title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: The city is home to many Christian denominations, with several churches located downtown and throughout the area. The Parish Church of St. Helena, founded in downtown Beaufort in 1712 as the established church, is the oldest church in the city. Other churches of note include the Baptist Church of Beaufort, Tabernacle Baptist Church, Carteret Street United Methodist Church, First Presbyterian Church, First Scots Presbyterian Church of Beaufort, Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, First African Baptist Church, and St. Peter's Catholic Church, all with extensive histories and renowned architecture. Beaufort's Jewish community dates back to the 18th century, and Beth Israel Congregation is a historic Conservative synagogue in the downtown area. Additional places of worship include the St. James Orthodox Church (a mission church of the Orthodox Church in America) and the Unitarian Universalist Fellowship of Beaufort.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: The proximity of the city to other fast-growing areas including Hilton Head Island and Bluffton as well as good access to Savannah, Georgia, the Savannah/Hilton Head International Airport, and a container port on the Savannah River make the city a desirable choice for residential and business development opportunity.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Beaufort has several geographic areas of economic activity. The downtown area is the historical center of commerce and is now primarily focused towards visitors, tourists. Much of the day-to-day service businesses for locals has moved along the Boundary Street corridor, the Robert Smalls Parkway corridor, or towards Lady's Island. There are several areas with limited industrial uses that exist primarily in the northwestern sections of the city, close to the intersection of Boundary Street with Robert Smalls Parkway.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: The largest economic sector in Beaufort is the military presence in and around the community. Having supplanted agriculture and aquaculture in the last decades of the 20th century, Beaufort's military bases employ thousands of jobs directly and indirectly related to base operations and pump millions of dollars into the local economy. As a result, economic downturns do not hit the community as hard as in other similarly sized communities.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Due in part to its attractive location and deep connections with history and culture, the tourism and hospitality industry is also a major economic sector. Nearly 2 million visitors a year come to Beaufort and the Sea Islands of northern Beaufort County, with spring and fall seasons being peak times. The primary attractions of these visitors include golf and beach vacations, history, water sports, and local arts and crafts. As a result, Beaufort is home to many accommodation options ranging from upscale bed-and-breakfasts in the downtown area to standard motels and inns along Boundary Street. There are several dozen dining establishments in the city that cater to locals and tourists alike.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: One of the areas larger employers is Beaufort Memorial Hospital (BMH), a 197-bed, non-profit hospital on the banks of the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. An acute-care hospital and regional referral center, it is the largest medical facility between Charleston, South Carolina, and Savannah, Georgia.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 13,607 people, 4,839 households, and 3,317 families residing in the city.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: At the 2010 census, there were 12,361 people living in the city. The population density was 447.9 per square mile . The racial makeup of the city was 67.1% White, 25.7% African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.4% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.98% from other races, and 2.6% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 6.7% of the population.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: At the 2000 census, there were 4,598 households, of which 31.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 47.6% were married couples living together, 14.9% had a female householder with no husband present, and 34.0% were non-families. 28.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 10.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.37 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: 21.6% of the population were under the age of 18, 19.5% from 18 to 24, 28.9% from 25 to 44, 17.8% from 45 to 64, and 12.2% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 30 years. For every 100 females, there were 114.3 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 117.6 males.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: The median household income was $36,532 and the median family income was $42,894. Males had a median income of $22,465 versus $23,474 for females. The per capita income for the city was $20,501. About 11.5% of families and 13.0% of the population were below the poverty line, including 20.3% of those under age 18 and 11.1% of those age 65 or over.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Beaufort is the center of an urban cluster with an estimated population of nearly 70,000, comprising the city and its surrounding towns and unincorporated areas including Port Royal, Burton, Lady's Island, St. Helena Island, Dataw Island, Distant Island, Fripp Island, Harbor Island, Shell Point, Laurel Bay, Parris Island, Grays Hill, Sheldon, Seabrook, Dale, Lobeco, Gardens Corner, and portion of Yemassee.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Beaufort is also part of the larger Hilton Head Island-Bluffton-Beaufort, SC Metropolitan Statistical Area, which includes Beaufort and Jasper counties. As of 2012, the MSA had an estimated year-round population of 193,882.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Beaufort is classified as a city according to the South Carolina Secretary of State. The city is governed by a five-member city council under the council-manager form of government. The current mayor is Stephen D. Murray III. The other council members include Philip E. Cromer, Neil Lipsitz, Mitch Mitchell and Mayor Pro Tem Mike McFee. Council members serve on staggered four-year terms. The day-to-day operations are handled through a city manager and city staff. The city manager is William Prokop.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: In October 2007, voters approved $15 million in bonds to finance two new municipal buildings at the intersection of Boundary Street and Ribaut Road to replace aging and cramped facilities. In 2008, a new police headquarters and courthouse was opened. A new city hall at the intersection of Boundary Street and Ribaut Road opened shortly thereafter. The City of Beaufort owns or leases additional facilities throughout the city and provides police, fire, parks, planning, and other governmental functions. Water, sewer, sanitation, recycling, and landscaping services are outsourced to local companies.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Recent trends have shown Beaufort to seek closer inter-governmental cooperation with neighboring jurisdictions, especially in community and regional planning. Beaufort and Port Royal appoint members to a joint planning commission to hear cases in both jurisdictions. Both municipalities have expressed interests in collaborating with Beaufort County on regional planning initiatives.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Public K–12 education is administered by the Beaufort County School District, established in the 1860s and legally completed desegregation in 1970. There are also several private schools located in the city and surrounding area. Schoolchildren in the city attend the following public and private schools:


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Three local institutions comprise the current extent of higher education in the Beaufort area. Both the University of South Carolina Beaufort North Campus and the Technical College of the Lowcountry Main Campus are located within the city limits. Clemson University also operates a university extension office in the city with ecological and agricultural programs.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: The Beaufort area has close to 70 sites listed on the National Register of Historic Places, in addition to the downtown area being listed as a historic district. The John Mark Verdier House at 901 Bay Street is the only home in the city open year-round to the public that is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Located in downtown, the Beaufort County Library serves residents of Beaufort and northern Beaufort County. Additional branches are found elsewhere in the county. The University of South Carolina Beaufort also has a campus library, located in the original Beaufort College building.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: , also known locally as "Business 21", is the major arterial through downtown Beaufort. Starting at the US 21 split at Parris Island Gateway, the route travels eastward along Boundary Street to the Bellamy Curve at the edge of the peninsula, then turns sharply toward the south along Carteret Street until reaching the Richard V. Woods Memorial Bridge over the Beaufort River. The route continues onto Lady's Island before terminating at an intersection with US 21 and SC 802.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Although not located within Beaufort's city limits, the following routes provide vital access to the city and are major evacuation routes in the event of a hurricane.


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Local public transportation and dial-a-ride service is provided by Palmetto Breeze, a regional transportation authority run by the Lowcountry Regional Transit Authority. Other transportation facilities include:


title: Beaufort, South Carolina

text: Water and sewer services are provided by the Beaufort-Jasper Water and Sewer Authority (BJWSA), a regional utility agency. City trash and recycling pickup are coordinated by Waste Pro and are billed through BJWSA. South Carolina Electric & Gas Company (SCE&G) provides electricity and power services to the city. Charter, Hargray and CenturyLink provide telephone, digital, and cable television services to the city.


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: Nicoletta Braschi (; born 19 April 1960) is an Italian actress and producer, best known for her work with her husband, actor and director Roberto Benigni.


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: Born in Cesena, Braschi studied in Rome's Academy of Dramatic Arts where she first met Benigni in 1980. Her first film was with Benigni in 1983, the comedy "Tu Mi Turbi" ("You Upset Me"). She later appeared in two Jim Jarmusch films, "Down by Law" and "Mystery Train".


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: Braschi's two most successful collaborations with her husband were "Johnny Stecchino" (1992) and "La Vita è Bella (Life is Beautiful)" (1997). The first, an Italian comedy that cast the actress as the girlfriend of a mobster (Benigni), was a huge hit in Italy, while the second, in which Braschi played the wife of an Italian Jew (Benigni) imprisoned in a concentration camp, was a widely praised success that launched both Braschi and her husband into the international spotlight. She was nominated for a Screen Actors Guild award as a cast member of that film.


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: In 1997, Braschi starred in "Ovosodo" as a depressed teacher encouraging a student to work and study harder. The film won her a David di Donatello award (Italy's equivalent of the Oscars) and much praise from critics and the public.


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: In 2005, she starred in and produced "The Tiger and the Snow" ("La tigre e la neve") a love story set during the initial stage of the Iraq War. This was her last film appearance until the 2018 film "Happy as Lazzaro".


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: In 2010, she toured the Italian theatres starring in "Tradimenti", based on Harold Pinter's play "Betrayal".


title: Nicoletta Braschi

text: In 2013, she was a member of the Cinéfondation and short films jury at the 66th Cannes Film Festival.


title: Primitivism

text: Primitivism is a mode of aesthetic idealization that either emulates or aspires to recreate a "primitive" experience. It is also defined as a philosophical doctrine that considers "primitive" peoples as nobler than civilized peoples and was an offshoot of nostalgia for a lost Eden or Golden Age.


title: Primitivism

text: In Western art, primitivism typically has borrowed from non - Western or prehistoric people perceived to be "primitive", such as Paul Gauguin's inclusion of Tahitian motifs in paintings and ceramics. Borrowings from "primitive" or non-Western art have been important to the development of modern art. Primitivism has often been critiqued for reproducing the racist stereotypes about non-European peoples used by Europeans to justify colonial conquest.


title: Primitivism

text: The term "primitivism" is often applied to the painting styles that pervaded prior to the Avant-garde. It also refers to the style of naïve or folk art produced by amateurs like Henri Rousseau without commercial intent and solely for the purpose of the artist's satisfaction.


title: Primitivism

text: Primitivism is a utopian idea that is distinctive for its reverse Teleology. The utopian end toward which primitivists aspire usually lies in a notional "state of nature" in which their ancestors existed (chronological primitivism), or in the supposed natural condition of the peoples that live beyond "civilization" (cultural primitivism).


