title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday was welcomed into the circle of the social, economic, and political elite. He counted among his neighbors and acquaintances several prominent businessmen. Sunday dined with numerous politicians, including Presidents Theodore Roosevelt and Woodrow Wilson, and counted both Herbert Hoover and John D. Rockefeller, Jr. as friends. During and after the 1917 Los Angeles campaign, the Sundays visited with Hollywood stars, and members of Sunday's organization played a charity baseball game against a team of show business personalities that included Douglas Fairbanks, Sr.


title: Billy Sunday

text: The Sundays enjoyed dressing well and dressing their children well; the family sported expensive but tasteful coats, boots, and jewelry. Nell Sunday also bought land as an investment. In 1909, the Sundays bought an apple orchard in Hood River, Oregon, where they vacationed for several years. Although the property sported only a rustic cabin, reporters called it a "ranch." Sunday was a soft touch with money and gave away much of his earnings. Neither of the Sundays were extravagant spenders. Although Sunday enjoyed driving, the couple never owned a car. In 1911, the Sundays moved to Winona Lake, Indiana, and built an American Craftsman-style bungalow, which they called "Mount Hood", probably as a reminder of their Oregon vacation cabin. The bungalow, furnished in the popular Arts and Crafts style, had two porches and a terraced garden but only nine rooms, of living space, and no garage.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday was a conservative evangelical who accepted fundamentalist doctrines. He affirmed and preached the biblical inerrancy, the virgin birth of Jesus, the doctrine of substitutionary atonement, the bodily resurrection of Jesus, a literal devil and hell, and the imminent return of Jesus Christ. At the turn of the 20th century, most Protestant church members, regardless of denomination, gave assent to these doctrines. Sunday refused to hold meetings in cities where he was not welcomed by the vast majority of the Protestant churches and their clergy.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday was not a separationist as were many Protestants of his era. He went out of his way to avoid criticizing the Roman Catholic Church and even met with Cardinal Gibbons during his 1916 Baltimore campaign. Also, cards filled out by "trail hitters" were faithfully returned to the church or denomination that the writers had indicated as their choice, including Catholic and Unitarian.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Although Sunday was ordained by the Presbyterian Church in 1903, his ministry was nondenominational and he was not a strict Calvinist. He preached that individuals were, at least in part, responsible for their own salvation. "Trail hitters" were given a four-page tract that stated, "if you have done "your" part (i.e. believe that Christ died in your place, and receive Him as your Saviour and Master) God has done HIS part and imparted to you His own nature."


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday never attended seminary and made no pretense of being a theologian or an intellectual, but he had a thorough knowledge of the Bible and was well read on religious and social issues of his day. His surviving Winona Lake library of six hundred books gives evidence of heavy use, including underscoring and reader's notes in his characteristic all-caps printing. Some of Sunday's books were even those of religious opponents. He was once charged with plagiarizing a Decoration Day speech given by the noted agnostic Robert Ingersoll.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday's homespun preaching had a wide appeal to his audiences, who were "entertained, reproached, exhorted, and astonished." Sunday claimed to be "an old-fashioned preacher of the old-time religion" and his uncomplicated sermons spoke of a personal God, salvation through Jesus Christ, and following the moral lessons of the Bible. Sunday's theology, although sometimes denigrated as simplistic, was situated within the mainstream Protestantism of his time.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday was a lifelong Republican, and he espoused the mainstream political and social views of his native Midwest: individualism, competitiveness, personal discipline, and opposition to government regulation. Writers such as Sinclair Lewis, Henry M. Tichenor, and John Reed attacked Sunday as a tool of big business, and poet Carl Sandburg called him a "four-flusher" and a "bunkshooter." Nevertheless, Sunday sided with Progressives on some issues. For example, he denounced child labor and supported urban reform and women's suffrage. Sunday condemned capitalists "whose private lives are good, but whose public lives are very bad", as well as those "who would not pick the pockets of one man with the fingers of their hand" but who would "without hesitation pick the pockets of eighty million people with fingers of their monopoly or commercial advantage." Although he never lost his sympathy for the poor and sincerely tried to bridge the gulf between the races during the zenith of the Jim Crow era, Sunday did receive contributions from members of the Second Ku Klux Klan during the 1920s. For instance, in 1927, in Bangor, Maine, Sunday's music director, Homer Rodeheaver, told Klansmen who briefly interrupted the service that "he did not believe that any organization that marched behind the Cross of Christ and the American Flag could be anything but a power for good."


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday was a passionate supporter of World War I. In 1918 he said, "I tell you it is [Kaiser] Bill against Woodrow, Germany against America, Hell against Heaven." Sunday raised large amounts of money for the troops, sold war bonds, and stumped for recruitment.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday had been an ardent champion of temperance from his earliest days as an evangelist, and his ministry at the Chicago YMCA had given him first-hand experience with the destructive potential of alcohol. Sunday's most famous sermon was "Get on the Water Wagon", which he preached on countless occasions with both histrionic emotion and a "mountain of economic and moral evidence." Sunday said, "I am the sworn, eternal and uncompromising enemy of the Liquor Traffic. I have been, and will go on, fighting that damnable, dirty, rotten business with all the power at my command." Sunday played a significant role in arousing public interest in Prohibition and in the passage of the Eighteenth Amendment in 1919. When the tide of public opinion turned against Prohibition, he continued to support it. After its repeal in 1933, Sunday called for its reintroduction.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday also opposed eugenics, recent immigration from southern and eastern Europe, and the teaching of evolution. Further, he criticized such popular middle-class amusements as dancing, playing cards, attending the theater, and reading novels. However, he believed baseball was a healthy and even patriotic form of recreation, so long as it was not played on Sundays.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Sunday's popularity waned after World War I, when many people in his revival audiences were attracted to radio broadcasts and moving pictures instead. The Sundays' health also declined even as they continued to drive themselves through rounds of revivals—smaller but also with fewer staff members to assist them.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Tragedy marred Sunday's final years. His three sons engaged in many of the activities he preached against, and the Sundays paid blackmail to several women to keep the scandals relatively quiet. In 1930, Nora Lynn, their housekeeper and nanny, who had become a virtual member of the family, died. Then the Sundays' daughter, the only child actually raised by Nell, died in 1932 of what seems to have been multiple sclerosis. Their oldest son George, rescued from financial ruin by his parents, committed suicide in 1933.


title: Billy Sunday

text: Nevertheless, even as the crowds declined during the last 15 years of his life, Sunday continued accepting preaching invitations and speaking with effect. In early 1935, he had a mild heart attack, and his doctor advised him to stay out of the pulpit. Sunday ignored the advice. He died on November 6, a week after preaching his last sermon on the text "What must I do to be saved?"


title: Kármán vortex street

text: In fluid dynamics, a Kármán vortex street (or a von Kármán vortex street) is a repeating pattern of swirling vortices, caused by a process known as vortex shedding, which is responsible for the unsteady separation of flow of a fluid around blunt bodies.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: It is named after the engineer and fluid dynamicist Theodore von Kármán, and is responsible for such phenomena as the "singing" of suspended telephone or power lines and the vibration of a car antenna at certain speeds. Mathematical modeling of von Kármán vortex street can be performed using different techniques including but not limited to solving the full Navier-Stokes equations with k-epsilon, SST, k-omega and Reynolds stress, and large eddy simulation (LES) turbulence models, by numerically solving some dynamic equations such as the Ginzburg-Landau equation, or by use of a bicomplex variable


title: Kármán vortex street

text: A vortex street will form only at a certain range of flow velocities, specified by a range of Reynolds numbers ("Re"), typically above a limiting "Re" value of about 90. The ("global") Reynolds number for a flow is a measure of the ratio of inertial to viscous forces in the flow of a fluid around a body or in a channel, and may be defined as a nondimensional parameter of the global speed of the whole fluid flow:


title: Kármán vortex street

text: For common flows (the ones which can usually be considered as incompressible or isothermal), the kinematic viscosity is everywhere uniform over all the flow field and constant in time, so there is no choice on the viscosity parameter, which becomes naturally the kinematic viscosity of the fluid being considered at the temperature being considered. On the other hand, the reference length is always an arbitrary parameter, so particular attention should be put when comparing flows around different obstacles or in channels of different shapes: the global Reynolds numbers should be referred to the same reference length. This is actually the reason for which the most precise sources for airfoil and channel flow data specify the reference length at the Reynolds number. The reference length can vary depending on the analysis to be performed: for a body with circle sections such as circular cylinders or spheres, one usually chooses the diameter; for an airfoil, a generic non-circular cylinder or a bluff body or a revolution body like a fuselage or a submarine, it is usually the profile chord or the profile thickness, or some other given widths that are in fact stable design inputs; for flow channels usually the hydraulic diameter about which the fluid is flowing.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: For an aerodynamic profile the reference length depends on the analysis. In fact, the profile chord is usually chosen as the reference length also for aerodynamic coefficient for wing sections and thin profiles in which the primary target is to maximize the lift coefficient or the lift/drag ratio (i.e. as usual in thin airfoil theory, one would employ the "chord Reynolds" as the flow speed parameter for comparing different profiles). On the other hand, for fairings and struts the given parameter is usually the dimension of internal structure to be streamlined (let us think for simplicity it is a beam with circular section), and the main target is to minimize the drag coefficient or the drag/lift ratio. The main design parameter which becomes naturally also a reference length is therefore the profile thickness (the profile dimension or area perpendicular to the flow direction), rather than the profile chord.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: The range of "Re" values varies with the size and shape of the body from which the eddies are shed, as well as with the kinematic viscosity of the fluid. For the wake of a circular cylinder, for which the reference length is conventionally the diameter "d" of the circular cylinder, the lower limit of this range is "Re" ≈ 47. Eddies are shed continuously from each side of the circle boundary, forming rows of vortices in its wake. The alternation leads to the core of a vortex in one row being opposite the point midway between two vortex cores in the other row, giving rise to the distinctive pattern shown in the picture. Ultimately, the energy of the vortices is consumed by viscosity as they move further down stream, and the regular pattern disappears. Above the "Re " value of 188.5, the flow becomes three-dimensional, with periodic variation along the cylinder. Above "Re" on the order of 10 at the drag crisis, vortex shedding becomes irregular and turbulence sets in.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: When a single vortex is shed, an asymmetrical flow pattern forms around the body and changes the pressure distribution. This means that the alternate shedding of vortices can create periodic lateral (sideways) forces on the body in question, causing it to vibrate. If the vortex shedding frequency is similar to the natural frequency of a body or structure, it causes resonance. It is this forced vibration that, at the correct frequency, causes suspended telephone or power lines to "sing" and the antenna on a car to vibrate more strongly at certain speeds.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: The flow of atmospheric air over obstacles such as islands or isolated mountains sometimes gives birth to von Kármán vortex streets. When a cloud layer is present at the relevant altitude, the streets become visible. Such cloud layer vortex streets have been photographed from satellites. The vortex street can reach over 400 km from the obstacle and the diameter of the vortices are normally 20–40 km.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: In low turbulence, tall buildings can produce a Kármán street, so long as the structure is uniform along its height. In urban areas where there are many other tall structures nearby, the turbulence produced by these prevents the formation of coherent vortices. Periodic crosswind forces set up by vortices along object's sides can be highly undesirable, due to the vortex-induced vibrations caused, which can damage the structure, hence it is important for engineers to account for the possible effects of vortex shedding when designing a wide range of structures, from submarine periscopes to industrial chimneys and skyscrapers. For monitoring such engineering structures, the efficient measurements of von Kármán streets can be performed using smart sensing algorithms such as compressive sensing.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: In order to prevent the unwanted vibration of such cylindrical bodies, a longitudinal fin can be fitted on the downstream side, which, provided it is longer than the diameter of the cylinder, will prevent the eddies from interacting, and consequently they remain attached. Obviously, for a tall building or mast, the relative wind could come from any direction. For this reason, helical projections resembling large screw threads are sometimes placed at the top, which effectively create asymmetric three-dimensional flow, thereby discouraging the alternate shedding of vortices; this is also found in some car antennas. Another countermeasure with tall buildings is using variation in the diameter with height, such as tapering - that prevents the entire building being driven at the same frequency.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: Even more serious instability can be created in concrete cooling towers, especially when built together in clusters. Vortex shedding caused the collapse of three towers at Ferrybridge Power Station C in 1965 during high winds.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: The failure of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was originally attributed to excessive vibration due to vortex shedding, but was actually caused by aeroelastic flutter.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: This dimensionless parameter St is known as the Strouhal number and is named after the Czech physicist, Vincenc Strouhal (1850–1922) who first investigated the steady humming or singing of telegraph wires in 1878.


