title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Space Mountain is an outer space-themed, indoor roller coaster in Tomorrowland located at Walt Disney World's Magic Kingdom theme park in Bay Lake, Florida, near Orlando. The dark ride, which opened on January 15, 1975, is the original version of the iconic attraction that has since been replicated at other Disney theme park locations worldwide, with the exception of Shanghai Disneyland Resort. Space Mountain is also the oldest operating roller coaster in the state of Florida. RCA helped fund construction and sponsored the ride from 1975 to 1993. FedEx assumed sponsorship from 1994 to 2004.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Walt Disney originally conceived the idea of a space-themed roller coaster for Disneyland following the success of Matterhorn Bobsleds in 1959. However, technological limitations and planning for Walt Disney World led to the project's postponement in the late 1960s. After the early success of Magic Kingdom in the early 1970s, Disney began planning its first thrill ride at the new theme park. After determining that a duplicate of Disneyland's Matterhorn was not feasible, Disney opted instead to re-visit the Space Mountain concept following advances in technology that made the project more feasible.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Space Mountain has undergone a number of changes since its opening, including new ride trains in 1989 and 2009, as well as incremental upgrades to incorporate modern roller coaster technology. It has also seen a number of cosmetic renovations to its entry, queue, and post-show elements, many of which were necessitated by changes in its corporate sponsorship over the years.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The Space Mountain concept was a descendant of the first Disney "mountain" attraction, the Matterhorn Bobsleds at Disneyland, which opened in 1959. The Matterhorn's success had convinced Walt Disney that thrilling rides did have a place in his park.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In 1964, Walt first approached designer John Hench with his idea for a new attraction that would be the focal point of a renovated Tomorrowland planned for 1967. His "Space Port" would include a roller-coaster-style ride in the dark, with lighting and other special effects. Originally called "Space Voyage" with concept artwork by John Hench, Clem Hall, George McGinnis, and Herb Ryman. The attraction concept continued to be refined over the coming years by WED Enterprises, and in June 1966, the "Space Port" attraction was called "Space Mountain" for the first time.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: WED partnered with Arrow Development Company, the same company that had helped design the Matterhorn's roller coaster systems years before. The initial concept was to have four separate tracks, but the technology available at the time, combined with the amount of space required versus that which was available within Disneyland, made such a design impossible. Walt Disney's death in December 1966 and the new emphasis on preparing for the newly announced Disney World project forced WED to put aside the design of Space Mountain indefinitely. The Magic Kingdom's early success, and its unexpected popularity with teens and young adults, prompted WED to begin planning thrill rides for the new park shortly after its opening in October 1971. A new Matterhorn Bobsleds attraction was considered, but it wouldn't fit within Florida's Fantasyland.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Ultimately, designers returned to designing Space Mountain. The Magic Kingdom's Tomorrowland had the right amount of available land, and computing technology had improved significantly since the initial design phases. To help cover the cost of developing and building Space Mountain, Card Walker, the CEO of Walt Disney Productions, convinced RCA chairman Robert Sarnoff to sponsor the new attraction; RCA was contracted by Disney to provide the communications hardware for the Walt Disney World Resort, and their contract stated that if Disney presented an attraction of interest, RCA would provide $10 million to support it.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The interior of the structure, the queue area, the tracks of the roller coaster, and the post-show each went through a large number of various design changes before the current layout was selected. Originally, the mountain was to be positioned in the southern portion of Tomorrowland, which would be where Disneyland would install their version of the ride in 1977. Instead, it was placed outside the park's perimeter berm, roughly due east of Cinderella Castle in Fantasyland, with a tunnel, called the "star corridor", under the Walt Disney World Railroad tracks installed for people to reach it, while Carousel of Progress opened in the originally planned location. This is contrary to the Disneyland counterpart, where people directly enter through the side of the building.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: After visitors enter the building, the queue opens into a large room filled with small, silver, ball-pit like balls. The room also contains a "star map" The line then dips into the "star tunnel", which takes guests under the Walt Disney World Railroad and into the cone containing the actual ride. At this point, the post-show tunnel is running parallel to the queue. The queue then begins to ascend to a second floor, and passes by "space windows" in the walls featuring planets, astronauts, and a model of the spaceship from the lift-hill. The queue continues to turn until riders are deposited in the loading station. Previously, stand-by riders could participate in various 90-second long video games that were hosted by a robot that operates Space Mountain's mission control center. These games included blasting asteroids to clear a path for spaceships leaving the spaceport, sorting the lost and found items into the proper bins, and controlling spaceships that expand the spaceport. The screens that were used for these games now show images of space, and riders can play games using the Play Disney Parks app on their own devices.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Guests are then deposited in the load area, where they can see guests aboard their trains departing every few seconds, all while mission control can be heard via speakers as they monitor spaceport activities. The queue splits up into lines for the two separate tracks: Alpha (left) and Omega (right). Both tracks are approximately 90 feet in height and are identical mirror images of one another, although Alpha's track is ten feet longer than Omega's, at 3,196 feet as opposed to 3,186 feet.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Visitors board the trains in the Starport: Seven Five, which is enclosed within the mountain itself. The cone is hollow and 300 ft in diameter, allowing waiting people aboard the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover to see many of the different effects used in the attraction.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: As the rockets leave the loading station, they make a 180 degree turn past the loading area, the queue, and the Mission Control booth, and come to a stop at a holding brake, where they wait for the train in front to clear the block on the lift hill. After a few seconds, the holding brake is released and the trains roll down a drop into a strobe tunnel of pulsating blue lights, which flash at a gradually increasing frequency as the train progresses down the tunnel. A repetitive warping sound signifies an energy charge as the riders roll towards a blue orb. At the far end of the tunnel, a field of stars appears as the blue strobe lights turn off. The train then makes a 180 degree turnaround and climbs the lift hill. During the turn, the on-ride photo is taken.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The lift hill is designed in the form of a launch bay and contains a large, narrow spaceship which was based on the Discovery One spaceship from the film "". Full size figures of astronauts are suspended upside-down beneath the ships engines to give the illusion of zero-gravity. As trains climb up the lift hill, projections of the Sun, Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, Pluto, stars, comets, meteors, asteroids and the Milky Way can be seen when looking past the lift hill bay's open ceiling. It is possible to make out trains climbing the lift hill on the other side and also rockets passing through on the side, as well as the trains of the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover passing between the two tracks. Once at the top, the trains then make a small and quick dip before plunging into numerous twists and turns as they travel around the mountain in near-complete darkness, including the coaster tracks' steepest drop of 39 degrees. The ride ends with the trains passing through a red swirling wormhole, before hitting the final brake run and entering the unload station, located underneath the loading station. After unloading, trains then travel around a short turn and climb a short lift hill to return empty to the loading station.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The trains featured on the ride each consist of two rocket-shaped cars. Each car consists of three rows that seat one rider per row, resulting in a total capacity of six riders per train. From 1975 to 1989, the train cars featured two rows instead of three. Each row seated two riders in a configuration similar to Matterhorn Bobsleds, where one passenger in each row sat in front of the other in a lap-seating configuration. The total capacity was previously eight riders per train.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The trains introduced in 1989 are cosmetically similar to the originals and still consisted of two rocket cars joined together. The newer trains introduced the use of lap bars, with an early iteration using a horseshoe-shaped design. In 1998, an updated T-bar-shaped design for the restraints was introduced. The original color scheme of the trains was white, but in the 2009 refurbishment, the trains were modified with new seat fabric and repainted in a blue and gray color scheme.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: From 1975 to 1993, Space Mountain was sponsored by RCA. The left entrance wall had the words "Space Mountain" displayed in bold, blue colored letters. The RCA logo was above this, and under the Space Mountain lettering was the slogan "A Journey Through Time and Space", beneath which was the phrase "presented by RCA".


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The ceiling and flooring for the entrance building was done in reds, yellows, and oranges. A large white pylon structure had the RCA logo placed above it in three areas, and four passengers, dressed as astronauts, were placed in an original four seater vehicle, which was attached to the pylon. Below the pylon, in a planter was Space Mountain's dedication plaque which read: "ONE GIANT STEP... Dedicated to the men and women whose skills, sacrifice, courage and teamwork opened the door to the exploration of man's exciting new frontier...outer space. Because they dared to reach for the stars and the planets, man's knowledge of his universe, earth and himself has been greatly enriched. Presented by missile, space and range pioneers. January 15, 1975."


