title: Ava Lowle Willing

text: In June 1940, she returned to the United States on the liner as a war refugee, reclaimed her American citizenship, and became known as Mrs. Ava Willing Ribblesdale.


title: Ava Lowle Willing

text: On June 9, 1958, Ava died in her apartment at 720 Park Avenue in Manhattan, New York. Ava is buried at Locust Valley Cemetery, in Locust Valley, New York. She left a token bequest of $25,000 to her son, Vincent, but the bulk of her $3,000,000 estate was left to her daughter Ava Alice's four children: Prince Ivan Sergeyevich Obolensky, Princess Sylvia Sergeyevna Obolensky, Romana von Hofmannsthal, and Emily Sophia Harding.


title: 28 (number)

text: Twenty-eight is the second perfect number - it is the sum of its proper divisors: formula_1. As a perfect number, it is related to the Mersenne prime 7, since formula_2. The next perfect number is 496, the previous being 6.


title: 28 (number)

text: Since the greatest prime factor of formula_3 is 157, which is more than 28 twice, 28 is a Størmer number.


title: 28 (number)

text: Twenty-eight is a harmonic divisor number, a happy number, a triangular number, a hexagonal number, a Leyland number of the second kind and a centered nonagonal number.


title: 28 (number)

text: It appears in the Padovan sequence, preceded by the terms 12, 16, 21 (it is the sum of the first two of these).


title: 28 (number)

text: It is also a Keith number, because it recurs in a Fibonacci-like sequence started from its decimal digits: 2, 8, 10, 18, 28...


title: 28 (number)

text: Twenty-eight is the third positive integer with a prime factorization of the form formula_4, where is an odd prime.


title: 28 (number)

text: Twenty-eight is the only known number that can be expressed as a sum of the first nonnegative (or positive) integers (formula_5), a sum of the first primes (formula_6) and a sum of the first nonprimes (formula_7), and it is unlikely that any other number has this property.


title: 28 (number)

text: There are 28 elements of the cuboid: 8 vertices, 12 edges, 6 faces, 2 3-dimensional elements (interior and exterior).


title: Push–pull strategy

text: The business terms push and pull originated in logistics and supply chain management, but are also widely used in marketing and in the hotel distribution business.


title: Push–pull strategy

text: There are several definitions on the distinction between push and pull strategies. Liberopoulos (2013) identifies three such definitions:


title: Push–pull strategy

text: With a push-based supply chain, products are pushed through the channel, from the production side up to the retailer. The manufacturer sets production at a level in accord with historical ordering patterns from retailers. It takes longer for a push-based supply chain to respond to changes in demand, which can result in overstocking or bottlenecks and delays (the bullwhip effect), unacceptable service levels and product obsolescence.


title: Push–pull strategy

text: In a pull-based supply chain, procurement, production and distribution are demand-driven rather than to forecast. However, a pull strategy does not always require make to order production. Toyota Motors Manufacturing is frequently used as an example of pull production, yet do not typically produce to order. They follow the "supermarket model" where limited inventory is kept on hand and is replenished as it is consumed. In Toyota's case, Kanban cards are used to signal the need to replenish inventory.


title: Push–pull strategy

text: A supply chain is almost always a combination of both push and pull, where the interface between the push-based stages and the pull-based stages is sometimes known as the "push–pull boundary". However, because of the subtle difference between pull production and make-to-order production, a more accurate name for this may be the "customer order decoupling point". An example of this is Dell's build to order supply chain. Inventory levels of individual components are determined by forecasting general demand, but final assembly is in response to a specific customer request. The decoupling point would then be at the beginning of the assembly line.


title: Push–pull strategy

text: In a marketing "pull" system, the consumer requests the product and "pulls" it through the delivery channel. An example of this is the car manufacturing company Ford Australia. Ford Australia only produces cars when they have been ordered by customers.


title: Push–pull strategy

text: Hopp and Spearman consider some of the most common systems found in industry and the literature and classify them as either push or pull


title: Push–pull strategy

text: Liberopoulos (2013) also classifies common systems according to different definitions on the distinction between push and pull.


title: Push–pull strategy

text: An advertising push strategy refers to a situation when a vendor advertises its product to gain audience awareness, while the pull strategy implies the aims to reach audiences which have shown existing interest in the product or information about it. The difference between "push" and "pull" marketing can also be identified by the manner in which the company approaches the lead. If, for example, the company were to send a sales brochure, that would be considered pushing the opportunity toward the lead. If, instead, the company provided a subject matter expert as a speaker for an industry event attended by targeted leads, that could be one tactic used as part of a strategy to pull in a lead by encouraging that lead to seek out the expert in a moment of need for that expertise.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Barrick Gold Corporation is a mining company that produces gold and copper with 16 operating sites in 13 countries. It is headquartered in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. It has mining operations in Argentina, Canada, Chile, Côte d'Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Mali, Papua New Guinea, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, the United States and Zambia. In 2019, it produced 5.5 million ounces of gold at all-in sustaining costs of $894/ounce and 432 million pounds of copper at all-in sustaining costs of $2.52/pound. the company had 71 million ounces of proven and probable gold reserves.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Barrick has met or beaten market consensus on its financial and operating results for eleven consecutive quarters as of Q3 2021.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Barrick had been the world's largest gold mining company until Newmont Corporation acquired Goldcorp in 2019. Barrick expects to produce between 4.6 and five million ounces of gold and between 440 and 500 million pounds of copper in 2020.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Chief executive Mark Bristow said in 2020 that Barrick has debated moving its primary stock listing to the New York Stock Exchange from the Toronto Stock Exchange, broadening its exposure to potential investors.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Barrick Gold Corporation evolved from a privately held North American oil and gas company, Barrick Resources. After suffering financial losses in oil and gas, founder Peter Munk (1927–2018) decided to refocus the company on gold. Barrick Resources Corporation became a publicly traded company on May 2, 1983, listing on the Toronto Stock Exchange.


title: Barrick Gold

text: The company was set up not as a conventional mining company, but a mergers and acquisitions entity that bought mining companies.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In the 1980s, Barrick Gold purchased Goldstrike, which was a rapid success making Barrick one of the biggest gold mining companies globally.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Reflecting its identity as a North American producer, distinct from its South African competitors, the company's name was changed to American Barrick Resources in 1986. It was listed on the New York Stock Exchange in February 1987. Its name was changed to Barrick Gold Corporation in 1995.


title: Barrick Gold

text: American Barrick became the third-largest gold mining company in the world when it acquired Lac Minerals in 1994, which owned mining properties in North and South America. Two years later, in 1996, Arequipa Resources, owner of properties including the Pierina mine in Peru, accepted a takeover offer from the renamed Barrick Gold Corporation. A third acquisition followed in early 1999, when Barrick Gold acquired Sutton Resources Ltd., assuming ownership of properties in Tanzania. In 2001, Barrick acquired Homestake Mining Company for $2.3 billion in stock, then one of the oldest mining companies in the United States. The purchase made Barrick the second-largest gold producer in the world.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In December 2005, Barrick launched a hostile takeover bid valued at US$9.2 billion for rival Canadian gold miner Placer Dome. The $10.4 billion transaction closed in December 2006. The procurement made Barrick the owner of the Porgera Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea. Shortly after the merger, Barrick, seeking increased profitability, terminated many of the staff at Placer Dome who led the community relations work.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In February 2010, Barrick Gold announced plans to create a separate company to hold its assets in Tanzania, called African Barrick Gold. Barrick Gold would retain majority ownership in the new company, after its listing on the London Stock Exchange (LSE). African Barrick Gold was listed on the London Stock Exchange in mid-March 2010, with an IPO valuation at US$3.6 billion. The shares offered on the LSE raised just more than 500 million pounds. In June the company was admitted to the FTSE 100 Index.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In 2018, John L. Thornton orchestrated a strategic “trust-based relationship” between Barrick Gold and Shandong Gold Group, a Chinese state-owned enterprise, establishing joint ownership of the Veladero mine to capitalize on Shandong's investor base, capital suppliers, political connections, and regional influence. In the press release announcing the partnership, Thornton said that Barrick and Shandong were looking forward to “sharing… capital in ways that will create added value for our respective owners, and our government and community partners in San Juan province”.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In September 2018, Barrick Gold announced an all-stock merger with Randgold Resources in a deal valued at $6.5 billion. Immediately following the announcement of the merger, Randgold shares rose 6% and Barrick shares rose 5.6%. The deal created the world's largest gold producer with the new company listed on the Toronto Stock Exchange and New York Stock Exchange. The companies began talking about a combination in 2015 and the deal was orchestrated by Barrick Executive Chairman John L. Thornton and Randgold Founder and CEO Mark Bristow.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In February 2019, Barrick Gold announced a hostile $19 billion bid to acquire Newmont Mining Corporation, an American company based in Denver, Colorado. It was estimated that a merger could create $7 billion of value in operational synergies and would result in a 14% rise in Newmont's net asset value per share. The deal would have created a gold mining company with a market value of about $42 billion that some said would be a long-overdue restructuring of the global gold industry. Merging gold companies could make the industry more attractive to general investors as gold reserves are shrinking across the globe so fewer competitors could boost growth prospects. Newmont rejected the takeover offer and instead suggested the two companies' operations in Nevada, USA, be merged with Newmont CEO Gary Goldberg insisting that the joint venture be operated by Newmont with the two companies dividing the ownership equally. A joint venture was subsequently announced in March 2019 with Barrick as the operator owning 61.5% of the business.


