) debut against Zimbabwe in May 2010. The following year, in November, Yadav made his Test debut against the West Indies. He was the highest wicket-taker for India and third highest overall in the 2015 ICC Cricket World Cup. He holds the record of the highest strike rate in an innings in Test cricket after scoring 31 runs in 10 balls at a strike rate of 310 against South Africa in October 2019.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Before becoming a professional cricketer, Umesh unsuccessfully applied to join the army and the police force. Yadav tried to make a place in college cricket team but was refused because he did not play for any club then in the year 2007 having previously only ever played tennis ball cricket, Yadav joined Vidarbha Gymkhana (club affiliated to VCA) and established in 1969 by J.A. Karnewar and first time began bowling with a leather ball in Guzder League 'A' Division cricket tournament organised by Vidarbha Cricket Association (VCA). Pritam Gandhe, Vidharbha's Ranji trophy team captain, supported Yadav and ensured he represented Air India in a Twenty20 tournament. Of Yadav's early career, Gandhe remarked: "He was raw and wayward. But he was really quick – too quick. I thought that if he lands at least three out of six balls in line with the stumps, he will trouble batsmen."


title: Umesh Yadav

text: On 3 November 2008, Yadav made his first-class debut for Vidarbha against Madhya Pradesh in the 2008–09 Ranji Trophy. His first wicket was that of Himalaya Sagar who was out bowled; Yadav did not bowl in Madhya Pradesh' second innings, but in the first claimed four wickets for 72 runs (4/75) as his team lost by ten wickets. He played in four of Vidarbha's Ranji matches that season, taking 20 wickets at an average of 14.60 with best figures of 6/105. Also in the 2008/09 season, Yadav made his one-day debut.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: From playing for Vidarbha, Yadav was selected to represent the Central Zone in the Duleep Trophy in his first season.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: On 16 April 2013, Umesh got engaged to Delhi-based fashion designer Tanya Wadhwa, and they were married on 29 May 2013. Initially Umesh had troubled family life as his brother was acquitted in a robbery case. His father hails from Deoria, UP. In his early years he moved from Jharkhand to Nagpur.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: In January 2019, in the first semi-final of 2018/19 Ranji Trophy against Kerala, he gave his career-best performance of 7/48 in the first innings and then returned with figures of 5/31 in the second innings, and ended the match with career-best figures of 12/79 which sailed Vidarbha to the Ranji Trophy final.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Umesh was signed by Delhi Daredevils in 2010 and played for the franchise for four seasons. He was the fourth highest wicket-taker in the 2012 IPL with 19 wickets from 17 matches at an average of 23.84.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Ahead of the 2014 season, Umesh was bought by Kolkata Knight Riders. He played for the side for four season before being released ahead of the 2018 IPL auction during which he was bought by Royal Challengers Bangalore. He took 20 wickets from 14 matches in 2018. In 2019 he took eight 8 wickets from 11 matches and in 2020 only played in two matches.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Umesh was released by RCB ahead of the 2021 IPL auction and was bought by Delhi. In February 2022, he was bought by the Kolkata Knight Riders in the auction for the 2022 Indian Premier League tournament.In 2022 he gave best performance of his IPL career by taking 4 wicket against Punjab Kings.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: In May 2010, Yadav was called into India's squad for the World Twenty20 in place of the injured Praveen Kumar, but did not go on to play in the tournament. Later that month, he was included in the squad to play a tri-nation ODI series in Zimbabwe against the hosts and Sri Lanka. India sent an under-strength squad with nine first-choice players either rested or injured. Yadav made his ODI debut in the tournament during India's loss to Zimbabwe, a team ranked tenth by the ICC at the time. Defending a score of 285, Yadav bowled eight wicketless overs while conceding 48 runs. Playing in three matches, Yadav took a single wicket.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: After the tri-series in Zimbabwe, Yadav returned to the fringes of the team. He was included as a practice bowler when India toured Sri Lanka in July to gain experience of bowling to Test batsmen. He would have to wait until October 2011 before his next international match. After India toured South Africa in December 2010, Yadav was dropped out of the national squad.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Yadav returned to the national set-up in September 2011 for a five-match ODI series against England. An injury to his left hand meant Yadav missed the last two ODIs. At times expensive though regularly fast, he managed four wickets at an average of 38.25 from three matches.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: When the West Indies toured in November 2011, the Indian selectors opted to change the team's fast bowlers. Sreesanth and Praveen Kumar were left out of the squad and Yadav and Varun Aaron were chosen based on their performances in the ODIs against England earlier that year. Yadav made his Test debut in the first match and opened the bowling alongside Ishant Sharma in the first innings, though failed to take a wicket. In the second innings, the spinners opened the bowling and Yadav took two wickets for 36 runs (2/36) to help India to a five-wicket victory. Yadav was the first cricketer to play for Vidarbha who went on the play Test cricket. India also won the second Test, and Yadav finished with nine wickets in the series, the most amongst India's fast bowlers and less than half the total of either of the team's spinners. In the five-match ODI series that followed, he managed six wickets at an average of 24.33 from three appearances.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Yadav was selected as one of India's pace bowlers for their tour of Australia in 2011–12. He played in all four Tests, taking 14 wickets at an average of 39.35 as India lost the series 4–0. In the third Test at the WACA Ground in Perth, he took his first five-wicket haul in Test cricket, with figures of 5/93 in Australia's first and only innings. In the triangular ODI series with Australia and Sri Lanka that followed, Yadav managed 5 wickets from 6 matches at an average of 59.80.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: In May 2013, Umesh was named in India's 15 member squad for the 2013 ICC Champions Trophy. He didn't have a great tournament as he had picked up just 4 wickets from all the 5 matches that he played in the tournament.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: In December 2014, Umesh was named in India's 20 member squad for the 2015 Cricket World Cup. He was India's highest wicket-taker in the tournament with 18 wickets from 8 matches and was also the third highest wicket-taker in the tournament.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: In May 2021, Umesh was named in India's 20 member Test squad for India's World Test Championship final against New Zealand and for India's 4 match Test series against England.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Umesh is the fastest Indian bowler with his top speed being 152.5 km/h. Writing for ESPNcricinfo in January 2012, Sidharth Monga commented that


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Former Australian bowler Glenn McGrath was impressed with Yadav's performance in the first Test at the Melbourne Cricket Ground in January. McGrath said


title: Umesh Yadav

text: Former Indian cricketer Aakash Chopra, impressed by Umesh's performance in the Border–Gavaskar Trophy in 2017, said,


title: Umesh Yadav

text: "It's not often that you see an Indian seamer outpace and outbowl his Australian counterparts but the spell that sealed the deal for India in Dharamshala did just that. Umesh Yadav bowled with a lot of steam on the third-day pitch and dismissed both openers before half the lead was wiped out.


title: Umesh Yadav

text: There are certain spells in Test matches that leave an indelible mark on one’s memory and his spell in Dharamshala will go down as one of them."


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: "Cult of Personality" is a song by American rock band Living Colour, featured as the opening track and second single from their debut studio album "Vivid" (1988). The song was released on July 14, 1988, and reached 13 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and No. 9 on the "Billboard" Album Rock Tracks chart. It won the Grammy Award for Best Hard Rock Performance at the 32nd Annual Grammy Awards. Its music video won the MTV Video Music Award for Best Group Video and MTV Video Music Award for Best New Artist.


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The band's guitarist and founder, Vernon Reid, described the song as very special for the band not just for its commercial success but because it was essentially written in just one rehearsal session. The riff was stumbled upon while practicing something else and by the end of the session they had written what was to become their best known song. The title comes from a psychological phenomenon called cult of personality, and the lyrics contain many political references.


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The song was ranked No. 69 on VH1's "100 Greatest Hard Rock Songs". The solo was ranked No. 87 in "Guitar World"s "100 Greatest Guitar Solos" list. It was selected for inclusion in the musical reference book, "1001 Songs You Must Hear Before You Die: And 10,001 You Must Download".


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The title comes from Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev's 1956 anti-Stalin report, "On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences". During rehearsals at the band's loft in Brooklyn in 1987, lead singer Corey Glover was humming some notes. Guitarist Vernon Reid opened his small notebook of quotes and phrases for lyrical inspiration, and turned to a page where he had scribbled, "Look in my eyes, what do you see? The cult of personality."


