title: Electrical conduit

text: Conduit may be installed underground between buildings, structures, or devices to allow installation of power and communication cables. An assembly of these conduits, often called a duct bank, may either be directly buried in earth, or encased in concrete (sometimes with reinforcing rebar to aid against shear forces). Alternatively, a duct bank may be installed in a utility tunnel. A duct bank will allow replacement of damaged cables between buildings or additional power and communications circuits to be added, without the expense of re-excavation of a trench. While metal conduit is occasionally used for burial, usually PVC, polyethylene or polystyrene plastics are now used due to lower cost, easier installation, and better resistance to corrosion.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Formerly, compressed asbestos fiber mixed with cement (such as transite) was used for some underground installations. Telephone and communications circuits were typically installed in fired-clay conduit.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Exact ratios of installation labor, weight and material cost vary depending on the size of conduit, but the values for 3/4 inch (21 metric) trade size (North America) are representative.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Despite the similarity to pipes used in plumbing, purpose-designed electrical fittings are used to connect conduit.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Box connectors join conduit to a junction box or other electrical box. A typical box connector is inserted into a knockout in a junction box, with the threaded end then being secured with a ring (called a lock nut) from within the box, as a bolt would be secured by a nut. The other end of the fitting usually has a screw or compression ring which is tightened down onto the inserted conduit. Fittings for non-threaded conduits are either secured with set screws or with a compression nut that encircles the conduit. Fittings for general purpose use with metal conduits may be made of die-cast zinc, but where stronger fittings are needed, they are made of copper-free aluminum or cast iron.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Sometimes the fittings are considered sufficiently conductive to "bond" (electrically unite) the metal conduit to a metal junction box (thus sharing the box's ground connection); other times, grounding bushings are used which have bonding jumpers from the bushing to a grounding screw on the box.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Unlike water piping, if the conduit is to be watertight, the idea is to keep water "out", not in. In this case, gaskets are used with special fittings, such as the weatherhead leading from the overhead electrical mains to the electric meter.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Flexible metal conduit usually uses fittings with a clamp on the outside of the box, just like bare cables would.


title: Electrical conduit

text: A conduit body can be used to provide pulling access in a run of conduit, to allow more bends to be made in a particular section of conduit, to conserve space where a full size bend radius would be impractical or impossible, or to split a conduit path into multiple directions. Conductors may "not" be spliced inside a conduit body, unless it is specifically listed for such use.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Conduit bodies differ from junction boxes in that they are not required to be individually supported, which can make them very useful in certain practical applications. Conduit bodies are commonly referred to as condulets, a term trademarked by Cooper Crouse-Hinds company, a division of Cooper Industries.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Conduit bodies come in various types, moisture ratings, and materials, including galvanized steel, aluminum, and PVC. Depending on the material, they use different mechanical methods for securing conduit. Among the types are:


title: Electrical conduit

text: This type of "decorative" conduit is designed to provide an aesthetically acceptable passageway for wiring without hiding it inside or behind a wall. This is used where additional wiring is required, but where going through a wall would be difficult or require remodeling. The conduit has an open face with removable cover, secured to the surface, and wire is placed inside. Plastic raceway is often used for telecommunication wiring, such as network cables in an older structure, where it is not practical to drill through concrete block.


title: Electrical conduit

text: The term "trunking" is used in the United Kingdom for electrical wireways, generally rectangular in cross section with removable lids.


title: Electrical conduit

text: "Mini trunking" is a term used in the UK for small form-factor (usually 6 mm to 25 mm square or rectangle sectioned) PVC wireways. In India, this trunking is available with self-fixing tape to ease off installation.


title: Electrical conduit

text: In some countries including Iran, the term 'Trunking' is a channel that allows installation of switches and sockets.


title: Electrical conduit

text: In North American practice, "wire trough" and "lay-in wireways" are terms used to designate similar products. Wall duct raceway is the term for the type that can be enclosed in a wall.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Innerducts are subducts that can be installed in existing underground conduit systems to provide clean, continuous, low-friction paths for placing optical cables, which have relatively low pulling tension limits. They provide a means for subdividing conventional conduit that was originally designed for single, large-diameter metallic conductor cables into multiple channels for smaller optical cables.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Innerducts are typically small-diameter, semi-flexible subducts. According to Telcordia GR-356, there are three basic types of innerduct: smoothwall, corrugated, and ribbed. These various designs are based on the profile of the inside and outside diameters of the innerduct. The need for a specific characteristic or combination of characteristics, such as pulling strength, flexibility, or the lowest coefficient of friction, dictates the type of innerduct required.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Beyond the basic profiles or contours (smoothwall, corrugated, or ribbed), innerduct is also available in an increasing variety of multiduct designs. Multiduct may be either a composite unit consisting of up to four or six individual innerducts that are held together by some mechanical means, or a single extruded product having multiple channels through which to pull several cables. In either case, the multiduct is coilable, and can be pulled into existing conduit in a manner similar to that of conventional innerduct.


title: Electrical conduit

text: Conduit is of relevance to both firestopping, where they become penetrants, and fireproofing, where circuit integrity measures can be applied on the outside to keep the internal cables operational during an accidental fire. The British standard BS 476 also considers internal fires, whereby the fireproofing must protect the surroundings from cable fires. Any external treatments must consider the effect upon ampacity derating due to internal heat buildup.


title: The Ghan

text: The Ghan is an experiential tourism oriented passenger train service that operates between the northern and southern coasts of Australia, through the cities of Adelaide, Alice Springs and Darwin on the Adelaide–Darwin rail corridor. Operated by Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions, its scheduled travelling time, including extended stops for passengers


title: The Ghan

text: to do off-train tours, is 53 hours 15 minutes to travel the . The Ghan has been described as one of the world's great passenger trains.


title: The Ghan

text: The service's name is an abbreviated version of its previous nickname, "The Afghan Express". The nickname is reputed to have been bestowed in 1923 by one of its crews. Some suggest the train's name honours Afghan camel drivers who arrived in Australia in the late 19th century to help the British colonisers find a way to reach the country's interior.


title: The Ghan

text: A contrary view is that the name was a veiled insult. In 1891, the railway from Quorn reached remote Oodnadatta where an itinerant population of around 150 cameleers were based, generically called "Afghans". "The Ghan Express" name originated with train crews in the 1890s as a taunt to officialdom because, when an expensive sleeping car was put on from Quorn to Oodnadatta, "on the first return journey the only passenger was an Afghan", mocking its commercial viability.


title: The Ghan

text: By as early as 1924, because of the notorious unreliability of this fortnightly steam train, European pastoralists commonly called it "in ribald fashion The Afghan Express". By 1951, when steam engines were replaced by diesel-electric locomotives, this disparaging derivation, like the cameleers, had faded away. Modern marketing has completed the name turnabout.


title: The Ghan

text: "The Ghan" was privatised in 1997 and has since then been operated by Journey Beyond Rail Expeditions (formerly known as Great Southern Rail), initially as part of the Serco Group. Great Southern Rail was sold to Allegro Funds, a Sydney investment fund, in March 2015.


title: The Ghan

text: The train usually runs weekly. During December 2012 and January 2013 it ran only once every two weeks. Until 2016, a second service operated between June and September. The train stops at Adelaide, Alice Springs, Katherine and Darwin; the stops at Alice Springs and Katherine allow time for passengers to take optional tours.


title: The Ghan

text: Each train has 16 to 38 stainless steel carriages, built by Comeng, Granville, in the late 1960s and early 1970s for the "Indian Pacific", plus a motorail wagon. The average length of the train is . Two Pacific National NR class locomotives haul the train, previously AN class or a DL class locomotives assisted.


title: The Ghan

text: Starting in August 1929, "The Ghan" ran on the Central Australian Railway, originally built as a narrow-gauge railway to Alice Springs under Chief Engineer, Commonwealth Railways, N. G. Bell. In 1957, the standard gauge Stirling North to Marree line opened, and the Ghan was curtailed to operate only north of Marree.


title: The Ghan

text: In October 1980, the remainder of the line was replaced by a standard-gauge line built to the west of the original line. An extension north from Alice Springs to Darwin opened in January 2004.


title: The Ghan

text: Construction of what was then known as the Port Augusta to Government Gums Railway began in 1878 when Premier of South Australia William Jervois broke ground at Port Augusta. The line reached Hawker in June 1880, Beltana in July 1881, Marree in January 1884 and Oodnadatta in January 1891. Work on the extension to Alice Springs began in 1926, and was completed in 1929. Until then, the final leg of the train journey was still made by camel.


title: The Ghan

text: Although there were plans from the beginning to extend the line to Darwin, by the time the extension to Alice Springs had been completed, "The Ghan" was losing money and the plans for further extension to Darwin were suspended indefinitely. The original Ghan line followed the same track as the overland telegraph, which is believed to be the route taken by John McDouall Stuart during his 1862 crossing of Australia.


title: The Ghan

text: "The Ghan" service was notorious for delays caused by washouts of the track. A flatcar immediately behind the locomotive carried spare sleepers and railway tools, so passengers and crew could repair the line. The very uncertain service via this route was tolerated because steam locomotives needed large quantities of water, and Stuart's route to Alice Springs was the only one that had sufficient available water.


title: The Ghan

text: Initially operated fortnightly, in the 1930s, it was increased to weekly. From 1956 until 1975, it operated twice weekly, before reverting to a weekly service.


title: The Ghan

text: During World War II, the service had to be greatly expanded, putting great pressure on the limited water supplies. As a result, de-mineralisation towers, some of which survive to this day, were built along the track so that bore water could be used. When a new line to Alice Springs was built in the 1970s, the use of diesel locomotives meant that there was far less need for water, thus allowing the line to take the much drier route from Tarcoola to Alice Springs.


title: The Ghan

text: In October 1980, a new standard gauge line from Tarcoola on the Trans-Australian Railway to Alice Springs opened, and the train took the form it has today. The new line is approximately west of the former line in order to avoid floodplains where the original line was often washed away during heavy rain. It was also hoped that the construction of the new line would improve the train's timekeeping.