title: Barrick Gold

text: On July 1, 2019, Barrick and Newmont Corporation launch Nevada Gold Mines. The combined operation is the single largest gold mining complex in the world and employs more than 7,000 people. It combined the mines Goldstrike, Cortez, Turquoise Ridge, and Goldrush from Barrick and Newmont's Carlin, Twin Creeks, Phoenix, Long Canyon sites, plus the associated processing plants and infrastructure of both companies. The joint venture was created after Barrick gave up a takeover bid for Newmont in early 2019.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Nevada Gold Mines in total comprises 10 underground and 12 opencast mines, two autoclave facilities, two roasting facilities, four oxide mills, a flotation plant and five heap leach facilities. Barrick owns 61.5% of the joint venture and operates the business, while Newmont owns 38.5%. It was estimated that $500 million could be saved by creating the joint venture in average annual synergies during the first five years of operating the joint venture. After its first year of operation, $35 million in operating and management costs were saved. Over 20 years, it is estimated that $4.7 billion of total savings will be realised.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Pakistan plans to grant Barrick a mining lease, exploration license and surface rights to restart the Reko Diq copper-gold project, it was announced in March 2022. The project when in production has the potential to be one of the top five gold-copper mines in the world. It has the potential to produce 250,000 ounces of gold and 200,000 tons of copper every year for more than half a century and could be in production by 2027. It was estimated that the project site contains up to 42 million ounces of gold and 54 billion pounds of copper in a study done in 2010. The mineral deposit was discovered at the foot of an extinct volcano in the 2000s. Work on the project was stopped in 2011 when a mining license to develop the Reko Diq mine was refused to be granted by Pakistani authorities. Ownership of the mine is to be split evenly between Pakistan and Barrick, which are investing about $10 billion in the project, which is the single largest investment in the country. About 8,000 jobs are expected to be created and about $1 billion will be invested in a new mining technical school along with hospital, schools and roads in the province of Balochistan, which is poor and sparsely populated. Construction of the mine will take place in two phases beginning with a processing plant with the capacity of 40 million tonnes per year and doubling five years after being commissioned.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Berkshire Hathaway disclosed that it purchased $562 million in shares of Barrick during the second quarter of 2020, immediately making it the eleventh-largest shareholder in the company. The new position is 20.9 million shares, which is 1.2% of the company's outstanding stock. Berkshire CEO Warren Buffett and his key business partner Charlie Munger have a history of dismissing gold as an attractive investment, saying a fine business run by good managers with cash flows and paying dividends is more productive than the precious metal. Buffett has previously said owning shares of quality companies is more valuable than owning gold itself. Buffett later sold his entire stake in the company.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Barrick Gold reported Total CO2e emissions (Direct + Indirect) for 31 December 2020 at 7,351 Kt. It has set a greenhouse gas emissions reduction target of 30% and will be net-zero carbon emissions by 2050. At its operations in the United States, Barrick is transitioning away from coal to natural gas and solar power, in an effort to reduce emissions. Mining companies had been coming under pressure from climate-focused investors to set decarbonization targets. The global mining industry including its biggest companies like Rio Tinto, BHP and Anglo American is responsible for 4% to 7% of greenhouse gas emissions globally.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Environmental and human rights violations have taken place around a number of mining operations that are now closed or were previously operated by a different company, including violence in Papua New Guinea and Tanzania. Forty people were arrested in Chile following a demonstration against the potential environmental impacts of a mining project that has not been built. Executives of Acacia Mining, which had mining operations in Tanzania and was acquired in 2019, had faced charges of bribery, conspiracy, forgery, money-laundering, tax-evasion and environmental damage. There has also been small groups of opposition in the Dominican Republic.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In 2010, Barrick Gold Corporation became the 18th company to join the Voluntary Principles on Security and Human Rights which provides "guidance to extractives companies on maintaining the security of their operations in a manner that respects human rights and fundamental freedoms." Admission follows an eight step process that requires approval by the Voluntary Principles plenary, the main decision-making body, consisting of all active members, drawn from participating governments, companies and non-governmental organizations. Barrick Gold participates in a number of corporate social responsibility programs, such as the United Nations Global Compact. The company is a signatory to the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative. It also participates in The Global Reporting Initiative, Business for Social Responsibility and The Global Business Coalition on HIV/Aids, Tuberculosis and Malaria. On September 7, 2007, Barrick was added to the Dow Jones Sustainability Index. The company is a member of The International Leadership Council (ILC) of The Nature Conservancy. In Papua New Guinea, the Porgera Joint Venture participated in the development of a wildlife conservation area in the Kaijende Highlands.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Between 2015 and 2017, three separate incidents occurred where processing solution escaped the leach pad area. In September 2015, 1,072m of processing solution was released from a faulty valve on a pipe going to the heap leach pad and was not diverted to the tailings storage facility because of a malfunctioning gate. In September 2016, a pipe carrying processing solution was struck by falling ice that had rolled down a slope, and in March 2017, a pipe carrying a mixture of rocks came loose. After the first accident in 2015, local judge Pablo Oritja of Argentina indicted nine employees, and a fine of $9.8 million was levied. Authorities in San Juan province responded with plans to re-engineer some operational and environmental processes at the mine, which were audited by local and international experts. The "National Observer" obtained court documents with allegations from a former employee that his employment was terminated soon after concerns were raised about health and safety and environmental practices in 2014.


title: Barrick Gold

text: A U.S. class-action lawsuit was launched in 2016 accusing the company of fraudulently inflating its market value by concealing problems at Pascua Lama, a South American mine under development. Development of the mine was indefinitely halted on October 31, 2013, and people who purchased shares between May 7, 2009, and November 1, 2013, were part of the class-action lawsuit. Development was halted for a number of issues including cost overruns, environmental concerns and the falling price of gold that would have made the operation less economical. A $140 million settlement was reached two months later with no charges of wrongdoing or liability and the company stating the claims alleged by the lead plaintiffs are unfounded.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In February 2010, lawyers for Barrick Gold threatened to sue the Canadian publisher Talonbooks for defamation if it proceeded with plans to publish the book "Imperial Canada Inc.: Legal Haven of Choice for the World's Mining Industries" by Alain Deneault. Publisher Karl Siegler described this as "libel chill," pointing out that since the book had not yet been published, Barrick Gold could not know whether or not its contents actually constituted defamation. Subsequently, Talon decided to publish the work () and "issued a statement saying they 'intend to show the complete manuscript to Barrick prior to the book's release, to allow Barrick the opportunity to "correct" any "falsehoods" about how they conduct their business affairs, worldwide, that they feel it may contain.'"


