title: Tom Sachs

text: Tom Sachs (born July 26, 1966) is an American contemporary artist who lives and works in New York City.


title: Tom Sachs

text: Sachs was born in New York City on July 26, 1966. He grew up in Westport, Connecticut, attending high school at Greens Farms Academy, followed by Bennington College in Vermont. Upon graduation, he studied architecture at London's Architectural Association School of Architecture before deciding to return to the States. He then spent two years working in Frank Gehry's L.A. furniture shop, where he began using the term "knolling".


title: Tom Sachs

text: Around 1990, Sachs moved from L.A. to New York. He founded a studio in the disappearing machinery district downtown called Allied Cultural Prosthetics, which took its name from the previous tenant—Allied Machine Exchange—implying that contemporary culture had become nothing but a prosthetic for real culture.


title: Tom Sachs

text: For a few years Sachs worked odd jobs, including lighting displays at Barneys New York. In 1994, he was invited to create a scene for their Christmas displays and titled it "Hello Kitty Nativity", in which the Virgin Mary was replaced by Hello Kitty with an open Chanel bra, the three Kings were Bart Simpsons, and the stable was marked by a McDonald's logo. This contemporary revision of the nativity scene received great attention (not all of it positive) and demonstrated Sachs' interest in the phenomena of consumerism, branding, and the cultural fetishization of products.


title: Tom Sachs

text: In the mid and late 1990s, Sachs' career began to take off. His first major solo show, "Cultural Prosthetics", opened at New York's Morris-Healy Gallery in 1995. Many works from the show conflated fashion and violence, as with "HG (Hermès Hand Grenade)" (1995) and "Tiffany Glock (Model 19)" (1995), both of which were models made with Hermès or Tiffany packaging. Although these sculptures were non-functional, another piece - "Hecho in Switzerland" (1995) - was an actual working homemade gun. Sachs and his assistants would make similar guns and sell them back to the city as part of New York's gun buyback program (for up to $300 each).


title: Tom Sachs

text: His next major show, "Creativity is the Enemy", opened in 1998 at New York's Thomas Healy Gallery and Paris' Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac. It built on the discourse established in "Cultural Prosthetics" with sculptures like "Chanel Guillotine" (1998) and "Prada Deathcamp" (1998). Other pieces, like "Hermés Value Meal" (1998), moved away from explicit references to violence and paired fashion with other successful brands, like McDonald's. Also included in the show were gaffer's tape versions of Piet Mondrian's famous compositions . Like the Hermes sculptures, the Mondrian paintings were things Sachs desired but could not have, so he made them instead. As Sachs puts it, "making it is a way of having it."


title: Tom Sachs

text: Similar shows opened the following year at Galerie Thaddaeus Ropac in Salzburg, Austria and Mary Boone Gallery in New York, where Boone was famously arrested after Sachs allowed visitors to take live ammunition from an Alvar Aalto vase. Around the same time, Sachs' "SONY Outsider" (1998) opened at SITE Santa Fe in New Mexico. The sculpture was outwardly a full-scale model of the atomic bomb that was dropped on Nagasaki, and was a leap from handmade art into expensive outsourced fabrication. Ultimately, it was not well received by critics or even the artist himself - he later published a zine titled "The Failure of SONY Outsider"). For many, including Roberta Smith, the well-known New York Times art critic, the piece "bore no trace of Mr. Sachs's hand" and "could have been the work of several other artists." As Sachs says about the piece: "At the time I didn't fully grasp the value of my handcrafted things... I should leave it to Sony or Motorola to make those perfect things."


title: Tom Sachs

text: Learning from this experience, Sachs fully embraced the practice of "bricolage". For Sachs, a bricoleur is one "who hobbles together functional contraptions out of already given or collected materials, which he re-tools and re-signifies into new objects with novel uses, but more importantly, which he regenerates into a new, oscillating syntax: one of loss, gain, and more than anything, one of play." After the failure of Sony Outsider, Sachs began to focus on leaving visible traces of his work, saying this a few years later:


title: Tom Sachs

text: We have our system of making things out of certain materials... and of showing the scars of our labor and the history of our efforts... We have the 'your way', 'my way', and 'the right way,' and I must insist everything is done my way, even if it takes longer.


title: Tom Sachs

text: Sachs organized an exhibition at Sperone Westwater in 2000 entitled "American Bricolage" that featured the work of 12 artists including Alexander Calder, Greg Colson, and Tom Friedman.


title: Tom Sachs

text: After several solo exhibitions in New York and abroad, "Nutsy's" opened at the Bohen Foundation (New York City) in 2002 and Deutsche Guggenheim (Berlin) in 2003. The large-scale installation covered a whole floor, and invited viewers to interact by driving remote-controlled vehicles on asphalt tracks throughout the installation. Several of Sachs' most famous works debuted at this exhibition, including "Unité", "Nutsy's McDonald's", and "Barcelona Pavilion". "Unité", in particular, is one of Sachs' masterpieces—a 1:25 recreation of Le Corbusier's "Unité d'Habitation" made completely out of foamcore. The Neistat Brothers, who began their careers working for Sachs, were instrumental in the operation of "Nutsy's".


title: Tom Sachs

text: In 2006, the artist had two major survey exhibitions mounted in Europe, first at the Astrup Fearnley Museet for Moderne Kunst and next at the Fondazione Prada, Milan. His work can be found in major museum collections worldwide, including the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, the Whitney Museum of American Art and the Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris.


title: Tom Sachs

text: As Germano Celant writes in his monograph on the artist published by the Fondazione Prada, Milan, "The images and objects that make up the militarized space of consumption and fashion are at the very heart of Tom Sachs's visual passion."


title: Tom Sachs

text: The Des Moines Art Center and Rose Art Museum hosted a solo exhibition titled "Logjam" featuring the artist in 2007.


title: Tom Sachs

text: In 2012, Sachs partnered with Nike to release the Mars Yard sneaker. Ten years later, Sachs and Nike released a new sneaker called the General Purpose Shoe.


title: Tom Sachs

text: The Nasher Sculpture Center held a solo exhibition titled "Tom Sachs: Tea Ceremony" in 2017, which focused on Sachs' distinctive reworking of chanoyu, or traditional Japanese tea ceremony. The exhibition was originally organized by The Noguchi Museum in New York.


title: Tom Sachs

text: Sachs had built numerous space-related sculptures throughout his career (such as "Crawler", 2003 and "Lunar Module (1:18)", 1999). His obsession with space, and specifically the Apollo program of the 60s and 70s, culminated with his "Space Program" in 2007. Sachs built a 1:1 model of the Apollo lunar module, a mission control with 29 closed-circuit video monitors, and outfitted two female astronauts with handmade Tyvek space suits. In October 2007 at Gagosian Gallery in Los Angeles, Sachs launched his spacecraft, landed on the moon, and explored its surface.


title: Tom Sachs

text: While the Apollo program was source of precedent, much of Sachs' "Space Program" is historically inaccurate, often humorously. The Lunar Excursion Module (LEM) was built full scale, but had many modifications that were probably not on any Apollo mission, including a fully stocked Vodka bar and a library (with titles such as "Woman's Almanac"). After the astronauts' first step, they used Sachs' handmade shotguns to "patrol the surface", before planting a flag and taking rock samples—by drilling into the gallery floor. Much of Apollo's TV footage was restaged using special effects sculptures that Sachs made himself, including ones that reproduced the Saturn V takeoff, the moon landing, and the reentry of Apollo's capsule in Earth's atmosphere.


title: Tom Sachs

text: Sachs continues to work on developing the Space Program, noting after the exhibition in 2008, "The Space Program continues in full force... Such is the nature of improvised construction technique.". After collecting twelve pounds of "moon rock", he named each significant piece and encased them in carefully constructed display boxes, like with "Florida". In addition, Sachs allows followers to download an up-to-date "Moon Rock Report" that includes detailed information on each collected sample.


title: Tom Sachs

text: In May 2012, Sachs opened the Space Program 2.0: MARS exhibit at the Park Avenue Armory in New York. Much of the 2007 Space Program equipment was included, as well as new bricolage sculptures for the challenges of colonizing Mars: Terraforming with poppy plants—and an accompanying opium tea ceremony—a Mars rover, and a solar-powered boombox.


title: Tom Sachs

text: As of 2021-2022, the current edition of "Space Program" is exhibited in the Deichtorhallen in Hamburg, Germany.


title: Tom Sachs

text: In 2008 and 2009, the artist's "Bronze Collection" was shown at Lever House, Baldwin Gallery (in Aspen, CO), and the Trocadero in Paris. The collection featured large white bronze casts of foamcore Hello Kitty and Miffy foamcore sculptures—a particular style distinctive to the artist. In addition, unpainted casts of battery towers, a skateboarding halfpipe, and Le Corbusier's lamps were also shown. As of April 2010, the Wind-Up Hello Kitty sculpture is still up at Lever House.


title: Tom Sachs

text: The term "knolling" was first used in 1987 by Andrew Kromelow, a janitor at Frank Gehry's furniture fabrication shop. At the time, Gehry was designing chairs for Knoll, a company known for Florence Knoll's angular furniture. Kromelow would arrange any displaced tools at right angles on all surfaces, and called this routine "knolling", in that the tools were arranged in right angles—similar to Knoll furniture. The result was an organized surface that allowed the user to see all objects at once.


title: Tom Sachs

text: Sachs spent two years in Gehry's shop as a fabricator and adopted use of the term from Kromelow. Knolling is now integral to his process. Sachs adopted the phrase "Always be Knolling" (abbreviated as ABK) as a mantra for his studio (in direct reference to Blake's famous "Always be Closing" in "Glengarry Glen Ross"), which he expands on in his 2009 studio manual, "10 Bullets":


title: Tom Sachs

text: Knolling is present in Sachs' oeuvre in pieces like "Hardcore", a cabinet filled with objects neatly arranged at right angles. He has also had a long-time obsession with Knoll furniture, most evident in pieces like "Knoll Loveseat and End Table" (currently at the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art) and "Barcelona Pavilion", both full-scale replicas of Knoll furniture of the same name. Knolling is also present in the work of Casey Neistat, Sachs' former employee.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: Witches of East End is an American television series based on the 2011 novel of the same name by Melissa de la Cruz. The series premiered on Lifetime on October 6, 2013, and ended on October 5, 2014, after two seasons. Set in the fictional seaside town of East End, it follows the lives of a family of witches – Joanna Beauchamp (Julia Ormond) and her two grown-up daughters, Freya Beauchamp (Jenna Dewan) and Ingrid Beauchamp (Rachel Boston), as well as her sister Wendy Beauchamp (Mädchen Amick).