title: Kármán vortex street

text: Although named after Theodore von Kármán, he acknowledged that the vortex street had been studied earlier by Arnulph Mallock and Henri Bénard. Kármán tells the story in his book Aerodynamics:


title: Kármán vortex street

text: In his autobiography, von Kármán described how his discovery was inspired by an Italian painting of St Christopher carrying the child Jesus whilst wading through water. Vortices could be seen in the water, and von Kármán noted that "The problem for historians may have been why Christopher was carrying Jesus through the water. For me it was why the vortices". It has been suggested by researchers that the painting is one from the 14th century that can be found in the museum of the San Domenico church in Bologna.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō () is the Japanese martial art of archery. Kyūdō is based on "kyūjutsu" ("art of archery"), which originated with the samurai class of feudal Japan. In 1919, the name of kyūjutsu was officially changed to kyūdō, and following the example of other martial arts that have been systematizing for educational purposes, kyūdō also reorganized and integrated various forms of shooting that had been used up until then. High level experts in kyūdō may be referred to as , and some practitioners may refer to themselves as "yumihiki" (弓引き), or 'bow puller'. Kyūdō is practised by thousands of people worldwide. As of 2005, the International Kyudo Federation had 132,760 graded members. The bow they use is called a , and the most common one has an asymmetrical shape of more than , and is characterized by the archer holding the part of the bow below the center to shoot the arrow.


title: Kyūdō

text: The beginning of archery in Japan is pre-historical. The first images picturing the distinct Japanese asymmetrical longbow are from the Yayoi period (c. 500 BC – 300 AD).


title: Kyūdō

text: The changing of society and the samurai class taking power at the end of the Heian period (794－1185) created a requirement for education in archery. This led to the birth of the first kyūjutsu "ryūha" (流派, style), the "Henmi-ryū" (逸見流), founded by Henmi Kiyomitsu () in the 12th century. The "Takeda-ryū" () and the mounted archery school "Ogasawara-ryū" () were later founded by his descendants. The need for archers grew dramatically during the Genpei War (1180–1185) and as a result the founder of the "Ogasawara-ryū" (Ogasawara Nagakiyo), began teaching "yabusame" (mounted archery).


title: Kyūdō

text: During the Kamakura period (1185-1333), when Minamoto no Yoritomo established the Kamakura shogunate, archery became more and more popular, especially the three types of mounted archery: "yabusame", "inuoumono", and "kasagake".


title: Kyūdō

text: From the 15th to the 16th century, Japan was ravaged by civil war. In the latter part of the 15th century Heki Danjō Masatsugu revolutionized archery with his new and accurate approach called "hi", "kan", "chū" (fly, pierce, center), and his footman's archery spread rapidly. Many new schools were formed, some of which remain today, such as "Heki-ryū Chikurin-ha" (), "Heki-ryū Sekka-ha" (日置流雪荷派) and "Heki-ryū Insai-ha" (日置流印西派).


title: Kyūdō

text: The yumi (Japanese bow) as a weapon of war began its gradual decline after the Portuguese arrived in Japan in 1543 bringing firearms with them in the form of the matchlock. The Japanese soon started to manufacture their own version of the matchlock called "tanegashima" and eventually it and the yari (spear) became the weapons of choice. However, because took a long time to load, were inconvenient in rainy weather when damp gunpowder would not fire, and were not exactly subtle in terms of noise, the did not go out of fashion and continued to be used as an important military force on the battlefield.


title: Kyūdō

text: The tanegashima however did not require the same amount of training as a yumi, allowing Oda Nobunaga's army consisting mainly of farmers armed with tanegashima to annihilate a traditional samurai archer cavalry in a single battle in 1575.


title: Kyūdō

text: During the Edo period (1603–1868) Japan was turned inward as a hierarchical caste society in which the samurai were at the top. There was an extended era of peace during which the samurai moved to administrative duty, although the traditional fighting skills were still esteemed. During this period archery became a "voluntary" skill, practised partly in the court in ceremonial form, partly as different kinds of competition. During this period, an archery contest called "Tōshiya" was popularly held at the Buddhist temple Sanjusangen-do. Many samurai competed to hit an arrow at a target 133 meters away, nearly the width of the Buddhist temple. Today, this "Tōshiya" contest is held as an annual event on Coming of Age Day, January 15, with women archers participating, but with the distance to the target shortened to 60 meters.


title: Kyūdō

text: In the early Edo period, Morikawa Kōzan founded the "Yamato-ryū" (), which was based on "Ogasawara-ryū" etiquette and "Heki-ryū" shooting methods, and also incorporated Shinto ideas.


title: Kyūdō

text: During the changes to Japan brought by opening up to the outside world at the beginning of the Meiji era (1868–1912), the samurai lost their status. Therefore, "kyūjutsu" was considered obsolete and began to decline. Kyūjutsu practitioners established dojos to survive and began to spread among the common people. Kyūjutsu was first adopted as a subject in school education in 1895, encouraged by its beginning to spread among the common people. In 1896, a group of kyūjutsu masters gathered to save traditional archery. Honda Toshizane, the kyūjutsu teacher for the Imperial University of Tokyo, merged the war and ceremonial shooting styles, creating a hybrid called "Honda-ryū" (). In 1919, the name of "kyūjutsu" was officially changed to "kyūdō", and following the example of other martial arts that have been systematizing for educational purposes, kyūdō also reorganized and integrated various forms of shooting that had been used up until then. In 1949, the , or ANKF, was formed and the current practice of Kyūdo was almost completed. Guidelines published in the 1953 book define how, in a competition or graduation, archers from different schools can shoot together in unified form.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō is practiced in many different schools, some of which descend from military shooting and others that descend from ceremonial or contemplative practice. Therefore, the emphasis is different. Some emphasize aesthetics and others efficiency. Contemplative schools teach the form as a meditation in action. In certain schools, to shoot correctly will result inevitably in hitting the desired target. For this a phrase "seisha hicchū" (正射必中), "true shooting, certain hitting", is used.


title: Kyūdō

text: According to the Nippon Kyūdō Federation the supreme goal of kyūdō is the state of "shin-zen-bi" (真善美), roughly "truth-goodness-beauty", which can be approximated as: when archers shoot correctly (i.e. truthfully) with virtuous spirit and attitude toward all persons and all things which relate to kyūdō (i.e. with goodness), beautiful shooting is realized naturally.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō practice, as in all "budō", includes the idea of moral and spiritual development. Today many archers practice kyūdō as a sport, with marksmanship being paramount. However, the goal most devotees of kyūdō seek is "seisha seichū" (正射正中), "correct shooting is correct hitting". In kyūdō the unique action of expansion ("nobiai"; 伸合い) that results in a natural release, is sought. When the technique of the shooting is correct the result is that the arrow hits the target. To give oneself completely to the shooting is the spiritual goal, achieved by perfection of both the spirit and shooting technique leading to "munen musō" (無念無想), "no thoughts, no illusions". This however is not Zen, although Japanese bow can be used in Zen-practice or kyūdō practiced by a Zen master. In this respect, many kyūdō practitioners believe that competition, examination, and any opportunity that places the archer in this uncompromising situation is important, while other practitioners will avoid competitions or examinations of any kind.


title: Kyūdō

text: Since the Second World War, kyūdō has often been associated with Zen Buddhism. But not all kyūdō schools include a religious or spiritual component. This popular view is likely the result of a single book "Zen in the Art of Archery" (1948) by the German author Eugen Herrigel. Herrigel spoke only a little Japanese, generally using a translator to speak with his teacher. His view on kyūdō was in part due to mis-communication and also to his exposure to a contemplative form of kyūdō. Even so, Herrigel's book, when translated into Japanese in 1956, had a huge impact on perception of kyūdō also in Japan.