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: In 2018, Reid said, "The whole idea was to move past the duality of: That's a good person and that's a bad person. What do the good and the bad have in common? Is there something that unites Gandhi and Mussolini? Why are they who they are? And part of it is charisma." In 2016, he also said, "'Cult of Personality' was about celebrity, but on a political level. It asked what made us follow these individuals who were larger than life yet still human beings. Aside from their social importance, Malcolm X and Martin Luther King both looked like matinee idols. That was a strong part of why their messages connected. Even now it’s why Barack Obama has that certain something."


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The signature riff was improvised at the same rehearsal. Reid said, "That cool riff had a Zeppelin-ish vibe, but also a Mahavishnu Orchestra thing going on. It was based on a series of notes that Corey had sung – my attempt to repeat that [on guitar]. I already had the lyrics, but with the music in place it very quickly took on a life of its own."


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: "Cult of Personality" prominently includes several audio samples of speeches from 20th-century political leaders.


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The song begins with an edited quote from the beginning of "Message to the Grass Roots", a speech by Malcolm X: "... And during the few moments that we have left, ... We want to talk right down to earth in a language that everybody here can easily understand."


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: During a rest in the music at 4:35, John F. Kennedy's inaugural address is heard ("Ask not what your country can do for you ...").


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The song ends with Franklin D. Roosevelt saying "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself", from his first inaugural address.


title: Cult of Personality (song)

text: The lyrics mention Kennedy, Benito Mussolini, Joseph Stalin, and Mahatma Gandhi. According to Vernon Reid, Adolf Hitler was originally also in the lyrics but was pulled due to fear that referring to him would be misconstrued and too controversial.


title: Daddy (2017 film)

text: Daddy is a 2017 Indian political crime drama film co-written and directed by Ashim Ahluwalia. The film stars Arjun Rampal, who also co-wrote and produced the film, portraying gangster-turned-politician Arun Gawli. It also stars Aishwarya Rajesh in the lead role.


title: Daddy (2017 film)

text: The official teaser of the film was released on 1 December 2016. "Daddy" is presented by Kundalini Entertainment and Karta Entertainment. The movie released worldwide on 8 September 2017, to a positive response from the critics and audiences alike, even if, grossing some worldwide 15 odd crores for a budget of 21 crores, it was declared a box-office flop.


title: Daddy (2017 film)

text: In the 1960s and late 1970s, when Mumbai's textile mills were shutting down one after the other, many unemployed youths, including Arun Gawli (Arjun Rampal) resort to matka-gambling on the insistence of his friends, Rama Naik (Rajesh Shringarpure) and Babu Reshim (Anand Ingale), to earn some quick buck and form their own gang. However, soon, Gawli finds himself getting trapped in a vortex of crime when he is taken under the wings of Maqsood Bhai (Farhan Akhtar, loosely modelled on Dawood Ibrahim) after committing a murder. Further, their clashes of ideologies and power games turn them against each other. Meanwhile, Gawli marries his sweetheart Zubeida Mujawar (Aishwarya Rajesh), who coaxes him to leave behind his murky profession. He almost makes up his mind to turn clean. But, when Rama gets killed in a brutal police encounter, Gawli takes in charge of their gang based in Dagdi. He suspects that Rama's killing was engineered by Maqsood and thus begins a gruesome gang war between them. Hot on the heels is a cop, Vijaykar Nitin, who wants to nab Gawli at any cost and take him to the task. The rest of the plot revolves around how one of India's most feared gangsters landed up in politics and his transition to becoming 'Daddy'.


title: Daddy (2017 film)

text: The official teaser of the film was released on 1 December 2016. The trailer of the film was released on 13 June 2017.


title: Daddy (2017 film)

text: The film was praised by the critics, but it was declared a box office flop because it only made 15 crore from a budget of 21 crore


title: Metropolitan area network

text: A metropolitan area network (MAN) is a computer network that interconnects users with computer resources in a geographic region of the size of a metropolitan area. The term MAN is applied to the interconnection of local area networks (LANs) in a city into a single larger network which may then also offer efficient connection to a wide area network. The term is also used to describe the interconnection of several LANs in a metropolitan area through the use of point-to-point connections between them.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: By 1999, local area networks (LANs) were well established to provide data communication in buildings and offices. For the interconnection of LANs within a city, businesses relied primarily on the public switched telephone network. But while the telephone network was able to support the packet-based exchange of data that the various LAN protocols implemented, the bandwidth of the telephone network was already under heavy demand from circuit-switched voice, and the telephone exchanges were ill-designed to cope with the traffic spikes that LANs tended to produce.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: To interconnect local area networks more effectively, it was suggested that office buildings are connected using the single-mode optical fiber lines, which were by that time widely used in long-haul telephone trunks. Such dark fibre links were in some cases already installed on customer premises and telephone companies started to offer their dark fibre within their subscriber packages. Fibre optic metropolitan area networks were operated by telephone companies as private networks for their customers and did not necessarily have full integration with the public wide area network (WAN) through gateways.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: Besides the larger companies that connected their offices across metropolitan areas, universities and research institutions also adopted dark fibre as their metropolitan area network backbone. In West Berlin the BERCOM project built up a multifunctional broadband communications system to connect the mainframe computers that publicly funded universities and research institutions in the city housed. The BERCOM MAN project could progress at speed because the Deutsche Bundespost had already installed hundreds of miles of fibre optic cable in West Berlin. Like other metropolitan dark fibre networks at the time, the dark fibre network in West Berlin had a star topology with a hub somewhere in the city centre. The backbone of the dedicated BERCOM MAN for universities and research institutions was an optical fibre double ring that used a high speed slotted ring protocol developed by the GMD Research Centre for Innovative Computer Systems and Telephony. The BERCOM MAN backbone could thus support two times 280 Mbit/s data transfer.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: The productive use of dense wavelength division multiplexing (DWDM) provided another impetus for the development of metropolitan area networks in the 2000s. Long haul DWDM, with ranges from 0 to 3000+ km, had been developed so that companies that stored large amounts of data on different sites, could exchange data or establish mirrors of their file server. With the use of DWDM on the existing fibre optic MANs of carriers, companies no longer needed to connect their LANs with a dedicated fibre optic link. With DWDM companies could build dedicated MANs using the existing dark fibre network of a provider in a city. MANs thus became cheaper to build and maintain. The DWDM platforms provided by dark fibre providers in cities could allow for a single fibre pair to be divided into 32 wavelengths. One multiplexed wavelength could support between 10 Mbit/s and 10 Gbit/s. Thus companies that paid for a MAN to connect different office sites within a city could increase the bandwidths of their MAN backbone as part of their subscription. DWDM platforms also alleviated the need for protocol conversion to connect LANs in a city, because any protocol and any traffic type could be transmitted using DWDM. Effectively it gave companies wishing to establish a MAN choice of protocol.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: Metro Ethernet, where a fibre optic ring within a larger city was built as MAN backbone carrying Gigabit Ethernet, became common. The ring topology was implemented using the Internet protocol (IP), so that data could be rerouted if a link was congested or one of the links that was part of the ring failed. In the USA the Sprint Corporation was at the forefront of building fibre optic rings that routed IP Packets on the MAN backbone. Between 2002 and 2003 Sprint built three MAN rings to cover San Francisco, Oakland and San Jose, and in turn connected these three metro rings with a further two rings. The Sprint metro rings routed voice and data, were connected to several local telecom exchange points and totalled 189 miles of fibre optic cable. The metro rings also connected many cities to the Internet that went on to become part of the Silicon Valley tech-hub, such as Fremont, Milpitas, Mountain View, Palo Alto, Redwood City, San Bruno, San Carlos, Santa Clara and Sunnyvale. By adopting IP routing for its metro Ethernet rings, Sprint could re-route traffic in its MANs within milliseconds in the event of fibre cuts or local power outages.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: The metro Ethernet rings that did not route IP traffic, instead used one of the various proprietary spanning tree protocol implementations, so that each MAN ring had a root bridge. Because layer 2 switching can not operate if there is a loop in the network, the protocols to support L2 MAN rings all need to block redundant links and thus block part of the ring. Capsuling protocols, such as Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS), were also deployed to address the drawbacks of operating L2 metro Ethernet rings.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: Metro Ethernet was effectively the extension of Ethernet protocols beyond the local area network (LAN) and the ensuing investment in Ethernet led to the deployment of carrier Ethernet, where Ethernet protocols are used in wide area networks (WANs). The efforts of the Metro Ethernet Forum (MEF) in defining best practice and standards for metropolitan area networks thus also defined carrier Ethernet. While the IEEE tried to standardise the emerging Ethernet-based proprietary protocols, industry forums such as the MEF filled the gap and in January 2013 launched a certification for network equipment that can be configured to meet "Carrier Ethernet 2.0" specifications.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: Internet exchange points (IXs) have historically been important for the connection of MANs to the national or global Internet. The Boston Metropolitan Exchange Point (Boston MXP) enabled metro Ethernet providers, such as the HarvardNet to exchange data with national carriers, such as the Sprint Corporation and AT&T. Exchange points also serve as low-latency link between campus area networks, thus the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and the Boston University could exchange data, voice and video using the Boston MXP. Further examples of metropolitan Internet Exchanges in the USA that were operational by 2002 include the Anchorage Metropolitan Access Point (AMAP), the Seattle Internet Exchange (SIX), the Dallas-Fort Worth Metropolitan Access Point (DFMAP) and the Denver Internet Exchange (IX-Denver). Verizon put into operation three regional metropolitan exchanges to interconnect MANs and give them access to the Internet. The MAE-West serves the MANs of San Jose, Los Angeles and California. The MAE-East interconnects the MANs of New York City, Washington, D.C., and Miami. While the MAE-Central interconnects the MANs of Dallas, Texas, and Illinois.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: In larger cities several local providers may have built a dark fibre MAN backbone. In London, the metro Ethernet rings of several providers make up the London MAN infrastructure. Like other MANs, the London MAN primarily serves the needs of its urban customers, who typically need a high number of connections with low bandwidth, a fast transit to other MAN providers, as well as high bandwidth access to national and international long-haul providers. Within the MAN of larger cities, metropolitan exchange points now play a vital role. The London Internet Exchange (LINX) had by 2005 built up several exchange points across the Greater London region.


