title: Lieke Martens

text: In the 2017–18 UEFA Women's Champions League campaign, Martens recorded three assists in a win against Round of 16 opponent FC Gintra. In the quarterfinals of that year's competition, Barcelona faced Lyon, where they lost 3–1 on aggregate. Martens made it to that year's UWCL Team of the Season.


title: Lieke Martens

text: For much of the beginning of the 2018–19 season, Martens dealt with multiple injuries. In 2019, Martens started against Atlético Madrid in the Wanda Metropolitano, in a match that broke the attendance record for a women's football match with 60,739 attendees. Barcelona won 2–0, but the win wasn't enough to secure a league title, and they finished second place for the fourth season in a row.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Barcelona had a relatively unsuccessful Copa de la Reina campaign that year. They defeated Madrid CFF 3–0 in the quarterfinal, with Martens scoring the first goal of the match. They reached the semifinal where they played Atlético Madrid, but fell 2–0 to their rivals after a brace from Ludmila.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens helped FC Barcelona reach the final of the UEFA Women's Champions League in her second season at the club. They lost the final 4–1 against Lyon on 18 May in Budapest. Barcelona's one goal was scored by Asisat Oshoala and assisted by Martens. Despite reports that Lyon were interested in signing Martens, she extended her Barcelona contract in July 2019 for three more years until 2022.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens missed the first half of Barcelona's 2019–20 season due to the severity of her toe injury from the 2019 Women's World Cup. She returned to training in November 2019 and was medically cleared later in the month.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens featured in the first ever edition of the Supercopa Femenina in 2020, where Barcelona played Atlético Madrid in the semifinal of the competition. Martens scored one goal and gave an assist to Asisat Oshoala in a 3–2 win in Barcelona's favor. They made it to the final, where Martens gave two assists and played all 90 minutes in a 10–1 blowout of Real Sociedad.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In May 2020, the COVID-19 pandemic brought on the premature cancellation of the 2019–20 Primera Iberdrola, which was awarded to Barcelona after 21 matchdays. With this cancellation, Martens won her first league title with Barcelona and also the second league title of her senior career. Alongside the cancellation of the Spanish league, the COVID-19 pandemic also brought about the indefinite suspension of the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League. In August 2020, the competition resumed, with modified single-legged ties. Martens started the quarterfinal match against Atlético Madrid, but was subbed off for Mariona Caldentey. Barcelona were saved by a late winner from Kheira Hamraoui and made it to the semifinal against VfL Wolfsburg. Martens did not start and entered late in the match, as Barcelona's campaign ended with a 1–0 loss to the Germans.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Similarly to the 2019–20 UEFA Women's Champions League, the 2019–20 Copa de la Reina was pushed back a year, and was completed in the middle of the 2020–21 season. Martens started all matches of that campaign except for the Round of 16, and Barcelona won the trophy by winning the final 3–0 against EdF Logroño.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In the first match of the 2020–21 league season, Barcelona played in the first version of the women's El Clásico, where Martens subbed on and scored Barcelona's third of four goals against "Los Blancos". Later that season, she participated in another historic league match when Barcelona played against rivals Espanyol at the Camp Nou, the first women's football team to play a competitive match at the stadium. She was substituted on in the 65th minute, and scored Barcelona's fourth goal of the match. Barcelona finished as league winners in May 2021 after winning 26 straight matches.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens began her 2020–21 Champions League season by scoring 3 goals in 2 matches against Dutch side PSV in the Round of 32. In the Round of 16, Barcelona faced Fortuna Hjørring. Martens was injured for the first match of the tie, and for the second match of the tie, she came into the match as a substitute where she recorded an assist. Martens was used as a substitute in both matches of the quarterfinals against Manchester City, where Barcelona won 4–2 on aggregate. In the second leg of the semifinals of the 2020–21 UEFA Women's Champions League, Martens scored a brace against PSG. Her two goals brought the aggregate score to 3–2 in Barcelona's favor and sent them to their second ever UWCL Final. Martens started the final on 16 May 2021, and was one of Barcelona's most involved forwards. She assisted Barcelona's fourth and final goal, a dribble down the wing and a cross into the box that was finished by Caroline Graham Hansen. Martens ended the competition having scored five goals and giving one assist in seven games, and was included in the UWCL Squad of the Season.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In the 2021 Copa de la Reina, Martens played in the quarterfinals of the competition against Sevilla, where she was subbed on in the 60th minute and assisted Caroline Graham Hansen's goal that put Barcelona 4–1 up. In the semifinals, Martens gave another assist, this time to Alexia Putellas who scored Barcelona's fourth goal against Madrid CFF. In that season's Copa de la Reina final, Martens registered three assists in a 4–2 win over Levante, including the assist to Marta Torrejón's game-winning goal. With this title win came the completion of Barcelona's continental treble, the first Spanish women's football team to do so. Following the completion of the treble, Martens ended her season and took an early leave from the club to join her national team in preparation for the 2021 Olympics.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens ended her season with 20 goals and 16 assists in all competitions. In August 2021, she was listed as one of the nominees to the UEFA Women's Champions League Forward of the Season award. In the same month, she was nominated as a finalist for the UEFA Women's Player of the Year Award for the second time in her career, alongside Barcelona teammates Alexia Putellas and Jenni Hermoso.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens was at the 2010 UEFA Women's Under-19 Championship with the Netherlands, her first of two U-19 Euro tournaments with the Netherlands. Martens played the first game of the group stages against France, substituting on for Vanity Lewerissa in the 30th minute. She scored within 15 seconds with a header off a corner to put the Dutch 2–0 up, and also conceded a foul that gave a French player a red card. The following match against Macedonia, she earned a start and scored two goals- the first within 45 seconds, and the second in the 66th minute to put the Dutch 6–0 up. Martens started again in her last match of the group against Spain, where she scored once more with a header in the 39th minute.


title: Lieke Martens

text: The Dutch met England in the semifinals where it went to penalties, and despite Martens converting her penalty, England won and went on to the final. Martens ended her tournament as top scorer, tied at four goals with German player Turid Knaak. UEFA named her as one of the top 10 emerging talents from the tournament.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In August 2011 she played her first game for the senior national team, in a friendly match against China. Martens became a regular starter for the national team around 2012.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In June 2013, national team coach Roger Reijners selected Martens in the Netherlands squad for UEFA Women's Euro 2013 in Sweden. The Dutch were drawn into Group B with eventual tournament-winners Germany, eventual tournament runners-up Norway, and Iceland. Martens played all 90 minutes of each of the Netherlands' Group B matches. The Dutch had a poor tournament, and exited the group stage with just one point from a draw against Germany and zero goals scored.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In 2014, the Dutch finished second in their 2015 Women's World Cup qualification group, so they were set to qualification play-offs against Scotland. In the first leg of the playoff semifinal against Scotland, Martens scored in the tenth minute off a rebound from Vivianne Miedema. Martens scored again in the second leg of the playoff semifinal off an assist from Daniëlle van de Donk. The tie ended 4–1 on aggregate, sending the Dutch to the qualification play-off final against Italy. The Dutch beat the Italians on an aggregate score of 3–2, with Martens assisting Vivianne Miedema's tie-winning goal in the second leg, sending them to compete in their first ever Women's World Cup tournament.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In the Netherlands' first ever Women's World Cup match, Martens scored the Netherlands' first ever Women's World Cup goal against New Zealand, which was also the match-winner. The goal, a long-range shot from 30 meters out, was later voted the fifth-best goal of the competition. Later in the group stage, the Dutch lost to China and drew 1–1 to Canada, but still made it to the Round of 16. The Dutch were defeated by Japan in the Round of 16.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In February 2016, Martens was announced as part of the Netherlands' squad for qualification at the 2016 Olympics. She could not compete in the tournament, however, as she was ruled out with a concussion and had to exit camp. The Netherlands did not end up qualifying for the tournament, as they finished second in the qualification table behind Sweden.


title: Lieke Martens

text: A week after Martens' signing for FC Barcelona, she competed with the Netherlands in the 2017 UEFA Women's Euro, which was also being hosted in the Netherlands. In their first match of the tournament against Norway, Martens sent in a cross to assist Shanice van de Sanden's game-winning header. Martens' performance would be her first Player of the Match award in that year's competition. In the final match of the group stage, the Netherlands played Belgium, where Martens scored the game-winning goal in the 74th minute from a through ball courtesy of Jill Roord, another performance that she won Player of the Match for. The hosts finished atop of Group A with 9 points from 3 straight wins.


title: Lieke Martens

text: They faced Group B runners-up Sweden in the quarterfinals, and Martens drew first blood for the Dutch from a low free-kick. In addition, she was instrumental in the creation of Vivianne Miedema's header goal in the 64th minute that brought the Dutch 2–0 up and into the semifinals. In the semifinals against England, Martens played all 90 minutes and was instrumental in the buildup of Vivianne Miedema's game-winning goal. She was also responsible for the shot that deflected off Millie Bright's leg and lead to an own goal in the 93rd minute. The Netherlands' 3–0 victory sent them to their first ever UEFA Women's Euro final, where they were set to compete against group-stage opponents Denmark. Martens started the final and scored the third goal of the match, a shot from the outside of the box into the lower-right corner, to bring the Netherlands 2–1 up in the 30th minute. The match would end up finishing 4–2, and Martens would end as Player of the Tournament, having scored 3 goals and giving 2 assists in six matches. Martens was included in the 2017 UEFA Women's Euro Team of the Tournament and won the Bronze Boot (third top scorer).