title: Kyūdō

text: Zenko (a Heki Ryu Bishu Chikurin-ha school of kyūdō) is affiliated closely with Shambhala Buddhism and has groups in the United States, Canada and Europe.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō dōjō (training halls, aka "kyūdōjō") vary in style and design from school to school, and from country to country. In Japan, most dōjō have roughly the same layout; an entrance, a large dōjō area, typically with a wooden floor and a high ceiling, a position for practice targets (called "makiwara"; 巻藁), and a large open wall with sliding doors, which, when opened, overlooks an open grassy area and a separate building, the "matoba" (的場), which houses a sand hillock and the targets, placed 28 metres from the dōjō floor.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō is practiced in different schools and styles, and even between dōjō of the same style, the form of practice can vary. To harmonize practice and ceremonial shooting ("sharei"; 的礼) in 1953 the All Nippon Kyūdō Federation (ANKF) formed an establishing committee from the main schools to take the best elements of each school and form the ANKF style that is used today throughout Japan and in most kyūdō federations in the west.


title: Kyūdō

text: In kyūdō there are three kinds of practice ("keiko"; 稽古): "mitori geiko" (見取り稽古) – receiving with the eyes the style and technique of an advanced archer, "kufū geiko" (工夫稽古) – learning and keeping in mind the details of the technique and spiritual effort to realize it and "kazu geiko" (数稽古) – repetition through which the technique is personified in one's own shooting.


title: Kyūdō

text: Beginners start with a rubber practice bow and by practising the movements of "hassetsu" (八節). The second step for a beginner is to do "karabiki" (空引) training with a bow without an arrow to learn handling of the bow and performing "hassetsu" until full draw. Handling and maintenance of the equipment is also part of the training. After given permission by the teacher beginners start practicing with the glove and arrow. Next steps may vary from teacher to teacher, but include practising first "yugamae" (弓構え), then the draw and last release and shooting at "makiwara". A beginner starting to shoot at the mato (的) may be asked to shoot from half or three-quarters of the usual distance.


title: Kyūdō

text: Advanced beginners and advanced shooters practice shooting at "makiwara", "mato" and some with "omato".


title: Kyūdō

text: "Makiwara" is a specially designed straw target (not to be confused with "makiwara" used in karate). The "makiwara" is shot at from a very close range (about seven feet, or the length of the archer's strung "yumi" when held horizontally from the centerline of the archer's body). Because the target is so close and the shot most certainly will hit, the archer can concentrate on refining technique rather than on the arrow's arc.


title: Kyūdō

text: "Mato" is the normal target for most kyūdō practitioners. "Mato" sizes and shooting distances vary, but most common is "hoshi mato" (星的) thirty-six centimeters (or 12 "sun", a traditional Japanese measurement equivalent to approximately 3.03 cm) in diameter shot at from a distance of twenty-eight metres. For competitions and examinations, "kasumi mato" (霞的) is used. For ceremonies it is most common to use "hoshi mato" which is the same as "kasumi mato" but with different markings.


title: Kyūdō

text: "Omato" is the "mato" used for long distance "enteki" (遠的) shooting at 60 m distance. The diameter of "omato" is 158 cm. There are separate competitions also for enteki shooting.


title: Kyūdō

text: The is exceptionally tall (standing over two metres), surpassing the height of the archer. "Yumi" shafts are traditionally made of bamboo, wood and leather using techniques which have not changed for centuries, although some archers (particularly, those new to the art) may use synthetic (i.e. laminated wood coated with glassfibre or carbon fiber) "yumi". Even advanced practitioners may own non-bamboo bows and arrows because of the vulnerability of bamboo equipment to extreme climates. The suitable height for the bow depends on the archer's draw ("yazuka"; 矢束) which is about half the archer's height.


title: Kyūdō

text: The kyūdō archer wears a glove on the right hand, called a . There are many varieties of "yugake"; they are typically made of deerskin. Practitioners can choose between a hard glove (with a hardened thumb) or a soft glove (without a hardened thumb); each has its advantages.


title: Kyūdō

text: With a hard glove, the thumb area is not very flexible and has a pre-made groove used to pull the string (). With a soft glove, the thumb area is very flexible and is without a pre-made groove, allowing the practitioners to create their own, based on their own shooting habits.


title: Kyūdō

text: Typically a "yugake" will be of the three- or four-finger variety. The three fingered version is called a "mitsugake" (三つ弽), and the four-fingered version is called a "yotsugake" (四つ弽). Typically the primary reason an archer may choose a stronger glove like the "yotsugake" is to assist in pulling heavier bows ( and above). The three-fingered glove is generally used with bows with a pull below 20 kilograms of draw weight, while the four fingered "yotsugake" are used with bows with a pull above 20 kilograms. This is only a generalization and many schools differ on which glove to use for their bows and glove use often varies from archer to archer and school to school.


title: Kyūdō

text: The practical reasoning for the extra finger on the glove stems from having more surface area available to the archer for the heavier draws. During the draw, the thumb of the archer is typically placed on the last gloved finger of the drawing hand, with the first (or, in the case of a "yotsugake", the first and index fingers) being placed gently on either the thumb or the arrow shaft itself. Sometimes a type of resin powder, called "giriko" (ぎり粉), is applied to the thumb and holding finger to assist in the grip during the pull. The extra finger allows for a stronger hold on the thumb, as it is then placed on the "third" finger of the hand instead of the second. Some schools, such as Heki-ryū Insai-ha only use the three-fingered glove, even with bows above 40 kilograms.


title: Kyūdō

text: The one-finger glove, called an "ippongake" (一本粉), is generally used for beginners and covers only the thumb. Some versions have a full wrist covering and others simply cover the thumb with a small strap and snap around the wrist. Because it has no glove over the fingers, it is typically uncomfortable for the archer to use "giriko" powder. "Ippongake" are generally not used by advanced archers, and cannot be used in Kyūdō Federation competitions.


title: Kyūdō

text: The five-finger glove, called a "morogake" (諸粉), is used almost exclusively by Ogasawara Ryū practitioners, and is not typically used in competition or by any other school.


title: Kyūdō

text: A practitioner's nock and grip of the arrow can be dictated by the glove and bow being used. It is not uncommon for practitioners who have upgraded or downgraded bow weight to continue to use the same glove and not change.


title: Kyūdō

text: With the exception of the "ippongake", the "yugake" is worn with an underglove called a "shitagake" (下粉) made of cotton or synthetic cloth, mainly to protect the "yugake" from sweat which would degrade the deerskin of the glove over time. The "shitagake" comes in two varieties, three-fingered and four-fingered, depending on whether it is used under the "mitsugake" or the "yotsugake".


title: Kyūdō

text: Because of the unique shooting technique of kyūdō, protection on the left (bow) arm is not generally required. The bow string, when properly released, will travel around the bow hand, coming to rest on the outside of the arm. However, on rare occasions a bow hand glove, called an "oshidegake" (押手弽), is used, which serves to protect the left thumb from injury from the arrow and fletching. A forearm protector can also be worn, primarily by beginners, to protect the left arm from being hit by the string.


title: Kyūdō

text: Powder made of burnt rice husks called "fudeko" (筆粉) is applied to the hand that holds the bow to absorb sweat, allowing the bow to turn in the hand.


title: Kyūdō

text: Female archers also wear a chest protector called a , which is generally a piece of leather or plastic which is designed to protect the breasts from being struck by the bowstring during shooting.


title: Kyūdō

text: Because repeated usage tends to weaken the bowstring, it is not uncommon for a bowstring to break during shooting. Hence, many archers carry spare strings in what is called a "tsurumaki" (弦巻; "bow string roll"). Traditional "tsurumaki" are flat yoyo-shaped carriers made of woven bamboo, typically with a leather strap. Recently, however, plastic "tsurumaki" are also coming into use.


title: Kyūdō

text: Many archers also have small containers of "fudeko" and "giriko" attached to the end of the "tsurumaki" strap; these containers are called "fudeko-ire" (筆粉入れ) and "giriko-ire" (ぎり粉入れ) and are traditionally made of horn or antler (though many modern archers have "fudeko-ire" and "giriko-ire" made of plastic).


title: Kyūdō

text: All kyūdō archers hold the bow in their left hand and draw the string with their right, so that all archers face the higher position ("kamiza"; 上座) while shooting.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō archers draw the bow so that the drawing hand is held behind the ear. If done improperly, upon release the string may strike the archer's ear or side of the face.


title: Kyūdō

text: Resulting from the technique to release the shot, the bow will (for a practised archer) spin in the hand so that the string stops in front of the archer's outer forearm. This action of "yugaeri" (弓返り) is a combination of technique and the natural working of the bow. It is unique to kyūdō.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō technique is meticulously prescribed. The All Nippon Kyudo Federation (ANKF), the main governing body of kyūdō in Japan, has codified the "hassetsu" (or "eight stages of shooting") in the "Kyūdō Kyohon" ("Kyūdō Manual"). Different styles have their own variations from the steps, most notable difference being between the vertical bow rising "shomen" (正面) and aslant bow rising "shamen" (斜面). The "hassetsu" of "shomen"-style consists of the following steps:


title: Kyūdō

text: While other schools' shooting also conforms to the "hassetsu" outlined above, the naming of some steps and some details of the execution of the shot may differ.


title: Kyūdō

text: Using a system which is common to modern "budō" (martial art) practices, most Western kyūdō schools periodically hold examinations, which, if the archer passes, results in the conveying of a grade, which can be "kyū" or "dan" level. Traditional schools, however, often rank students as a recognition of attaining instructor status using the older "menkyo" (license) system of "koryū budō".


title: Kyūdō

text: In Japan, generally the "kyū" ranks are only really tested for and achieved in high schools and colleges, with adults skipping the "kyū" ranks and moving straight on to the first "dan". "Dan" testing is infrequent, sometimes occurring as rarely as once or twice a year. It is generally held by the prefecture kyūdō federation and the archer may have to travel to the prefecture capital or a large city to test. Often testing includes many archers and may take as much as 6 to 8 hours to test all of the prospective students. "Kyū" ranking tests are more frequent, tend to be held at schools and are not typically subject to difficult travel.


title: Kyūdō

text: While kyūdō's "kyū" and "dan" levels are similar to those of other budō practices, colored belts or similar external symbols of one's level are not worn by kyūdō practitioners.