title: Metropolitan area network

text: Cities that host one of the international Internet Exchanges have become a preferred location for companies and data centres. The Amsterdam Internet Exchange (AMS-IX) is the world's second-largest Internet Exchange and has attracted companies to Amsterdam that are dependent on high-speed internet access. The Amsterdam metropolitan area network has benefited too from high-speed Internet access. Similarly Frankfurt has become a magnet for data centres of international companies because it hosts the non-profit DE-CIX, the largest Internet Exchange in the world. DE-CIX has gone on to establish carrier neutral metropolitan Internet Exchanges in New York, Madrid, Dubai, Marseille, Dallas, Hamburg, Munich, Duesseldorf, Berlin, Istanbul, Palermo, Lisbon, Mumbai, Delhi, Kolkata, Chennai, and Moscow. The business model of the metro DE-CIX is to reduce the transit cost for local carriers by keeping data in the metropolitan area or region, while at the same time allowing long-haul low-latency peering globally with other major MANs.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: Kurt Metzger (born May 24, 1977) is an American stand-up comedian, writer and actor. He won an Emmy and Peabody Award for his work on the television series "Inside Amy Schumer".


title: Kurt Metzger

text: Metzger was raised in Toms River, New Jersey. He was raised as a Jehovah's Witness and became an ordained minister at the age of 17; he left the faith at about the age of 21, around the time he started doing stand-up. As a child, he enjoyed watching "An Evening at the Improv" and "Comic Strip Live"; he was also a fan of The Amazing Jonathan and Jeff Dunham in his youth.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: Metzger first performed stand-up at The Stress Factory in New Brunswick, New Jersey, although he mainly performed in the Philadelphia area during his early career; he then moved on to perform in the comedy clubs of New York City.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: In 2006, Metzger performed on Showtime's "White Boyz in the Hood" as well as Comedy Central's "Live at Gotham" the following year. In 2009, he appeared in an episode of the IFC series "Z Rock".


title: Kurt Metzger

text: His debut album "Kurt Metzger Talks to Young People About Sex" was released in 2011 by Comedy Central Records. Comedy Central also released his half-hour special as part of Comedy Central Presents in 2009. His one-hour special, "White Precious" is available on Comedy Central.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: In 2013, Metzger feuded with Sady Doyle and Lindy West via Facebook and Twitter during a defense of rape humor.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: From 2013 to 2016, Metzger wrote on 39 episodes of "Inside Amy Schumer". He was nominated for four Emmy Awards and won one Emmy for the sketch "Girl, You Don't Need Makeup". He also appeared in numerous sketches featured on the show.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: In 2015, Metzger was a semi-finalist on "Last Comic Standing"; a bit he performed about Mohammed Atta won him "best joke" on the show.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: On August 16, 2016, Metzger faced controversy for writing a Facebook post about comedian Aaron Glaser, who was accused of rape. Following the controversy surrounding Metzger's comments, Amy Schumer stated on Twitter that Metzger no longer worked for her on "Inside Amy Schumer". Schumer later revised her comments to say that Metzger did not work for her on the show because the show was on indefinite hiatus.


title: Kurt Metzger

text: Metzger co-hosted the "Race Wars" podcast alongside comedian Sherrod Small from 2013 to 2018. In 2019, Metzger started his own interview podcast "Can't Get Right with Kurt Metzger" on the "GaS Digital" podcasting network. In 2021 he started co-writing and performing sketch comedy and improv on Kyle Dunnigan's show, "The Kyle Dunnigan Show", and in 2022 he became a regular co-host on Jimmy Dore's political commentary and comedy show, "The Jimmy Dore Show."


title: Kurt Metzger

text: Metzger has also appeared on the second and third seasons of "Jeff Ross Presents Roast Battle", "@midnight", "The Nightly Show with Larry Wilmore", "This Is Not Happening", "Late Night with Jimmy Fallon", "Comedy Knockout", "What’s Your F@#King Deal!?!", "The Approval Matrix", and more. He was a series regular alongside Alan Alda, Jessica Lange, Steve Buscemi, and Edie Falco on "Horace and Pete" in 2016. He voiced the role of Randall on Comedy Central's "Ugly Americans".


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: Paytm Payments Bank (PPBL) is an Indian payments bank, founded in 2015 and headquartered in Noida. In the same year, it received the license to run a payments bank from the Reserve Bank of India and was launched in November 2017. In 2021, the bank received a scheduled bank status from the RBI.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: Vijay Shekhar Sharma holds 51 per cent in the entity with One97 Communications Limited holding 49 per cent . Vijay Shekhar Sharma is the promoter of Paytm Payments Bank, and One97 Communications Limited is not categorized as one of its promoters.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: In 2015, Paytm Payments Bank Limited had received in-principle approval from the Reserve Bank of India to set up a payments bank and was formally inaugurated on November 28, 2017.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: In the financial year 2020, the bank facilitated more than 485 crore transactions worth ₹4.6 lakh crore. It processed over 778 million UPI transactions amounting to ₹89,388 crore in June 2022 and continues to be India’s biggest UPI beneficiary bank with over 1,370 million digital transactions in June 2022.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: In March 2021, the bank received approval for its @Paytm UPI handle from the Securities and Exchange Board of India for issuing payment mandates for initial public offerings (IPOs) through the Unified Payments Interface (UPI).


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: Paytm Payments Bank offers savings and current accounts with a debit card, facilitating fast and easy payments.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: In January 2018, Paytm Payments Bank partnered with IndusInd Bank to offer fixed deposits. It entered into a partnership with MasterCard for the issuance of virtual and physical debit cards in April 2020. In January 2021, it tied up with Suryoday Small Finance Bank to offer fixed deposit services to its account holders. Since June 2021, it is not providing new fixed deposit creation with Suryodaya Bank.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: Paytm Payments Bank reported a ₹19 crore profit for the financial year 2018-2019, making it the first payments bank in India to become profitable. The company registered a profit of ₹29.8 crore for the financial year 2020.


title: Paytm Payments Bank

text: In June 2018, the Reserve Bank of India barred Paytm Payment Bank from opening new customer accounts, following an audit by the Reserve Bank of India, which made some observations about the process the company follows in acquiring new customers and its adherence to KYC norms. However, in January 2019, it received approval from the RBI to resume on-boarding new customers. In October 2021, RBI imposed a fine of ₹1 crore on the bank for violating laws pertaining to payments and settlement. On 11 March 2022, RBI prohibited PPBL from on-boarding new customers owing to ""certain material supervisory concerns observed in the bank"."


