title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The restoration of the Royal College of Artillery is among the many reforms conducted under the reign of King Charles III of Spain (r. 1759–1788). He appointed Count Félix Gazzola as the director of the artillery corps, who made the executive decision to install the academy in the Segovian fortress in the Alcazar. At its opening in 1764, the military college stood as a symbol of the city’s new age of progress in political and military education.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: On 6 March 1862, another fire occurred at the castle, destroying the sumptuous ceilings of the private rooms that were reserved exclusively for the nobility. As demonstrated in the engravings by José María Avrial and Flores in 1839, the structures were restored to their previous appearances.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: It was only in 1882 that the damaged roofs of the building were slowly restored to their original state, thanks to the existence of engravings made by José María Avrial in 1839. In 1896, King Alfonso XIII ordered the Alcázar to be handed over to the Ministry of War as a military college.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The Board of Trustees of the Alcázar of Segovia was created by the Decree of the Presidency of the Government, on 18 January 1951. The purpose of this was to ensure cultural, artistic, and historical preservation of the Alcázar’s triple function as a royal castle, military precinct, and military academy.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The exterior of the castle has a Herrerian style courtyard, moat, drawbridge, and keep. The interior rooms include a chapel and several noble rooms ("cuartos" "del Trono", "de la Galera", "de las Piñas", "de los Reyes" and others) that can be visited today. A triumphal arch, located on the corner of the south-east part of the palace, just beyond the moat, was likely ornamented with heraldic devices and served as a grand entrance to the alcázar. However, today it no longer survives. It was changed during the Habsburgs sometime during the 16th century.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The castle sits on a hill overlooking the city, with four towers, and several halls that are constructed with barrel vaults and twin windows. In the interior, the halls and rooms were decorated with great luxury and beauty by Mudéjar painters and artists.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: Currently, it houses an Armory Museum and the General Military Archive of Segovia, the oldest historical archive of the Spanish Armed Forces.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The tower of King John II of Castile (r. 1406–1454) was built during the first half of the 15th century. The style is notably recognized as Spanish Gothic architecture, with influences from Islamic art, such as a horseshoe arch found during renovations in the souther-side of the tower. The tower culminates in a large panoramic terrace with two pointed arches of varying heights built into the walls of the eastern and western portions of the tower. On the east-side of the tower, a large, doubled Gothic window that reached to the floor and facing the city of Segovia was built so that the king's entire body could be seen by others as he stood, framed by the window.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The side that projects towards the city was initially used as a parade ground, which was common in military architecture. There are two steep and spiral staircases with 156 steps that ascend to the top of the tower. At the end of first section, there is a guard room. Attached to the front wall is a bed where the watchman of the tower would have slept.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: Its construction corresponds to the reign of Alfonso VIII of Castile. In it the twinned windows that gave light to the palace are conserved, since the wall in which they were was the exterior wall of the old palace. The Mudéjar-style socles located between the windows come from a 13th-century house in the nearby Las Canonjías district. The decoration was completed with a set of German-style armor from the 15th century.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: Corresponds to the ordination of the fortress in the time of Philip II of Spain. The furniture is from the 16th century. On the walls you can see a portrait of Philip II and another of Philip III, a 16th century Flemish tapestry with the subject of Our Lady's betrothal and a curious representation where you can contemplate the appearance of the Alcázar before the reform of the roofs and where you can also see the Former Cathedral of Segovia that was located in the current square of the Alcázar.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The walls of the Throne Room mostly consist of portraits of various kings, which are part of the collection of kings commissioned by the queen Isabella II of Spain. Both portraits are signed by their respective artists: the portrait of Isabella I of Castile is signed by Madrazo, while the portrait of Ferdinand II of Aragon is signed by Montañés.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: In addition, there is a depiction of the ruler himself ""en siella"" (seated). This image corresponds to the fact that extant written documents from the fourteenth century actually referred to the throne room as the ""rey en siella"" (king sitting on the throne; enthroned king). Often these rooms were used for different types of political ceremonies, including the receiving of foreign embassies, banquets, musical performances, and literary events. The rooms could be decorated with different types of objects, like tableware and textiles (including tapestries) that allowed for the space to be transformed to suit the particular event.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The mother of John II, Queen Catherine of Lancaster (r. 1390–1406) commissioned the construction of the Hall of the Galley in 1412.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The frieze is made of Mudéjar plaster with a double inscription: the upper one includes a prayer related to the Eucharist and the lower one offers information about the work displayed in the hall.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: There are two stained glass windows in the Hall of the Gallery. One of these windows portrays Henry III of Castile (r. 1390–1406) and his family. The second window portrays King Henry II of Castile (r. 1366–1367) and scenes of the death of Peter I and John II. A painting by Muñoz de Pablos hangs on a wall in the gallery depicting the coronation of the Isabella I of Castile as queen of Castile and of León in the church of San Miguel of Segovia.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The inspiration for the of name of this room comes from the decorative motifs in the Artesonado ceiling that features many pineapple-like motifs. The stained glass window portrays King Alfonso VII (r. 1126–1157) with his daughter, Queen Berengaria of Castile (r. 1217).


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: In its walls you can see scenes of the family life of the Catholic Monarchs. The bed has a brocade cover woven in gold.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: King Alfonso X (r. 1252–1284) commissioned the construction of the Hall of the Kings. The space has ornamental ceilings and the upper portions of the four walls are decorated with a five-layer cloth.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The design and layout of the Hall of the Kings borrowed iconography from the Palace of Alhambra. In the 1400s, King Henry IV of Castile (r. 1454–1474) played a large role in the final design of the Hall of the Kings. Historical and literary references are evident in the decoration, including the storied medieval Castilian knight, El Cid.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: King Henry IV's decision to incorporate a gallery that depicted various rulers of Castile and León, in seated positions, into the hall's decoration was designed to demonstrate the political legitimacy of those in power during 15th century Spain. Similar imagery can be found in the King’s Hall ("Sala de los Reyes") (also sometimes identified as the Hall of Justice) at the Alhambra, where an image of ten seated rulers located in the ceiling vault are believed by some scholars to represent different emirs from the Nasrid dynasty. Other scholars, however, have argued that due to the presence of small coats of arms below the figures and at the two ends of the image, the scene likely represents the ruler, in this case, Muhammad V of Granada (r. 1354–1359), accompanied by a group of wise men, various teachers and literary figures, is a meeting known as a "maŷlis". Whomever is illustrated in the imagery in the Alcázar of Segovia's Hall of Kings, the message concerns the representation of political power, dominance, and legitimacy.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: Philip II of Spain (r. 1580–1598) commissioned Hernando de Ávila to design one of the statues that represented the kings of Asturias, León and Castile. One of the paintings in the room is a portrait of King Philip II of Spain (r. 1556–1598) and the others are portraits of two of his wives, Elisabeth of Valois (r. 1559–1568) and Anna of Austria (r. 1570–1580).


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The chapel at the Alcazar of Segovia houses Adoration of the Magi (c. 1600) by Italian painter, architect, and sculpture Bartolomé Carducho.. Due to its historical significance and architectural accomplishments, the castle hosted numerous events. One of the most famous events at the Alcazar was the wedding of Philip II of Spain (r. 1556–1598) with his niece, Anna of Austria (r. 1570–1580) in 1570, which took place in the castle’s chapel.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The Alcázar has housed the armory of the House of Trastámara since old times, and was the precedent of the collections of weapons that finally met in the Royal Armoury of Madrid.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: The Royal College of Artillery was divided into two parts: the academy and as a meeting place for the military and cadets in training.


title: Alcázar of Segovia

text: To attend the school, applicants were exclusively chosen from the noble estate or related to army captains and artillery corps. The allure of the school consisted of not only its scientific and military accomplishments, but in its integration of teachings of Christian ideals.


title: Russell Harvard

text: Russell Wayne Harvard (born April 16, 1981) is an American actor. He made his feature film debut in Paul Thomas Anderson's "There Will Be Blood" (2007), playing opposite Daniel Day-Lewis as his adopted son, H.W. Plainview. In the 2010 biopic "The Hammer", he portrayed deaf NCAA championship wrestler and UFC mixed martial arts fighter Matt Hamill. Harvard also won acclaim Off Broadway in 2012 as Billy, the deaf son in an intellectual, though dysfunctional, hearing British family, in "Tribes" by Nina Raine. For his interpretation, he won a 2012 Theatre World Award for Outstanding Debut Performance and nominations for Drama League, Outer Critics Circle and Lucille Lortel Awards for Outstanding Lead Actor. He played Mr. Wrench in the first and third seasons of the television series "Fargo".


title: Russell Harvard

text: Born in Pasadena, Texas, into a third-generation deaf family, Harvard is the younger of two deaf sons of Kay (Youngblood) and Henry Harvard. Both his parents and his paternal grandmother are also deaf. In the early 1980s, the Harvards moved to Austin, Texas so that their elder son Renny could enroll at their alma mater, Texas School for the Deaf (TSD). The family initially placed Russell (due to his speech capability and residual hearing) in an oral college for children who learn to lip read exclusively. Finding he was unhappy there, his parents switched him to a deaf school education at TSD, which included training in lip reading and speech therapy in English. Although he is able to hear some sound with the use of a hearing aid, including speech and music, he identifies himself Deaf and considers American Sign Language to be his first language.


title: Russell Harvard

text: After graduating from TSD in 1999, Harvard began his studies at Gallaudet University in Washington, D.C. At various times during his college education he took a hiatus to work as a teacher's assistant for preschoolers at the Alaska State School for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing in Anchorage, Alaska. (His mother later joined him, working for the American Red Cross.) While there he contemplated a career as a teacher of theater, and in 2008 he returned as Artist in Residence. At Gallaudet he maintained a high GPA and completed his bachelor's degree in Theatre Arts, graduating in 2008.


title: Russell Harvard

text: While at Gallaudet, Harvard was prompted by one of his professors to submit a photo and resume to casting agents seeking a deaf actor for the film "There Will Be Blood". He received an audition and won the part of H.W., for which he had to research and perform a vintage form of American Sign Language for the father-son confrontation scene with Day-Lewis.