title: Kyūdō

text: While kyūdō is primarily viewed as an avenue toward self-improvement, there are often kyūdō competitions or tournaments whereby archers practise in a competitive style. These tournaments often involve kyūdō practitioners from all ranks and grades, including high school, college and adult schools. Competition is usually held with a great deal more ceremony than the standard dōjō practice. In addition to the "hassetsu", the archer must also perform an elaborate entering procedure whereby the archer will join up to four other archers to enter the dōjō, bow to the adjudicators, step up to the back line known as the "honza" (本坐) and then kneel in a form of sitting known as "kiza" (跪坐). The archers then bow to the "mato" in unison, stand, and take three steps forward to the "shai" (shooting line) and kneel again. The archers then move in lock-step fashion through the "hassetsu", each archer standing and shooting one after another at the respective targets, kneeling between each shot, until they have exhausted their supply of arrows (generally four).


title: Kyūdō

text: In Japanese kyūdō competitions, an archer shoots four arrows in two sets, placing one pair of arrows at his feet and retaining the second pair at the ready. He first shoots the "haya" while clasping the "otoya" tightly with the last one or two fingers of the gloved hand. The archer then waits until the other archers shoot, then sets the "otoya" and shoots. Once all the archers have shot, the archer will then pick up the second pair of arrows at the feet and repeat the process, starting with the second flight's "haya". During normal competition, this process is done with the archers standing, however, the complete shooting procedure includes having the archer kneel in "kiza" while waiting between each shot.


title: Kyūdō

text: For each hit on the "mato", the archer is awarded a "maru" ("circle"; 円) mark. For each miss, the archer is awarded a "batsu" ("X"; 罰) mark. The goal is to strike the target with all four arrows.


title: Kyūdō

text: Many Japanese high schools and colleges have kyūdō clubs ("bukatsu"; 部活) in which students gather after regular classes to practise kyūdō. Recently these have begun appearing in junior high schools as well, but it is generally left until high school. In some towns or cities where junior high schools don't have a kyūdō club, a student may wish to enroll in kyūdō lessons outside of school, and to have enough time for practice, opt for a less time-demanding (and usually non-sports related) club at their school.


title: Kyūdō

text: In addition to the major traditions, there are many more recent and often more spiritual schools that are active outside Japan.


title: Kyūdō

text: Unlike more common forms of Japanese martial arts (e.g. jūdō, karate), kyūdō is one of the Japanese martial arts that has not seen large amounts of mainstream interest in the West. While kyūdō appeared as early as 1898 in Italy, it has appeared in other western countries only in recent times. Many countries have no kyūdōjō, or only very small groups.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō is often brought back by westerners returning from Japan, who have studied it there. In some cases, it is supported by Japanese people temporarily living outside Japan. Often practitioners of other martial arts develop an interest in kyūdō.


title: Kyūdō

text: Kyūdō arrived in America in the early 1900s, first in Hawaii with the Hawaii Kyūdō Kai, and then on the mainland of the U.S. Washington State saw the first group on the mainland, then in San Francisco and San Jose. Next was Los Angeles with a group called the Rafu Kyūdō Kai or Los Angeles Kyūdō Kai ("Rafu" (羅府) was the term the local Japanese used for "Los Angeles"). After Los Angeles, the next group to form was in New York.


title: Kyūdō

text: When many of the Japanese were interned in camps during World War II, all of the groups (except the Hawaii Kyūdō Kai) disbanded; the Hawaii Kyūdō Kai simply quietly practiced almost in secret.


title: Kyūdō

text: So, other than the Hawaii Kyūdō Kai, there were no kyūdō groups in America after the war until around 1968, when a small group formed in the basement of a Buddhist church in Los Angeles. The next revival in America was with Koen and Kiomaru Mishima, who practiced with a small group in the basement of a Buddhist church in Los Angeles; they were later joined by Rev. Hirokazu Kosaka. By 1976 (at the request of an original member of the Los Angeles Kyūdō Kai, who belonged to the group in the 1920s), they had renamed their fledgling group 'The Los Angeles Kai'.


title: Kyūdō

text: Daihonzan Chozen-ji, a Rinzai Zen temple founded in Honolulu in 1972, began kyūdō training in 1979–80, with master Suhara Osho visiting from Japan.


title: Kyūdō

text: In the 1980s, Shibata Sensei XX was invited by Chögyam Trungpa Rinpoche to the Karmê Chöling Tibetan Buddhist monastery in Vermont, where he demonstrated kyūdō for the first time in the United States. This visit and demonstration led to an interest in kyūdō in the Connecticut River Valley, and an active community that has continued until the present.


title: Kyūdō

text: There is a growing interest in kyūdō in the UK, with a number of well-established kyūdōjō practising regularly.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: A flag of Antarctica is a flag or flag design that represents the continent of Antarctica. As a condominium with no single governing body, it does not have an official flag of its own. However, several designs have been created for the purpose of representing the continent.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The consultative members of the Antarctic Treaty System officially adopted an emblem in 2002 which is sometimes used in the form of a flag. Officially this emblem represents the Antarctic Treaty System and not the continent itself. Antarctic Treaty members used the emblem for at least 30 years prior to its formal adoption, having used it on a 1971 commemorative stamp.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The British Australian (and) New Zealand Antarctic Research Expedition flew an all-white flag from their ship "Discovery" when sailing to Antarctica in 1929. It was improvised as a courtesy flag for a continent without one of its own. The flag was flown from the ship only twice. It now resides in the Royal Museums Greenwich.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: In 1978, famed vexillologist Whitney Smith proposed an orange flag with a white emblem in the hoist. The letter A stands for Antarctica, the semi-sphere represents the area below the Antarctic Circle, and the hands represent human protection of the environment. He chose orange for its visibility.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: In 1996, Graham Bartram designed a proposal using the flag of the United Nations as its model. A plain white map of the continent on a blue background symbolizes neutrality. This flag was flown on the Antarctic continent in 2002 when Ted Kaye (then editor of "Raven", the scholarly journal of the North American Vexillological Association) took several on an Antarctic cruise. On this trip, it flew at the Brazilian base Comandante Ferraz and the British museum at Port Lockroy. The Graham Bartram design is currently used for the "Flag for Antarctica" emoji (🇦🇶) on all supported platforms.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The True South proposal was designed by Evan Townsend in 2018. The flag has the following meaning:Horizontal stripes of navy and white represent the long days and nights at Antarctica's extreme latitude. In the center, a lone white peak erupts from a field of snow and ice, echoing those of the bergs, mountains, and pressure ridges that define the Antarctic horizon. The long shadow it casts forms the unmistakable shape of a compass arrow pointed south, an homage to the continent's legacy of exploration. Together, the two center shapes create a diamond, symbolizing the hope that Antarctica will continue to be a center of peace, discovery, and cooperation for generations to come.The flag is named after geographic South, or "true South", which differs from magnetic south.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The flag has quickly gained popularity since its introduction. It has been adopted by some National Antarctic Programs, Antarctic nonprofits, and expedition teams; flown at several research stations across Antarctica; and is used in the 2022 marker for the geographic South Pole.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: Seven countries have made territorial claims to Antarctica. Australia, New Zealand, and Norway all use their national flag to represent their claim, while Argentina, Chile, France, and the United Kingdom have separate flags for their territorial claims.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The Argentine province of Tierra del Fuego includes Argentine Antarctica (25 degrees W to 74 degrees W). The flag was adopted in 1999 as the result of a competition. It is a diagonal bicolor of sky blue and orange with an albatross in the center and the Southern Cross in the fly. The orange represents the fire in the province's name, Tierra del Fuego translating to "Land of Fire". The blue represents the sky and reflects the color of the national flag. The albatross symbolizes freedom.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The flag of the British Antarctic Territory is a plain White Ensign defaced by the coat of arms of the territory. The British Antarctic Territories also have a blue ensign which is often used as the civil ensign of British ships operating in Antarctic waters. Other British territories in the Antarctic region are the Falkland Islands and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, which have their own flags (see Flag of the Falkland Islands and Flag of South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands).


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The Antártica Chilena Province in the Magallanes Region includes the Chilean claim on the continent (53 degrees W to 90 degrees W). Puerto Williams is the capital of this province, which also includes the islands south of Tierra del Fuego and Cape Horn. The Magallanes Region's flag also has the Southern Cross appearing over a mountain range. This flag was adopted as the flag of Magallanes Region in 1997 by the regional government.


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The flag of the French Southern and Antarctic Territories, which includes Adélie Land, has the French tricolor in the canton together with the Commissioner's logotype. The logotype consists of five stars which represent the administrative districts that make up the territory two of which are archipelagos Illes Crozet & Illes Kerguelen. The third district is made up of Ille Saint-Paul and Ille Amsterdam; the fourth, Ille Eparses, consists of five tropical islands scattered around Madagascar. The fifth district is the Antarctic portion which consists of "Adelie Land".


title: Flag of Antarctica

text: The letters "TAAF" in the fly form a monogram (from the French name of the territory, "Terres australes et antarctiques françaises"). The flag was adopted on 23 February 2007, and was published in the Official Journal of the French Southern and Antarctic Territories on March 15, 2007. The flag had previously served as the flag of the High Commissioner of the Territory since 1958.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Admiral Hipper was the lead ship of the of heavy cruisers which served with Nazi Germany's "Kriegsmarine" during World War II. The ship was laid down at the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg in July 1935 and launched February 1937; "Admiral Hipper" entered service shortly before the outbreak of war, in April 1939. The ship was named after Admiral Franz von Hipper, commander of the German battlecruiser squadron during the Battle of Jutland in 1916 and later commander-in-chief of the German High Seas Fleet. She was armed with a main battery of eight guns and, although nominally under the limit set by the Anglo-German Naval Agreement, actually displaced over .


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: "Admiral Hipper" saw a significant amount of action during the war, notably present during the Battle of the Atlantic. She led the assault on Trondheim during Operation Weserübung; while en route to her objective, she sank the British destroyer . In December 1940, she broke out into the Atlantic Ocean to operate against Allied merchant shipping, though this operation ended without significant success. In February 1941, "Admiral Hipper" sortied again, sinking several merchant vessels before eventually returning to Germany via the Denmark Strait. The ship was then transferred to northern Norway to participate in operations against convoys to the Soviet Union, culminating in the Battle of the Barents Sea on 31 December 1942, where she sank the destroyer and the minesweeper but was in turn damaged and forced to withdraw by the light cruisers and .