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: On November 22, 2013, Lifetime renewed "Witches of East End" for a second season to consist of 13 episodes, which premiered on July 6, 2014. On November 4, 2014, Lifetime cancelled "Witches of East End" after a decline in ratings during the second season. The series finale aired on October 5, 2014.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: The series stars Julia Ormond as lead character Joanna Beauchamp, a witch and mother of Freya Beauchamp (Jenna Dewan) and Ingrid Beauchamp (Rachel Boston), who are part of the next generation of witches. Mädchen Amick co-stars as Joanna's mischievous witch sister Wendy Beauchamp. The series is loosely based on the book's plot, with one change being that Freya and Ingrid are initially unaware of their magical powers.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: On July 19, 2012, it was announced that Lifetime had ordered a pilot for "Witches of East End" for its 2013 season, and that the show would be executive-produced by both Maggie Friedman and Erwin Stoff, and produced by Fox 21. On January 31, 2013, it was revealed that Lifetime had picked up "Witches of East End" with ten episodes and that it was scheduled to premiere later that year. The executive VP of programming for Lifetime Networks, Rob Sharenow, said "We've been thrilled about "Witches of East End" and its powerful premise since the moment we bought the property, and our friends at Fox 21 helped develop it for television. This is one of the most exciting ensemble casts we've seen and the whole show is fresh, original and just right for Lifetime."


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: On August 30, 2012, it was announced that Julia Ormond had landed a main role on the show, as Joanna Beauchamp. On September 14, 2012, the role of Freya Beauchamp was officially given to Jenna Dewan Tatum, who publicly announced on December 17, 2012, that she and husband Channing Tatum were expecting their first child. On September 17, 2012, the leading male role of Dash Gardiner was assigned to Patrick Heusinger. And on September 19, 2012, Rachel Boston and model Daniel Di Tomasso were announced to have earned the two remaining main roles, respectively Ingrid Beauchamp and Killian Gardiner. Finally, as announced on September 25, 2012, Nicholas Gonzalez would portray detective Matt Torcoletti. On October 9, 2012, two guest star announcements were made: Mädchen Amick, who then became a part of the permanent main cast, and Glenne Headly - Amick as Wendy (Joanna's sister) and a leading role and Headly as Penelope (the Gardiner brothers' mother). Tom Lenk was later given the role of Hudson Rafferty, Ingrid's best friend, as announced on October 16, 2012.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: The original casting underwent subsequent changes. As revealed by Nicholas Gonzalez himself on his Twitter account, a few days after the pick-up announcement, the actor was dropped from the show, and on June 6, 2013, it was announced that Patrick Heusinger's role as Dash Gardiner would be recast, for creative reasons. On June 26, TVLine revealed that Eric Winter would replace Patrick Heusinger as Dash Gardiner. On July 9, the recurring role of the detective Adam (formerly Matt Torcoletti) was assigned to Jason George. On July 12, Virginia Madsen replaced Glenne Headly for a multi-episode arc as Penelope, Dash and Killian's mother. On August 12, Freddie Prinze, Jr. booked a guest role on the show, as Leo Wingate, with a possibility that it could become recurring. On August 14, Anthony Lemke was cast as recurring Harrison Welles.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: Filming the pilot episode began on October 16, 2012, in the port town of Wilmington, North Carolina, where several scenes were shot. On October 29, 2012, the crew moved for a week to Macon, Georgia, where they filmed the wedding scenes for the pilot at the historical Hay House.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: When the network Lifetime announced "Witches of East End" was going to be a series, it was also revealed that filming for the rest of the series would happen in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, instead of continuing to be filmed in Wilmington. Maggie Friedman announced on Twitter on June 10 that she was scouting locations for the series, trying to "find Fair Haven".


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: Critical reaction to "Witches of East End" has been mixed, with a score of 50 on Metacritic and 70% for the first season on Rotten Tomatoes with a consensus saying "Although it's ridiculously soapy, Witches of East End is often campy fun; it's a supernatural spectacle that's entertaining despite its silliness."


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: Lori Rackl of "Chicago Sun-Times" described the show as a "Soapy, silly adaptation of Melissa de la Cruz's best-seller." Matthew Gilbert of "Boston Globe" reviewed the show saying "[It] will remain a missable new supernatural series populated by wooden actors and feeble plotlines." Matt Roush of "TV Guide" summed up his review saying "Whatever the opposite of spellbinding is, that's this show." Diane Werts of "Newsday" gave the show a more positive review, saying "What's utterly clear is that the starter hour picks up steam whenever loose-cannon Amick bops around -- although Ormond does a nice job of grounding its shenanigans in a semblance of reality." She finishes her review giving the pilot a B rating. Allison Keene from "The Hollywood Reporter" also praised the premiere, claiming ""Witches of East End" is up against a number of other supernatural shows, and there becomes a question of saturation. Fortunately or unfortunately, we aren't at that point, yet. It seems there's plenty more room at the table, and there, "Witches of East End" currently looks like the most fun." Neil Genzlinger of "The New York Times" also gave the show a glowing review, starting off by negatively reviewing the "humorless" witches on shows such as the 2013 debuts of "Sleepy Hollow" and "The Originals", then going on to say "Witches of East End" is a welcome relief to those series. He further applauds the casting and characters, saying "thanks to zippy repartee among the stars. Ms. Amick is hilarious, and Ms. Dewan Tatum and Ms. Boston make a pretty amusing pair of mismatched sisters." He ends the review with "there is a lot of heavy fare on television on Sunday nights. If "Witches" can retain its wry tone, it will be a satisfying alternative for viewers looking for a lighter way to end the weekend." Lily Moayeri of "Under the Radar" compared the show with "Charmed" saying "Witch-themed shows work better when both the witches and the target audience are teenagers. The grown-up witches on "Witches of East End" are just a little too ridiculous-even more so than the witch sister trio of "Charmed"."


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: "Witches of East End" premiered on a Sunday night to 1.93 million viewers and a 0.7 18-49 rating. The premiere rated on par to the June 23 premiere of Lifetime's other new show "Devious Maids;" however, "Witches of East End" ended the night being the number two scripted drama on cable, behind "Boardwalk Empire" on HBO.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: The following week, "Witches of East End" pulled a total of 1.93 million viewers and rose to a 0.8 18-49 rating, despite the return of "The Walking Dead" and its talk show "Talking Dead" breaking records on AMC. The show remained the second highest-rated cable drama of the night again, behind "The Walking Dead".


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: "Witches of East End" premiered in the United Kingdom on November 5, 2013 on the second night of the newly formed UK channel, Lifetime UK. The second season premiered on August 25, 2014. In Australia, "Witches of East End" premiered on Eleven on August 4, 2014.


title: Witches of East End (TV series)

text: On November 4, 2014, it was announced that Lifetime had cancelled "Witches of East End" after a decline in ratings during the second season. The first season averaged 1.67 million viewers, but dropped in its second season to 1.13 million. After its cancellation, fans launched an online petition campaign to save the show called "Renew Witches of East End". The petition became popular on Twitter, where fans were told to use the hashtag #RenewWitchesofEastEnd and tweet it to Lifetime's Twitter account. Fans have also campaigned the online streaming service Netflix to pick up the show. The campaign received support from celebrities on Twitter who backed the show to be renewed, including Channing Tatum, William Shatner and Snooki as well as stars from television series such as "Buffy the Vampire Slayer"s Sarah Michelle Gellar and "Charmed"s Shannen Doherty and Holly Marie Combs. As of December 2019 and after 5 years since the finale, the petition has received more than 280,000 signatures.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: , commonly abbreviated , is a Japanese pop band formed in Shimane, Japan in 2012 by Satoshi Fujihara (lead vocals, piano), Daisuke Ozasa (lead guitar, backing vocals), Makoto Narazaki (bass, saxophone, backing vocals) and Masaki Matsuura (drums, percussion, backing vocals).


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: 'Hige' translates to facial hair but mostly moustache, and Dandism refers to Manly of man, commonly used in advertising to suggest manliness. So in English it roughly translates to 'Manly Moustache', or 'Macho Moustache'.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: After signing a record deal with the major label Pony Canyon in 2018, Official Hige Dandism released the debut single "No Doubt", the lead single from the extended play, "Stand by You EP". The following year, the band released the second single, "Pretender", which ranked at number three on the year-end chart of "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 in 2019. Their debut studio album "Traveler" was released on 9 October 2019 and reached number one on the Japan Albums Chart.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: He was born in Tottori prefecture on August 19th in 1991 and graduated from Shimane University in 2012.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: He was born in Tottori prefecture on January 6th in 1989 and graduated from Shimane University in 2011.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: They released their Indies Debut Mini Album “Love to Peace ha kimi no naka (ラブとピースは君の中)” on April 22, 2015.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: On May 15, 2019, they released the hit song, "Pretender". In October, after their live performance on the popular program Music Station, the song topped the Japan Hot 100.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: On 2019, the band released "Shukumei" () as the official song for the edition 101 of the National High School Baseball Championship.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: On September 4, 2019, Abema TV announced that Official Hige Dandism would be producing the song "Break it Down" for Airi Suzuki's second album. On December 31, 2019, they attended the 70th NHK Kōhaku Uta Gassen with the song “Pretender”.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: On March 12, 2021, it was announced that the band will provide the opening theme song "Cry Baby" for the anime "Tokyo Revengers", premiering in April 2021.


title: Official Hige Dandism

text: On March 17, 2022, it was announced that the band will provide the opening theme song "Mixed Nuts" for the anime "Spy × Family", premiering in April 2022.


title: Ashtabharya

text: The Ashtabharya or Ashta-bharya(s) is the group of eight principal queen-consorts of Hindu god Krishna, the king of Dvaraka in the Dvapara Yuga (epoch). The most popular list, found in the "Bhagavata Purana", includes: Rukmini, Satyabhama, Jambavati, Kalindi, Mitravinda, Nagnajiti, Bhadra, and Lakshmana. Variations exist in the "Vishnu Purana" and the "Harivamsa", which includes queens called Madri or Rohini, instead of Bhadra. Most of them were princesses.