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: Inside, riders entered the spacious lobby, which did not feature the current mural of the Milky Way, but was simple black and blue walls with various yellow and orange angular designs. There were also floor to ceiling mirrors, support columns, and blue lighting under the floor. The floors themselves were made out of a combination of plastic and vinyl and featured black textured circles sticking out of the flooring. The rest of the inside of the structure, with the exception of the warning film, and the changes made to the vehicles, remains nearly the same from 1975.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: For the first year or two of operation, a model of an RCA communications satellite was on display. After that, a flying saucer with RCA's Nipper mascot ("His Master's Voice") replaced the satellite.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In 1989 RCA had the entrance cosmetically refurbished. The entrance door now had a yellow and black pattern around it. The entrance walls were repainted with the 1975 white and blue color scheme, but with solid and different patterns. The roof was still the same blue and white, as was the roof border, a solid white, but the ceiling was now also a solid white. The left entrance wall still featured the RCA logo, but a new font was selected for the phrase "Space Mountain", still bold, but was more angular, and now colored white. This was reflected in the phrase underneath it, "A Journey Through Time and Space", and "presented by RCA" was not included in the 1989 refurbishment.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The RCA logos atop the pylon were removed, and a new three seater vehicle replaced the old four seater vehicle that was attached to the pylon, a result of the original trains on the ride being replaced by the current trains. Everything else, including warning signage and other features dating back to 1975, remained the same. RCA once again had the entrance refurbished in 1992, this time all the entrance walls were covered over with blue vinyl covers. Some patterns were different from others. The 1989 left entrance wall lettering was simply placed on top of the new wall coverings. The yellow and black pattern around the entrance door remained the same. The ceiling and flooring remained the same, but the roof was now solid white, and the border to the roof was now red, white, and blue.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: As part of the 1994 overhaul of Tomorrowland, both Space Mountains at the American parks received sponsorship from FedEx. The 1989 entrance remained very much the same, but now the entrance and exit building was partially demolished, forcing exiting riders to exit into an arcade and gift shop that occupies part of the still vacant space left for the proposed but never built Tomorrowland railroad station. The left hand entrance wall, that served for years as the signage for Space Mountain was demolished in the 1994 refurbishment. The right hand entrance wall was now used for signage and simply had the ride name in a tall, thin, orange font, that was meant to reflect the architecture of the New Tomorrowland.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The large entrance door was kept, but now had storm shutters placed within the frame, creating a smaller entrance. New warning signage and warning spiels also came in 1994. A new, but different pylon tower was placed over the site of the old one. It too featured the new Space Mountain font and FedEx sponsorship. The warning film was also changed in 1994 for updated footage and to also feature FedEx Sponsorship. In the queue, while guests waited for their rockets, monitors above them played the futuristic but funny "SMTV" video, which featured Space Mountain mission control notifying them on the status of the vehicles and channel surfing to find a newscast to keep them up to date on what's happening around the galaxy. The loop also features commercials for Crazy Larry's Used Spaceships, which featured Charles Fleischer, the voice of Roger Rabbit, as the titular dealership owner, and several sci-fi themed ads promoting FedEx's delivery service. The warning film has so far changed only three times. The original in 1975, and two updated versions both in 1985 and 1994. The FedEx footage was removed in 2005.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The entrance lobby was refurbished with an orange and brown color scheme, but still maintained the blue floor lights, and black vinyl flooring, while adding in a FedEx sponsored intergalactic tracking network mural of the Milky Way. In 1998, the original flooring was removed and a staircase was added in the left hand queue, which is now the Stand By queue. The right queue, which has a ramp instead of a staircase, making it wheelchair accessible, is for the FastPass return line. FastPass machines were also added outside of Space Mountain at this time.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In 2004 FedEx left as sponsor, leaving Space Mountain sponsorless; the majority of FedEx logos and sponsorship themes were removed in 2005, but some were not removed until 2009. In the 2009 refurbishment, the Skyway terminal was partially demolished after sitting abandoned for years, to create an expanded entry plaza. The existing infrastructure was not changed significantly, although the orange tones in the pylon were replaced with a lime green. The murals in the entry building were also changed accordingly to fit the boarding station's new theme.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: From April 19, 2009 to November 21, 2009, Space Mountain received a major refurbishment. It was the first extensive renovation since a previous closure in September 1999, and was estimated to cost $12.3 million. The refurbishment gave a ride a sci-fi futuristic look similar to the Tokyo Disneyland counterpart. While the ride experience itself was unchanged, the sound effects in the energy and wormhole tunnels were updated, and an on-ride camera was installed on the turnarounds from the energy tunnel to the lift hill. The most significant change to the ride was in the loading station. The loading station, which originally had no ceiling, was roofed over, to reduce the amount of light visible inside the dome (the TTA's exit from the mountain was also modified with an extended wall, to achieve a similar effect). Gates were also added to the platform where guests board the trains.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In August 2010, the ride received "Starry-O-Phonic Sound" effects. These new sound effects play throughout the mountain, to further enhance the ride experience. The underlying musical score was composed by Mike Brassell, who also serves as the current narrator for the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover and Living with the Land attractions. The score incorporates motifs from Michael Giacchino's score for Disneyland's version.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: From 1975 to 1985, the entrance and exit building had overhead speakers playing the big band and orchestral portion of RCA's song "Here's to the Future and You". The entrance lobby had the softer portion of this song; however the music heard in the Star Corridor and in the Zig-Zag corridor near the loading station remain original from 1975. (For a brief period in the late '70s, RCA switched the song over to "Colortrak Keeps The Color On Track!", in reference to the company's new line of Colortrak TVs.) The warning spiel for the trains, and most sound effects are also original from 1975. Riders could hear music to the song "Music Makers" and "Sentimental Journeys" where the left and right side unload corridors merged to form the line for the post show.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In 1985 RCA removed their theme song, and instead commissioned new generic music for Space Mountain. Since 1985 there is no outside area music around the exit and entrance building. Only the current warning narration spiel is played. In the lobby a composition to RCA's song "We've Come So Far", composed by George Wilkins can be heard and has remained since 1985. When riders unloaded from their ride vehicle, they entered the ride's post-show, which was also accessible for those who decided not to experience the main roller coaster ride. From 1985 to 2005, the unload and merger corridor both had a slightly different soft tune to RCA's new song "We've Come So Far". The main version of "We've Come So Far", which included sung lyrics, was heard in the exit tunnel until RCA's sponsorship ended. For many years, A single, low-quality recording was all that existed of the version with vocals. This was posted to YouTube on March 6, 2014. On June 18, 2020, however, a high-quality version of the song performed by Gloria Bellis was uploaded to YouTube.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In 2005, this was replaced with a musical score commissioned for Disneyland's newly refurbished Space Mountain. After the 2009 renovations, the same songs in the queue play, but the musical score commissioned for Disneyland's Space Mountain is no longer played in the post-show. Most of the main ride sound effects were updated and replaced.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: After disembarking the ride, passengers used to board a moving walkway taking them back to Tomorrowland. A flashing warning sign and spiel are located above the platform entrance, both original from 1985. While aboard the moving platform, riders pass multiple rooms and displays, many of which received extensive changes in 2009 along with the rest of the ride.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The original post-show was RCA's "Home Of Future Living", which showcased how consumer electronics would shape our lives in a "typical" home of the future. The attraction featured the theme song "Here's to the Future", briefly replaced by a song (apparently) titled "ColorTrak Keeps The Color On Track", designed to promote televisions employing RCA's ColorTrack color television technology. In 1979, the RCA Selectavision Videodisc player system was promoted as the future of home entertainment. In the mid-1980s, the Home of Future Living was replaced by "RYCA-1", which showed what life might be like living in a space colony on another planet. The RYCA-1 sets went through minor re-decoration when FedEx took over sponsorship, and the plot of the show revolved around sending packages across spatial distances using teleportation. The third diorama saw the most significant changes, adding figures of astronauts excavating alien fossils and teleporting them to a base on another planet where a robot dog named the "lab retriever" received the package. This post-show also featured a narration that described what was taking place in each scene. All traces of FedEx were removed after the company relinquished its sponsorship. The post-show remained the same until 2009, with only the narration being removed and replaced with a soundtrack based on Michael Giacchino's score for the updated version of Disneyland's Space Mountain.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: The post-show also received major changes and upgrades along with the rest of the ride in 2009. Many of the rooms received renovations to appear more futuristic in relation to current-day standards, as many of the previous renditions could've been considered as outdated. This included replacing their increasingly retro appearances and refitting the rooms with sleeker, modern designs. The scenes are now more directly connected to the spaceport theme of Space Mountain, revolving around promoting different destinations around the universe to which Space Mountain's rockets could take them, adding monitors to the RYCA-1 diorama to promote the activities that guests could take part in when visiting said destinations. In addition, the ride retained some of its notable post-show features while still receiving an update, including the monitors displaying the riders as they pass by the overhead cameras.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: In the summer of 2018, a major refurbishment was done to the post-show. The moving walkway which had remained in place since 1975 was controversially removed and carpeted over. The green screen room was replaced by a set of switchback ramps up to a slightly differently placed exit into the gift shop. The ride remained open while the post-show walkway was removed, with guests using a temporary alternate exit via a walkway around the outside perimeter of the mountain.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: All of these rooms are shown and viewed on an even surface, but after the final octagon room, the Speedramp dips down at an angle, where riders go under the train tracks for the Walt Disney World Railroad. As riders travel back up to ground level, and toward the exit to Tomorrowland, they pass by other outer-space destinations. The first two octagon rooms and the first four hexagon rooms can all be viewed from the Tomorrowland Transit Authority PeopleMover just after passing through the lift hill bay because they have no ceilings.


title: Space Mountain (Magic Kingdom)

text: When Space Mountain was refurbished, a number of tributes to the defunct Epcot attraction Horizons were added into the ride.


title: Vanara

text: In the epic the "Ramayana", the Vanaras help Rama defeat Ravana. They are generally depicted as humanoid apes, or human-like beings.


title: Vanara

text: Although the word Vanara has come to mean "monkey" over the years and the Vanaras are depicted as monkeys in the popular art, their exact identity is not clear. According to the Ramayana, Vanaras were shapeshifters. In the Vanara form, they had beards with extended sideburns, narrowly shaved chin gap, and no moustache. They had a tail and razor-sharp claws. Their skin and skeleton were inforced with an indestructible Vajra, which no earthly element could penetrate. Unlike other exotic creatures such as the rakshasas, the Vanaras do not have a precursor in the Vedic literature. The "Ramayana" presents them as humans with reference to their speech, clothing, habitations, funerals, weddings, consecrations etc. It also describes their monkey-like characteristics such as their leaping, hair, fur and a tail. Aiyanagar suggests that though the poet of the "Ramayana" may have known that vanaras were actually forest-dwelling people, he may portrayed them as real monkeys with supernatural powers and many of them as ""s (portions) of the gods to make the epic more "fantastic".


title: Vanara

text: According to one theory, the Vanaras are semi-divine creatures. This is based on their supernatural abilities, as well as descriptions of Brahma commanding other deities to either bear Vanara offspring or incarnate as Vanaras to help Rama in his mission. The Jain re-tellings of Ramayana describe them as a clan of the supernatural beings called the Vidyadharas; the flag of this clan bears monkeys as emblems.


title: Vanara

text: G. Ramdas, based on Ravana's reference to the Vanaras' tail as an ornament, infers that the "tail" was actually an appendage in the dress worn by the men of the Savara tribe. (The female Vanaras are not described as having a tail.) According to this theory, the non-human characteristics of the Vanaras may be considered artistic imagination. In Sri Lanka, the word "Vanara" has been used to describe the Nittaewos mentioned in the Vedda legends.