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: Mount Shasta (also known as Mount Shasta City) is a city in Siskiyou County, California, at about above sea level on the flanks of Mount Shasta, a prominent northern California landmark. The city is less than southwest of the summit of its namesake volcano. Its population is 3,223 as of the 2020 census, down from 3,394 from the 2010 census.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The city of Mount Shasta is located in the Shasta Cascade area of Northern California. Visitors use the city as a base for trout fishing in the nearby Sacramento, McCloud and Klamath rivers, for climbing at Mount Shasta, Castle Crags or the Trinity Alps, or to view scenery. Both alpine and cross-country skiing runs are available nearby as well as biking or hiking to waterfalls, streams and lakes in the area, including nearby Mossbrae Falls, Lake Siskiyou, Castle Lake and Shasta Lake.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The site of the present-day city of Mount Shasta was within the range of the Okwanuchu tribe of Native Americans. During the 1820s, early Euro-American trappers and hunters first passed through the area, following the path of the Siskiyou Trail. The Siskiyou Trail was based on a network of ancient Native American footpaths connecting California and the Pacific Northwest. The discovery of gold at nearby Yreka, California in 1851 dramatically increased traffic along the Siskiyou Trail and through the site of present-day Mount Shasta. Pioneer Ross McCloud built one of the first lumber mills in the area, near the site of the present Sisson Museum. The completion of a stagecoach road between Yreka and Upper Soda Springs in the late 1850s led to the building of Sisson's Hotel, as a stop for weary travelers, and as a staging ground for adventuresome tourists intending to climb Mount Shasta.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The area where the town grew was known first as Strawberry Valley, and then as Berryvale. The post office opened in 1870 as Berryvale. After 1886 it was known as Sisson after a local businessman, Justin Hinckley Sisson who ran a stagecoach inn and tavern as well as donated the land for the town site and the Central Pacific Railroad station in 1886. Street names honor members of Sisson's family.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The 1887 completion of the Central Pacific Railroad, built along the line of the Siskiyou Trail, brought a dramatic increase in tourism, lumbering, and population into Mount Shasta. This early development continued to focus on tourism and lumbering. The early 1900s saw the influx of a large number of Italian immigrants to Mount Shasta and neighboring towns, most of whom were employed in the timber industry.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The city incorporated on May 31, 1905. The name of the city was finalized "City of Mount Shasta" on November 10, 1925, after a popular vote in 1922.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: Mount Shasta is located at 41°18'52" North, 122°18'41" West (41.314542, -122.311510), along Interstate 5 south of Weed and north of Dunsmuir, California.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and only 0.10% of it is covered by water.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The area hydrology consists of an unnamed stream in the south part of town which joins Big Springs Creek, which then flows south as Cold Creek to join the headwaters of the South Fork of the Sacramento River. The typical depth to groundwater is quite shallow in the predominant alluvium.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The settlement is on the distal gently sloping southwest flanks of Mount Shasta, with the chief surficial soils being Quaternary alluvium. This alluvium is adjacent to and probably underlain by volcanic clastic rock deposited by Mount Shasta in the course of its development. Groundwater elevation is approximately at the elevation of the underlying native black peat soil. Where it occurs this peat, of approximately two feet thickness, is underlain by stream deposit sands and gravels.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: Mount Shasta to the east forces moisture out of the air as it rises and cools, and the dip in the Klamath Mountains allows more moisture to reach inland, so the city receives more precipitation than the semiarid region to the north. This means that in the winter, the city gets nearly of snowfall despite its low elevation. Other towns in the region get much less snow, for example Yreka averages only , and much cooler Klamath Falls only . The Köppen climate classification is "Csb", or warm-summer Mediterranean climate. It can be very warm and cold according to the Californian summer anex. The USDA hardiness zone is 7b.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The record high temperature was on July 29, 2022, and the record low temperature was on December 22, 1990. The wettest “rain year” was from July 1997 to June 1998 with and the driest from July 1976 to June 1977 with . The most rainfall in one month was in January 1995, including on January 9. The most snowfall in one year was in 1952, including in January 1952. The most snow on the ground was on December 31, 1992.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Mount Shasta had a population of 3,394. The population density was . The racial makeup of Mount Shasta was 3,041 (89.6%) White, 61 (1.8%) African American, 19 (0.6%) Native American, 56 (1.6%) Asian, 2 (0.1%) Pacific Islander, 51 (1.5%) from other races, and 164 (4.8%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 277 persons (8.2%).


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The Census reported that 3,358 people (98.9% of the population) lived in households, 6 (0.2%) lived in non-institutionalized group quarters, and 30 (0.9%) were institutionalized.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: There were 1,664 households, out of which 401 (24.1%) had children under the age of 18 living in them, 537 (32.3%) were married couples, 190 (11.4%) had a female householder with no husband present, 84 (5.0%) had a male householder with no wife present. There were 113 (6.8%) unmarried couples, and only 9 (0.5%) same-sex couples. 719 households (43.2%) were made up of individuals, and 285 (17.1%) had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.02. There were 811 families (48.7% of all households); the average family size was 2.79.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The population was spread out, with 692 people (20.4%) under the age of 18, 242 people (7.1%) aged 18 to 24, 732 people (21.6%) aged 25 to 44, 1,109 people (32.7%) aged 45 to 64, and 619 people (18.2%) who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 45.7 years. For every 100 females, there were 84.7 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 80.6 males.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: There were 1,895 housing units at an average density of , of which 781 (46.9%) were owner-occupied, and 883 (53.1%) were occupied by renters. The homeowner vacancy rate was 2.5%; the rental vacancy rate was 5.8%. 1,699 people (50.1% of the population) lived in owner-occupied housing units and 1,659 people (48.9%) lived in rental housing units.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 3,621 people, 1,669 households, and 926 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 1,798 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 91.77% White, 1.52% Black or African American, 0.44% Native American, 1.63% Asian, 0.14% Pacific Islander, 2.13% from other races, and 2.38% from two or more races. 5.83% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: There were 1,669 households, out of which 27.9% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 38.1% were married couples living together, 12.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 44.5% were non-families. 38.0% of all households were made up of individuals, and 16.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.14 and the average family size was 2.83.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.0% under the age of 18, 7.7% from 18 to 24, 24.5% from 25 to 44, 26.4% from 45 to 64, and 17.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 42 years. For every 100 females, there were 87.9 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 84.5 males.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The median income for a household in the city was $26,500, and the median income for a family was $37,313. Males had a median income of $37,697 versus $18,708 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,629. 19.4% of the population and 14.9% of families were below the poverty line. Out of the total population, 31.5% of those under the age of 18 and 11.2% of those 65 and older were living below the poverty line.


title: Mount Shasta, California

text: The city council of Mount Shasta is composed of seven officials: five city council members, a City Treasurer and a City Clerk who are elected at large and serve a four-year term. The Mayor and Mayor Pro Tempore are elected each year from the five council members and serve a one-year term. Kathy Morter is currently serving as Mayor of Mount Shasta until November 2018, with Timothy Stearns serving as Mayor Pro Tem.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Charles Robert Jenkins () was a United States Army deserter, North Korean prisoner, and voice for Japanese abductees in North Korea.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: It was a fear of combat and possible service in the Vietnam War that led then-Sergeant Jenkins to abandon his patrol and walk across the Korean Demilitarized Zone in January 1965. Instead of being sent to the Soviet Union and then traded back to the US, Jenkins was held captive in North Korea for over 39 years. While held prisoner, Jenkins was tortured, forced to wed a captured Japanese national, and performed in North Korean propaganda videos.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: With improved Japanese–North Korean relations, Jenkins was allowed to travel to Japan and flee the communist Korean state in 2004. After reporting to Camp Zama that September, Jenkins was court-martialed and served 25 days in the brig at United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka. Until his death in 2017, Jenkins lived in his wife's childhood Sado home with her and their two daughters, wrote a book about his experiences in North Korea, worked in a local museum, and was treated like a celebrity by the Japanese.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: On , Charles Robert Jenkins was born in Rich Square, North Carolina. Jenkins dropped out of the seventh grade soon after the death of his father in the mid-1950s. In 2004, Jenkins' younger sister (Pat Harrell) and his mother (Pattie Casper; born in ) still lived in the state. Casper died in Rich Square at age 94, and was buried by Jenkins.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Lacking a high school diploma, Jenkins enlisted in the Army National Guard from 1955 through April 1958. After his honorable discharge from the Guard, he enlisted in the active-duty United States Army that same year as a light weapons infantryman. First stationed at Fort Hood, Jenkins next volunteered to deploy with the 7th Infantry Division to South Korea from August 1960 through September 1961; while there, he was promoted to sergeant. After briefly returning to the US, Jenkins was assigned to the 3rd Armored Division in West Germany until 1964. That year, he volunteered for a second deployment to the Korean Demilitarized Zone (DMZ).