title: The Ghan

text: The first "Ghan" on the new line departed Adelaide on 11 December 1980. It initially operated as a broad gauge service to Port Pirie. Following the conversion of the Adelaide to Crystal Brook to standard gauge in 1982, it operated as a standard gauge train throughout. Operating weekly, a second service was operated between May and October.


title: The Ghan

text: In November 1998, one service per week was extended from Adelaide to Melbourne while from April 1999, the other was diverted to operate to Sydney via Broken Hill. The extensions were withdrawn in November 2002 and March 2003 respectively.


title: The Ghan

text: Construction of Alice Springs–Darwin line was believed to be the second-largest civil engineering project in Australia, and the largest since the creation of the Snowy Mountains Scheme.


title: The Ghan

text: Line construction began in July 2001, with the first passenger train reaching Darwin on 3 February 2004, after 126 years of planning and waiting and at a cost of $1.3 billion.


title: The Ghan

text: "The Ghan's" arrival in Darwin signified a new era of tourism in the Northern Territory, making travel to the region easier and more convenient. The rail link will allow for more freight to travel through the region, leading to a hope that Darwin will serve as another trade link with Asia.


title: The Ghan

text: In preparation for the connection to Darwin, one of the locomotives was named after wildlife expert Steve Irwin, an international symbol of outback Australia, to promote the new service and tourism to the region.


title: The Ghan

text: The Ghan was suspended for five months from March to August 2020 due to COVID-19 restrictions and border closures – the longest suspension in the train's existence. The first post-COVID train departed Adelaide for Darwin on 31 August 2020.


title: The Ghan

text: The original Ghan was featured in an episode of BBC Television's series "Great Railway Journeys of the World" in 1980, presented by Michael Frayn.


title: The Ghan

text: The modern Ghan featured in an episode of Channel 5 series "Chris Tarrant: Extreme Railways", and the "Mighty Trains" series.


title: The Ghan

text: In 2018, it was also the subject of SBS slow television documentary "The Ghan: Australia's Greatest Train Journey". The entire journey from Adelaide to Darwin which was filmed in 2017, was condensed into a three-hour highlights show with no voiceover or narration, much of it featuring footage directly from the front of the locomotive and various helicopter views. An extended 17-hour version of the show aired on SBS's secondary channel, SBS Viceland.


title: The Ghan

text: In October 2019, the train featured in BBC Two's episode one of Michael Portillo's "Great Australian Railway Journeys".


title: Freya (cat)

text: Freya (born April 2009) is a tabby cat owned by the former Chancellor of the Exchequer of the United Kingdom George Osborne and his family.


title: Freya (cat)

text: Freya went missing from the Osbornes' house in Notting Hill when she was just a few months old, and after searching West London for her, the family assumed she had died or had become lost. In June 2012, Osborne's wife received a call telling her that Freya was alive, and the family brought her home. In September 2012, Freya shared the role of Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office with the Downing Street cat Larry. In November 2014, Freya was retired from the position to the Kent countryside.


title: Freya (cat)

text: On 16 September 2012, Nigel Nelson from "The People" reported the Prime Minister David Cameron had sacked Larry from his position as Chief Mouser to the Cabinet Office and installed Freya instead. Nelson revealed that Cameron had become fed up with Larry's laziness.


title: Freya (cat)

text: Cameron decided to replace Larry when he refused to move from his chair to chase a mouse on September 13. Nelson explained, "The final straw came on Thursday when Mr Cameron caught Larry cat-napping on his chair in his No.10 study as another mouse scurried across the room. When he tried to wake Larry to do his duty one eye opened but the moggy wouldn't budge."


title: Freya (cat)

text: Cameron drafted in Freya to patrol Numbers 10, 11 and 12 Downing Street as she is a "tougher" and a "more street-wise predator." Freya was reported to be the more dominant cat over Larry and a more effective mouser, reportedly because her days as a stray had "hardened" her.


title: Freya (cat)

text: Freya has become one of 100,000 cats employed by the Government to keep the number of mice down. On 16 October 2012, police had to break up a fight between Larry and Freya outside Number 10. Rosa Prince from "The Daily Telegraph" reported that Freya "appeared to have the best of the confrontation". The Prime Minister's spokeswoman stated that Freya and Larry were able to "co-exist" and added that she would not comment further on the two cats' adventures.


title: Freya (cat)

text: In May 2014, Freya strayed over a mile from Downing Street and had to be rescued and returned by a charity worker. In August 2014, Freya was hit by a car in Whitehall and was subsequently treated by a vet. George Osborne said he was "very grateful" to those who came to the aid of his pet. Following these events, Freya was sent to the Kent countryside to allow her to exercise her desire to roam.


title: Griffith Park

text: Griffith Park is a large municipal park at the eastern end of the Santa Monica Mountains, in the Los Feliz neighborhood of Los Angeles, California. The park includes popular attractions such as the Los Angeles Zoo, the Autry Museum of the American West, the Griffith Observatory, and the Hollywood Sign. Due to its appearance in many films, the park is among the most famous municipal parks in North America.


title: Griffith Park

text: It has been compared to Central Park in New York City and Golden Gate Park in San Francisco, but it is much larger, less tamed, and more rugged than either of those parks. The Los Angeles Recreation and Parks Commission adopted the characterization of the park as an "urban wilderness" on January 8, 2014. The park covers of land, making it one of the largest urban parks in North America. It is the second-largest city park in California, after Mission Trails Preserve in San Diego, and the 11th-largest municipally-owned park in the United States.


title: Griffith Park

text: After successfully investing in mining, Griffith J. Griffith purchased Rancho Los Feliz (near the Los Angeles River) in 1882 and started an ostrich farm there. Although ostrich feathers were commonly used in making women's hats in the late 19th century, Griffith's purpose was primarily to lure residents of Los Angeles to his nearby property developments, which supposedly were haunted by the ghost of Antonio Feliz (a previous owner of the property). After the property rush peaked, Griffith donated to the city of Los Angeles on December 16, 1896.


title: Griffith Park

text: Griffith was tried and convicted of shooting and severely wounding his wife in a 1903 incident. When released from prison, he attempted to fund the construction of an amphitheater, observatory, planetarium, and a girls' camp and boys' camp in the park. As his reputation in the city was tainted by his crime, the city refused his money.


title: Griffith Park

text: In 1912, Griffith designated of the park, at its northeast corner along the Los Angeles River, be used to "do something to further aviation". The Griffith Park Aerodrome was the result. Aviation pioneers such as Glenn L. Martin and Silas Christofferson used it; afterwards the aerodrome was passed to the National Guard Air Service. Air operations continued on a -long runway until 1939, when it was closed, partly due to danger from interference with the approaches to Grand Central Airport across the river in Glendale, and because the City Planning commission complained that a military airport violated the terms of Griffith's deed. The National Guard squadron moved to Van Nuys, and the aerodrome was demolished, though the rotating beacon and its tower remained for many years. From 1946 until the mid-1950s, Rodger Young Village occupied the area which had formerly been the Aerodrome. Today that site is occupied by the Los Angeles Zoo parking lot, the Gene Autry Western Heritage Museum, soccer fields, and the interchange between the Golden State Freeway and the Ventura Freeway.


title: Griffith Park

text: Griffith set up a trust fund for the improvements he envisioned, and after his death in 1919 the city began to build what Griffith had wanted. The amphitheater, called the Greek Theatre, was completed in 1930, and Griffith Observatory was finished in 1935. Subsequent to Griffith's original gift, further donations of land, city purchases, and the reversion of land from private to public have expanded the park to its present size.


title: Griffith Park

text: In December, 1944 the Sherman Company donated of Hollywoodland open space to Griffith Park. This large, passive, eco-sensitive property borders the Lake Hollywood reservoir (west), the former Hollywoodland sign (north), and Bronson Canyon (east) where it connects into the original Griffith donation. The Hollywoodland residential community is surrounded by this land.


title: Griffith Park

text: After the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the Civilian Conservation Corps camp contained within Griffith Park was converted to a holding center for Japanese Americans arrested as "enemy aliens" before they were transferred to more permanent internment camps. The Griffith Park Detention Camp opened almost immediately after the Pearl Harbor attack, taking in 35 Japanese immigrants suspected of fifth column activity because they lived and worked near military installations. These men, mostly fishermen from nearby Terminal Island, were transferred to an Immigration and Naturalization Service detention station after a brief stay, but Issei internees arrested in the days and weeks following the outbreak of the war arrived soon after to take their place. Up to 550 Japanese Americans were confined in Griffith Park from 1941 to 1942, all subsequently transferred to Fort Lincoln, Fort Missoula and other DOJ camps.


title: Griffith Park

text: On July 14, 1942, the detention camp became a POW Processing Center for German, Italian and Japanese prisoners-of-war, operating until August 3, 1943, when the prisoners were transferred elsewhere. The camp was changed to the Army Western Corps Photographic Center and Camouflage Experimental Laboratory until the end of the war.


title: Griffith Park

text: Hired as part of a welfare project, 3,780 men were in the park clearing brush on October 3, 1933, when a fire broke out in the Mineral Wells area in the northern part of the current park. Many of the workers volunteered or were ordered to fight the fire. In all, 29 men were killed and 150 were injured. Professional firefighters arrived and limited the blaze to .


title: Griffith Park

text: On May 12, 1961, a wildfire on the south side of the park burned . It also destroyed eight homes and damaged nine more, chiefly in the Beachwood Canyon area.


title: Griffith Park

text: Another fire occurred 1971 in the Toyon Canyon area. Repelled by the ugliness of the devastated area, Amir Dialameh replanted a portion of it himself by hand. Over the course of more than 30 years he tended the garden he built there, with the help of occasional volunteers. Amir's Garden is featured in "Visiting... with Huell Howser" episode 1306.


title: Griffith Park

text: On May 8, 2007, a major wildfire burned more than , destroying the bird sanctuary, Dante's View, and Captain's Roost, and forcing the evacuation of hundreds of people. The fire came right up to one of the largest playgrounds in Los Angeles, Shane's Inspiration, and the Los Angeles Zoo, and threatened the Griffith Observatory, but left such areas intact. Several local organizations, including SaveGriffithPark.org, have been working since then with local officials to restore the park in a way that would benefit all. It was the third fire of the year. The city announced a $50 million plan to stabilize the burned slopes. The trees along Canyon Drive were allowed to grow back naturally, having been re-seeded by bird droppings.