title: Vanara

text: Vanaras are created by Brahma to help Rama in battle against Ravana. They are powerful and have many godly traits. Taking Brahma's orders, the gods began to parent sons in the zion of Kishkindha (identified with parts of present-day Karnataka, Andhra Pradesh, and Maharashtra). Rama first met them in Dandaka Forest, during his search for Sita. An army of Vanaras helped Rama in his search for Sita, and also in battle against Ravana, Sita's abductor. Nala and Nila built a bridge over the ocean so that Rama and the army could cross to Lanka. As described in the epic, the characteristics of the Vanara include being amusing, childish, mildly irritating, badgering, hyperactive, adventurous, bluntly honest, loyal, courageous, and kind.


title: Vanara

text: The Vanaras also appear in other texts, including Mahabharata. The epic Mahabharata describes them as forest-dwelling, and mentions their being encountered by Sahadeva, the youngest Pandava.


title: Vanara

text: In the "Ramayana", the Vanara Hanuman changes shape several times. For example, while he searches for the kidnapped Sita in Ravana's palaces on Lanka, he contracts himself to the size of a cat, so that he will not be detected by the enemy. Later on, he takes on the size of a mountain, blazing with radiance, to show his true power to Sita.


title: Vanara

text: The Vanaras are also evil creatures in the tabletop roleplay game Gandariah Lords of Arcanas where they were created by the


title: Football League Second Division

text: The Football League Second Division was the second level division in the English football league system between 1892 and 1992. Following the foundation of the FA Premier League, the Football League divisions were renumbered and the third tier became known as the Football League Second Division. After the rebranding of the Football League in 2003–04, it became known as Football League One.


title: Football League Second Division

text: In 1888, Scotsman William McGregor a director of Aston Villa, was the main force between meetings held in London and Manchester involving 12 football clubs, with an eye to a league competition. These 12 clubs would later become the Football League's 12 founder members. The meetings were held in London on 22 March 1888. The main concern was that an early exit in the knockout format of the FA Cup could leave clubs with no matches for almost a year; not only could they suffer heavy financial losses, but fans did not wait long without a game, when other teams were playing. Matters were finalised on 17 April in Manchester.


title: Football League Second Division

text: McGregor had voted against the name The Football League, as he was concerned that it would be associated with the Irish Land League. But this name still won by a majority vote and was selected. The competition guaranteed fixtures for all of its member clubs. Geographically, these were split equally between the North and the Midlands.


title: Football League Second Division

text: A rival English league called the Football Alliance operated from 1889 to 1892. In 1892 it was decided to formally merge the two leagues, and so the "Football League Second Division" was formed, consisting mostly of Football Alliance clubs. The existing League clubs, plus three of the strongest Alliance clubs, comprised the Football League First Division.


title: Football League Second Division

text: The Second Division was formed in 1892 with 12 clubs, most of which had previously played in the Football Alliance. The original members were: Ardwick (now Manchester City), Bootle, Burton Swifts, Crewe Alexandra, Darwen, Grimsby Town, Lincoln City, Northwich Victoria, Port Vale, Sheffield United, Small Heath (now Birmingham City), and Walsall. Manchester City and Leicester City jointly hold the record for most second tier championships (7).


title: Football League Second Division

text: For the first few years, there was no automatic promotion to the First Division. Instead, the top few teams in Division Two, including the winners, contested a series of test matches against the bottom teams in Division One. Small Heath, Second Division champions in 1892–93, were denied promotion after losing in test matches to Newton Heath. However, runners-up Sheffield United beat Accrington to become the first team to win promotion to the First Division. Test matches were abolished in 1898 after Burnley and Stoke conspired to deliberately draw their test match 0–0, which resulted in Burnley being promoted and Stoke being saved from relegation.


title: Football League Second Division

text: Relegation to the Football League Third Division was in place in the season before the latter even started, as Grimsby Town (last place in 1919–20) made way for Cardiff City and formed the new Third Division with southern clubs. For subsequent seasons, two clubs were relegated into either the Third Division North or Third Division South depending on their geographical location. When the Third Division was reunified in 1958–59, the relegation arrangement was kept; a third club began being relegated in 1974.


title: Football League Second Division

text: See List of teams promoted from the English Football League Championship and predecessors for winners from 1893 to 1992 and List of winners of English Football League One and predecessors for winners from 1993 to 2004.


title: Antisthenes

text: Antisthenes (; ; 446 366 BCE) was a Greek philosopher and a pupil of Socrates. Antisthenes first learned rhetoric under Gorgias before becoming an ardent disciple of Socrates. He adopted and developed the ethical side of Socrates's teachings, advocating an ascetic life lived in accordance with virtue. Later writers regarded him as the founder of Cynic philosophy.


title: Antisthenes

text: Antisthenes was born 445 BCE, the son of Antisthenes, an Athenian. His mother was thought to have been a Thracian, though some say a Phrygian, an opinion probably derived from his sarcastic reply to a man who reviled him as not being a genuine Athenian citizen, that the mother of the gods was a Phrygian (referring to Cybele, the Anatolian counterpart of the Greek goddess Rhea). In his youth he fought at Tanagra (426 BCE), and was a disciple first of Gorgias, and then of Socrates; so eager was he to hear the words of Socrates that he used to walk daily from the port of Peiraeus to Athens (about 9 kilometres), and persuaded his friends to accompany him. Eventually he was present at Socrates's death. He never forgave his master's persecutors, and is said to have been instrumental in procuring their punishment. He survived the Battle of Leuctra (371 BCE), as he is reported to have compared the victory of the Thebans to a set of schoolboys beating their master. Although Eudokia Makrembolitissa supposedly tells us that he died at the age of 70, he was apparently still alive in 366 BCE, and he must have been nearer to 80 years old when he died at Athens, 365 BCE. He is said to have lectured at the Cynosarges, a gymnasium for the use of Athenians born of foreign mothers, near the temple of Heracles. Filled with enthusiasm for the Socratic idea of virtue, he founded a school of his own in the Cynosarges, where he attracted the poorer classes by the simplicity of his life and teaching. He wore a cloak and carried a staff and a wallet, and this costume became the uniform of his followers.


title: Antisthenes

text: Diogenes Laërtius says that his works filled ten volumes, but of these, only fragments remain. His favourite style seems to have been dialogues, some of them being vehement attacks on his contemporaries, as on Alcibiades in the second of his two works entitled "Cyrus", on Gorgias in his "Archelaus" and on Plato in his "Satho". His style was pure and elegant, and Theopompus even said that Plato stole from him many of his thoughts. Cicero, after reading some works by Antisthenes, found his works pleasing and called him "a man more intelligent than learned". He possessed considerable powers of wit and sarcasm, and was fond of playing upon words; saying, for instance, that he would rather fall among crows ("korakes") than flatterers ("kolakes"), for the one devour the dead, but the other the living. Two declamations have survived, named "Ajax" and "Odysseus", which are purely rhetorical.


title: Antisthenes

text: In his "Lives and Opinions of Eminent Philosophers" Diogenes Laertius lists the following as the favorite themes of Antisthenes: "He would prove that virtue can be taught; and that nobility belongs to none other than the virtuous. And he held virtue to be sufficient in itself to ensure happiness, since it needed nothing else except the strength of spirit. And he maintained that virtue is an affair of deeds and does not need a store of words or learning; that the wise man is self-sufficing, for all the goods of others are his; that ill repute is a good thing and much the same as pain; that the wise man will be guided in his public acts not by the established laws but by the law of virtue; that he will also marry in order to have children from union with the handsomest women; furthermore that he will not disdain to love, for only the wise man knows who are worthy to be loved".


title: Antisthenes

text: Antisthenes was a pupil of Socrates, from whom he imbibed the fundamental ethical precept that virtue, not pleasure, is the end of existence. Everything that the wise person does, Antisthenes said, conforms to perfect virtue, and pleasure is not only unnecessary, but a positive evil. He is reported to have held pain and even ill-repute () to be blessings, and he said, "I'd rather be mad than feel pleasure". However, it is probable that he did not consider all pleasure worthless, but only that which results from the gratification of sensual or artificial desires, for we find him praising the pleasures which spring "from out of one's soul," and the enjoyments of a wisely chosen friendship. The supreme good he placed in a life lived according to virtue virtue consisting in action, which when obtained is never lost, and exempts the wise person from error. It is closely connected with reason, but to enable it to develop itself in action, and to be sufficient for happiness, it requires the aid of "Socratic strength" ().


title: Antisthenes

text: His work on natural philosophy (the "Physicus") contained a theory of the nature of the gods, in which he argued that there were many gods believed in by the people, but only one natural God. He also said that God resembles nothing on earth, and therefore could not be understood from any representation.


title: Antisthenes

text: In logic, Antisthenes was troubled by the problem of universals. As a proper nominalist, he held that definition and predication are either false or tautological, since we can only say that every individual is what it is, and can give no more than a description of its qualities, e.g. that silver is like tin in colour. Thus, he disbelieved the Platonic system of Ideas. "A horse I can see," said Antisthenes, "but horsehood I cannot see". Definition is merely a circuitous method of stating an identity: "a tree is a vegetable growth" is logically no more than "a tree is a tree".


title: Antisthenes

text: Antisthenes apparently distinguished "a general object that can be aligned with the meaning of the utterance" from "a particular object of extensional reference." This "suggests that he makes a distinction between sense and reference."