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: On 5 January 1965, 24-year-old Sergeant Jenkins was stationed at the DMZ with the Army's 8th Cavalry Regiment when he decided to desert the United States Armed Forces; he was being ordered to lead "more aggressive, provocative patrols", and there were rumors that his unit would be sent to Vietnam. After drinking ten beers to build his courage, Jenkins went on patrol with his squad. At 2:30am, after telling the other three men that "he heard a noise", Jenkins disappeared into the night approximately south of Panmunjom. To show his peaceful intentions, he removed the rounds from his M14 rifle, and tied a white t-shirt to the muzzle before walking for several cold hours towards North Korea. He had planned to claim asylum with the Soviet Union and then return to the US for discharge and punishment via a prisoner exchange. He was instead held prisoner in North Korea for 39.51 years.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: The Army declared Jenkins a defector based on four letters that he left behind in his barracks; one, addressed to his mother, read: "Forgive me, for I know what I must do. Tell my family I love them. Love, Charles." Jenkins' family disputed this determination because he "always either signed letters 'Robert' or used his nickname 'Super'." In 1996, Jenkins was reclassified by the US military as a deserter. Jenkins' nephew, James Hyman, was a decades-long strident defendant of the theory that his uncle had been kidnapped by North Koreans.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Jenkins would later tell Professor Robert Boynton (of New York University's Arthur L. Carter Journalism Institute) "that he had been a double-agent, sent to North Korea by the U.S. to spy on them". Boynton disbelieved Jenkins' claim, calling it "his attempt to maintain some dignity, and prove he wasn’t just a hapless sap who made a life-altering mistake."


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Jenkins was initially housed with fellow US deserters Larry Allen Abshier, James Joseph Dresnok, and Jerry Wayne Parrish. The American men fought amongst themselves, with Jenkins later describing the Dresnok as a bully who informed on the others to their captors. Three weeks after his desertion, North Korean radio announced that Jenkins had defected for a "better life" there. In 1966, the four men attempted escape by seeking asylum at the Soviet embassy in Pyongyang, but were unsuccessful.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: During his imprisonment in North Korea, Jenkins was made to memorize Kim Il-sung's writings and work for the communist state as an English teacher and translator. Jenkins' lessons in American English lasted until 1985 when it was decided that his pronounced Southern accent was more a hindrance than not.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: In 1972, the four US servicemen in North Korea were given their own homes and declared citizens, though their "constant surveillance, beatings and torture" continued. During the North Korean famine that killed millions of North Koreans, as an asset for propaganda, Jenkins and his family still received rations of clothing, insect-infested rice, and soap. In their 2004 testimony, Jenkins and Soga told the US Army about their living accommodations in North Korea—or lack thereof. While heat, warm water, and food were scarce, the omnipresent state surrounded them and their home with barbed wire, hidden microphones, and "political supervisors". By the time he left, Jenkins was receiving from the North Korean government a monthly income of , and his daughters were enrolled at the Pyongyang University of Foreign Studies, possibly for training to infiltrate South Korea.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: In 1978, Hitomi Soga (born in ) was a Japanese student nurse in Sado, Niigata when she and her mother were kidnapped by North Korean agents and taken to their country to train more agents there. At the direction of the North Korean government, the 21-year-old Soga was assigned to Jenkins in 1980, and they were married weeks later on 8 August. They had two daughters: Mika (born in 1983) and Brinda (born in 1985). An interviewer of Jenkins would later tell "The Japan Times" that Jenkins' relationship with Soga was remarkable: Jenkins said "several times that she was the best thing that had ever happened to him […] 'She saved my life,' he told me. I suspect he was right." After their release from North Korea in the early 2000s, Jenkins offered to dissolve their marriage, as it had been imposed upon them; Soga declined.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: In 1978, production began on the 20-film series "Unsung Heroes" which tells the North Korean version of the Korean War and its antecedents. Jenkins was made to play Dr. Kelton, a capitalist warmonger who endeavored to extend the war to benefit the US arms industry. These films made Jenkins a celebrity; he was recognized on the street as "Dr. Kelton!" () and made to sign autographs. One of these films was delivered to Jenkins' family in 1997—their first sight of Jenkins since his desertion.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: In June 2020, Romano Kristoff recalled working with Jenkins in North Korea on 1988's "", when the latter man was cast in the villainous role of Professor Larson, though Johannes Schönherr's 2012 book, "", instead credits a Charles Borromel in the role. Jenkins' last North Korean film was in 2000, about the communists' capture of , portraying a US aircraft carrier captain. His celebrity status as an alleged-defector-turned-movie-star also afforded him greater social cachet as a state prize, allowing him to see Soviet dignitaries and diplomats who piteously slipped him materials and information from outside the Korean state.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Due to the 2002 Japan–North Korea Pyongyang Declaration, Soga was allowed to leave for Japan on 15 October for ten days; she did not return to North Korea. The government of Japan even petitioned the US to pardon Jenkins, hoping Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi could bring back the American and his daughters after a May diplomatic trip. Ultimately, they refused to leave; because of the U.S.–Japan Status of Forces Agreement, he still faced court-martial if he traveled to Japan—because the statute of limitations for desertion was 40 years (5 January 2005)—and possible capital punishment.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Instead, Pyongyang eventually permitted Jenkins to fly to Soekarno–Hatta International Airport in Indonesia where they reunited with Soga and the Japanese government promised residency for the whole family. After his release from North Korea, Jenkins was tall, and only weighed , having lost his appendix, one testicle, and part of a US Army tattoo (cut off without anesthetic) to North Korea. Of the four 1960s deserters to North Korea, he was the only one to ever leave. Upon arrival in Japan from Indonesia, Jenkins spent a month in the hospital at Tokyo Women's Medical University to recover from prostate surgery complications (performed in North Korea before he left).


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: On 11 September 2004, he presented himself to Lieutenant Colonel Paul Nigara at Camp Zama, saying with a salute, "Sir, I'm Sergeant Jenkins and I'm reporting". Jenkins' court-martial began and ended on 3 November 2004. He was the longest-missing deserter to return to the US military.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Represented by Captain James D. Culp, Jenkins' single-day court-martial ("United States v. Jenkins") was convened by United States Army, Japan on 3 November 2004. Colonel Denise Vowell was judge for the bench trial. In accordance with his pre-trial agreement, Jenkins pled guilty to desertion and aiding the enemy (the latter for teaching English in North Korea). Vowell sentenced him to "six months' confinement, total forfeiture of all pay and allowances, reduction to the lowest enlisted grade, and a dishonorable discharge." Major General Elbert N. Perkins, the general court-martial convening authority, changed the confinement to 30 days, and approved the remainder of the sentence, to be in the brig at United States Fleet Activities Yokosuka (where, Captain King H. Dietriech assured reporters, "there will be no special treatment for Private Jenkins.")


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: Jenkins spent only 25 days in the brig; he was released early for good conduct on 27 November 2004. Having waived "his post-trial and appellate rights," Jenkins' demotion and dishonorable discharge were executed on 18 July 2005.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: BBC News reported that Jenkins may have received only the 30-day sentence because of the intelligence he provided the US. In 2009, Jenkins told "Vice" that in addition to receiving a sergeant's salary while in prison—a monthly rate of —he spent his time working with military intelligence. According to Jenkins, the sentence was "all a big set-up for the outside world so it looked like justice was done. After all, I betrayed my country and people wanted to see me get punished for that – but I was just helping the government with what I knew. They just gave me the shortest sentence possible with a week off for good behaviour so it didn’t seem like I was let off the hook."