title: Ashtabharya

text: In Hinduism, all of Krishna's consorts including Radha are revered as the avatars of the goddess Lakshmi while the Gopis of Braj are considered as Radha's manifestations.


title: Ashtabharya

text: Rukmini, the princess of Vidarbha was Krishna's first wife and chief queen ("Patrani") of Dvaraka. She is considered as the avatar of Sridevi, the goddess of prosperity. Satyabhama, the third wife, a Yadava princess, is considered as Lakshmi's aspect of the earth-goddess Bhudevi. Jambavati is believed to be the manifestation of the third aspect of Lakshmi, Niladevi. Kalindi, the goddess of the river Yamuna, is worshipped independently. Besides the Ashtabharya, Krishna had 16,000 or 16,100 ceremonial wives.


title: Ashtabharya

text: The texts also mention the many children Krishna fathered by the Ashtabharya, the most prominent being the crown-prince Pradyumna, son of Rukmini.


title: Ashtabharya

text: The hierarchy of the wives is under three groups according to their regal status and symbolizes Krishna's sovereignty. In the first group, Rukmini, an avatar of the Material Prakriti (Shri), stands for majesty and wealth of Krishna; Satyabhama, the avatar of the Elemental Prakriti( Bhudevi ),represents the kingdom and the realm of the Lord as well. Jambavati is Victory ("Vijaya"), who was won by defeating her father. The second group were representatives of Aryavarta (the nobility) with Kalindi given the central kingdoms, Nagnajiti representing the eastern kingdoms (including the Solar dynasty) and Lakshmana representing the western side. The third group of wives consisted of Mitravinda and Bhadra his patriarchal cousins representing his Yadava clan called Satvata.


title: Ashtabharya

text: Rukmini, the chief consort of Krishna, heard the tales of the hero and fell in love with him. While her parents consented to her wedding with her groom of choice, Rukmini's brother Rukmi fixed her marriage with his friend Shishupala. Rukmini sent a message to Krishna to rescue her from her fate and wed her. Krishna abducted Rukmini during her swayamvara, after battling her brother Rukmi. Krishna's army commanded by his brother Balarama defeat Rukmi and the other kings, who follow Krishna and Rukmini. Rukmini is traditionally considered to be the favourite and the primary wife of Krishna, the latter's partiality towards her often provoking the ire of his second consort of Satyabhama.


title: Ashtabharya

text: The marriage of Satyabhama and Jambavati to Krishna is closely linked to the story of Syamantaka, the precious diamond given by the Sun-god Surya to his devotee Satrajit, father of Satyabhama. Krishna requests Satrajit to present the gem to the Yadava elder Ugrasena, which the latter refuses and instead presents it to his brother Prasena. Prasena wears it on a hunting expedition, where he is killed by a lion, who is in turn killed by Jambavan, the bear-king. When accused by Satrajit of stealing the jewel, Krishna goes in its search and finally following trials of the corpses of Prasena and the lion, confronts Jambavan. After 27/28 day duel, Jambavan - the devotee of Rama (Vishnu's previous avatar) - surrenders to Krishna, who he realizes is none other than Vishnu. He returns the gem and gives Jambavati to Krishna. When the presumed dead Krishna returns to Dwarka, a humiliated Satrajit begs his forgiveness and offers Satyabhama's hand in marriage along with the jewel.


title: Ashtabharya

text: Among the queens, Satyabhama is depicted to be the most beautiful and loving wife. Not only was Satyabhama a very courageous and strong-willed woman, but she was also skillful in archery. She even accompanied Krishna to kill the demon Narakasura. While Krishna kills the demon in Krishna-oriented scriptures, Satyabhama, the manifestation of Bhudevi - the mother of Narakasura, kills the demon to fulfil a curse that he will be killed by his mother in Goddess-centric texts. At Satyabhama's behest, Krishna also defeats Indra, the king of heaven and the gods and gets the celestial parijata tree for her after he had previously acquired it for Rukmini.


title: Ashtabharya

text: Indian folktales often tell stories of Krishna's competing wives, especially Rukmini and Satyabhama. A tale narrates how once Satyabhama, proud of her wealth, donated Krishna to the divine sage Narada and pledged to take him back by donating wealth to him as much as Krishna's weight. Krishna sat on one pan of a weighing scale and Satyabhama filled the other pan with all of the wealth, inherited from her father, but it could not equal Krishna's weight. The other wives, except Rukmini, followed suit but Krishna's pan did not leave the ground. The wives requested Satyabhama to approach Rukmini. A helpless Satyabhama asked her foremost rival, Rukmini, for help. Rukmini had no wealth of her own. She chanted a prayer and put the holy tulsi leaf in the other pan, as the symbol of her love; removing the wealth of Satyabhama and the other queens from the pan. Krishna's pan was suddenly lifted into the air and the other pan touched the earth, even though only a tulsi leaf in it.


title: Ethan Laird

text: Ethan Benjamin Laird (born 5 August 2001) is an English professional footballer who plays as a right-back for EFL Championship club Queens Park Rangers, on loan from Premier League club Manchester United.


title: Ethan Laird

text: Laird is a graduate of Manchester United's youth system and made his first-team debut for the club in a UEFA Europa League game in November 2019. He has also spent time on loan at Milton Keynes Dons, Swansea City and AFC Bournemouth. In the 2021–22 season, he helped Bournemouth gain promotion to the Premier League by finishing as runners-up in the Championship.


title: Ethan Laird

text: Laird has played for England at under-17, under-18 and under-19 levels. He is also eligible to represent Jamaica at international level.


title: Ethan Laird

text: Laird joined Manchester United's youth system at the age of 10. He made his reserve team debut in a match against Swansea City on 18 March 2018. He signed his first professional contract with the club in October 2018, but less than two months later he suffered a long-term injury in a UEFA Youth League match at home to Young Boys, and made just two more appearances in 2018–19.


title: Ethan Laird

text: Laird graduated to the reserve team for the 2019–20 season, and scored in the team's opening match of their EFL Trophy campaign away to Rotherham United on 6 August 2019; however, he suffered another injury in a game against Reading on 16 August and was ruled out for two months. After returning to action, he was included in the 20-man travelling party for the first team's UEFA Europa League match away to Partizan on 24 October, but was not named in the 18-man squad for the match. After United qualified for the Europa League knockout phase, manager Ole Gunnar Solskjær took a squad mostly made up of youth team players to Kazakhstan for their away game against Astana on 28 November, and named Laird as one of three players to make their senior debuts in the match, along with Di'Shon Bernard and Dylan Levitt; the match finished as a 2–1 defeat.


title: Ethan Laird

text: On 8 January 2021, Laird joined League One side Milton Keynes Dons on loan until the end of the 2020–21 season. He made his professional league debut for the club on 16 January 2021 in a 3–0 defeat away to Peterborough United.


title: Ethan Laird

text: On 16 August 2021, Laird joined EFL Championship club Swansea City on loan for the duration of the 2021–22 season, reuniting with former MK Dons manager Russell Martin.


title: Ethan Laird

text: On 6 January 2022, Laird joined AFC Bournemouth on a short-term loan deal until the end of the season.


title: Ethan Laird

text: On 15 August 2022, Laird joined Queens Park Rangers on loan until the end of the 2022–23 season. On 30 August 2022, Laird scored his first senior goal with the second in an impressive 3–1 victory over Hull City, converting a cross from opposite full-back Kenneth Paal.


title: Ethan Laird

text: Laird is eligible to represent England or Jamaica at international level. He has played youth international football for England at under-17, under-18 and under-19 levels. He was a member of the under-17 squad that hosted the 2018 UEFA European Under-17 Championship.


title: Girl from the North Country

text: "Girl from the North Country" (occasionally known as "Girl "of" the North Country") is a song written by Bob Dylan. It was recorded at Columbia Recording Studios in New York City in April 1963, and released the following month as the second track on Dylan's second studio album, "The Freewheelin' Bob Dylan." Dylan re-recorded the song as a duet with Johnny Cash in February 1969. That recording became the opening track on "Nashville Skyline", Dylan's ninth studio album.


title: Girl from the North Country

text: The song was written following his first trip to England in December 1962, upon what he thought to be the completion of his second album. It is debated as to whom this song is a tribute; some claim former girlfriend Echo Helstrom, and some Bonnie Beecher, both of whom Dylan knew before leaving for New York. However, it is suspected that this song could have been inspired by his then girlfriend, Suze Rotolo. Dylan left England for Italy to search for Suze, whose continuation of studies there had caused a serious rift in their relationship. Unbeknownst to Dylan, Rotolo had already returned to the United States, leaving about the same time that Dylan arrived in Italy. It was there that he finished the song, ostensibly inspired by the apparent end of his relationship with Rotolo. Upon his return to New York in mid-January, he persuaded Rotolo to get back together, and to move back into his apartment on 4th Street. Suze Rotolo is the woman featured on the album cover, walking arm in arm with Dylan down Jones Street, not far from their apartment.


title: Girl from the North Country

text: While in London, Dylan met several figures in the local folk scene, including English folksinger Martin Carthy. "I ran into some people in England who really knew those [traditional English] songs," Dylan recalled in 1984. "Martin Carthy, another guy named [Bob] Davenport. Martin Carthy's incredible. I learned a lot of stuff from Martin." Carthy exposed Dylan to a repertoire of traditional English ballads, including Carthy's own arrangement of "Scarborough Fair," which Dylan drew upon for aspects of the melody and lyrics of "Girl from the North Country," including the line from the refrain "Remember me to one who lives there, she once was a true love of mine". Musically, this song is nearly identical to his composition "Boots of Spanish Leather", composed and recorded one year later for the album "The Times They Are a-Changin'".


title: Girl from the North Country

text: "Rolling Stone" magazine ranked the song 30th on a list of the "100 Greatest Bob Dylan Songs". In an article accompanying the list, Rolling Stones guitarist Keith Richards wrote: "While the British Invasion was going on, Bob Dylan was the man who really pulled the American point of view back into focus. At the same time, he had been drawing on Anglo-Celtic folk songs, and that's certainly true of "Girl From the North Country". It's got all the elements of beautiful folk writing without being pretentious. In the lyrics and the melody, there is an absence of Bob's later cutting edge. There's none of that resentment. He recorded it again later with Johnny Cash, but I don't think it's a duo song. Bob got it right the first time".