title: Griffith Park

text: around Cahuenga Peak were purchased with funds from a broad spectrum of donors, in addition to $1.7 million from the city, and added to the park in July 2010 bringing the park's total acreage to .


title: Griffith Park

text: A statue of a standing bear, created in 1976 by Noack Foundry based on the design of German sculptor Renée Sintenis originally created in 1932, is located in the park. Its plaque reads "To the people of the United States of America in gratitude for their aid, friendship and protection. Presented to our sister city, Los Angeles by the people of free Berlin". This is the same bear as that used to create the Golden Bear awards for the Berlin International Film Festival each year.


title: Griffith Park

text: Much of the park comprises wild, rugged natural areas with hiking and equestrian trails, and this terrain separates the park into many areas or "pockets" of activities. Within the various areas are concessions, golf courses, picnic grounds, train rides, and tennis courts. In 2014, two baseball fields were proposed on the east side of Griffith Park that would remove 44 trees and replace of picnic area, the largest picnic area in the park that is often used for large family gatherings, cultural fairs and festivals, reunions, and other special occasions. The plan may be altered to spare a sycamore that has been designated by the city as a "heritage tree", a living artifact of Los Angeles history.


title: Griffith Park

text: After its closure in 1966, the grounds of the Griffith Park Zoo were transformed into a recreation area. Some of the former animal enclosures were left in place, and picnic tables were installed.


title: Griffith Park

text: The annual Bell-Jeff Invitational cross country race has been held in the park on the last Saturday in September since 1973.


title: Griffith Park

text: Griffith Park is a popular hiking area. Orientation maps are located at the entrance to the parking lot near Griffith Observatory. A service road leads from the observatory to numerous hiking routs on and around Mount Lee; however, the immediate area where the Hollywood Sign is located is closed to the public since the area is home to the main communication tower for the City of Los Angeles. Hiking up to Wisdom tree on Cahuenga Peak from the South-western slopes of Mount Lee is accessible. Visitors are expected to comply with safety requirements, and must be prepared and equipped adequately.


title: Griffith Park

text: Trails leading to the Hollywood Sign can be accessed from several official Griffith Park entrances. These include the Mt. Hollywood Trail, which can be accessed from the Griffith Observatory parking lot off Vermont Canyon Road or from Vermont Canyon Road just past the Greek Theater, the Bronson Canyon / Brush Canyon Trail (3200 Canyon Drive, Los Angeles, CA), and a number of trailheads that begin near the Griffith Park Visitors Center off Crystal Springs Drive in the Los Feliz section of Los Angeles (free trail maps are available at the Visitors Center). A once-popular trailhead originating at the top of Beachwood Drive was closed by court order in April 2017.


title: Griffith Park

text: Mount Lee's hiking trails and fire roads are part of Griffith Park; as such it's easy to get lost and be redirected. Maps of the trails and the land around the hills should be studied before attempting to hike the area for the first time.


title: Griffith Park

text: One adult mountain lion, named P-22, inhabited the park from 2012 to 2022. An image of the cougar was captured on an automatic camera.


title: Griffith Park

text: Much of the exposed rock in Griffith Park is marine or non-marine sedimentary rock of Neogene and Quaternary formations, including the Lower, Middle and Upper Topanga, as well as the Monterey and Fernando formations. Both inclined bedding and fossil-bearing strata are common. Also present is late Miocene intrusive rock, generally strongly weathered and easily cleaved, as well as some dikes and purple and gray andesitic extrusive rock bodies. Faulting as well as clear contacts between rock bodies are also common.


title: Griffith Park

text: With its wide variety of scenes and close proximity to Hollywood and Burbank, various locations in the park have been used extensively in movies and television shows. Griffith Park was the busiest destination in Los Angeles for on-location filming in 2011, with 346 production days, according to a FilmL.A. survey. Projects included the TV series "Criminal Minds" and "The Closer".


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Thomas Kerridge (born 27 July 1973) is an English Michelin-starred chef who has worked mainly in the United Kingdom. After initially appearing in several small television parts as a child actor, he decided to attend culinary school at the age of 18. He has since worked at a variety of British restaurants, including the Michelin starred Rhodes in the Square and Adlards.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: With his wife Beth Cullen-Kerridge, he opened the pub, "The Hand & Flowers" in 2005 and within a year gained his first Michelin star. In the 2012 list, he won a second Michelin star, the first time a pub had done so. Tom then went on to open a second pub in Marlow, The Coach, which has also won a Michelin star. More recently Tom opened "The Butcher's Tap" (butchers and pub under one roof) and opened his first London restaurant in 2018 at Corinthia Hotel London.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: As a chef he has appeared on the "Great British Menu", "MasterChef" and "Saturday Kitchen" and more recently fronted his own series "How to Lose Weight For Good" and "Top of the Shop", both for BBC.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge presented "" (2016) and currently presents "Food and Drink" (2015–present), both for BBC Two.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge, whose parents divorced when he was eleven, was the elder of two brothers. His mother held down several jobs while moving the now single-parent family around several housing estates in Gloucester. He attended Saintbridge Secondary School in the city, and began cooking for himself and his younger brother after school while his mother was at work. Kerridge enjoyed riding his bike and visiting Westonbirt Arboretum.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: He attended a youth theatre for three weeks when he was spotted and cast in the 1991 Christmas special of the BBC1 television show "Miss Marple": "They Do It with Mirrors". A number of other small television roles followed, but at the age of eighteen he decided to pursue his love of cooking instead of an acting career. Kerridge found Marco Pierre White's "White Heat" cookbook inspiring, and states that it encouraged him to pursue a career as a chef by attending catering college in Cheltenham.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: His first role in a professional kitchen was as a commis chef at Calcot Manor in Tetbury in 1991. Tom went to work under renowned chef Philip Britten at the Capital hotel, Knightsbridge. This was followed with three years at the Stephen Bull restaurant in Marylebone. He moved around several restaurants as a chef de partie before joining Rhodes in the Square as sous chef under Gary Rhodes in 1999.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: He spent a further two years as sous chef at Odettes in London. In 2001 he became head chef for the first time, at Bellamys Dining Room, and then at Great Fosters in Surrey.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: He moved back to London to become senior sous chef at Monsieur Max until 2003, before moving to Adlards in Norwich as head chef once more. In 2005 he opened his own gastropub, called The Hand & Flowers, which gained a Michelin star in 2006. The Hand & Flowers gained a second Michelin star in the 2012 list, becoming the first pub ever to hold two Michelin stars.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge describes himself as "not a Michelin-star kind of guy", which influenced his choice to open his gastropub. His signature dish is his take on a pig roast involving cooking pork belly in a bain-marie, which is then wrapped in skin and roasted. This is accompanied by a stuffed pig's trotter.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge has appeared on television in series five and six of the "Great British Menu", supplying main courses to the final banquet on both occasions, and has subsequently appeared as a judge on the programme every year since competing and has also appeared on "Saturday Kitchen".


title: Tom Kerridge

text: In February 2013 he appeared as guest chef on the BBC programme "Food and Drink". He later became the co-presenter of the show in 2015.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: In 2013 he presented his own BBC Two food programme "Tom Kerridge's Proper Pub Food" and then in spring 2014, he hosted "Spring Kitchen with Tom Kerridge", which was aired in a daytime viewing slot on BBC One. September 2013 saw Kerridge win the coveted AA Chefs' Chef of the Year Award at the AA Hospitality Awards at the London Hilton Hotel.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: In January 2014, Kerridge's gastropub “The Hand and Flowers” was named the UK's top gastropub for the third consecutive year at the Budweiser Budvar Top 50 Gastropubs Awards.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: September 2014 saw chef Kerridge win GQ's Chef Of The Year award at the GQ Men Of The Year awards held at the Royal Opera House in London's Covent Garden.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: In 2016, Kerridge presented "Bake Off: Crème de la Crème" for BBC Two. He was replaced by Angus Deayton for the second series in 2017.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge co-presented the 2016 BBC Two series "The Food Detectives" with Sean Fletcher and Alice Roberts. In 2017 he co-presented "The Best of British Takeaways" with Cherry Healey on BBC Two. In 2017, he presented "Tom Kerridge: Lose Weight For Good" for BBC Two.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: In 2017, Kerridge launched Pub in the Park in Marlow and continued the festival in 2018 in Marlow, Bath, Tunbridge Wells and Knutsford.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: On 2 October 2017, Kerridge's Marlow pub, "The Coach" was awarded its first Michelin Star in the "Michelin Guide Great Britain & Ireland 2018".