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: After his release from prison, Jenkins lived with his family in Soga's Sado childhood home. In Sado, free from North Korea, that nation was still a part of Jenkins' everyday life. He continued to fear that agents of Kim Jong-il would retaliate against him in Japan, he couldn't eat sashimi out of fear it would make him sick from the memories, and he was more fluent in Korean than English. To record what he remembered and experienced, Jenkins published a memoir in 2008: "The Reluctant Communist". In Japan, Jenkins fostered an interest in motorcycling; he was featured on the cover of "Mr. Bike", a Japanese motorcycle-enthusiast magazine.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: The Japanese Ministry of Justice expedited Jenkins' application for permanent residency, which was awarded on 15 July 2008. Jenkins worked in Sado selling "senbei" at a local museum. Treated like a celebrity, he frequently posed for photographs with Japanese patrons, at times up to 300 per hour. In Japan, he was credited with helping bring global attention to the North Korean abductions of Japanese citizens.


title: Charles Robert Jenkins

text: On 11 December 2017, Jenkins collapsed outside his Sado home, and later died of cardiovascular disease.


title: Concerto

text: A concerto (; plural "concertos", or "concerti" from the Italian plural) is, from the late Baroque era, mostly understood as an instrumental composition, written for one or more soloists accompanied by an orchestra or other ensemble. The typical three-movement structure, a slow movement (e.g., lento or adagio) preceded and followed by fast movements (e.g. presto or allegro), became a standard from the early 18th century.


title: Concerto

text: The concerto originated as a genre of vocal music in the late 16th century: the instrumental variant appeared around a century later, when Italians such as Giuseppe Torelli started to publish their concertos. A few decades later, Venetian composers, such as Antonio Vivaldi, had written hundreds of violin concertos, while also producing solo concertos for other instruments such as a cello or a woodwind instrument, and concerti grossi for a group of soloists. The first keyboard concertos, such as George Frideric Handel's organ concertos and Johann Sebastian Bach's harpsichord concertos were written around the same time.


title: Concerto

text: In the second half of the 18th century, the piano became the most used keyboard instrument, and composers of the Classical Era such as Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart and Ludwig van Beethoven each wrote several piano concertos, and, to a lesser extent, violin concertos, and concertos for other instruments. In the Romantic Era, many composers, including Niccolò Paganini, Felix Mendelssohn, Frédéric Chopin, Robert Schumann, Johannes Brahms, Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky and Sergei Rachmaninoff, continued to write solo concertos, and, more exceptionally, concertos for more than one instrument; 19th century concertos for instruments other than the piano, violin and cello remained comparatively rare however. In the first half of the 20th century, concertos were written by, among others, Maurice Ravel, Edward Elgar, Richard Strauss, Sergei Prokofiev, George Gershwin, Heitor Villa-Lobos, Joaquín Rodrigo and Béla Bartók, the latter also composing a concerto for orchestra, that is without soloist. During the 20th century concertos appeared by major composers for orchestral instruments which had been neglected in the 19th century such as the clarinet, viola and French horn.


title: Concerto

text: In the second half of the 20th century and onwards into the 21st a great many composers have continued to write concertos, including Alfred Schnittke, György Ligeti, Dimitri Shostakovich, Philip Glass and James MacMillan among many others. An interesting feature of this period is the proliferation of concerti for less usual instruments, including orchestral ones such as the double bass (by composers like Eduard Tubin or Peter Maxwell Davies) and cor anglais (like those by MacMillan and Aaron Jay Kernis), but also folk instruments (such as Tubin's concerto for Balalaika or the concertos for Harmonica by Villa-Lobos and Malcolm Arnold), and even Deep Purple's "Concerto for Group and Orchestra", a concerto for a rock band.


title: Concerto

text: Concertos from previous ages have remained a conspicuous part of the repertoire for concert performances and recordings. Less common has been the previously common practice of the composition of concertos by a performer to performed personally, though the practice has continued via international competitions for instrumentalists such as the Van Cliburn Piano Competition and the Queen Elisabeth Competition, both requiring performances of concertos by the competitors.


title: Concerto

text: The Italian word "concerto", meaning accord or gathering, derives from the Latin verb "concertare", which indicates a competition or battle.


title: Concerto

text: Compositions were for the first time indicated as concertos in the title of a music print when the were published in 1587.


title: Concerto

text: In the 17th century, sacred works for voices and orchestra were typically called concertos, as reflected by J. S. Bach's usage of the title "concerto" for many of the works that we know as cantatas. The term "concerto" was initially used to denote works that involved voices and instruments in which the instruments had independent parts—as opposed to the Renaissance common practice in which instruments that accompanied voices only doubled the voice parts. Examples of this earlier form of concerto include Giovanni Gabrieli's "In Ecclesiis" or Heinrich Schütz's "Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich".


title: Concerto

text: The concerto began to take its modern shape in the late-Baroque period, beginning with the "concerto grosso" form developed by Arcangelo Corelli. Corelli's concertino group was two violins, a cello and basso continuo. In J. S. Bach's Fifth Brandenburg Concerto, for example, the concertino is a flute, a violin, and a harpsichord; although the harpsichord is a featured solo instrument, it also sometimes plays with the "ripieno", functioning as a continuo keyboard accompaniment.


title: Concerto

text: Later, the concerto approached its modern form, in which the concertino usually reduces to a single solo instrument playing with (or against) an orchestra. The main composers of concertos of the baroque were Tommaso Albinoni, Antonio Vivaldi (e.g. published in "L'estro armonico", "La stravaganza", Six Violin Concertos, Op. 6, Twelve Concertos, Op. 7, "Il cimento dell'armonia e dell'inventione", Six Flute Concertos, Op. 10, Six Concertos, Op. 11 and Six Violin Concertos, Op. 12), Georg Philipp Telemann, Johann Sebastian Bach, George Frideric Handel, Pietro Locatelli, Jean-Marie Leclair, Giuseppe Tartini, Francesco Geminiani and Johann Joachim Quantz.


title: Concerto

text: The concerto was intended as a composition typical of the Italian style of the time, and all the composers were studying how to compose in the Italian fashion ("all'Italiana").


title: Concerto

text: The Baroque concerto was mainly for a string instrument (violin, viola, cello, seldom viola d'amore or harp) or a wind instrument (flute, recorder, oboe, bassoon, horn, or trumpet,). Bach also wrote a concerto for two violins and orchestra. During the Baroque period, before the invention of the piano, keyboard concertos were comparatively rare, with the exception of the organ and some harpsichord concertos by Johann Sebastian Bach.


title: Concerto

text: The concertos of the sons of Johann Sebastian Bach, such as C. P. E. Bach, are perhaps the best links between those of the Baroque period and those of the Classical era. It is conventional to state that the first movements of concertos from the Classical period onwards follow the structure of sonata form. Final movements are often in rondo form, as in J.S. Bach's E Major Violin Concerto.


title: Concerto

text: Mozart wrote five violin concertos, all in 1775. They show a number of influences, notably Italian and Austrian. Several passages have leanings towards folk music, as manifested in Austrian serenades. Mozart also wrote the Sinfonia Concertante for violin, viola, and orchestra. Beethoven wrote only one violin concerto that remained obscure until revealed as a masterpiece in a performance by violin virtuoso Joseph Joachim on 27 May 1844.


title: Concerto

text: C.P.E. Bach's keyboard concertos contain some virtuosic solo writing. Some of them have movements that run into one another without a break, and there are frequent cross-movement thematic references. Mozart, as a child, made arrangements for keyboard and orchestra of four sonatas by now little-known composers. Then he arranged three sonata movements by Johann Christian Bach. By the time he was twenty, Mozart was able to write concerto ritornelli that gave the orchestra admirable opportunity for asserting its character in an exposition with some five or six sharply contrasted themes, before the soloist enters to elaborate on the material. Of his 27 piano concertos, the last 22 are highly appreciated. A dozen cataloged keyboard concertos are attributed to Haydn, of which only three or four are considered genuine.


title: Concerto

text: C. P. E. Bach wrote five flute concertos and two oboe concertos. Mozart wrote five horn concertos, with two for flute, oboe (later rearranged for flute and known as Flute Concerto No. 2), clarinet, and bassoon, four for horn, a Concerto for Flute, Harp, and Orchestra, and "Exsultate, jubilate", a "de facto" concerto for soprano voice. They all exploit and explore the characteristics of the solo instrument(s). Haydn wrote an important trumpet concerto and a "Sinfonia Concertante" for violin, cello, oboe and bassoon as well as two horn concertos.


title: Concerto

text: In the 19th century, the concerto as a vehicle for virtuosic display flourished, and concertos became increasingly complex and ambitious works. Whilst performances of typical concertos in the baroque era lasted about ten minutes, those by Beethoven could last half an hour or longer. The term concertino (composition), or the German "Konzertstuck" ("Concert Piece") began to be used to designate smaller pieces not considered large enough to be considered a full concerto, though the distinction has never been formalised and many Concertinos are still longer than the original Baroque concertos.


title: Concerto

text: During the Romantic era the cello became increasingly used as a concerto instrument; though the violin and piano remained the most frequently used. Beethoven contributed to the repertoire of concertos for more than one soloist with a " Triple Concerto" for piano, violin, cello and orchestra while later in the century, Brahms wrote a " Double Concerto" for violin, cello and orchestra.