title: Russell Harvard

text: Shortly after completing his scenes for "There Will Be Blood", Harvard made his first network television appearance in the "Silent Night" episode of CBS's "", opposite Marlee Matlin, and later guest-starred in "The Box" episode (2010) of the Fox series "Fringe". Other TV appearances include "Switched at Birth" and "Odd Mom Out". He has acted in the short films "Signage" (2007), "Words" (2010) and "This Is Normal" (2013), played the principal role of Tim in the independent feature "Claustrophobia" (2011), and had leading roles in the ASL Films "Versa Effect" and "Gerald". Harvard is a member of the Screen Actors Guild and the Actors' Equity Association.


title: Russell Harvard

text: For "The Hammer", Harvard was first cast as Matt Hamill's roommate Jay but inherited the lead role when the original choice to play Matt, the film's producer and cowriter, actor Eben Kostbar, ceded the part out of respect for the Deaf community's wishes to see an authentically Deaf actor in the role. In the film, Kostbar played the role of Coach Cantrell, while the part of Jay went to Deaf actor Michael Anthony Spady. "The Hammer" won Audience Awards at numerous film festivals, including AFI FEST, the Cleveland International Film Festival, the Florida Film Festival, the Heartland Film Festival, the Miami Film Festival and the Newport Beach Film Festival.


title: Russell Harvard

text: In August 2013, the FX/MGM production team of "Fargo", the anthology TV miniseries adaptation of the 1996 Coen brothers' film, cast Harvard as Mr. Wrench, one of two hitmen who pursue Billy Bob Thornton's lead character Lorne Malvo throughout the first season of the series.


title: Russell Harvard

text: Writer-creator Noah Hawley, a part-time Austin resident who lives near the Texas School for the Deaf, cited his own neighborhood encounters with sign language as the inspiration for the "Mr. Wrench" character: a deaf assassin who uses his command of ASL as a means of menace toward his targets and of private communication with his partner Mr. Numbers (played by Adam Goldberg). During the five-month shoot in Calgary, Alberta, Harvard and the show's ASL manager, Catherine MacKinnon, worked closely with Goldberg on translating the pair's dialogue into the most effective ASL exchanges for their scenes.


title: Russell Harvard

text: Critical response to Harvard and Goldberg's seriocomic turn as bickering hired killers was overwhelmingly positive. Reviewers noted that they "steal scenes as Mr. Numbers and Mr. Wrench" ("Time"), make up one of the "satisfying subplots" ("HuffPost") and "have their own original energy" ("Vulture.com") For Alan Sepinwall of "Uproxx", "the relationship between Goldberg . . . and Harvard feels unlike any criminal twosome of its type I've seen before, even in the midst of a show that is otherwise cleverly rearranging familiar pieces of the movie and other crime stories." And Tim Goodman, TV critic for "The Hollywood Reporter", wrote, "Encapsulating everything that is joyously weird about "Fargo," the killers are the dangerous—and deaf—Mr. Wrench (Russell Harvard) and his partner and translator, Mr. Numbers (Adam Goldberg). Already I want a separate series that just follows around Mr. Wrench and Mr. Numbers." Series creator Hawley, moreover, who has described Harvard as "magnetic and charismatic" in the role of Mr. Wrench, ended up extending the character's appearance in the series. On June 19, 2014, the Broadcast Television Journalists Association honored "Fargo" with three awards (including Best Mini-series) at the Critics' Choice Television Awards ceremony. "Fargo" also won three Emmys—most prominently Outstanding Miniseries—at the 66th Annual Primetime Emmy Awards on August 25, 2014; Best Mini-Series or Motion Picture Made for Television at the 72nd Annual Golden Globe Awards on January 11, 2015; and, for "majestically reinventing a beloved tale and for expanding and richly rendering a darkly comic world of crime, revenge, and comeuppance", was honored with a 2014 Peabody Award, whose citation recognized "Fargo" as having set "a new standard for what is possible in the process of adaptation."


title: Russell Harvard

text: Harvard cites his seeing, at age eight, his cousin perform on stage in "The Wizard of Oz" as the inspiration for his becoming an actor. Subsequently, he became very involved in theater at TSD. At Gallaudet he appeared in a 2006 stage production of "A Streetcar Named Desire" and as Claudio in their co-production with Amaryllis Theatre of "Much Ado About Nothing". His earliest professional stage work was in the twin roles of the Orderly and the Groundskeeper's Son in the world premiere of Rachel Sheinkin and GrooveLily's "Sleeping Beauty Wakes" for Deaf West Theatre (Center Theatre Group, 2007). With this dual performance, wrote "TimeOut" critic James Sims, "Harvard joins the rank of deaf actors transcending any perceived limitations due to a lack of speaking lines, capturing the heart of the newly created characters with ease." The following year he played (also for Deaf West) Aesop in "Aesop Who?" In 2007, he assistant directed the young-audience musical "Nobody's Perfect".


title: Russell Harvard

text: Harvard won the central role of Billy for the New York premiere of the British comic-drama "Tribes" after an extensive North American search for an authentically deaf actor who could handle the demands of both signing and speaking dialogue to hearing actors throughout the play. He played the role to acclaim for over 400 performances Off Broadway at the Barrow Street Theatre, where "Tribes" broke all box-office records there. Critics uniformly praised his acting abilities: "Russell Harvard, himself deaf, turns in a powerful performance that ranges from adept romantic comedy to quiet sadness and heartbreaking anger" (Erik Haagensen, "backstage.com"); "[Harvard is] terrific in charting forms and degrees of a private communication" (Ben Brantley, "The New York Times"); "[Harvard] transforms almost effortlessly from sweetness to bitterness, all the while making us aware of both Billy's pain and strength" (Brian Scott Lipton, "TheaterMania.com"). John Lahr of "The New Yorker" assessed this NY debut stage performance thus:


title: Russell Harvard

text: Harvard recreated the role in the NY production's transfer to the Mark Taper Forum in Los Angeles in spring 2013, and later that summer at La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego. On June 15, 2015, L.A. Theatre Works released an audio CD of "Tribes", featuring Harvard and other original-cast members.


title: Russell Harvard

text: On August 10, 2015, "Playbill.com" announced the casting of Harvard for the Broadway company of Deaf West's revival production of the Duncan Sheik-Steven Sater musical "Spring Awakening". This transfer production, which opened at the Brooks Atkinson Theatre on September 27, 2015, marked the Broadway debuts of both Harvard and co-star Marlee Matlin.


title: Russell Harvard

text: On February 28, 2019, Harvard opened at the Cort Theatre on Broadway as the Duke of Cornwall in Shakespeare's "King Lear", with Glenda Jackson in the title role. His presence in the role involved an interpreter for the deaf as an onstage character, signing to him and speaking most of his lines to the others when he signed back. He used his vocal skills to speak a few of his character's lines in moments of high emotion; in his death scene, the interpreter emerged as the servant who opposes and fatally wounds him, and their confrontation was done entirely in sign language.


title: Russell Harvard

text: From November 5, 2019, to March 11, 2020, Harvard assumed the roles of Link Deas and Boo Radley in Bartlett Sher's long-running production of Aaron Sorkin's "To Kill a Mockingbird" on Broadway. The company gave a special performance, offered free to 18,000 New York City public middle and high school students, at Madison Square Garden on February 26, 2020. The city outbreak of COVID-19 in mid-March forced the production into hiatus until its reopening on October 5, 2021, when Harvard returned with original cast members Jeff Daniels and Celia Keenan-Bolger. The production closed officially on January 16, 2022.


title: Russell Harvard

text: Harvard performed the principal role of the jailer "Rocco" in Beethoven's opera "Fidelio" in a unique coproduction between Deaf West Theatre and the Los Angeles Philharmonic at Walt Disney Concert Hall from April 14–16, 2022. He signed the role in tandem with bass-baritone Ryan Speedo Green's singing, led by conductor Gustavo Dudamel. That September, he starred in Jenny Koons's acclaimed production of "Oedipus" in a Deaf West Theatre collaboration with the Getty Villa in Pacific Palisades, CA. Critics' comments included: "As portrayed by the brave, sensitive, and fiery actor Russell Harvard, righteous and sensitive Oedipus knows he is the obvious choice to rescue Thebes . . . This still youthful king and undisputed hero rules with magisterial pride"; "Harvard presents a fascinating take on the doomed king, a man bristling with anger that he easily unleashes on everyone . . ."; and "the star quality this seasoned performer brings is impossible to deny.".


title: Russell Harvard

text: When not performing professionally, he teaches theater and directs plays at Texas School for the Deaf. He has staged several high school musical productions, including "Grease" and "The Wizard of Oz".


title: Russell Harvard

text: In interviews, Harvard has expressed his lifelong passion for music, which he performs both live at Deaf cultural events and in amateur videos. He enjoys popularity on YouTube where he posts video recordings of himself performing American sign language renditions of contemporary songs. His versatile interpretive styles range from rock, pop ballad, rap and hip hop to dance-pop, alternative rock and synthpop. Harvard is also, along with Jessica (JessKay) von Garrel, Sabrina Valencia and Jesse Jones III, a founding member of the hip hop Deaf dance troupe HipZu Funk, based in Austin, US.


title: Russell Harvard

text: On May 26, 2010, Harvard testified as a panel witness before the U.S. Senate Subcommittee on Communications, Technology and the Internet in a hearing entitled "Innovation and Inclusion: The Americans with Disabilities Act at 20", which focused on the issues raised by the Equal Access to Communications in the 21st Century Act. Speaking on behalf of the National Association of the Deaf and the Coalition of Organizations for Accessible Technology (COAT), he argued the need for Congress to pass new legislation to require closed captioning on video programming on the Internet just as it had done for television broadcasting in 1990:Closed captioning has made a huge impact on the lives of every deaf or hard of hearing person, including me. Captions allow me to be in sync with what is going on in the world. They let me watch television with my family and friends. They enable me to get the information I need to develop and share my views on political campaigns. They let me keep pace with current trends and maintain my independence and my sense of dignity.


title: Russell Harvard

text: He explained that all modern devices, regardless of screen size, should have caption capability and easy activation controls. Because so few programming distributors currently offer Internet captioning, "we now find that when we turn to that video programming on the Internet, we are again left behind, unable to understand what is going on." He closed by calling on Congress "not to leave us behind as new Internet and digital video programming technologies become available to the general public."


title: Russell Harvard

text: Harvard has also been a strong proponent of exploring ways in which Deaf entertainment practitioners can work more independently to produce work for stage and screen. He envisions more creative uses of communication technology in the artistic process and in providing greater accessibility to Deaf audiences. He also hopes to see an expanding range and type of film and TV acting roles in which Deaf professional performers may be cast: "We need writers and casting directors to be fearless in working with actors who happen to be deaf."