title: Primitivism

text: The desire of the "civilized" to be restored to a "state of nature" is as longstanding as civilization itself. In antiquity, the superiority of "primitive" life principally found expression in the so-called Myth of the Golden Age, depicted in the genre of European poetry and visual art known as the Pastoral. Primitivist idealism gained new impetus with the onset of industrialization and the European encounter with hitherto unknown peoples after the colonization of the Americas, the Pacific, and other parts of what would become the modern imperial system.


title: Primitivism

text: During the Enlightenment, the idealization of indigenous peoples was chiefly used as a rhetorical device to criticize aspects of European society. In the realm of aesthetics, however, the eccentric Italian philosopher, historian, and jurist Giambattista Vico (1688–1744) was the first to argue that primitive peoples were closer to the sources of poetry and artistic inspiration than "civilized" or modern man. Vico was writing in the context of the celebrated contemporary debate, known as the great Quarrel of the Ancients and the Moderns. This included debates over the merits of the poetry of Homer and the Bible against modern vernacular literature. Vico stressed the concept of human diversity, which he said allows all humans to regard the same utilities or necessities of human life from different points of view. It challenged the Enlightenment's notion that human nature is basically uniform and recognized the capacity of the primitive peoples - like the modern peoples - to gradually deepen their understanding of the world and themselves.


title: Primitivism

text: In the 18th century, the German scholar Friedrich August Wolf identified the distinctive character of oral literature and located Homer and the Bible as examples of folk or oral tradition ("Prolegomena to Homer", 1795). This was part of the literary appreciation of primitivism, along with the naturalness, passion, and bardic tradition in poetry as well as in the history of language. Vico and Wolf's ideas were developed further at the beginning of the 19th century by Herder. Nevertheless, although influential in literature, such arguments were known to a relatively small number of educated people and their impact was limited or non-existent in the sphere of visual arts.


title: Primitivism

text: The 19th century saw for the first time the emergence of historicism, or the ability to judge different eras by their own context and criteria. As a result of this, new schools of visual art arose that aspired to hitherto unprecedented levels of historical fidelity in setting and costumes. Neoclassicism in visual art and architecture was one result. Another such "historicist" movement in art was the Nazarene movement in Germany, which took inspiration from the so-called Italian "primitive" school of devotional paintings (i.e., before the age of Raphael and the discovery of oil painting).


title: Primitivism

text: Where conventional academic painting (after Raphael) used dark glazes, highly selective, idealized forms, and rigorous suppression of details, the Nazarenes used clear outlines, bright colors, and paid meticulous attention to detail. The school's artistic styles were similar in nature to the Pre-Raphaelites, who were primarily inspired by the critical writings of John Ruskin, who admired the painters before Raphael (such as Botticelli) and who also recommended painting outdoors, hitherto unheard of.


title: Primitivism

text: Two developments shook the world of visual art in the mid-19th century. The first was the invention of the photographic camera, which arguably spurred the development of Realism in art. The second was a discovery in the world of mathematics of non-Euclidean geometry, which overthrew the 2000-year-old seeming absolutes of Euclidean geometry and threw into question conventional Renaissance perspective by suggesting the possible existence of multiple dimensional worlds and perspectives in which things might look very different.


title: Primitivism

text: The discovery of possible new dimensions had the opposite effect of photography and worked to counteract realism. Artists, mathematicians, and intellectuals now realized that there were other ways of seeing things beyond what they had been taught in Beaux Arts Schools of Academic painting, which prescribed a rigid curriculum based on the copying of idealized classical forms and held up Renaissance perspective painting as the culmination of civilization and knowledge. Beaux Arts academies held that non-Western peoples had no art or only inferior art.


title: Primitivism

text: In rebellion against this dogmatic approach, Western artists began to try to depict realities that might exist in a world beyond the limitations of the three-dimensional world of conventional representation mediated by classical sculpture. They looked to Japanese and Chinese art, which they regarded as learned and sophisticated, and did not employ Renaissance one-point perspective. Non-Euclidean perspective and tribal art fascinated Western artists who saw in them the still-enchanted portrayal of the spirit world. They also looked to the art of untrained painters and to children's art, which they believed depicted interior emotional realities that had been ignored in conventional, cook-book-style academic painting.


title: Primitivism

text: Tribal and other non-European art also appealed to those who were unhappy with the repressive aspects of European culture, as pastoral art had done for millennia. Imitations of tribal or archaic art also fall into the category of nineteenth-century "historicism", as these imitations strive to reproduce this art in an authentic manner. Actual examples of tribal, archaic, and folk art were prized by both creative artists and collectors.


title: Primitivism

text: The painting of Paul Gauguin and Pablo Picasso and the music of Igor Stravinsky are frequently cited as the most prominent examples of primitivism in art. Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring" is "primitivist" in so far as its programmatic subject is a pagan rite: a human sacrifice in pre-Christian Russia. It employs harsh dissonance and loud, repetitive rhythms to depict "Dionysian" modernism, i.e., abandonment of inhibition (restraint standing for civilization). Nevertheless, Stravinsky was a master of learned classical tradition and worked within its bounds. According to Malcolm Cook, “with its folk-music motifs and the infamous 1913 Paris riot securing its avant-garde credentials, Stravinsky's "Le Sacre du printemps" ("The Rite of Spring", 1913) engaged in primitivism in both form and practice while remaining embedded within Western classical practices.” In his later work, he adopted a more "Apollonian" neoclassicism, to use Nietzsche's terminology, although in his use of serialism he still rejects 19th-century convention. In modern visual art, Picasso's work is also understood as rejecting Beaux Arts' artistic expectations and expressing primal impulses, whether he worked in a cubist, neo-classical, or tribal-art-influenced vein.


title: Primitivism

text: Primitivism gained a new impetus from anxieties about technological innovation but above all from the "Age of Discovery", which introduced the West to previously unknown peoples and opened the doors to colonialism. During the European Enlightenment, with the decline of feudalism, philosophers started questioning many fixed medieval assumptions about human nature, the position of humans in society, and the strictures of Christianity, and especially Catholicism. They began questioning the nature of humanity and its origins through a discussion of the natural man, which had intrigued theologians since the European encounter with the New World.


title: Primitivism

text: From the 18th century, Western thinkers and artists continued to engage in the retrospective tradition, that is "the conscious search in history for a more deeply expressive, permanent human nature and cultural structure in contrast to the nascent modern realities". Their search led them to parts of the world that they believed constituted alternatives to modern civilization.


title: Primitivism

text: The invention of the steamboat and other innovations in global transportation in the 19th century brought the indigenous cultures of the European colonies and their artifacts' into the metropolitan centers of the empire. Many western-trained artists and connoisseurs were fascinated by these objects, attributing their features and styles to "primitive" forms of expression; especially the perceived absence of linear perspective, simple outlines, the presence of symbolic signs such as the hieroglyph, emotive distortions of the figure, and the perceived energetic rhythms resulting from the use of repetitive ornamental pattern. According to recent cultural critics, it was primarily the cultures of Africa and the Oceanic islands that provided artists an answer to what these critics call their "white, Western, and preponderantly male quest" for the "elusive ideal" of the primitive, "whose very condition of desirability resides in some form of distance and difference." These energizing stylistic attributes, present in the visual arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Indians of the Americas, could also be found in the archaic and peasant art of Europe and Asia, as well.


title: Primitivism

text: Painter Paul Gauguin sought to escape European civilization and technology, taking up residence in the French colony of Tahiti and adopting a stripped-back lifestyle that he felt to be more natural than was possible in Europe.


title: Primitivism

text: Gauguin's search for the primitive was manifestly a desire for sexual freedom, and this is reflected in such paintings as "The Spirit of the Dead Keeps Watch" (1892), "Parau na te Varua ino" (1892), "Anna the Javanerin" (1893), "Te Tamari No Atua" (1896), and "Cruel Tales" (1902), among others. Gauguin's view of Tahiti as an earthly Arcadia of free love, a gentle climate, and naked nymphs is quite similar, if not identical, to that of the classical pastoral of academic art, which has shaped Western perceptions of rural life for millennia. One of his Tahitian paintings is called "Tahitian Pastoral" and another is "Where Do We Come From". In this way, Gauguin extended the academic pastoral tradition of Beaux Arts schools which had hitherto been based solely on idealized European figures copied from Ancient Greek sculpture to include non-European models.


title: Primitivism

text: According to Gauguin, he himself was celebrating Tahitian society and defending the Tahitians against European colonialism. Feminist postcolonial critics, however, denounce this, stating the fact that Gauguin took adolescent mistresses, one of them as young as thirteen. These critics also state that like many European men of his time and later, Gauguin saw freedom, especially sexual freedom, strictly from the male colonizer's point of view. Using Gauguin as an example of what is "wrong" with primitivism, these critics conclude that, in their view, elements of primitivism include the "dense interweave of racial and sexual fantasies and power both colonial and patriarchal". To these critics, primitivism such as Gauguin's demonstrates fantasies about racial and sexual difference in "an effort to essentialize notions of primitiveness" with "Otherness". Thus, they contend, primitivism becomes a process analogous to Exoticism and Orientalism, as critiqued by Edward Said, in which European imperialism and monolithic and degrading views of the "East" by the "West" defined colonized peoples and their cultures.


title: Primitivism

text: In 1905–06, a small group of artists began to study art from Sub-Saharan Africa and Oceania, in part because of the compelling works of Paul Gauguin that were gaining visibility in Paris. Gauguin's powerful posthumous retrospective exhibitions at the Salon d'Automne in Paris in 1903 and an even larger one in 1906 exerted a strong influence. Artists including Maurice de Vlaminck, André Derain, Henri Matisse, and Pablo Picasso grew increasingly intrigued and inspired by the select objects they encountered.


title: Primitivism

text: Pablo Picasso, in particular, explored Iberian sculpture, African sculpture, African traditional masks, and other historical works including the Mannerist paintings of El Greco, resulting in his masterpiece "Les Demoiselles D'Avignon" and, eventually, the invention of Cubism.


title: Primitivism

text: The generalizing term "primitivism" tends to obscure the distinct contributions to modern art from these various visual traditions.