title: Lieke Martens

text: The Dutch struggled to qualify for the 2019 Women's World Cup, when a draw against Ireland and a loss against Norway placed them second in their qualification group and forced them to enter qualification playoffs. Martens did not feature in the semifinal tie of the playoffs due to a foot injury, and the Dutch won 4–1 on aggregate against Denmark. A month later, Martens returned to the squad and scored in a 3–0 win over Switzerland in the first leg of the playoff final. The Dutch successfully qualified for the World Cup after defeating Switzerland 4–1 on aggregate over the 2 legs of the playoff final.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens was selected in the final squad for the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup in France, despite the fact that her large toe was injured. She scored both Dutch goals in a 2–1 victory over Japan in the round of 16, the second from a controversial VAR-awarded penalty. When celebrating her last-minute winner against Japan, teammate Jill Roord stepped on her foot and aggrivated her toe injury. Martens didn't train before the Netherlands' upcoming quarterfinal match against Italy. Despite her worsening injury, she started against Italy and played all 90 minutes in the match, which ended Italy 0–2 Netherlands. In the Netherlands' following semifinal match against Sweden, she started but was substituted out because of the pain she felt in her toe from the beginning of the match. Thanks to a goal in extra time from Jackie Groenen, the Dutch made it to their first ever Women's World Cup final against the United States. Martens trained separately from the rest of the Netherlands squad ahead of the final, and starting the final was going to be a "gameday decision" as manager Sarina Wiegman was not particularly confident about the evolution of Marten's injury. Martens started the 2019 Women's World Cup Final regardless, but had a hard head-to-head collision with United States defender Kelley O'Hara that caused them to both be down on the pitch for a few minutes. Martens continued to play to the second half, but after the Netherlands conceded two goals within ten minutes, she was subbed off for Jill Roord in the 70th minute. The score kept to full time, and the Dutch lost the final 2–0.


title: Lieke Martens

text: On 16 June 2021, Martens was named as one of the Netherlands' 18 first-team players at the 2020 Olympics, the Netherlands women's first ever Olympics tournament. In the first match of the group stages, Martens scored her 50th national team goal against Zambia. Martens scored another in that match with the final result being Zambia 3–10 Netherlands, the highest scoring women's football match in Olympics history. In the Netherlands' third and final group stage match, Martens scored another two goals against China as the Dutch advanced to the quarterfinals of the tournament. They faced their 2019 Women's World Cup Final rivals the United States, where Martens missed a penalty in the 81st minute and the Dutch were defeated after a penalty shootout following a period of extra time.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens primarily plays as a winger that is capable of playing either flank, but prefers the left wing, despite being right-footed. Martens solely plays as a left wing for her national team and for Barcelona, but switched between the right and left wings for the beginning of her Barcelona career. Because she is right-footed, she scores goals primarily with her right foot. She also has a tendency to cut inside during dribbles.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens was identified as a top attacking talent as a young child by former Netherlands national team coach Vera Pauw, who has praised her attacking ability, saying Martens has “done things she's never seen any other player do." When she was a teenager, former Netherlands women's nation team coach Roger Reijners described her as a constant threat at goal with quality ball skills and ball retention.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens has many times been compared to Dutch footballing legend Johan Cruyff, in terms of their playing positions, playing styles, skills, and leadership, as well as the teams they both played for. In the 2019 FIFA Women's World Cup, she performed a Cruyff Turn against a New Zealand defender.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Since 2018, she has been in a relationship with Sparta Rotterdam goalkeeper Benjamin van Leer. They adopted a dog together in 2020 and got engaged in November 2021.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens is sponsored by Nike. In 2017, after Martens’ successes at the 2017 UEFA Women's Euro, Nike released a pair of Oranje Leeuwinnen-inspired Mercurial boots, the “'Lieke' Mercurial Superfly V." In 2019, she featured in Nike's “Dream Further” commercial as promotion for the 2019 Women's World Cup.


title: Lieke Martens

text: Martens is a PepsiCo ambassador, and has featured in commercials for their brand, Lay's, alongside Lionel Messi and Paul Pogba. She is also the face of Dutch jewelry brand Zinzi as well as a member of football media studio OTRO.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In 2017, Lieke Martens was nominated for and won many individual awards for the first time in her career. Most notably is her win at the 2017 The Best awards, where she was chosen from a shortlist of Carli Lloyd and Deyna Castellanos. She took the award with 21.72% of the overall vote. In addition, she won the 2017 UEFA Player of the Year award from a shortlist of Pernille Harder and Dzsenifer Marozsán. Martens also received the IFFHS award for best female playmaker of 2017 and was selected to the IFFHS Women's World Team of the Year for 2017 with 75% of the vote.


title: Lieke Martens

text: In 2017, Martens was the first ever FC Barcelona player and the first ever Dutch player to be selected to the FIFPro Women's World XI, receiving the most votes (1,251 votes) out of any other player in selection that year. Martens was nominated again in 2019 where she finished 7th amongst the forwards, and in 2020, where she finished 10th among the forwards.


title: Lieke Martens

text: At the end of 2020, Martens was selected to the IFFHS UEFA Women's Team of the Decade for the years 2011–2020.


The American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 (ARRA) (), nicknamed the Recovery Act, was a stimulus package enacted by the 111th U.S. Congress and signed into law by President Barack Obama in February 2009. Developed in response to the Great Recession, the primary objective of this federal statute was to save existing jobs and create new ones as soon as possible. Other objectives were to provide temporary relief programs for those most affected by the recession and invest in infrastructure, education, health, and renewable energy.


title: American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009

text: The approximate cost of the economic stimulus package was estimated to be $787 billion at the time of passage, later revised to $831 billion between 2009 and 2019. The ARRA's rationale was based on the Keynesian economic theory that, during recessions, the government should offset the decrease in private spending with an increase in public spending in order to save jobs and stop further economic deterioration.


text: The politics around the stimulus were very contentious, with Republicans criticizing the size of the stimulus. On the right, it spurred the Tea Party movement and may have contributed to Republicans winning the House in the 2010 midterm elections. Not a single Republican member of the House voted for the stimulus, and only three Republican senators voted for it. Most economists have argued that the stimulus was smaller than needed. Surveys of economists show overwhelming agreement that the stimulus reduced unemployment, and that the benefits of the stimulus outweighed the costs.


text: Both the House and the Senate versions of the bills were primarily written by Democratic congressional committee leaders and their staffs. Because work on the bills started before President Obama officially took office on January 20, 2009, top aides to President-Elect Obama held multiple meetings with committee leaders and staffers. On January 10, 2009, President-Elect Obama's administration released a report that provided a preliminary analysis of the impact to jobs of some of the prototypical recovery packages that were being considered.


text: The House version of the bill, , was introduced on January 26, 2009.<ref>Legislative Day of January 26, 2009


title: Jo Jo White

text: Joseph Henry White (November 16, 1946 – January 16, 2018) was an American professional basketball player. As an amateur, he played basketball at the University of Kansas, where he was named a second-team All-American twice. White was part of the U.S. men's basketball team during the 1968 Summer Olympics, winning a gold medal with the team.


title: Jo Jo White

text: In the 1969 NBA draft, White was drafted 9th overall by the Boston Celtics, with whom he would play for ten seasons, winning the NBA Finals in 1974 and 1976 and being named Finals MVP the latter year. A seven-time NBA All-Star, White set a Celtics record with 488 consecutive games played. White's No. 10 jersey was retired by the Celtics in 1982. In 2015, he was inducted was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White was born in St. Louis, Missouri, the son of a Baptist minister, George L. White Sr. and his wife, Elizabeth Rebecca Guynn.


title: Jo Jo White

text: As the youngest of seven children, he had three elder sisters; Shirley, Adlean, and Irene, and three elder brothers, George, Dewitt and Ronald. He started playing basketball at six and found sports to be a key platform for his community. As a child, he followed the St. Louis Hawks.


title: Jo Jo White

text: Due to his age, White was eligible to play college basketball a semester early at the University of Kansas, and team captain Riney Lochmann led a vote to determine that White would be welcomed by the players.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White joined the team in mid-season, enjoyed immediate success, and entered the NCAA tournament. They played dominantly but encountered a physical Texas Western squad, now known as University of Texas at El Paso, in the Midwest regional final. During the first overtime, White took and made a shot (a 35-foot runner) as the buzzer sounded, but he was ruled out of bounds by referee Rudy Marich. The team lost this thriller in the second overtime to Texas Western, who went on to win the championship. The game against Texas Western was featured in the 2006 film "Glory Road", which was about the 1966 Texas Western team.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White became a leader of the team, and made the consensus NCAA All-American Second Team in 1968 and 1969. He made the All-Big Eight team the three subsequent years (1967–1969) Due to his early enrollment, White had only one semester of eligibility and Head Coach Ted Owens opted to have White play for the 18 games in the first semester rather than eight in the second. He graduated with a degree in physical education.


title: Jo Jo White

text: After college, White played on the 1968 USA Olympic basketball team in Mexico City, Mexico. The team was not expected to win the gold medal due to many future Basketball Hall of Fame players either declining to participate (e.g. Lew Alcindor, Elvin Hayes) or not being chosen (e.g. Pete Maravich, Calvin Murphy, Dan Issel). The U.S. Olympic Basketball Committee limited four roster spots from the NCAA, two from the AAU, three from the Armed Forces, one from Junior College (Spencer Haywood), and two for NAIA. The U.S. men's team, led by White and Haywood unexpectedly went undefeated (9–0), beating Yugoslavia 65–50 in the title game. White described his reaction:


title: Jo Jo White

text: This victory was the last in a streak of seven consecutive gold medals for the United States men's team.


title: Jo Jo White

text: After the Olympics, White was drafted in 1969 in the first round (9th pick overall) by the NBA's Boston Celtics, who at that time had just won their 11th championship in 13 years. There was some reluctance during the time of the draft as White had a mandatory two-year military commitment with the US Marine Corps. Then Boston general manager, Red Auerbach, was able to shorten White's commitment and allow him to participate in the 1969–70 NBA season. He later stated that his short stint helped him prepare for his first Celtics training camp,


title: Jo Jo White

text: However, before White even reported to training camp, the Celtics' center and player-coach Bill Russell announced his retirement and cut ties to the organization. The Celtic's long-time shooting guard Sam Jones also ended his career, requiring White to replace those duties. With the sudden departure of Russell and Jones, White endured a rebuilding season during which the franchise experienced their first losing season (34–48) since 1950, the year before Red Auerbach was hired. White made the All-NBA rookie team during the 1970 season.