title: Antisthenes

text: The principal basis of this claim is a quotation in Alexander of Aphrodisias's “Comments on Aristotle's 'Topics'” with a three-way distinction:


title: Antisthenes

text: In later times Antisthenes came to be seen as the founder of the Cynics, but it is by no means certain that he would have recognized the term. Aristotle, writing a generation later refers several times to Antisthenes and his followers "the Antistheneans," but makes no reference to Cynicism. There are many later tales about the infamous Cynic Diogenes of Sinope dogging Antisthenes's footsteps and becoming his faithful hound, but it is similarly uncertain that the two men ever met. Some scholars, drawing on the discovery of defaced coins from Sinope dating from the period 350–340 BCE, believe that Diogenes only moved to Athens after the death of Antisthenes, and it has been argued that the stories linking Antisthenes to Diogenes were invented by the Stoics in a later period in order to provide a succession linking Socrates to Zeno via Antisthenes, Diogenes, and Crates. These tales were important to the Stoics for establishing a chain of teaching that ran from Socrates to Zeno. Others argue that the evidence from the coins is weak, and thus Diogenes could have moved to Athens well before 340 BCE. It is also possible that Diogenes visited Athens and Antisthenes before his exile, and returned to Sinope.


title: Antisthenes

text: Antisthenes certainly adopted a rigorous ascetic lifestyle, and he developed many of the principles of Cynic philosophy which became an inspiration for Diogenes and later Cynics. It was said that he had laid the foundations of the city which they afterwards built.


title: Catalan Opening

text: The Catalan Opening is a chess opening where White plays d4 and c4 and fianchettoes the white bishop on g2. A common opening sequence is 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3, although various other openings can transpose into the Catalan. The "Encyclopaedia of Chess Openings" lists codes E01–E09 for lines with 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.Bg2; other lines are part of E00.


title: Catalan Opening

text: In the Catalan, White adopts a combination of the Queen's Gambit and Réti Opening. White combines the space-gaining moves d4 and c4 with g3, preparing to fianchetto the king's bishop. This places pressure mainly on the queenside while hoping to keep the white king safe in the long-term. The c4-pawn can become vulnerable, however, and White might have to sacrifice a pawn.


title: Catalan Opening

text: Black has two main approaches to play against the Catalan: in the Open Catalan Black plays ...dxc4 and can either try to hold on to the pawn with ...b5 or give it back for extra time to free their game. In the Closed Catalan, Black does not capture on c4; their game can be somewhat for a while, but is quite . Additionally, Black has ways to avoid the Catalan.


title: Catalan Opening

text: The Catalan has had proponents at the highest level in chess, with Vladimir Kramnik, Viswanathan Anand and Magnus Carlsen all employing the opening in their respective World Chess Championship title games. A number of other grandmasters have successfully played the Catalan, including Fabiano Caruana, Daniil Dubov, Anish Giri and Ding Liren.


title: Catalan Opening

text: The Catalan derives its name from Catalonia, after tournament organisers at the 1929 Barcelona tournament asked Savielly Tartakower to create a new variation in homage to the area's chess history. It had been played a few times before Tartakower's usage in the tournament, however: for instance, Réti–Leonhardt, Berlin 1928 transposed into an Open Catalan. The opening cemented itself in the repertoire of leading players of the 1930s and 1940s, such as world champions Jose Raul Capablanca, Alexander Alekhine and Mikhail Botvinnik, as well as top grandmasters such as Salo Flohr, Paul Keres and Samuel Reshevsky.


title: Catalan Opening

text: The Catalan came to prominence at the top level when both Garry Kasparov and Viktor Korchnoi played it in their Candidates Semifinal match in London in 1983: five games of the eleven-game match featured the Catalan.


title: Catalan Opening

text: In 2004, Ruben Felgaer won a tournament celebrating the 75th anniversary of Barcelona 1929 and the birth of the Catalan Opening, ahead of Grandmasters (GMs) Viktor Korchnoi, Mihail Marin, Lluis Comas and Viktor Moskalenko and International Master Manel Granados. Each game in the tournament, which was also held in Barcelona, began with the moves 1.d4 d5 2.c4 e6 3.g3 Nf6.


title: Catalan Opening

text: With its use by Vladimir Kramnik, the Catalan gained a good deal of attention by high-level GMs in the 2010s. Kramnik played the opening three times in the World Chess Championship 2006. The Catalan was also played four times by Viswanathan Anand in the World Chess Championship 2010; in both instances, the opponent was Veselin Topalov, and in each instance, White scored two more points than Black.


title: Catalan Opening

text: Magnus Carlsen began to employ the Catalan as his main opening in the late 2010s, most notably using it in the second game of the 2021 World Chess Championship against Ian Nepomniachtchi, and used it extensively at the Tata Steel Chess Tournament 2022.


title: Catalan Opening

text: The Open Catalan, Classical Line (ECO code E05) consists of the moves 1.d4 Nf6 2.c4 e6 3.g3 d5 4.Bg2 dxc4 5.Nf3 Be7. White sacrifices the pawn for a lead in . Without a black pawn on d5, White's bishop hinders Black's development. The Open Catalan line has been a favorite of Anatoly Karpov and Efim Geller as Black and of Oleg Romanishin as White. Usually, White will recover the pawn with Qc2 and then a4, Ne5, or Qa4. In order to hold the pawn, Black will have to seriously weaken the queenside with ...a6 and ...b5.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Senna glycoside, also known as sennoside or senna, is a medication used to treat constipation and empty the large intestine before surgery. The medication is taken by mouth or via the rectum. It typically begins working in around 30 minutes when given by rectum and within twelve hours when given by mouth. It is a weaker laxative than bisacodyl or castor oil.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Common side effects of senna glycoside include abdominal cramps. It is not recommended for long-term use, as it may result in poor bowel function or electrolyte problems. While no harm has been found to result from use while breastfeeding, such use is not typically recommended. It is not typically recommended in children. Senna may change urine to a somewhat reddish color. Senna derivatives are a type of stimulant laxative and are of the anthraquinone type. While its mechanism of action is not entirely clear, senna is thought to act by increasing fluid secretion within and contraction of the large intestine.


title: Senna glycoside

text: It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It is available as a generic medication. Sennosides come from the group of plants "Senna". In plant form, it has been used at least since the 700s CE. In 2020, it was the 291st most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 1million prescriptions. It is sold under a number of brand names including Ex-Lax and Senokot.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Senna is used for episodic and chronic constipation though there is a lack of high-quality evidence to support its use for these purposes. It may also be used to aid in the evacuation of the bowel prior to surgery or invasive rectal or colonic examinations.


title: Senna glycoside

text: It should be taken once daily at bedtime. Oral senna products typically produce a bowel movement in 6 to 12 hours. Rectal suppositories can act within minutes or take up to two hours.


title: Senna glycoside

text: According to Commission E, senna is contraindicated in cases of intestinal obstruction, acute intestinal inflammation (e.g., Crohn's disease), ulcerative colitis, appendicitis, and abdominal pain of unknown origin.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Senna is considered contraindicated in people with a documented allergy to anthraquinones. Such allergies are rare and typically limited to dermatological reactions of redness and itching.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Adverse effects are typically limited to gastrointestinal reactions and include abdominal pain or cramps, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Regular use of senna products can lead to a characteristic brown pigmentation of the internal colonic wall seen on colonoscopy. This abnormal pigmentation is known as melanosis coli.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Senna glycosides can increase digoxin toxicity in patients taking digoxin by reducing serum potassium levels, thereby enhancing the effects of digoxin.


title: Senna glycoside

text: The breakdown products of senna act directly as irritants on the colonic wall to induce fluid secretion and colonic motility.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Senna is an over-the-counter medication available in multiple formulations, including oral formations (liquid, tablet, granular) and rectal suppositories. Senna products are manufactured by multiple generic drug makers and sold under various brand names.


title: Senna glycoside

text: Ex-Lax, Geri-kot, Perdiem Overnight Relief, Senexon, Pursennid, Senna Smooth, Senna-Gen, Senna-GRX, Senna-Lax, Senna-Tabs, Senna-Time, SennaCon, Senno, Senokot.


title: Bread roll

text: A roll is a small, usually round or oblong individual loaf of bread served as a meal accompaniment (eaten plain or with butter). Rolls can be served and eaten whole or are also commonly cut and filled – the result of doing so is considered a "sandwich" in American English and in Britain.


title: Bread roll

text: Rolls are common in Eastern, Northern, and Western Europe. Even in the same languages rolls are known by a variety of names. Some European languages have many local and dialectal terms for bread rolls. These include German language diminutives of "Brot" (bread) in most of western and central Germany (where they are called "Brötchen") and in Switzerland (where they are called "Brötli"). Other German language terms include "Rundstück" ("round piece") in Hamburg and Schleswig-Holstein; "Semmel" in Austria and southern Bavaria; "Weck" in much of Baden-Württemberg, Franconia and Saarland; "Schrippe" in Berlin and parts of Brandenburg. Some of these names reappear in other European languages as well, for example as "zsemle" in Hungarian, or "rundstykker" ("round pieces") in Danish and Norwegian.


title: Bread roll

text: "Small bread" is also found as Italian "panino", which also commonly denotes a stuffed small bread roll. The "Kaisersemmel" reappears in Italy as the "Michetta" or "Rosetta". In Swedish, a bread roll is a "(frukost) bullar" ("(breakfast) buns"), "franskbrödbullar" ("french bread bun") or simply "fralla" ("bun"), comfort food eaten with butter and any kind of topping (marmalade, cheese, ham, salami) for special weekend breakfasts. The "Doppelweck or Doppelbrötchen" is a type of bread roll originating from the Saarland which consists of two rolls joined together side-by-side before baking.


title: Bread roll

text: There are many terms for a bread roll within the United Kingdom depending on region. These names include bread roll, roll, and for a minority of the population (usually concentrated in specific regions) bap, barm cake, batch, breadcake, bun, cob, teacake and muffin.


title: Bread roll

text: A variety of rolls are found in Europe, from white rolls made with wheat flour, to dark rolls containing mostly rye flour. Many variants include spices, such as coriander and cumin, or nuts. Also common are bread rolls containing or garnished with whole seeds such as sesame, poppy, pumpkin or sunflower.