title: Primitivism

text: Although primitivism in art is usually regarded as a Western phenomenon, the structure of primitivist idealism can be found in the work of non-Western and especially anticolonial artists. The desire to recover a notional and idealized past in which humans had been at one with nature is here connected to a critique of the impact of Western modernity on colonized societies. These artists often critique Western stereotypes about "primitive" colonized peoples at the same time as they yearn to recover pre-colonial modes of experience. Anticolonialism fuses with primitivism's reverse teleology to produce art that is distinct from the primitivism of Western artists which usually reinforces rather than critiques colonial stereotypes.


title: Primitivism

text: The work of artists connected with the Négritude movement in particular demonstrates this tendency. "Négritude" was a movement of neo-African idealism and political agitation that was begun by francophone intellectuals and artists on both sides of the Atlantic in the 1930s, and which spread across Africa and the African diaspora in subsequent years. They self-consciously idealized pre-colonial Africa, something that took many forms. This typically consisted in rejecting overweening European rationalism and the associated ravages of colonialism while positing pre-colonial African societies as having had a more communal and organic basis. The work of the Cuban artist Wifredo Lam is particularly notable among the visual artists of negritude. Lam met Pablo Picasso and the European surrealists while living in Paris in the 1930s. When he returned to Cuba in 1941, Lam was emboldened to create images in which humans, animals, and nature combined in lush and dynamic tableaux. In his iconic work of 1943, "The Jungle", Lam's characteristic polymorphism recreates a fantastical jungle scene with African motifs between stalks of cane. It vividly captures the way in which negritude's neo-African idealism is connected to a history of plantation slavery centered on the production of sugar.


title: Primitivism

text: Neo-primitivism was a Russian art movement that took its name from the 31-page pamphlet "Neo-primitivizm", by Aleksandr . It is considered a type of avant-garde movement and is proposed as a new style of modern painting which fuses elements of Cézanne, Cubism, and Futurism with traditional Russian 'folk art' conventions and motifs, notably the Russian icon and the lubok.


title: Primitivism

text: Neo-primitivism replaced the symbolist art of the Blue Rose movement. The nascent movement was embraced due to its predecessor's tendency to look back so that it passed its creative zenith. A conceptualization of neo-primitivism describes it as anti-primitivist Primitivism since it questions the primitivist's Eurocentric universalism. This view presents neo-primitivism as a contemporary version that repudiates previous primitivist discourses. Some characteristics of neo-primitivist art include the use of bold colors, original designs, and expressiveness. These are demonstrated in the works of Paul Gauguin, which feature vivid hues and flat forms instead of a three-dimensional perspective. Igor Stravinsky was another neo-primitivist known for his children's pieces, which were based on Russian folklore. Several neo-primitivist artists were also previous members of the Blue Rose group.


title: Primitivism

text: In November 1910, Roger Fry organized the exhibition titled Manet and the Post-Impressionists held at the Grafton Galleries in London. This exhibition showcased works by Paul Cézanne, Paul Gauguin, Henri Matisse, Édouard Manet, Pablo Picasso, Vincent Van Gogh, and other artists. This exhibition was meant to showcase how French art had developed over the past three decades; however, art critics in London were shocked by what they saw. Some called Fry “mad” and “crazy” for publicly displaying such artwork in the exhibition. Fry's exhibition called attention to primitivism in modern art even if he did not intend for it to happen; leading American scholar Marianna Torgovnick to term the exhibition as the "debut" of primitivism on the London art scene.


title: Primitivism

text: In 1984, The Museum of Modern Art in New York had a new exhibition focusing on primitivism in modern art. Instead of pointing out the obvious issues, the exhibition celebrated the use of non-Western objects as inspiration for modern artists. The director of the exhibition, William Rubin, took Roger Fry's exhibition one step further by displaying the modern works of art juxtaposed to the non-Western objects themselves. Rubin stated, “That he was not so much interested in the pieces of ‘tribal’ art in themselves but instead wanted to focus on the ways in which modern artists ‘discovered’ this art.” He was trying to show there was an ‘affinity’ between the two types of art. Scholar Jean-Hubert Martin argued this attitude effectively meant that the ‘tribal’ art objects were “given the status of not much more than footnotes or addenda to the Modernist avant-garde.” Rubin's exhibition was divided into four different parts: Concepts, History, Affinities, and Contemporary Explorations. Each section is meant to serve a different purpose in showing the connections between modern art and non-Western ‘art.’


title: Primitivism

text: In 2017, the Musée du Quai Branly - Jacques Chirac in collaboration with the Musée National Picasso-Paris, put on the exhibition Picasso Primitif. Yves Le Fur, the director, stated he wanted this exhibition to invite a dialogue between “the works of Picasso – not only the major works but also the experiments with aesthetic concepts – with those, no less rich, by non-Western artists." Picasso Primitif meant to offer a comparative view of the artist's works with those of non-Western artists. The resulting confrontation was supposed to reveal the similar issues those artists have had to address such as nudity, sexuality, impulses and loss through parallel plastic solutions.


title: Primitivism

text: In 2018, the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts had an exhibition titled "From Africa to the Americas: Face-to-Face Picasso, Past and Present". The MMFA adapted and expanded on Picasso Primitif by bringing in 300 works and documents from the Musée du quai Branly - Jacques Chirac and the Musée National Picasso-Paris. Nathalie Bondil saw the issues with the ways in which Yves Le Fur presented Picasso's work juxtaposed to non-Western art and objects and found a way to respond to it. The headline of this exhibition was, “A major exhibition offering a new perspective and inspiring a rereading of art history.” The exhibition looked at the transformation in our view of the arts of Africa, Oceania, and the Americas from the end of the 19th century to the present day. Bondil wanted to explore the question about how ethnographic objects come to be viewed as art. She also asked, “How can a Picasso and an anonymous mask be exhibited in the same plane?”


title: Shooting range

text: A shooting range, firing range, gun range or shooting ground is a specialized facility, venue or field designed specifically for firearm usage qualifications, training, practice or competitions. Some shooting ranges are operated by military or law enforcement agencies, though the majority of ranges are privately owned by civilians and sporting clubs and cater mostly to recreational shooters. Each facility is typically overseen by one or more supervisory personnel, variously called a "range master" or "Range Safety Officer" (RSO) in the United States, or a "range conducting officer" (RCO) in the United Kingdom. Supervisory personnel are responsible for ensuring that all weapon safety rules and relevant government regulations are followed at all times.


title: Shooting range

text: Shooting ranges can be indoor or outdoor, and may be restricted to certain types of firearm that can be used such as handguns or long guns, or they can specialize in certain Olympic disciplines such as trap/skeet shooting or 10 m air pistol/rifle. Most indoor ranges restrict the use of high-power calibers, rifles, or fully automatic weapons.


title: Shooting range

text: A shooting gallery is a recreational shooting facility with toy guns (usually very low-power airguns such as BB guns or airsoft guns, occasionally light guns or even water guns), often located within amusement parks, arcades, carnivals or fairgrounds, to provide safe casual games and entertainment for the visiting crowd by prizing customers with various dolls, toys and souvenirs as trophies.


title: Shooting range

text: In urban areas, most shooting ranges will be at indoor facilities. Indoor ranges offer sheltering from inclement weather conditions and can be operated around the clock under a controlled environment. Outdoor shooting ranges are typically found away from populated areas due to concerns of safety, noise pollution and soil contamination.


title: Shooting range

text: Indoor shooting ranges are usually constructed as standalone structures, though they may be housed in larger buildings in isolated areas such as the basement. The basic components of most indoor ranges consist of firing lines/lanes, targets and a bullet trap/"backstop" (which prevents stray shots and overpenetrations). Design considerations may vary depending on planned use but they all must address the basic requirements for operating the range safely, and that is provide ballistic protection, safety controls, proper ventilation, acoustic isolation and appropriate lighting.


title: Shooting range

text: Firing range walls are usually constructed of poured concrete, precast concrete or masonry blocks. The walls must be sufficiently impenetrable and provide adequate ballistic protection from stray shots and back-splatter. Floors are constructed from dense reinforced concrete with a smooth surface finish and are usually slanted slightly from up range (shooter positions) toward the backstops downrange to allow for better maintenance and cleaning.


title: Shooting range

text: Indoor range roofs are constructed from steel joists or precast concrete panels with a smooth flat surface that will redirect misfired bullets, facilitate maintenance, and prevent lead buildup. Roof baffles are installed at a 25–30 degree angle to protect ceilings, lighting fixtures, ventilation ducts, and any other unprotected element from stray bullets. Baffles are typically constructed of armored plate steel covered with fire-rated plywood. Deflectors are similar to baffles, but are not usually covered with plywood; they can be installed either vertically or horizontally and are used to redirect stray bullets from unprotected fixtures and elements inside the firing range such as doors, windows, and ventilation registers. Shields are constructed of plate steel and plywood.


title: Shooting range

text: The central controls for the firing range equipment, communication, lighting, and security are housed in control rooms or stations. The range master, who is in charge of range operation and management, operates the controls. The control station must provide the range master with an unobstructed line of sight of the firing lanes and all shooters. Control stations are usually constructed of concrete blocks with bulletproof observation windows.


title: Shooting range

text: Backstops and bullet traps are used to absorb the energy from the projectile and capture it to prevent overflight beyond the range area. Bullet traps come in a variety of designs and are usually constructed of impenetrable metal plates. The thickness of the plates and the materials used depend on the velocity and energy levels of the projectiles to be fired in the range. The majority of modern bullet traps are made up of angled hardened steel plates that redirect bullets into other metal plates, releasing their energy. The plates must be resistant to penetration, abrasion, and metal fatigue. The traps direct the spent bullets to a collection area in front of the trap or, for high-energy projectiles, at the back of the trap.


title: Shooting range

text: Many indoor ranges provide additional spaces such as a cleaning room for weapons, a classroom, restrooms (including shower facilities), office areas, lounge area, or storage and maintenance rooms. Passageways are used to physically isolate the firing range from the adjoining areas.