title: Concerto

text: Many of the concertos written in the early 20th century belong more to the late Romantic school, hence modernistic movement. Masterpieces were written by Edward Elgar (a violin concerto and a cello concerto), Sergei Rachmaninoff and Nikolai Medtner (four and three piano concertos, respectively), Jean Sibelius (a violin concerto), Frederick Delius (a violin concerto, a cello concerto, a piano concerto and a double concerto for violin and cello), Karol Szymanowski (two violin concertos and a "Symphonie Concertante" for piano), and Richard Strauss (two horn concertos, a violin concerto, "Don Quixote"—a tone poem that features the cello as a soloist—and among later works, an oboe concerto).


title: Concerto

text: However, in the first decades of the 20th century, several composers such as Debussy, Schoenberg, Berg, Hindemith, Stravinsky, Prokofiev and Bartók started experimenting with ideas that were to have far-reaching consequences for the way music is written and, in some cases, performed. Some of these innovations include a more frequent use of modality, the exploration of non-western scales, the development of atonality and neotonality, the wider acceptance of dissonances, the invention of the twelve-tone technique of composition and the use of polyrhythms and complex time signatures.


title: Concerto

text: These changes also affected the concerto as a musical form. Beside more or less radical effects on musical language, they led to a redefinition of the concept of virtuosity that included new and extended instrumental techniques and a focus on previously neglected aspects of sound such as pitch, timbre and dynamics. In some cases, they also brought about a new approach to the role of soloists and their relation to the orchestra.


title: Concerto

text: Two great innovators of early 20th-century music, Schoenberg and Stravinsky, both wrote violin concertos. The material in Schoenberg's concerto, like that in Berg's, is linked by the twelve-tone serial method. In the 20th century, particularly after the Second World War, the cello enjoyed an unprecedented popularity. As a result, its concertante repertoire caught up with those of the piano and the violin both in terms of quantity and quality.


title: Concerto

text: The 20th century also witnessed a growth of the concertante repertoire of instruments, some of which had seldom or never been used in this capacity, and even a concerto for wordless coloratura soprano by Reinhold Glière. As a result, almost all classical instruments now have a concertante repertoire. Among the works of the prolific composer Alan Hovhaness may be noted "Prayer of St. Gregory" for trumpet and strings, though it is not a concerto in the usual sense of the term. In the later 20th century the concerto tradition was continued by composers such as Maxwell Davies, whose series of Strathclyde Concertos exploit some of the instruments less familiar as soloists.


title: Concerto

text: Early Romantic traits can be found in the violin concertos of Viotti, but it is Spohr's twelve violin concertos, written between 1802 and 1827, that truly embrace the Romantic spirit with their melodic as well as their dramatic qualities.


title: Concerto

text: The 'core' repertoire—performed the most of any cello concertos—are by Elgar, Dvořák, Saint-Saëns, Haydn, Shostakovich and Schumann, but many more concertos are performed nearly as often.


title: Concerto

text: In the Baroque era, two violins and one cello formed the standard concertino of a concerto grosso. In the classical era, the sinfonia concertante replaced the concerto grosso genre, although concertos for two or three soloists were still composed too. From the Romantic era works for multiple instrumental soloists and orchestra were again commonly called concerto.


title: Concerto

text: In the 20th and 21st centuries, several composers wrote concertos for orchestra. In these works, different sections and/or instruments of the orchestra or concert band are treated at one point or another as soloists with emphasis on solo sections and/or instruments changing during the piece. Some examples include those written by:


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Anneliese Jane Dodds (born 16 March 1978) is a British Labour and Co-operative politician and public policy analyst serving as Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities, and Chair of the Labour Party since 2021. She was Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer from April 2020 to May 2021, the first woman to hold the position. She has been Member of Parliament (MP) for Oxford East since 2017 and was a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) for South East England from 2014 to 2017.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Born in Aberdeen and privately educated at Robert Gordon's College, Dodds read Philosophy, Politics and Economics as an undergraduate at St Hilda's College, Oxford and subsequently took a master's degree in Social Policy at the University of Edinburgh and a PhD in Government at the London School of Economics. She lectured in Public Policy at King’s College London and Aston University. After joining the Labour Party, she unsuccessfully contested Billericay at the 2005 general election and Reading East at the 2010 general election.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds was elected to the European Parliament at the 2014 European Parliament election. She resigned her South East England seat when she was elected to the House of Commons at the 2017 general election. She served in the Shadow Treasury Team of Shadow Chancellor John McDonnell as Shadow Financial Secretary to the Treasury from 2017 to 2020. In this role, she supported calls for a confirmatory referendum on Britain's withdrawal from the European Union. In April 2020, she was appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by new Labour leader Keir Starmer. She was demoted from the role in a reshuffle after the 2021 local elections, and appointed Chair of the Party and Policy Review. She gained the additional Shadow Women and Equalities Secretary brief in September 2021, following Marsha de Cordova's resignation.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Anneliese Jane Dodds was born in Aberdeen, Scotland and was educated at the council-run Dunnottar Primary School and, later, the private co-educational day school Robert Gordon's College. She moved to southeast England in 1996, where she studied Philosophy, Politics and Economics at St Hilda's College, Oxford. While at Oxford, she was involved with student activism and ran for president of Oxford University Student Union (OUSU) in 1998. She was fined £75 for breaking election rules by canvassing using email. In 1999, she became OUSU president, serving until 2000. She took part in protests against the introduction of tuition fees in 2000 and in support of LGBT rights. She graduated in 2001 with a first-class degree.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds later studied for a master's degree in Social Policy at the University of Edinburgh, and a PhD degree in Government at the London School of Economics, where she completed a thesis on liberalisation in higher education in France and the UK in 2006. She also had her postdoctoral fellowship at the LSE funded by the Economic and Social Research Council.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds was a lecturer in Public Policy at King’s College London from 2007 to 2010 and a senior lecturer in Public Policy at Aston University from 2010 to 2014. Her research interests have been stated as being in regulation and risk in the public sector, and she has been published in journals such as The Political Quarterly, Public Policy and Administration, and the British Journal of General Practice. In 2018, the second edition of her book, "Comparative Public Policy", was published by Red Globe Press, an imprint of Palgrave Macmillan.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds stood unsuccessfully for election in the constituency of Billericay at the 2005 general election and the constituency of Reading East at the 2010 general election. She was also unsuccessful in the 2006 Oxford City council elections for the ward of Holywell.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds was elected as a Member of the European Parliament for the South East England region in 2014. In the European Parliament, she sat on the Committee on Economic and Monetary Affairs. In the 2015 Labour leadership election, she supported Yvette Cooper.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds was elected as the Member of Parliament for Oxford East at the 2017 snap general election, succeeding Andrew Smith. On 3 July 2017, she was appointed as a Shadow Treasury Minister by Labour leader Jeremy Corbyn. In April 2019, she supported calls for a second Brexit referendum. She was Vice-Chair of the All-Party Parliamentary Group on Whistleblowing from 2018 to 2019.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: On 5 April 2020, Dodds was appointed Shadow Chancellor of the Exchequer by new Labour leader Keir Starmer, becoming the first woman to hold this position. Some commentators argued that she struggled to make an impact on the political discussion in the context of generous government spending during the COVID-19 pandemic. In March 2021, "The Sunday Times" reported that Starmer was preparing to dismiss Dodds. Two months later, after a set of relatively poor results for Labour at the 2021 local elections she was removed from her position in a shadow cabinet reshuffle and replaced with Rachel Reeves. She was then given a role previously held by Deputy Leader Angela Rayner as the party's chair.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds became Shadow Secretary of State for Women and Equalities in September 2021, following the resignation of previous office holder Marsha de Cordova.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: LabourList has described Dodds as a "unity candidate", explaining that although she is not a "Corbynite", she is supported by her predecessor as Shadow Chancellor, John McDonnell, and the "Financial Times" has said that she is on the "soft left" of the party. In terms of her position on Brexit, she is a remainer, and supported calls for a second referendum on the issue.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: While Labour candidate for Reading East in the 2010 election, she explained several of her policy positions, including how she wouldn't take the full salary available to MPs if elected, instead, only taking the average salary of the constituency and "invest[ing] the rest in an improved service" for constituents. On the economy, she argued for increased support for those who need retraining, and those who are long-term unemployed. Furthermore, she stated her desire for "smarter" regulation of the financial system. In terms of criminal justice, she said that helping drug addicts end their dependency, and prosecuting drug dealers whose customers end up dying was important; and in terms of education, she maintained it was important to "better join up children’s services across the fields of education, child care, health care and social services".