title: Cholinergic

text: Cholinergic agents are compounds which mimic the action of acetylcholine and/or butyrylcholine. In general, the word "choline" describes the various quaternary ammonium salts containing the "N","N","N"-trimethylethanolammonium cation. Found in most animal tissues, choline is a primary component of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine and functions with inositol as a basic constituent of lecithin. Choline also prevents fat deposits in the liver and facilitates the movement of fats into cells.


title: Cholinergic

text: The parasympathetic nervous system, which uses acetylcholine almost exclusively to send its messages, is said to be almost entirely cholinergic. Neuromuscular junctions, preganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system, the basal forebrain, and brain stem complexes are also cholinergic, as are the receptor for the merocrine sweat glands.


title: Cholinergic

text: The hypothesis states that a possible cause of AD is the reduced synthesis of acetylcholine, a neurotransmitter involved in both memory and learning, two important components of AD. Many current drug therapies for AD are centered on the cholinergic hypothesis, although not all have been effective. Studies performed in the 1980s demonstrated significant impairment of cholinergic markers in Alzheimer's patients.


title: Cholinergic

text: Thus it was proposed that degeneration of cholinergic neurons in the basal forebrain and the associated loss of cholinergic neurotransmission in the cerebral cortex and other areas contributed significantly to the deterioration in cognitive function seen in patients with Alzheimer's disease


title: Cholinergic

text: Further studies on the cholinergic system and AD demonstrated acetylcholine plays a role in learning and memory. Scopolamine, an anticholinergic drug, was used to block cholinergic activity in young adults and induce memory impairments similar to those present in the elderly. The memory impairments were reversed when treated with physostigmine, a cholinergic agonist. However, reversing memory impairments in AD patients may not be this easy due to permanent changes in brain structure.


title: Cholinergic

text: When young adults perform memory and attention tasks, brain activation patterns are balanced between the frontal and occipital lobes, creating a balance between bottom-up and top-down processing. Normal cognitive aging may affect long term and working memory, though the cholinergic system and cortical areas maintain performance through functional compensation. Adults with AD presenting with dysfunction of the cholinergic system are not able to compensate for long-term and working memory deficits.


title: Cholinergic

text: AD is currently treated by increasing acetylcholine concentration by using acetylcholinesterase inhibitors to inhibit acetylcholinesterase from breaking down acetylcholine. Current acetylcholinesterase inhibitors approved in the United States by the FDA to treat Alzheimer's include donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine. These drugs work to increase the levels of acetylcholine and subsequently increase the function of neural cells. However, not all treatments based upon the cholinergic hypothesis have been successful in treating the symptoms or slowing the progression of AD. Therefore, a disruption to the cholinergic system has been proposed as a consequence of AD rather than a direct cause.


title: The Supremes discography

text: American girl group The Supremes have released 29 studio albums, four live albums, two soundtrack albums, 32 compilation albums, four box sets, 66 singles and three promotional singles. The Supremes are the most successful American group of all-time, and the 26th greatest artist of all time on the US "Billboard" charts; with 12 number-one songs on the "Billboard" Hot 100 (the fifth-best total in the chart's history) and three number-one albums on the "Billboard" 200. The Supremes were the first artist to accumulate five consecutive number-one singles on the US Hot 100 and the first female group to top the Billboard 200 albums chart with "The Supremes A' Go-Go" (1966). In 2017, "Billboard" ranked The Supremes as the number-one girl group of all-time, publishing, 'although there have been many girl group smashes in the decades since the Supremes ruled the "Billboard" charts, no collective has yet to challenge their, for lack of a better word, supremacy.' In 2019, the Official Charts Company placed 7 Supremes songs—"You Can't Hurry Love" (16), "Baby Love" (23), "Stop! In The Name Of Love" (56), "Where Did Our Love Go?" (59), "You Keep Me Hangin' On" (78), "Come See About Me" (94) and "Stoned Love" (99)—on "The Official Top 100 Motown songs of the Millennium" chart, which ranks Motown releases by their all-time UK downloads and streams.


title: The Supremes discography

text: In 2020, Insider.com named The Supremes "the best-selling vocal group to date", after "Ebony" estimated The Supremes' record sales at 50 million in 1980 and Euronews reported total sales exceeding 100 million records in 2014. This would make the group one of the best-selling music artists of all time. However, Motown refused to submit their books for industry audit, until the 1980s, years after the group disbanded. As such, The Supremes' first certifications include; the "Anthology" compilation album, which peaked at number 66 on the US "Billboard" 200 and was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) on January 21, 1986; and the "Love Supreme" (1988) compilation, which peaked at number ten on the UK Albums Chart and was certified Silver by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) on January 27, 1989. To put this into perspective, the group's first hits compilation, "Greatest Hits" (1967), topped both the US and UK albums charts upon release. Despite selling over one million copies in the US, with 89 total weeks on the "Billboard" 200; and being the UK's fourth "longest-reigning Top 40 girl group album ever", with a total of 60 weeks in the top 40; "Greatest Hits" (1967) is not certified by either the RIAA or BPI.


title: The Supremes discography

text: After several non-charting releases, The Supremes made their first appearance on the US Hot 100 in August, 1962 with "Your Heart Belongs to Me". They released their debut album, "Meet The Supremes" (1962), featuring the singles, "I Want a Guy", "Buttered Popcorn" (led by Florence Ballard), "Your Heart Belongs to Me" and "Let Me Go the Right Way"; the latter being their first appearance on the US Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart (then titled Hot R&B Singles). Though "Meet The Supremes" failed to chart in the US, in 1964, it was released with an alternate tracklisting in the UK, featuring the title-track to their next album, "Where Did Our Love Go", which peaked at number three in the UK. The UK release of "Meet The Supremes" peaked at number thirteen, becoming the first charting LP for Motown in the UK.


title: The Supremes discography

text: The Supremes' second studio album "Where Did Our Love Go" (1964), featured their first three consecutive number-ones and million-sellers in the US; "Where Did Our Love Go", "Baby Love" and "Come See About Me"; as well as their first top 40 and international hit, "When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes". "Where Did Our Love Go" sold over 2 million copies in the US alone, where it is ranked number 586 on the "Billboard" all-time chart, where "Baby Love" is number 559. "Where Did Our Love Go" also hit number-one in Canada and New Zealand; whilst "Baby Love" topped the charts in the UK, New Zealand and Singapore, and was nominated at the 7th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Rhythm & Blues Recording. The album, "Where Did Our Love Go" topped the US Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart (then titled Hot R&B LPs), and hit number two on the "Billboard" 200, where it spent a total of 89 weeks.


title: The Supremes discography

text: This was followed by the themed albums, "A Bit of Liverpool" (1964), "The Supremes Sing Country, Western and Pop" (1965) and "We Remember Sam Cooke" (1965), which charted at numbers 21, 79 and 75 in the US, respectively. Their sixth studio album, "More Hits by The Supremes", hit number six on the "Billboard" 200 and two on the R&B Albums chart. It contained their fourth and fifth consecutive US number-ones and million-sellers; "Stop! In the Name of Love", nominated at the 8th Annual Grammy Awards for Best Contemporary (R&R) Performance – Group (Vocal or Instrumental); and "Back in My Arms Again" which also hit number one in Canada. Last single, "Nothing but Heartaches", was their sixth consecutive million-selling single in the US, notable for breaking their chain of number-ones when it peaked at number eleven. Their first live album, "The Supremes at the Copa" (1965) was released alongside their seventh studio album, "Merry Christmas" (1965); which produced the singles "Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Me", "My Favorite Things" and "Santa Claus Is Coming to Town", which hit number one in Singapore and number two in Malaysia.


title: The Supremes discography

text: The Supremes' eighth studio album, "I Hear a Symphony" (1966), was their second number-one album on the "Billboard" R&B chart. It features their seventh and eighth consecutive US million-sellers; the title track, which hit number one in the US and Canada, and US top 5, "My World Is Empty Without You", which also topped the Canadian singles chart. "The Supremes A' Go-Go" (1966), their ninth studio album, 'made chart history' as 'the first album in the rock era by a girl group' to hit number-one in the US. It contains the US top 10 "Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart" and their ninth US million-seller and seventh number one, "You Can't Hurry Love". Their tenth studio album, "The Supremes Sing Holland–Dozier–Holland" (1967), was their third "Billboard" R&B number one; featuring their tenth and eleventh US million-sellers; "You Keep Me Hangin' On" and "Love Is Here and Now You're Gone", which both topped the US Hot 100. Included on the "Greatest Hits" (1967) compilation, their twelfth million-selling single in the US, "The Happening", also topped the US Hot 100, becoming their tenth US number-one between 1964 and 1967.


title: The Supremes discography

text: As Diana Ross & the Supremes, they released two further singles featuring vocals by founding member Florence Ballard; their 13th US million-seller "Reflections" and US top 10 "In and Out of Love". Their twelfth studio album, "Reflections" (1968), contains both singles and was the first to feature Cindy Birdsong in Ballard's place. Their fourteenth studio album, "Diana Ross & the Supremes Join the Temptations", was their first UK number-one album. It featured the hit single, "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me", which sold 900,000 copies in its first two weeks of release and was certified Platinum by the RIAA on August 7, 1997. This was shortly followed by their eleventh US number-one single "Love Child", which sold 500,000 in its first week and 2 million copies by the end of 1968 in the US alone. Also a number-one hit in Canada in New Zealand, "Love Child" was the title track of their 1968 album. Their second live album, "Live at London's Talk of the Town" (1968), was their first live release to chart in the UK. Their first soundtrack album, "TCB" (1968), became their third release to top both the US "Billboard" 200 and R&B Albums charts.


title: The Supremes discography

text: Their sixteenth studio album, "Let the Sunshine In" (1969), produced three top 40 singles, including the top 10, "I'm Livin' in Shame". "Together", their seventeenth studio album and second with The Temptations, produced the lone single "The Weight", which became the group's lowest-charting single since 1964's "Run, Run, Run". The group's eighteenth studio album, "Cream of the Crop", was the last released with Diana Ross. It contains their last US number-one, "Someday We'll Be Together", which sold 2 million in the US and 3 million worldwide. The single was certified Platinum by the RIAA on August 7, 1997.