title: Shooting range

text: Some shooting ranges are equipped with shooting booths to provide shooters with a defined private area and to reduce potential hazard from misfires and prevent ejected cartridge cases from hitting/distracting adjacent shooters. Shooting booths are made of partitions or panels which can be acoustically treated to reduce the unpleasant effects of noise on surrounding bystanders. The booths are sometimes equipped with communication or target-operation equipment; target or booth lighting controls; shelves for holding weapons and bullets, or to prevent shooters from going downrange; and equipment for practicing shooting from behind a barrier. The firing line, usually marked red or orange, runs along the downrange edge of the shooting booths. Some ranges have motion detectors that can set off an alarm when a shooter passes this line during shooting.


title: Shooting range

text: Target systems consist of a target object, a target carrier system, and a target control system. Targets for indoor ranges are usually a paper sheet or piece of corrugated cardboard with a printed image, either a bullseye or a silhouette. The target carrier system allows the range to operate more efficiently and safely by transporting the target between the firing line and the target line in both downrange and uprange directions, so the shooter does not have to wait for a "ceasefire" and physically walk downrange to examine and set up the target. The target control system allows the range master to control the operation and movement of the targets through a central control station in the control booth. Some ranges provide local control modules that can be operated in the shooting booths.


title: Shooting range

text: A critical component in the design and proper operation of an indoor ranges is the ventilation system. Proper ventilation reduces shooters’ exposure to airborne lead particles and other combustion byproducts. Ventilation systems consist of supply and exhaust air systems and associated ductwork. Supply air can be provided through a perforated wall plenum or radial air diffusers mounted at ceiling height. Airflow along the firing line should be no more than 0.38 m/s (75 feet per minute, fpm) with a minimum acceptable flow of 0.25 m/s (50 fpm). Air is typically exhausted at or behind the bullet trap. Some firing ranges are designed to have multiple exhaust points downrange to maintain downrange flow and desired velocities at the firing line. The exhaust system should be designed to provide minimum duct air velocities of 12.70 – 15.24 m/s (2,500 – 3,000 fpm). The equipment and designs for the ventilation systems are varied, most firing ranges have one supply and one exhaust fan, however, some have multiple supply or exhaust fans. Very often, the air-flow rate required by the firing range and space constraints for the fans dictate the number and types of fans. Most firing ranges have systems that supply 100% outside air to the firing range and exhaust all of the air to outside the building; but, some firing range ventilation systems are designed to recirculate some of the exhaust air to the supply air system to conserve energy especially in extreme climates. The exhaust air is always filtered before being exhausted outside the building or recirculated to the supply system.


title: Shooting range

text: Lighting in the range consists of control booth, uprange area, shooting booth, and downrange lighting systems. Control booth lighting is usually manually controlled and consists of general lighting and low-level lighting used during particular shooting conditions. Lighting uprange of the booths is general ceiling-level lighting and can usually be controlled manually or from the central controls. Lights downrange of the firing line are usually spotlights used to illuminate the targets at various distances downrange of the booths.


title: Shooting range

text: Safety control systems are installed to protect the shooters during range malfunction or emergency situations. Such systems may include warning lights, alarm bells, and air-flow and filtration monitors.


title: Shooting range

text: Outdoor shooting ranges are used for longer-distance shooting up to or exceeding . Training might also specifically require exposure to the elements such as wind, dust and rain. Outdoor competition shooting is preferred under benign weather conditions, although conditions may change, competition is only abandoned when safety becomes an issue.


title: Shooting range

text: Outdoor ranges are designed to contain all fired shots. This necessitates a high retaining wall behind the target line called a backstop or stop-butt, comprising an earth mound, sandbag barrier or specially designed funnel-shaped traps to catch and prevent misaligned shots, errant projectile ricochets, or shots going beyond the bounds of the shooting range. Most outdoor ranges restrict the maximum caliber size and/or projectile energy based on the design specification of the range. Some target-shooting ranges have separate facilities devoted to the use of higher-powered firearms such as .50 caliber.


title: Shooting range

text: Outdoor ranges may be partially enclosed and so have some features in common with indoor ranges, for example the British Armed Forces barrack range has a roofed firing point and normally has 360° walls. As its name suggests, it is generally found in military bases rather than in the more remote areas common to outdoor ranges.


title: Shooting range

text: Several studies of outdoor ranges have shown that prolonged exposure to lead and noise can cause health problems, particularly among employees and instructors.


title: Shooting range

text: Due to their larger area and more "open air" nature, outdoor ranges need less cleaning and maintenance than indoor ranges. However, despite the natural ventilation of outdoor firing ranges, some outdoor ranges have ballistic baffles overhead, and concrete walls and structures on the sides that can cause the air to stagnate and lead to increase exposure to lead and noise.


title: Shooting range

text: Consequently, operators of outdoor ranges might consider adding sound transmission barriers, absorptive materials, and natural vegetation to lessen noise emission. Fans pointing downrange can provide air movement away from shooters to lessen lead exposure.


title: Shooting range

text: Oftentimes the same range is made available to both bow and gun shooters. However, there are many ranges that have been made available exclusively for archers, and thousands of them can be found in the USA. The most popular types of archery ranges include 3-D ranges, field ranges and indoor ranges.


title: Shooting range

text: The firing point normally is at a defined point on the ground, and on a civilian range will usually be level and flat. Outdoor ranges without a covered firing point are usually grass, often on a slightly raised, flattened mound. Outdoor ranges with a covered firing point are usually concrete or tarmacadam. Outdoor military range firing points are not usually covered and may have other configurations, e.g., sloping, a gravel base or hole in the ground.


title: Shooting range

text: A "fixed firing point" or echelon rifle range is where the targets are located at the various distances with the marksman or woman shooting from the one firing point. The most advanced rifle range of this design was constructed for the Commonwealth Games New Delhi 2010.


title: Shooting range

text: The firing point cover can be as simple as a tent, to a frame with only a roof (to keep off rain or sunshine) to a substantial building with appropriate apertures to shoot through.


title: Shooting range

text: Civilian targets are usually made of paper or a plastic coreflute, sometimes with a canvas or hessian back on the larger long-range types. Most competitive targets are a solid black circle on a white background. The black circle may have scoring rings. Targets of other shapes may be used such as used in pistol (hand gun) target shooting. Reactive targets allow shooters to easily identify bullet strikes. This allows shooters to improve their skills by quickly being able to compare their aiming point and where the actual bullet impacted the target.


title: Shooting range

text: Those who choose to use military surplus rifles in competition on firing ranges at set distances include bolt and semiautomatic actions, with targets used as per military standards, current and historic. The same applies for the matches they shoot. Other target types include a metal plate that is knocked over by the bullet such as in the air rifle sport of field target or handgun discipline of IPSC, and stationary metal plates of scaled animal outlines on which bullet strikes mark as well as those that mark the paint which is painted over again after scoring.


title: Shooting range

text: The butts / backstop is the area behind the target into which the shot impacts having passed through the target. Outdoor and sometimes indoor ranges have earth or sand butts. Indoor ranges can use angled plates with collectors, often with a rubber curtain through which the bullet passes and is then stopped by a metal plate. Rubber curtains help reduce bullet fragments.


title: Shooting range

text: Ranges without automatic target placements sometimes have concrete trenches where personnel lift and retract, mark and replace targets.


title: Shooting range

text: They need to be of sufficient height to capture the projectile intended for the target as well as any ricochet that may occur from the projectile striking the floor of the target range fairway. Usually the top is at least five degrees in elevation from the 100m firing line.


title: Shooting range

text: Outdoor shooting ranges sometimes have wind flags, positioned between the firing line (where the shooters are) and the targets. Shooters observe these flags to make an estimate of wind speed, which is then converted into lateral minute of angle point of aim corrections or, alternatively, windage holdoff corrections.


title: Shooting range

text: The flag method is the most common method used to estimate wind speed. A flag blowing in the wind will naturally blow away from the flagpole, with the angle of the bottom of the flag to the flagpole increasing with increasing windspeed. To estimate the wind speed in mph, the angle in degrees between the bottom of the flag to the flagpole at the mid-range position between the shooter and the target is divided by 4. For example, an angle of 60 degrees between the bottom of a flag and a flagpole would be estimated as a windspeed.


title: Shooting range

text: The clock method is then used to determine full value, half value, or no value corrections in a minute of angle for this wind. Aligning the target at the 12 o'clock position or direction, with the 6 o'clock direction being directly behind the shooter, winds at 3 or 9 o'clock are equated to full value, winds at 1, 2, 4, 5, 7, 8, 10, 11 o'clock are equated to half value, and winds at 12 and 6 o'clock are equated to no value.


title: Shooting range

text: The minute of angle correction (full value) is then commonly estimated as ((Range [meters] / 100) × Wind [mph]) / "C", where "C" is a constant. The constant "C" equals 15 for ranges from 100 to 500 meters, 14 for 600 meters, 13 for 700–800 meters, 12 for 900 meters, and 11 for 1,000 meters.


title: Shooting range

text: For full-value winds, this full windage correction is used. For half-value winds, the minute of correction in windage given by this formula is halved; for no-value winds, no minute of angle correction in windage is required.


title: Shooting range

text: Multiple flags are required for two reasons. First, the wind speed closest to the midpoint of the range has the greatest effect on the projectile. In addition, the wind at one part of the range will not always be the same at another part.


title: Shooting range

text: Wind flags are not always actual flags, sometimes streamers are used, small triangle flags, or even pinwheels. Factors such as the range length and expected strength of the wind determine the best type of flag to use. When no flags are available, a small leaf or another small light object can be dropped from shoulder height, and the object is then pointed at by the shooter; the angle between his arm and his torso can provide an equivalent wind speed estimation as a wind flag, although it will not be at the mid-range location along the bullet's trajectory.


title: Shooting range

text: Lighting should be consistent in intensity, glare-free, and shadow-free. The shooter's vision down range should not be obstructed by lighting behind the firing line. The illumination should be bright enough to prevent pupil dilation, which lowers the shooter's visual acuity. Emergency lights for egress, "Range in Use" signs at the entrance, and exit lights are among the other lighting options. During repairs or cleaning, the lighting behind the bullet trap should be at least 30 foot-candles.


title: Shooting range

text: Although some ranges require all weapons to be discharged, securely encased, and/or trigger-locked before entering or exiting the facility, others do not. Many jurisdictions have no such restrictions, regardless of whether one has a concealed carry license in jurisdictions where concealed carry is legal.