title: Girl from the North Country

text: According to his official website, Dylan performed the song 569 times live between 1963 and 2019. Live performances by Dylan appear on the albums "Real Live" (1984), "The 30th Anniversary Concert Celebration" (1993; recorded 1992), "" (Deluxe Edition) (2017; recorded 1981), "Live 1962-1966: Rare Performances From The Copyright Collections" (2018; recorded 1964), and "" (Deluxe Edition) (2019; recorded 1969). A February 1964 performance for Canadian television was included on the DVD release of Martin Scorsese's PBS television documentary on Dylan, "No Direction Home" in 2005.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: The Odyssey is a 1997 American mythology–adventure television miniseries based on the ancient Greek epic poem by Homer, the "Odyssey". Directed by Andrei Konchalovsky, the miniseries aired in two parts beginning on May 18, 1997, on NBC. It was filmed in Malta, Turkey, parts of England and many other places around the Mediterranean, where the story takes place. The cast includes Armand Assante, Greta Scacchi, Irene Papas, Isabella Rossellini, Bernadette Peters, Eric Roberts, Geraldine Chaplin, Jeroen Krabbé, Christopher Lee and Vanessa Williams.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: At the 49th Primetime Emmy Awards the series won the award for Outstanding Directing for a Miniseries or Special.<ref name="Winners/Nominees">Emmys.com list of 1997 Nominees & Winners</ref>


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: Odysseus (Armand Assante), the king of the ancient Greek kingdom of Ithaca, is called to service in the Trojan War after the birth of his son Telemachus, much to the dismay of his wife Queen Penelope (Greta Scacchi). Odysseus is worried that he may not return, and tells Penelope that she should remarry by the time Telemachus is a man if he does not return. The war lasts ten years, during which Greece's best soldier, Achilles (Richard Trewett), is killed and the Greeks avenge him by using a giant horse to sneak inside and destroy the city of Troy. Laocoön (Heathcote Williams) tries to warn the Trojans of a vision of this, but is suddenly devoured by a sea monster. Odysseus' ego gets the best of him and he tells the gods that he did it himself, which angers Poseidon (voiced by Miles Anderson) so much that he promises to make Odysseus' journey home to Penelope nearly impossible, mentioning that it was he who sent the sea monster to devour Laocoön.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: Odysseus and his men initially stop on an island dominated by one-eyed giants, the Cyclopes. A gargantuan Cyclops named Polyphemus (Reid Asato) traps them in his cave intending to eat them, but Odysseus gets him drunk on wine, causing him to pass out. Then, he sharpens a tree branch into a stake and blinds Polyphemus, allowing them to escape by hiding under sheep skins when he removes the heavy stone door. Polyphemus screams for help, but Odysseus had tricked him into stating that his name was "Nobody", so the Cyclops is shouting that nobody has tricked him, arousing no suspicion. Odysseus and his men escape, but Odysseus brashly taunts the Cyclops who asks his father Poseidon to avenge him. This makes Odysseus' journey home harder.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: Odysseus travels to an island where Aeolus (Michael J. Pollard) provides him with a bag of wind to help him home, instructing him to open it when he gets close to Ithaca. One of his men opens it prematurely, blowing them off course. Next, they stop at the island of Circe (Bernadette Peters), a beautiful witch, who turns his men into animals and blackmails him into sleeping with her. Odysseus is told of Circe's magic by Hermes (Freddy Douglas), who helps him avoid being transformed as well. Circe tells him to go to the Underworld next, and only then does Odysseus realize that he has actually been tricked by Circe, who put a spell on him so he stayed on the island for five years instead of five days. Odysseus digs his ship out of the sand and tide and sails to the Underworld.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: Arriving at the Underworld, Tiresias (Christopher Lee) torments Odysseus, recognizing his courage and wit, but criticizing his ego and foolishness. After Odysseus sacrifices a goat into the River Styx, Tiresias tells him that the only way home will take him past a treacherous isle where Scylla (sea monster) and Charybdis (tidal pool) live. As he is running in terror from the underworld, he meets his mother Anticlea (Irene Papas), who committed suicide due to the pain of losing her son. She informs him that back on Ithaca there are multiple suitors, including Eurymachus (Eric Roberts), vying with each other to marry Penelope for her money and power.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: Odysseus' boat nears the isle of Scylla and Charybdis. Scylla's six serpentine heads wreak havoc on the crew, killing many. Everyone but Odysseus is killed when Charybdis creates a whirlpool and destroys his ship. Odysseus arrives on the island where the goddess Calypso (Vanessa Williams) lives and becomes her prisoner. Meanwhile, Odysseus' now 15-year-old son Telemachus (Alan Stenson) tries to find his father and is told by Athena (Isabella Rossellini) to travel to Sparta and seek out one of his former comrades that fought with him. When Telemachus finds Menelaus (Nicholas Clay), one of Odysseus' comrades, he learns that Menelaus doesn't know what happened to Odysseus but believes him to be dead.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: Two years later, Hermes arrives, telling Calypso to release Odysseus, and she provides him with a raft to get to Ithaca. Another storm causes problems for Odysseus as he calls out to Poseidon, who reminds Odysseus about what he said the day he left Troy, and to remember his place as a mere mortal. The next morning, Odysseus washes ashore and is found by some Phaeacians girls. With help from Phaeacian King Alcinous (Jeroen Krabbé), they help Odysseus back to Ithaca. They deliver him at night while he is fast asleep, to a hidden harbor on Ithaca. Upon awakening the next morning, he finds himself on Ithaca where is reunited with Telemachus. Using a peasant disguise provided by Athena, Odysseus meets up with Penelope where she decides to hold a contest to find the person who can string Odysseus' bow. After Odysseus wins the contest, Athena lifts his disguise and Odysseus is assisted by Telemachus in slaying Eurymachus and the suitors. Once the suitors are dead, Odysseus is finally reunited with Penelope.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: The creature effects for this miniseries were provided by Jim Henson's Creature Shop where they used a talking animatronic pig roasting on a spit, a CGI for Scylla, a rod puppet sea slug-like sea monster that devours Laocoön, and the full-bodied version of Polyphemus.


title: The Odyssey (1997 miniseries)

text: The boat used in the series was reused a few years later for the "Jason and the Argonauts" miniseries.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In probability theory and statistics, the Gumbel distribution (also known as the type-I generalized extreme value distribution) is used to model the distribution of the maximum (or the minimum) of a number of samples of various distributions.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: This distribution might be used to represent the distribution of the maximum level of a river in a particular year if there was a list of maximum values for the past ten years. It is useful in predicting the chance that an extreme earthquake, flood or other natural disaster will occur. The potential applicability of the Gumbel distribution to represent the distribution of maxima relates to extreme value theory, which indicates that it is likely to be useful if the distribution of the underlying sample data is of the normal or exponential type. "This article uses the Gumbel distribution to model the distribution of the maximum value". "To model the minimum value, use the negative of the original values."


title: Gumbel distribution

text: The Gumbel distribution is a particular case of the generalized extreme value distribution (also known as the Fisher-Tippett distribution). It is also known as the "log-Weibull distribution" and the "double exponential distribution" (a term that is alternatively sometimes used to refer to the Laplace distribution). It is related to the Gompertz distribution: when its density is first reflected about the origin and then restricted to the positive half line, a Gompertz function is obtained.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In the latent variable formulation of the multinomial logit model — common in discrete choice theory — the errors of the latent variables follow a Gumbel distribution. This is useful because the difference of two Gumbel-distributed random variables has a logistic distribution.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: The Gumbel distribution is named after Emil Julius Gumbel (1891–1966), based on his original papers describing the distribution.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: The standard Gumbel distribution is the case where formula_13 and formula_14 with cumulative distribution function


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In this case the mode is 0, the median is formula_17, the mean is formula_18 (the Euler–Mascheroni constant), and the standard deviation is formula_19


title: Gumbel distribution

text: At the mode, where formula_27, the value of formula_28 becomes formula_29, irrespective of the value of formula_30


title: Gumbel distribution

text: Theory related to the generalized multivariate log-gamma distribution provides a multivariate version of the Gumbel distribution.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: Gumbel has shown that the maximum value (or last order statistic) in a sample of random variables following an exponential distribution minus the natural logarithm of the sample size approaches the Gumbel distribution as the sample size increases.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: Concretely, let formula_40 be the probability distribution of formula_41 and formula_42 its cumulative distribution. Then the maximum value out of formula_43 realizations of formula_41 is smaller than formula_45 if and only if all realizations are smaller than formula_45. So the cumulative distribution of the maximum value formula_47 satisfies


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In hydrology, therefore, the Gumbel distribution is used to analyze such variables as monthly and annual maximum values of daily rainfall and river discharge volumes, and also to describe droughts.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: Gumbel has also shown that the estimator for the probability of an event — where "r" is the rank number of the observed value in the data series and "n" is the total number of observations — is an unbiased estimator of the cumulative probability around the mode of the distribution. Therefore, this estimator is often used as a plotting position.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In number theory, the Gumbel distribution approximates the number of terms in a random partition of an integer as well as the trend-adjusted sizes of maximal prime gaps and maximal gaps between prime constellations.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In machine learning, the Gumbel distribution is sometimes employed to generate samples from the categorical distribution. This technique is called "Gumbel-max trick" and is a special example of "reparametrization tricks".


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In detail, let formula_51 be nonnegative, and not all zero, and let formula_52 be independent samples of Gumbel(0, 1), then by routine integration,formula_53That is, formula_54


title: Gumbel distribution

text: Since the quantile function (inverse cumulative distribution function), formula_62, of a Gumbel distribution is given by


title: Gumbel distribution

text: the variate formula_64 has a Gumbel distribution with parameters formula_4 and formula_66 when the random variate formula_67 is drawn from the uniform distribution on the interval formula_68.