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Disappointed by the failure to sink merchant ships in that battle, Adolf Hitler ordered the majority of the surface warships scrapped, though Admiral Karl Dönitz was able to persuade Hitler to retain the surface fleet. As a result, "Admiral Hipper" was returned to Germany and decommissioned for repairs. The ship was never restored to operational status, however, and on 3 May 1945, Royal Air Force bombers severely damaged her while she was in Kiel, Germany. Her crew scuttled the ship at her moorings, and in July 1945, she was raised and towed to Heikendorfer Bay. She was ultimately broken up for scrap in 1948–1952; her bell is currently on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial near Kiel.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: The of heavy cruisers was ordered in the context of German naval rearmament after the Nazi Party came to power in 1933 and repudiated the disarmament clauses of the Treaty of Versailles. In 1935, Germany signed the Anglo–German Naval Agreement with Great Britain, which provided a legal basis for German naval rearmament; the treaty specified that Germany would be able to build five "treaty cruisers". The "Admiral Hipper"s were nominally within the 10,000-ton limit, though they significantly exceeded the figure.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: "Admiral Hipper" was long overall and had a beam of and a maximum draft of . After the installation of a clipper bow during fitting out, her overall length increased to . The ship had a design displacement of and a full load displacement of . "Admiral Hipper" was powered by three sets of geared steam turbines, which were supplied with steam by twelve ultra-high pressure oil-fired boilers. The ship's top speed was , at . As designed, her standard complement consisted of 42 officers and 1,340 enlisted men.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: "Admiral Hipper"s primary armament was eight SK L/60 guns mounted in four twin gun turrets, placed in superfiring pairs forward and aft. Her anti-aircraft battery consisted of twelve L/65 guns, twelve guns, and eight guns. She had four triple torpedo launchers, all on the main deck next to the four range finders for the anti-aircraft guns.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: The ship was equipped with three Arado Ar 196 seaplanes and one catapult. "Admiral Hipper"s armored belt was thick; her upper deck was thick while the main armored deck was thick. The main battery turrets had thick faces and 70 mm thick sides.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: "Admiral Hipper" was ordered by the "Kriegsmarine" from the Blohm & Voss shipyard in Hamburg. Her keel was laid on 6 July 1935, under construction number 501. The ship was launched on 6 February 1937, and was completed on 29 April 1939, the day she was commissioned into the German fleet. The Commander-in-Chief of the "Kriegsmarine", "Großadmiral" (Grand Admiral) Erich Raeder, who had been Franz von Hipper's chief of staff during World War I, gave the christening speech and his wife Erika Raeder performed the christening. As built, the ship had a straight stem, though after her launch this was replaced with a clipper bow. A raked funnel cap was also installed.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: "Kapitän zur See" (Captain at Sea) Hellmuth Heye was given command of the ship at her commissioning. After her commissioning in April 1939, "Admiral Hipper" steamed into the Baltic Sea to conduct training maneuvers. The ship also made port calls to various Baltic ports, including cities in Estonia and Sweden. In August, the ship conducted live fire drills in the Baltic. At the outbreak of World War II in September 1939, the ship was still conducting gunnery trials. She was briefly used to patrol the Baltic, but she did not see combat, and was quickly returned to training exercises. In November 1939, the ship returned to the Blohm & Voss dockyard for modifications; these included the replacement of the straight stem with a clipper bow and the installation of the funnel cap.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Sea trials in the Baltic resumed in January 1940, but severe ice restrained the ship to port. On 17 February, the Kriegsmarine pronounced the ship fully operational, and on the following day, "Admiral Hipper" began her first major wartime patrol during Operation Nordmark. She joined the battleships "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" and the destroyers "Karl Galster" and "Wilhelm Heidkamp" in a sortie into the North Sea off Bergen, Norway. A third destroyer, "Wolfgang Zenker", was forced to turn back after sustaining damage from ice. The ships operated under the command of Admiral Wilhelm Marschall. The ships attempted to locate British merchant shipping, but failed and returned to port on 20 February.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Following her return from the North Sea sortie, "Admiral Hipper" was assigned to the forces tasked with the invasion of Norway, codenamed Operation Weserübung. The ship was assigned as the flagship of Group 2, along with the destroyers "Paul Jakobi", "Theodor Riedel", "Friedrich Eckoldt", and "Bruno Heinemann". "KzS" Heye was given command of Group 2 during the operation. The five ships carried a total of 1,700 Wehrmacht mountain troops, whose objective was the port of Trondheim; the ships loaded the troops in Cuxhaven. The ships steamed to the Schillig roadstead outside Wilhelmshaven, where they joined Group 1, consisting of ten destroyers, and the battleships "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", which were assigned to cover Groups 1 and 2. The ships steamed out of the roadstead at midnight on the night of 6–7 April.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: While steaming off the Norwegian coast, "Admiral Hipper" was ordered to divert course to locate the destroyer "Bernd von Arnim", which had fallen behind Group 1. In the mist, the destroyer encountered the British destroyer ; the two destroyers engaged each other until "Bernd von Arnim"s commander requested assistance from "Admiral Hipper". Upon arriving on the scene, "Admiral Hipper" was initially misidentified by "Glowworm" to be a friendly vessel, which allowed the German ship to close the distance and fire first. "Admiral Hipper" rained fire on "Glowworm", scoring several hits. "Glowworm" attempted to flee, but when it became apparent she could not break away from the pursuing cruiser, she turned toward "Admiral Hipper" and fired a spread of torpedoes, all of which missed. The British destroyer scored one hit on "Admiral Hipper"s starboard bow before a rudder malfunction set the ship on a collision course with the German cruiser.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: The collision with "Glowworm" tore off a section of "Admiral Hipper"s armored belt on the starboard side, as well as the ship's starboard torpedo launcher. Minor flooding caused a four degree list to starboard, though the ship was able to continue with the mission. "Glowworm"s boilers exploded shortly after the collision, causing her to sink quickly. Forty survivors were picked up by the German ship. "Admiral Hipper" then resumed course toward Trondheim. The British destroyer had survived long enough to send a wireless message to the Royal Navy headquarters, which allowed the battlecruiser time to move into position to engage "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", though the German battleships used their superior speed to break off contact.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: One of "Admiral Hipper"'s Arado seaplanes had to make an emergency landing in Eide, Norway, on 8 April. After trying to purchase fuel from locals, the aircrew were detained and handed over to the police. The Royal Norwegian Navy Air Service captured the Arado, which was painted in Norwegian colors and used by the Norwegians until 18 April when it was evacuated to Britain.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: After arriving off Trondheim, "Admiral Hipper" successfully passed herself off as a British warship long enough to steam past the Norwegian coastal artillery batteries. The ship entered the harbor and docked shortly before 05:30 to debark the mountain troops. After the ground troops seized control of the coastal batteries, the ship left Trondheim, bound for Germany. She was escorted by "Friedrich Eckoldt"; she reached Wilhelmshaven on 12 April, and went into drydock. The dockyard workers discovered the ship had been damaged more severely by the collision with "Glowworm" than had previously been thought. Nevertheless, repairs were completed in the span of two weeks.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Marschall organized a mission to seize Harstad in Northern Norway in early June 1940; "Admiral Hipper", the battleships "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", and four destroyers were tasked with the operation. The ships departed from Kiel on 4 June. Three days later, "Admiral Hipper" and the four destroyers refueled from the supply ship "Dithmarschen". The plan was to attack the British base at Harstadt in the morning of 9 June, but shortly after midnight of 8 June the plan was changed: a reconnaissance plan reported that there are no ships in Harstadt and since the German ships also detected highly increased convoy radio transmissions, Marschall deduced that the British are evacuating Harstadt. Instead of raiding Harstadt, Marschall decided to operate against the evacuation convoy.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: While in search of the convoy, the German force first encountered the tanker "Oil Pioneer" at 06:45 on 8 June, which was escorted by the trawler HMT "Juniper". "Admiral Hipper" sank "Juniper" with gunfire and "Gneisenau" sank "Oil Pioneer". At 10:52, "Admiral Hipper" encountered and sank the empty troopship "Orama." Despite launching their Ar 196 reconnaissance planes, the German ships failed to find the convoy, and at 13:00, "Admiral Hipper" and the four destroyers returned to Trondheim to cover and protect the German forces there, whilst the battleships refuel from the "Dithmarschen" and continue the operation.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: On 10 June, "Admiral Hipper" and "Gneisenau" left Trondheim with the four destroyers in a second attempt to attack evacuating convoys but they returned to Trondheim the next day, having failed to locate any British vessels. On 13 June, the ship's anti-aircraft gunners shot down an attacking British bomber. On 25 July, "Admiral Hipper" steamed out on a commerce raiding patrol in the area between Spitzbergen and Tromsø; the cruise lasted until 9 August. While on the patrol, "Admiral Hipper" encountered the Finnish freighter "Ester Thorden", which was found to be carrying of gold. The ship was seized and sent to occupied Norway with a prize crew.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: "Admiral Hipper" was ordered to leave the Norwegian theater on 5 August 1940 for an overhaul in Wilhelmshaven. This was completed on 9 September and with a new commanding officer, Wilhelm Meisel, the cruiser made ready to participate in Operation Sea Lion, the planned invasion of the United Kingdom. "Admiral Hipper's" role would have been a diversionary foray into the North Sea, Operation Herbstreise or "Autumn Journey", with the aim of luring the British Home Fleet away from the intended invasion routes in the English Channel. Following the postponement of that operation, on 24 September the ship left Wilhelmshaven on a mission break out into the Atlantic Ocean to raid merchant traffic. The engine oil feed system caught fire and was severely damaged. The fire forced the crew to shut down the ship's propulsion system until the blaze could be brought under control; this rendered "Admiral Hipper" motionless for several hours on the open sea. British reconnaissance failed to locate the ship, and after the fire was extinguished, the ship returned to Hamburg's Blohm & Voss shipyard, where repairs lasted slightly over a week.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: The ship made a second attempt to break out into the Atlantic that was designated Operation Nordseetour on 30 November; she successfully navigated the Denmark Strait undetected on 6 December. "Admiral Hipper" intercepted WS 5A, a convoy of 20 troopships on 24 December, some west of Cape Finisterre. Five of the twenty ships were allocated to Operation Excess. The convoy was protected by a powerful escort composed of the aircraft carriers and , the cruisers , , and , and six destroyers. "Admiral Hipper" did not initially spot the escorting warships, and so began attacking the convoy. With her main guns she badly damaged two ships, one of which was the transport "Empire Trooper", before spotting the heavy cruiser "Berwick" and destroyers steaming toward her. She quickly withdrew, using her main guns to keep the destroyers at bay.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Ten minutes later, "Berwick" reappeared off "Admiral Hipper"s port bow; the German cruiser fired several salvos from her forward turrets and scored hits on the British cruiser's rear turrets, waterline, and forward superstructure. "Admiral Hipper" then disengaged, to prevent the British destroyers from closing to launch a torpedo attack. By now, the ship was running low on fuel, and so she put into Brest in occupied France on 27 December. While en route, "Admiral Hipper" encountered and sank the isolated passenger ship . Another round of routine maintenance work was effected while the ship was in Brest, readying her for another sortie into the Atlantic shipping lanes.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: On 1 February 1941, "Admiral Hipper" embarked on her second Atlantic sortie. The "Kriegsmarine" had initially sought to send the battleships "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau" to operate in concert with "Admiral Hipper", but "Gneisenau" suffered storm damage in December that prevented the participation of the two ships. Repairs were effected quickly, however, and the two battleships broke out into the Atlantic in early February. "Admiral Hipper" rendezvoused with a tanker off the Azores to top up her fuel tanks. Upon learning that the British Force H had sortied from Gibraltar deep into the Mediterranean, Meisel understood that the convoys between the UK, Gibraltar and West Africa were left uncovered with heavy units and he decided to operate on these shipping lanes.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: On 11 February, the ship encountered and sank an isolated transport from convoy HG 53, which had been dispersed by U-boat and Luftwaffe attacks. That evening, she picked up the unescorted convoy SLS 64, which contained nineteen merchant ships. The following morning, "Admiral Hipper" closed in and sank several of the ships. The British reported only seven ships were lost, totaling , along with damage to two more. The Germans claimed "Admiral Hipper" had sunk thirteen of the nineteen freighters, while some survivors reported fourteen ships of the convoy were sunk. "Admiral Hipper" fired all of her 12 torpedoes and claimed all torpedoes had hit.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Following the attack on convoy SLS 64, "Admiral Hipper"s fuel stocks were running low. She therefore returned to Brest on 15 February. Since the bigger dry docks had to be kept free for the eventual return of "Scharnhorst" and "Gneisenau", "Admiral Hipper" was docked in a smaller one, but when moving into that dock she damaged her starboard screw on uncharted wreckage. A spare screw had to be transferred from Kiel and this caused additional delay. British bombers were regularly attacking the port, however, and the "Kriegsmarine" therefore decided "Admiral Hipper" should return to Germany, where she could be better protected. On 15 March, the ship slipped out of Brest, unobserved, and steered to a rendezvous point South of Greenland with the tanker "Thorn." The refueling was delayed to 21 March because of bad weather. Since the heavy cruiser "Admiral Scheer" was also returning from a raid to Germany around the same time, there was a concern the two ships might hinder each other so "Admiral Hipper" got orders to make the breakthrough via the Denmark Strait before 28 March. She managed to do so on the 24 March. and two days later stopped to refuel in Bergen. By 28 March, the cruiser was docked in Kiel, having made the entire journey without being detected by the British. Upon arrival, the ship went into the Deutsche Werke shipyard for an extensive overhaul, which lasted for seven months. After completion of the refit, "Admiral Hipper" conducted sea trials in the Baltic before putting into Gotenhafen on 21 December for some minor refitting. In January 1942, the ship had her steam turbines overhauled at the Blohm & Voss shipyard; a degaussing coil was fitted to the ship's hull during this overhaul. By March, the ship was again fully operational.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: On 19 March 1942, "Admiral Hipper" steamed to Trondheim, escorted by the destroyers , , and and the torpedo boats , , and . Several British submarines were patrolling the area, but failed to intercept the German flotilla. "Admiral Hipper" and her escorts reached their destination on 21 March. There, they joined the heavy cruisers "Lützow" and , though the latter soon returned to Germany for repairs after being torpedoed.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: On 3 July, "Admiral Hipper" joined the cruisers "Lützow" and and the battleship for Operation Rösselsprung, an attack on convoy PQ 17. Escorting the convoy were the battleships and and the aircraft carrier . "Admiral Hipper", "Tirpitz", and six destroyers sortied from Trondheim, while a second task force consisting of "Lützow", "Admiral Scheer", and six destroyers operated out of Narvik. "Lützow" and three of the destroyers struck uncharted rocks while en route to the rendezvous and had to return to port. Swedish intelligence had meanwhile reported the German departures to the British Admiralty, which ordered the convoy to disperse. Aware that they had been detected, the Germans aborted the operation and turned over the attack to U-boats and the Luftwaffe. The scattered vessels could no longer be protected by the convoy escorts, and the Germans sank 21 of the 34 isolated transports.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: When the "Admiral Hipper" moved together with the "Admiral Scheer" and the light cruiser to the Altafjord on 10 September in preparation for Operation Doppelschlag, the ships were unsuccessfully attacked by the British submarine . This operation was also aborted, because Hitler did not want to risk losses to the surface fleet.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: In Operation Zarin, the cruiser laid a minefield on 24–28 September off the north-west coast of Novaya Zemlya, escorted by the destroyers , , , and "Z30" The goal of the operation was to funnel merchant traffic further south, closer to the reach of German naval units in Norway. After her return to port, "Admiral Hipper" was transferred to Bogen Bay near Narvik for repairs to her propulsion system.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: On 28–29 October, "Admiral Hipper" and the destroyers "Friedrich Eckoldt" and "Richard Beitzen" were transferred further north from Narvik to the Altafjord. Starting on 5 November, "Admiral Hipper" and the 5th Destroyer Flotilla, composed of , "Z30", "Richard Beitzen", and "Friedrich Eckoldt", patrolled for Allied shipping in the Arctic. "Vizeadmiral" Oskar Kummetz commanded the squadron from "Admiral Hipper." On 7 November, the cruiser's Arado Ar 196 floatplane located the Soviet tanker "Donbass" and its escort, the auxiliary warship "BO-78". Kummetz dispatched the destroyer "Z27" to sink the two Soviet ships.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: In December 1942, convoy traffic to the Soviet Union resumed. "Großadmiral" Raeder ordered a plan, Operation Regenbogen, to use the available surface units in Norway to launch an attack on the convoys. The first convoy of the month, JW 51A, passed to the Soviet Union without incident. However, the second, convoy JW 51B, was spotted by the submarine south of Bear Island. Raeder ordered the forces assigned to Operation Regenbogen into action. "Admiral Hipper", again served as Kummetz's flagship; the squadron comprised "Lützow" and the destroyers "Friederich Eckoldt", "Richard Beitzen", "Theodor Riedel", "Z29", "Z30", and "Z31". The force left Altafjord at 18:00 on 30 December, under orders to avoid confrontation with even an equal opponent.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Kummetz's plan was to divide his force in half; he would take "Admiral Hipper" and three destroyers north of the convoy to attack it and draw away the escorts. "Lützow" and the remaining three destroyers would then attack the undefended convoy from the south. At 09:15 on the 31st, the British destroyer spotted the three destroyers screening for "Admiral Hipper"; the Germans opened fire first. Four of the other five destroyers escorting the convoy rushed to join the fight, while laid a smoke screen to cover the convoy. "Admiral Hipper" fired several salvos at "Achates", raining shell splinters on the destroyer that severed steam lines and reduced her speed to . Kummetz then turned back north to draw the destroyers away. Captain Robert Sherbrooke, the British escort commander, left two destroyers to cover the convoy while he took the remaining four to pursue "Admiral Hipper".