title: Jo Jo White

text: The Celtics got back on track by drafting Dave Cowens, trading for Paul Silas, retaining veteran John Havlicek, and hiring coach Tommy Heinsohn. With White leading the attack from the point guard position, the team returned to its winning ways in 1971. He was an All-Star for seven straight years from 1971 through 1977, finishing in the top ten in the league in assists from 1973–1977. In 1972, he participated in the now-defunct NBA One-on-One 16-man tournament where he reached the championship (which occurred during halftime of Game 5 of the Finals) and faced 6'11" Detroit Piston Bob Lanier, who used his eight-inch height advantage to win the $15,000 prize.


title: Jo Jo White

text: In 1974, White and the Celtics reached the 1974 NBA Finals. They faced the Milwaukee Bucks who were returning with their championship-winning core from the 1971 NBA Finals, including future Hall of Fame members Kareem Abdul-Jabbar and Oscar Robertson. With the Bucks' starting point guard, Lucius Allen, injured at the onset of the playoffs, White led a small, quick line-up featuring undersized, All-Star Cowens at center, to the first Celtics championship in the Post-Russell era. The following season, White led the Celtics in minutes in a season where they finished 1st in NBA Atlantic Division with a 60–22 record but lost the Eastern Conference Finals.


title: Jo Jo White

text: In 1976, White was part of a dominant Celtics squad which featured 5 veterans averaging double-digit scoring. During the playoffs, White led the Celtics to the NBA championship and was a starring player in what is often referred to as "the greatest game ever played" in NBA history. In the triple overtime win against the Phoenix Suns in game 5 of those finals, White was the game's high scorer with 33 points, had a game high 9 assists, leading the Celtics to a 128–126 win. Logging 60 minutes of play time, only the Suns' Garfield Heard (61) played more minutes. White was named the most valuable player of the 1976 NBA Finals.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White went on to become one of professional basketball's first "iron men", playing in all 82 games for five consecutive seasons during the 1970s and setting a franchise record of 488 consecutive games played. White suffered an injury during the 1977–78 season. With the end of the streak, White and the aging Celtics became a less effective squad and followed their championship with an exit from playoff semifinals in 1977 and then two losing seasons.


title: Jo Jo White

text: Unable to retain his all-star form following the injury, White was traded by the Celtics to the Golden State Warriors in the middle of the 1978–79 NBA season. "Boston Globe" writer Bob Ryan described the tension leading to the White's trade from Boston.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White retired as a player after 1981 with the Kansas City Kings. He returned to the Jayhawks as an assistant coach from 1982–83. In 1987 at the age of 41, White attempted a professional comeback as a player-assistant coach with the Topeka Sizzlers of the Continental Basketball Association.


title: Jo Jo White

text: On Friday, April 9, 1982, his number 10 was hung from the rafters at the Boston Garden. He was in the top 100 in the NBA for career total field goals made, field goals attempted, assists, free throw percentage, minutes per game, and defensive rating. He made the All-NBA Second Team in the 1974–75 and 1976–77 NBA seasons. White was director of special projects and community relations with the Celtics at the time of his death.


title: Jo Jo White

text: In 1991 White was welcomed into the Missouri Hall of Fame. He was also inducted into the Kansas Sports Hall of Fame. His jersey was retired by the Kansas Jayhawks in 2003. He was inducted in the Marine Corps Sports Hall of Fame with the class of 2009. He also joined the 2013 class of the St. Louis Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame class in September 2015. He was inducted alongside his former coach, Tom Heinsohn, and was formally introduced into the Hall by fellow Celtics John Havlicek and Dave Cowens.


title: Jo Jo White

text: Previous to his induction in 2015, White's long exclusion from the Basketball Hall of Fame was a common topic when discussing players who have long been eligible but have not been inducted, with most writers believing his entry has been long delayed. One writer in 2012 went as far as to declare a Jo Jo White Threshold as a marker for viability among future candidates.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White was born with six older brothers and sisters. He was married twice, secondly to Deborah White and previously to Estelle Bowser. The retired Major League Baseball player Chris Chambliss was a cousin of White's.


title: Jo Jo White

text: In 1985, White moved to Rochester, NY where he owned and operated a couple of McDonald's restaurants until the early 1990s.


title: Jo Jo White

text: In 2009, White and his wife opened a restaurant, JoJo's West, in Maynard, Massachusetts, which declared bankruptcy and closed in 2010 with criminal allegations and litigation against restaurant partner Chris Barnes.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White appeared in two movies with small roles: 1980's "Inside Moves" and 2007's "The Game Plan", in which his son, actor Brian J. White, also starred. His controversial 1966 NCAA Tournament Elite 8 game against Texas Western is portrayed in the 2006 film "Glory Road".


title: Jo Jo White

text: In 2010, White underwent a procedure to remove a tumor on the back of his brain. To assist his recovery, his attorney elicited memories from White and authored a subsequent biography "Make it Count" that was released in 2012. Then–Boston Celtics Coach Doc Rivers remarked:


title: Jo Jo White

text: In September 2012, White started the Jo Jo White Foundation to provide support for brain cancer research. He also previously led the Jo Jo White Growth League for children in middle school starting in 1994.


title: Jo Jo White

text: White died in Boston on January 16, 2018, from complications of his dementia, specifically pneumonia, which was brought on when he had a benign brain tumor removed. The Boston Celtics honored his death with a black stripe stitched onto their jerseys for the remainder of the 2017–18 season.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: The bistecca alla fiorentina (beefsteak Florentine style) is an Italian steak made of young steer ("vitellone") or heifer ("scottona") that, combined with the specific preparation, makes it one of the most popular dishes of Tuscan cuisine. It is a high cut including the bone, to be cooked on the embers or on the grill, with a degree of "blood" cooking ("al sangue").


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: The history of the Florentine steak is as old as the Italian city of Florence, from which it takes its name, and the tracks of its origins are lost in time. However, its tradition, celebrity, and name can be traced back to the celebration of the feast of Saint Lawrence on 10 August and to the House of Medici. On the occasion of the "Festa di San Lorenzo" the city was illuminated by the light of large bonfires, where large quantities of veal were roasted and then distributed to the population.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: Florence at the time of the Medici was an important crossroad where you could meet travelers from all over the world. It is said that on the occasion of the Feast of Saint Lawrence, some English knights were present at the celebrations and were offered the meat roasted on the fires. They called it in their language "beef steak" referring to the type of meat they were eating. From here a translation adapted to the current Italian language created the word "bistecca" that has come down to the present day.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: An alternative version dates it back to the English, present in Florence in the 19th century, who left their mark on Tuscan cuisine. These were wealthy people, who could also afford cuts of fine meat, such as beef steak, precisely, but also as the "roast beef", also present in Florentine cuisine.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: In the 1950s Florentine publisher Corrado Tedeschi founded the Italian Nettist Party, better known as the Steak Party ("Partito della Bistecca"). Considered a forerunner of anti-politics or the first Italian satirical party, the Steak Party took part in the 1953 Italian general election using the motto "Better a steak today than an empire tomorrow", promising to give people a 450 g steak every day.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: The Florentine steak is obtained from the cut of the sirloin (the part corresponding to the lumbar vertebrae, the half of the back on the side of the tail) of the calf of the Chianina breed: in the middle it has the "T" shaped bone, in fact it is also called T-bone steak, with the fillet on one side and the sirloin on the other.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: The italian gastronomist Pellegrino Artusi, in his 1891 cooking manual "Science in the Kitchen and the Art of Eating Well" ("La scienza in cucina e l'arte di mangiar bene"), defines the cut of the steak as follows: "Florentine steak. From beef-steak, an English word that is worth the rib of an ox, came the name of our steak, which is nothing more than a chop with its bone, a finger or a finger and a half thick, cut from the sirloin of steer".


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: According to Corrado Tedeschi, founder of the Steak Party, "to be truly such, a beefsteak must weigh at least 450 grams. If it weighs a kilo, so much the better. But no less than a 450 grams, because otherwise it becomes a cutlet and then my party would no longer be the Beefsteak Party."


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: The meat - previously aged for at least two weeks in cold rooms - must be at room temperature at the time of cooking. The cut is about 1-1.5 kg, the height about 5–6 cm.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: To heat the barbecue grill, a generous amount of charcoal embers, preferably oak, holm oak or olive, is used. The charcoal must be well alive, barely veiled by a light layer of ash, without flame. Plates, gas grills, electric grills, grills with refractory stone, etc. should be absolutely avoided. The meat must be at first be very close to the coals, so that an aromatic crust is formed as quickly as possible via the Maillard reaction, then after the first minute it must be raised to a gentler heat.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: Put on top of the meat without seasoning, a fundamental operation to prevent it from hardening, it should be turned once, cooking it about 3–5 minutes per side, no more. Finally, it should be cooked "standing" on the side of the bone (the steak must be thick enough to stand alone), for 5/7 minutes, no longer, until the traces of blood disappear from the bone (which actually is not blood, but myoglobin, a protein). However, there is another school of cooking that says that meat should not be cooked standing up.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: A good cooking is the secret of all the taste of this dish: the meat must be colored on the outside and red, soft and juicy on the inside, warm, but not cooked. For this reason it should not be turned with the help of forks or any other kitchen tool that can penetrate the meat and break the crust that forms at the beginning of cooking. Instead, it must be turned, gently pinched, with the use of a suitable tool, as the tool can cause the leakage of precious "juices" that give flavor to the meat.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: There is a third way of cooking, called "reverse searing", consisting of heating the piece of meat (in the barbecue or in a conventional oven) to a temperature of about 50 °C at the heart; then place the steak in a grill or pan (preferably in cast iron) previously heated (they must be hot) to create a brown tasty crust using the Maillard reaction. Finally, let the steak rest for 4–5 minutes and then serve, trying to cut against the fiber.


title: Bistecca alla fiorentina

text: Traditional accompaniments are cannellini beans dressed with olive oil, or a salad. It should not be sprinkled with lemon. On the table it goes well with a good red wine, like Chianti classico.


title: Axe and Grind

text: "Axe and Grind" is the sixth episode of the sixth season of "Better Call Saul", the spin-off television series of "Breaking Bad". Actor Giancarlo Esposito directed the episode written by Ariel Levine. The episode aired on May 16, 2022, on AMC and AMC+. In several countries outside the United States and Canada, the episode premiered on Netflix the following day.