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In pre-software times probability paper was used to picture the Gumbel distribution (see illustration). The paper is based on linearization of the cumulative distribution function formula_69 :


title: Gumbel distribution

text: In the paper the horizontal axis is constructed at a double log scale. The vertical axis is linear. By plotting formula_69 on the horizontal axis of the paper and the formula_72-variable on the vertical axis, the distribution is represented by a straight line with a slope 1formula_73. When distribution fitting software like CumFreq became available, the task of plotting the distribution was made easier, as is demonstrated in the section below.


title: Marc Cherry

text: Marc Cherry (born March 23, 1962) is an American television writer and producer. He is best known for creating the ABC dramedy series "Desperate Housewives".


title: Marc Cherry

text: Marc Cherry was born in Long Beach and lived briefly in Oklahoma. His father was an accountant which required the family to relocate to California. After graduating from Troy High School in Fullerton, California, Cherry attended California State University, Fullerton. He graduated from the school’s theater program in 1995 and initially considered a career in performance. After winning $15,000 as a contestant on "The $100,000 Pyramid" in 1986, he decided to move to Hollywood and pursue writing work. His move came at a bad time; the 1988 writers strike hit as soon as Cherry arrived. Cherry broke into the industry by working as "Designing Women" star Dixie Carter's personal assistant.


title: Marc Cherry

text: Cherry was described in an article about him in "Newsweek" as a "somewhat conservative, gay Republican." Cherry is a registered Republican. He has since stated he "stopped being a Republican the second [Donald Trump's] foot hit the escalator."


title: Marc Cherry

text: On June 29, 2006, Cherry accepted Log Cabin Republicans' American Visibility Award at a dinner in Hollywood where the main award recipient was California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger, who received the club's "Courage To Lead" Award.


title: Marc Cherry

text: In 1990, he became a writer and producer for the long-running hit sitcom "The Golden Girls", and later its short lived spinoff "The Golden Palace". Cherry next co-created "The 5 Mrs. Buchanans", a sitcom centered on four women married to brothers and their difficult mother-in-law, which had a brief run on CBS during the 1994-1995 season. Cherry also co-created "The Crew" (1995). On his own, he later created "Some of My Best Friends", a 2001 sitcom that was based in part on the 1997 film "Kiss Me, Guido".


title: Marc Cherry

text: In 2002, a conversation with his mother inspired him to develop a show about the fractured lives of four upper middle class suburban women. After HBO, FOX, CBS, NBC, Showtime, and Lifetime all passed on the show, Cherry got his big break when his agent was arrested and sent to jail for embezzlement. His new agents brought the show to ABC, which decided to pick it up. The series, "Desperate Housewives", was an immediate ratings smash and generated enormous national (and subsequently, international) debate. Cherry received several lucrative offers from various parties, but chose to sign a long-term deal with Touchstone, since their network had shown faith in "Desperate Housewives" when no one else would.


title: Marc Cherry

text: Cherry featured several actors on "Housewives" with whom he had previously worked. Mark Moses, who played Paul Young, and Harriet Sansom Harris, who played Felicia Tilman, were both cast members of "The 5 Mrs. Buchanans". In season three, Cherry cast former boss Dixie Carter in the role of Gloria Hodge, Orson's unhinged mother. Actor Alec Mapa, who appeared in "Some of My Best Friends", appeared on ""Housewives"" in a recurring role as Gabrielle's stylist.


title: Marc Cherry

text: Cherry appeared in a cameo as one of Susan's moving men on the final episode of "Desperate Housewives".


title: Marc Cherry

text: On April 5, 2010, former "Desperate Housewives" cast member Nicollette Sheridan filed a $20 million lawsuit against Cherry and ABC, alleging that he had assaulted her on set and wrongfully terminated her contract. Sheridan also alleged in her lawsuit that Cherry was abusive to other actors and writers on the show. ABC said in a statement that they had investigated similar claims made by Sheridan and found them to be of no merit.


title: Marc Cherry

text: The principal cast of "Desperate Housewives", including (Teri Hatcher, Felicity Huffman, Marcia Cross and Eva Longoria), made statements supporting Cherry in his battle against assault allegations made by Sheridan. At the end of 2010, Sheridan removed abuse claims from the suit.


title: Marc Cherry

text: The case finally went to trial in February 2012. On March 13, 2012, the judge dismissed the battery charge against Cherry due to lack of evidence, and Cherry was no longer a defendant in the lawsuit which then focused solely on Sheridan's alleged wrongful termination by ABC. Closing arguments were heard in the case on March 14, 2012 and the jury began their deliberations. By March 19, 2012, the twelve members of the jury had failed to reach a verdict and a mistrial was declared. A retrial was scheduled to begin on September 10, 2012, but on August 16, 2012, the Los Angeles Court of Appeal determined that Sheridan had not been wrongfully fired and dismissed the retrial. A further appeal made by Sheridan to the California Supreme Court was rejected on November 16, 2012.


title: Marc Cherry

text: In 2012, after the end of "Desperate Housewives", Cherry and Eva Longoria began working on a new series, "Devious Maids". Initially it had been produced for ABC, but it then aired on Lifetime.


title: Marc Cherry

text: The series is set in Beverly Hills and the protagonists are Latina maids: Marisol ("Ana Ortiz"), Rosie ("Dania Ramirez"), Carmen ("Roselyn Sanchez"), Zoila ("Judy Reyes"), and Valentina ("Edy Ganem"), who work for celebrities or rich people. They not only clean the homes of celebrities, but also put order in their lives, and sometimes fall in love. Just like the women of Wisteria Lane, these maids have to deal with mysteries and secrets, since, during the first episode, one of their friends, the waitress Flora, is mysteriously murdered, and it's up to Marisol to investigate the murder and to exonerate her son Eddie, wrongly accused.


title: Marc Cherry

text: Even for "Devious Maids", Marc Cherry hired someone who had worked with him: Roselyn Sanchez, who plays Carmen Luna, one of the maids, appeared in the last episode of "Desperate Housewives". Others in "Devious Maids" who had previously worked with Cherry include Rebecca Wisocky, Melinda Page Hamilton, Valerie Mahaffey, Matt Cedeno, Richard Burgi, and James Denton.


title: Marc Cherry

text: On September 24, 2018, it was announced that CBS All Access had given the production a straight-to-series order." Why Women Kill" was created by Cherry, who was also expected to executive produce alongside Brian Grazer, Francie Calfo, Michael Hanel, and Mindy Schultheis. Production companies involved with the series were slated to consist of Imagine Entertainment and CBS Television Studios. On December 10, 2018, it was reported that the series would receive $8.4 million dollars in tax credits from the state of California and premiered on August 15, 2019.


title: Marc Cherry

text: Cherry appeared as himself in the "Righteous Brothers" episode of "Arrested Development", which was created by fellow "Golden Girls" writer Mitchell Hurwitz. In 2014 and 2016, Cherry was a judge and mentor for the Songbook Academy, a summer intensive for high school students operated by the Great American Songbook Foundation and founded by Michael Feinstein.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: Jerry Greenfield (born March 14, 1951) is an American businessman and philanthropist. He is a co-founder of Ben & Jerry's Homemade Holdings, Inc.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: Greenfield grew up on Long Island. He attended Oberlin College, where he was a National Merit Scholar and followed a pre-med curriculum before graduating in 1973. He applied unsuccessfully for medical school before deciding to go into business with Ben Cohen, a childhood friend.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: After taking a course in ice-cream making from Penn State, Greenfield and Cohen opened their first ice cream store in downtown Burlington, Vermont. The company, which sold to the British-Dutch corporation Unilever in 2000 has since opened almost 200 franchised shops and reports earnings of $237 million annually.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: Jerry Greenfield grew up on Long Island, to a family of Jewish roots. He attended Merrick Avenue Junior High School, where he met Ben Cohen in 1963. Greenfield and Cohen both attended Calhoun High School and remained friends until they both graduated and left Long Island to attend college.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: Greenfield chose to pursue a pre-med curriculum at Oberlin College., where he began working as an ice cream scooper in the school's cafeteria.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: After graduating in 1973, Greenfield failed to get into medical school. At this point, Greenfield decided to move back to New York where he shared an apartment with Cohen and worked as a lab technician. In 1974, Greenfield was again rejected from medical school and decided to move to North Carolina with his future wife, Elizabeth Skarie, and continued to work as a lab technician.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: Greenfield lived with Cohen in Saratoga Springs, New York during the summer of 1977. After initially considering opening a bagel shop, they chose to open an ice cream store. They took a five-dollar correspondence course in ice-cream making and opened their first store in a former gas station in Burlington, Vermont. Ben & Jerry's opened in the summer of 1978.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: During the 1980s, Greenfield left the business to support Elizabeth in Arizona as she pursued a Ph.D. in psychology. The couple returned to Vermont in 1985, when Greenfield assumed the position of Director of Mobile Promotions.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: In 1987, Greenfield married Elizabeth Skarie and in 1988, they had a son Tyrone. He resides in Williston, Vermont, a small town just outside Burlington.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: On April 18, 2016, Greenfield and Cohen were arrested at a Democracy Awakening protest in Washington, D.C.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: Greenfield and Cohen began looking for a proper location for their ice cream parlor in 1977. The criteria that they set down were that the location should be a college town, since they assumed college students ate a lot of ice cream, and that it should be warm. After comparing information from almanacs and a guide to American colleges, the pair realized that every warm college town already had an ice cream shop and settled on Burlington, Vermont in 1978, as the location for their shop.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: After choosing their town, the two businessmen needed to find a suitable building. They decided on an old gas station and began looking for financing. With a combined savings totaling around $8,000, Greenfield and Cohen began searching for a bank to lend them money. Repeatedly they found themselves rejected because the gas station could only be leased for one year at a time and it was judged unwise to invest large amounts of capital in such a venture. Finally they managed to receive a $4,000 loan and began renovating the station. On May 5, 1978, the parlor opened and throughout the summer experienced success, however, the pair struggled throughout the winter.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: In 1980, after experiencing initial success in their attempts to distribute their ice cream to restaurants throughout Vermont, the company moved to a larger facility and began packaging ice cream in pint size containers. In 1984, Häagen-Dazs tried to limit distribution of Ben & Jerry's in Boston, prompting Ben & Jerry's to file suit against Häagen-Dazs' parent company, Pillsbury, in its now famous "What's the Doughboy Afraid Of?" campaign. In 1987 Häagen-Dazs again tried to enforce exclusive distribution, and Ben & Jerry’s filed its second lawsuit against the Pillsbury Company.