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Sun Valley is a resort city in the western United States, in Blaine County, Idaho, adjacent to the city of Ketchum in the Wood River valley. The population was 1406 at the 2010 census, down from 1427 in 2000. The elevation of Sun Valley (at the Lodge) is above sea level.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Among skiers, the term "Sun Valley" refers to the alpine ski area, which consists of Bald Mountain, the main ski mountain adjacent to Ketchum. Dollar Mountain, which is adjacent to Sun Valley, is suited for novice and lower intermediate skiers. Bald Mountain, or "Baldy," has a summit of and a vertical drop of . The treeless "Dollar" at has a moderate vertical drop of .


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The term "Sun Valley" is used more generally to speak of the region surrounding the city, including the neighboring city of Ketchum and the Wood River Valley area winding south to Hailey and Bellevue. The region has been a seasonal home to the rich and famous since first being brought to public attention by Ernest Hemingway in the late 1930s.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Scheduled passenger airline service is available at Friedman Memorial Airport in Hailey, approximately south. Visitors are relatively close to the Sawtooth National Recreation Area, accessed over Galena Summit on State Highway 75, the "Sawtooth Scenic Byway".


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The first destination winter resort in the U.S. was developed by W. Averell Harriman, the chairman of the Union Pacific Railroad, primarily to increase ridership on U.P. passenger trains in the Western United States. The UP's "City of Portland" (from Chicago and Omaha) and "Portland Rose" (from Kansas City) went to Shoshone in southern Idaho, where buses (then called "motor coaches") took travelers to Sun Valley. Sleeping car passengers from Los Angeles were able to take direct carriages on the UP's "Pony Express" from Los Angeles to Salt Lake City, and the "Sun Valley Special" from Salt Lake City to Sun Valley.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The success of the 1932 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid, New York, spurred an increase in participation in winter sports (and alpine skiing in particular). A lifelong skier, Harriman determined that America would embrace a destination mountain resort, similar to those enjoyed in the Swiss Alps, such as St. Moritz and Davos.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: During the winter of 1935–36, Harriman enlisted the services of an Austrian Sportsman, Count Felix von Schaffgotsch, to travel across the Western U.S. to locate an ideal site for a winter resort. The Count toured Mount Rainier, Mount Hood, Yosemite, the San Bernardino Mountains, Zion, Rocky Mountain National Park, the Wasatch Range, Pocatello, Jackson Hole, and Grand Targhee areas.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Late in his trip and on the verge of abandoning his search for an ideal location for a mountain resort development, he backtracked toward the Ketchum area in central Idaho. A U.P. employee in Boise had casually mentioned that the rail spur to Ketchum cost the company more money for snow removal than any other branch line and the Count went to explore.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Schaffgotsch was impressed by the combination of Bald Mountain and its surrounding mountains, adequate snowfall, abundant sunshine, moderate elevation, and absence of wind, and selected it as the site. Harriman visited several weeks later and agreed. The Brass Ranch was purchased for about $4 per acre and construction commenced that spring; it was built in seven months for $1.5 million. Publicist Steve Hannagan named the resort "Sun Valley" and developed the tag line: “Winter sports under a summer sun". (Count Schaffgotsch returned to Austria and was killed on the Eastern Front during World War II.) The centerpiece of the new resort was the Sun Valley Lodge, which opened on December 21, 1936.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The 220-room, X-shaped lodge's exterior was constructed of concrete, poured inside rough-sawn forms. The wood grain was impressed on the concrete finish, which was acid-stained brown to imitate wood. The Swiss-style Sun Valley Inn (originally the "Challenger Inn") and village were also part of the initial resort, opening in 1937. Hannagan wanted swimming pools at the resort, "so people won't think skiing is too cold."


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Both the Lodge and the Inn have heated outdoor swimming pools, circular in shape. Hannagan had the pools designed this way, unique at the time, in the hope they would be widely photographed, providing free publicity, and it worked.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The world's first chairlifts were installed on the resort's Proctor and Dollar mountains in the fall of 1936. (Proctor Mountain is northeast of Dollar Mountain). They have since been removed, but parts of the base of the Proctor Mountain chairlift can still be seen near the Proctor Mountain trail, along with a plaque identifying the area as the location of the world's first chairlift. Additionally, the original lift operator's station (now repainted) for the chairlift on Dollar Mountain is still standing. One of the early single chairlifts was transported to Cordova, Alaska in the 1970s where it now serves Mount Eyak Ski Area as the oldest operating charlift in the world. The U.P. chairlift design was adapted by an engineer recalling banana loading conveyor equipment used for tropical fruit ships' cargo. Single-seat chairlifts were developed at the U.P. headquarters in Omaha in the summer of 1936. The chairlift went on to replace primitive rope tow and other adaptations seen at ski areas at the time. The original Proctor Mountain Ski Lift is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Author Ernest Hemingway completed "For Whom the Bell Tolls," while staying in suite 206 of the Lodge in the fall of 1939. Averell Harriman had invited Hemingway and other celebrities, primarily from Hollywood, to the resort to help promote it.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Gary Cooper was a frequent visitor and hunting/fishing partner, as were Clark Gable, Errol Flynn, Lucille Ball, Marilyn Monroe, and several members of the Kennedy family. Hemingway was a part-time resident over the next twenty years, eventually relocating to Ketchum ("Papa" and his fourth wife are buried in the Ketchum Cemetery). The Hemingway Memorial, dedicated in 1966, is just off Trail Creek Road, about a mile northeast of the Sun Valley Lodge. You can still visit a number of locations that have Hemingway ties, including the Ketchum Cemetery.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Sun Valley was featured (and promoted) in the 1941 movie "Sun Valley Serenade", starring Sonja Henie, John Payne, Milton Berle, and bandleader Glenn Miller. Scenes were shot at the resort in March 1941. Sun Valley transfer local and future gold medalist Gretchen Fraser was the skiing stand-in for Henie.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In February 1958, the cast of "I Love Lucy" filmed an episode of their follow-up series of hour-long specials, known in syndication as "The Lucy-Desi Comedy Hour", at Bald Mountain.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In 1971, "Apollo 15" astronaut and avid skier Jim Irwin, when stepping upon the surface of the Moon's Hadley–Apennine, exclaimed that it was like Sun Valley.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Adam West who played Batman on television had a ranch in the area. Other notable residents have included Scott Glenn, Richard Dreyfuss, Clint Eastwood, Sondra Locke and Janet Leigh.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Sun Valley's oldest resident was former actress and silent movie star Barbara Kent. Another resident was actress Ann Sothern.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Hollywood actor, politician, and businessman, Arnold Schwarzenegger is a frequent visitor of Sun Valley and owns a residence in Ketchum, ID. He has a ski run named after him.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: During World War II, the resort was closed in 1942 and converted to a convalescent hospital for the U.S. Navy (Pacific Theater), which was operational in July 1943. It re-opened to the public in December 1946.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: After the war, the resort's clinic operated on the third floor of the northern wing of the Sun Valley Lodge (wing closest to the Trail Creek Rd.) until the Sun Valley Community Hospital was built in 1961. That facility was named after Dr. John Moritz when he retired in 1973; the Nebraska-born surgeon had served as the resort's year-round physician for 33 years. The Moritz Hospital was closed shortly after the new St. Luke's branch hospital opened (south of Ketchum) in November 2000 and the Moritz building now serves as employee housing.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: After World War II, Harriman focused on his career in government service and the Union Pacific gradually lost interest in the resort. Rail service to Ketchum was discontinued in 1964 and that November the resort was sold to the Janss Investment Company, a major southern California real estate developer, headed by a former Olympic ski team member, Bill Janss (1918–96), founder of Snowmass. (Janss was an alternate on the 1940 team, but the games were cancelled due to the war). The railroad's management had called in the Janss Corporation as consultants and it was determined that it would take a lot of work and no less than $6 million for a face-lifting. The Union Pacific decided to sell and brothers Ed and Bill Janss bid just under $3 million.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: During this Janss era of ownership, the north-facing Warm Springs area was developed, as well as Seattle Ridge, and condominium and home construction increased significantly. Seven chairlifts were added, and the number of trails increased from 33 to 62. The first two double chairs on Warm Springs were installed in series in 1965; the upper "Limelight" had a vertical rise, the greatest in the U.S. at the time for a chairlift.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Bill Janss bought out his brother's share of the resort and gained full control of Sun Valley in 1968. Snowmaking was introduced on a limited basis in the fall of 1975, covering up to an elevation of


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The original Seattle Ridge double chairlift was installed in 1976, but due to a very poor snow year in 1976–77 it was not operated until December 20, 1977, christened by local legend Gretchen Fraser. Janss also has a ski run named after him, called "Janss Pass," to the skier's left of the Frenchman's chairlift. Janss' wife Ann, age 54, died in early 1973 while helicopter skiing near Sun Valley.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Later that year, Janss married Mrs. Glenn Cooper, a widow, family friend, and mother of five, including World Cup racer Christin Cooper, silver medalist in the women's giant slalom at the 1984 Winter Olympics.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Under Janss' ownership, the Elkhorn area southeast of Dollar Mountain was developed by the Sun Valley Company and Johns-Manville, beginning in 1972.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: During excavation, ancient tools dating back nearly 7,000 years were discovered. Elkhorn's golf course was opened in the summer of 1975.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Janss was running low on funds in 1977 and had entered into negotiations to sell the resort to the Walt Disney Company. While the negotiations were strung out by Disney, Earl Holding, a Utah businessman, learned of the situation through a small article in "The Wall Street Journal" and contacted Janss and arranged for a meeting. For about $12 million, Holding purchased Sun Valley through his company, Sinclair Oil, which operates the Grand America Hotels & Resorts. Holding was initially distrusted by many locals: "Earl is a Four Letter Word" was a popular bumper sticker in the late 1970s in Blaine County. But time proved that Holding did not buy the resort for property speculation; like his other assets he meant to operate and improve for the long-term. One of his first changes was the removal the archaic single-seat chairlift on Exhibition, replacing it with a triple. A daily lift ticket for Baldy during Holding's first season (1977–78) was priced at $13.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Under Holding's ownership there have been substantial improvements on the mountain: extensive snowmaking and grooming, high-capacity chairlifts, and the construction of four impressive day lodges, a gondola, and the renovation of the classic Roundhouse restaurant. The resort's golf course was redesigned in the late 1970s by Robert Trent Jones Jr.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In 1977, the Warm Springs side boasted of snowmaking up to an elevation of , thought to be the highest anywhere at the time. During the late 1980s and early 1990s, snowmaking was significantly expanded on Bald Mountain. Three high-speed quad chairlifts were installed during the summer of 1988 (Christmas, Challenger, & Greyhawk).