title: Barrick Gold

text: A 2011 decision in Quebec Superior Court had ruled that Barrick Gold had to pay $143,000 to authors Alain Deneault, Delphine Abadie, William Sacher, and publisher Les Éditions Écosociété Inc to prepare their defense in a "seemingly abusive" strategic lawsuit against public participation. Despite the Québec ruling, a book "Noir Canada" documenting the relationship between Canadian mining corporations, armed conflict, and political actors in Africa was never published as part of a settlement which, according to the authors, was only made for the sole purpose of resolving the three-and-a-half year legal battle.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In 2011, Human Rights Watch, a New York City-based international non-governmental organization that conducts research on human rights, found a pattern of abuses perpetrated by private and public law-enforcement personnel in 2009 and 2010 in the Porgera Gold Mine in Papua New Guinea. Human Rights Watch says that violent insecurity is a “chronic problem” around Porgera due to people engaging in illegal mining and continuously raiding various areas of the mining property including the open pit, stockpile areas for rock, waste dumps, and underground tunnels. Human Rights Watch said the government of Papua New Guinea has “consistently failed” to maintain law and order in the area and that responsible government regulation was the one essential component still lacking to manage the unstable social situation in the area. On the same day Human Rights Watch published its report, the company said it had been working with Human Rights Watch for six months on a series of actions in response to the investigation, which included improvements to the security environment, enhanced human rights training, and grievance mechanisms. A “remedy framework” called the Porgera Remedy Framework was set up as an alternative to the local judicial system to deliver compensation packages.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In June 2014, Amnesty International reported that local police forced evictions by way of arson from land adjacent to the mine. The report said that community leaders presumed the alleged actions by the police were an effort to prevent illegal mining.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In 2022 Canadaland reported that hundreds of women reported being raped at the mine by security contractors. According to journalist Richard Poplak, interviewed by Canadland in 2022, guards at the mine used sexual violence against women as a policy to deter them from the mine. The policy, according to Poplak, started in 2003 or 2004 (before Barrick's ownership) and increased in implementation after Barrick bought the mine.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Peter Munk prevented intervention by a shareholder proxy from speaking at the 2008 shareholder meeting about her reports of deadly violence and sexual violence from security contractors and took until 2010 to accept the reports were true. A compensation scheme was set up and paid 119 survivors of sexual violence around CAD$8,000 per person on the condition that they agreed not to sue Barrick Gold.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Soon after the Human Rights Watch 2011 publication, the mine, which was owned jointly by Barrick, Zijin Mining Group of China, and local landowners through Mineral Resources Enga, was nationalized by the government of Papua New Guinea under Prime Minister James Marape when the government did not renew the mining lease, and it expired in August 2019. The gold mine, which contributes about 10% of Papua New Guinea's total exports, was seen by Prime Minister James Marape as a way for the country to get a greater share of its major natural resource projects. In response, Barrick Gold sued the government in the Papua New Guinea courts and in an industrial tribunal. The government backed down after negotiating a greater ownership share in the joint venture.


title: Barrick Gold

text: The mine has, for many years, been severely contaminating the Porgera River, adjacent rivers, and the Gulf of Papua.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In February 2021, Barrick Gold announced it would sell its Lagunas Norte mine in Peru. The mine is sold to Boroo Pte Ltd. for up to US$81 million.


title: Barrick Gold

text: The BBC reported in September 2012 that one person was killed and at least four more were injured at the Barrick Pierina mine in the northern Ancash region of Peru in clashes between national police and members of a neighboring community who were protesting the mine's alleged over-consumption and contamination of local water sources during a drought. Villagers from the communities of Mareniyoc and San Isidro blocked an access road to the mine and entered the property by forcing open the mine gate. Community members asked that the mine provide the communities with drinking water. Operations at the mine resumed after two days.


title: Barrick Gold

text: Through 2009 and into 2010, Barrick Gold's Cortez Hills project was the subject of litigation in Nevada, seeking to block the project. Opponents appealed to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, challenging a ruling in the United States District Court for the District of Nevada, which denied the bid to block the project. The Appeals Court "upheld a federal judge's finding that opponents of the mine failed to prove they were likely to prevail on claims the mine would cause visual harm to Mount Tenabo and create a substantial burden on the tribes' ability to exercise their religion" but ruled the U.S. Bureau of Land Management's previous environmental review of water and air pollution impacts "was inadequate under the National Environmental Policy Act" and ordered the District Court to provide "appropriate" injunctive relief while the Bureau of Land Management conducted further study. In March 2011 the Bureau of Land Management approved a subsequent study on environmental impacts, allowing the mine to operate as originally proposed.


title: Barrick Gold

text: In 2008, the company negotiated an agreement with four of five regional Western Shoshone tribes, providing financial resources for education and wellness initiatives, including a long-term scholarship program, allocated at the Tribes' discretion. A former tribal chairman of the Duck Valley Shoshone spoke of the company as "a pretty progressive entity." In British Columbia the Tahltan Nation has thanked the company for encouraging local sustainable development while operating the Eskay Creek mine from 2001 to 2008.


title: FC Lugano

text: FC Lugano is a Swiss football club based in Lugano. The club was refounded as AC Lugano in 2004 as a result of relegation and the financial situation of FC Lugano, which was founded in 1908. In 2008, the club reverted to its original name, FC Lugano. They play at the Stadio Cornaredo. They have played in what is now the Swiss Super League during the periods of 1922–53, 1954–60, 1961–63, 1964–76, 1979–80, 1988–97, 1998–02, and from 2015 until present.


title: FC Lugano

text: Football Club Lugano was formed on 28 July 1908 under the leadership of then-president Ernesto Corsini. Promotion to the highest Swiss Super League came for the first time in 1922, and after several years of relegations and promotions, the team won its first Swiss Cup in 1931. The following decade, FC Lugano was able to win 3 national titles (1938, 1941 and 1949).


title: FC Lugano

text: For the first fifty years of its existence, Lugano played at the Campo Marzio – which opened on 13 September 1908 – but its success prompted the city to build a new stadium, and so on 26 August 1951, the Cornaredo Stadium was inaugurated, which has a capacity of 15,000.


title: FC Lugano

text: In 1968, Lugano won the Swiss Cup and hence the team participated in the Cup Winners' Cup. Two years later the team took part in the UEFA Cup.


title: FC Lugano

text: In 1993, Lugano won its third Cup against Grasshoppers, later participating in the Cup Winners' Cup, in which it reached second qualifying round. In the 1995–96 season, Lugano participated in the UEFA Cup, eliminating Jeunesse Hautcharage in the first round and Inter Milan in the second.


title: FC Lugano

text: The club was declared bankrupt in 2003 and forcibly removed from the league. Due to the bankruptcy, the team was renamed AC Lugano and fielded under-21 players, having been forced to sell or release the senior team to pay off the club's debts. In 2004, the club merged with Malcantone Agno, and it was decided that Lugano would re-enter the Swiss football system in the Swiss Challenge League. Morotti Joseph, the president of Malcantone Agno, was entrusted with the leadership of the new club.


title: FC Lugano

text: In 2007, the company was bought by a group led by Giambattista Pastorello. Luido Bernasconi became the new president.


title: FC Lugano

text: On 4 June 2008, the club's centenary year, the general meeting of shareholders voted on a name change. The historical name of Football Club Lugano was reinstated.


title: FC Lugano

text: On August 18, 2021, it was announced that American billionaire and owner of the Chicago Fire FC, Joe Mansueto, had purchased FC Lugano and that the Fire and FC Lugano were to work together as sister clubs. On 1 September 2021, assistant coach Mattia Croci-Torti took over coaching duties at the club, replacing Abel Braga. The first season under new ownership would immediately prove successful, as they were able to win their first title after 29 years, winning the 2021–22 Swiss Cup.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Kevin Eldon (born 2 October 1959) is an English actor and comedian. He featured in British comedy television shows of the 1990s including "Fist of Fun", "This Morning with Richard Not Judy", "Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge", "Big Train", "Brass Eye" and "Jam". In 2013, Eldon appeared in his own BBC sketch series "It's Kevin". He has also appeared in minor speaking roles in the HBO series "Game of Thrones".