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge has also launched his own catering business, LUSH by The Hand and Flowers, which launched in April 2018.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: September 2018 saw the opening of Kerridge's first London restaurant called "Kerridge’s Bar & Grill", at the Corinthia Hotel in Westminster. Head Chef was Nick Beardshaw, who had previously worked with Kerridge at "The Hand and Flowers" and "The Coach".


title: Tom Kerridge

text: On 19 September 2019, the chef's 10-part series called "Tom Kerridge's American Feast", premiered on Food Network UK. The series sees Kerridge travel on a culinary road trip across America, from the Northern Californian Coast to the Florida Keys.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: On 8 January 2020, the first episode of Kerridge's new 6-part TV series called "Lose Weight and Get Fit with Tom Kerridge" was screened on BBC2. A hardback book of the same name was released to accompany the series.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: 15 November 2019 saw the opening of Kerridge's latest restaurant called 'The Bull & Bear' at Manchester's Stock Exchange Hotel, which is owned by former footballers Gary Neville and Ryan Giggs, together with hotelier Winston Zahra.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: On 30 July 2020, Kerridge's 12-part TV series called "Tom Kerridge Barbecues" premiered on Food Network UK.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: In January 2021, Kerridge announced that he was teaming up with British Airways to create a new range of short haul economy food; part of the airline's "Speedbird Café" menu. Kerridge had previously worked with British Airways in 2019 to design new long-haul menus for customers travelling with the airline throughout August of that year; part of the airline's centenary celebrations.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: On 6 September 2021, the BBC announced that Kerridge would be joining the judging panel for the next series of Great British Menu.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: On 7 November 2012, Kerridge was among a number of chefs who joined in the cyber-bullying of a customer to his associate Claude Bosi's restaurant Hibiscus. James Isherwood had written on his blog 'Dining With James' that he had not enjoyed his starter, leading Bosi and fellow Michelin star chef Sat Bains to verbally abuse him on Twitter.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge does not cook often when at home and claims that his oven is the least-used appliance in his house.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge is a lifelong Manchester United supporter and has a number 7 tattoo in honor of his favourite player, Bryan Robson. He is also a season-ticket holder of Marlow F.C.


title: Tom Kerridge

text: Kerridge is married to sculptor Beth Cullen-Kerridge; the couple have one child. He told author Paul Stenning: "My relationship with Beth is fantastic but in our first year living and working together she left me three times! It wasn’t what she was used to doing and for every penny you both own to be invested in the business, and for that to be virtually all you are doing with your time is hard. We had everything in our life in the one room and it was all above the place we were working, where I was putting in a 90 hour a week shift. It becomes a huge pressure on your relationship but it also cements it and makes it very strong. We’ve been through a lot together."


title: Tom Kerridge

text: After turning 40 and weighing 30 stone (190.5 kg), Kerridge managed to lose 12 stone (76.2 kg) in five years through a combination of swimming, ditching alcohol, cutting down on carbs and using the dopamine diet (a type of diet that boosts your levels of the so-called 'happy hormone' so that it's easier to stick to your diet).


title: Immutable object

text: In object-oriented and functional programming, an immutable object (unchangeable object) is an object whose state cannot be modified after it is created. This is in contrast to a mutable object (changeable object), which can be modified after it is created. In some cases, an object is considered immutable even if some internally used attributes change, but the object's state appears unchanging from an external point of view. For example, an object that uses memoization to cache the results of expensive computations could still be considered an immutable object.


title: Immutable object

text: Strings and other concrete objects are typically expressed as immutable objects to improve readability and runtime efficiency in object-oriented programming. Immutable objects are also useful because they are inherently thread-safe. Other benefits are that they are simpler to understand and reason about and offer higher security than mutable objects.


title: Immutable object

text: In imperative programming, values held in program variables whose content never changes are known as "constants" to differentiate them from variables that could be altered during execution. Examples include conversion factors from meters to feet, or the value of pi to several decimal places.


title: Immutable object

text: Read-only fields may be calculated when the program runs (unlike constants, which are known beforehand), but never change after they are initialized.


title: Immutable object

text: Sometimes, one talks of certain "fields" of an object being immutable. This means that there is no way to change those parts of the object state, even though other parts of the object may be changeable ("weakly immutable"). If all fields are immutable, then the object is immutable. If the whole object cannot be extended by another class, the object is called "strongly immutable". This might, for example, help to explicitly enforce certain invariants about certain data in the object staying the same through the lifetime of the object. In some languages, this is done with a keyword (e.g. codice_1 in C++, codice_2 in Java) that designates the field as immutable. Some languages reverse it: in OCaml, fields of an object or record are by default immutable, and must be explicitly marked with codice_3 to be so.


title: Immutable object

text: In most object-oriented languages, objects can be referred to using references. Some examples of such languages are Java, C++, C#, VB.NET, and many scripting languages, such as Perl, Python, and Ruby. In this case, it matters whether the state of an object can vary when objects are shared via references.


title: Immutable object

text: If an object is known to be immutable, it is preferred to create a reference of it instead of copying the entire object. This is done to conserve memory by preventing data duplication and avoid calls to constructors and destructors; it also results in a potential boost in execution speed.


title: Immutable object

text: The reference copying technique is much more difficult to use for mutable objects, because if any user of a mutable object reference changes it, all other users of that reference see the change. If this is not the intended effect, it can be difficult to notify the other users to have them respond correctly. In these situations, defensive copying of the entire object rather than the reference is usually an easy but costly solution. The observer pattern is an alternative technique for handling changes to mutable objects.


title: Immutable object

text: A technique that blends the advantages of mutable and immutable objects, and is supported directly in almost all modern hardware, is copy-on-write (COW). Using this technique, when a user asks the system to copy an object, it instead merely creates a new reference that still points to the same object. As soon as a user attempts to modify the object through a particular reference, the system makes a real copy, applies the modification to that, and sets the reference to refer to the new copy. The other users are unaffected, because they still refer to the original object. Therefore, under COW, all users appear to have a mutable version of their objects, although in the case that users do not modify their objects, the space-saving and speed advantages of immutable objects are preserved. Copy-on-write is popular in virtual memory systems because it allows them to save memory space while still correctly handling anything an application program might do.


title: Immutable object

text: The practice of always using references in place of copies of equal objects is known as "interning". If interning is used, two objects are considered equal if and only if their references, typically represented as pointers or integers, are equal. Some languages do this automatically: for example, Python automatically interns short strings. If the algorithm that implements interning is guaranteed to do so in every case that it is possible, then comparing objects for equality is reduced to comparing their pointers – a substantial gain in speed in most applications. (Even if the algorithm is not guaranteed to be comprehensive, there still exists the possibility of a fast path case improvement when the objects are equal and use the same reference.) Interning is generally only useful for immutable objects.


title: Immutable object

text: Immutable objects can be useful in multi-threaded applications. Multiple threads can act on data represented by immutable objects without concern of the data being changed by other threads. Immutable objects are therefore considered more "thread-safe" than mutable objects.


title: Immutable object

text: Immutability does not imply that the object as stored in the computer's memory is unwriteable. Rather, immutability is a compile-time construct that indicates what a programmer can do through the normal interface of the object, not necessarily what they can absolutely do (for instance, by circumventing the type system or violating const correctness in C or C++).


title: Immutable object

text: In Python, Java and the .NET Framework, strings are immutable objects. Both Java and the .NET Framework have mutable versions of string. In Java these are codice_4 and codice_5 (mutable versions of Java ) and in .NET this is codice_5 (mutable version of .Net codice_7). Python 3 has a mutable string (bytes) variant, named codice_8.


title: Immutable object

text: In pure functional programming languages it is not possible to create mutable objects without extending the language (e.g. via a mutable references library or a foreign function interface), so all objects are immutable.


title: Immutable object

text: In Ada, any object is declared either "variable" (i.e. mutable; typically the implicit default), or codice_9 (i.e. immutable) via the codice_9 keyword.


title: Immutable object

text: In C++, a const-correct implementation of codice_12 would allow the user to create instances of the class and then use them as either codice_1 (immutable) or mutable, as desired, by providing two different versions of the codice_14 method. (Notice that in C++ it is not necessary — and in fact impossible — to provide a specialized constructor for codice_1 instances.)


title: Immutable object

text: Note that, when there is a data member that is a pointer or reference to another object, then it is possible to mutate the object pointed to or referenced only within a non-const method.


title: Immutable object

text: C++ also provides abstract (as opposed to bitwise) immutability via the codice_3 keyword, which lets a member variable be changed from within a codice_1 method.


title: Immutable object

text: In D, there exist two type qualifiers, codice_1 and codice_19, for variables that cannot be changed. Unlike C++'s codice_1, Java's codice_2, and C#'s codice_11, they are transitive and recursively apply to anything reachable through references of such a variable. The difference between codice_1 and codice_19 is what they apply to: codice_1 is a property of the variable: there might legally exist mutable references to referred value, i.e. the value can actually change. In contrast, codice_19 is a property of the referred value: the value and anything transitively reachable from it cannot change (without breaking the type system, leading to undefined behavior). Any reference of that value must be marked codice_1 or codice_19. Basically for any unqualified type codice_29, codice_30 is the disjoint union of codice_29 (mutable) and codice_32.


title: Immutable object

text: For a mutable codice_33 object, its codice_34 can be written to. For a codice_35 object, codice_34 cannot be modified, it inherits codice_1; codice_38 is still immutable as it is the stronger guarantee. For an codice_39, all fields are immutable.


title: Immutable object

text: Inside the braces, codice_40 might refer to the same object as codice_41, so mutations to codice_41 could indirectly change codice_40 as well. Also,


title: Immutable object

text: codice_40 might refer to the same object as codice_45, but since the value then is immutable, there are no changes. However, codice_41 and codice_45 cannot legally refer to the same object.


title: Immutable object

text: In the language of guarantees, mutable has no guarantees (the function might change the object), codice_1 is an outward-only guarantee that the function will not change anything, and


title: Immutable object

text: codice_19 is a bidirectional guarantee (the function will not change the value and the caller must not change it).


title: Immutable object

text: Values that are codice_1 or codice_19 must be initialized by direct assignment at the point of declaration or by a constructor.


title: Immutable object

text: Because codice_1 parameters forget if the value was mutable or not, a similar construct, codice_53, acts, in a sense, as a variable for mutability information.


title: Immutable object

text: A function of type codice_54 returns codice_55 typed values for mutable, const and immutable arguments. In contrast, a function of type codice_56 returns codice_57 for mutable codice_29 arguments, codice_55 for codice_30 values, and codice_61 for codice_32 values.


title: Immutable object

text: Casting immutable values to mutable inflicts undefined behavior upon change, even if the original value comes from a mutable origin. Casting mutable values to immutable can be legal when there remain no mutable references afterward. "An expression may be converted from mutable (...) to immutable if the expression is unique and all expressions it transitively refers to are either unique or immutable." If the compiler cannot prove uniqueness, the casting can be done explicitly and it is up to the programmer to ensure that no mutable references exist.


title: Immutable object

text: The type codice_63 is an alias for codice_64, i.e. a typed slice of memory of immutable characters. Making substrings is cheap, as it just copies and modifies a pointer and a length filed, and safe, as the underlying data cannot be changed. Objects of type codice_65 can refer to strings, but also to mutable buffers.


title: Immutable object

text: Making a shallow copy of a const or immutable value removes the outer layer of immutability: Copying an immutable string (codice_66) returns a string (codice_64). The immutable pointer and length are being copied and the copies are mutable. The referred data has not been copied and keeps its qualifier, in the example codice_19. It can be stripped by making a depper copy, e.g. using the codice_69 function.