title: Axe and Grind

text: In the episode, Jimmy McGill and Kim Wexler finish their preparations for "D-Day" in their attempt to ruin Howard Hamlin's career, but the plan hits an unexpected obstacle. Lalo Salamanca tracks down one of Werner Ziegler's construction crew in Germany and prepares to interrogate him about the crew's work for Gus Fring. "Axe and Grind" was the television directorial debut of Esposito, who stars in the series as Gus but does not appear in the episode.


title: Axe and Grind

text: "Axe and Grind" was met with positive reviews for its writing, direction, pacing, cinematography, and on-screen performances, most notably that of Rhea Seehorn as Kim. An estimated 1.13 million viewers saw the episode during its first broadcast on AMC.


title: Axe and Grind

text: In a flashback to the 1980s, Kim Wexler's mother expresses outrage after Kim is caught shoplifting jewelry. After the store manager allows them to leave, Kim's mother shows her pride and reveals that she stole the necklace and earrings Kim tried to take.


title: Axe and Grind

text: In a strained conversation with his wife Cheryl, Howard Hamlin says he is attempting to solve Jimmy McGill's harassment campaign. Howard's investigator reports that the only variation to Jimmy and Kim's regular routine was Jimmy’s recent $20,000 cash withdrawal. Jimmy and Kim visit Dr. Caldera's veterinary clinic, where they test a drug intended for use in their scheme against Howard. Caldera explains his plan to quit as the middleman for Albuquerque's criminals and shows them his encrypted "black book" of underworld contacts. Tyrus Kitt confronts Mike Ehrmantraut about how Mike is employing his security teams during the hunt for Lalo. Mike refuses to divert the men watching his family. In Germany, the label from the Lucite sculpture he observed at Margarethe Ziegler's home leads Lalo Salamanca to Casper's house. Casper strikes Lalo with the blunt side of an axe, but Lalo uses a razor blade to slash Casper's face and the axe to sever Casper's foot. Lalo gives Casper his belt for a tourniquet, then interrogates him about his work with Werner Ziegler.


title: Axe and Grind

text: Clifford Main invites Kim to a Santa Fe luncheon to meet representatives of a foundation that funds programs similar to her "pro bono" work. Kim is worried that the meeting is scheduled for "D-Day", the day they execute their plan against Howard, but Jimmy assures her she does not need to be present for it to work. Jimmy works with his film crew to photograph an actor made up to resemble Sandpiper case mediator Rand Casimiro. Francesca Liddy calls Hamlin, Hamlin and McGill and poses as the family member of a Sandpiper plaintiff to obtain conference call details for the upcoming mediation session. On D-Day, Jimmy intends to purchase a bottle of Zafiro Añejo tequila but is surprised to see Casimiro at the liquor store. Casimiro's arm is in a cast, something not depicted in the fake photographs. Jimmy calls Kim to suggest aborting the plan and regrouping after her Santa Fe meeting. She insists their plan be executed that day, turns her car around, and heads back to Albuquerque.


title: Axe and Grind

text: The episode was directed by Giancarlo Esposito, who plays Gus Fring, marking his television directorial debut. He is the second "Better Call Saul" cast member to direct an episode of the series after Rhea Seehorn (who plays Kim Wexler) directed the sixth season episode, "Hit and Run". Unlike "Hit and Run", which prominently featured Seehorn's character, Esposito did not appear in "Axe and Grind". The actor said he had sent Vince Gilligan a copy of his second film around the time they were filming "Box Cutter" in "Breaking Bad" in hopes he could direct, but Gilligan did not have time to review it then. Esposito was surprised when Gilligan approached him ten years later to direct this episode. He said the producers had chosen him for the episode because it matched his personality. The episode also marks the debut of Ariel Levine as a solo writer; she previously co-wrote the "Better Call Saul" episodes "Something Unforgivable" and "Carrot and Stick". Furthermore, "Axe and Grind" featured John Ennis as Lenny, the actor hired to impersonate retired judge Rand Casimiro. Ennis was a cast member on the sketch comedy series "Mr. Show with Bob and David" starring Bob Odenkirk, who plays Jimmy McGill. His daughter Jessie Ennis made several appearances on "Better Call Saul" in the recurring role of Erin Brill, the law firm associate at Davis & Main; they appear together two episodes later.


title: Axe and Grind

text: As an actor, Esposito had not watched every episode of "Breaking Bad" or "Better Call Saul", nor binged any show on television, because he believed it would affect his performances on screen. To direct the episode, however, he broke his "golden rule" by watching Werner Ziegler's death in the "Better Call Saul" episode "Winner". His approach as director was to minimize the dialogue and instead convey the same information visually, especially through facial expressions. Esposito explained that "Better Call Saul" rarely used flashbacks unless they were meaningful, and for this episode, the flashback to Kim's childhood in the opening scene established several elements of her character. The triangular earrings her mother stole were worn by Kim throughout the series, which Esposito said Kim used to remind herself of the scam her mother had pulled and that she should not do the same. While preparing to shoot the scene, Esposito learned how important the cinematography was to the storytelling on "Better Call Saul". He originally wanted to film the parking lot sequence as a crane shot that would lift away from and lower back toward the characters as they talked. He communicated his idea to cameraman Matt Credle, who told him they would not execute it. Esposito explained, "I started to learn the visual language that is the show outside of being a viewer, from actually being in action. They didn't give me the crane, and I didn't mind. I shot it a different way."


title: Axe and Grind

text: There was a shortened amount of preparation for Lalo's scenes because the crew had to work around the schedule of German actor Stefan Kapičić, who plays Casper. Those scenes were shot on Esposito's first day on set. The exterior shots of Casper's home in Germany were filmed near a private home with a horse barn near Sandia, New Mexico. Since the greenery was not as lush as Esposito wanted, the crew planted extra trees and helped to water the grounds for two weeks before shooting began. Interior shots were filmed on an existing set at Albuquerque Studios. The scenes with Lalo and Casper were inspired by the stylized violence in films such as "A History of Violence" (2005), "Straw Dogs" (1971), and "McCabe & Mrs. Miller" (1971). Esposito wanted Lalo's use of the axe to cut Casper's leg to happen so quickly that viewers would only have time to question what had happened. The closing shot of Kim making a U-turn was meant to illustrate a major shift in Kim's story, according to Esposito. He saw the shot as an echo of the opening scene, in which her mother first publicly confronts and then privately praises her for stealing, "an analogy of part of her whole life". The crew was able to find a segment of road with two parallel strips and an area to perform the U-turn stunt. The scene was shot using a crane mounted on a Porsche Cayenne. The day was overcast during the filming of these takes, which Esposito said helped to add to the sense of foreboding and weight to Kim's choice.


title: Axe and Grind

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 100% of six reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.3/10. Alan Sepinwall of "Rolling Stone" compared the episode's cold open to the opening scene of the fifth season episode "Wexler v. Goodman", which also included a flashback to Kim's past, calling them "hugely informative to who Kim is now". He was positive of Seehorn's performance, the cinematography, and the final scene where Kim decided to return to Albuquerque. Sepinwall also noted the episode's slow pace but stated his belief that viewers would be rewarded for their patience with future episodes. "IndieWire"s Steve Greene said he liked Esposito's direction, Levine's screenplay, and the production design of Howard's kitchen. He awarded the episode a "B+". "The A.V. Club"s Kimberly Potts gave it an "A–" and compared Kim's development in the episode to that of Walter White's development throughout "Breaking Bad", asking if they were always destined to be immoral characters even before breaking bad: "Perhaps that question, considering the nuance "Saul" has spun for her, can be applied to Kim, who just wants to do good but is willing to do some not-so-good things to achieve that end."


title: Axe and Grind

text: Writing for "Vulture", Scott Tobias complimented the use of Duran Duran's song "The Reflex" during the opening scene. He called the episode "another carefully plotted hour ahead of next week's half-season finale". Kaleena Rivera from "Pajiba" gave praise to Patrick Fabian's performance as Howard and the final scene. She said seeing Kim "choose the con over her "pro bono" dream is a watershed moment in the series". Rivera also made note of the pacing and said, "If this was any other show, I would guess the audience would start to become weary, but as it stands, this is more about impatience for what's to come rather than any perceived slowness." In his recap of the episode, Michael Hogan of "Vanity Fair" said "this episode may not have provided any kind of closure, but it at least brought us closer to understanding the contours of Kim and Jimmy's plan".


title: Axe and Grind

text: An estimated 1.13 million viewers watched "Axe and Grind" during its first broadcast on AMC on May 16, 2022.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The Bab-el-Mandeb (Arabic: , , ) is a strait between Yemen on the Arabian Peninsula, and Djibouti and Eritrea in the Horn of Africa. It connects the Red Sea to the Gulf of Aden.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The strait derives its name from the dangers attending its navigation or, according to an Arab legend, from the numbers who were drowned by an earthquake that separated the Arabian Peninsula from the Horn of Africa.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The Bab-el-Mandeb acts as a strategic link between the Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea via the Red Sea and the Suez Canal. In 2006, an estimated of oil passed through the strait per day, out of a world total of about moved by tankers.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The distance across is about from Ras Menheli in Yemen to Ras Siyyan in Djibouti. The island of Perim divides the strait into two channels, of which the eastern, known as the Bab Iskender (Alexander's Strait), is wide and deep, while the western, or Dact-el-Mayun, has a width of about and a depth of . Near the coast of Djibouti lies a group of smaller islands known as the "Seven Brothers". There is a surface current inwards in the eastern channel, but a strong undercurrent outwards in the western channel.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: Paleo-environmental and tectonic events in the Miocene epoch created the Danakil Isthmus, a land bridge forming a broad connection between Yemen and Ethiopia. During the last 100,000 years, eustatic sea level fluctuations have led to alternate opening and closing of the straits. According to the recent single origin hypothesis, the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb were probably witness to the earliest migrations of modern humans. It is presumed that the oceans were then much lower and the straits were much shallower or dry, which allowed a series of emigrations along the southern coast of Asia.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: According to Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church tradition, the straits of Bab-el-Mandeb were witness to the earliest migrations of Semitic Ge'ez speakers into Africa, occurring BC, roughly around the same time as the Hebrew patriarch Jacob. The Kingdom of Aksum was a major regional power in the Horn of Africa. It extended its rule across the strait with the conquest of the Himyarite Kingdom shortly before the rise of Islam.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The British East India Company unilaterally seized the island of Perim in 1799 on behalf of its Indian empire. The government of Britain asserted its ownership in 1857 and erected a lighthouse there in 1861, using it to command the Red Sea and the trade routes through the Suez Canal. It was used as a coaling station to refuel steamships until 1935 when the reduced use of coal as fuel rendered the operation unprofitable.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The Skinners Company in London had been trading with furs in the 1800s and when they founded the Skinners' School in Tunbridge Wells in 1887, they decided that the school song (the Leopard song) should contain references to Bab El Mandeb straights which was from where they obtained Leopard skins for sale. In later years the corridor outside the headmaster's office was known as Bab el Mandeb straights ("the Gates of Grief") as it was considered a very unsafe/painful place to be.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The British presence continued until 1967 when the island became part of the People's Republic of South Yemen. Before the handover, the British government had put forward before the United Nations a proposal for the island to be internationalized as a way to ensure the continued security of passage and navigation in the Bab-el-Mandeb, but this was refused.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: In 2008 a company owned by Tarek bin Laden unveiled plans to build a bridge named Bridge of the Horns across the strait, linking Yemen with Djibouti. Middle East Development LLC issued a notice to construct a bridge passing across the Red Sea that would be the longest suspended passing in the world. The project was assigned to engineering company COWI in collaboration with architect studio Dissing+Weitling, both from Denmark. It was announced in 2010 that Phase 1 had been delayed; however, as of mid-2016, nothing more has been heard about the project.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The Bab-el-Mandeb is also a sub-region in the Arab League, which includes Djibouti, Yemen, and Eritrea.