title: Shooting range

text: Whether indoors or outdoors, all shooters are typically required to wear eye protection as well as hearing protection (ear muffs or earplugs) at all times when within the defined boundaries of the range. Employees and users are exposed to lead dust from bullets or cartridge primers, which can be inhaled or can settle on skin or clothing. Additionally, the discharging of firearms in indoor ranges can produce noise levels of over 140 dB sound pressure level. To combat this, it is commonly recommended that those inside the range "double-up" ear protection by using both earplugs and over-the-head earmuffs, and to protect range bystanders from sound exposure. Depending on the range, prescription eyeglasses may qualify as eye protection. Indoor ranges can be particularly unsafe, due to high lead exposures and increased noise exposures where the design or management is not of a quality conducive to best practice.


title: Shooting range

text: The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health issued an Alert, that presents five case reports documenting lead and noise exposures, and examines firing range operations, exposure assessment and control methods, existing regulations, and exposure standards and guidelines. More information about reducing occupational exposures at indoor firing ranges can be found at NIOSH Firing Range topic page


title: Shooting range

text: In 2013, The National Academy of Sciences published a report titled Potential Health Risks to DOD FIRING-RANGE PERSONNEL from Recurrent Lead Exposure. The report highlighted the shortcomings of current occupational lead exposure standards and urged The Department of Defense to update its guidelines and practices for protecting workers from lead exposure on firing ranges.


title: Shooting range

text: Lead and other pollutants are regulated by ventilation in a range. The configuration of the supply and exhaust air systems is critical for proper operation. Interlocks that enable both the supply and exhaust fans to be working should be designed to ensure proper operation. The range's exhaust system eliminates dirty air.


title: Shooting range

text: The air velocity down the range is determined by the exhaust flow rate, but it has no bearing on the airflow pattern at the firing line. A minor negative pressure in the range can be maintained by exhausting 3 to 7% more air than is supplied. The negative pressure of -0.04 + 0.02 inches water gauge should be maintained for ranges. Energy recovery systems should be considered because of the huge amount of air being exhausted. Single-speed fans, not multiple-speed fans, should be used. To demonstrate proper exhaust system function, indicators (static or velocity pressure) for flow monitoring are a good idea.


title: Shooting range

text: Outside air must make up for the lost airflow. The distribution of supply air is crucial in assessing the ventilation system's effectiveness.


title: Shooting range

text: Air supply systems are designed to spread air equally over the firing range's distance. Airflow at the shooting line can be unstable if it is not uniformly dispersed, allowing lead and other pollutants to be brought back into the shooter's breathing region. Supply air should be added as high as possible in the range.


title: Shooting range

text: Cleaning floors and horizontal surfaces on a regular basis is recommended. The level of cleaning is determined by how often the range is used. If the floor and horizontal surfaces, such as booth shelves or target retrieval systems, are heavily used, they can require regular cleaning. Cleaning should be done once or twice a week otherwise. Wet methods or a vacuum fitted with a high-performance particulate air (HEPA) filter may be used to clean. The risk of unburned powder accumulating necessitates the use of an explosion-proof HEPA vacuum. The vacuum should be used solely for the removal of lead dust.


title: Shooting range

text: Cleaning personnel should be well trained and not attempt to rush the process. Dry sweeping or "blowing down" the range with compressed air should be forbidden. Brooms should not be used to clean spent shell casings ("brass") (a wooden "casino rake" can be useful). During cleanup, the ventilation system should be turned on. Personnel and shooters should be aware of the areas of the range to which they are permitted entry, as well as the areas where their clothing or skin may become contaminated. Shooters should not be permitted to proceed beyond the firing line. Individuals who might need to walk down the range should have disposable shoe coverings accessible. Before consuming food, drinks, or other products, shooters should thoroughly wash their hands and face. Personnel can vacuum off their garments with a HEPA vacuum before leaving the range for operations where contamination is possible. Vacuuming can help to keep lead dust from spreading to other parts of the house, as well as personal vehicles and quarters.


title: Shooting range

text: Safety areas are own places on shooting ranges where a small bay with a safe direction is set up for shooters to be able to handle unloaded firearms without the supervision of a Range Officer (RO). Safety areas are widely used in dynamic shooting sport disciplines and PPC 1500, and may for example be used to pack, unpack or holster a gun, cleaning or repair, dry firing and training with empty magazines


title: Shooting range

text: This will vary by country; for example, in some countries, using a shooting range does not require a license or specialized training beyond gun refresher training (for rental guns) and range rules familiarization. In other countries, participants must be part of an organized club and must hold licenses for ownership of individual firearms. A common requirement is that the shooter must be of legal age (or have a guardian present) prior to shooting.


title: Shooting range

text: In the United States, training classes for a concealed carry license are often available at shooting ranges.


title: Shooting range

text: Typically, a range will offer safety courses, concealed carry courses, and advanced training in firearms techniques, for a fee. In addition, some states in the USA require employees who use firearms on the job (e.g., armored car drivers, security guards) to have certain certifications. In most cases, a shooter may take a class and qualify for these certifications at a range.


title: Shooting range

text: Many ranges will let shooters rent firearms, as well. In most cases, ranges (especially indoor) rent out handguns and rifles in various calibers, however there are ranges that rent Class III/NFA firearms (full-auto weapons, suppressed weapons, etc.). Some ranges offering firearms rental also provide instructors at little to no cost as part of the rental fee.


title: Shooting range

text: This article discusses shooting or firing ranges in a general sense. For more specific discussion of shooting ranges in specific countries, see:


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: The discography of American record producer DJ Khaled consists of twelve studio albums and 54 singles (including 11 as a featured artist).


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On June 6, 2006, Khaled released his debut studio album, "Listennn... the Album". The album reached number 12 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On June 12, 2007, Khaled released his second studio album, "We the Best". The album reached number eight on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-20 single, "I'm So Hood", which features T-Pain, Trick Daddy, Rick Ross, and Plies, and reached number 19 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also produced the top-40 single, "We Takin Over", which features Akon, T.I., Rick Ross, Fat Joe, Birdman, and Lil Wayne, and reached number 28 on the Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On September 16, 2008, Khaled released his third studio album, "We Global". The album reached number seven on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-40 single, "Out Here Grindin", which features Akon, Rick Ross, Young Jeezy, Lil Boosie, Trick Daddy, Ace Hood, and Plies, and reached number 38 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On March 2, 2010, Khaled released his fourth studio album, "Victory". The album reached number 14 on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-40 single, "All I Do Is Win", which features T-Pain, Ludacris, Snoop Dogg, and Rick Ross, and reached number 24 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On July 19, 2011, Khaled released his fifth studio album, "We the Best Forever". The album reached number five on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-10 single, "I'm on One", which features Drake, Rick Ross, and Lil Wayne, and reached number 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On August 21, 2012, Khaled released his sixth studio album, "Kiss the Ring". The album reached number four on the "Billboard" 200.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On October 22, 2013, Khaled released his seventh studio album, "Suffering from Success". The album reached number seven on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-40 single, "No New Friends", which features Drake, Rick Ross, and Lil Wayne, and reached number 37 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On October 23, 2015, Khaled released his eighth studio album, "I Changed a Lot". The album reached number 12 on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-40 single, "Hold You Down", which features Chris Brown, August Alsina, Future, and Jeremih, and reached number 39 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On July 29, 2016, Khaled released his ninth studio album, "Major Key". The album debuted and peaked atop the "Billboard" 200, giving him his first chart-topping project. It produced the top-20 single, "For Free", which features Drake and reached number 13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also produced the top-40 singles, "I Got the Keys", which features Jay-Z and Future, and "Do You Mind", which features Nicki Minaj, Chris Brown, August Alsina, Jeremih, Future, and Rick Ross; the songs reached numbers 30 and 27 on the Hot 100, respectively.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On June 23, 2017, Khaled released his tenth studio album, "Grateful". The album debuted and peaked atop the "Billboard" 200, giving him his second chart-topping project. It produced the "Billboard" Hot 100 number-one single, "I'm the One", which features Justin Bieber, Quavo, Chance the Rapper, and Lil Wayne. It also produced the top-10 single, "Wild Thoughts", which features Rihanna and Bryson Tiller, and reached number two on the Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On May 17, 2019, Khaled released his eleventh studio album, "Father of Asahd". The album debuted and peaked at number two on the "Billboard" 200. It produced the top-10 single, "No Brainer" from 2018, which features Justin Bieber, Chance the Rapper, and Quavo, and debuted and peaked at number five on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It also produced the top-20 single, "Wish Wish", which features Cardi B and 21 Savage, which reached number 19 on the Hot 100. The album also contains the top-40 singles, "Top Off" from 2018, which features Jay-Z, Future, and Beyoncé, and "Higher", which features Nipsey Hussle and John Legend; the songs reached numbers 22 and 21 on the Hot 100, respectively.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On April 30, 2021, Khaled released his self-titled twelfth studio album, "Khaled Khaled", which is named after his legal name. The album debuted and peaked atop the "Billboard" 200, giving him his third chart-topping project. It produced the top-10 singles, "Popstar" and "Greece", both of which feature Drake and were released in 2020; the songs debuted and peaked at numbers three and eight on the "Billboard" Hot 100, respectively. It also produced the top-20 single, "Every Chance I Get", which features Lil Baby and Lil Durk, and debuted and peaked at number 20 on the Hot 100. The album also contains the top-40 single, "Sorry Not Sorry", which features Nas, Jay-Z, and James Fauntleroy, and debuted and peaked at number 30 on the Hot 100.


title: DJ Khaled discography

text: On August 26, 2022, Khaled released his thirteenth studio album, "God Did". It produced the top-10 single, "Staying Alive", which features frequent collaborators Drake and Lil Baby.


title: Baazaar

text: Baazaar () is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language financial thriller drama film directed by Gauravv K. Chawla and written by Parveez Sheikh and Aseem Arora. The film starring Saif Ali Khan, debutant Rohan Vinod Mehra, Radhika Apte and Chitrangada Singh in lead roles.


title: Baazaar

text: The film is set in the backdrop of money, power and business, largely based on the stock market. The film was released on 26 October 2018. The film received mixed reviews from critics upon releasing.