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: An impressive day lodge, constructed of logs, river rock, and glass, opened at the base of Warm Springs in the fall of 1992, replacing the 1960s "Northface Hut" cafeteria. Similar day lodges were later opened at the Seattle Ridge summit (1993), and the River Run base (1995). A fire of undetermined origin damaged the Warm Springs lodge in 2018; it occurred shortly after the end of the ski season, while unoccupied at night in


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: An older cafeteria, the modest one-floor "Lookout Restaurant," is below the summit at , at the top of three chairlifts. Built in 1973, it is the ground floor of a multi-story building that was never completed, resulting in its "basement-like" atmosphere. Nevertheless, the mountain views from this near-summit lodge are quite impressive. However, the resort's recently approved master plan has the facility slated for eventual replacement.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Four additional high-speed quads were installed in the 1990s. Two of these replaced older chairlifts on River Run (1992) and Seattle Ridge (1993), and two cut brand new paths: Lookout Express (1993) and Frenchman's (1994). The chairlift from River Run was purchased by Eldora Mountain Resort in Colorado. Baldy's 13 chairlifts have a capacity of over 23,000 skiers per hour. With an average of 3,500 skiers per day (& less than 6,000 skiers per day during peak periods), Sun Valley has kept the lift lines to a minimum, a rarity among major resorts.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The Dollar mountain Lodge opened in November 2004. This day lodge replaces the Dollar Cabin, and also serves as the headquarters for the Sun Valley Ski School. It is similar in construction to the newer day lodges at the big mountain.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The interior of the original Sun Valley Lodge has been remodeled twice during Holding's ownership, in 1985 for the golden anniversary and again in 2004. The Sun Valley Inn was also remodeled recently.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The Sun Valley Golf Course saw significant improvement in the summer of 2008, with the opening of the new "White Cloud Nine" course on the site of the old Gun Club (relocated further down along Trail Creek road), as well as the opening of the "Sun Valley Club", a full service golf course club house built in the style of the resort's mountain day lodges, replacing a much smaller and older facility.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The year also saw the opening of the "Sun Valley Pavilion," built in partnership with the Sun Valley Summer Symphony as a permanent home for the orchestra's annual three-and-a-half-week series of free concerts. The Pavilion is a performing arts facility that has hosted several well-known musical artists and more slated to perform in the near future.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In 2009, the resort installed the "Roundhouse Express Gondola" on Bald mountain, which runs from the mountain's River Run Base to the Roundhouse Restaurant (located midway up the mountain, at . The Exhibition triple chairlift, originally as a single chair in 1939, was removed with the addition of the new 8-passenger lift. The new gondola carries both skiers and non-skiers to the restaurant for lunch and eventually dinner year-round. The Roundhouse Restaurant was built in 1939 and was finished being remodeled to accommodate its new year round role in 2010.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In 2021, the resort opened a new 380 acre and expansion. This included the installation of a High-Speed Quad lift named "Broadway".


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Earl Holding died in April 2013 and his family continued to run the resort. In 2006, "Forbes" magazine estimated that Sun Valley was worth in the range of $300 million.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In the years before the World Cup circuit, the Harriman Cup at Sun Valley was one of the major ski races held in North America, along with the "Snow Cup" at Alta, the "Roch Cup" at Aspen Mountain, and the "Silver Belt" races at Sugar Bowl, north of Lake Tahoe. Originally known as the "Sun Valley International Open," the Harriman Cup races were the first major international ski competitions held in North America, beginning in 1937. The first three competitions of 1937–39 were held in the Boulder Mountains north of Sun Valley. Beginning in 1940, the Harriman Cup was held on the Warm Springs side of Bald Mountain, decades before chairlifts were installed on that north face of the mountain. American Dick Durrance won three of the first four Harriman Cups, stunning the overconfident Europeans.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In the final season before the launch of the World Cup, Sun Valley hosted the world's top racers in 1966 at the "American International" in late March, with a full slate of races for both men and women. With the 1966 World Championships not run until August, it was one of the biggest alpine racing events since the 1964 Olympics. The Austrians swept the men's downhill (Heini Messner, Karl Schranz, and Egon Zimmermann), while Jean-Claude Killy of France won the slalom, with Schranz as runner-up. The two switched places in the one-run giant slalom. Erika Schinegger of Austria, Nancy Greene of Canada, and Marielle Goitschel of France were the top three in the women's downhill, while Goitschel and teammate Annie Famose finished 1–2 in the slalom. Goitschel, Greene, and Famose were the top finishers in the giant slalom and France took the overall team title.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In March 1975 and 1977, Sun Valley hosted World Cup ski races, with slalom and giant slalom events for both men and women, run on the Warm Springs side of the mountain.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The 1975 slalom was won by Gustavo Thoeni, the dominant World Cup skier of the early 1970s (which turned out to be his last win in the slalom discipline). A young Ingemar Stenmark of Sweden, perhaps the greatest technical ski racer ever, took the giant slalom title both years. Thoeni and Stenmark left Idaho tied in the overall standings in 1975, which Thoeni won in the finals of a parallel slalom the next week in Italy. Phil Mahre of White Pass, Washington, age 19, won the 1977 slalom race over Stenmark, with twin brother Steve placing third. It was Phil's second win (he had won a GS in France in December), but his first victory in the slalom and first in the U.S., and being from the Northwest, very close to home.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The present ownership has declined to host any World Cup races since, as it involves closing off runs for a significant time. But during the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake (about to the southeast), Sun Valley was used as a training site for many nations' alpine and Nordic ski teams. The alpine speed events for the Olympics were held at a sister resort, Snowbasin, outside of Ogden, Utah.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Sun Valley is scheduled to host the U.S. Alpine Championships in 2016 and 2018, held after the World Cup season in March. It last hosted the event in 1951.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Olympic medalists from Sun Valley include Gretchen Fraser, Christin Cooper, Picabo Street, snowboarder Kaitlyn Farrington, and disabled skier Muffy Davis, a founding and honorary board member of Sun Valley Adaptive Sports. All five have runs named after them on Bald Mountain: three are on Seattle Ridge (Gretchen's Gold, Christin's Silver (ex-Silver Fox) and Muffy's Medals (ex-Southern Comfort)), Picabo's Street (ex-Plaza) on Warm Springs, and Kaitlyn's Bowl (ex-Farout Bowl) on the Bowls. US TV's legendary sports commentator Tim Ryan (CBS/NBC) also lives in Sun Valley as well as Ski Racing Magazine's proud owner, Gary Black Jr.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The non-profit Sun Valley Center for the Arts and Humanities (SVC) was initiated in 1969 by Mrs. Glenn Cooper and Bill Janss, who later married. It attained non-profit status and was officially founded in 1971; the original campus was located off Dollar Road in Sun Valley. Studios and workshops were open to the public and focused on ceramics, founded by James Romberg; photography, founded by Sheri Heiser and Peter deLory; and fine arts, founded by David W. Wharton. The SVC offered year-round workshops, lectures, and exhibitions by nationally recognized artists and craft persons to both residents and tourists to Blaine County. Today the Sun Valley Center for the Arts has its main building in nearby Ketchum as well as a historic house and classroom in Hailey.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The annual Sun Valley Writers' Conference (SVWC) was founded by journalist Reva B. Tooley], with the inaugural event run in 1995. Robin Eidsmo is executive director (since 2014), and novelist John Burnham Schwartz, essayist Anne Taylor Fleming, and Pulitzer Prize-winner Liaquat Ahamed help to mount the event each year.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In 2014, FOCUS Mountain Media, a publishing group based in Sun Valley, launched a quarterly magazine about mountain culture with a specific view towards life in Sun Valley.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In 2018, The Argyros Performing Arts Center opened in downtown Ketchum. Since opening, the 450-seat theater has hosted nationally and internationally recognized artists such as Robert Cray, Jean-Yves Thibaudet, Isabella Boylston, Peter Cetera, Kristen Chenoweth, Rita Wilson, and others.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The Sun Valley region boasts a wide variety of year-round adaptive sports programs for the disabled including the local DSUSA Chapter – Higher Ground Sun Valley; Wood River Ability Program; Sage Brush Equine Training Center for the Handicapped and Camp Rainbow Gold, a youth cancer program.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: A small mountain saddle splits the city of Sun Valley into two sections. The northern section is centered around the famous Sun Valley Lodge, Inn, and the "village" complex of shops, condominiums, and original 18-hole golf course (27 holes by 2008), which winds its way up the Trail Creek valley to the northeast. This area is referred to as simply "Sun Valley."