title: Bab-el-Mandeb

text: The most significant towns and cities along both the Djiboutian and Yemeni sides of the Bab-el-Mandeb:


title: TomTom

text: TomTom N.V. is a Dutch multinational developer and creator of location technology and consumer electronics. Founded in 1991 and headquartered in Amsterdam, TomTom released its first generation of satellite navigation devices to market in 2004. the company has over 4,500 employees worldwide and operations in 29 countries throughout Europe, Asia-Pacific, and the Americas.


title: TomTom

text: The company was founded in Amsterdam in 1991 as Palmtop Software, by Corinne Vigreux, Peter-Frans Pauwels and Pieter Geelen. The company focused on corporate handheld device software before focusing on the consumer market and releasing the first route planning software for mobile devices in 1996. Software was developed mainly for Psion devices and the company was one of the largest developers of Psion software in the late 1990s. Palmtop also worked with Psion in the development of EPOC32. Software was also developed for Palm and Windows CE devices.


title: TomTom

text: In 1999, Vigreux's husband, Harold Goddijn left Psion Netherlands, for which TomTom made software and where Vigreux was previously sales director, to join TomTom. He had previously invested in TomTom. In 2001, the company's brand name changed to TomTom, while its legal name was also changed by 2003.


title: TomTom

text: On 27 May 2005, TomTom listed on the Amsterdam Stock Exchange, valuing the company at nearly €50 million.


title: TomTom

text: In September 2005 TomTom acquired Datafactory AG, a telematics service provider based in Leipzig. Datafactory AG employed around 30 people and realized a turnover of approximately €5 million in 2004 and a small net profit.


title: TomTom

text: In 2010, they produced an advert saying You are not stuck in traffic. You are traffic. A photograph of this was widely circulated on the internet. It became a meme, often with different images and sometimes reworded slightly.


title: TomTom

text: On 11 June 2012, at an event for Apple's iOS 6 preview, TomTom was announced as the main mapping data provider for Apple's revamped iOS 6 "Maps" app, replacing Google Maps.


title: TomTom

text: In 2014, TomTom partnered with Volkswagen Group for joint research on Highly Automated Driving (HAD) systems.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom signed deals to provide their navigation devices to several carmakers including Volkswagen Group, Daimler, Toyota and others.


title: TomTom

text: In late 2015, TomTom extended its deal with Apple and signed a new contract with Uber, in which Uber driver app uses TomTom maps and traffic data in 300 cities worldwide. In May 2018, TomTom launched new portable navigation device the TomTom Go Camper to cater for the requirements of caravan and motorhome users.


title: TomTom

text: In January 2018 the company faced criticism for announcing that it would no longer be providing map updates for some devices. It also said that "lifetime" meant the "useful life" of a device.


title: TomTom

text: In 2020, the company signed a deal with Chinese manufacturer Huawei to use TomTom's map data in Petal Maps, a replacement service to Google Maps for the company's smartphones.


title: TomTom

text: Until 1996, TomTom developed business-to-business applications such as meter reading and bar-code reading for handheld devices, such as Palm Pilot, Compaq iPaq and Psion Series 5. Subsequently, the company moved its focus to PDA software for the consumer market. Early mapping software included EnRoute, Citymaps and Routeplanner.


title: TomTom

text: By 2001, they released the first car satellite navigation software, the TomTom Navigator, shifting the company's focus to GPS car navigation. In 2004 a built-in subscription-based traffic update service was added.


title: TomTom

text: The first all-in-one device personal navigation device, the TomTom Go was released in March 2004, creating a new consumer electronics category. TomTom reports it has sold about 250,000 units of TomTom Go and this product represented 60% of the company's revenue for 2004. , the company had sold nearly 80 million navigation devices worldwide.


title: TomTom

text: In 2005, the ability to download new voices was introduced. The ruggedized, water-resistant Rider navigation device was released for motorcycle users in 2006. The Rider was the first portable satellite navigation device designed for motorcycles and scooters.


title: TomTom

text: Text-to-speech for road names was first introduced in 2006, along with hands-free calling and traffic support. TomTom Home, software for managing and downloading content for TomTom on a PC, was first released at this time.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom partnered with Vodafone in 2007 to create a high definition traffic service, designed to deliver real-time traffic data to Vodafone users through their devices.


title: TomTom

text: New features introduced in 2008 included IQ Routes, which estimated journey times based on average recorded speeds, rather than speed limits, and "Advanced Lane Guidance", an on-screen representation of the correct lane to take.


title: TomTom

text: In the autumn of 2008 devices were introduced with built-in GSM SIM cards, for connected features including HD Traffic, Google Local Search, real-time speed camera updates, and the facility to search for the cheapest fuel on route.


title: TomTom

text: In 2013 TomTom entered the GPS sports watch market with the launch of the TomTom Runner and TomTom Multi-Sport GPS. TomTom extended its range of GPS sports watches with the launch of the Runner Cardio GPS in 2014 with a built-in heart rate monitor.


title: TomTom

text: In 2015, TomTom entered a new product category with the launch of its new action camera, the Bandit. It had a built-in media server, enabling users to share footage in a matter of minutes.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom launched a new sports watch in 2016, the TomTom Spark, which in addition to GPS and a heart-rate monitor, included music on the wrist and a 24/7 activity tracker.


title: TomTom

text: Location technology comprises the company's automotive and enterprise businesses, providing maps and navigation software as components of customer applications.


title: TomTom

text: The firm's automotive segment sells location technology components to carmakers. TomTom's navigation software is integrated into vehicles to provide current map data, online routing, and guidance and search information, allowing for vehicle features like destination prediction, traffic expectations, or charging points location and availability for electric vehicles.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom's enterprise segment sells its location technologies to tech. companies, government bodies, and traffic management entities.


title: TomTom

text: The consumer segment of TomTom's business sells portable, personal satellite navigation devices, once its core profit center. Usage of standalone GPS devices has since declined, despite the brand's efforts to contrast features to those of smartphone integrated alternatives. Recently, the company has transitioned its consumer business away from devices to offer software applications instead with digital maplinked services. This shift in focus is due partially to declining profitability as consumers utilize GPS alternatives with integrated navigation apps, and also to the anticipated rise in autonomous vehicle usage.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom as a company offers three types of products in different shapes and forms: maps, connected services and (navigation) software. TomTom Navigation devices (PNDs) and TomTom GO navigation apps are sold directly or indirectly to end-consumers. In-dashboard systems are released for the automotive market. The navigation devices and portable devices with installed software are referred to as "units".


title: TomTom

text: TomTom units provide a flying interface with an oblique bird's-eye view of the road, as well as a direct-overhead map view. They use a GPS receiver to show the precise location and provide visual and spoken directions on how to drive to the specified destination. Some TomTom systems also integrate with mobile phones using Bluetooth, traffic congestion maps or to actually take calls and read SMS messages aloud.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom's all-in-one GPS navigation devices come with a touch screen, speaker, USB port, internal Lithium ion battery. Most models have Bluetooth transceivers that allow connection to a smartphone, allows the device to be used as a speakerphone to make and receive handsfree calls.


title: TomTom

text: Navigation software for several mobile phones was discontinued after release 5.2; Navigator, which does not support all the phones that Mobile did, is the nearest equivalent. Mobile 5.2 cannot use maps later than v6.60 build 1223; this and earlier program versions are not compatible with all map versions, particularly other builds of version 6.


title: TomTom

text: In September 2012, Apple collaborated with TomTom to provide mapping data for its revamped iOS 6 updated Apple Maps app. The partnership was in part due to Apple's decision to wean itself off the products of its competitor, Google. As of 2018 TomTom continues to provide data for Apple Maps.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom Home (stylized as "TomTom HOME") is a 32-bit PC application that allows synchronization/updates to be sent to the mobile device. TomTom Home version 2.0 and above is implemented on the XULRunner platform. With version 2.2, TomTom Home added a content-sharing platform where users can download and upload content to personalize their device such as voices, start-up images, POI sets, etc. At the moment TomTom Home is on version 2.9.


title: TomTom

text: Despite being based on the cross-platform XULRunner, TomTom Home lacks support for Linux. It is, for instance, impossible to update the maps in these devices by connecting them to another machine running Linux, even when using a common web browser like Firefox that normally allowed such an update under Microsoft Windows. However, the devices can still be read in a Linux OS as a disk drive. There is even software made by the community to manage some functions of the TomTom.