title: The Supremes discography

text: As The Supremes, with Jean Terrell as lead singer, their nineteenth studio album, "Right On" (1970), was released. It features "Up the Ladder to the Roof", which hit the top 10 in Canada, Iceland, the UK and the US, where it became The Supremes' seventeenth million-selling single. "The Magnificent 7" (1970), their first collaborative studio album with the Four Tops, is one of The Supremes' highest-charting album releases in the UK, where it peaked at number six. "The Magnificent 7", featured their cover of Ike & Tina Turner's, "River Deep, Mountain High", which became the most successful US release of the song, peaking at number fourteen on the Hot 100 and number seven on the R&B chart.


title: The Supremes discography

text: Their twenty-first studio album, "New Ways but Love Stays" (1970), features "Stoned Love", which became the group's last number-one on the US "Billboard" R&B singles chart and last top 10 on the Hot 100. Internationally, "Stoned Love" hit the top 10 in Canada, Iceland and Singapore; and was The Supremes' highest charting UK single since "I'm Gonna Make You Love Me" (with The Temptations) in 1968 and "You Can't Hurry Love" in 1966, which like "Stoned Love", peaked at number 3. "Touch" (1971), is the twenty-third studio album by The Supremes and their last non-compilation album to chart in the UK top 40. "Touch" includes the single, "Nathan Jones", which hit the UK top 5, as well as the top 20 in Canada and the US, where it became the group's third million-selling single with Jean Terrell. "Floy Joy" (1972), their twenty-fifth studio album, contains the US top 40 singles, "Floy Joy" and "Automatically Sunshine", which both reached the UK top 10. "Floy Joy" was the fourth million-selling Supremes single in the US with Terrell, and twentieth million-selling single by the group overall. In 1973, the Stevie Wonder-produced "Bad Weather", featuring Cindy Birdsong replacement Lynda Laurence, was the group's last single to reach the UK top 40. In the US, "Bad Weather" was the group's lowest-charting single since "Run, Run, Run" in 1964.


title: The Supremes discography

text: Following this, Jean Terrell and Lynda Laurence left and were replaced by former Glass House member and new lead singer, Scherrie Payne and former Supreme Cindy Birdsong. After a two-year hiatus, with original member Mary Wilson, they released their twenty-seventh studio album "The Supremes" (1975). "High Energy" (1976), their twenty-eighth studio album, featured the group's last US top 40 hit, "I'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking", which features additional vocals by Susaye Greene, who replaced Birdsong during the album's recording. Of The Supremes' 1970s albums, "High Energy", is the second-highest charting after "Right On" (1970), whilst in Canada, "High Energy" is the highest-charting Supremes album since "TCB" (1968). "Mary, Scherrie & Susaye" (1976) is the twenty-ninth and final studio album by The Supremes, featuring their last single to hit the US Hot 100, "You're My Driving Wheel"; plus the singles "Let Yourself Go" and "Love, I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good", which all reached number five on the US Dance Club Songs chart.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The 6.5×52mm Carcano, also known as the 6.5×52mm Parravicini–Carcano or 6.5×52mm Mannlicher–Carcano, is an Italian military 6.5 mm (.268 cal, actually 0.2675 inches) rimless bottle-necked rifle cartridge, developed from 1889 to 1891 and used in the Carcano 1891 rifle and many of its successors. A common synonym in American gun literature is "6.5mm Italian." In American parlance, "Carcano" is frequently added to better distinguish it from the rimmed hunting cartridge 6.5×52mmR (U.S. version: .25-35 Winchester). Ballistically, its performance is very similar to that of the 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: Under the direction of the "Commissione delle Armi Portatili" (commission for portable weapons), instituted in 1888, to develop a smokeless-powder rifle for the Italian Army, the "Reale Laboratorio Pirotecnico di Bologna" (royal pyrotechnical laboratory of Bologna) developed and tried several different cartridge designs, with bullet diameters from 6 to 8mm. Finally, due also to the influence of Major Antonio Benedetti of the Brescia Arsenal, secretary of the commission and strong supporter of the advantages of smallbore cartridges, the 6.5×52 cartridge was adopted in March 1890, prior to the adoption of the rifle that used it (the Model 1891 Carcano rifle).


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: After the adoption of the cartridge, the arsenal's technicians worried about the characteristics of the original ballistite load, since that propellant was considered too erosive (flame temperature of 3,000-3,500 °C) and not stable under severe climatic conditions. Several other loads were tested, including the British cordite, but without good results, until the "Reale Polverificio del Liri" (royal explosives factory of Liri) developed a new propellant called "Solenite," composed of trinitrocellulose (40%), dinitrocellulose (21%), nitroglycerine (36%) and mineral oil (3%), and shaped in large tube-like grains. The new propellant reduced the flame temperatures to 2,600 °C and proved to be very stable, and was adopted in 1896 and never changed until the end of the military production of the cartridge.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The 6.5×52mm Carcano was designed as an infantry cartridge. In accordance with the tactics of the time, the adjustable rear sight of the rifle allowed for volley fire up to 2,000 metres. The 6.5×52mm Carcano was the first to be officially adopted of a class of similar smallbore military rifle cartridges which included the 6.5×50mm Arisaka (Japan), 6.5×53mmR Mannlicher (Romania/Netherlands), 6.5×54mm Mannlicher–Schönauer (Greece), 6.5×55mm Swedish Mauser (also Norwegian Krag–Jørgensen), and the Portuguese 6.5×58mm Vergueiro.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: A comparison with larger-bore smokeless powder cartridges of the 7 and 8 mm calibre class (such as the French 8×50mmR Lebel, the German 7.92×57mm, the Austrian 8×50mmR Mannlicher, the .303 British, the Russian 7.62×54mmR, the Belgian and 7.65×53mm Argentine, the American .30-40 Krag, and the much later .30-03 and .30-06 Springfield) may make the 6.5mm rounds appear underpowered on paper, and lacking in stopping power. However, the small bore cartridges have a long list of advantages, such as flatness of trajectory, outstanding penetration at distance, less weight, less recoil, smaller dimensions, and less material required in production.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: Its short-lived intended successor cartridge, the 7.35×51mm Carcano, was designed to replace the 6.5mm Carcano, but those plans were cancelled due to the logistic difficulties that arose once World War II commenced.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The original 6.5×52mm barrel design, developed by the Brescia Arsenal at the same time as the cartridge before development of the M91 Carcano rifle itself, used a gain twist barrel with deep rifling to reduce wear and give consistent accuracy. A gain twist has a slow initial twist in the barrel, progressively getting faster until the final twist rate is attained near the muzzle, resulting in less torque being imparted to the bullet during the highest stress phase of the interior ballistic cycle, and thus less wear in the throat of the barrel. Gain twist was phased out in the last production of the Carcano rifle in favour of conventional rifling.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The cartridge is acceptable, with proper bullet, for medium-size big game such as North American whitetail deer within 250 yards. However, the standard Italian service round used an unstable round-nosed bullet with a propensity to tumble, whether hitting soft tissue/ballistic gel or harder material such as bone.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The much maligned cartridge suffered a PR nightmare since it was used in the JFK assassination by Lee Harvey Oswald. Dubbed the "humanitarian" by members of the Warren Commission, due to perceived deficits in quality and performance, it has never enjoyed more than a cult following by collectors and historians. Rather, it has been found that the cartridge is indeed accurate and the rifles were well constructed. Cartridge developers and experimental handloaders such as P.O. Ackley found the rifle was able to handle excess pressure, with even Ackley's abuse "unable to break the action." A testament to the quality of the rifle and the cartridge.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The currently available factory ammunition may lack accuracy due to the use of a 6.7mm (.264 in) bullet instead of the 6.8mm (.267 in) as originally loaded. While manufacturers do sell equipment to size the neck of the cartridge case to .267, as of 2022, only one .267 option is available for handloaders. Prvi Partizan, of Serbia, manufactures a 139 gr. FMJ bullet both as a component and factory produced ammunition. Hornaday produced a 160 gr. FMJ bullet until recently, but has since discontinued production.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The standard military cartridge and the currently available Prvi Partizan can be duplicated using modern smokeless powders branded by Hodgdon such as H 4831, H4064, and IMR 4895. Data includes options for .264 and .267 sized projectiles. Appropriate sized bullets (.267-.268 in.) would have to be hand cast using bullet moulds. None of the major manufacturers currently (as of 2022) list the appropriate sized projectile in their catalogs. Rare and expensive legacy moulds could be available on the second-hand market.