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The southern area of Elkhorn, adjacent to Dollar Mountain, has its own condo complex and 18-hole golf course. Quite distinct and separate, including a drier "sagebrush" appearance, it was initially developed in 1972. The Sun Valley Company took over day-to-day operations of the Elkhorn Golf Club in July 2011 and named Rick Hickman director of golf operations for the company.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: Adjacent to Sun Valley is the older city of Ketchum, which is just a mile downstream of the Sun Valley Lodge (along Trail Creek). Ketchum comprises primarily the 19th-century town center (with its limited grid system) and lands adjacent to Bald Mountain along the Big Wood River and Warm Springs Creek.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The Sun Valley/Ketchum CVB offers area wide information on events, vacation planning information and area resources.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: On September 11, 2005, the Dalai Lama visited Wood River High School in Hailey to give a speech on understanding and friendship in remembrance of the September 11, 2001 Attacks and offered condolences to the many thousands affected by the recent Hurricane Katrina.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, is land and is water.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The climate of Sun Valley is classified as dry-summer humid continental ("Dsb"), just narrowly avoiding a subarctic ("Dsc") classification. Due to the altitude and aridity of the climate diurnal temperature variation is high, with summer swings especially significant with hot days combined with nights just above the freezing mark in July and August. Sub-zero nights are common in winter, while days usually average around freezing.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 1,406 people, 622 households, and 367 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,597 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 96.4% White, 0.2% African American, 0.2% Native American, 0.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.0% from other races, and 1.3% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 4.6% of the population.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: There were 622 households, of which 15.4% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 53.5% were married couples living together, 4.0% had a female householder with no husband present, 1.4% had a male householder with no wife present, and 41.0% were non-families. 34.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 14.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.95 and the average family size was 2.45.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The median age in the city was 53.9 years. 11.5% of residents were under the age of 18; 7.3% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 18.8% were from 25 to 44; 32.1% were from 45 to 64; and 30.1% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 50.8% male and 49.2% female.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 1,427 people, 594 households, and 343 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 2,339 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 92.43% White, 0.35% African American, 0.42% Native American, 0.77% Asian, 4.20% from other races, and 1.82% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 7.15% of the population.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: There were 594 households, out of which 16.3% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 52.5% were married couples living together, 4.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.1% were non-families. 34.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 1.97 and the average family size was 2.50.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 11.9% under the age of 18, 12.2% from 18 to 24, 21.9% from 25 to 44, 36.7% from 45 to 64, and 17.3% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 48 years. For every 100 females, there were 104.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 105.4 males.


title: Sun Valley, Idaho

text: The median income for a household in the city was $71,000, and the median income for a family was $85,000. Males had a median income of $31,979 versus $27,143 for females. The per capita income for the city was $50,563. About 2.7% of families and 14.9% of the population were below the poverty line, including 15.7% of those under age 18 and 2.4% of those age 65 or over.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Jacob Tyler Realmuto ( ; born March 18, 1991) is an American professional baseball catcher for the Philadelphia Phillies of Major League Baseball (MLB). Between 2014 and 2018, he played in MLB for the Miami Marlins.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto was born in Del City, Oklahoma, into an athletic family. He played various sports as he grew up, helping both the baseball and gridiron football teams of Carl Albert High School win state championship titles. Although he served as the baseball team's shortstop throughout his high school career, a scout for the Miami Marlins encouraged Realmuto to become a full-time catcher. The Marlins selected him in the third round of the 2010 MLB Draft, and Realmuto chose to sign with the team rather than honor a commitment to playing college baseball at Oklahoma State. He spent the next several seasons in the Marlins' farm system, building strong relationships with pitchers and working on picking off attempted base stealers.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: After starting catcher Jarrod Saltalamacchia suffered a concussion, Realmuto made his MLB debut in June 2014. His major league appearances were brief until 2015, when Saltalamacchia was designated for assignment and Realmuto replaced him as the Marlins' starting catcher. Realmuto's strength and speed, both as a catcher and batter, helped take him to his first All-Star appearance in 2018. That same year, Realmuto won his first Silver Slugger Award.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: The Marlins traded Realmuto to the Phillies in February 2019, and he received his second All-Star and Silver Slugger awards that year. Additionally, Realmuto received his first career Gold Glove Award for his performance in the 2019 season. When he became a free agent after the 2020 season, Realmuto's Phillies teammates and fans began using the phrase "Sign J. T." to pressure the Phillies into signing him to another contract. In January 2021, Realmuto and the Phillies agreed to a five-year, $115.5 million contract, the largest for any catcher in MLB history.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto was born on March 18, 1991, in Del City, Oklahoma. His father played college baseball for Southwest Missouri State, while his older sisters Ryan and Amanda were college softball catchers for Oklahoma State and Northwestern State, respectively. Additionally, Realmuto's uncle, John Smith, was a two-time Olympic gold medal wrestler. Because his father David was often busy coaching his older sisters' softball teams, Realmuto’s mother Margaret often drove him to his Little League Baseball games and various other sporting matches. Realmuto was a multi-sport athlete throughout his childhood: he began playing baseball at the age of five and started wrestling the next year. In fourth grade, he started playing basketball and gridiron football, and he briefly played tennis in middle school.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Between 2006 and 2010, Realmuto was a three-sport athlete for Carl Albert High School in Midwest City, Oklahoma. He served as the shortstop for the baseball team, the quarterback for the football team, and a power forward for the basketball team. During Realmuto's high school tenure, both the Carl Albert baseball and football teams won their respective state championships. As a senior in 2010, Realmuto set a national high school baseball record by recording 119 runs batted in (RBIs) in 42 games played during one season. His batting average for the season was .595, and he had 21 home runs, 22 doubles, and 88 hits. At the end of the year, the American Baseball Coaches Association (ABCA) named Realmuto their National Player of the Year, and he received All-American team selections from both the ABCA and Louisville Slugger. Realmuto also received the Bob Colon Scholarship, presented annually by "The Oklahoman" and the Jim Thorpe Association to the top male high school scholar-athlete in the greater Oklahoma City area.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Although he primarily served as the team's shortstop, Realmuto would occasionally catch for Carl Albert when their starting catcher was asked to pitch. Steve Taylor, a scout for the Miami Marlins of Major League Baseball (MLB), attended a game where Realmuto was catching and told the player that he was more likely to play in MLB as a catcher than as a shortstop. The Marlins went on to select Realmuto in the third round, 104th overall, of the 2010 MLB Draft. Although he had previously committed to play college baseball at Oklahoma State on an athletic scholarship, Realmuto chose to accept the Marlins' offer, which included a $700,000 signing bonus. He was assigned to the GCL Marlins of the Rookie Gulf Coast League, where he batted .175 in 40 at-bats, including two runs and four RBIs.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Prior to the 2011 season, Marlins farm director Jim Fleming and scouting director Stan Meek pushed Andy Haines, then the manager of the Class A Greensboro Grasshoppers, to promote Realmuto to the team. He spent spring training working with Marlins catching instructor Tim Cossins and was assigned to the Grasshoppers to start the season. Realmuto split time behind the plate with Wilfredo Gimenez, and when he was not catching, he would appear as a designated hitter. He excelled both offensively and defensively in his 96 games with Greensboro; in addition to batting .287 with 12 home runs and 49 RBIs, Realmuto successfully picked off 42 percent of attempted base stealers. Realmuto also helped take the Grasshoppers to a South Atlantic League championship title, recording a critical RBI in the final round against the Savannah Sand Gnats.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: The following season, both Realmuto and Haines were promoted to the Class A-Advanced Jupiter Hammerheads of the Florida State League. There, Realmuto was paired with up-and-coming pitcher José Fernández, a partnership that the Marlins envisioned would form the backbone of their future major league roster. Realmuto was one of three Hammerheads named to the 2012 Florida State League All-Star Game, alongside outfielders Christian Yelich and Marcell Ozuna. At the time, Realmuto had successfully picked off 37 percent of attempted base stealers and had allowed only three passed balls. Realmuto finished the 2012 season with a .256 average in 499 at-bats, including eight home runs, 46 RBIs, and 63 runs scored. After the conclusion of the Minor League Baseball season, Realmuto, Yelich, and Hammerheads pitcher Scott McGough were all selected to play for the Phoenix Desert Dogs of the Arizona Fall League. In his 14 fall games, Realmuto batted .222 with one home run, four RBIs, and two runs scored.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Fernández and Realmuto's paths diverged in 2013, when the former was promoted to the major leagues and the latter was assigned to the Double A Jacksonville Suns. Realmuto's season was hindered by frequent clashes with pitching coach John Duffy over pitch calling. His relationship with his teammates was stronger; relief pitcher Nick Wittgren praised the way in which Realmuto "makes pitchers feel comfortable". That year, Realmuto was one of nine Suns selected for the Southern League showcase. He played in 106 games for Jacksonville in 2013, hitting .239 with five home runs and 39 RBIs. That November, Realmuto was added to the Marlins' 40-man roster, in order to protect him from the Rule 5 draft.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Coming into the 2014 season, "Baseball America" named Realmuto the No. 10 prospect in the Marlins organization, as well as the "best defensive catcher" in the system. While Realmuto's coaches in Jacksonville pushed for the catcher to make the major league roster at the start of 2014, the Marlins elected to make their offseason acquisition Jarrod Saltalamacchia, an MLB veteran, the team's starting catcher rather than promoting a prospect. Realmuto began the 2014 season at Double A, where his batting dramatically improved. For the week ending April 20, Realmuto was named the Southern League's Offensive Player of the Week after scoring 10 runs in three multi-hit games while striking out only once in the process. Rather than focusing on advancing to the Marlins, Realmuto spent the season prioritizing forming bonds with the Jacksonville pitchers, such as Andrew Heaney. He was selected to his third minor league All-Star Game but did not appear due to a promotion. Realmuto appeared in 97 minor league games in 2014, batting .299 with eight home runs, 62 RBIs, and 66 runs scored in 423 at-bats. After they helped Jacksonville win the Southern League championship in 2014, both Realmuto and pitcher Justin Nicolino were named Postseason All-Stars by the league. The batterymates were additionally named the Marlins' Minor League Player and Pitcher of the Year, respectively.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto received his first major league call-up on June 1, 2014, when Saltalamacchia was placed on the 7-day disabled list with a concussion. Marlins manager Mike Redmond told reporters that Realmuto was "the guy who, in the short term, we think [...] can come up and do a good job". Realmuto made his major league debut on June 5, recording three RBIs against Jake Odorizzi in an 11–6 rout of the Tampa Bay Rays. He was sent back down to Jacksonville after only seven games, in which he had collected one run and five RBIs. Realmuto was briefly called back up to the Marlins for three days at the end of July, but he did not play a game. On September 13, 2014, following Jacksonville's Southern League championship victory, Realmuto was recalled to the Marlins' expanded roster. He appeared in 11 total major league games that season, batting .241 with nine RBIs and four runs.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto joined the Marlins for spring training in 2015 but was assigned to the Triple A New Orleans Zephyrs to start the season. He spent three games there before being called up to replace an injured Jeff Mathis. Realmuto was meant to serve as a backup catcher to Saltalamacchia, with several opportunities to start behind the plate as Mathis waited four to six weeks for his fractured finger to heal. Saltalamacchia was designated for assignment on April 27, following an extended offensive and defensive slump, and Realmuto was named the Marlins' starting catcher. He hit his first major league home run the following month, a two-run shot against Rubby De La Rosa in the seventh inning of a 3–2 loss to the Arizona Diamondbacks on May 18, 2015. His first multi-home run game came on September 8, 2015, in a 6–4 win against the Milwaukee Brewers. The second home run of the night was inside the park, making Realmuto the third player in Marlins history to score both an outside- and inside-the-park home run in the same game, and the second to hit an inside-the-park home run at Marlins Park. Realmuto batted .259 in his first full major league season, with 10 home runs, 47 RBIs, and 49 runs scored in 467 at-bats. In addition to setting the Marlins' rookie hit record with 114, Realmuto also recorded seven triples, the most by any first-year catcher since 1972. At the end of the season, Realmuto was named the Marlins' Rookie of the Year.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Although Realmuto excelled in making throws as a rookie, he led the league in errors worth 10, and he struggled with framing pitches, and he spent the 2015–16 offseason learning how best to move out-of-zone pitches to called strikes. He continued to maintain his offensive output into the start of the 2016 season, batting around .300 by mid-June. He was utilized in multiple positions within the batting order, including seven games as a leadoff batter due to Dee Gordon's suspension. His strong batting continued through the season, with a hitting streak of seven consecutive at bats at the start of July, but Realmuto continued to struggle defensively, committing seven errors before the MLB All-Star break. He batted .303 for the season, with 11 home runs, 48 RBIs, and 60 runs scored in 545 at-bats for the Marlins.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: With the offseason acquisition of backup catcher A. J. Ellis, the Marlins expressed interest in allowing Realmuto to play other positions during the 2017 season, such as first base. He was named the National League (NL) Player of the Week for the first week of the regular season after scoring six runs, including two home runs, in the first five games of the season. Later that year, Realmuto hit his second career inside-the-park home run, tying the game in an eventual 9–8 defeat of the Philadelphia Phillies on August 24. On the defensive end, Realmuto continued to improve his speed in throwing out base runners. On April 27, he threw the fastest-recorded pickoff in MLB history, catching Odúbel Herrera stealing in 1.38 seconds. Realmuto batted .278 in 2017, with 17 home runs, 65 RBIs, and 68 runs in 579 at-bats. At the end of the season, Realmuto won the Jeff Conine Award, given annually by the Miami chapter of the Baseball Writers' Association of America to the player "whose commitment to the game is embodied in his integrity and unselfish play". The Major League Baseball Players Alumni Association, meanwhile, named Realmuto the 2017 recipient of the Marlins' Heart & Hustle Award, given to the player from each team "who demonstrates a passion for the game of baseball and best embod[ies] the values, spirit, and tradition of the game".