title: TomTom

text: The NAV3 and NAV4 range of models use MyDrive Connect. MyDrive Connect is compatible with 32bit and 64bit versions of Windows XP/Vista/7/8/8.1/10 preview and with most Mac OS X versions. The internal flash memory or the memory card content of the device cannot be accessed through USB for security reasons (modified applications would easily accept a map that wasn't sold by TomTom). The device can update itself by getting files through the HTTP protocol over USB. The support app is nothing more than a proxy on the PC buffering the download. So far the security achieved using this mechanism has not been broken yet. Also, the usage of the non-FAT/FAT32 file system brought stability improvements in device operations.


title: TomTom

text: A traffic monitoring service that uses multiple sources to provide traffic information. The service does this by combining data from:


title: TomTom

text: The information is merged by TomTom and algorithms are used to improve the data and filter out anomalous readings. The system sends updates to all TomTom Traffic users every two minutes (and the data the users receive is never older than 30 seconds). Users can receive the service through the built-in SIM, via a smartphone connection or on older devices via a standard phone connection. Re-routing can be set to be transparent to the user with the only sign that the route has been changed due to a traffic jam being a sound indication from the device and a changed .


title: TomTom

text: The system was first launched in the Netherlands in 2007 and expanded to the United Kingdom, France, Germany and Switzerland in 2008. By mid-2011, TomTom Live services including TomTom Traffic were available in the United States, South Africa, New Zealand and seventeen European countries: Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. , the service is vastly expanded and current coverage is available on the TomTom Traffic site (34 countries and the list expands every few months to new regions).


title: TomTom

text: The company offers fee-based services under the name TomTom Plus (stylized "TomTom PLUS"), which include services to warn drivers about speed cameras, provide weather updates, change voices and provide traffic alerts. Currently, the fees are only for European countries.


title: TomTom

text: Traffic data is also available to subscribers in many parts of Europe and the US via a Bluetooth-enabled cell phone with Internet service or an add-on aerial, which picks up RDS data (broadcast on FM radio frequencies) offering traffic information without the requirement for a data connection. The TomTom Plus service is not compatible with Apple's iPhone.


title: TomTom

text: In October 2008 the company released Live Services on the Go 940 Live. These allowed users to receive updates over the mobile telephone network using the SIM card in the device. These services included HD Traffic, Safety Alerts, Local Search with Google and Fuel Prices.


title: TomTom

text: On 12 May 2011, TomTom announced that it was offering up its real-time traffic products to "industry partners" in the United States.


title: TomTom

text: On the latest NAV4 devices the service is not available anymore in the old form. The included services had been separated and now being called TomTom Traffic and Speed Cameras. On the x0/x00/x000 devices the traffic service is free of charge either via the built-in SIM (Always Connected models) or via a compatible smartphone (smartphone-connected or BYOD – bring-your-own-device). The speed camera service is free for three months on these models. However, there is a newer range, the x10/x100 models, which come now with free lifetime speed camera subscription too.


title: TomTom

text: Map Share is a proprietary map technology launched by TomTom in June 2007. Map Share allows users to make changes to the maps on their navigation devices and share them with others. It allows drivers to make changes to their maps directly on their navigation devices. Drivers can block or unblock streets, change the direction of traffic, edit street names and add, edit or remove points of interest (POIs). Improvements can be shared with other users through TomTom Home, TomTom's content management software.


title: TomTom

text: IQ Routes, developed by TomTom and available since spring 2008 on the TomTom Go 730 and Go 930, uses anonymous travel time data accumulated by users of TomTom satnav devices. Newer TomTom devices use this data to take into account the time and day when determining the fastest route.


title: TomTom

text: Travel time data is stored in Historical Speed Profiles, one for each road segment, covering large motorways, main roads and also small local roads. Historic Speed Profiles are part of the digital map and are updated with every new map release. They give insight into real-world traffic patterns. This is a fact-based routing system based on measured travel times, compared to most other methods which use speed limits or ‘assumed’ speeds.


title: TomTom

text: In September 2008, map upgrade v8.10 was released for x20 series models, extending the IQ Routes feature to those devices with a free software update using TomTom Home.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom worked with auto parts manufacturer Bosch, starting in 2015, to develop maps for use in self-driving vehicles. Bosch defined the specifications for TomTom maps to follow as they began first road-tests on U.S. highway I-280 and Germany's A81. TomTom commented at the time on the contrast in details required in those newly developed maps compared with earlier versions, specifically including "precision to the decimeter" and other complex data required to help a self-driving car "see" key road features as it travels. In 2015, TomTom was one of the only independent producers of digital maps that remained in the marketplace as they partnered with brands like Volkswagen to provide maps in the auto industry. The company also partnered with Uber in 2015, and extended the partnership further in 2020. Together the companies have worked to integrate TomTom maps and traffic data across the ridesharing app's platform. This lets Uber serve as a "trusted map editing partner", making it one of the first brands to join TomTom's Map Editing Partnership (MEP) program.


title: TomTom

text: As part of the MEP program, users provide feedback on road conditions as they encounter them so that live maps can be updated to reflect current conditions. The program estimates 3 million edits monthly by its partners globally. Apple has relied on licensed data from TomTom and others to fill in data gaps in its Maps app since launching it in 2012. In January 2020 Apple confirmed that it was no longer licensing data from TomTom and would rely on its own underlying Maps app framework going forward after a recent app update at the time.


title: TomTom

text: As of 2019, TomTom claimed to have 800 million people using its products across physical hardware and apps using TomTom technology. The same year, TomTom sold its telematics division, TomTom Telematics, to Japanese Bridgestone to prioritize business linked to its digital maps, as the brand shifted focus away from consumer devices to software services instead. In 2019, TomTom Telematics became Webfleet Solutions. The brand leveraged its real-time driving and parking data in collaboration with Microsoft and Moovit (a public transport data platform)in 2019, as well as struck map and navigation deals with auto industry tycoons like Nissan, Fiat Chrysler, Porsche, Lamborghini, and Bentley among others. Teaming up with the University of Amsterdam, the partners launched Atlas Lab, a research lab dedicated to AI development to support HD maps to be used in autonomous vehicles. TomTom has also been developing High Definition (HD) maps intended for use in autonomous cars to assist with environmental data where sensors are limited. The company announced in March 2019 that they would supply HD maps to "multiple top 10" auto manufacturers that would provide centimeter accuracy in representing terrain; and announced a new "map horizon" feature, allowing self-driving cars to simulate a virtual picture of the road ahead in real-time. The company partnered with Volvo the same year (2019) to build its own vehicle capable of "level 5" autonomy in hopes of further improving its maps technology. The Volvo XC90 included custom sensing equipment to provide data about the vehicle's surroundings that could be referenced against TomTom's HD maps. TomTom crowdsourced camera data through its partnership with Hella Aglaia, announced in September 2019, to feed into its real-time map updates for ongoing improvement to the new HD maps technology.


title: TomTom

text: In early 2020, TomTom publicly announced the recent closing of a deal with Huawei Technologies where Huawei would use TomTom's maps, data, and navigation tools to develop its own apps for use in Chinese smartphones.


title: TomTom

text: Tomtom participates in OpenStreetMap contributes and uses map data from the service. Tomtom's vice president of community is a founder of OpenStreetMap.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom has collected a range of live and historical data since 2008, analysing data from a variety of sources including connected devices and its community of users. Additionally, TomTom's "MoMa" vehicles (short for mobile mapping) cover over 3 billion km annually, using both radar and LiDAR cameras to capture 375 million images annually to sense road changes that are then verified and used to update its maps. TomTom pairs this data with input from partnering brands to process around 2 billion map changes on average each month to keep maps current and reflective of existing road conditions. The brand puts out an updated map database commercially on a weekly basis.


title: TomTom

text: In April 2011, TomTom "apologized for supplying driving data collected from customers to police to use in catching speeding motorists". The company had collected data from its Dutch customers which Dutch police subsequently used to set targeted speed traps. As a result of this, TomTom was investigated by the Dutch Data Protection Authority, who found that TomTom had not contravened the .


title: TomTom

text: In 2011, TomTom improved the clarity of its explanation of how it uses the data it collects from its customers.


title: TomTom

text: In May 2011, the company announced that it was planning to sell aggregated customer information to the Roads & Traffic Authority of the Australian state of New South Wales, which could also potentially be used for targeted speed enforcement.


title: TomTom

text: The privacy implications of this announcement were widely reported, particularly the lack of anonymity and the potential to associate the data with individuals. The company's practice of selling its user data has been criticised by Electronic Frontiers Australia. David Vaile of the University of New South Wales' Cyberspace Law and Policy Centre has called for an independent technical analysis of the company's data collection practices. TomTom navigation devices collect user data that includes point of origin, point of destination, journey times, speeds and routes taken. The Australian Privacy Foundation said it would be easy to trace the data back to individual customers, even if TomTom claimed it used only aggregated, anonymous data.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom VP of Marketing Chris Kearney insisted the information was totally anonymous. In addition to this, he said TomTom never sold the information to Dutch authorities with speed cameras in mind, although Kearney would not rule out selling the user data for similar use in Australia.


title: TomTom

text: Such data is being purchased from various mapping companies by governments on a fairly regular basis. It is not known if governments use this data for purposes other than the placement of speed cameras, such as to improve the road network, introduce traffic lights or find accident hotspots.


title: TomTom

text: In 2012, Tomtom made aggressive remarks on reliability of OpenStreetMap, an open-source mapping and routing competitor. Contributors disputed that out of 100,000 attacks by Google contractors only about a dozen were 'hit' and they were swiftly reverted by community.


title: TomTom

text: Evaluation by researchers found that in Germany the difference was 9%. OSM in fact exceeded the proprietary dataset by 27%.


title: TomTom

text: Since 2012, TomTom has worked alongside OpenStreetMap with organised editing activities, and have been one of many sponsors of The State of The Map Conference for the OpenStreetMap community.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom's main retail car satellite navigation competitors are MiTAC (Navman and Magellan Navigation) and Garmin.


title: TomTom

text: TomTom's main autonomous driving HD maps competitor is Here, which is owned by a consortium of German automotive companies including Audi, BMW, and Daimler.


title: StubHub

text: StubHub is an American ticket exchange and resale company. It provides services for buyers and sellers of tickets for sports, concerts, theater, and other live entertainment events. It is the world's largest ticket marketplace. While the company does not currently disclose its financials, in 2015 it had over 16 million unique visitors and nearly 10 million live events per month.