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Eldon was born in Chatham, Kent. He has been a practising Buddhist since 1990. He has two children with his long-term girlfriend Holly, whom he met in late 2005 on the set of "Hyperdrive", where she was the art director.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Eldon occupies half a page in Oliver Gray's book called "Volume – A Cautionary Tale of Rock and Roll Obsession"; this includes coverage of punk-era Hampshire where, in late 1978, with two schoolmates from Bay House School, Gosport, Eldon started a band named Virginia Doesn't. Virginia Doesn't's career peaked with a session broadcast on Radio One's John Peel Show on 18 October 1979. In early 1980, Virginia Doesn't morphed into The Time, in which Eldon was again the front man. The Time recorded and performed from April 1980 until August 1982, during which time the band gigged extensively and played support slots with The Jam, Joe Jackson's Jumpin' Jive and Bad Manners. The Time had songs included on several self-released tape compilations, although they never secured a recording contract. In August 1982, The Time became Gerry Hackett & The Fringes, a spoof Sixties revival band. On 6 November 1983 Gerry Hackett & The Fringes appeared on BBC South's 'The Cellar Show' presented by John Sessions. Eldon started on the stand-up circuit in the early 1990s performing an act in-character as the political poet Paul Hamilton, but has also, on occasion, done stand-up as himself.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: On the circuit, Eldon formed a friendship with stand-up comedian Stewart Lee, which would later lead to an invitation to work with him on the radio series "Lee & Herring's Fist of Fun" with Lee's comedy partner Richard Herring. Lee and Herring would usually refer to him as "the actor Kevin Eldon", in reference to his claim to being an actor rather than a comedian. Eldon's work sat well with that of Lee and Herring, and he continued to work with them on many of their projects, including "The Lee & Herring Radio Show", "Fist of Fun" and "This Morning with Richard Not Judy". He played recurring characters Simon Quinlank (the self-styled "King of Hobbies") and 'Rod Hull', a nonsensical version of Rod Hull with a prosthetic limb and an obsession with jelly, especially the 'green' variety. In 1994 and 1997, he appeared at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival as part the comedy troupe Cluub Zarathustra; other comedians in the troupe including Roger Mann, Johnny Vegas, Simon Munnery, and later Stewart Lee. They were given a Channel 4 pilot, which led to the television series "Attention Scum!" The book "You Are Nothing" by Robert Wringham praises the performers' talent. From March 2009, Eldon appeared in "Stewart Lee's Comedy Vehicle" in a number of the show's sketches most often with Paul Putner.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Eldon has appeared in many British comedy shows from the 1990s onwards. One of his first appearances on television was in 1995 in "Knowing Me, Knowing You with Alan Partridge" as Fanny Thomas, a foul-mouthed transvestite chef and then later appeared on "I'm Alan Partridge" as the laughing racist, Mike Samson.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: During the 1990s he worked with such comedians as Simon Pegg, Mark Heap, Julia Davis, Amelia Bullmore and others in the sketch-comedy series "Big Train". One of Eldon's more notable characters for "Big Train", George Martin, was inspired by his impression of the Beatles producer. He had previously worked with some of the cast in the satirical series "Brass Eye", and the dark comedy "Jam", both written by Christopher Morris. Eldon would later act in "Nathan Barley" and the 2010 film "Four Lions" as a police sniper (also written by Christopher Morris). In 2004, Eldon appeared in the BAFTA award-winning dark comedy "Nighty Night" as Terry Tyrrell, husband to Julia Davis' character. They also appeared later in "Hunderby" (another dark comedy written by Julia Davis), "Little Crackers" and "Psychobitches". He worked again with Pegg in an episode in the sitcom "Spaced" with Mark Gatiss, both of whom played two Matrix-style government agents, and in the comedy film "Hot Fuzz" where he played Sergeant Tony Fisher.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Eldon has appeared on stage and screen numerous times with the comedian Bill Bailey; they performed as a spoof of the German band Kraftwerk, singing German versions of the "Hokey Cokey" and The Wurzels song "The Combine Harvester" for the recorded version of Bill Bailey's "Part Troll" comedy tour, along with two others (John Moloney and Martin Trenaman). He played the same role in Bailey's 2007 "Tinselworm" tour, "Channel 4's Comedy Gala" in 2010, and Bailey's 2010 "Dandelion Mind" tour. In late 2006, Eldon, alongside Bill Bailey, helped to organise and produce a short tour and a West End run of "Pinter's People" at the Haymarket Theatre, London. The show was a collection of sketches written by Harold Pinter, also starring Geraldine McNulty and Sally Phillips. They appeared together again when Eldon was a panellist on "Never Mind the Buzzcocks" in 2007 (with Bailey as team captain), as well as on the 'Dave' show "". They also acted together in the sitcom "Black Books" 'Grapes of Wrath' episode, where Eldon played "The Cleaner". Eldon has also had minor guest starring roles in numerous comedy projects, including "Smack the Pony", "Green Wing", "The IT Crowd" and "The Kennedys".


title: Kevin Eldon

text: In February 2010, Eldon appeared in the pilot for a "sort-of-sketch-show" called "Missing Scene". In 2011 he appeared in sketches throughout "How TV Ruined Your Life", and with Paul Whitehouse, as one of a pair of women 1950s typists in season four of "Harry and Paul". In October 2013, Eldon read his own short story "What do you say?" on the storytelling series "Crackanory", an adult-oriented remake of the children's television series "Jackanory".


title: Kevin Eldon

text: In 2013, Eldon was given a six-part sketch comedy series called "It's Kevin", broadcast on BBC Two. The show had many guest stars, mostly comedians that Eldon had already worked with before. Every episode ended with a song, including: "Mobile Phone", sung by the mock Swiss pop duo Popsox played by Eldon and Bill Bailey; "Brad", where the bully character Brad was played by Peter Serafinowicz; and "Pension Rap". Regular characters included the obnoxious poet Paul Hamilton; Stanley Duthorpe, the fictional man from the North of England; and an offensive French musician. These characters also appeared in Eldon's stand-up DVD "Kevin Eldon is Titting About." Eldon also wrote a spoof biography on Paul Hamilton called ""My Prefect Cousin: A Short Biography of Paul Hamilton"" in 2013 where he pretends that Hamilton is his own cousin. "Big Train" writer Arthur Matthews was one of the guest writers for the show.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: In October 2008, he played the part of pessimistic, unpopular "Big Brother" housemate Joplin in Charlie Brooker's five-part E4 horror thriller, "Dead Set". He has also appeared in several minor serious roles in British drama shows such as "Robin Hood", "Utopia", "Merlin", "Skins", "New Tricks" and "Hustle". In 2016, he appears in the 6th season of the American fantasy drama series, "Game of Thrones" along with Richard E. Grant as part of a theatre troupe, with Eldon's character portraying a version of Ned Stark. Uncredited appearances include the 2005 film version of "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory", playing "Man with Dog" alongside Mark Heap and the 2014 film "Cuban Fury", as the neighbour to the main character played by Nick Frost. He has also played an English policeman in Martin Scorsese's 2011 film "Hugo". Eldon played the role of Pete in the David Shrigley/Chris Shepherd animation, "Who I Am And What I Want", and also of Mick McManus in Tim Plester's short film "World of Wrestling" in 2007. In 2009, he played the lead role of Arthur in "Radio Mania: An Abandoned Work", a stereoscopic 3D film for the BFI, directed by British artists Iain Forsyth and Jane Pollard.,


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Eldon co-authored the theme tune, and is script editor for, the children's series "Genie in the House". He provided the voice of Penfold in the 2015 revival series of "Danger Mouse". He also appeared in the 2015 series of the children's comedy sketch show "Horrible Histories" as William the Conqueror - performing a parody version of Korean popstar PSY's hit, "Gangnam Style" called "Norman Style". He has also been a contestant on the gameshow "Pointless Celebrities" and was winner in a 2014 episode of "Celebrity Mastermind", where his specialist subject was "The Music of The Beatles".


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Eldon voiced the character of Frobisher in the 2012 PlayStation Vita game "Frobisher Says", and provided voice work for the 2013 indie game "Gun Monkeys" by Size Five Games.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: In 2019 he played Lance Corporal Jones in "", a recreation of three missing episodes of the BBC comedy "Dad's Army".


title: Kevin Eldon

text: From 1997 to 1999, Eldon appeared in BBC Radio 1 show, "Blue Jam", which was later adapted into the TV series "Jam".


title: Kevin Eldon

text: In 2001, Eldon appeared in the non-canon "Doctor Who" four-part webcast series ""Death Comes to Time"", in which he played Antimony, a companion to the Seventh Doctor.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: In 2008, Eldon presented "Poets' Tree", a four-part "poetry type programme" for BBC Radio 4, in the character of Paul Hamilton, which was co-written and edited by Stewart Lee. Eldon has also written and starred in a six-part series of monologues as people from different professions, collectively entitled "Speakers", broadcast on the London art radio station Resonance FM. He has also appeared in a CERN podcast with Simon Munnery. In 2012 and 2014, he produced his own radio series called "Kevin Eldon Will See You Now" which aired on Radio 4.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Between 2009 and 2013, Eldon appeared as both Dean the Dwarf and Kreech, the "Right Hand of Darkness" in the BBC Radio 4 parody of the Lord of the Rings Trilogy called "ElvenQuest". He has made guest appearances on Radio 4's "Fags, Mags and Bags", "North by Northamptonshire" and "The Horne Section". He was also part of 7th series of the tag team interview radio series "Chain Reaction". He was interviewed by John Cooper Clarke and he then interviewed Mark Steel.