title: 6.5×52mm Carcano

text: The cartridge was identified by the Warren Commission as the round used in a World War II-surplus Italian 1891 Carcano (Fucile di Fanteria Mod. 91/38) rifle used by Lee Harvey Oswald at the Texas School Book Depository to assassinate United States President John F. Kennedy at Dealey Plaza in Dallas, Texas on November 22, 1963.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Zygmunt Bauman (; 19 November 1925 – 9 January 2017) was a Polish sociologist and philosopher. He was driven out of the Polish People's Republic during the 1968 Polish political crisis and forced to give up his Polish citizenship. He emigrated to Israel; three years later he moved to the United Kingdom. He resided in England from 1971, where he studied at the London School of Economics and became Professor of Sociology at the University of Leeds, later Emeritus. Bauman was a social theorist, writing on issues as diverse as modernity and the Holocaust, postmodern consumerism and liquid modernity.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman was born to non-observant Polish Jewish family in Poznań, Second Polish Republic, in 1925. In 1939, when Poland was invaded by Nazi Germany and the Soviet Union, his family escaped eastwards into the USSR.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In the 1940s Bauman enlisted in the Soviet-controlled First Polish Army, working as a political instructor. He took part in the Battle of Kolberg (1945) and the Battle of Berlin. In May 1945, he was awarded the Military Cross of Valour. After World War II he became one of the Polish Army's youngest majors.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: According to the Polish Institute of National Remembrance, from 1945 to 1953 Bauman was a political officer in the Internal Security Corps (KBW), a military intelligence formed to combat the Ukrainian Insurgent Army and the remnants of the Polish Home Army. From 1945 to 1948 Bauman worked for military intelligence. However, the nature and extent of his collaboration remain unknown, as well as the exact circumstances under which it was terminated.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In an interview with "The Guardian", Bauman confirmed he had been a committed communist during and after World War II and had never made a secret of it. He admitted that joining the military intelligence service at age 19 was a mistake although he had a "dull" desk-job and did not remember informing on anyone. While serving in the Internal Security Corps, Bauman first studied sociology at the Warsaw Academy of Political and Social Science. In 1953, Bauman, already in the rank of major, was suddenly dishonourably discharged, after his father had approached the Israeli embassy in Warsaw with a view to emigrating to Israel. As Bauman did not share his father's Zionist tendencies and was indeed strongly anti-Zionist, his dismissal caused a severe, though temporary estrangement from his father. During the period of unemployment that followed, he completed his M.A. and in 1954 became a lecturer at the University of Warsaw, where he remained until 1968.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: While at the London School of Economics, where his supervisor was Robert McKenzie, he prepared a comprehensive study on the British socialist movement, his first major book. Published originally in Polish in 1959, a revised edition appeared in English in 1972. Bauman went on to publish other books, including "Socjologia na co dzień" ("Everyday Sociology", 1964), which reached a large popular audience in Poland and later formed the foundation for the English-language text-book "Thinking Sociologically" (1990). Initially, Bauman remained close to orthodox Marxist doctrine, but, influenced by Georg Simmel and Antonio Gramsci, he became increasingly critical of Poland's Communist government. Owing to this he was never awarded a professorship even after he completed his habilitation but, after his former teacher, Julian Hochfeld, was made vice-director of UNESCO's Department for Social Sciences in Paris in 1962, Bauman did in fact inherit Hochfeld's chair.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Faced with increasing political pressure connected with a political purge led by Mieczysław Moczar, the Chief of the Polish Communist Security Police, Bauman renounced his membership of the governing Polish United Workers' Party in January 1968. The March 1968 events culminated in a purge that drove many remaining Communist Poles of Jewish descent out of the country, including those intellectuals who had fallen from grace with the communist government. Bauman, who had lost his chair at the University of Warsaw, was among them. He had to give up Polish citizenship to be allowed to leave the country.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: From 1968- 1970 he went to Israel to teach at Tel Aviv University. Thereafter he accepted the chair of sociology at the University of Leeds, where he intermittently also served as head of the department. After his appointment, he published almost exclusively in English, his third language, and his reputation grew.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: From the late 1990s, Bauman exerted a considerable influence on the anti- or alter-globalization movement.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In a 2011 interview in the Polish weekly, "Polityka", Bauman criticised Zionism and Israel, saying Israel was not interested in peace and that it was "taking advantage of the Holocaust to legitimize unconscionable acts". He compared the Israeli West Bank barrier to the walls of the Warsaw Ghetto where hundreds of thousands of Jews died in the Holocaust. The Israeli ambassador to Warsaw, Zvi Bar, called Bauman's comments "half truths" and "groundless generalizations."


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman was a supporter of the Campaign for the Establishment of a United Nations Parliamentary Assembly, an organisation which advocates for democratic reform in the United Nations, and the creation of a more accountable international political system.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman was married to writer Janina Bauman, née Lewinson; 18 August 1926 – 29 December 2009. They had three daughters, painter Lydia Bauman, architect Irena Bauman, and professor Anna Sfard, a leading theorist of education at the University of Haifa. His grandson Michael Sfard is a prominent civil rights lawyer and author in Israel. Zygmunt Bauman died in Leeds on 9 January 2017.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman's published work extends to 57 books and well over a hundred articles. Most of these address a number of common themes, among which are globalisation, modernity and postmodernity, consumerism, and morality.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman's earliest publication in English is a study of the British labour movement and its relationship to class and social stratification, originally published in Poland in 1960. He continued to publish on the subject of class and social conflict until the early 1980s. His last book was on the subject of "Memories of Class". Whilst his later books do not address issues of class directly, he continued to describe himself as a socialist, and he never rejected Marxism entirely. The Neo-Marxist theorist Antonio Gramsci in particular remained one of his most profound influences, along with Neo-Kantian sociologist and philosopher Georg Simmel.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In the late 1980s and early 1990s Bauman published a number of books that dealt with the relationship between modernity, bureaucracy, rationality and social exclusion. Bauman, following Freud, came to view European modernity as a trade off: European society, he argued, had agreed to forego a level of freedom to receive the benefits of increased individual security. Bauman argued that modernity, in what he later came to term its 'solid' form, involved removing unknowns and uncertainties. It involved control over nature, hierarchical bureaucracy, rules and regulations, control and categorisation — all of which attempted to remove gradually personal insecurities, making the chaotic aspects of human life appear well-ordered and familiar.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Later in a number of books Bauman began to develop the position that such order-making never manages to achieve the desired results.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: When life becomes organised into familiar and manageable categories, he argued, there are always social groups who cannot be administered, who cannot be separated out and controlled. In his book "Modernity and Ambivalence" Bauman began to theorise about such indeterminate persons in terms of an allegorical figure he called, 'the stranger.' Drawing upon Georg Simmel's sociology and the philosophy of Jacques Derrida, Bauman came to write of the stranger as the person who is present yet unfamiliar, society's "undecidable". In "Modernity and Ambivalence" Bauman attempted to give an account of the different approaches modern society adopts toward the stranger. He argued that, on the one hand, in a consumer-oriented economy the strange and the unfamiliar is always enticing; in different styles of food, different fashions and in tourism it is possible to experience the allure of what is unfamiliar. Yet this strange-ness also has a more negative side. The stranger, because he cannot be controlled or ordered, is always the object of fear; he is the potential mugger, the person outside of society's borders who is a constant threat.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman's most famous book, "Modernity and the Holocaust", is an attempt to give a full account of the dangers of those kinds of fears. Drawing upon Hannah Arendt and Theodor Adorno's books on totalitarianism and the Enlightenment, Bauman developed the argument that the Holocaust should not simply be considered to be an event in Jewish history, nor a regression to pre-modern barbarism. Rather, he argued, the Holocaust should be seen as deeply connected to modernity and its order-making efforts. Procedural rationality, the division of labour into smaller and smaller tasks, the taxonomic categorisation of different species, and the tendency to view obedience to rules as morally good, all played their role in the Holocaust coming to pass. He argued that for this reason modern societies have not fully grasped the lessons of the Holocaust; it tends to be viewed—to use Bauman's metaphor—like a picture hanging on the wall, offering few lessons. In Bauman's analysis the Jews became 'strangers' "par excellence" in Europe. The Final Solution was pictured by him as an extreme example of the attempt made by society to excise the uncomfortable and indeterminate elements that exist within it. Bauman, like the philosopher Giorgio Agamben, contended that the same processes of exclusion that were at work in the Holocaust could, and to an extent do, still come into play today.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In the mid-to-late 1990s, Bauman began to explore "postmodernity" and "consumerism". He posited that a shift had taken place in modern society in the latter half of the 20th century. It had changed from a society of producers into a society of consumers. According to Bauman, this change reversed Freud's "modern" tradeoff—i.e., security was given up in exchange for more freedom, freedom to purchase, consume, and enjoy life. In his books in the 1990s Bauman wrote of this as being a shift from "modernity" to "post-modernity".


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Since the turn of the millennium, his books have tried to avoid the confusion surrounding the term "postmodernity" by using the metaphors of "liquid" and "solid" modernity. In his books on modern consumerism, Bauman still writes of the same uncertainties that he portrayed in his writings on "solid" modernity; but in these books he writes of fears becoming more diffuse and harder to pin down. Indeed, they are, to use the title of one of his books, "liquid fears" – fears about paedophilia, for instance, which are amorphous and have no easily identifiable reference.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman is credited with coining the term allosemitism to encompass both philo-Semitic and anti-Semitic attitudes towards Jews as the other. Bauman reportedly predicted the negative political effect that social media have on voter's choice by denouncing them as 'trap' where people only "see reflections of their own face".


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: One of Bauman works focuses on the concept of art as influenced by the liquidity of appreciation. The author puts forward the idea that "we desire and seek a realization that usually consists of a constant "becoming", in a permanent disposition of "becoming"". In essence, our aim is not the object of our longing but the action of longing itself, and the worst peril is reaching complete satisfaction.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In this framework, Bauman explores how art can position itself in a world where the fleeting is the dominant paradigm. Art is substantially something that contributes to giving immortality to virtually anything: hence the philosopher wonders, "can art transform the ephemeral into an eternal matter?". Bauman concludes that the current reality is characterized by individuals who do not have time nor space to relate with the everlasting, with absolute and established values. Art and the relation of people with them, both in creating it and in participating in it, is dramatically changing. Citing Hannah Arendt, he asserts that "an object is cultural if it persists; its temporary aspect, its permanence, is opposite to the functional [...] culture sees itself threatened when all the objects in the world, those produced today and those of the past, are exclusively considered from the point of view of utility for the social process of survival". Withal, the concept of culture and art can only find a sense in the liquid society if it abandons its traditional understanding and adopts the deconstructive approach. Bauman gives as examples artworks by Manolo Valdés, Jacques Villeglé and Herman Braun-Vega.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: Bauman was awarded the European Amalfi Prize for Sociology and Social Sciences in 1992 and the Theodor W. Adorno Award of the city of Frankfurt in 1998. He was awarded in 2010, jointly with Alain Touraine, the Princess of Asturias Award for Communication and the Humanities.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: The University of Leeds established 'The Bauman Institute' within its School of Sociology and Social Policy in his honour in September 2010. The University of Lower Silesia, a small private higher education institution in Lower Silesia, Poland, planned to award Bauman an honorary doctorate in October 2013. However, as a reaction to a major anti-communist and what Bauman supporters allege "anti-semitic" uproar against him, he eventually rejected the award.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In 2015 the University of Salento awarded Bauman an honorary degree in Modern Languages, Literature and Literary Translation.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In 2014, Peter Walsh, a PhD candidate at the University of Cambridge, accused Bauman of plagiarism from several websites, including Wikipedia, in his book "Does the Richness of the Few Benefit Us All?" (2013). In this book Bauman is said to have copied verbatim paragraphs from Wikipedia articles on Slow Food and steady-state economy, along with their bibliography, without attributing sources, authors or the fact that they were copied from Wikipedia. He did use a paragraph from the article on the golden handshake, but this citation was properly attributed to Wikipedia.


title: Zygmunt Bauman

text: In a response, Bauman suggested that "obedience" to "technical" rules was unnecessary, and that he "never once failed to acknowledge the authorship of the ideas or concepts that I deployed, or that inspired the ones I coined". In a detailed critique of Walsh and co-author David Lehmann, cultural critics Brad Evans and Henry A. Giroux concluded: "This charge against Bauman is truly despicable. It's a reactionary ideological critique dressed up as the celebration of method and a back-door defence of sterile empiricism and culture of positivism. This is a discourse that enshrines data, correlations, and performance, while eschewing matters of substance, social problems, and power."