title: Immutable object

text: The method codice_71 does not change the data "ABC" that codice_72 contains. Instead, a new String object is instantiated and given the data "abc" during its construction. A reference to this String object is returned by the codice_71 method. To make the String codice_72 contain the data "abc", a different approach is needed:


title: Immutable object

text: Now the String codice_72 references a new String object that contains "abc". There is nothing in the syntax of the "declaration" of the class String that enforces it as immutable; rather, none of the String class's methods ever affect the data that a String object contains, thus making it immutable.


title: Immutable object

text: The keyword codice_2 (detailed article) is used in implementing immutable primitive types and object references, but it cannot, by itself, make "the objects themselves" immutable. See below examples:


title: Immutable object

text: Primitive type variables (codice_77, codice_78, codice_79, etc.) can be reassigned after being defined. This can be prevented by using codice_2.


title: Immutable object

text: Reference types cannot be made immutable just by using the codice_2 keyword. codice_2 only prevents reassignment.


title: Immutable object

text: m.data = 100; // OK. We can change state of object m (m is mutable and final doesn't change this fact)


title: Immutable object

text: Primitive wrappers (codice_83, codice_84, codice_85, codice_86, codice_87, codice_88, codice_89, codice_90) are also all immutable. Immutable classes can be implemented by following a few simple guidelines.


title: Immutable object

text: In JavaScript, all primitive types (Undefined, Null, Boolean, Number, BigInt, String, Symbol) are immutable, but custom objects are generally mutable.


title: Immutable object

text: However, the approach above still lets new properties be added. Alternatively, one may use Object.freeze to make existing objects immutable.


title: Immutable object

text: With the implementation of ECMA262, JavaScript has the ability to create immutable references that cannot be reassigned. However, using a codice_1 declaration doesn't mean that value of the read-only reference is immutable, just that the name cannot be assigned to a new value.


title: Immutable object

text: The use of immutable state has become a rising trend in JavaScript since the introduction of React, which favours Flux-like state management patterns such as Redux.


title: Immutable object

text: In Perl, one can create an immutable class with the Moo library by simply declaring all the attributes read only:


title: Immutable object

text: Creating an immutable class used to require two steps: first, creating accessors (either automatically or manually) that prevent modification of object attributes, and secondly, preventing direct modification of the instance data of instances of that class (this was usually stored in a hash reference, and could be locked with Hash::Util's lock_hash function):


title: Immutable object

text: In Python, some built-in types (numbers, booleans, strings, tuples, frozensets) are immutable, but custom classes are generally mutable. To simulate immutability in a class, one could override attribute setting and deletion to raise exceptions:


title: Immutable object

text: The standard library helpers codice_92 and codice_93, available from Python 3.6 onward, create simple immutable classes. The following example is roughly equivalent to the above, plus some tuple-like features:


title: Immutable object

text: Introduced in Python 3.7, codice_94 allow developers to emulate immutability with frozen instances. If a frozen dataclass is built, codice_94 will override codice_96 and codice_97 to raise codice_98 if invoked.


title: Immutable object

text: Racket substantially diverges from other Scheme implementations by making its core pair type ("cons cells") immutable. Instead, it provides a parallel mutable pair type, via codice_99, codice_100, codice_101 etc. In addition, many immutable types are supported, for example, immutable strings and vectors, and these are used extensively. New structs are immutable by default, unless a field is specifically declared mutable, or the whole struct:


title: Immutable object

text: The language also supports immutable hash tables, implemented functionally, and immutable dictionaries.


title: Immutable object

text: Rust's ownership system allows developers to declare immutable variables, and pass immutable references. By default, all variables and references are immutable. Mutable variables and references are explicitly created with the codice_102 keyword.


title: Immutable object

text: In Scala, any entity (narrowly, a binding) can be defined as mutable or immutable: in the declaration, one can use codice_103 (value) for immutable entities and codice_104 (variable) for mutable ones. Note that even though an immutable binding can not be reassigned, it may still refer to a mutable object and it is still possible to call mutating methods on that object: the "binding" is immutable, but the underlying "object" may be mutable.


title: Immutable object

text: defines an immutable entity codice_105 (the integer type is inferred at compile-time) and a mutable entity named codice_106.


title: Immutable object

text: By default, collection classes such as codice_107 and codice_108 are immutable, so update-methods return a new instance rather than mutating an existing one. While this may sound inefficient, the implementation of these classes and their guarantees of immutability mean that the new instance can re-use existing nodes, which, especially in the case of creating copies, is very efficient.


title: Alibag

text: Alibag, also known as Alibaug (Pronunciation: ]), is a coastal town and a municipal council in Raigad District of Maharashtra, India. It is the headquarters of the Raigad district and is south of the city of Mumbai. Alibag is part of the Mumbai Metropolitan Region and is situated at a distance of about 96 km from Mumbai and 143 km from Pune. Alibag is a holy place for Goddess Shree Padmakshi Renuka, and thousands of people go there to worship every day.


title: Alibag

text: Alibag and its surrounding villages are the historic hinterlands of Bene Israel Jews. According to Indian Jewish historian Esther David, Jews arrived in the region over 2000 years ago, escaping persecution from the Roman Empire, when their ship wrecked here. As they got into the business of oil-pressing and plantations, continued practising Sabbath and took holidays on Saturday, they came to be known as 'Shanvar-telis' There is a synagogue named 'Magen Aboth synagogue' in the "Israel Alley" (Marathi इस्राएल आळी meaning Israel lane) area of the town.


title: Alibag

text: Revdanda, Chaul, Nagaon, Akshi, Varsoli, Thal, Navgaon, Kihim, and Aawas villages were known as "Ashtagare".


title: Alibag

text: After retirement, Kanhoji Angre the Grand Admiral of the Maratha Navy settled and spent his last days in Alibag.


title: Alibag

text: A wealthy Bene Israelite named Eli (Elisha/Elizah) used to live there at that time and owned many plantations of mangoes and coconuts in his gardens. Hence the natives used to call the place "Eli cha Bagh" and in the subsequent generations pronunciation changed to simply "Alibag", and the name stuck.


title: Alibag

text: Alibag is located about 120 km south of Mumbai, at . The average elevation is 0 metres (0 feet).The District Government offices are located along the sea coast road. Alibag is the center place of Raigad District.


title: Alibag

text: India census, Alibag had a population of 19,491. Males constitute 52% of the population and females 48%. Alibag has an average literacy rate of 79%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with 54% of the males and 46% of females literate. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age. 75% of the population speaks the Marathi language.


title: Alibag

text: As of the 2011 census, Alibag town had a population of 20,743, of which 10,646 are males while 10,097 are females, and 17,431 were educated, with a literacy rate of 84%.


title: Alibag

text: In November 2009 Cyclone Phyan made landfall in the city. Massive damage to property was reported in the districts of Ratnagiri, Raigad, Sindhudurg, Thane and Palghar. In Navi Mumbai, the 7th one-day international cricket match between India and Australia was abandoned after Cyclone Phyan brought heavy rain to Mumbai. Eleven years later, in early June 2020, severe cyclonic storm Nisarga made landfall in Alibag at peak intensity. The cyclone blew off tin and asbestos sheets from roofs and uprooted trees in Alibag, Mumbai, Thane, Navi Mumbai and Pune. Several trees fell on houses.


title: Alibag

text: Alibag houses a observatory magnetic that was set up in 1904. It serves as one of the significant observatories forming part of a global network now run by Indian Institute of Geomagnetism. The observatory has two buildings; the first building has magnetometers that record changes occurring in the geomagnetic fields. The second building consists of precision recording instruments, which give data about geomagnetic storms caused by solar storms which are shared with other countries.


title: Alibag

text: One can reach Alibag via Pen (30 km), which is on the Mumbai (108 km) – Goa road. From Mumbai, one can reach Alibag by traveling on the Mumbai-Goa highway (NH-66) till Wadkhal (or Vadkhal) and taking the right fork from Wadkhal to continue on (NH-166A)– the left fork being the road to Goa. It is approximately 108 km from Mumbai.


title: Alibag

text: The nearest rail railway station is at Pen. Through Pen, it is connected to Panvel and onward to Mumbai and the Indian Railways network. Now Pen-Panvel trains are also started from 4 November 2018 now it is easier to reach Alibag.


title: Alibag

text: The nearest jetty is Mandwa, from where catamaran/ferry services are available to the Gateway of India, Mumbai. Another port in the vicinity is Rewas, from where a ferry service is available to Ferry Wharf (Bhau cha Dhakka) (Dockyard Road). There is a jetty at Custom Bandar from where fishermen in Alibag set sail.


title: Alibag

text: One can reach Alibag by catamaran through Gateway of India to Mandwa or from Bhaucha Dhakka to Rewas and from Mandwa/Rewas to Alibag by bus. The ticket includes the trip from the Gateway to Mandwa and the bus trip from Mandwa to Alibag bus stop. The well-known operators of these catamarans are PNP, Maldar, and Ajanta, and tickets can be purchased at their booth at the Gateway of India. From Rewas to Alibag, one needs to take a State Transport bus or a rickshaw. Take the ferry from Gateway to Mandwa. Services are usually available from 6:00 am to 6:00 pm. The trip takes 40 to 55  minutes depending on the type of boat. From Mandwa operators carry passengers to Alibag in their own chartered buses. The bus journey time is 45  minutes. Alibag beach is within walking distance from the bus stop.


title: Alibag

text: Another option is to take a ferry from "Bhaucha Dhakka" to Rewas. Timings are the same but the schedule may change depending on the tide. From Rewas take the state transport bus or rickshaw to Alibag.


title: Alibag

text: Speedboats from the Gateway of India to Mandwa Jetty take roughly 20–25 minutes depending on the weather and can be hired at the Gateway of India at Jetty No. 5 opposite the Taj Mahal Hotel. The new jetty installed in 2014 at Mandwa ensures the safety of guests travelling by speedboat.