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto began the 2018 season on the disabled list after sustaining a bone bruise on his lower back. He suffered the injury during a spring training game against the New York Yankees, when he collided with Yankees second baseman Gleyber Torres. He was activated on April 17, one of the few remaining veterans due to new Marlins owner Derek Jeter's rebuilding process. Realmuto received his first All-Star Game selection in 2018, when he was the only Marlin selected by the league. He replaced Chicago Cubs catcher Willson Contreras in the sixth inning of the game and walked twice against the American League, but the NL lost in extra innings following a pair of back-to-back solo home runs from members of the Houston Astros. Realmuto finished the season with a .277 batting average, 21 home runs, 74 RBIs, and 74 runs scored in 531 at-bats. In addition to receiving his second consecutive Heart & Hustle award, Realmuto became the Marlins' Most Valuable Player in 2018. Realmuto was also the National League catcher selected for the 2018 Silver Slugger Award, given to the best offensive player at each position.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: During the offseason, Realmuto appeared in the 2018 MLB Japan All-Star Series, scoring home runs in the second and third games of the series. Samurai Japan ultimately took the series in the sixth game.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: At the arbitration deadline on January 11, 2019, Realmuto agreed to a $5.9 million contract with the Marlins, including bonuses for each All-Star selection, Silver Slugger, and Gold Glove Award. However, in the fall of 2018, Realmuto and his agent had informed the Marlins that he would not sign a long-term contract with the team, and that he anticipated a trade. On February 7, 2019, the Marlins traded Realmuto to the Phillies in exchange for catcher Jorge Alfaro, pitching prospects Sixto Sánchez and Will Stewart, and $250,000 in international bonus slot money. Realmuto replaced Alfaro as the Phillies' starting catcher, with veteran Andrew Knapp serving in the backup role. Realmuto received his second All-Star Game selection that year, again the only member of his team selected. He was shut down during the last week of the season for a minor meniscus surgery after sustaining a knee injury during a game against the Cleveland Indians.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: In 2019, Realmuto hit .275 with a career-high 25 home runs in a career-high 532 at bats. He also led all major league catchers with 83 RBIs, 90 runs, 144 hits, and 36 doubles. Defensively, he threw out 37 attempted base stealers, the most among major league catchers that season and the most of any Phillies catcher since Darren Daulton in 1993. Realmuto also logged the most innings of any catcher in 2019, starting 130 games and playing in innings. On November 3, Realmuto won his first career Gold Glove, joining Bob Boone and Mike Lieberthal as the third Phillies catcher to win the award. Four days later, he received his second Silver Slugger, becoming the first Phillies player to win the award since Chase Utley ten years prior. Realmuto was also named to the first-ever All-MLB First Team that December, the only Phillies player selected for either All-MLB team in 2019.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: When the COVID-19 pandemic shortened the 2020 MLB season to 60 games, Phillies management wanted to ensure that Realmuto remained healthy throughout the abbreviated season. Realmuto himself told reporters that he wanted to play in all 60 regular-season games that year, and catch in at least 50. He was an early star in the Phillies' disappointing season; although the team posted a 5–9 record in their first 14 games, Realmuto collected eight home runs within the same span. It was the second time that an MLB catcher had collected eight home runs in the first 15 games of the season, following Gabby Hartnett's 1925 run with the Chicago Cubs. Realmuto remained healthy until September 12, when he exited a game against the Miami Marlins with hip discomfort. The timing of the injury left the Phillies without their primary catcher just before a stretch of 14 games in 11 days. He was diagnosed with a strained hip flexor, and he missed 10 games with the injury before returning on September 22 for a game against the Nationals. Realmuto batted .266 in 47 games that season, with 11 home runs, 32 RBIs, and 33 runs scored in 195 at-bats.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: With the knowledge that Realmuto was on track to become a free agent at the end of the 2020 season, both Phillies fans and teammates began using the phrase "Sign J. T." to pressure managers into offering him a new contract. The push began in July 2020, during the Phillies' summer camp. After Realmuto hit a two-run home run during a scrimmage, outfielder Bryce Harper yelled "sign him" to the front office. Harper continued to push the Phillies to re-sign Realmuto throughout the season; after the final game of the season, he told reporters that, "Realmuto needs to be our catcher next year – plain and simple." Reliever Archie Bradley tweeted, "#SignJT" immediately after he himself signed with the Phillies. Although fans were not allowed inside Citizens Bank Park due to restrictions imposed by the COVID-19 pandemic, many would stand outside the ballpark gates to chant, "Sign J. T.". Realmuto officially became a free agent on November 11, 2020, when he declined the Phillies' one-year, $18.9 million qualifying offer. Three months later, on January 29, 2021, Realmuto agreed to a five-year, $115.5 million contract with the Phillies, the largest ever contract offered to a major league catcher.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto fractured his thumb on February 18, 2021, the first day of spring training, when he attempted to block a curveball by new reliever José Alvarado. He did not return to spring training until a March 23 Grapefruit League game against the Toronto Blue Jays, in which he hit a home run during his first at bat. Realmuto suffered another injury that May, ultimately missing 11 games after a wild pitch from David Hale caused a bone bruise on his left hand. Realmuto hit his 100th major league home run on June 6, driving in three runs against Tanner Rainey in the sixth inning of a 12–6 victory over the Washington Nationals. Despite going through what Realmuto called "one of the worst slumps of [his] career", he was one of two Phillies, alongside Zack Wheeler, to be named to the 2021 All-Star Game. As there was no game in the 2020 season, this was Realmuto's third selection in a row. After San Francisco Giants catcher Buster Posey went on the disabled list shortly before the July 13 game, Realmuto was named the starting catcher for the National League team. In addition to catching, Realmuto hit a solo home run against Gregory Soto of the Detroit Tigers in the fifth inning of the game; it was the Phillies' first home run in an All-Star game since Mike Schmidt in 1981, and Realmuto's first hit in any of his All-Star appearances.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto finished the 2021 season hitting .263/.343/.439 with 17 home runs, 73 RBIs, and a career-high 48 walks, 129 strikeouts, and 13 stolen bases in 134 games, and he led the NL with 118 games at catcher. He had the fastest sprint speed of all major league catchers, at 28.8 feet/second.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: In 2022, he batted .276/.342/.478 in 504 at bats with 75 runs, 22 home runs, and 84 RBIs. In Game 1 of the 2022 World Series, against the Houston Astros, Realmuto hit a go-ahead game winning home run in the top of the 10th inning. In 2022, he batted .276/.342/.478 in 504 at bats with 75 runs, 22 home runs, and 84 RBIs, as well as 21 stolen bases on 22 attempts. In Game 1 of the 2022 World Series, against the Houston Astros, Realmuto hit a go-ahead game winning home run in the top of the 10th inning. Realmuto went on to win his third Silver Slugger and second Gold Glove award following the season.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto has been referred to by sports journalists, baseball coaches and managers, and his teammates as the "best catcher in baseball". The phrase began during the 2018 season, when FanGraphs and Baseball Prospectus both placed Realmuto at No. 1 among all MLB catchers in Wins Above Replacement. Phillies manager Joe Girardi referred to Realmuto as "the best catcher in baseball" during spring training in 2020, while St. Louis Cardinals catcher Yadier Molina told the "Miami Herald" in 2018 that, "As a catcher you observe other catchers in this league and you see the way he plays. J.T. has got it all." Phillies pitchers Zack Wheeler and Chase Anderson, meanwhile, both told "The Philadelphia Inquirer" that the opportunity to pitch to Realmuto was part of their decision to sign with the Phillies.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Defensively, Realmuto has stood out for his speed and accuracy. During the 2018 season, he had the fastest pop time in the league, taking an average time of 1.86 seconds to receive a ball from a catcher and attempt to throw out a base runner. Although pop time has been criticized by some sabermetrics analysts for not considering accuracy of throws, Realmuto also led all major league catchers in caught stealing rate, picking off 44 percent of attempted base runners. That same year, he had the second-highest arm strength among all major league catchers, making throws at an average of , second to former Phillies catcher Jorge Alfaro. In addition to making throws, Realmuto was a successful backstop for pitchers, blocking 90.5 percent of all potential wild pitches during the 2018 season.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Offensively, Realmuto has also been successful. During the 2018 season, his batting average was 57 points higher than the average among MLB catchers. Additionally, his slugging percentage was 63 points higher, while his on-base plus slugging was 30 points higher than average. While his strikeout and walk rates have not significantly changed throughout his baseball career, Realmuto has steadily improved at hitting the ball harder and higher, cutting his ground-ball rate from 49 to 43 percent between 2016 and 2018. He also has a faster sprint speed than the average MLB player. While the average sprint speed on an offensive play is , and for catchers, Realmuto's has consistently hovered between since his first full MLB season.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: As Realmuto has gotten older, Phillies management has started focusing on how to prolong his career. He turned 30 before the start of the 2021 MLB season, a point at which many major league catchers begin to experience a downturn in productivity and increased injury. During the offseason, Realmuto engages in a daily weight training regimen, meant to maintain his strength and health when he is not actively catching.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto married his wife, Alexis Taylor, on November 4, 2017. The couple's first child, a daughter, was born on July 10, 2018, shortly before Realmuto's first All-Star appearance. Their second daughter was born on July 11, 2019. During the baseball season, the Realmutos reside in Haddonfield, New Jersey; in the offseason, they have a house in Oklahoma City. Realmuto and his wife are Christians.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: Realmuto and his family are close friends with Bryce Harper, who was acquired by the Phillies around the same time as Realmuto. Harper began to admire Realmuto shortly after they were drafted, as the Marlins' rivals in the NL East were Harper's original team, the Washington Nationals. Realmuto is also friends with Milwaukee Brewers outfielder Christian Yelich, who was selected by the Marlins during the same draft as Realmuto.