title: Kevin Eldon

text: Between 2016 and 2021, Eldon appeared in four series of "Kevin Eldon Will See You Now", a comedy sketch show on BBC Radio 4. He also appeared in "Quanderhorn", a science fiction comedy radio series written by Andrew Marshall and Rob Grant. The first series was originally broadcast in the United Kingdom by BBC Radio 4 in 2018, and a second in 2020.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition is a racing video game developed by Rockstar San Diego and published by Rockstar Games. It is the third installment in the "Midnight Club" series. Like previous installments in the series, the game is an arcade-style racer and focuses on wild, high-speed racing, rather than realistic physics and driving. The name is derived from a partnership between Rockstar and "DUB Magazine", which features heavily in the game in the form of DUB-sponsored races and DUB-customized vehicles as prizes.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: Players race through open world recreations of San Diego, Atlanta, and Detroit listening to 98 (124 in the Remix version) licensed music tracks that include hip hop, rock, and other genres. The game features a number of graphical views after the player crashes into certain objects, or travels across particular stretches of road. There is also the ability to customize a player's vehicle. Other than modifying the external looks, the vehicle's performance can also be improved (with the exception of all "A" Class vehicles except motorcycles). "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition" is the first game in the series to feature licensed vehicles.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition" is an open world racing video game and the first game in the series to include car modification, both visual and performance. By winning races, the player unlocks new cars and options to customize them with. These options include enhancing the performance, adding vinyls and new paint jobs, and physically modifying the car by changing parts such as wheels, bumpers, spoilers, neon, hoods, and engine components. The cars are divided into four classes: D, C, B and A, depending on their performance.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: There are five types of races in the game: Ordered Race, Circuit Race, Unordered Race, Autocross Race, Track and Frenzy. In ordered races the player races through the city on a course marked by yellow-orange flares to reach a finish line. In circuit races the player races along a circuit course through the city for a set number of laps. In unordered races the player is free to go through scattered checkpoints in any order before crossing the finish line. Autocross races take place in a walled-in circuit of the street with no traffic or police, the goal being to finish the circuit faster than a set time. Track events, available in arcade mode, are similar to autocross races, except that the player competes against other races inside the barricaded track, often taking more damage. Frenzy events also available in Arcade, are time trial races where the player gets every 15 second a nitrous boost, also the handbrake won't work and the race only ends when the time is over.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: Players can also create their own races in the Race Editor (not available in the PSP version). Players can create either a circuit, ordered or unordered race by placing checkpoints throughout the city, and can change racing conditions such as traffic, weather, and time of day.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: There are seven types of cars: Tuners, Luxury Sedans, SUVs/Trucks, Exotics, Muscle Cars, Sport Bikes, and Choppers. As the game continues, different clubs that drive a specific type of car will invite the player to race with them: American Royalty Car Club (Muscle Cars), Big Playas (SUV s/Trucks), By Invitation Only (Exotics), Chopper of America Bike Club (Choppers), Luxury Rollers (Luxury Cars), Original Riders (Sport Bikes) and Unbeatable Street Racers (Tuners). If the player beats a club in three races they unlock a special ability for that class. Tuners, Sport Bikes, Exotics, the Lexus SC430, Mercedes Benz SL 500 and the Cadillac XLR in "Remix" get "Zone" (a form of bullet time which allows for more precise handling at high speeds), Trucks/SUVs and Luxury Cars get "Agro" (which allows the vehicle to plow through traffic and other obstacles without taking damage or slowing down), and Muscle Cars and Choppers get "Roar" (the only offensive ability, it launches a sonic wave that blows away any vehicles in its path).


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The game includes an online mode, where players can race with other players from all around the world. There are also many clubs available to join, but players can also start and manage their own. Most offline modes are available for play online, while in online mode it's possible to chat in-game, including a cruise mode, capture the flag, circuit racing, ordered racing, unordered racing, tag, paint and Autocross. Tracks created via the Race Editor offline can be used Online.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The player begins in San Diego by meeting Oscar, the mechanic of Six-One-Nine Customs, a tuning garage in San Diego. Oscar guides the player through the game by providing helpful tips and information about races. The player begins with a choice of six cars: a 1964 Chevrolet Impala, a 1978 Chevrolet Monte Carlo, a 2004 Dodge Neon SRT-4, a 2004 Mitsubishi Eclipse, a Volkswagen Golf R32, or a 2004 Volkswagen Jetta ("Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition Remix" added the option of a Scion tC). As the player wins races new customization options and cars are unlocked for purchase.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The street racers available to challenge at the beginning of the game are: Vanessa (Mitsubishi Eclipse), Bishop (Lexus GS430), and Carlos (1978 Chevrolet Monte Carlo). Beating each of these street racers will unlock an invitation to challenge a racing club the rival racer is part of; Vannessa unlock the Unbeatable Street Racers (Tuners), Bishop unlocks the Luxury Rollers (Luxury Sedans) and Carlos unlocks the American Royalty Car Club (Muscle Cars) Beating two of these street racers will allow the player to challenge Phil for ownership of his Hotmatch Cuevito, and an invitation to challenge the Chopper of America bike club. Once the player defeats Phil, Vanessa will challenge them again.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: After defeating all racers and tournaments in San Diego, the player is introduced to Vince, a mechanic from Detroit. Oscar mentions that the player has been building a reputation as a skilled racer, and that there are some big time races in Atlanta that the player may be interested in. He tells the player to go to the shipping company to make the trip.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The player arrives in a rather nice looking garage in Atlanta called "Apone Team Racing". The owner, Apone, introduces himself, but is distracted by his most prized procession: a 1964 gold painted Chevrolet Impala that he customized and is constantly tinkering with. In Atlanta, the player is challenged by three racers. There is also a tournament going on, for which the prize is a "DUB'd-Out" 2004 Cadillac Escalade EXT. After defeating all racers and tournaments in Atlanta, Apone mentions that there are more races going on in Detroit and that he thinks it's a good idea for the player to check it out.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: Street racers in Atlanta are: Roy (1969 Dodge Charger R/T, later a 1999 Dodge Charger R/T Concept), Dre (2005 Cadillac Escalade), Cheng (Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution VIII), Vito (Ducati Monster S4R), Lamont (Chevrolet Silverado SS) and Naomi (Hotmatch Skully). Defeating Vito unlocks the Original Riders (Sport Bikes), defeating Dre unlocks the Big Playas (SUV/Trucks).


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The player arrives in Detroit and sees a familiar face, Vince. Remembering him, he welcomes the player to town and his shop. He later points to a Lamborghini Murciélago and says it's the prize to whatever car club turns out the best street racer. Some returning faces from Atlanta come to Detroit, including Roy and Angel, who are plot-affected racers but they are never seen or mentioned. The player races them a couple of times, as well as the car clubs. Early in the player's Detroit career, a tournament is held and a 1949 Chevrolet Fleetline (as Oscar describes it "Just the car to win in Detroit!") is the prize. Upon defeating the racers, the player scores a challenge from the By Invitation Only Exotic Car Club. Defeating them unlocks "Zone" for Exotics and a special, rare 2004 Chrysler ME Four-Twelve. At this point, the player races all drivers twice, and upon defeating them, is crowned the victor of the U.S. Champion Series. Afterwards, the player returns to Vince's and is rewarded the Lamborghini Murcielago from before. Vince says: "It should be driven with respect, and not by some San Diego swinger who thinks he's hot stuff or something".


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: Street racers in Detroit are: Roy (returning with a Dodge Viper GTS-R), Spider (Hotmatch D'Elegance), Leo (1981 Camaro Z28), Caesar (Mercedes-Benz SLR McLaren, later a Lamborghini Gallardo), Kioshi (Aprilla Mille Factory), and Angel (Saleen S7).