title: StubHub

text: StubHub was founded in 2000 by Eric Baker and Jeff Fluhr, both former Stanford Business School students and investment bankers. In 2007, StubHub was acquired by eBay for $310 million. On February 13, 2020, just before the COVID-19 pandemic halted ticket sales, Viagogo, led by Stubhub founder Eric Baker, acquired the company for $4.05 billion.


title: StubHub

text: StubHub was founded in San Francisco, United States in 2000 by Eric Baker and Jeff Fluhr, both former Stanford Business School students and investment bankers. One of its first major sports deals was with the Seattle Mariners in 2001.


title: StubHub

text: In 2005, the company raised between $10 million and $25 million from Pequot Ventures (now FirstMark Capital). That year, the company generated $50 million in revenue, was cash flow positive. and generated over $200 million in sales.


title: StubHub

text: In the US, 38 states had laws allowing the reselling of event tickets as long as the sale did not take place at the event site. The other 12 states had varying degrees of regulation, including registration requirements and maximum markups. StubHub, Ticketmaster, TicketNetwork, and others began to lobby state legislatures to repeal or modify the stricter anti-scalping laws. In Florida, StubHub made over $6,500 in campaign donations to members of the state legislature in support of a 2006 bill to amend Florida's 61-year-old anti-scalping laws. Many consumers, as well as lobbyists for the leisure and entertainment industries were opposed to the bill, and claimed it would drive up prices for consumers while hurting their share of the ticket market.


title: StubHub

text: The bill's sponsor argued its passage would modernize the state's ticketing industry. The bill passed in June 2006, resulting in 35 states having no restrictions on ticket resale.


title: StubHub

text: In 2006, "Inc." ranked StubHub as the eighth fastest growing private company in America on its annual "Inc. 500" list. In 2006, more than 100 New York Yankees season-ticket holders suspected of reselling their regular-season seats on StubHub received letters denying them the right to buy playoff tickets and barring them from buying season tickets for the 2007 season. In 2006, the New England Patriots sued StubHub to bar it from reselling the team's tickets as fans reportedly showed up at games with phony or voided tickets bought over StubHub. While some were counterfeits, others were voided tickets sold by fans after they had their season-ticket privileges revoked. On July 6, 2007, a Suffolk Superior Court judge allowed StubHub to proceed with its lawsuit against the New England Patriots. StubHub accused the Patriots of attempted monopolization, conspiracy to restrain trade, and unfair trade practices. On October 19, 2007, a court upheld an order forcing StubHub to turn over a list of all New England Patriots season ticket holders since 2002 who had used the site. The Patriots stated that they may strip the season ticket holders of their seats. On January 26, 2009, the Massachusetts Superior Court rejected StubHub's argument that it was not liable for its sellers' behavior per 47 USC 230. NPS LLC v. StubHub, Inc., 2009 WL 995483 (Massachusetts Super. Ct. January 26, 2009).


title: StubHub

text: StubHub's acquisition by eBay was announced in January 2007 for a reported $310 million. According to CNN Money, 2007 was a very successful year for the company, handling five million individual transactions, more than in the previous six years combined of its history. Staffing at StubHub had increased to 350 workers by the time of the sale. Eight months after the acquisition, StubHub reached an exclusive agreement with Major League Baseball (MLB). They get a piece of the 25% in commissions StubHub earns on either end of a season ticket buy and sell transaction. Ticketmaster filed a lawsuit against StubHub and eBay in 2007, alleging "intentional interference" with Ticketmaster's contractual rights.


title: StubHub

text: In 2008, StubHub announced that music-related sale had seen the biggest growth and that music had become a "priority". By 2008 it had become a $5 billion a year business. It had 2.1 million visitors per month, generating over $100 million in sales annually. In 2009, CEO Chris Tsakalakis announced that transactions on StubHub had climbed 65% from the previous year, and revenue had increased by 40%.


title: StubHub

text: However, on April 10, 2009, StubHub reported that the price of second round Masters badges had declined by 43% from $1,073 in 2008 to $612 in 2009.


title: StubHub

text: In July 2011, StubHub launched a new ticketing application, available on Microsoft Windows Phone, that makes it easier to buy tickets. StubHub applications for iPhone, iPad, BlackBerry 10, and Android also allow users to decide where they want to sit using interactive venue maps and the number of seats, and to plan the event by finding local restaurants, bars, and parking facilities. In 2012, StubHub integrated with Apple Passbook. Also in 2012, StubHub announced that Adele was the best-selling British act of 2011–2, with sales worth $35.18 million for her performances and merchandise alone.


title: StubHub

text: In 2013, StubHub created an application especially for the South by Southwest events in Texas that gave users the opportunity to buy a range of tickets to all of the different shows. In 2015, StubHub sponsored a three-day lineup of bands at South by Southwest.


title: StubHub

text: In January 2013, StubHub launched "The Rising Stars program", which offers grants of $25,000 - $100,000 for locally based, grassroots organizations to aid youth in sporting and artistic development. StubHub has also supported major benefit events, such as 121212, the Concert for Sandy Relief, including a $1 million donation to the Robin Hood Relief Fund for those impacted by Hurricane Sandy.


title: StubHub

text: In December 2012, it was reported that the New York Yankees, the Los Angeles Angels, and the Chicago Cubs had dropped StubHub and declined a new five-year deal, which MLB Advanced Media had signed. The Chicago Cubs later opted back into the partnership. In March 2013, the Yankees sued StubHub, claiming that the sale of their tickets violates New York scalping laws. The Yankees claim that StubHub had opened a ticket office within 1,500 feet of Yankee Stadium, but StubHub defended itself, arguing that it wasn't a ticket sales office but a printing station for tickets purchased online. The "New York Post" stated that the "Yankees are using the state's anti-scalping law to keep legal ticket reseller StubHub away from the Stadium, but when it comes to traditional illegal scalpers outside their gates, the team is giving them an intentional walk." A spokesman for the Yankees stated that there should be no double standard and that the state's anti-scalping law should be universally enforced. As of April 16, a settlement was still being reached in Bronx Supreme Court. EBay has announced that from May 2013 it will retire some of its ticket categories on its UK website and will redirect users to the StubHub website to purchase them. They began the merging process in January 2013 when listings on StubHub also appeared in search results on the eBay UK's tickets category. In April 2013, a new pricing structure was established, and the fee will be displayed upfront without going through an auction. In May 2013, cancellation of the Spice Girls' musical "Viva Forever!" saw a 220% increase in online ticket searches on StubHub UK, as fans rushed to buy tickets for the remaining shows.


title: StubHub

text: On November 4, 2014, Tsakalakis resigned from his position as president, and was replaced with Scott Cutler. In 2014, StubHub also announced the appointment of Jonah Freedman as its editor-in-chief, and has since announced plans to become a resource for finding and planning events. StubHub has also announced a plan to integrate with ESPN as part of the company's plans to offer more personalized content. As of May 2015, the site is visited by over 16 million unique visitors every month.


title: StubHub

text: In September 2015, the company announced that it would no longer present inclusive ticket prices with fees and other charges included, switching to the practice where a user has the choice to have a lower price displayed at first and fees added at checkout, or fees displayed upfront. The company has also announced a commitment to give $1 million of musical instruments to U.S. schools, in partnership with The Mr. Holland's Opus Foundation.


title: StubHub

text: In 2016, the United States Senate commerce committee introduced legislation called the Better Online Ticket Sales, or BOTS, Act which was later signed into law in December 2016 by President Obama. This law makes using bots to purchase tickets under certain circumstances illegal and holds bot owners liable for obtained tickets. StubHub expressed support for the legislation.


title: StubHub

text: One of StubHub's top sellers (as of 2017) in the ticket reselling industry is a thirty-year-old man from Montreal, Canada, Julien Lavallée, According to a November 9, 2017 article published in "The Toronto Star", Lavallée was able to expand his business using "exploitative tactics" that "gam[e] the ticket marketplace and put entertainment beyond the reach of millions of fans who can’t compete with large-scale scalping operations." The leaked documents included Lavallée's business records that showed that along with StubHub, he also used Vivid Seats and Ticketmaster as "'main channels' to scalp his tickets". Prior to October 2017, Lavallée used his company, I Want Ticket Inc, which was "registered on the British Isle of Man, to post on StubHub in the U.K."


title: StubHub

text: A UK law was passed in 2017 that targeted sellers using software to purchase tickets. The Competition and Markets Authority (CMA) then sent out information requests to all four major UK platforms (Get Me In, Seatwave, Viagogo and StubHub) in August that year asking for information on sellers. When StubHub refused the request the CMA instead pursued a warrant, raiding StubHub's London office in August 2017 and confiscating records related to touts selling mass quantities of tickets. By November 2017, no charges had been laid against StubHub. According to the "Toronto Star" and the CBC News, Lavallée drew the attention of U.K.’s National Trading Standards (NTS) and CMA when he succeeded in controlling 310 seats for three of Adele's shows in London in 2016 for a total transaction of over $50,000 in less than a half an hour.


title: StubHub

text: In late 2017, the Canadian press, using a "superscalper", Lavallée, exposed in the Paradise Papers as an example, reported that highly successful touts on StubHub were being openly incentivized for high sales volumes, arguing that StubHub was potentially incentivizing bot operators in the process.


title: StubHub

text: In late 2019, StubHub disclosed having sold $4.75 billion in tickets in 2018 with $1.1 billion in annual fees, and sold tickets in 44 countries, particularly the United States. On November 25, 2019, the competing service Viagogo—which was founded by Baker and has a major presence in Europe—announced that it would acquire StubHub for $4.05 billion. Viagogo was established by Baker after he left the company. Through the merger, StubHub and Viagogo would become owned by the new entity StubHub Holdings. In February 2020, Viagogo agreed to purchase StubHub for $4 billion. In September 2021, the UK Competition & Markets Authority gave Viagogo permission to complete the acquisition. As part of the deal, StubHub agreed to sell its business outside of North America, including its UK business, to Digital Fuel Capital LLC.