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Rear Admiral Robert Burnett's Force R, centered on the cruisers and , standing by in distant support of the Allied convoy, raced to the scene. The cruisers engaged "Admiral Hipper", which had been firing to port at the destroyer . Burnett's ships approached from "Admiral Hipper"s starboard side and achieved complete surprise. In the initial series of salvos from the British cruisers, "Admiral Hipper" was hit three times. One of the hits damaged the ship's propulsion system; the No. 3 boiler filled with a mix of oil and water, which forced the crew to turn off the starboard turbine engine. This reduced her speed to . The other two hits started a fire in her aircraft hangar. She fired a single salvo at the cruisers before turning toward them, her escorting destroyers screening her with smoke.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: After emerging from the smoke screen, "Admiral Hipper" was again engaged by Burnett's cruisers. Owing to the uncertainty over the condition of his flagship and the ferocity of the British defense, Kummetz issued the following order at 10:37: "Break off action and retire to the west." Mistakenly identifying "Sheffield" as "Admiral Hipper", the destroyer "Friederich Eckoldt" approached too closely and was sunk. Meanwhile, "Lützow" closed to within of the convoy, but due to poor visibility, she held her fire. She then received Kummetz's order, and turned west to rendezvous with "Admiral Hipper". "Lützow" inadvertently came alongside "Sheffield" and "Jamaica", and after identifying them as hostile, engaged them. The British cruisers turned toward "Lützow" and came under fire from both German cruisers. "Admiral Hipper"s firing was more accurate and quickly straddled "Sheffield", though the British cruiser escaped unscathed. Burnett quickly decided to withdraw in the face of superior German firepower; his ships were armed with guns, while "Admiral Hipper" and "Lützow" carried and guns, respectively.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Based on the order issued at the outset of the operation to avoid action with a force equal in strength to his own, poor visibility, and the damage to his flagship, Kummetz decided to abort the attack. In the course of the battle, the British destroyer "Achates" was sunk by the damage inflicted by "Admiral Hipper". The Germans also sank the minesweeper and damaged the destroyers , "Obedient", and "Obdurate". In return, the British sank "Friederich Eckoldt" and damaged "Admiral Hipper", and forced the Germans to abandon the attack on the convoy. In the aftermath of the failed operation, a furious Hitler proclaimed that the "Kriegsmarine"'s surface forces would be paid off and dismantled, and their guns used to reinforce the fortifications of the Atlantic Wall. Admiral Karl Dönitz, Raeder's successor, persuaded Hitler to retain the surface fleet, however. After returning to Altafjord, emergency repairs to "Admiral Hipper" were effected, which allowed her to return to Bogen Bay on 23 January 1943. That day, "Admiral Hipper", "Köln", and the destroyer "Richard Beitzen" left the Altafjord to return to Germany. The three ships stopped in Narvik on 25 January, and in Trondheim from 30 January to 2 February. After resuming the voyage south, the ships searched for Norwegian blockade runners in the Skagerrak on 6 February before putting into port at Kiel on 8 February. On 28 February, the ship was decommissioned in accordance with Hitler's decree.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: Despite being decommissioned, repair work on the ship continued. The ship was moved in April to Pillau in the Baltic, to put "Admiral Hipper" out of the reach of Allied bombers. A year later, the ship was moved to Gotenhafen; the "Kriegsmarine" intended to re-commission the ship so she could be used in the Baltic. Over the next five months, "Admiral Hipper" ran a series of sea trials in the Baltic, but failed to reach operational status. As the Soviet army pushed the Germans back on the Eastern Front, her crew was drafted into construction work on the defenses of the city, further impairing "Admiral Hipper"s ability to enter active service. The Royal Air Force also laid an extensive minefield around the port, which forced the ship to remain in the harbor.