title: Alibag

text: There is a Ro-Ro service now in place from Ferry Wharf to Mandwa from where Alibag is a 30 minute drive. The ferry ride takes an hour


title: Alibag

text: The nearest airport is in Mumbai which is 140 km away by road. Alibag has no airport. Navi Mumbai International Airport, scheduled to start operation in 2024, is under construction approximately 57Km from Alibag.


title: Alibag

text: Alibag has a new Government Medical College towards education for medical students in the district. There was a growing need for medical education as else students had to go away from there district. Furthermore the medical college helps in the need for the district medical vacancies for the local population, which would otherwise bruden the major hospitals elsewhere. This medical college started in year 2022.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: Madam Koi Koi (Lady Koi Koi, Miss Koi Koi, also known in Ghana as Madam High Heel or Madam Moke and in Tanzania as Miss Konkoko) is a ghost in Nigerian and African urban legend who haunts dormitories, hallways and toilets in boarding schools at night, while in day schools she haunts toilets and students who come to school too early or leave school late. She is often depicted wearing a pair of red heels or wearing a single heel.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: The name "Madam Koi Koi" is taken from the sound her heels makes whenever she comes to prey on students at night, while in Ghana the name "Madam Moke" is taken from the Ghanaian word for high heels.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: In Nigeria, she was depicted as a stylish teacher in a secondary school known for her beauty and her red heels. Whenever she walked in the hallways, her shoes would make the sound "Koi Koi", which is where the name "Madam Koi Koi" comes from. It was also said that she was very nasty to students and would beat them up for no reason. She was fired when she slapped a female student and injured her ear. On her journey back home, she was involved in an accident and died. Before she died she swore that she would have her revenge on the school and its students.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: Not too long after, students of the secondary school said at night they would hear a "Koi Koi" sound in the hallways of their dormitories after lights out, almost like the clicking of heels on a floor.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: In another tale, she was also said to be a very wicked teacher who would flog her students every chance she got. Some said she was a sadist and used being a teacher as an excuse to inflict extreme pain and torture whenever she pleased. Her students, tired of the school management's failure to reprimand her, decided to take matters into their own hands. One night, as she was leaving the school, the students cornered her, gagged her so she wouldn't scream, and began to beat her mercilessly, killing her. After realizing the fact, they threw her body over the school's back fence and ran away in hopes of making witnesses think that the damage was caused by an armed robber.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: Gradually, every student except the one who hit her with the shoe disappeared. He constantly told everyone what he and the others had done and that he heard the sound of high heels clacking around his hostel every night, which he believed meant that she was coming for him, but no one believed him. One night, he decided to go find out where the sound was coming from, however, he was beaten to death and his body was found the morning after.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: The school was shut down and all the kids were transferred to new schools, these kids later went to spread the legend to their new schools. She walks the halls of hostels at night tormenting students and causing everyone who looks at her to disappear.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: Similar characters resembling Madam Koi Koi can be seen in Ghana, Cameroon, South Africa and other African countries.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: Madam Koi Koi is mainly known for haunting school premises with activities ranging from opening school doors, singing, whistling, attacking people in toilets or the bathroom, or slapping students. Her presence is always accompanied by her footsteps, She may also be invisible save for her heel. In some tales she often disturbs students at night, demanding her heel which is said to be missing.


title: Madam Koi Koi

text: Madam Koi Koi is the antagonist in the children's book "Feyi Fay" and Simisayo Brownstone's "The Case of the Mysterious Madam Koi Koi".


title: Gurinder Singh

text: Gurinder Singh Dhillon, also known as Baba Ji to his followers, is the spiritual head of Radha Soami Satsang Beas (RSSB). He succeeded Maharaj Charan Singh, his uncle, in 1990. The headquarters of this spiritual community, called Dera Baba Jaimal Singh, are located beside the river Beas near the town of Beas, Punjab, in northern India, and have been a centre for Satsang since 1891. RSSB has centres located worldwide.


title: Gurinder Singh

text: Gurinder Singh was born 1 August 1954, into a family of the Dhillon clan who were followers of the Radha Soami Satsang Beas. His parents were Gurmukh Singh Dhillon and Mahinder Kaur.


title: Gurinder Singh

text: He was educated at the Lawrence School, Sanawar, in the Shimla Hills of Himachal Pradesh, and obtained his bachelor's degree in Commerce from Panjab University, Chandigarh. He was in Spain working before coming back to India to accept his nomination as the next spiritual head of RSSB in 1990. He has two sons, namely Gurpreet Singh Dhillon and Gurkirat Singh Dhillon. Gurpreet Singh Dhillon is the CEO of Religare Health Trust (RHT).


title: Gurinder Singh

text: The Dera, located in Beas, Punjab, is the designated home of the spiritual leader of the organization. Large crowds visit on designated days, usually on the weekends, to hear discourses from him. He also gives Satsang at other major centres of RSSB in India. He goes on tour to the various RSSB centres outside of India during the months of April–August.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei worked as an "onmyōji" for emperors and the Heian government, advising on the spiritually correct way to deal with issues. He prayed for the well-being of emperors and the government and advised on various issues. He was also an astrologer and predicted astrological events. He enjoyed an extremely long life, free from any major illness, contributing to the popular belief that he had mystical powers.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: The Seimei Shrine, located in Kyoto, is a famous shrine dedicated to him. The Abeno train station and district in Osaka are sometimes named after him, as it is one of the locations where legends place his birth.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei's life is well recorded, and there is little to question about his existence. Immediately after his death, however, legends arose much like those surrounding Merlin. Many legends of Seimei were originally written in the "Konjaku Monogatarishū", and by the Edo period, many stories in circulation focused on his heroic acts.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: His ancestry was not very clear. His ancestor might have been Abe no Masuki (安倍 益材), a "Daizen-no-daibu" (大膳大夫 "Master of the Palace Table"), or Abe no Shunzai (安倍 春材), a "Kokushi" of Awaji. Another candidate is Abe no Miushi (), who appeared as an "Udaijin" (右大臣 "Minister of the Right") in "The Tale of the Bamboo Cutter". Seimei might also have been a descendant of Abe no Nakamaro as Abe-no-Sukune-no-Seimei (安倍宿禰晴明). However, some other sources recorded his name as Abe-no-Asomi-no-Seimei (安倍朝臣晴明), which refers to the Abe-no-Asomi descending from Abe no Miushi. The name Sukune (宿禰), through the Abe clan, was taken from Naniwa no Imiki (難波忌寸, later Naniwa no Sukune) of the Naniwa clan (難波氏), also known as the Naniwa no Kishi (難波吉士), which Naniwa no Mitsuna (, "") established.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: According to Anderson, Abe no Seimei was a descendant of the poet Abe no Nakamaro and a disciple of Kamo no Tadayuki () and Kamo no Yasunori, 10th-century diviners of the Heian court. He became Kamo no Yasunori's successor in astrology and divination, while Yasunori's son took on the lesser responsibility of devising the calendar. Seimei's duties included analyzing strange events, conducting exorcisms, warding against evil spirits, and performing various rites of geomancy. He was said to be incredibly skilled in divining the sex of fetuses and finding lost objects. According to the "Konjaku Monogatarishu", he correctly predicted the abdication of Emperor Kazan based on his observation of celestial phenomena.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei's reputation grew sufficiently that, from the late 10th century, the "Onmyōryō", the government ministry of "Onmyōdō", was controlled by the Abe clan. The Kamo clan likewise became the hereditary keepers of the calendar.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: The mystical symbol of the central five-pointed star referred to in the West as a pentagram, is known in Japan as the Seiman or the Seal of Abe no Seimei.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: According to legend, Abe no Seimei was not entirely human. His father, Abe no Yasuna (安倍 保名), was human. Still, his mother, Kuzunoha, was a "kitsune" (a "fox spirit"). At a very early age, no later than five, he was allegedly able to command weak "oni" to do his bidding. His mother entrusted Seimei to Kamo no Tadayuki to live a good human life and not become evil himself.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: The Heian period, mainly when Seimei lived, was a time of peace. Many of his legends revolve around a series of magical battles with a rival, Ashiya Dōman (蘆屋道満), who often tried to embarrass Seimei so that he could usurp his position. One noted story involved Dōman and the young Seimei in a divination duel to reveal the contents of a particular box. Dōman had another person put fifteen mandarin oranges into the box and "divined" that there were fifteen oranges in it. Seimei saw through the ruse, metamorphosed the oranges into rats, and stated that fifteen rats were in the box. When the rats were revealed, Dōman was shocked and defeated.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei is involved in numerous other tales as well. He appears as a minor character in the "Heike Monogatari" and is said to be responsible for divining the location of the Shuten-dōji, a powerful oni purportedly slain by Minamoto no Yorimitsu. He is sometimes said to be the onmyōji who discovered Tamamo-no-Mae's true nature, although the time of the Tamamo-no-Mae story does not coincide with Seimei's lifetime; other sources credit the act to a descendant, Abe no Yasuchika.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: After Seimei's death, Emperor Ichijo made a shrine in his honor, the Seimei Jinja was erected at the location of his home in 1007 AD. The original shrine was destroyed in war during the fifteenth century, but it was rebuilt in the same location and still stands today. The Seimei Jinja located in Kyoto attracts fans of Seimei's interpretations in popular culture. In 2005, the shrine was renovated and decorated with pentagrams. The shrine sells amulets with pentagrams and the Chinese bellflower adorning them, associated with Seimei. The shrine is now popular with fans of Seimei-inspired media, such as Okano Reiko's manga.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Japanese figure skater and two-time Olympic champion Yuzuru Hanyu portrayed Abe no Seimei in his , using the soundtrack of the movies "Onmyōji" and "Onmyōji II". With "Seimei" Hanyu became the first skater in history to score above 200 points in free skating and set back-to-back world records in the 2015–16 season. This program also contributed to the win of his second Olympic title in 2018 and the completion of the first career Super Slam in the men's singles discipline in 2020.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: His name appears in many works of fiction, often as a helpful, wise man and rarely as an enemy, like at Sousei no Onmyouji – Twin Star Exorcists. There are exceptions, such as Nurarihyon no Mago, where Seimei was also a great ayakashi and the Lord of Darkness.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: The first modern fictional work credited with bringing back widespread interest to "Onmyōdō" mysticism in Japan is the 1985 historical fantasy novel "Teito Monogatari" by Hiroshi Aramata. In the novel's story, two of the primary characters, Yasumasa Hirai and Yasunori Katō, are descendants of Seimei and have inherited all his knowledge. Yasumasa Hirai is a notable example because his appearance is modeled off classic depictions of Seimei, and many of his actions are based on those of Seimei's from stories in the "Uji Shūi Monogatari". Yasunori Katō's first name "Yasunori" is derived from the name of Seimei's legendary teacher and he proudly wears Seimei's symbol, the Seiman (five-pointed star), on his gloves and handkerchief. Unlike Hirai, though, Katō's burning hatred for the Japanese Empire has metamorphosed him into an oni. With one in defense of the Empire and one against it, the two men naturally become enemies. The rest of the novel chronicles the battle between their two factions.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: In 1988, Baku Yumemakura started a novel series named "Onmyōji" with Seimei portrayed as a handsome young man who lived in a Heian-period world populated by mysterious beings. Reiko Okano turned this into a manga and became popular with teenage girls. In 2002, an NHK television series was made based on the novels. A version of Abe has also been rendered by acclaimed Taiwanese manga artist Ethan, who has stated that he is a massive fan of the novel.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: The movie "Onmyōji", starring Mansai Nomura as Seimei, was released in 2001 (2004 in the U.S.) by Pioneer (now Geneon). As with any other work featuring both Seimei and Minamoto no Hiromasa, the film was based on Yumemakura's novels. Despite Yumemakura being involved, the manga adaptation and the movie adaptation are quite different in style and plot.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: The horror/survival PlayStation 2 video game Kuon featured Seimei as a female exorcist who becomes a playable character near the end of the game.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: To capitalize on the success of the "Onmyōji" films (a sequel was made in 2003), Fuji Television produced a miniseries in 2004, called "". This series has no ties to cinematic releases.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Hao Asakura's character from "Hiroyuki Takei"'s "Shaman King" is directly based on Seimei. Hao is the author of a magical book called Chō-Senjiryakketsu, clearly inspired by Seimei's "Senji Ryakketsu". They also share facts about their lives, such as their mother being called a demon fox and their ability to create "oni" since they were young.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei can be seen in the anime "Magical☆Shopping Arcade Abenobashi", released in 2004 in the U.S. by ADV Films. The show's focus was on the Onmyoji practice of changing events to avoid an ill occurrence and the misadventures of two youths. Seimei also appears in the anime "Gintama" as an onmyoji, and in the anime "Shonen Onmyouji" which is about his grandson. Seimei is a central character in the anime called "Otogi Zoshi".