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: She described the problem of climate change as a "climate ’emergency’", and wanted to see "far more radical change" to protect against the risks of climate change, suggesting several actions that could help do so, such as banning domestic flights, making it easier to build wind farms, and increased investment in green technology. However, she further explained how these actions should be "realistic and fair", and not be funded by "expensive green taxes". In September 2019, she wrote on her website that she had taken part in climate marches, and explained her interest in ideas to promote increasing cycling and public transport in Oxford, and how "we simply cannot return to business as usual in the next parliamentary session".


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: During the 2019 general election campaign, she argued in support of Labour's plans to increase corporation tax because she believes "those with the broadest shoulders" should contribute more.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: After being appointed Shadow Chancellor in early 2020, she stated that she remained committed to "co-operative and mutual ownership", as was supported under Corbyn's leadership of the party, and opposed the introduction of a universal basic income.


title: Anneliese Dodds

text: Dodds lives in Rose Hill, Oxford and is the partner of Labour Party councillor Ed Turner, the deputy leader of Oxford City Council, and has a son and daughter.


title: Mug Root Beer

text: Mug Root Beer is an American brand of root beer that was originally produced in 1940 under the name Belfast Root Beer. It is now made by New Century Beverage Company of San Francisco, California, which was acquired by PepsiCo in 1986.


title: Mug Root Beer

text: Mug Root Beer was originally sold under the name Belfast Root Beer in 1940 by the Belfast Beverage Company in San Francisco, California. The company had been known for making sparkling water and ginger ale since 1877. Belfast Beverage Company was purchased around 1925 by New Century Beverage Company, which had successfully launched Crush Soda in 1918.


title: Mug Root Beer

text: In 1936, New Century Beverage Company gained permission to franchise Pepsi-Cola products, and about four years later, it launched Belfast Root Beer. An advertisement for Belfast Root Beer appears as early as 1947. According to the San Francisco Examiner, the catchphrase, 'You haven’t tasted Root Beer like this in years!' filled 1950s newspaper advertisements." An advertisement for Belfast Old Fashioned Mug Root Beer appears as early as 1952. In the 1950s, the soda took on the title Belfast Old Fashioned Mug Root Beer before its name was eventually shortened to Mug Root Beer.


title: Mug Root Beer

text: In the late 1960s, Sugar Free Mug (now Diet Mug Root Beer) was introduced. Mug Cream Soda and Diet Mug Cream Soda were later introduced, but they are not as widely available. Mug was purchased by Pepsi in 1986, and replaced On-Tap Draft Style Root Beer as Pepsi's root beer brand. Mug Root Beer is manufactured by independent bottlers under the authority of New Century Beverage Company.


title: Mug Root Beer

text: Since Mug Root Beer's acquisition by PepsiCo in 1986, the company's mascot has been a bulldog named "Dog" holding a mug of Mug Root Beer. PepsiCo stopped producing its sodas in San Francisco in the early 1990s.


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: "Dusk Till Dawn" is a song recorded by English singer and songwriter Zayn featuring Australian singer and songwriter Sia. It was released on 8 September 2017 by RCA Records and appears on the Japanese edition of Zayn's second studio album, "Icarus Falls" (2018) and the radio edit appears on the 2020 reissue of the album. It was written by Zayn Malik, Sia Furler, Alex Oriet, David Phelan and Greg Kurstin, and produced by Kurstin. The song's accompanying music video was released on the same day and features Zayn and British-American actress Jemima Kirke. The song is featured in the official trailer for the 2017 film "The Mountain Between Us". Commercially, the single peaked at number five on the UK Singles Chart. It also topped the charts in seven countries and peaked within the top ten on the charts in more than twenty countries including: Australia, Belgium, Canada, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal, Russia, Scotland, Slovenia, and Sweden.


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: "Dusk Till Dawn" is a pop power ballad. "Fact" described the song as a "stadium ballad" adding that "instead of running away from his pop roots [Zayn] seems to be relaxing and re-embracing those pop beginnings".


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: Speaking of the song, Zayn said, "That's where I started and that's obviously still in there. I still like pop music, but it's about putting my own spin on it, making it me."


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: The song is in the key of B minor with a tempo of 90 beats per minute. The meter is common time. The harmonic progression is Bm7–G–D–F♯m7/C♯–Bm7–G–D–A/C♯. The vocals span two octaves, from D to D.


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: "Dusk Till Dawn" received highly positive reviews from music critics. Hugh McIntyre of "Forbes" magazine said the song is as "epic as it needed to be considering the two powerhouses attached." He noted that it "features powerful vocals, high notes left and right and a vocal hook that is somehow impossible to sing along to, while still being memorable." McIntyre predicted it could be a potential Grammy Award nominee for Best Pop Duo/Group Performance, but, in fact, the song's producer Greg Kurstin won Producer of the Year at the 2018 Grammy Awards for his work on "Dusk Till Dawn" along with several other songs.


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: Michael Cragg of "The Guardian" chose the song as "track of the week" and described it as "a towering piece of perfect pop."


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: "Rolling Stone"s Elias Leight described the song as a "throbbing ballad" and said that the duet "leans close to her [Sia's] trademark style", adding that "Sia dials back her potent voice to harmonize better with Malik; she often handles the low end, while his singing flutters around in the falsetto range." MTV called it a "massive, cinematic duet" and concluded that it "starts off as a gorgeous, romantic mid-tempo and builds to a thrashing sing-along chorus that will echo around stadiums in no time."


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: Jordan Sargent, writing for "Spin", said "Dusk Till Dawn" was "a step backwards" from ZAYN's previous single, "Still Got Time", commenting that the collaboration with Sia was "fairly predictable and mostly uninteresting".


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: As of September 2017, "Dusk Till Dawn" had sold around 58,000 digital copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan. The track sold 28,561 downloads in the UK during its first week. By 5 October 2017, the song had sold around 65,000 copies in the United States. In Europe, "Dusk Till Dawn" topped the European Border Breakers chart on the week ending 27 October 2017, and held onto the number-one spot for months; it eventually dropped to number two in the week ending 26 January 2018.


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: Directed by Marc Webb, the accompanying music video for "Dusk Till Dawn" premiered on YouTube on 8 September 2017, receiving over 10 million views on its first day. It is Webb's first music video in seven years. The music video finds Zayn on the run from two different groups, after he makes a sly hand-off with his mysterious accomplice played by actress Jemima Kirke. Soon after a brief confrontation, Zayn outwits the law and escapes a pair of gangsters in an intense car chase and eventually lures both parties into a trap and drives off into the sunset with Kirke. Sia does not appear in the music video.


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: The video was inspired by the movies "Casino" and "Goodfellas". According to ZAYN, "It’s definitely a nod to a particular era of music videos. The early '90s, around that period, people really tried to make these epic, intense movies for their videos, Michael Jackson being a great example of that. I wanted to come back and give my fans something along those lines rather than just some blasé video."


title: Dusk Till Dawn (Zayn song)

text: "Rolling Stone"s Elias Leight wrote that "Jemima Kirke and Zayn Malik are a modern day Bonnie and Clyde in the new clip" for ZAYN's song. MTV's contributor praised the dramatic visuals and wrote the "Dusk Till Dawn video is a huge step up from his previous music videos and we can’t help but wonder if this is only Part One of the story." Al Horner of "Fact" described the video as "a Chinatown heist mini-movie crammed into five action-packed minutes." , the music video has received more than 1.8 billion views on YouTube.


title: Capital of Japan

text: The current capital of Japan is Tokyo. In the course of history, the national capital has been in many locations other than Tokyo.


title: Capital of Japan

text: Traditionally, the home of the Emperor is considered the capital. From 794 through 1868, the Emperor lived in Heian-kyō, modern-day Kyoto. After 1868, the seat of the Government of Japan and the location of the Emperor's home was moved to Edo, which it renamed Tokyo.


title: Capital of Japan

text: While no laws have designated Tokyo as the Japanese capital, many laws have defined a that incorporates Tokyo. Article 2 of the of 1956 states: "In this Act, the term 'capital area' shall denote a broad region comprising both the territory of the Tokyo Metropolis as well as outlying regions designated by cabinet order." This implies that the government has designated Tokyo as the capital of Japan, although (again) it is not explicitly stated, and the definition of the "capital area" is purposely restricted to the terms of that specific law.


title: Capital of Japan

text: This term for capital was never used to refer to Kyoto. Indeed, "shuto" came into use during the 1860s as a gloss of the English term "capital".


title: Capital of Japan

text: The Ministry of Education published a book called "History of the Restoration" in 1941. This book referred to without talking about . A contemporary history textbook states that the Meiji government "moved the capital ("shuto") from Kyoto to Tokyo" without using the "sento" term.