title: StubHub

text: In January 2022, it was reported that StubHub Holdings was considering an IPO and had filed with the US Securities and Exchange Commission. In July 2022, Nayaab Islam was appointed StubHub president.


title: StubHub

text: August E. Grant and Jennifer H. Meadows describe StubHub as a "clearinghouse for ticket sales." It "serves as a middleman between buyers and sellers, deriving revenue from commissions on ticket sales." Local agencies may trade smaller profit margins from selling to a larger volume reseller rather than risk not finding a retail buyer for the same ticket. StubHub, described by "The Wall Street Journal" as "far and away the biggest player in the $6 billion market for reselling live-event tickets", is a way for ticket sellers to gain a profit, but unlike eBay, there is no auctioning involved.


title: StubHub

text: Many sell their extra tickets on StubHub at a profit, often tickets which are in high demand which are difficult to find. While concert tickets can get expensive when the demand is high, more than half of all tickets sold on StubHub go for at or below face value. Tsakalakis has stated that he believes the ticket market is not a level playing field for the average person, in that before a ticket goes on sale, promoters have already sold the vast majority of seats to everyone from fan club members, American Express card holders and ticket brokers. He has said, "There is this whole mentality within concerts that if it doesn't sell out right away it's not a hit. It just doesn't make sense. Nothing works that way. There isn't a supplier out there that says, 'The first day I put my product out there I want all of it to sell out and I don't want to have any more supply.' What business works that way?" Sellers choose what they want to charge for the ticket. A range of tickets are listed, mainly sporting, concert, theater, and other live entertainment events. Music categories are divided into Classical and Vocal, Country and Folk, Dance and Electronica, Jazz, Blues and RnB, Rock, Pop and Hip-Hop, and World and New Age music. Theatre and comedy is organized by Cirque du Soleil, Classical music and opera, dance/ballet, family, festivals and fairs, film festival, museum, musicals, play, and other/miscellaneous.


title: StubHub

text: StubHub charges fees to both the buyer and the seller in a transaction, and the fee structure is often opaque and changes frequently. In 2014, StubHub announced "all-in" pricing, presenting the total price of the ticket to the buyer including the fees, rather than adding the fees to the end. However, in 2015 StubHub reverted to the old system of adding fees at the final stage of the transaction. In a 2020 congressional hearing on ticketing companies, StubHub's general counsel said the company's all-in pricing failed because consumers found it confusing and competitors' prices appeared lower, but said StubHub would support a federal mandate to include fees upfront. StubHub does not prohibit sellers from listing tickets for any amount, regardless of how absurd the amount might be, but posts the prices at which tickets have sold. Ticket prices for the 2009 Super Bowl averaged $2,500. To increase delivery rate, StubHub uses Goodmail's CertifiedEmail. It promises to refund the price of any ticket that fails to reach a buyer by FedEx. StubHub and MyStoreRewards have been described as examples of "applications that leverage the PayPal platform in creative ways".


title: StubHub

text: In advertising, the company has created a character known as the "Ticket Oak", a 25-foot tall animatronic talking tree. This tree has appeared at numerous publicity events, posing for pictures and giving away thousands of tickets and prizes to fans. The Ticket Oak was phased out in the fall of 2015 as part of a larger rebrand and the launch of a new creative campaign known as "Let Your Fan Out". This was primarily due to negative audience feedback due to the Oak's unusual face and crocked eye.


title: StubHub

text: In 2018, the company launched a Christmas campaign with Joseph Simmons of Run-DMC where he surprised unsuspecting customers at StubHub's New York City walk-in store with raps, as part of the company's Gift Rapper campaign.


title: StubHub

text: In early 2022, StubHub Holdings had offices in Los Angeles, San Francisco, New York, Ireland, Switzerland, Taiwan, and China. StubHub Holdings employed 650 full-time people, with a third of those employees at Viagogo.


title: StubHub

text: The first to create the secondary ticketing sponsorship category, StubHub has become significant in sports and entertainment sponsorships and activation. In December 2015 StubHub had circa 120 partners; besides entertainment venues and sports teams, technology partners include Apple Inc, Spotify, BandPage, Amazon.com, and Uber, among others.


title: StubHub

text: StubHub has become a major sponsor in sports. StubHub is active in college sports, with 35 college sponsorship deals as of April 2013, including the Universities of Texas, Michigan, and USC. Partners also include ESPN,


title: StubHub

text: Tickets.com, Paciolan, IMG, and some 30 multi-use venues and festivals including Staples Center and South by Southwest. In April 2013, StubHub signed a three-year agreement with the Lawn Tennis Association which covers the Aegon events at Queens Club, London, Birmingham and Eastbourne. The agreement means that StubHub have become a brand presence on the websites of the tournaments and other forms of their marketing and communications. Also in April 2013, StubHub UK ran a competition in which if Everton F.C. fans bought their season tickets before April 19, they offered the chance to win a VIP experience for the final home game of the 2012/3 season against West Ham United F.C., which included champagne on arrival, a three-course meal, and a tour of the dressing room by Graeme Sharp.


title: StubHub

text: In May 2013, StubHub signed a three-year sponsorship deal with Jockey Club Racecourses to trade tickets on three of the racecourses in London; Sandown Park, Epsom Downs and Kempton Park.


title: StubHub

text: On June 1, 2013, StubHub acquired naming rights to the home pitch of the Los Angeles Galaxy, which was renamed StubHub Center. On May 16, 2016, the Philadelphia 76ers of the NBA announced that it had reached a three-year jersey sponsorship deal with StubHub to take effect beginning in the 2017–18 season—where the NBA will begin piloting jersey sponsorship. It marks the first time that a team belonging to any of the four major North American sports leagues has ever sold a jersey sponsorship.


title: StubHub

text: Fans who wish to buy tickets with a team that has no relationship with StubHub may still do so - all teams, regardless of relationship (or lack thereof) may have their tickets sold there. However, if a team has no formal partnership with StubHub, electronic downloading and printing of e-tickets may not be available - such tickets can be shipped by UPS or picked up at StubHub's last-minute ticket windows. All tickets sold on StubHub are protected by the site's fan guarantee.


title: StubHub

text: StubHub has attracted considerable criticism from sports executives. Tim Leiweke, former CEO of AEG has stated that "many sports executives hate StubHub because the company doesn't invest in the product on the court" but argues that this is misguided.


title: Sarabhai family

text: The Sarabhai family is a prominent Indian family active in several fields. The patriarch, Ambalal Sarabhai, was a leading industrialist. While he created significant wealth, his children interested themselves in a wide variety of other endeavours, and the family is better known for those activities, rather than for industrial enterprise, which is now all but defunct.


title: Sarabhai family

text: Its twentieth century doyen Sheth Ambalal Sarabhai, was a Jain industrialist. He had five daughters and three sons who were involved in the family business as well as the Indian independence movement. After India's freedom, the family remained involved in developmental tasks undertaken by the government of India.


title: Sarabhai family

text: Ambalal Sarabhai was a prominent mill-owner and also interested in philanthropic activities. His wife Sarladevi Sarabhai was impressed by the Maria Montessori philosophy and in the year 1922, Montessori sent E. M. Standing to India for the homeschooling of Sarabhai children.


title: Sarabhai family

text: Sarabhai Enterprises branched out after India's independence and many pioneer ventures were made in fields dominated by foreign companies. The manufacture of drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals and intermediates, dyes and pigments, industrial and household detergents, soaps and cosmetics, industrial packaging and containers, and later engineering and electronic products.


title: Sarabhai family

text: No.4 was renamed as the Vikram A. Sarabhai Community Science Centre after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971. No.18 & 19 were merged under the Vikram Sarabhai Space Centre after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971. Nos.21,22,23,24,25 and 26 were merged under the Space Applications Centre after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971. No. 31 was renamed as Vikram Earth Station after Dr. Sarabhai’s death in 1971.


title: Sarabhai family

text: <gallery mode="nolines" caption="Various photographs of Sarabhais collected/photographed by Nathan Hughes Hamilton (Squibb - Sarabhai Chemicals) in early 1950s, Baroda, Ahmedabad and Bombay">


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:This luncheon group photo with several members of the Sarabhai family. Baroda, 1951.jpg|Seated Gita Sarabhai Mayor, Vikram Sarabhai and Gira Sarabhai.


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:Mr. Pandya of Sarabhai, Gita Sarabhai Mayor and daughter Pallavi, Dorothy Waller, and Satyadev Mayor seeing off the Hamiltons,Bombay Airport, 1953.jpg


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:Luncheon at the Polo Club, Baroda, 1951.jpg|Ambalal Sarabhai can be spotted at the back close to the glass windows/doors.


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:"Retreat", Sarabhai Residence, Ahmedabad, 1951.jpg|Ambalal Sarabhai and Saraladevi Sarabhai (back towards the camera)


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:Gautam's home, Ahmedabad, 1952.jpg|Gautam Sarabhai wearing half shirt and tie, third from the left standing next to his father Ambalal Sarabhai


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:Retreat, Ahmedabad, 1951.jpg|Ambalal Sarabhai third from left. First from left is Nathan Hughes Hamilton, an employee at Squibb- Sarabhai Chemicals, Baroda.


title: Sarabhai family

text: File:Gita Mayor and others. Shiv Mahal Palace, Baroda, 1952.jpg|Gita Sarabhai Mayor in black saree wearing a bindi, on the right.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: Stand Up is the second studio album by British rock band Jethro Tull, released in 1969. It was the first Jethro Tull album to feature guitarist Martin Barre, who would go on to become the band's longtime guitarist until its initial dissolution in 2012. Before recording sessions for the album began, the band's original guitarist Mick Abrahams departed the band as a result of musical differences with frontman and primary songwriter Ian Anderson; Abrahams wanted to stay with the blues rock sound of their 1968 debut, "This Was", while Anderson wished to add other musical influences such as folk rock.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: "Stand Up" represents the first album project on which Anderson was in full control of the music and lyrics. The result was an eclectic album with various styles and instrumentation appearing in its songs.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The album quickly went to No. 1 on the UK charts, further launching the band's career, while the non-album single "Living in the Past" peaked at No. 3. The album was also Jethro Tull's first success in the United States, reaching No. 20 on the Billboard 200.