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Abe no Seimei had been shown in a manga called "Nurarihyon no Mago" by "Hiroshi Shiibashi", as a Nue, dark lord of the Ayakashi, born from an evil fox. "Nurarihyon no Mago" was adapted into an anime series starting on July 2010.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Abe no Seimei also appears in the manga Igyoujin Oniwakamaru as an evil spirit who plans to revive himself to begin his second life and rule over humans and yokai.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Abe no Seimei was made a playable character in the PlayStation 4, PlayStation Portable, Xbox One, and Wii U versions of "Warriors Orochi 3".


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Abe no Seimei's origin story would be retold on the Japanese Animation television show, Folktales from Japan in episode 83. His story would appear in the third segment of the episode, telling the tale of the meeting of parents and early life known as Doujimaru. It would show how his mother commanded him to become a fortune teller at the capital to help others.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Abe no Seimei appears in the PlayStation Vita game as the main villain of the game, a priest who places a curse on the main characters that shortens their lifespan to only two years.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: He appears in Kouta Hirano's "Drifters" manga series leading a group of magicians called the Octobrist Organization. Appearing as a young man, he has been pulled into an alternate world where various historical figures are summoned, and magicians need their skills and techniques to save their world from destruction. It is mentioned in English dubbed anime of Drifters that Abe no Haruakira was another way to read the kanji of his name.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: He also appears in the anime Fukigen no Mononokean with Ashiya as his companion rather than his rival.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: In the manga series "Twin Star Exorcists", Seimei was, in fact, a female exorcist no older than thirteen. She was the founder of yang-style exorcism who did away with the King of Kegare (Impurities), creating Magano as a powerful barrier and forcefield. Before shutting herself and her retainers inside, she turned to her disciple Doujimaru and granted him a some of her powers. This Doujimaru that modern times know as 'Abe no Seimei'. (The truth about Seimei being female is known only to a few characters in-universe). In contrast to the source material, however, the second half of its anime adaptation with its completely original story in comparison to the source has Seimei still be male. He serves as the final antagonist of the anime-only storyline, with his plans to use the Cataclysm King that is Rokuro to cleanse humanity by erasing humanity's free will.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: In part 2 of the mobile game Fate/Grand Order, Seimei is mentioned as a pseudonym used by Ashiya Dōman. It is confirmed that he is an Alter Ego class Servant.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Onmyoji, a newly made mobile game, featured Abe no Seimei as the protagonist who summons various Shikigami to ward off demons alongside his onmyoji comrades.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei plays a role in the Midnight Occult Civil Servants anime, about mild-mannered civil servants in Tokyo's Shinjuku ward who secretly manage a huge population of fairies and other magical creatures.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: In Dragalia Lost, Seimei plays a part as head of the Ox Clan, one of the twelve Hinomotoan clans serving Amaterasu, with his soul pact dragon Gozu Tennō and his kitsune disciple Kuzunoha.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Abe-No-Seimei was termed the “Merlin the Magician of Japan” by some scholars due to his legends and portrayals in several stories, folklore, and films – also due to the legends of Merlin being a cambion of a demon and a human much like the Kuzunoha legend.


title: Abe no Seimei

text: Seimei appears as an NPC in the video game Nioh 2. Despite being from the Heian period, he strangely appears during the Sengoku era to train the players in the art of Onmyō magic. It is later revealed in the DLC "Darkness in the Capital" that this individual was an avatar created by the real Seimei, who had sacrificed himself alongside Minamoto no Yorimitsu to seal away Shuten Dōji and Tamamo-no-Mae within Byōdō-in during the Heian period.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Pausanias (; ; c. 110 – c. 180) was a Greek traveler and geographer of the second century AD. He is famous for his "Description of Greece" (, ), a lengthy work that describes ancient Greece from his firsthand observations. "Description of Greece" provides crucial information for making links between classical literature and modern archaeology.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Not much is known about Pausanias apart from what historians can piece together from his own writing. However, it is mostly certain that he was born c. 110 AD into a Greek family and was probably a native of Lydia in Asia Minor. From c. 150 until his death in 180, Pausanias travelled through the mainland of Greece, writing about various monuments, sacred spaces, and significant geographical sites along the way. In writing "Description of Greece", Pausanias sought to put together a lasting written account of "all things Greek", or "panta ta hellenika".


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Being born in Asia Minor, Pausanias was of Greek heritage. However, he grew up and lived under the rule of the Roman Empire. Although Pausanias was a subordinate of the Roman Empire, he nonetheless valued his Greek identity, history, and culture: he was keen to describe the glories of a Greek past that still was relevant in his lifetime, even if the country was beholden to Rome as a dominating imperial force. Pausanias's pilgrimage through the land of his ancestors was his own attempt to establish a place in the world for this new Roman Greece, connecting myths and stories of ancient culture to those of his own time.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Pausanias has a noticeably straightforward and simple way of writing. He is, overall, direct in his language, writing his stories and descriptions in an unelaborate style. However, some translators have noted that Pausanias's use of various prepositions and tenses are confusing and difficult to render in English. For example, Pausanias may use a past tense verb rather than the present tense in some instances. It is thought that he did this in order to make himself seem to be in the same temporal setting as his audience.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Additionally, unlike in a traditional travel guide, in "Description of Greece", Pausanias tends to digress to discuss a point of an ancient ritual or to tell a myth that goes along with the site he is visiting. This style of writing would not become popular again until the early nineteenth century. In the topographical aspect of his work, Pausanias makes many digressions on the wonders of nature, the signs that herald the approach of an earthquake, the phenomena of the tides, the ice-bound seas of the north, and the noonday sun that at the summer solstice casts no shadow at Syene (Aswan). While he never doubts the existence of the deities and heroes, he sometimes criticizes the myths and legends relating to them. His descriptions of monuments of art are plain and unadorned, bearing a solid impression of reality.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Pausanias is also frank in his confessions of ignorance. When he quotes a book at second hand rather than relating his own experiences, he is honest about his sourcing.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Pausanias' "Description of Greece" comprises ten books, each dedicated to some portion of Greece. He begins his tour in Attica (Ἀττικά), where the city of Athens and its demes dominate the discussion. Subsequent books describe Corinthia (Κορινθιακά), Laconia (Λακωνικά), Messenia (Μεσσηνιακά), Elis (Ἠλιακῶν), Achaea (Ἀχαικά), Arcadia (Ἀρκαδικά), Boeotia (Βοιωτικά), Phocis (Φωκικά), and Ozolian Locris (Λοκρῶν Ὀζόλων). The project is more than topographical: it is a cultural geography of Greece. Pausanias does not only describe architectural and artistic objects, but also reviews the mythological and historical underpinnings of the society that produced them.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Although Pausanias was not a naturalist by trade, he does tend to comment on the physical aspects of the Greek landscape. He notices the pine trees on the sandy coast of Elis, the deer and the wild boars in the oak woods of Phelloe, and the crows amid the giant oak trees of Alalcomenae. Towards the end of "Description of Greece", Pausanias touches on the products and fruits of nature, such as the wild strawberries of Helicon, the date palms of Aulis, the olive oil of Tithorea, as well as the tortoises of Arcadia and the "white blackbirds" of Cyllene.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Additionally, Pausanias was motivated by his interest in religion: in fact, his "Description of Greece" has been regarded as a "journey into identity", referring to that of his Greek heritage and beliefs. Pausanias describes the religious art and architecture of many famous sacred sites such as Olympia and Delphi. However, even in the most remote regions of Greece, he is fascinated by all kinds of depictions of deities, holy relics, and many other sacred and mysterious objects. For example, at Thebes, he views the shields of those who died at the Battle of Leuctra, the ruins of the house of Pindar, and the statues of Hesiod, Arion, Thamyris, and Orpheus in the grove of the Muses on Helicon, as well as the portraits of Corinna at Tanagra and of Polybius in the cities of Arcadia.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Pausanias was mostly interested in relics of antiquity, rather than contemporary architecture or sacred spaces. As Christian Habicht, a contemporary classicist who wrote a multitude of scholarly articles on Pausanias, says:


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: In general, he prefers the old to the new, the sacred to the profane; there is much more about classical than about contemporary Greek art, more about temples, altars and images of the gods, than about public buildings and statues of politicians.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: The end of "Description of Greece" remains mysterious: some believe that Pausanias died before finishing his work, and others believe his strange ending was intentional. He concludes his "Periegesis" with a story about a Greek author, thought to be Anyte of Tegea, who has a divine dream. In the dream, she is told to present the text of "Description of Greece" to a wider Greek audience in order to open their eyes to "all things Greek".