title: German cruiser Admiral Hipper

text: By the end of 1944, the ship was due for another overhaul; work was to have lasted for three months. The Soviet Army had advanced so far, however, that it was necessary to move the ship farther away from the front, despite the fact that she had only one working turbine. On 29 January 1945, the ship left Gotenhafen, arriving in Kiel on 2 February. She entered the Germaniawerft shipyard for refitting. On 3 May, RAF bombers attacked the harbor and severely damaged the ship. Her crew scuttled the wrecked ship at her moorings at 04:25 on 3 May. In July 1945, after the end of the war, "Admiral Hipper" was raised and towed to Heikendorfer Bay and subsequently broken up for scrap in 1948–1952. Her bell was on display at the National Maritime Museum in Greenwich. The bell has since been returned to Germany and is on display at the Laboe Naval Memorial near Kiel.


title: Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury

text: Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil, 7th Marquess of Salisbury, Baron Gascoyne-Cecil, (born 30 September 1946), is a British Conservative politician. From 1979 to 1987 he represented South Dorset in the House of Commons, and in the 1990s he was Leader of the House of Lords under his courtesy title of Viscount Cranborne. Lord Salisbury lives in one of England's largest historic houses, the 17th-century Hatfield House in Hertfordshire, and currently serves as Chancellor of the University of Hertfordshire.


text: Robert Michael James Gascoyne-Cecil was born on 30 September 1946, the eldest child and first-born son of Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 6th Marquess of Salisbury. His younger brother was the journalist Lord Richard Cecil, who was killed covering the conflict in Rhodesia in 1978.


text: Lord Cranborne attended Eton College and Christ Church, Oxford, and became a merchant banker before going to work on the family estates.


text: Lord Cranborne was selected as the Conservative Party candidate for South Dorset in 1976, where his family owned land, despite there being on the shortlist several former members of parliament who had lost their seats in the two 1974 elections. At the 1978 Conservative Party conference he spoke in opposition to British sanctions against Rhodesia. He won the South Dorset seat at the 1979 general election, becoming the seventh consecutive generation of his family to sit in the House of Commons. In his maiden speech, he urged Ian Smith, prime minister of Rhodesia, to stand aside in favour of Abel Muzorewa.


text: Cranborne gained a general reputation as a right-winger, especially on matters affecting the Church of England, but confounded this reputation when he co-wrote a pamphlet in 1981 which said that the fight against unemployment ought to be given more priority than the fight against inflation. He took an interest in Northern Ireland, and, when Jim Prior announced his policy of 'Rolling Devolution', resigned an unpaid job as assistant to Douglas Hurd.


text: Lord Cranborne became known in the early 1980s as an anti-communist, as a supporter of Afghan refugees (from the Soviet invasion of that country) in Pakistan, and for sending food parcels to Poland. Until the early years of the 21st century, a charity shop was run on his Hatfield House estate solely to raise money for these causes, including funds for Polish orphanages. He was involved in efforts to fund the Afghan resistance. His strong opposition to any involvement by the Republic of Ireland in Northern Ireland led him to oppose the Anglo-Irish Agreement and contributed to his decision to retire from the House of Commons in 1987.


text: After the 1992 general election, John Major used a writ of acceleration to call Lord Cranborne up to the House of Lords in one of his father's junior titles. Thus, Lord Cranborne was summoned to Parliament as Baron Cecil, of Essendon in the County of Rutland (his father's most junior dignity), although he continued to be known by his courtesy style of Viscount Cranborne. This is the most recent time a writ of acceleration has been issued, and due to the provisions of the House of Lords Act 1999, abolishing the automatic right of hereditary peers to sit in the House of Lords, any future use of the writ of acceleration is highly unlikely.


text: He served for two years as a junior defence minister before being appointed as Lord Privy Seal and Leader of the House of Lords in 1994. Lord Cranborne was appointed by the Queen as Privy Counsellor (PC) on 21 July 1994. Funding for opposition parties in the House of Lords, known as Cranborne Money, began during his leadership. When Major resigned as Leader of the Conservative Party in an attempt to test his authority as leader in July 1995, Lord Cranborne led his re-election campaign. He was recognised as one of the few members of the Cabinet who were personally loyal to Major, but continued to lead the Conservative Peers after Labour won the 1997 general election.


text: When the new Prime Minister Tony Blair proposed the removal of the hereditary element in the House of Lords, Lord Cranborne negotiated a pact with the Labour government to retain a small number of hereditary peers (later set at 92) for what was intended to be an interim period. For the sake of form this amendment was formally proposed by Lord Weatherill, Convenor of the Cross-Bench Peers. However, Lord Cranborne gave his party's approval without consulting the party leader, William Hague, who knew nothing and was embarrassed when Blair told him of it in the House of Commons. Hague then sacked Lord Cranborne, who accepted his error, saying that he had "rushed in, like an ill-trained spaniel".


text: All former Leaders of the House of Lords who were hereditary peers accepted life peerages to keep them in the upper house in 1999. Lord Cranborne, who had received the title Baron Gascoyne-Cecil, of Essendon in the County of Rutland, remained active on the backbenches until the House of Lords adopted new rules for declaration of financial interests which he believed were too onerous. He took "Leave of Absence" on 1 November 2001. He was therefore out of the House of Lords when he succeeded his father as the 7th Marquess of Salisbury on 11 July 2003.


text: In January 2010, Lord Salisbury and Owen Paterson, the then Shadow Secretary of State for Northern Ireland, hosted secret talks at Hatfield House, involving the DUP, the UUP and the Conservative Party. These talks prompted speculation that the Conservatives were attempting to create a pan-unionist front to limit Sinn Féin and the Social Democratic and Labour Party at the general election of 2010.


text: In September 2012, Lord Salisbury, in his role as Chairman of the Thames Diamond Jubilee Foundation, was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II and became a Knight Commander of the Royal Victorian Order (KCVO).


text: He retired from the House of Lords on 8 June 2017, the date of the snap general election. He was appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Garter (KG) on 27 February 2019.


text: Salisbury is a Deputy Lieutenant of Hertfordshire, and the current President of the Friends of the British Library and of the Friends of Friendless Churches.


text: Lord Salisbury is the Chairman of the Constitution Reform Group (CRG), a cross-party pressure group which seeks a new constitutional settlement in the UK by way of a new Act of Union. The group introduced the Act of Union Bill 2017-19 as a Private Member's Bill by Lord Lisvane in the House of Lords on 9 October 2018, when it received a formal first reading; its passage through Parliament was terminated by the ending of the parliamentary session in October 2019.


text: Lord Salisbury writes for "The Spectator" and the Centre for Policy Studies under the informal name of Robert Salisbury. He is the Chairman of Reaction.


text: In 2020, Lord Salisbury published a book entitled "William Simpson and the Crisis in Central Asia, 1884-5". It is a nonfiction book about the Victorian war artist William Simpson, and his involvement with the Afghan Boundary Commission, a surveying project which nearly triggered a war with Tsarist Russia in 1885. The book was privately published as a contribution to the Roxburghe Club, and it is illustrated by a set of sketches by Simpson now owned by Lord Salisbury.


text: In 1970, aged 23, he married Hannah Stirling, niece of Colonel Sir David Stirling (a co-founder of the SAS) and a descendant of the Lords Lovat, Scottish Catholic aristocrats. The marriage was initially opposed by his family, chiefly because Stirling was a Catholic.


text: During the 1970s, Lord and Lady Cranborne had two sons and three daughters (including twins); the two elder daughters are now married. Until recently, they lived at Cranborne Manor, Dorset. The family seat is Hatfield House, once home to Queen Elizabeth I of England, which was given to the family by James I of England in exchange for the Cecil family house Theobalds. The Cecils are landowners in Dorset, Hertfordshire and London, and the 7th Marquess ranked 352nd in the "Sunday Times" Rich List 2017, with an estimated net worth of £335m (of which the paintings at Hatfield accounted for £150m).


text: The Marquess of Salisbury's heir is his elder son Robert Edward "Ned" William Gascoyne-Cecil, Viscount Cranborne (born 1970). He was a page of honour to the Queen from 1983 to 1986. The heir is unmarried, though he does have a daughter born in 2001. The younger son, Lord James, has married and fathered one son, Thomas Richard James (born 2009).


title: The Hollies discography

text: The discography of British rock and pop band the Hollies consists of 21 studio albums, 24 compilation albums, two tribute/covers albums, seven extended plays, and 67 singles.


title: The Hollies discography

text: Since the Hollies released their first single on 17 May 1963, the group has had 30 charting singles on the UK Singles Chart, 21 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, 21 on "RPM" magazine's singles chart, 25 on Germany's singles chart, and 11 on the VG-lista singles chart. Many of the Hollies' singles contain three-part vocal harmony, although a few—such as "Long Cool Woman in a Black Dress"—do not contain any vocal harmonies.


title: The Hollies discography

text: A total of 15 albums by the Hollies have charted on the UK Albums Chart, 13 have charted on the "Billboard" 200, five have charted on the VG-lista albums chart, four have charted in the Netherlands, and six have charted on "RPM" magazine's Top Albums chart.


title: Mas que Nada

text: "Mas que Nada" () is a song written and originally recorded in 1963 by Jorge Ben (currently known as "Jorge Ben Jor") on his debut album "Samba Esquema Novo", which was covered in 1966 by Sérgio Mendes, becoming one of the latter's signature songs. It was voted by the Brazilian edition of "Rolling Stone" as the fifth-greatest Brazilian song. It was inducted to the Latin Grammy Hall of Fame in 2013.