title: J. T. Realmuto

text: In 2019, Realmuto and pitcher Aaron Nola were selected as the Phillies representatives for Garth Brooks' "Home Plate Project", an organization designed to fight childhood hunger. Both players were unable to travel with the Phillies to Canada to play against the Toronto Blue Jays because they were unvaccinated.


title: Pâtisserie

text: A () is a type of Italian, French or Belgian bakery that specializes in pastries and sweets, as well as a term for such food items. In some countries, it is a legally controlled title that may only be used by bakeries that employ a licensed in French, in Dutch, in German (master pastry chef). In Dutch often the word is used for the shop itself and for the confections sold in such an establishment.


title: Pâtisserie

text: In Italy, France, and Belgium, the is a pastry chef who has completed a lengthy training process, typically an apprenticeship, and passed a written examination. Often found in partnership with a in French, in Dutch, in German (bakery), are a common sight in towns in Italy, France, and Belgium. Cakes and other sweet foods can be bought at a .


title: Pâtisserie

text: In Bangladeshi languages the term in common usage is called in its shortened form. In Korean and Japanese, the term is used as well (, ).


title: Pâtisserie

text: In France and Canada, the term also refers to the pastries produced by a . Mass-produced pastries are also sometimes called .


title: Pâtisserie

text: In Britain, morning goods are pastries, scones, and other products which are baked and sold fresh each day.


title: Pâtisserie

text: In Poland, there are two terms commonly used to refer to shops making and selling sweet baked goods: (from 'sugar') and (from 'pastry', diminutive form of 'cake', 'dough').


title: Pâtisserie

text: In the United States, several bakeries have been described as pâtisseries, including Portland, Oregon businesses Farina Bakery, JinJu Patisserie, Nuvrei, and Pix Pâtisserie.


title: High-A

text: High-A (officially Class High-A, formerly known as Class A-Advanced, and sometimes abbreviated "A+" in writing) is the third-highest level of play in Minor League Baseball in the United States and Canada, below Triple-A and Double-A, and above Single-A. There are 30 teams classified at the High-A level, one for each team in Major League Baseball (MLB), organized into three leagues: the Midwest League, Northwest League, and South Atlantic League.


title: High-A

text: Class High-A was established as a classification level within Minor League Baseball in 1990 by subdividing the existing Class A. Class A had been the third-highest level in the minor leagues since 1936 (when it was below Double-A and Class A1) and a hierarchy of Triple-A and Double-A above Class A had been in place since 1946. In 1963, the three classes below Class A (Classes B, C, and D) were abolished, with leagues at those levels moved into Class A. In 1965, Class A was subdivided for the first time, with the establishment of lower-level Class A Short Season leagues.


title: High-A

text: The 1965 hierarchy was in place for 25 years, until Class A was further subdivided in 1990, with Class A-Advanced becoming the third-highest classification:


title: High-A

text: Three leagues, each previously Class A, received the Class A-Advanced designation: the California League, Carolina League, and Florida State League. This arrangement continued until 2021, when Major League Baseball (MLB) restructured the minor leagues, eliminating Class A Short Season and discontinuing the use of all historical league names within Minor League Baseball. The existing Class A-Advanced leagues were moved to the Class A level and operated under generic names (Low-A West, Low-A East, and Low-A Southeast) during 2021. The Class A-Advanced level was officially renamed as "Class High-A", and also operated three leagues during 2021 with generic names: High-A Central, High-A East, and High-A West. These three High-A leagues had historically been known as the Midwest League, South Atlantic League, and Northwest League—the first two had previously operated at the Class A level, while the latter had previously operated at the Class A Short Season level. Following MLB's acquisition of the rights to the names of the historical minor leagues, MLB announced on March 16, 2022, that the leagues would revert to their prior names, effective with the 2022 season.


title: High-A

text: On June 30, 2021, Minor League Baseball announced that the top two teams in each league (based on full-season winning percentage, and regardless of division) would meet in a best-of-five postseason series to determine league champions.


title: 1994 NFL Draft

text: The 1994 NFL draft was the procedure by which National Football League teams selected amateur college football players. It is officially known as the NFL Annual Player Selection Meeting. The draft was held April 24–25, 1994, at the Marriott Marquis in New York City, New York. The league also held a supplemental draft after the regular draft and before the regular season. This was the first draft in which the rounds were reduced to seven in total.


title: 1994 NFL Draft

text: The top prospects going into the draft included quarterbacks Trent Dilfer and Heath Shuler, running back Marshall Faulk, and defensive tackle Dan Wilkinson, with "The New York Times" stating that those four players "rank well above the others in this draft". Wilkinson was so highly coveted that several teams expressed interest to trade up to get the first overall pick of the draft from the Cincinnati Bengals. The Bengals passed on any offers and drafted Wilkinson. Faulk and Shuler were then picked second and third by the Indianapolis Colts and the Washington Redskins, respectively. After the New England Patriots used the fourth pick to draft linebacker Willie McGinest (because they already had quarterback Drew Bledsoe, whom they selected first overall in the previous year and therefore passed on Dilfer), the Colts traded up to get the fifth pick from the Los Angeles Rams. But Indianapolis passed on Dilfer again, selecting linebacker Trev Alberts. The Colts' selections of Faulk and Alberts angered ESPN analyst Mel Kiper, Jr. on-air, who believed Indianapolis needed a quarterback in the first round. Colts general manager Bill Tobin, who signed free agent quarterback Jim Harbaugh ahead of the draft, responded by criticizing Kiper's credentials. Faulk would become a Hall of Fame inductee, while Albert's career only lasted three seasons. Dilfer was drafted sixth by the Tampa Bay Buccaneers but eventually became regarded as a journeyman. The Colts would reach the AFC Championship Game with Harbaugh in 1995, but fell to 3–13 in 1997, which led to the firing of Tobin and the drafting of longtime franchise quarterback Peyton Manning the following year.


title: 1994 NFL Draft

text: In the explanations below, (D) denotes trades that took place during the 1994 Draft, while (PD) indicates trades completed pre-draft.


title: Composite armour

text: Composite armour is a type of vehicle armour consisting of layers of different material such as metals, plastics, ceramics or air. Most composite armours are lighter than their all-metal equivalent, but instead occupy a larger volume for the same resistance to penetration. It is possible to design composite armour stronger, lighter and less voluminous than traditional armour, but the cost is often prohibitively high, restricting its use to especially vulnerable parts of a vehicle. Its primary purpose is to help defeat high-explosive anti-tank (HEAT) projectiles.