title: Baazaar

text: Small-time Allahabad-based stock trader Rizwan Ahmed (Rohan Mehra) arrives in Mumbai by flight. He is determined to work with his role model, wealthy and powerful Gujarati diamond merchant Shakun Kothari (Saif Ali Khan). Rizwan bluffs his way into the city's largest trading firm and manages to convince them to give him a job. He ropes in a high-profile client and with the help of his co-worker and girlfriend Priya Rai (Radhika Apte), he begins a successful career at the firm. When attending an event with Priya, he spots Shakun Kothari and gives stock advice that turns out to be correct. Kothari then hires him as his broker, warning that he may never lose any of his money. After his first trade with Kothari's funds ends badly, Rizwan is desperate not to lose Kothari's account and illegally uses insider information from Priya to recoup Kothari's losses..


title: Baazaar

text: Rizwan becomes close to Kothari and his wife Mandira Parekh (Chitrangda Singh), visiting Kothari's lavish home and relaxing on his yacht with Priya. Meanwhile, Kothari offers Rizwan a chance to make even more money when he learns that the government is going to begin accepting bids from telecommunications companies for a new project. Kothari informs Rizwan that he has bribed a government minister to select a company called Skycom and the two can make a killing on the deal. Kothari gives Rizwan the money to buy Skycom and Rizwan becomes the company's owner. Rizwan convinces his new brother-in-law Anwar to invest all of his savings to Skycom shares. However, Skycom's bid is rejected, and Rizwan is ruined when Kothari sells off all of his Skycom shares right before the announcement of the bid winner.


title: Baazaar

text: Rizwan discovers that Kothari deliberately set him up to take the fall for Skycom for Kothari's own personal monetary profit and that he arranged for Priya to influence him from the beginning. SEBI agents, led by Rana Dasgupta (Manish Choudhary), detain Rizwan for insider trading, though their real target is Kothari. Rizwan convinces them that Shakun has been using old school methods which will not leave any evidence or trail behind. Using information from Mandira, Rizwan is able to prove that Kothari has been bribing government ministers with diamonds that are smuggled via Surat-Mumbai Karnavati Express train. Shakun is arrested and his family leaves him. After the numerous court hearings, Shakun is summoned as Priya gives in as a witness to the bribes. Rizwan questions her as to why she surrendered herself since Rizwan did not reveal her name, but she leaves Rizwan, saying she deserves this. Shakun comes out on bail after a month and returns to his empty house, his wife and kids gone. He calls his secretary and tells him, that the market ("Baazaar") is open, returning to his deeds.


title: Baazaar

text: The music of the film was composed by Tanishk Bagchi, Honey Singh, Kanika Kapoor, Sohail Sen and Bilal Saeed. The lyrics were penned by Shabbir Ahmed, Honey Singh, Ikka, Jamil Ahmed, Singhsta, Hommie Dilliwala, and Bilal Saeed.


title: Baazaar

text: The first poster was released on 4 May 2017 depicting Khan in a suit. The poster read "Yaha paisa Bhagwaan nahi, par Bhagwaan se kam bhi nahi" (Here money is not God but also it is not less than God).


title: Baazaar

text: The official trailer for the film was released on 25 September 2018. The film itself was released on 26 October 2018.


title: Baazaar

text: The film received mostly mixed reviews from critics, who cited its similarity to Oliver Stone's "Wall Street", but praised Saif Ali Khan for his performance. On the review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes, 27% of 11 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 4/10


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: Karl Stefanovic (; born 12 August 1974), also spelt Karl Stefanović, is an Australian television presenter and journalist for the Nine Network.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: Stefanovic is currently a co-host of the Nine Network's breakfast program "Today" and presents for "60 Minutes".


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: Stefanovic studied journalism at university, but after earning his degree could not secure a cadetship. At his father's suggestion, he auditioned for NIDA, but did not make the final cut despite making it through a few rounds of auditions. Although he was encouraged to re-apply for the following year, he took up a job offer from WIN Television in Rockhampton instead.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In 1996, Stefanovic took up a position with TVNZ as a reporter for "One Network News" in New Zealand. In 1998, Stefanovic returned to Australia with a job reporting and presenting for "Ten News" in Brisbane, and also acted as a fill-in news presenter for Ron Wilson in Sydney.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In 2000, Stefanovic moved to the Nine Network as a reporter and back-up presenter for "Nine News" in Brisbane. He received a Queensland Media Award for Best News Coverage for his report on the Childers backpacker hostel fire in 2000. His reports on the 2001 Warragamba bushfires from Sussex Inlet in January 2002 led to his appointment to Nine's Sydney newsroom, and he was involved in the coverage of the 2003 Canberra bushfires.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In February 2005, Stefanovic replaced "Today" host Steve Liebmann. He has been a fill-in host on "A Current Affair" for Tracy Grimshaw. In 2006, he participated in the Nine Network reality television show "Torvill and Dean's Dancing on Ice". He eventually made it to the grand final of the show, but was beaten by Jake Wall by a viewer poll. In 2008, Stefanovic took over as host of Nine Network's "Carols by Candlelight" with Lisa Wilkinson replacing longtime host Ray Martin. He continued to host "Carols by Candlelight" until 2012, when he was replaced by David Campbell.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In 2011, along with his hosting role at "Today", Stefanovic was a contributing reporter on "60 Minutes". He also hosted a Sunday evening edition of "A Current Affair" ("ACA Sunday").


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In December 2011, he was a crew member aboard racing supermaxi yacht Investec LOYAL when it won line honours in the 2011 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race. Stefanovic hosted the Nine Network's evening reports on the 2012 London Olympics. In December 2013, he was a crew member aboard supermaxi yacht Perpetual Loyal in the 2013 Sydney to Hobart Yacht Race, with his other celebrity crew members, Larry Emdur, Guillaume Brahimi, Tom Slingsby, Phil Waugh and Jude Bolton.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In October 2015, Stefanovic hosted television the panel show "The Verdict" on the Nine Network. The weekly show mixed elements of successful programs "The Project" and "Q&A" but courted controversy with its line-up of panelists.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In December 2018, it was announced that Stefanovic would not be returning as a co-host of "Today" in 2019.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In November 2019, the Nine Network announced that Stefanovic would be returning to "Today" as co-host from January 2020 alongside "Weekend Today" co-host and "60 Minutes" reporter Allison Langdon.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: Stefanovic was born in Darlinghurst, New South Wales, to a Serbian-German father and an Australian mother. His younger brother, Peter Stefanovic, is a correspondent with "60 Minutes".


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: He was educated at St Augustines College (Cairns), the Anglican Church Grammar School and the Queensland University of Technology, where he graduated with a degree in journalism in 1994.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: Stefanovic met journalist Cassandra Thorburn at a party in Rockhampton in 1995 and later married; they have three children together. In September 2016, it was revealed that Stefanovic had separated from his wife after 21 years; their divorce was finalised in October 2017.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In February 2018, Stefanovic made public his engagement to Jasmine Yarbrough. He married Yarbrough in December 2018 at a ceremony in Mexico. They have one child together.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: In July 2016, Stefanovic attracted criticism from the LGBT community after using the word "tranny" and making a number of jokes deemed transphobic during a segment on "Today". On 29 July 2016, a day after the segment, he made a public apology on the show, stating that "I was an ignorant tool" and stated that he was informed of how offensive the term was considered. He was later nominated for an ACON LGBTI award for his honest apology, and has gone on to be an outspoken advocate of the queer community. In 2017, Stefanovic spoke out against the conservative government putting obstacles in the way of passing same-sex marriage legislation, condemning the government for turning the issue into a “political football”. He also debated prominent Anglican minister Michael Jensen on the topic during a live interview, arguing for a ‘yes’ vote on the then-upcoming marriage equality plebiscite.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: At the 2011 Logie Awards, Stefanovic won two awards - the Gold Logie for Most Popular Personality, and the Silver Logie for Most Popular Presenter.


title: Karl Stefanovic

text: On 15 November 2014, Stefanovic revealed in an interview with Fairfax Media that he had been wearing the same suit on-air every day for a year, "except for a couple of times because of circumstance", as what he said was an experiment in sexism. He said that, while his female colleagues receive regular criticism for whatever they wear, nobody noticed his outfit the whole time. He did, however, vary his ties and shirts more regularly than his suit.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Dustin Lee Howard (born April 22, 1986) is an American professional wrestler signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW), competing under the ring name Chuck Taylor. He is a member of Best Friends alongside Trent, Orange Cassidy, and Kris Statlander. Howard has wrestled on the independent circuit since 2002, most notably appearing for Chikara, where he held the Campeonatos de Parejas twice, and Pro Wrestling Guerrilla (PWG), where he is a former two-time PWG World Champion. He is also known for his work in larger national and international promotions like Ring of Honor (ROH) and New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW).