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: According to the developer, the three cities present in the original release of the game were chosen due to their significance to the game's automotive and racing themes. Atlanta was chosen for its pioneering of automobile customization, Detroit due to its status as the birthplace of the U.S. automobile industry, and San Diego for its influence on developing street racing culture.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition Remix is a revised edition of "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition". It is available as a Greatest Hits release on PlayStation 2 and a Platinum Hits release on Xbox (the remix edition of the game is not available for the PlayStation Portable). The game was released on March 12, 2006, or exactly eleven months after the original version's release. It was released on December 19, 2012 on PlayStation Network for the PS3, but was removed after a passing of time due to licensing issues.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The game features all of the cities, vehicles, music, and other features from "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition". This version of the game also allows the player to import the "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition" data on their memory card to "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition Remix" to make up for lost progress, thus saving the player from starting all over again.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The following music can be found in "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition", the "Remix" soundtrack is also included. Musical artists found in the game include numerous members, The Game, Paul Wall, T.I., 50 Cent, Big Tymers, Mannie Fresh, Fabolous, Bump J, Calyx, Deep Blue, Ash, Aztec Mystic, Jimmy Eat World, Kasabian, Marilyn Manson, The Explosion, Nine Inch Nails, Sean Paul, Pitbull, Lil Wayne, and other artists. The soundtrack consisted of 99 tracks. The "Remix"s soundtrack consisted of 25 extra tracks; 124 tracks altogether. A large number of Detroit techno artists are also featured on the soundtrack, reflecting the game's setting.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of "Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition" received "favorable" reviews, while the PSP version received "average" reviews, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The game has sold at least 1.1 million copies worldwide on the PS2 version, and 3.64 million copies worldwide on the PSP version. The PlayStation Portable release received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom.


title: Midnight Club 3: Dub Edition

text: The "Dub Edition Remix" received "favorable" reviews, more so than the original, according to Metacritic.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Jawbreaker is an American punk rock band active from 1986 to 1996, and again since 2017. The band is considered to be extremely influential to the 1990s emo and punk genre with their "poetic take on hardcore," as cited by James Monger of "AllMusic".


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Lead vocalist and guitarist Blake Schwarzenbach, bassist Chris Bauermeister, and drummer Adam Pfahler formed the band while students at New York University, later relocating to Los Angeles where they released their debut album "Unfun" (1990) through independent record label Shredder Records. Relocating again to San Francisco the next year, they released 1992's "Bivouac" through the Tupelo Recording Company and The Communion Label.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Schwarzenbach's charisma and personal, frustrated lyrics helped establish him as a cult idol, even as he underwent surgery to remove painful, voice-threatening polyps from his throat. Jawbreaker toured with Nirvana in 1993 and released "24 Hour Revenge Therapy" in 1994, attracting the attention of major labels. They signed a $1 million contract with DGC Records and released 1995's "Dear You", but its more polished production and smooth vocals caused significant backlash from the band's core audience. Internal tensions led to Jawbreaker's dissolution in 1996 and Schwarzenbach had repeatedly stated that a reunion would never happen. However, the band announced a reunion in April 2017, and they are currently in the process of making the follow-up to "Dear You".