title: Jerry Greenfield

text: In April 2000, Ben & Jerry's was bought by the multinational food giant, Unilever. Since the purchase, Greenfield and Cohen have remained at the company with very little influence, claimed to have "no responsibility, no authority."


title: Manikaran

text: Manikaran is located in the Parvati Valley on river Parvati, northeast of Bhuntar in the Kullu District of Himachal Pradesh. It is at an altitude of 1760 m and is located 4 km ahead of Kasol and about 45 km from Kullu and about 35 km from Bhuntar.


title: Manikaran

text: This small town attracts tourists visiting Manali and Kullu to its hot springs and pilgrim centres. An experimental geothermal energy plant has also been set up here.


title: Manikaran

text: Manikaran is a pilgrimage centre for Hindus and Sikhs. The Hindus believe that Manu recreated human life in Manikaran after the flood, making it a sacred area. It has many temples and a Gurudwara.


title: Manikaran

text: There are temples of the Hindu deities Rama, Krishna, and Vishnu. The area is well known for its hot springs and its beautiful landscape.


title: Manikaran

text: According to legend, when the Hindu God Shiva and his consort Parvati were walking in the valley, Parvati dropped one of her earrings. The jewel was seized by Shesha, the serpent deity, who then disappeared into the earth with it. Shesha only surrendered the jewel when Shiva performed the cosmic dance, the Tandava and shot the jewel up through the water. Apparently, jewels continued to be thrown up in the waters at Manikaran until the 1905 Kangra earthquake.


title: Manikaran

text: According to the Sikhs, during third Udasi, the founder of Sikhism Guru Nanak came to this place in 15 Asu 1574 Bikrami with his disciple Bhai Mardana. Mardana felt hungry and they had no food. Guru Nanak sent Mardana to collect food for the langar (the Community Kitchen). Many people donated atta (flour) to make Roti (bread). The one problem was that there was no fire to cook the food. Guru Nanak asked Mardana to lift a stone and he complied and a hot spring appeared. As directed by Guru Nanak, Mardana put the rolled chapatis in the spring to his despair the chapatis sank. Guru Nanak then told him to pray to God saying that if his chapatis float back then he would donate one chapati in His name. When he prayed all the chapatis started floating duly baked. Guru Nanak said that anyone who donates in the name of God, his drowned items float back.


title: Manikaran

text: The legend of Manikaran states that while roaming around, Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati, once chanced upon a place that was surrounded by mountains and was lush green. Enamoured by the beauty of the place, they decided to spend some time there. It is believed that they actually spent eleven hundred years here.


title: Manikaran

text: During their stay here, Goddess Parvati lost her mani (precious stones) in the waters of a stream. Upset over the loss, she asked Shiva to retrieve it. Lord Shiva commanded his attendant to find the mani for Parvati. However, when they failed, he was extremely angry. He opened his third eye, a tremendously inauspicious event which led to disturbances in the universe. An appeal was made before the serpent god, Sheshnag, to pacify Lord Shiva. Sheshnag hissed thereby giving rise to a flow of boiling water. The water spread over the entire area resulting in the emergence of precious stones of the type Goddess Parvati had lost. Lord Shiva and Goddess Parvati were happy at the outcome.


title: Manikaran

text: The name Manikaran is derived from this legend. The water is still hot and is considered extremely auspicious. A pilgrimage to this place is thought of as complete. It is also believed that there is no need to pay a visit to Kashi after visiting this place. The water of the spring is also supposed to have curative powers. The water is so hot that rice can be cooked in it.


title: Manikaran

text: It is claimed, that even before 1905, these hot water springs, sprang with full force. Making an 11 to 14 feet high fountain. The temperature of different springs at Manikaran is 64 to 80 °C . There is no Sulphur in these springs.


title: Manikaran

text: This temple is hugely revered as it belongs to Lord Shiva. However, an earthquake in 1905 caused damage to the temple and it was slightly tilted. The importance of Manikaran is also judged from the fact that devas of Kullu valley pay regular visit to this place on specified dates.


title: Pettingill family

text: The Pettingill family is a Melbourne-based criminal family, headed by matriarch Kath Pettingill. Family members have many convictions for criminal offences including drug trafficking, arms dealing and armed robberies.


title: Pettingill family

text: Two of Kath Pettingill's sons, Victor Peirce and Trevor Pettingill, faced a murder trial for the 1988 Walsh Street police shootings, with both acquitted along with two fellow defendants. Victor Peirce's "de facto" wife, Wendy, later claimed that her husband planned and carried out the murders with the fellow accused. The family was furthermore involved in the infamous Melbourne gangland killings, where it suffered a major blow, with the death of one of its highest-ranking members, Victor Peirce, and resulting in its power being greatly weakened.


title: Pettingill family

text: Dennis Allen (nicknamed Mr. Death or Mr. D) was the oldest son of Kath Pettingill. Allen was sentenced during the 1970s to a ten-year prison sentence for rape and was reported to have been a major player in drug dealing in the Richmond and South Yarra areas during the 1980s.


title: Pettingill family

text: Allen was alleged to have ordered or carried out the deaths of 15 people. Allen died of heart failure in 1987 while in prison custody awaiting trial for murder.


title: Pettingill family

text: Police officer Roger Rogerson received his first criminal conviction in 1985 for involvement in drug trafficking when he was charged with conspiring with Allen to import heroin.


title: Pettingill family

text: Peter Allen is the second oldest son of Kath Pettingill. He has spent 28 years in prison. He is a violent armed robber and has a long list of assault charges. He ran a heroin empire which allowed him to purchase a mansion in Lower Templestowe. This was later taken from him due to the Proceeds of Crime act. He continued to deal heroin in jail.


title: Pettingill family

text: He is very skilled in court and is the jailhouse lawyer of the family. He was released from prison in 2002 after serving time for an armed robbery conviction.


title: Pettingill family

text: First born daughter and third child of Kath Pettingill. Born in 1954. Later turned against the family and gave evidence for the prosecution at the Walsh Street trial. She went into witness protection.


title: Pettingill family

text: Victor Peirce's nephew and son of Vicki Brooks (née Pettingill). Star prosecution witness who turned against the family and gave evidence over Walsh Street. Ryan has battled drug addiction for years.


title: Pettingill family

text: Victor George Peirce was the sixth child of Kath Pettingill. Together with his "de facto" partner, Wendy Peirce, he fathered four children. He was convicted for drug trafficking and served a six-year prison sentence during the 1990s. He once worked as a bodyguard for murdered businessman Frank Benvenuto.


title: Pettingill family

text: Victor Peirce was murdered in Bay St, Port Melbourne, whilst parked outside a supermarket on 1 May 2002. It would later be alleged in court by barrister and Queen's Counsel Robert Richter that the now-deceased contract killer Andrew Veniamin had murdered Peirce. Veniamin was shot and killed during an argument in 2004 with Mick Gatto in a Carlton restaurant.


title: Pettingill family

text: Wendy Peirce was the de facto partner of Victor Peirce. The couple never married but produced four children from their long-term relationship.


title: Pettingill family

text: She entered witness protection for 18 months, estimated to have cost approximately $2million. At trial, she refused to give evidence against the accused and all men were later acquitted. In October 2005, Wendy Peirce gave a media interview detailing how her husband planned and carried out the Walsh Street police shootings for which he was charged and later acquitted.


title: Pettingill family

text: In September 2008 Wendy Peirce was jailed for six months after pleading guilty to threatening and stalking former lovers of her ex-partner Victor who was murdered in 2002 during Melbourne's underworld war. The threats included using Facebook to make death threats.


title: Pettingill family

text: On 15 December 2009, Wendy and Victor Peirce's 24-year-old daughter, Katie Peirce, was found dead in her home in Greensborough . . At the time of her death, she and her mother were on bail for an incident at the Clare Castle Hotel in Port Melbourne on 28 March 2009, when Mark Lohse, a regular patron at the hotel, was attacked with a meat cleaver and left seriously injured with a deep and long gash across his face, three fractures to his jaw, broken teeth and facial nerve damage. Police allege that Wendy and Katie Peirce and a third woman agreed to pay Tong Yang A$200 to assault Robert Sales, the father of a woman who was dating Katie Peirce's ex-boyfriend. Sales had been sitting one table away from where the assault occurred but was outside having a cigarette at the time of the assault, and in a case of mistaken identity Mark Lohse was hacked across the face with the meat cleaver. Senior County Court judge Geoff Chettle said at the plea hearing the incident was "the worst example of intentionally causing serious injury he has seen." Tong Yang pleaded guilty to charges of intentionally causing serious injury, but Katie and Wendy Peirce both pleaded not guilty to charges that included attempted murder and intentionally causing serious injury. Katie was bailed pending a committal hearing which had only been partly heard at the time of her death. Wendy Peirce's lawyer said he had spoken to her on the phone on 15 December 2009 to inform her of her daughter's death and would apply to the prison for permission allowing her to attend the funeral.


title: Pettingill family

text: Lex Peirce (born 1960) is the seventh child and fifth son of Kath Pettingill and has a minor criminal record.


title: Pettingill family

text: Ninth child of Kath Pettingill. Born 1963. Died of a heroin overdose in 1985 aged 21. Was alleged to have been involved in an armed robbery in Clifton Hill.


title: Pettingill family

text: Trevor Pettingill is the tenth and last child of Kath Pettingill, born in 1965. He has a history involving drugs and burglaries. He has multiple convictions for firearms and drug-related offences, and has served several jail terms. He has been described as a "career criminal".


title: Pettingill family

text: Members of the family, their associates and real life exploits, have been depicted in multiple media works.


title: Pettingill family

text: These include television docudramas like the series "Underbelly" and the 2009 miniseries "Killing Time", and fictionalised versions of family members, which have been the basis for key characters in:


title: Pettingill family

text: The Pettingill's were also featured in the fourth episode of season one of the Netflix original Drug Lords.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: In astronomy, an epoch or reference epoch is a moment in time used as a reference point for some time-varying astronomical quantity. It is useful for the celestial coordinates or orbital elements of a celestial body, as they are subject to perturbations and vary with time. These time-varying astronomical quantities might include, for example, the mean longitude or mean anomaly of a body, the node of its orbit relative to a reference plane, the direction of the apogee or aphelion of its orbit, or the size of the major axis of its orbit.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: The main use of astronomical quantities specified in this way is to calculate other relevant parameters of motion, in order to predict future positions and velocities. The applied tools of the disciplines of celestial mechanics or its subfield orbital mechanics (for predicting orbital paths and positions for bodies in motion under the gravitational effects of other bodies) can be used to generate an ephemeris, a table of values giving the positions and velocities of astronomical objects in the sky at a given time or times.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Astronomical quantities can be specified in any of several ways, for example, as a polynomial function of the time-interval, with an epoch as a temporal point of origin (this is a common current way of using an epoch). Alternatively, the time-varying astronomical quantity can be expressed as a constant, equal to the measure that it had at the epoch, leaving its variation over time to be specified in some other way—for example, by a table, as was common during the 17th and 18th centuries.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: The word "epoch" was often used in a different way in older astronomical literature, e.g. during the 18th century, in connection with astronomical tables. At that time, it was customary to denote as "epochs", not the standard date and time of origin for time-varying astronomical quantities, but rather the values at that date and time "of those time-varying quantities themselves". In accordance with that alternative historical usage, an expression such as 'correcting the epochs' would refer to the adjustment, usually by a small amount, of the values of the tabulated astronomical quantities applicable to a fixed standard date and time of reference (and not, as might be expected from current usage, to a change from one date and time of reference to a different date and time).