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Howard began his wrestling training in 2002, at age 15, under the tutelage of Brandon Walker at the Old School Wrestling Training Academy in Hardin, Kentucky. Due to age requirements for wrestling licenses in Kentucky, he was unable to wrestle during shows in-state until age 18, during which time he wrestled for promotions in Tennessee and Illinois. The most prominent of these was the then-newly restarted Chaos Pro Wrestling (CPW) in Brookport, Illinois, where he began his friendship with fellow wrestler Ricochet. Howard's ring name of Chuck Taylor was derived by his trainers due to his habit of wearing the famous sneakers of the same name during training sessions.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Howard, under the ring name Chuck Taylor, made his Chikara debut on June 24, 2006, at the Young Lions Cup IV tournament, defeating his rival Ricochet in the first round before being eliminated in the six-way semi-final round by Andy Sumner. The next night, he teamed up with Cloudy to defeat Ricochet and Player Uno in a non-tournament tag team match, with the four receiving a standing ovation after the match. However, Taylor would quickly become a villain during his match with Eddie Kingston at the "Brick" event on November 17, gaining an upset victory with some help from an interfering Larry Sweeney. After impressing Sweeney, Taylor was allowed to replace Chris Hero in the 2007 King of Trios tournament, joining Team F.I.S.T. (Icarus and Gran Akuma) on the Kings of Wrestling team. The Kings made it to the semi-final round before losing to the team of Miyawaki, Yoshiaki Yago and Kudo.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Despite the loss, Taylor rebounded by entering the first-ever Rey de Voladores tournament on April 22, 2007, defeating the likes of PAC, Ricochet, Retail Dragon en route to the finals of the tournament, where he defeated Lince Dorado. However, problems in the Kings of Wrestling arose as Chris Hero, the man he replaced at King of Trios, had split the Kings of Wrestling stable in two, with Hero, Sweeney, and Claudio Castagnoli comprising the Kings of Wrestling while Team F.I.S.T. (Taylor, Akuma, and Icarus) once again became a separate team. At the "Aniversario!" event in May, the Kings and F.I.S.T. met in a six-man tag team match, which F.I.S.T. won. Despite losing, the Kings reunited with F.I.S.T. and the Kings of Wrestling became the top stable in Chikara, later recruiting Mitch Ryder, Max Boyer and Shayne Hawke to their ranks. Using this momentum, Taylor went on to win the Young Lions Cup V, beating Cabana Man Dan, Lince Dorado, MosCOW the Communist Bovine, Player Uno, Ice Cream, Jr. and Amigo Suzuki on the first night and Arik Cannon in the semifinals on the second night, before beating longtime rival Ricochet in the finals.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: After a successful title defense against Drake Younger, Taylor put the cup on the line against Ricochet on August 18 at the "2007 International Invaders" weekend, with Ricochet putting his career on the line. Taylor would win the match, seemingly ridding his rival for good. However, Taylor's momentum would come to a halt after he was eliminated in the Torneo Cibernetico match by Lince Dorado. A month later, he was defeated by Claudio Castagnoli in singles competition at the October 26 event "Bruised". Later that night, Taylor replaced an inactive Icarus to team with Akuma in a Campeonatos de Parejas title defense against Incoherence (Delirious and Hallowicked), which Taylor and Akuma lost. The next night, Taylor lost his Young Lions Cup to the debuting newcomer, Helios, who bore a striking resemblance to Ricochet. However, Taylor managed to regain some success before the end of 2007 by defeating Shane Storm and Passion Hasegawa, respectively in singles matches before teaming up with Team F.I.S.T. to beat the team of Tim Donst and Los Ice Creams (El Hijo del Ice Cream and Ice Cream, Jr.).


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Taylor once again teamed up with Icarus and Akuma in the 2008 King of Trios tournament, this time making it to the quarterfinal round before being knocked out by The Colony (Fire Ant, Worker Ant, and Soldier Ant). Following the King of Trios, Taylor returned singles competition but still remained a member of F.I.S.T., occasionally tagging with either Akuma or Icarus.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: For the first half of 2009, Taylor, Icarus and Akuma feuded with The Colony, defeating them on February 20 in a King of Trios qualifying match. After the match Taylor gave Worker Ant the Awful Waffle on the floor of the arena, which in kayfabe was the reason for his retirement following the match. On March 27 F.I.S.T. entered their third King of Trios, defeating The Death Match Kings (Brain Damage, Necro Butcher and Toby Klein) in the first round of the tournament. After defeating The F1rst Family (Arik Cannon, Darin Corbin and Ryan Cruz) in the quarter-finals, F.I.S.T. advanced to the semifinals of the tournament, where they would defeat the team of Equinox, Lince Dorado and Helios, the team known collectively as The Future is Now. On March 29, 2009, F.I.S.T. defeated Team Uppercut (Bryan Danielson, Claudio Castagnoli and Dave Taylor) in the finals, when Taylor forced Danielson to tap out to the Cross Crab, to win the 2009 King of Trios. On May 24, 2009, at "Aniversario Yang" F.I.S.T. ended their feud with The Colony, when Taylor and Icarus lost a "Double Mask vs. Double Hair" match against Fire Ant and Soldier Ant, and were both shaved bald.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On April 23, 2010, F.I.S.T. entered the 2010 King of Trios tournament, attempting to become the first two-time King of Trios winners. After defeating The Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield, Sugar Dunkerton and Matt Classic) in the first round, F.I.S.T. was eliminated in the quarter-finals by Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Tadasuke). During the tournament F.I.S.T. was observed by Johnny Gargano, a self admitted fan of the team, who managed to stir up problems between its members by suggesting that the team had a weak link, which led to Taylor, who had been pinned in the match against Osaka Pro, pointing out Akuma and Akuma retaliating by claiming that Icarus was and always had been the weak link. Taylor caused even more dissension in F.I.S.T. by offering himself to Dragon Gate USA's World–1 stable, a competitor of Kamikaze USA, Gran Akuma's stable in the company. On July 26 at "Chikarasaurus Rex: King of Show" F.I.S.T. was defeated in a six-man tag team match by CIMA, Masaaki Mochizuki and Super Shenglong, when CIMA pinned Akuma. After the match Taylor and Icarus turned on Akuma, kicked him out of both F.I.S.T. and Chikara and gave his spot in the stable to Johnny Gargano. With Gargano as a member, the new F.I.S.T. ended their losing streak by defeating Da Soul Touchaz (Acid Jaz, Marshe Rockett and Willie Richardson) and 3.0 (Scott Parker and Shane Matthews) and Soldier Ant in six man tag team matches on September 18 and 19. On April 15, 2011, F.I.S.T. entered the 2011 King of Trios, defeating Team Australia (Kabel, Percy T and Tama Williams) in their first round match. The following day F.I.S.T. defeated Team Osaka Pro (Atsushi Kotoge, Daisuke Harada and Ultimate Spider Jr.), avenging their loss from the previous year and advancing to the semifinals of the tournament. On April 17, F.I.S.T. scored a major upset in the semifinals of the King of Trios tournament by defeating Team Michinoku Pro (Dick Togo, Great Sasuke and Jinsei Shinzaki), when Icarus rolled up Sasuke for the win, after Taylor had blinded him with powder. Later that same day, F.I.S.T. was defeated in the finals of the tournament by The Colony (Fire Ant, Green Ant and Soldier Ant). In June and July, Taylor and Gargano gained three points and the right to challenge for the Campeonatos de Parejas with victories over the teams of The Colony (Green Ant and Soldier Ant), Incoherence (Frightmare and Hallowicked) and Atlantis and Rey Bucanero. On September 18, Taylor and Gargano defeated Jigsaw and Mike Quackenbush to win the Chikara Campeonatos de Parejas for the first time. Taylor and Gargano made their first title defense on October 7, defeating Momo no Seishun Tag (Atsushi Kotoge and Daisuke Harada) with help from Icarus in the third match between F.I.S.T. and the Osaka Pro Wrestling representatives. On October 30, Taylor and Icarus, who replaced Gargano who was unable to attend the event due to traveling issues, successfully defended the Campeonatos de Parejas against the Throwbacks (Dasher Hatfield and Sugar Dunkerton). F.I.S.T. made their third successful title defense on December 2, during Chikara's special post-season "JoshiMania" weekend, defeating The Colony. On February 25, 2012, Icarus again replaced an injured Gargano in a title defense, where F.I.S.T. defeated the Spectral Envoy (Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black). On March 24, Taylor and Icarus lost the Campeonatos de Parejas to 3.0. After earning three points in a four-way elimination match on April 14, Taylor and Gargano defeated 3.0 in a rematch on April 29 to regain the title and become the first two-time Campeones de Parejas. On June 2 at , F.I.S.T. lost the title to The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) in their first title defense.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On August 2, Chikara's Director of Fun, Wink Vavasseur, named Sugar Dunkerton, who had announced his wish to join a stable, the fourth member of F.I.S.T. The other members, however, refused to accept Dunkerton as a full-fledged member, instead referring to him as their "water boy". On September 14, F.I.S.T., represented by Taylor, Icarus and Gargano, entered the 2012 King of Trios tournament, defeating Team Osaka Pro (Ebessan, Kikutaro and Takoyakida) in their first round match. The following day, F.I.S.T. defeated the all-female Team JWP (Command Bolshoi, Kaori Yoneyama and Tsubasa Kuragaki) to advance to the semifinals of the tournament. On the third and final day of the tournament, F.I.S.T. was eliminated from the tournament in the semifinals by the Spectral Envoy (Frightmare, Hallowicked and UltraMantis Black), who went on to win the entire tournament. In early 2013, the members of F.I.S.T. began having problems with each other, leading to Icarus turning on Gargano on May 3 over his treatment of Sugar Dunkerton.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: In 2013, Chuck began wrestling as a new character, Mr. Azerbaijan, for Chikara's sister promotion Wrestling is Fun!. On January 25, 2015, Taylor received his first shot at the Chikara Grand Championship, but was defeated by the defending champion, his former F.I.S.T. stablemate Icarus.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On February 6, 2016, at Chikara's National Pro Wrestling Day, he debuted under the new name Scoot Tatum. However, after the match he said, "I hate the name. I'm changing it." This was later revealed to be part of a larger legal battle with the new owner of the "Chuck Taylor" name, Chuck Taylor™. He appeared at the next Chikara show, Dead Man's Chest, using another new name Rick Beanbag. After this show he tweeted that he 'wasn't feeling it' and the following day at Evil Ways he appeared under the name Bugg Nevans. He eventually used the names Stewie Scrivens, Rich Mahogany, Slim Perkins, and Howie Dewitt, before settling on the name Dustin. In January 2018, Dustin's profile was quietly removed from Chikara's website, confirming his departure from the promotion.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On August 30, 2008, Taylor made his Pro Wrestling Guerrilla debut at "All Star Weekend 7", defeating female wrestler Candice LeRae in a specialty match. The next night, he teamed with fellow Chikara mainstay Vin Gerard to take on The Dynasty (Scott Lost and Joey Ryan) in a losing effort. Less than a month later, Taylor was invited to participate in the 2008 Battle of Los Angeles, which notably had seven fewer competitors (almost a third of the usual number) than it did the year before. He originally defeated T. J. Perkins in the first round, but the decision was reversed after the referee caught Taylor with brass knuckles in his hand.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Starting in 2009, Taylor began a heated rivalry with popular regular El Generico, stemming from his dream of opening an orphanage called ""Los Angelitos de El Generico"" and Taylor's hatred of orphans. After he was unable to secure a singles victory, Taylor acquired the help of fellow PWG newcomer Kenny Omega, a fellow orphan hater who also faced, and subsequently lost, a singles match to Generico the next month. Taylor's brief losing streak would continue with a memorable defeat at the hands of Bryan Danielson at "Ninety-Nine".