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Following the breakup, the members of Jawbreaker were active in other projects including Jets to Brazil and Whysall Lane. Pfahler continued to issue previously-recorded Jawbreaker material through his Blackball Records label, and public interest in the band continued due in part to nationally charting pop-punk and emo acts openly indebted to Jawbreaker's sound. In 2004, Pfahler licensed the out-of-print "Dear You" from DGC's parent company Geffen Records and re-released it to positive reviews. Remastered versions of the rest of the band's catalog have since been released.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Prior to forming Jawbreaker, Blake Schwarzenbach and Adam Pfahler were childhood friends in Santa Monica, California and classmates at Crossroads High School. In 1986 they moved to New York City to attend New York University and decided to start a band. Seeking a bassist, they responded to a flyer posted on campus by Chris Bauermeister. "It wasn't just this Xeroxed thing", Pfahler later recalled, "It was something he had drawn, like a poster. It was all colored and it named all the right bands." The trio began practicing together at Giant Studios on Sixth Avenue, with Schwarzenbach on guitar and Pfahler on drums. "It was just us, trying to figure each other out in that hourly room for a while", recalls Schwarzenbach, "We went through "a lot" of incarnations before we sounded anything like the band we became. I am glad we didn't play live [very much then], because I had to go through my hardcore phase." They practiced with several singers and went through several names during this time, eventually settling on the name Rise.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In the fall of 1987 Schwarzenbach, Pfahler, and Bauermeister took time off from college and moved to Los Angeles to pursue Rise, adding Bauermeister's childhood friend Jon Liu on lead vocals. This changed, however, when Schwarzenbach wrote and sang "Shield Your Eyes" for the band's demo. It was the first recording on which he sang, and he later noted that it "kind of defined where we would go as a band". According to Liu, "That was the song where everything worked. The vocal arrangements. The lyrics. It was a perfect piece. But to my detriment, I kind of bristled against it. I was like, 'This is amazing, and I don't think I can do "anything" like this. The band soon changed their name to Jawbreaker and Schwarzenbach, Pfahler, and Bauermeister decided to continue as a trio with Schwarzenbach on vocals. Bauermeister was given the task of informing Liu that he was no longer in the band, which proved awkward since the two were roommates. "I am cool with it now," reflected Liu in 2010, "It was to everybody's benefit. But at the time, there was some bitterness."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: "Shield Your Eyes" was the first Jawbreaker song to be released, on the 7" vinyl compilation album "The World's in Shreds Volume Two" on independent record label Shredder Records. This was followed by a single for the song "Busy" and the "Whack & Blite 7" E.P." in 1989. In total Jawbreaker wrote almost 20 songs in 1988 and 1989, many of which appeared on compilations and split singles over the next two years. The band played their first show March 16, 1989 at Club 88 in Los Angeles and recorded their debut album, "Unfun", in two days in Venice in January 1990. Released through Shredder, its pop-punk sound was distinguished by Schwarzenbach's lyrical and vocal intensity.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In the summer of 1990 Jawbreaker embarked on the "Fuck 90" tour with Econochrist, which proved to be a grueling experience that briefly broke up the band. "It was roughly two months, in the summer, for a totally unknown band", according to Schwarzenbach. "Of that tour, we probably had six rad shows. Then there were maybe 25 utterly forgettable metal-club-in-Florida-type shows." Bauermeister stopped speaking to Pfahler and Schwarzenbach when the tour reached Canada, with several weeks still to go. By the conclusion of the tour, tensions between the members had risen to the point where they announced the band's breakup. Schwarzenbach and Bauermeister returned to New York University to finish their degrees, and rarely spoke to each other.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Pfahler quickly regretted the breakup, while Schwarzenbach and Bauermeister eventually reconciled in New York. The trio decided to continue with Jawbreaker and relocate to San Francisco, where they had already earned the acceptance of local acts Econochrist and Samiam. In 1991 they moved into an apartment complex in the Mission District; Pfahler and Schwarzenbach shared an apartment across the hall from Bauermeister, J Church's Lance Hahn and roadie Raul Reyes. They recorded their second album, "Bivouac", with recording engineer Billy Anderson, and it was released in 1992 through the local labels Tupelo Recording Company and The Communion Label. Pfahler has described the album as "varied and ambitious", noting that it "took ages to finish" and "I think we were trying to prove something with that record. We were definitely stretching out."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: By the time of "Bivouac"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s release Schwarzenbach had developed a polyp on his throat, causing him to lose his voice onstage. As the band drove across the United States to fly from New York City to begin a European tour, he began to suffer serious vocal problems. Though the condition caused him great pain while singing, threatened his voice, and was potentially fatal should the polyp burst or lodge in his throat, the band decided to do the European tour anyway. "That period seemed really arduous for me because I was so physically challenged by singing", recalls Schwarzenbach, "Every day was full of dread, having to stand up there and see what would happen. But it was too late. We had to play or else we would have bankrupted our friends." By the time the band reached Ireland, Schwarzenbach's condition had worsened and the tour was put on hold while he had surgery to remove the polyp. The tour resumed a week later.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Upon returning to San Francisco, Pfahler and Schwarzenbach were homeless and slept in the band's touring van for a brief period. They soon found new residences, with Schwarzenbach moving to nearby Oakland where he began writing lyrics for the band's third album, "24 Hour Revenge Therapy". Jawbreaker travelled to Chicago in May 1993 and recorded the bulk of the album with engineer Steve Albini, though the album's production is officially credited on liner notes and packaging to Fluss, Albini's cat. They recorded three additional tracks with Billy Anderson in San Francisco that August, and the album was released in early 1994 through Tupelo/Communion. Music journalist Andy Greenwald and "Alternative Press"<nowiki>'</nowiki> Trevor Kelley both cite it as the album most beloved by the band's fans. ""24 Hour Revenge Therapy" is arguably Jawbreaker's best album," writes Greenwald, "but it is also far and away its most loved, the best example of Schwarzenbach's innate ability to marry the boozy, bluesy regretfulness of the Replacements with the loose, seat-of-the-pants attitude of Gilman Street punk." As dubbed copies of the album began to circulate in late summer 1993, the band began to earn a devoted fanbase.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In October 1993, prior to "24 Hour Revenge Therapy"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s release, Jawbreaker were asked to open for Nirvana on six dates of their "In Utero" tour. Fans bristled against this, wary that it would result in Jawbreaker—a beloved independent band—signing to major label DGC Records, whom Nirvana were contracted to. "I think we were fortunate [with "24 Hour Revenge Therapy"]", recalls Schwarzenbach, "But we "still" got some flack. Even at that point, there were people who didn't think we were especially punk-rock, as some people practiced it. I don't think there was any major pushback, though, until we did the Nirvana tour. That's "officially" when it started." According to Pfahler: "People really came down on us for going on tour with Nirvana. They really saw it as, 'Okay, here we go. This is the first step. The next thing that happens is that someone from the label sees them and they get snapped up.' Which is kind of what happened."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Following the release of "24 Hour Revenge Therapy" in February 1994, Jawbreaker received contract offers from major record labels. Though they had already decided to break up following the album's supporting tours due to tiredness and frustration, the band decided to consider the offers, partly due to the major label successes of their peers Green Day and Jawbox. They met with a number of labels over the course of the year, narrowing their options to Warner Bros. Records, Capitol Records, and DGC. They signed to DGC in a one million-dollar deal, due in part to the relationship they had developed with A&R representative Mark Kates who they had met on the Nirvana tour. Fans and key figures in the punk rock community were quick to denounce the band for the move. In an interview for Ben Weasel's "Panic Button" zine following the Nirvana tour, Schwarzenbach had stated flatly that Jawbreaker was not interested in signing to a major record label. In response to the signing, Weasel took the band to task in a column for "Maximumrocknroll" accompanied by a photo depicting him eating his own hat, which he had promised to do if the band ever signed to a major.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Jawbreaker began recording their major-label debut, "Dear You", in February 1995 at Fantasy Studios in Berkeley, California with Rob Cavallo, who had produced Green Day's breakthrough album "Dookie" the previous year. Recording sessions lasted two months and resulted in disenchantment and tension within the band, particularly between Bauermeister and Schwarzenbach. After a week of recording drums and bass guitar, Bauermeister and Pfahler were largely absent from the rest of the sessions while Schwarzenbach continued to work on the album with Cavallo. "I didn't even go", recalled Bauermeister in 2010, "I just hung out at home with my wife. I was already trying to separate myself from the band, while Blake became more of the major force." With a large recording budget at their disposal, Schwarzenbach and Cavallo spent much of their time polishing the record's production value, making the vocals and guitar clear and bringing them to the forefront of the mix. According to Cavallo, "Blake really wanted to be heard. I think he wanted his voice to be heard for the first time. He also decided to sing differently. Then, to me, I thought those songs could benefit from some precision."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In the months leading up to the album's release, a number of music publications positioned Jawbreaker as the next stars of the Bay Area punk scene, sometimes referring to them as "the thinking man's Green Day". When "Dear You" was released in September 1995, however, its polished production and clear vocals strongly divided the band's fanbase. "["Dear You"]'s production glistened and gleamed," says Greenwald, "Schwarzenbach's voice was sanded and smoothed, and the songs were mellow, introspective affairs. The reaction was harsh—those who had entrusted their emotional lives to Schwarzenbach, had viewed him as a tattered, secular priest to lay their burdens on, felt betrayed." Ben Weasel was so displeased with the album, particularly the sound of Schwarzenbach's singing, that he wrote Pfahler a letter detailing his complaints with it. Despite a music video in rotation to support the single "Fireman," sales of "Dear You" were poor, and only sold 40,000 copies in the US.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: As the band toured in support of the album, audience reaction toward the new material was either lukewarm or outright negative. "I have never seen anything like that—before or since", said Kates, "There was a point where they were headlining the Roxy and there were kids sitting on the floor, with their backs to the stage, when they were playing songs from "Dear You". I'm not making that up. If you were to try to explain that to somebody now, it would make no sense." Jawbreaker continued touring in 1996, opening for the Foo Fighters that spring, but audience reception did not improve. Samiam's Sergie Loobkoff cites a show at The Warfield in San Francisco as a turning point: "That is when I knew they were "definitely" going to break up. It was their hometown; they had put out the big major-label record. But then you're looking around and it was like no one cared."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Attitudes between the band members continued to sour, particularly between Bauermeister and Schwarzenbach, who took to traveling in separate vans. Tensions came to a head in Salem, Oregon, culminating in a fistfight between the two which spilled out of the van and onto the sidewalk. "I remember just calling Blake a 'fucking prima donna' and a 'stupid son of a bitch who thinks it's all about him.' Just letting it all out", says Bauermeister, "It definitely put a wedge between us." On returning to San Francisco, the band called a meeting and decided to break up, though Pfahler was resistant to the idea. Jawbreaker officially announced their breakup on July 4, 1996.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Following the band's breakup, Schwarzenbach moved to Brooklyn where he DJ'd and wrote freelance video game reviews for websites. He formed and fronted Jets to Brazil from 1997 to 2003, combining Britpop influences, piano ballads, and stark lyrics. Fans and critics, however, still associated him primarily with Jawbreaker and did not warm to his new project: "Schwarzenbach was so adored for what he had done that few were willing to allow him to gracefully move on", writes Greenwald, "Jets to Brazil, though popular, has received unspeakably scathing reviews, boiling with the bitterness usually reserved for a cheating lover."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Bauermeister, meanwhile, returned to his job at the toy store he had worked at before Jawbreaker had begun touring. "I had been on tour, playing in front of thousands of people", he later remarked, "And here I was, working as a toy shop clerk. I was devastated." He eventually returned to music, joining the Chicago pop-punk band Horace Pinker from 1999 to 2001, performing on their 2000 EP "Copper Regret" before forming the shortlived Shorebirds and Mutoid Men with Mattie Jo Canino, formerly of Latterman. Bauermeister additionally recorded bass on RVIVR's 2014 EP "Bicker & Breathe", a band also fronted by Canino.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Pfahler remained in San Francisco's Mission District, where he opened the Lost Weekend Video store with Jawbreaker's tour manager Christy Colcord. He played in J Church with Bauermeister's old roommate Lance Hahn from 1998 to 2002, then in Whysall Lane until 2006. He continued to release Jawbreaker material through his Blackball Records label, issuing the live album "Live 4/30/96" in 1999 and the compilation album "Etc." in 2002. In 2004 he licensed the publishing rights to "Dear You"—which had become an out-of-print collector's item, often selling for more than twice its retail price on online auction sites—from DGC's parent company Geffen Records, and re-released it to positive critical response.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In August 2007 filmmakers Keith Schieron and Tim Irwin began work on a documentary film about Jawbreaker, having previously made the 2005 Minutemen documentary "We Jam Econo". All three band members were convinced to take part in the film and met at a San Francisco studio, the first time they had all met together in eleven years. "A couple years ago, I began to have a really nice time with the memory of Jawbreaker," said Schwarzenbach, "I just thought, 'That's good, people finally get it.' It was nice. So I was happy with the idea. I wanted to do it." Bauermeister was unsure about seeing Schwarzenbach again, but stated that "there was a moment when I realized that my resentment was not so much through Blake, but what he had come to represent in my mind. So I told him." The filmmakers had the necessary instruments and equipment set up in the studio and invited the band to play, which they did, performing "Bivouac", "Condition Oakland", and "Parabola". The performance was photographed, and an audio recording was made through the sound board, but the band chose not to film the session "out of both respect for the sanctity of the moment and fear that we'd suck." In February 2011 Schieron and Irwin shot footage in Los Angeles, including interviews with Jon Liu and the band's former tour manager Anthony "Nino" Newman. There was talk of reuniting the band with "Dear You" producer Rob Cavallo, but this did not take place. Bauermeister and Schwarzenbach did not speak again for some time after the filming in San Francisco. Pfahler mentioned in a May 2015 update on the band's official Twitter account that he had "just met with Keith Schieron about the Jawbreaker documentary. We're interviewing editors to take it from here."