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Astronomical data are often specified not only in their relation to an epoch or date of reference but also in their relations to other conditions of reference, such as coordinate systems specified by "equinox", or "equinox and equator", or "equinox and ecliptic" – when these are needed for fully specifying astronomical data of the considered type.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: When the data are dependent for their values on a particular coordinate system, the date of that coordinate system needs to be specified directly or indirectly.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Celestial coordinate systems most commonly used in astronomy are equatorial coordinates and ecliptic coordinates. These are defined relative to the (moving) vernal equinox position, which itself is determined by the orientations of the Earth's rotation axis and orbit around the Sun. Their orientations vary (though slowly, e.g. due to precession), and there is an infinity of such coordinate systems possible. Thus the coordinate systems most used in astronomy need their own date-reference because the coordinate systems of that type are themselves in motion, e.g. by the precession of the equinoxes, nowadays often resolved into precessional components, separate precessions of the equator and of the ecliptic.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: The epoch of the coordinate system need not be the same, and often in practice is not the same, as the epoch for the data themselves.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: The difference between reference to an epoch alone, and a reference to a certain equinox with equator or ecliptic, is therefore that the reference to the epoch contributes to specifying the date of the values of astronomical variables themselves; while the reference to an equinox along with equator/ecliptic, of a certain date, addresses the identification of, or changes in, the coordinate system in terms of which those astronomical variables are expressed. (Sometimes the word 'equinox' may be used alone, e.g. where it is obvious from the context to users of the data in which form the considered astronomical variables are expressed, in equatorial form or ecliptic form.)


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Most standard coordinates in use today refer to 2000 TT (i.e. to 12h (noon) on the Terrestrial Time scale on January 1, 2000, see below), which occurred about 64 seconds sooner than noon UT1 on the same date (see ΔT). Before about 1984, coordinate systems dated to 1950 or 1900 were commonly used.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: There is a special meaning of the expression "equinox (and ecliptic/equator) of date". When coordinates are expressed as polynomials in time relative to a reference frame defined in this way, that means the values obtained for the coordinates in respect of any interval t after the stated epoch, are in terms of the coordinate system of the same date as the obtained values themselves, i.e. the date of the coordinate system is equal to (epoch + t).


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: It can be seen that the date of the coordinate system need not be the same as the epoch of the astronomical quantities themselves. But in that case (apart from the "equinox of date" case described above), two dates will be associated with the data: one date is the epoch for the time-dependent expressions giving the values, and the other date is that of the coordinate system in which the values are expressed.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: For example, orbital elements, especially osculating elements for minor planets, are routinely given with reference to two dates: first, relative to a recent epoch for all of the elements: but some of the data are dependent on a chosen coordinate system, and then it is usual to specify the coordinate system of a standard epoch which often is not the same as the epoch of the data. An example is as follows: For minor planet (5145) Pholus, orbital elements have been given including the following data:


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: where the epoch is expressed in terms of Terrestrial Time, with an equivalent Julian date. Four of the elements are independent of any particular coordinate system: M is mean anomaly (deg), n: mean daily motion (deg/d), a: size of semi-major axis (AU), e: eccentricity (dimensionless). But the argument of perihelion, longitude of the ascending node and the inclination are all coordinate-dependent, and are specified relative to the reference frame of the equinox and ecliptic of another date "2000.0", otherwise known as J2000, i.e. January 1.5, 2000 (12h on January 1) or JD 2451545.0.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: In the particular set of coordinates exampled above, much of the elements has been omitted as unknown or undetermined; for example, the element n allows an approximate time-dependence of the element M to be calculated, but the other elements and n itself are treated as constant, which represents a temporary approximation (see Osculating elements).


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Thus a particular coordinate system (equinox and equator/ecliptic of a particular date, such as J2000.0) could be used forever, but a set of osculating elements for a particular epoch may only be (approximately) valid for a rather limited time, because osculating elements such as those exampled above do not show the effect of future perturbations which will change the values of the elements.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Nevertheless, the period of validity is a different matter in principle and not the result of the use of an epoch to express the data. In other cases, e.g. the case of a complete analytical theory of the motion of some astronomical body, all of the elements will usually be given in the form of polynomials in interval of time from the epoch, and they will also be accompanied by trigonometrical terms of periodical perturbations specified appropriately. In that case, their period of validity may stretch over several centuries or even millennia on either side of the stated epoch.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Some data and some epochs have a long period of use for other reasons. For example, the boundaries of the IAU constellations are specified relative to an equinox from near the beginning of the year 1875. This is a matter of convention, but the convention is defined in terms of the equator and ecliptic as they were in 1875. To find out in which constellation a particular comet stands today, the current position of that comet must be expressed in the coordinate system of 1875 (equinox/equator of 1875). Thus that coordinate system can still be used today, even though most comet predictions made originally for 1875 (epoch = 1875) would no longer, because of the lack of information about their time-dependence and perturbations, be useful today.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: To calculate the visibility of a celestial object for an observer at a specific time and place on the Earth, the coordinates of the object are needed relative to a coordinate system of current date. If coordinates relative to some other date are used, then that will cause errors in the results. The magnitude of those errors increases with the time difference between the date and time of observation and the date of the coordinate system used, because of the precession of the equinoxes. If the time difference is small, then fairly easy and small corrections for the precession may well suffice. If the time difference gets large, then fuller and more accurate corrections must be applied. For this reason, a star position read from a star atlas or catalog based on a sufficiently old equinox and equator cannot be used without corrections if reasonable accuracy is required.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Additionally, stars move relative to each other through space. Apparent motion across the sky relative to other stars is called proper motion. Most stars have very small proper motions, but a few have proper motions that accumulate to noticeable distances after a few tens of years. So, some stellar positions read from a star atlas or catalog for a sufficiently old epoch require proper motion corrections as well, for reasonable accuracy.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Due to precession and proper motion, star data become less useful as the age of the observations and their epoch, and the equinox and equator to which they are referred, get older. After a while, it is easier or better to switch to newer data, generally referred to a newer epoch and equinox/equator, than to keep applying corrections to the older data.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Epochs and equinoxes are moments in time, so they can be specified in the same way as moments that indicate things other than epochs and equinoxes. The following standard ways of specifying epochs and equinoxes seem the most popular:


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Besselian years, used mostly for star positions, can be encountered in older catalogs but are now becoming obsolete. The Hipparcos catalog summary, for example, defines the "catalog epoch" as "J1991.25" (8.75 Julian years before January 1.5, 2000 TT, e.g., April 2.5625, 1991 TT).


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: A Besselian year is named after the German mathematician and astronomer Friedrich Bessel (1784–1846). defines the beginning of a Besselian year to be the moment at which the mean longitude of the Sun, including the effect of aberration and measured from the mean equinox of the date, is exactly 280 degrees. This moment falls near the beginning of the corresponding Gregorian year. The definition depended on a particular theory of the orbit of the Earth around the Sun, that of Newcomb (1895), which is now obsolete; for that reason among others, the use of Besselian years has also become or is becoming obsolete.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Lieske's definition is not exactly consistent with the earlier definition in terms of the mean longitude of the Sun. When using Besselian years, specify which definition is being used.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: To distinguish between calendar years and Besselian years, it became customary to add ".0" to the Besselian years. Since the switch to Julian years in the mid-1980s, it has become customary to prefix "B" to Besselian years. So, "1950" is the calendar year 1950, and "1950.0" = "B1950.0" is the beginning of Besselian year 1950.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: A Julian year is an interval with the length of a mean year in the Julian calendar, i.e. 365.25 days. This interval measure does not itself define any epoch: the Gregorian calendar is in general use for dating. But, standard conventional epochs which are not Besselian epochs have been often designated nowadays with a prefix "J", and the calendar date to which they refer is widely known, although not always the same date in the year: thus "J2000" refers to the instant of 12 noon (midday) on January 1, 2000, and J1900 refers to the instant of 12 noon on January 0, 1900, equal to December 31, 1899. It is also usual now to specify on what time scale the time of day is expressed in that epoch-designation, e.g. often Terrestrial Time.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: In addition, an epoch optionally prefixed by "J" and designated as a year with decimals (), where is either positive or negative and is quoted to 1 or 2 decimal places, has come to mean a date that is an interval of Julian years of 365.25 days away from the epoch J2000 = JD 2451545.0 (TT), still corresponding (in spite of the use of the prefix "J" or word "Julian") to the Gregorian calendar date of January 1, 2000, at 12h TT (about 64 seconds before noon UTC on the same calendar day). (See also Julian year (astronomy).) Like the Besselian epoch, an arbitrary Julian epoch is therefore related to the Julian date by