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On May 22, 2009, Taylor and Omega teamed up for the annual "DDT4" tag team tournament. In the quarterfinals, they overcame the team of Dark & Lovely (Scorpio Sky and Human Tornado), who were substituting for scheduled opponents Los Luchas. Becoming a sensation with fans overnight, they next faced World Tag Team Champions The Young Bucks in a title match, losing in controversial fashion. The makeshift team's sudden popularity had a major hand in causing the champions to get booed post-match and for the duration of the evening.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Now referred to as "Men of Low Moral Fiber", Taylor and Omega were scheduled to face Danielson and Roderick Strong (Hybrid Dolphins) in June, but a staph infection kept the former out of action. At "Threemendous II", after 2 Skinny Black Guys (Generico and Tornado) reunited to beat The Young Bucks in a non-title match, Taylor attacked Generico and challenged him to a Reseda Street Fight, the winning man's team becoming the number one contenders for the championship. Taylor won the match and his team made the challenge at "Against the Grain", losing yet again. It was revealed at the end of the defense that senior referee Rick Knox had been paid by the Bucks to fix their recent bouts.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: With Omega winning the World Championship at the 2009 BOLA, Taylor and new tag team partner Tornado (having parted ways with Generico after a brief reunion), known collectively as the "2 Skinny Black Guys of Low Moral Fiber", were scheduled to take on the Bucks for the Tag Team championship on January 30, 2010, at "WrestleReunion 4", however, due to a snowstorm Taylor was forced to miss the event. The match was rescheduled for PWG's next show, "As the Worm Turns", but due to Tornado's sudden retirement from professional wrestling, Taylor would instead partner with Tornado's former partner, and Taylor's former rival, El Generico. They reprised the name 2 Skinny Black Guys of Low Moral Fiber. At the event the Young Bucks defeated Taylor and Generico to retain the Tag Team Titles. While Kenny Omega began spending increased amount of time in Japan, away from PWG, Chuck Taylor went on to form a new alliance in September 2010, called the Fightin' Taylor Boys, with Ryan Taylor and Brian Cage (who would adopt the ring name Brian Cage-Taylor). Following the folding of the stable, after Brian Cage went solo, Taylor formed a new stable named Best Friends with Joey Ryan and Trent? in August 2013. On January 31, 2014, Taylor and Trent? defeated three other teams. In the first round defeating the Rockness Monsters (Johnny Yuma and Johnny Goodtime). In the Semi-finals the Best Friends upset Cole Steen Cole (Adam Cole and Kevin Steen) with an assist from Candice Lerae. In the finals the Best Friends defeated the Inner City Machine Guns (Rich Swann and Ricochet) to win the 2014 Dynamite Duumvirate Tag Team Title Tournament. As a result, Taylor and Trent? received a shot at the PWG World Tag Team Championship on March 28, but were defeated by the defending champions, The Young Bucks.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: In 2015, Taylor began a winning streak, beginning with himself and Trent? defeating The Beaver Boys at "From Out Of Nowhere" and then defeating the likes of Kikutaro, Marty Scurll, and even former partner Trent? in singles action. In December 2016 at "Mystery Vortex IV", the still-unbeaten Taylor earned his first shot at the PWG Championship by defeating Adam Cole in a #1 Contender's match. In February 2017 at "Only Kings Understand Each Other", Chuck Taylor faced champion Zack Sabre Jr in a losing effort. Taylor was attacked after the match by the now-heel Sabre and Marty Scurll, only to see Trent? come to his defense. On July 7, 2017, Taylor defeated Sabre to become PWG World Champion for the first time, only to lose the title to Ricochet on October 21 in his first defense. Taylor would go on to defeat Ricochet and reclaim the PWG World Championship in a Guerrilla Warfare match at PWG Mystery Vortex V. On March 23, 2018, Taylor lost the title against Keith Lee at Time is a Flat Circle.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On January 16, 2010, Taylor participated in Evolve's first show, defeating Cheech in a qualifying match to earn a spot in the promotion's roster. After defeating Ricochet on March 13, Taylor earned himself a main event spot on Evolve's third show on May 1, in which he defeated Claudio Castagnoli. At the fourth show on July 23, Taylor defeated Jimmy Jacobs. Taylor's winning streak came to an end on September 11, when he was defeated by Mike Quackenbush. At the following event on November 20, Taylor was defeated in the main event of the evening by Austin Aries. At the end of the year, Taylor was named both Breakout Star and MVP of 2010. On April 19, 2011, at Evolve's first live internet pay-per-view, Taylor defeated Akira Tozawa. However, immediately following the match, Taylor was placed in a tiebreaker match against Johnny Gargano to determine Evolve's wins leader. Gargano won the match, after Reby Sky threw in the towel for Taylor. Taylor and Gargano had a rematch on July 26 at "Evolve 9", which was won by Taylor.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Taylor only appeared once for Evolve in 2015, reuniting with Ronin to defeat The Bravado Brothers and Moose in a "losing team must split up" match at Evolve 37.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Taylor returned to Evolve in 2016, now working under the ring name Dustin and winning the Evolve Tag Team Championship with Drew Galloway on July 16 as well as joining Galloway's crusade against Evolve's supposed hypocrisy in wanting to be independent while at the same time affiliating themselves with WWE. They lost the title on November 13. On January 28, 2017, Taylor lost to Matt Riddle in a no disqualification match. This marked his last match in Evolve.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: After offering himself to face stable World–1, Taylor made his debut for Dragon Gate USA on July 24 at Enter the Dragon 2010, defeating Adam Cole, Arik Cannon and Ricochet in a four-way match. At the following event on September 25, Taylor won another four-way match, this time defeating Drake Younger, Johnny Gargano and Rich Swann. The following day Taylor suffered his first loss in Dragon Gate USA, losing to CIMA in a singles match. On October 29 at Dragon Gate USA's first live pay-per-view, Bushido: Code of the Warrior, Taylor defeated Arik Cannon, Johnny Gargano and Ricochet in a four-way match. After the match CIMA offered him a spot in his Warriors International stable, but Taylor turned the offer down. Later in the night Taylor, Gargano and Rich Swann attacked CIMA and Ricochet and announced that they would be forming their own stable called Ronin. At the following day's tapings of Freedom Fight 2010, Ronin defeated Austin Aries, Genki Horiguchi and Ricochet in a six-man tag team match. On January 29, 2011, Taylor and Gargano entered a three-day-long tournament to determine the first ever Open the United Gate Champions. In their first tournament match, they defeated Blood Warriors representatives Naruki Doi and Ricochet and followed that up by defeating another Blood Warriors team of CIMA and Dragon Kid the following day. On January 30 Taylor and Gargano were defeated in the finals of the tournament by World–1 representatives Masato Yoshino and PAC. On March 1, 2011, Ronin started their first three-week-long tour of Japanese promotion Dragon Gate. In their first match of the tour, Taylor, Gargano and Swann defeated Blood Warriors representatives CIMA, Naruki Doi and Naoki Tanisaki in a six-man tag team match. On April 2 at Mercury Rising 2011, Ronin, now working as a face group, was defeated in the main event six man tag team match by the Blood Warriors team of CIMA, Naruki Doi and Ricochet. On September 10 at Untouchable 2011, Taylor defeated Masato Yoshino, Naruki Doi and Sami Callihan to earn a match of his choosing for Ronin. He then announced that Gargano and Swann would be challenging Yoshino and PAC for the Open the United Gate Championship. However, when Gargano defeated Naruki Doi at the following day's Way of the Ronin 2011 PPV, he announced his intention of going for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship and suggested that Taylor and Swann challenge for the Open the United Gate Championship instead. This, however, led to Taylor proclaiming that he was not interested in the tag team championship and instead announced that he was using his right to book himself a match for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship. On November 12 at Bushido 2011, Taylor unsuccessfully challenged YAMATO for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship. At one point Taylor seemingly had won the match with a pinfall, but the referee decided to restart the match after Johnny Gargano admitted that YAMATO's foot was on the rope during the pinfall. After the match Taylor stole the Open the Freedom Gate Championship belt and ran out of the arena. The following day at Freedom Fight 2011, Taylor handed the belt to new champion, Ronin stablemate Johnny Gargano, seemingly putting their past differences aside. However, after failing to win the Open the United Gate Championship on March 30, 2012, Taylor turned on Gargano, ending the partnership.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Following his turn, Taylor formed the Gentleman's Club with Drew Gulak and Jake Manning. On June 29, Taylor unsuccessfully challenged Gargano for the Open the Freedom Gate Championship. On July 29 at Enter the Dragon 2012, Dragon Gate USA's third anniversary event, Taylor was defeated by Gargano in an "I Quit" match. On November 4 at Freedom Fight 2012, Taylor was defeated by former Ronin stablemate Rich Swann in a No Disqualification grudge match. The following week, Taylor signed a two-year contract with Dragon Gate USA and Evolve.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: Taylor wrestled on Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA)'s One Night Only: X-Travaganza 2016 pay-per-view event, firstly defeating Rockstar Spud before being defeated in a seven-person X Division Championship ladder match. Taylor would make one more TNA appearance in 2016, teaming with JT Dunn unsuccessfully against The Broken Hardys on an episode of Impact Wrestling.


title: Chuck Taylor (wrestler)

text: On May 14, 2017, Howard, billed as Chuckie T., made his debut for Ring of Honor (ROH) as Roppongi Vice's surprise partner in a six-man tag team match against Bullet Club. On June 23 at Best in the World, Chuckie teamed with Beretta to unsuccessfully challenge The Young Bucks for the ROH World Tag Team Championship in a three-way tag team match, also involving War Machine. On February 23 and 24, 2018, Chuckie participated on the ROH/NJPW joint tour. On February 23, Chuckie and Beretta teamed with Chaos stablemate Jay White to defeat Dalton Castle, Jay Lethal, and Ryusuke Taguchi. The following night on February 24, Chuckie, White, and Yoshi-Hashi were defeated by Hangman Page and The Young Bucks.