title: Composite armour

text: HEAT had posed a serious threat to armoured vehicles since its introduction in World War II. Lightweight and small, HEAT projectiles could nevertheless penetrate hundreds of millimetres of the most resistant steel armours. The capability of most materials for defeating HEAT follows the "density law", which states that the penetration of shaped charge jets is proportional to the square root of the shaped charge liner density (typically copper) divided by the square root of the target density. On a weight basis, lighter targets are more advantageous than heavier targets, but using large quantities of lightweight materials has obvious disadvantages in terms of mechanical layout. Certain materials have an optimal compromise in terms of density that makes them particularly useful in this role.


title: Composite armour

text: The earliest known composite armour for armoured vehicles was developed as part of the US Army's T95 experimental series from the mid-1950s. The T95 featured "siliceous-cored armour" which contained a plate of fused silica glass between rolled steel plates. The stopping power of glass exceeds that of steel armour on a thickness basis and in many cases glass is more than twice as effective as steel on a thickness basis. Although the T95 never entered production, a number of its concepts were used on the M60 Patton, and during the development stage (as the XM60) the siliceous-cored armour was at least considered for use, although it was not a feature of the production vehicles.


title: Composite armour

text: The first widespread use of a composite armour appears to have been on the Soviet T-64. It used an armour known as "combination K", which apparently is glass-reinforced plastic sandwiched between inner and outer steel layers. Through a mechanism called thixotropy, the resin changes to a fluid under constant pressure, allowing the armour to be moulded into curved shapes. Later models of the T-64, along with newer designs, use a boron carbide-filled resin aggregate for greatly improved protection . The Soviets also invested heavily in reactive armour, which allowed them some ability to control quality, even after production.


title: Composite armour

text: Among NATO nations and allies, the most common type of composite armour today is Chobham armour, first developed and used by the British in the experimental FV 4211 tank, which was based on Chieftain tank components. Chobham uses multiple non-explosive reactive armour plates (NERA), which sandwich a layer of elastomer (like rubber) between two plates of steel armour. This was shown to dramatically increase the resistance to HEAT projectiles, even in comparison to other composite armour designs. Chobham was such an improvement that it was soon used on the new U.S. M1 Abrams main battle tank (MBT) as well. The need to mount multiple angles plates, along with an outer steel layer to protect the armour array, gives the Challenger and Abrams their "slab sided" look.


title: Composite armour

text: The Soviets/Russians had a similar composite armour to the West's own "NERA", with rubber sandwiches between plates of steel. This armour was confirmed to be inside the T-72B's "Super Dolly Parton" armour, but is suspected to be inside the T-80A as well, since it is unlikely the Soviets would put worse armour in their "premier" tank.


title: Composite armour

text: Chobham armour defeats HEAT warheads by disrupting the high speed jet generated by the warhead. The outer steel "burster" plate detonates the shell and protects the composite array from the blast, increasing the armour's multi hit abilities. After making it through the burster plate, the jet penetrates into the first NERA plate, and begins to compress the elastomer. The elastomer quickly reaches maximum compression and rapidly expands, pushing the two steel plates in opposite directions. It is the movement of the steel plates that disrupts the jet, both by feeding more material into the jet's path, and introducing lateral forces to break the jet apart. The effectiveness of the system was amply demonstrated in Desert Storm, where not a single British Army Challenger tank was lost to enemy tank fire. (However, one was destroyed by friendly fire on March 25, 2003, killing two crew members after a HESH projectile detonated on the commander's hatch causing high-velocity fragments to enter the turret.) Chobham-type armour is currently in its third generation and is used on modern western tanks such as the British Challenger 2 and the American M1 Abrams. The Abrams is also unique in its usage of depleted uranium armour plates in conjunction with composite armour, increasing overall vehicle protection. The Leopard 2A4 is similar in its use of tungsten inserts.


title: Composite armour

text: All modern third-generation main battle tanks use composite armour arrays in their construction. While many of these vehicles feature the composite armour permanently integrated with the vehicle, the Japanese Type 10 and Type 90 Kyū-maru MBTs, French Leclerc, Iranian Karrar, Turkish Altay, Indian Arjun, Italian Ariete and Chinese Type 96/98 and Type 99 tanks use a modular composite armour, where sections of the composite armour can be easily and quickly switched out or upgraded with armour modules. The adoption of modular composite armour design facilitates far more efficient and easier upgrades and exchanges of the armour.


title: Composite armour

text: Soviet/Russian main battle tanks such as T-90s T-80Us and the Chinese Type 96/99s use composite armour in tandem with explosive reactive armour (ERA), making it hard for shaped charge munitions such as HEAT projectiles and missile warheads to penetrate the frontal and a portion of their side armour. The most advanced versions of these armours such as the Relikt and Kontakt-5 armour provide protection not only against shaped charges but also kinetic energy penetrators by using the explosive force to shear the projectile apart.


title: Composite armour

text: Applique armour has also been used in conjunction with composite armour to provide increased amounts of protection and to supplant existing composite arrays on a vehicle. The German Leopard 2A5 featured distinctive arrowhead laminated armour modules that was mounted directly onto the turret composite arrays, increasing protection markedly above the previous 2A4 model.


title: Composite armour

text: Composite armour has since been applied to smaller vehicles, right down to jeep-sized automobiles. Many of these systems are applied as upgrades to existing armour, which makes them difficult to place around the entire vehicle. Nevertheless, they are often surprisingly effective; upgrades with MEXAS ceramic armour to Canadian M113s were carried out in the 1990s, after it was realized that it would offer more protection than newly built IFVs like the M2 Bradley.


title: Composite armour

text: In 2004, American Marvin Heemeyer used an "ad hoc" composite armour on his Komatsu D355A bulldozer ("Killdozer") used in a rampage in response to a dispute with the city he lived in over a zoning issue. The armour, at some places a foot thick, consisted of a layer of concrete sandwiched between layers of steel, successfully rendering the vehicle impervious to small arms fire and small explosives used by law enforcement in an attempt to stop the vehicle.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: Western fashion in the 1920s underwent a modernization. For women, fashion had continued to change away from the extravagant and restrictive styles of the Victorian and Edwardian periods, and towards looser clothing which revealed more of the arms and legs, that had begun at least a decade prior with the rising of hemlines to the ankle and the movement from the S-bend corset to the columnar silhouette of the 1910s. Men also began to wear less formal daily attire and athletic clothing or 'Sportswear' became a part of mainstream fashion for the first time. The 1920s are characterized by two distinct periods of fashion: in the early part of the decade, change was slower, and there was more reluctance to wear the new, revealing popular styles. From 1925, the public more passionately embraced the styles now typically associated with the Roaring Twenties. These styles continued to characterize fashion until the worldwide depression worsened in 1931.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: After World War I, the United States entered a prosperous era and, as a result of its role in the war, came out onto the world stage. Social customs and morals were relaxed in the optimism brought on by the end of the war and the booming of the stock market. Women were entering the workforce in record numbers. In the United States, there was the enactment of the 18th Amendment, or as many know it, Prohibition, in 1920. Prohibition stated that it would be illegal to sell and consume alcohol. This lasted until 1933, so it was a constant for the whole 1920s era. This "noble experiment" was intended to reduce crime and corruption, solve social problems, reduce the tax burden created by prisons and poorhouses, and improve health and hygiene. The nationwide prohibition on alcohol was ignored by many resulting in speakeasies. Another important amendment in the United States was the 19th Amendment, which gave women the right to vote. There was a revolution in almost every sphere of human activity. Fashion was no exception; women entered the workforce and earned the right to vote, and they felt liberated. Fashion trends became more accessible, masculine, and practical, creating the emergence of "The New Woman". Flappers was a popular name given to women of this time because of what they wore. The constrictive corset, an essential undergarment to make the waist thinner, became a thing of the past.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: The development of new fabrics and new means of fastening clothing affected fashions of the 1920s. Natural fabrics such as cotton and wool were the abundant fabrics of the decade. Silk was highly desired for its luxurious qualities, but the limited supply made it expensive. In the late 19th century, "artificial silk" was first made in France, from a solution of cellulose. After being patented in the United States, the first American plant began production of this new fabric, in 1910. This fiber became known as rayon. Rayon stockings became popular in the decade as a substitute for silk stockings. Rayon was also used in some undergarments. Many garments before the 1920s were fastened with buttons and lacing. However, during this decade, the development of metal hooks and eyes meant that there were easier means of fastening clothing. Hooks and eyes, buttons, zippers, and snaps were all used to fasten clothing.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: Vastly improved production methods enabled manufacturers to easily produce clothing affordable by working families. The average person's fashion sense became more sophisticated. Meanwhile, working-class women looked for modern forms of dress as they transitioned from rural to urban careers. Taking their cue from wealthier women, working women began wearing less expensive variations on the day suit, adopting a more modern look that seemed to suit their new, technologically focused careers as typists and telephone operators.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: Although simple lines and minimal adornment reigned on the runways, the 1920s were not free of luxury. Expensive fabrics, including silk, velvet, and satin were favored by high-end designers, while department stores carried less expensive variations on those designs made of newly available synthetic fabrics. The use of mannequins became widespread during the 1920s and served as a way to show shoppers how to combine and accessorize the new fashions. The modern fashion cycle, established in the 1920s, still dominates the industry today. Designers favored separates in new fabrics like jersey that could be mixed and matched for work and modern, informal, un-chaperoned social activities like attending films or the theater and car rides.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: Paris set the fashion trends for Europe and North America. The fashion for women was all about letting loose. Women wore dresses all day, every day. Day dresses had a drop waist, which was a belt around the low waist or hip and a skirt that hung anywhere from the ankle on up to the knee, never above. Daywear had sleeves (long to mid-bicep) and a skirt that was straight, pleated, hank hem, or tiered. Hair was often bobbed, giving a boyish look.


title: 1920s in Western fashion

text: Clothing fashions changed with women's changing roles in society, particularly with the idea of new fashion. Although society matrons of a certain age continued to wear conservative dresses, the sportswear worn by forward-looking and younger women became the greatest change in post-war fashion. The tubular dresses of the 'teens had evolved into a similar silhouette that now sported shorter skirts with pleats, gathers, or slits to allow motion. The most memorable fashion trend of the Roaring Twenties was undoubtedly "the flapper" look. The flapper dress was functional and flattened the bust line rather than accentuating it.