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: The IAU decided at their General Assembly of 1976 that the new standard equinox of J2000.0 should be used starting in 1984. Before that, the equinox of B1950.0 seems to have been the standard.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Different astronomers or groups of astronomers used to define individually, but today standard epochs are generally defined by international agreement through the IAU, so astronomers worldwide can collaborate more effectively. It is inefficient and error-prone if data or observations of one group have to be translated in non-standard ways so that other groups could compare the data with information from other sources. An example of how this works: if a star's position is measured by someone today, they then use a standard transformation to obtain the position expressed in terms of the standard reference frame of J2000, and it is often then this J2000 position which is shared with others.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: On the other hand, there has also been an astronomical tradition of retaining observations in just the form in which they were made, so that others can later correct the reductions to standard if that proves desirable, as has sometimes occurred.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: Over shorter timescales, there are a variety of practices for defining when each day begins. In ordinary usage, the civil day is reckoned by the midnight epoch, that is, the civil day begins at midnight. But in older astronomical usage, it was usual, until January 1, 1925, to reckon by a noon epoch, 12 hours after the start of the civil day of the same denomination, so that the day began when the mean sun crossed the meridian at noon. This is still reflected in the definition of J2000, which started at noon, Terrestrial Time.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: In traditional cultures and in antiquity other epochs were used. In ancient Egypt, days were reckoned from sunrise to sunrise, following a morning epoch. This may be related to the fact that the Egyptians regulated their year by the heliacal rising of the star Sirius, a phenomenon which occurs in the morning just before dawn.


title: Epoch (astronomy)

text: In some cultures following a lunar or lunisolar calendar, in which the beginning of the month is determined by the appearance of the New Moon in the evening, the beginning of the day was reckoned from sunset to sunset, following an evening epoch, e.g. the Jewish and Islamic calendars and in Medieval Western Europe in reckoning the dates of religious festivals, while in others a morning epoch was followed, e.g. the Hindu and Buddhist calendars.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: Supreme Allied Commander is the title held by the most senior commander within certain multinational military alliances. It originated as a term used by the Allies during World War I, and is currently used only within NATO for Supreme Allied Commander Europe and Supreme Allied Commander Transformation.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: On 26 March 1918, the French marshal Ferdinand Foch was appointed Supreme Allied Commander, gaining command of all Allied forces everywhere, and coordinated the British, French, American, and Italian armies to stop the German spring offensive, the last large offensive of the German Empire. He was the one who accepted the German cessation of hostilities in his private train.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: On 14 April 1918, at his own request, Foch was appointed, "Commander in Chief of the Allied Armies". Despite his promotion 19 days earlier, and the subsequent Beauvais Conference of 3 April 1918, he was not provided a title. He remedied this by making up his own title and by writing to Prime Minister Clemenceau to request it, which was immediately granted. This is important because the Doullens Conference of 26 March was kept a secret until 30 March, and still not known to most of the army once it was published.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: During World War II, the Allied leaders appointed Supreme Allied Commanders to manage the multi-nation, multi-discipline fighting forces for a particular theatre of war. These Supreme Allied Commanders were given operational control over all air, land, and sea units in that theatre. In other cases, senior commanders were given the title Commander-in-Chief.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: These Supreme Allied Commanders were drawn from the most senior leaders in the British Armed Forces and United States Armed Forces. These commanders reported to the British/American Combined Chiefs of Staff, although in the case of the Pacific and South East Asia, the relevant national command authorities of the American Joint Chiefs of Staff or the British Chiefs of Staff Committee had responsibility for the main conduct of the war in the theatre, depending on the Supreme Commander's nationality.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: General of the United States' Army Dwight D. Eisenhower served in successive Supreme Allied Commander roles. Eisenhower was the Commander-in-Chief, Allied Force for the Mediterranean theatre. Eisenhower then served as Supreme Commander Allied Expeditionary Force (SCAEF) in the European theatre, starting in December 1943 with the creation of the command to execute Operation Overlord and ending in July 1945 shortly after the End of World War II in Europe. In 1951, Eisenhower would again be a Supreme Allied Commander, the first to hold the post for NATO (see next section).


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: Field Marshal Henry Maitland Wilson succeeded Eisenhower in the Mediterranean theatre, given the title Supreme Allied Commander Mediterranean. Wilson was succeeded by Field Marshal Harold Alexander, who continued in charge of those Allied forces until the end of the war.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: Admiral of the Fleet Lord Louis Mountbatten was Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia (SACSEA) throughout most of its existence. He replaced General Archibald Wavell.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek was named the Supreme Commander of Allied forces in the China war zone (CBI) on 1942. However, US forces in practice were usually overseen by General Joseph Stilwell, the Deputy Allied Commander in China and South East Asia Command (SEAC). Until late 1944 that the land forces chain of command was clarified, after Stilwell was recalled to Washington. His overall role, and the CBI command were then split among three people: Lt Gen. Raymond Wheeler became Deputy Supreme Allied Commander South East Asia; Maj. Gen. Albert Wedemeyer became Chief of Staff to Chiang, and commander of US Forces, China Theater (USFCT). Lt Gen. Daniel Sultan was promoted, from deputy commander of CBI to commander of US Forces, India-Burma Theater (USFIBT) and commander of the NCAC.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: General of the Army Douglas MacArthur was appointed Supreme Allied Commander, South West Pacific Area (SWPA) on 18 April 1942. However, he preferred to use the title Commander-in-Chief. During the Allied occupation of Japan following the war, MacArthur held the title of Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). The Pacific Ocean Areas (POA), divided into the Central Pacific Area, the North Pacific Area and the South Pacific Area, were commanded by Admiral Chester W. Nimitz, Commander-in-Chief Pacific Ocean Areas.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: The term came into use again with the formation of NATO in 1949. In 1952, Allied Command Europe was established, led by Eisenhower. He became the "Supreme Allied Commander" (SACEUR). Soon afterwards, Allied Command Atlantic was established, at Norfolk, Virginia, under Lynde McCormick, a U.S. Navy admiral. His title was "Supreme Allied Commander Atlantic" (SACLANT), and the entire command was usually known as SACLANT. Both Supreme Commander have, until 2009, been American, with a deputy commander from another NATO member, though only British and Germans have held the post.


title: Supreme Allied Commander

text: In June 2003, the commands were reshuffled. One command was given responsibility for operations, and one for transforming the military components of the alliance to meet new challenges. In Europe, Allied Command Operations was established from the former Allied Command Europe, and given responsibility for all NATO military operations worldwide. However, for legal reasons, SACEUR retained the traditional title including Europe. In the United States, SACLANT was decommissioned and Allied Command Transformation established. The headquarters of ACT is at the former SACLANT headquarters in Norfolk, Virginia, USA. Each has a Supreme Allied Commander as its commander.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: Rochester New York FC, formerly known as the Rochester Rhinos, are an American professional soccer team based in Rochester, New York, United States.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: Founded in 1996, as the Rochester Raging Rhinos, they changed their name to Rochester Rhinos to start the 2008 season. RNY is the only non-MLS team to have won the U.S. Open Cup since the league's formation.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: RNY FC most recently played in the 2017 USL season in the second tier of the United States soccer league system, followed by a four-year hiatus. They returned to play on March 25, 2022 in the inaugural game of the third division MLS Next Pro league.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: Rochester Raging Rhinos was founded in 1996 and played in the now-defunct original A-League until it merged with the USISL for the 1997 season, creating the new A-League. After reaching the championship game in 1996 they won their first league championship in 1998.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: In 1999 the club made it to the final of the U.S. Open Cup, where they defeated MLS club Colorado Rapids 2–0, becoming the first team from outside MLS to win the national cup since MLS's inception. This win was followed by two further A-League titles in 2000 and 2001.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: A year after the A-League's renaming to the USL First Division in 2005, the Rhinos moved into the newly completed PAETEC Park, a 13,768-seat soccer-specific stadium now known as Marina Auto Stadium, and again made the championship game. the Rhinos were considered a candidate to be an expansion team at the MLS level when PAETEC Park was in the planning stages.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: The team was declared insolvent in 2008 after defaulting on their stadium agreement, and PAETEC Park was seized by the city of Rochester. After a brief search for a new owner and investor who could improve the team's financial outlook, in March 2008 the club was taken over by Utica businessman Rob Clark. Clark changed the team's name to the "Rochester Rhinos," and assured that the financial situation of the team was stable and it would be able to play the next year. After two seasons under Clark the club joined the new NASL for its 2010 season. The United States Soccer Federation refused the NASL's application for sanctioning, and instead operated its own temporary second-division league for 2010. The Rhinos were part of that temporary USSF Division 2 Professional League. The Rhinos switched leagues again before the 2011 season to the then third-division USL Pro league, who considered themselves equally competitive with the second-division NASL.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: The 2011 season ended with the Rhinos first in their division followed by a playoff season that lasted 2 games. The Rhinos saw off the Pittsburgh Riverhounds 4–0 in first round of the playoffs and then lost 2–1 at home to the Harrisburg City Islanders to finish the season. At the end of the season, head coach Bob Lilley was replaced by Jesse Myers, most recently an assistant coach of the Richmond Kickers.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: In January 2013, the Rhinos became the official USL Pro affiliate of the New England Revolution. On May 19, Following a 1–6–1 start to the 2013 season, Myers was dismissed and Pat Ercoli named head coach. They missed the playoffs for the first time ever, finishing with a 6–10–10 record.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: The league revoked the Clark family's ownership of the club in January 2016, citing the revocation of the lease on Rochester Rhinos Stadium by the City of Rochester. The league took over operations of the club until it could be sold to a new ownership group. David and Wendy Dworkin, minority owners of the Sacramento Kings basketball club, were identified as the Rhinos' new owners later in the month. The Dworkins were officially announced as the new owners on March 10, 2016.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: On November 30, 2017, the Rhinos announced that they would go on hiatus. After almost a year of silence the team announced that it planned to move to the new third division league USL League One and return to the field in 2020. Moreover, the team announced that it had reached a deal with the City to vacate Marina Auto Stadium and stated it would be searching a site to build a new stadium. Towards the end of the first USL League One season, the Rhinos' President Pat Ercoli announced on Uncle Sam's Soccer Podcast that due to delays and pacing of the development of the Rhinos' new stadium that the team would likely sit out the 2020 season and relaunch in 2021.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: On November 30, 2017, the team announced that they would not play in 2018 while additional funding was sought.


title: Rochester New York FC

text: On August 22, 2018, it was announced that the club would pursue a new stadium location and attempt to join USL League One.