title: Mas que Nada

text: Brazilians use "Mas que nada" (in a literal translation: "just nothing") colloquially to disagree with someone. A fitting English translation might be a sarcastic "Yeah, right!" or "No way!"


title: Mas que Nada

text: With many recordings, the title song is incorrectly written "Mais que nada" (Portuguese for "more than nothing") which would fundamentally alter its meaning, and would be the equivalent to the Spanish expression "más que nada", which means "more than anything", or "above all", and is used in the sense of "mainly" or "principally".


title: Mas que Nada

text: In 1958, Brazilian artist José Prates recorded a track called "Nanã Imborô" that appears on his album "Tam... Tam... Tam...!" (1958, Polydor Brasil – LPNG 4.016), which features the underlying melody and vocalizations later used by Jorge Ben in "Mas que Nada" This motifs would by further highlighted by Sergio Mendes’ arrangement of the song in 1966.


title: Mas que Nada

text: Sérgio Mendes covered the song with his band Brasil '66 on their debut album, "Herb Alpert Presents Sergio Mendes & Brasil '66" (1966). In the United States, the single reached number 47 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and number four on the "Billboard" Easy Listening chart. Outside of Brazil this 1966 version is better known than Jorge Ben's original and, to many, the definitive version of the song.


title: Mas que Nada

text: In 1989, Mendes re-recorded the song on his album "Arara"; in Brazil, the song is also well known for being the theme song for the local television channel Rede Globo's "Estrelas".


title: Mas que Nada

text: In 2006, Mendes again re-recorded the song, this time with American musical group the Black Eyed Peas and additional vocals by Mendes' wife, Gracinha Leporace, for his album "Timeless". This version contains a sample of the Black Eyed Peas' 2004 single "Hey Mama". The song topped the charts of Hungary and the Netherlands and peaked at number six on the UK Singles Chart. This version was included in the 2011 animated film "Rio" (along with another version recorded in the style of Brasil '66 and also coincidentally featured one of the members, will.i.am with a voice role in the film as Pedro the red-crested cardinal one of the main characters of the film) and its soundtrack.


title: Mas que Nada

text: Other Brazilian artists who recorded the song include Luiz Henrique, Elza Soares and . Outside Brazil, the song has been covered by dozens of international stars:


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Moondram Pirai () is a 1982 Indian Tamil-language romantic drama film written, directed and filmed by Balu Mahendra. The film stars Kamal Haasan and Sridevi, while Y. G. Mahendran, Silk Smitha and Poornam Viswanathan play supporting roles. It revolves around a school teacher who rescues a woman with retrograde amnesia, from a brothel, and protects her in his house located in Ketti. The rest of the film shows how the woman recovers her memory with the teacher's help.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: "Moondram Pirai" is the first film produced by G. Thyagarajan and G. Saravanan's Sathya Jyothi Films. It was predominantly shot in Ooty and Ketti, with further shooting also taking place in Bangalore. The music for the film was composed by Ilaiyaraaja, with lyrics written by Kannadasan, Vairamuthu and Gangai Amaran. It also featured the last song written by Kannadasan to be recorded before his death in 1981.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: "Moondram Pirai" was released on 19 February 1982 and received critical acclaim. It was a box office success and had a theatrical run of over a year. The film won two National Film Awards: Best Actor for Haasan, and Best Cinematography for Mahendra. It also won the Best Director – Tamil award for Mahendra at the Filmfare Awards South, and five Tamil Nadu State Film Awards, including Best Film (third prize), Best Actor (Haasan) and Best Actress (Sridevi). Mahendra remade the film in Hindi as "Sadma" (1983), with Haasan, Sridevi and Smitha reprising their roles.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Bhagyalakshmi, a young woman, has a car accident while returning from a party and is hospitalised with severe head injuries. When she recovers, she is diagnosed with retrograde amnesia and she fails to recognise her own parents. She mentally regresses to the state of a child. While she is undergoing treatment, she is kidnapped and sold to the madam of a brothel. R. Srinivas, also known as Cheenu, comes to Madras to meet his old friend. Together, they visit the brothel for services rendered. The madam sends Bhagyalakshmi, renamed Vijaya, to his room. Cheenu realises that she is mentally still a child and pities her. He learns that she is from a cultured family, and that she was kidnapped and forced into prostitution.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Cheenu returns the next day and, after paying a huge sum to the madam, takes Vijaya out, supposedly on a pleasure trip. He takes her away to Ketti, where he is working as a school teacher. He takes her to his residence, where he protects her and also looks after her like a child. Viji, as she is called by Cheenu, has completely forgotten her past and becomes very close to him. When Viji accidentally spills ink over Cheenu's documents, angering him, their relationship is threatened, but they reconcile. Later, a local woodcutter named Natarajan lusts for Viji and nearly assaults her, but she manages to save herself. When she tells Cheenu about it, he becomes enraged and almost kills Natarajan, but is stopped by his neighbours who were informed of the incident by Viji. Meanwhile, the wife of Cheenu's headmaster is attracted to Cheenu, but he does not reciprocate her feelings.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Viji's father Vedachalam, who was searching her through the police, releases a newspaper advertisement about his lost daughter. A co-passenger who had travelled with Cheenu and Viji from Madras to Ooty by train gives them a lead. Cheenu takes Viji to an Ayurvedic practitioner and leaves her there for a day's treatment. In his absence, the police come to his house searching for Viji. Finally, the police learn that Viji is getting treated at the doctor's place and reach there. Cheenu is unable to come as he is afraid of police action. The treatment goes through successfully. Viji regains her memory, but completely forgets about the period between her accident and recovery. From the doctor, Vedachalam learns that the person who had brought her there had been taking good care of their daughter; he withdraws his police complaint and they begin their journey to Madras with Viji.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: After the police leave, Cheenu comes running after the car in which Viji is travelling. He follows them to the railway station and tries to gain Viji's attention, but she is unable to recognise him. Cheenu acts like a dancing monkey that Viji developed a liking for, but Viji, unable to comprehend, thinks he is insane and begging for food. Cheenu continues his futile attempts to gain her attention, and the train eventually leaves with Viji not recognising him. Cheenu, who was injured while chasing her car and trying to get her attention, walks away, heartbroken.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: "Moondram Pirai" was the first film produced by G. Thyagarajan and G. Saravanan's production company, Sathya Jyothi Films. Thyagarajan, who was looking after Sathya Movies owned by his father-in-law R. M. Veerappan, started Sathya Jyothi Films on his own to make "slightly offbeat films". Mani Ratnam and Thyagarajan had been friends since childhood as both their fathers were partners of Venus Movies. Ratnam introduced the director and cinematographer Balu Mahendra to Thyagarajan as Ratnam felt Thyagarajan would be the right person to produce the film that would later become "Moondram Pirai". After hearing Mahendra's story, Thyagarajan's father liked the plot and said "the film will do well like "Kalyana Parisu" and asked me to proceed without any worry".


title: Moondram Pirai

text: After the project was finalised, Mahendra took one month time to complete the script and he worked on the budget alongside film's production manager Govind and fixed the budget to . A. Ramaswamy and D. Vasu were in charge of art direction and editing respectively.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: While discussing about the casting, Mahendra suggested Kamal Haasan as the lead actor as he "would do excellent work". Haasan has stated that, when Mahendra narrated the story of "Moondram Pirai" to him, he listened to Mahendra for about twenty minutes before accepting the role of the male lead Cheenu. The role of Bhagyalakshmi / Viji was initially offered to Sripriya, who could not accept the role due to her prior commitments. It was Haasan who successfully suggested Sridevi for the role.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Silk Smitha, who had done around 20 films by then and was considered only for performing item numbers, was cast as the headmaster's sexually excited wife, as Mahendra wanted a woman who was "sexy and at the same time a rustic beauty". Poornam Viswanathan was initially reluctant to portray the headmaster as it deviated from the character roles he was then known for, but after convincing by Mahendra, agreed.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Principal photography began with a puja at Prasad Studios. "Moondram Pirai" was predominantly shot in Ooty and Ketti, a small town situated close to the former. Shooting also took place in Bangalore. Mahendra shot the montage shots for the songs "Poongatru" and "Kanne Kalaimaane" simultaneously. The interior shots of "Kanne Kalaimaane" were shot within two days with Mahendra "would shoot the exterior portions while we were moving from one location to another".


title: Moondram Pirai

text: For a minor fight scene involving Cheenu and Natarajan (K. Natraj), Haasan and Mahendra told the stunt choreographer "it shouldn't look like a regular movie fight, but like a street brawl". Natraj and Haasan performed their own stunts by jumping into a stream water. Haasan ensured he looked fit in the song "Ponmeni Uruguthey" and worked out to get a "sculpted physique". This was the film's only song to have rehearsals for one week in Madras (later renamed Chennai). Mahendra did not want to shoot the song in "flat light"; he shot it "in the early morning, from 6am to 8am, then we'd take a break, and then, we'd assemble again by 4.30pm, and then shoot from 5pm to 7pm, as the sun was setting" and managed to finish the song in five days. In April 2006, Mahendra said that the inclusion of the song was "absolutely unnecessary"; the sole reason for its inclusion was the presence of Smitha in the song to help promote the film.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: Mahendra did not find hiring a train expensive at that time; as a result, he hired a train for the film's scene where Cheenu and Viji depart for Ketti, and another train for the climax which was shot at the Ketti railway station. Although it was raining on the day the climax was shot, Mahendra decided to continue shooting the scene even though the rain was not part of the film's script. It took nearly five days to film the climax. The scene where Cheenu hits himself on the pole while walking towards the train was not planned; Haasan performed it in the middle of the shot. To shoot that scene, Mahendra sat on the steps of the train with a rope tied around his waist with crew holding and preventing him from falling down. Despite being in such a "precarious position", he managed to get the shot right and okayed it in a single take. Haasan refused to use a double, and strove to make Cheenu's injuries look real.


title: Moondram Pirai

text: In the post-production phase, Smitha's voice was dubbed by Anuradha. Mahendra supervised Anuradha's dubbing session and taught her the methods to emote the dialogues for Smitha in the film. While the film was under production the team was scoffed at for making a film about a youth falling in love with an amnesiac, and that the film would not be a box office success. The film uses intense violin music in both its opening and closing credits. The final length of the film was roughly .