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Pausanias's "Description of Greece" has been translated into English by several scholars over time. A widely known version of the text was translated by William Henry Samuel Jones and is available through the Loeb Classical Library. The Loeb Classical Library offers translations of Greek and Latin texts in a manner that is accessible to those who have knowledge of the languages and even those who do not. Translations are provided in English. The W. H. S. Jones's translation of "Description of Greece" comes in five volumes with the ancient Greek text included. It also includes an introduction that summarizes the contents of each book. Additionally, "Description of Greece" was translated by Peter Levi. This translation is also popular among English speakers, but is often thought to be a loose translation of the original text: Levi took liberties with his translation that restructured "Description of Greece" to function like a general guidebook to mainland Greece, which was not Pausanias’ original intention. Sir James George Frazer also published six volumes of translation and commentary of "Description of Greece"; his translation remains a credible work of scholarship to readers of Pausanias today.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: "Description of Greece" left very faint traces in the known Greek corpus. "It was not read," Habicht relates, "there is not a single mention of the author, not a single quotation from it, not a whisper before Stephanus Byzantius in the sixth century, and only two or three references to it throughout the Middle Ages." The only surviving manuscripts of Pausanias are three fifteenth-century copies, full of errors and lacunae, which all appear to depend on a single manuscript that managed to be copied. Niccolò Niccoli, a collector of manuscripts from antiquity, had this archetype in Florence around 1418. After his death in 1437, it was sent to the library of San Marco, Florence, ultimately disappearing after 1500.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Until twentieth-century archaeologists concluded that Pausanias was a reliable guide to the sites which they were excavating, classicists largely dismissed Pausanias as of a purely literary bent: following their usually authoritative contemporary Ulrich von Wilamowitz-Moellendorff, they tended to regard him as little more than a purveyor of second-hand accounts, and they believed that Pausanias had not visited most of the places that he described. Modern archaeological research, however, has tended to vindicate Pausanias.


title: Pausanias (geographer)

text: Additionally, a multitude of scholars have sought to discover the truth about Pausanias and his "Description of Greece". Many books, commentaries, and scholarly articles have been written on this ancient figure, and Pausanias's recorded travels still serve as a tool to understanding the relationship between archaeology, mythology, and history.


title: Nina Wayne

text: In her hometown of Chicago, Wayne began taking ballet lessons when she was three years old, and at age 6 she began taking classes in skating. She and her sister performed for the Ice Capades as The Wayne Sisters. That act ended when her sister fell. Wayne stayed with the show for a year as a solo performer, after which she left and became a dancer. She danced in Las Vegas for three years and then the Latin Quarter hired her.


title: Nina Wayne

text: She first appeared on "The Tonight Show" in October 1964. Wayne, the younger sister of fellow actress Carol Wayne, started working in television in 1965, appearing in 12 episodes of the series "Camp Runamuck" (as Caprice Yeudleman) and in an episode of "Bewitched".


title: Nina Wayne

text: Wayne's first movie was "Dead Heat on a Merry-Go-Round". She reportedly was cast in "Fantastic Voyage", but the lead female role ultimately went to Raquel Welch. Wayne's breakthrough came when she starred opposite Jack Lemmon and Peter Falk in the 1967 romantic comedy "Luv". She followed with "The Comic" (1969) with Dick Van Dyke and Mickey Rooney. Her last appearance was in the 1973 TV supernatural drama "The Night Strangler".


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Sir Evelyn Robert Adrian de Rothschild (29 August 1931 – 7 November 2022) was a British financier and a member of the Rothschild family.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Evelyn de Rothschild was born on 29 August 1931. The son of Anthony Gustav de Rothschild (1887–1961) and Yvonne Lydia Louise Cahen d'Anvers (1899–1977), he was named after his uncle Evelyn Achille de Rothschild who was killed in action in World War I. Evelyn de Rothschild spent several of his boyhood years in the United States during World War II. He was a pupil at Harrow School and then studied history at Trinity College, Cambridge, but dropped out before gaining a degree. Born into great wealth, he became one of England's most eligible bachelors, spending his youth travelling, socialising, driving exotic sports cars, enjoying thoroughbred horse racing and playing polo. It was not until age 26 that he decided to join N M Rothschild & Sons banking house to be trained in the family's business. In 1955, a couple of years prior to Sir Evelyn's entry into the family's business, his father had to retire from the position of chairman due to illness and his cousin Victor Rothschild took over as chairman.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Evelyn de Rothschild was appointed a director of Paris-based de Rothschild Frères in 1968 while Guy de Rothschild from the French branch of the family became a partner at N M Rothschild & Sons. In 1976, he took over as bank chairman from Victor Rothschild and in 1982 became chairman of Rothschilds Continuation Holdings AG, the co-ordinating company for the merchant banking group. He became co-chairman of Rothschild Bank A.G., Zurich in 1994, serving until 2003 when he oversaw the merger of the family's French and UK houses. David René de Rothschild of the French branch took over as executive chairman of Rothschild International after the different branches had been merged and Sir Evelyn continued as non-executive chairman of N M Rothschild & Sons. In 2003, he founded with his wife, Lynn Forester de Rothschild, a holding company, E.L. Rothschild, to manage their investments in "The Economist" and various enterprises in India.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Throughout his career, Evelyn de Rothschild was actively involved in a number of other organisations in both the private and public sectors and held the following business positions:


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Evelyn de Rothschild also served as a Director of the newspaper group owned by Lord Beaverbrook. Years later, he served for a time as a Director of Lord Black's "Daily Telegraph" newspaper. An owner of thoroughbred racehorses, he was a past chairman of United Racecourses.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: In 1967, Sir Evelyn created the Eranda Foundation to support social welfare, promote the arts and to encourage research into medicine and education.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: De Rothschild served as Queen Elizabeth II's financial adviser. He was a Governor of the London School of Economics and Political Science as well as an active patron of the arts and supporter of a number of charities. He served as Chairman of the Delegacy of St Mary's Hospital Medical School from 1977 to 1988. He was a Member of the Council of the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, a trustee of the Shakespeare Globe Trust, and in 1998 was appointed Chairman of The Princess Royal Trust for Carers. Sir Evelyn was the founding chairman in 1990 of The European Association for Banking and Financial History in Frankfurt, Germany, a position he held until retiring in 2004. He was a board member of the Snowdon Trust, founded by the Earl of Snowdon, which provides grants and scholarships for students with disabilities.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: In 1966, Evelyn de Rothschild married Jeannette Bishop, a niece of Sir Stanley Hooker, the jet-engine engineer. The marriage ended in divorce in 1971. Jeannette Bishop died in late 1980 or during 1981 along with former family cook and interpreter Gabriella Guerin. The two were allegedly killed.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Rothschild married for a second time in 1973 to Victoria Lou Schott (1949–2021), the daughter of Florida property developer Lewis Schott and his wife Marcia W. Schott (née Whitney). The marriage, which ended in divorce in 2000, produced three children:


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: On 30 November 2000, Rothschild married the American lawyer and entrepreneur Lynn Forester, who was the head of the Luxembourg-based wireless broadband venture FirstMark Communications Europe and the former wife of Andrew Stein, a New York City political figure who served as the last president of the New York City Council. By this marriage, he has two stepchildren, Benjamin Forester Stein (b. 1985) and John Forester Stein (b. 1988). On the announcement of the marriage, the de Rothschild couple were invited to spend their honeymoon at the White House, where they agreed to stay one night.


title: Evelyn de Rothschild

text: Sir Evelyn de Rothschild owned homes in London, New York City, Martha's Vineyard, and Buckinghamshire, where he lived at Ascott House, a country estate owned by the National Trust. He died at his home in London, after suffering a stroke, on 7 November 2022, at the age of 91.


title: This Is What You Came For

text: "This Is What You Came For" is a song by Scottish DJ Calvin Harris and Barbadian singer Rihanna. It was released on 29 April 2016, through Columbia Records and Westbury Road. American singer-songwriter Taylor Swift, initially credited with the pseudonym Nils Sjöberg, wrote the song. Rihanna and Harris had previously collaborated on her sixth studio album, "Talk That Talk", which included the international chart-topper "We Found Love" and US top five single "Where Have You Been", the former of which was written and produced by Harris. He played the final version for Rihanna at the 2016 Coachella Music Festival. It was also played at the 2018 FIFA World Cup Final after the conclusion of the match.


title: This Is What You Came For

text: The single debuted at number two on the UK Singles Chart. It peaked at number three on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming Rihanna's 21st top-five song and Harris's second; the song is currently Harris's highest-peaking single as a lead artist. It became Rihanna's 25th and Harris's fourth chart-topper on the Dance Club Songs and also reached number one on the US Hot Dance/Electronic Songs; the single became the 12th number one for Rihanna and Harris's tenth on the sister chart Dance/Mix Show Airplay. It topped the charts in Australia, Canada and Ireland, and peaked within the top ten in Germany, New Zealand and Switzerland. A music video for the song premiered on 17 June 2016 and features Rihanna in an open cube with images projected on the inside walls.