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: Kevin Pouya (born December 20, 1994), known mononymously as Pouya, is an American rapper from Miami, Florida. Considered as a pioneer of the early underground rap scene that began on SoundCloud in 2012, along with discovering the well known hip-hop duo Suicideboys in their early career, Pouya has developed a long lasting core fanbase as an independent artist.


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: As a teenager, Pouya and his best friend Nicholas Voutsinas (known professionally as "Fat Nick") had a YouTube comedy channel called "NICK AND POUYA SHOW". While mostly being comedy sketches, the videos also served as mini vlogs for the friends. Travelling around the local neighborhoods in Miami, they would often feature other friends in the videos, including future rapper Denzel Curry and the group RVIDXR KLVN.


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: Pouya dropped out of high school in his sophomore year. He worked cleaning toilets at a restaurant for a year before finding success in music.


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: Pouya started rapping seriously around 2011, and after debuting a freestyle with local Florida rapper Nell titled "Shotz From The Double Glock", began releasing music frequently. Again staying close with childhood friend Fat Nick, the two formed the "Buffet Boys", a group that later became their record label. He gained notoriety after he released the song "Get Buck" in 2013, which as of June 2022 has over 13 million video views. On November 20, 2013, Pouya released a collaboration EP with The Cool Kids' Sir Michael Rocks titled "Gookin"'. The two connected after Rocks had moved to Miami.


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: His fifth solo mixtape "Stunna", would be released on May 5, 2014. "Elevator Magazine" would describe the mixtape as Bone Thugs-N-Harmony influenced, saying "he does a great job of molding their style into his own version with a twist of his own style thrown in there." His next mixtape would be released on March 25, 2015, entitled "South Side Slugs". The mixtape would contain guest appearances from Sir Michael Rocks, Denzel Curry, SDotBraddy, Alex Wiley, Fat Nick, Germ and Mikey The Magician. Pouya collaborated with Suicideboys on an EP, $outh $ide $uicide, that was released on September 1, 2015.


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: In 2016, he released his debut studio album "Underground Underdog" under the Buffet Boys label. The album peaked at #156 on the Billboard 200. In 2017, he was a featured artist in the song "On Her Mind" by progressive metalcore band Volumes on their album Different Animals. That same year, he released a collaboration mixtape with Fat Nick titled "Drop Out of School". In 2018 he released his second studio album, titled "Five Five". On June 30, 2019, Pouya released his third studio album titled, "The South Got Something to Say." The album included guest appearances from City Morgue, Juicy J and Ghostemane.


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: In December 2020, Pouya collaborated with Fat Nick to release "Drop Out of School 2". Pouya's fourth studio album "Blood Was Never Thick As Water" was released on October 22, 2021. The title comes from a lyric in the closing song to the album, and features rapper Denzel Curry and singer Lu. In February 2022, he released the extended play "dirt/hurt/pain/". It would be the last project by Pouya to be released under "Buffet Boys".


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: In March 2022, Pouya along with other "Buffet Boys" members, announced that the label would be disbanding indefinitely. Not long after, they announced their new label "All But 6 Records".


title: Pouya (rapper)

text: Pouya has been in a longtime relationship with internet personality and entrepreneur Courtney Neville (known professionally as "Young Baby Coco") since 2017.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Shirley Valentine is a 1989 British romantic comedy-drama film directed by Lewis Gilbert. The screenplay by Willy Russell is based on his 1986 one-character play of the same title, which follows middle-aged Shirley Valentine in an unexpected discovery of herself, and rekindling of her childhood dreams and youthful love of life.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Pauline Collins reprises the title role as middle-aged housewife Shirley, which she had previously played in the stage production in London's West End and on Broadway, and Tom Conti plays Costas Dimitriades, the owner of a Greek tavern with whom she has a holiday romance.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Shirley Valentine is a bored 42-year-old working class Liverpudlian housewife whose life and initially enriching marriage has settled into a narrow and unsatisfying rut, leaving few real friends and her childhood dreams unaccomplished and she feels as if her husband and children treat her more like a servant. When her flamboyant friend Jane wins a trip for two to Greece, Shirley uncharacteristically puts herself first and accepts Jane's invitation.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Shirley feels considerable self-doubt, and ultimately only goes because of unexpected encouragement from her neighbour Gillian, who drops her air of superiority to reveal her respect and emotional support of Shirley's plans, and former school enemy Marjorie Majors, who reveals she had in fact been envious of Shirley's rebellious role at school, and had become a high class prostitute rather than a prestigious air hostess.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Upon arrival, Jane immediately abandons Shirley for a holiday romance with a fellow passenger from their flight, leaving Shirley to set out on her own. She begins to see her fellow holidaymakers through new eyes, as she genuinely enjoys Greece while they want British food and stereotypical entertainment. She remains contentedly alone until she meets Costas Dimitriades, the owner of a nearby tavern, who helps her fulfil a dream of drinking wine by the seashore in the country where the grapes were grown, and later invites her to travel around the nearby islands for a day on his brother's boat. Costas promises not to try to seduce her, while nonetheless bolstering her self-confidence in her own attractiveness ("You think I want to make fuck with you? Of course I want to make fuck with you. But boat is boat, and fuck is fuck.").


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: As Shirley prepares for the trip, Jane returns and begs for forgiveness for abandoning her; Jane is then stunned to find that Shirley has made plans on her own and will be going out with Costas imminently. Enjoying the day out, Shirley decides to swim in the sea; lacking a swimsuit, she swims naked instead with Costas joining her in the water. She realises that she does not want Costas to keep his promise. They kiss and later on the boat have very intense sex.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: On her return, Jane believes that Shirley has fallen in love with Costas, but Shirley reveals to the audience that she has fallen in love with the idea of living. She spends more time with Costas, and at the airport turns back, and walks to Costas's tavern to find him attempting to seduce another tourist the same way. Costas is shocked to see Shirley after her departure, but she says she wants a job and is not upset at catching him in the act.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Shirley's husband Joe, who was angry and confused at her departure, waits for her return with a large armful of flowers. He is shocked and embarrassed to find Shirley chose to stay and is not on the plane, and repeatedly calls her, pleading and arguing for her to return, saying that it is her place and she is embarrassing him, or telling her that her actions result from a midlife crisis or menopause.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Shirley becomes more content with her new life. She also becomes a great success with narrow-minded holiday makers who want the same food as in Britain. Finally, their son tells Joe to go and get her instead of just phoning. Receiving a telegram about Joe's arrival, Costas makes excuses and leaves for the day, while Shirley is unperturbed. Joe walks from the airport. Shirley, wearing sunglasses and now feeling like a different person, is sipping wine by the sea in the sunset. Joe does not recognise her and walks past until she calls him back. The film ends with the two drinking wine by the sea, leaving open the question of how the matter resolved.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: In various versions of the film, as modified for distribution, child viewing, and television, the line spoken by Costas has been changed to "of course I would like to make love with you. But love is love and boat is boat", to avoid the use of adult language.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: The film was shot on location in Liverpool, Twickenham, Oxford Circus, Bloomsbury, and St Pancras railway station in England, and on the island of Mykonos in Greece.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: The film's theme song, "The Girl Who Used to Be Me", was written by Marvin Hamlisch and Alan and Marilyn Bergman, and performed by Patti Austin.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: The film opened the Montreal World Film Festival at the Théâtre Maisonneuve on 24 August 1989. Unlike most openers of the festival in French-speaking Quebec, it was shown without French subtitles. The film opened in the United States and Canada on 30 August, in London on 13 October and in the UK on 27 October 1989.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: The film was generally received favourably, and went on to win a number of awards; criticisms generally focused on the transition from one-person play to screen in which Collins's acting provided the strength of the film and much of the rest was seen as weak.


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Jow Brown of "The Washington Post" called the film "an uncommonly warm, relaxed little movie . . . without a cloying artificially sweetened aftertaste." He continued, "The story's a bit of romantic whimsy, but it affords a great many comfortable and comforting laughs, and may even serve as a wake-up call for some."


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: "Radio Times" rated the film four out of five stars and added, "Lewis Gilbert manages to retain the best of Willy Russell's theatrical devices . . . while opening out the action to embrace a big-screen atmosphere. The supporting cast, particularly Bernard Hill as Collins's Neanderthal husband, is equally convincing, with only the hammy Conti (glistening teeth and appalling accent) striking a momentary false note."


title: Shirley Valentine (film)

text: Among reviewers who found the film banal and hollow, Caryn James of "The New York Times" observed, "By adding all the characters and settings that Shirley only talks about on stage, the film reveals the weakness of Mr. Russell's script as surely as if a magician's clumsy assistant had pointed a finger at a secret trapdoor. Ms. Collins brings as much energy and warmth to the role as ever, but on screen the strength of her performance is shattered by being chopped into tiny, disconnected bits."