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Schwarzenbach spent time teaching English at Hunter College in New York City and briefly fronted The Thorns of Life from 2008 to 2009.<ref name="Punknews 8/23/09"></ref> He currently plays in the band Forgetters. Bauermeister lives in Olympia, Washington and performs in the Mutoid Men. Pfahler still resides in San Francisco, where he continues to run Lost Weekend Video and reissue Jawbreaker material through Blackball Records; in 2010 he released a remastered version of "Unfun", and plans to remaster and re-release "Bivouac" and "24 Hour Revenge Therapy" over the next few years.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Rumors persisted of a Jawbreaker reunion, but they had been continually dispelled by the band members. Pfahler said that he "would do it in a heartbeat", while Bauermeister had agreed that "Adam and I would do it at the drop of a hat. But I don't think Blake is anywhere near [ready]." For his part, Schwarzenbach had expressed that he did not feel physically capable of singing the songs and doing them justice: "If I felt I was in a good enough place, I think we could have a really fun and successful tour. We could also pay a lot of bills, which would be profoundly helpful. But it's always the same story. Something is fucking broken in me so that when it's like, 'A lot of people want to hear you,' I just think, 'Well, I don't want to do that.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: On April 19, 2017, it was announced that Jawbreaker would reunite as the headliner of the final night of Riot Fest in September 2017. Although the Riot Fest appearance was initially announced as a one-off reunion show, Jawbreaker performed together for the first time in 21 years at the Ivy Room in Albany on August 3, 2017, opening for Monsula; this was held as a private gig and mostly attended by friends of the band. They played their second reunion show at The Rickshaw Stop in San Francisco on August 12, 2017. On November 28, 2017, Jawbreaker performed their first post-Riot Fest show at the Olympia Film Society to benefit the Thurston County Food Bank.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Coinciding with the band's reunion, the long-in the works documentary "Don't Break Down: A Film About Jawbreaker" was premiered on August 11, 2017 in San Francisco, and screened at Nitehawk Cinema in New York City on August 31. On the night of the documentary's screening, frontman Blake Schwarzenbach participated in a Q&A session, where he hinted at more shows and added that there was "95% chance of a New York show." He explained, "If we aren't burned alive in Chicago, we wanna do more, and not have to have people make it a destination and pay a ton of money to see us." Schwarzenbach also stated that Jawbreaker was "trying to" write new material. Also coinciding with the reunion, Jawbreaker's first demo from 1989 was remastered and remixed, and re-released on their Bandcamp page.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: On January 9, 2018, the band announced a series of sold-out shows. In January, the band played two shows in San Francisco, three shows at Brooklyn Steel in February (making it their first shows in New York in 25 years), and in March, two shows at the Hollywood Palladium (their first shows in Los Angeles in 22 years). They performed in Austin, Texas with Lemuria and A Giant Dog in July. The band played a 2 night residency in Portland, Oregon at the Crystal Ballroom with Swearin' and 3 nights in their native San Francisco at The Fillmore with Street Eaters and Dirty Denim in August and October respectively. On November 4, the band played a sold out show at the Aragon Ballroom in Chicago with Naked Raygun and Smoking Popes.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In a March 2018 interview on the Going Off Track podcast, Schwarzenbach confirmed that, in the summer, Jawbreaker would work on what might result in the band's first album since 1995's "Dear You". He explained, "Our summer is just gonna be trying to write, jam. What we really wanna do is just riff out and see what comes. I'm spending the next month writing at home, and then we're gonna converge in San Francisco and go in a studio and see what happens." Schwarzenbach also noted the record would be more indebted to "Bivouac".


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Jawbreaker was one of the headliners of the Upstream Music Festival in Seattle on June 2, 2018 where they played "Shield Your Eyes", the first song the band ever wrote with Schwarzenbach on vocals and the opening song on "Bivouac", for the first time in 22 years. The band also announced several shows in Portland, Austin, Coney Island and Asbury Park.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: During a three night residency at The Fillmore in October 2018 in San Francisco, the band performed "Gemini", a song written between the release of "Dear You" and their break up which was never officially recorded and debuted "Black Art", a new arrangement of an unreleased song formerly by Schwarzenbach's previous band The Thorns of Life.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: In January 2019, the band announced their first tour in 23 years beginning in Boston on March 22, and ending in New Jersey on March 30. The band additionally announced summer performances at Groezrock, the West Coast leg of the Warped Tour, Primavera Sound and a performance in England at London's Shepherd's Bush Empire and Manchester's Albert Hall. During the Q&A portion of a screening of their documentary "Don't Break Down" at Nitehawk Cinema in Brooklyn on March 25, the band stated that they have been toying around with an idea of putting out a new 7" in the near future, however writing has been slow as Bauermeister lives in Olympia, WA, Pfahler lives in San Francisco and Schwarzenbach resides in Brooklyn. The band embarked on their first European tour in 25 years with support on 2 dates by Beach Slang in April 2019 concluding on May 31 in Barcelona.


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Many of Schwarzenbach's lyrics were rooted in his specific concerns, often lifted directly from his journal. This focus on personal, immediate matters, coupled with descriptive imagery and word choices, attracted listeners to Schwarzenbach and made him a cult idol in rock and roll circles. "The attraction then was to the songwriter," writes Greenwald in "", "it wasn't the song that the listeners related to, it was the singer." Jawbreaker's tour manager Christy Colcord recalls that "Most of [the fans] hovered around Blake because he was, like, this poet to them. It was all these people who really wanted their heartbreak validated by someone who could understand—or wanted to drink whiskey with them." The idolization of Schwarzenbach came to be described as the Cult of Blake. According to rock critic Chris Ryan, "In terms of contemporary music, the Cult of Blake is probably matched only by the Cult of Morrissey".


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Before "Bivouac"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s release, Jawbreaker recorded the song "Kiss the Bottle" for a Mission District-themed compilation of vinyl singles titled "17 Reasons: The Mission District". It was the last song they recorded before Schwarzenbach's throat surgery, and his vocals on the recording are mottled and choked. Greenwald cites the track as "one of [Jawbreaker's] seminal and best-loved songs", calling it "sludgy and churning, a working-class anthem with a steady, proletarian heart". With lyrics profiling a pair of drunks outside a Mission District liquor store, Kiss the Bottle,' more than any other song, captures the sensitive boy machismo that drew (and continues to draw) male listeners to the altar of Schwarzenbach. With its fictional scrim, 'Kiss the Bottle' functions like a country song: the emotional impact is heightened by the specificity, not lessened. 'Kiss the Bottle' is Kerouac; it's Bukowski. It's the allure of giving into despair, to doing the wrong thing and at least succeeding at that." The song has been cited as a favorite and an influence by Jim Ward of At the Drive-In and Sparta, and by Ron Richards, editor of the successful zine "Muddle".


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Public interest in Jawbreaker increased in the years following their breakup, due in part to chart-toppings acts such as Fall Out Boy and My Chemical Romance publicly citing Jawbreaker as an influence. In 2003 Dying Wish Records released the tribute album "", featuring 18 acts including Fall Out Boy, Bayside, Face to Face, and Sparta performing cover versions of Jawbreaker songs. Jawbreaker is featured in the 2017 documentary "".


title: Jawbreaker (band)

text: Their musical style has been described as punk rock, pop-punk, emo, and post-hardcore. Schwarzenbach has stated that Jawbreaker experimented with more heavier punk styles in early phases of the band, including hardcore punk.


title: Richard Edson

text: Edson was born in New Rochelle, New York to a Jewish family. He has one brother, Steven, who resides in the Boston area, and two sisters, Andrea, who resides in Newton, Massachusetts and Jennifer, who resides in New York City. His father, Arnold (1917-2012), was one of the first Marine officers to land at Guadalcanal in August 1942. After the war, his father became a toy manufacturer His mother, Marian, a retired school teacher resides in New Rochelle.


title: Richard Edson

text: In 1979, Richard was a founding member of the San Francisco art rock band The Alterboys with Snuky Tate, Tono Rondone, Richard Kelly and JC Garrett, playing both drums and trumpet. From 1981 to 1982, he was Sonic Youth's original drummer and played drums for Konk at the same time. After the release of Sonic Youth's self-titled debut album, Edson left the band to play with Konk full-time. Edson also played trumpet with San Francisco band The Offs on the group's eponymous 1984 album.


title: Richard Edson

text: Following his music career, Edson has worked as an actor, appearing in over 35 movies. His more notable roles include a disreputable parking garage attendant in "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" (1986), man at newspaper stand in "Desperately Seeking Susan" (1985), Richie in "Howard the Duck" (1986), Eddie in Jim Jarmusch's cult film "Stranger Than Paradise" (1984), real-life gambler Billy Maharg in "Eight Men Out", and the title character in "Joey Breaker" (1993). He also appeared in "Platoon" (1986), "Good Morning, Vietnam" (1987), "Tougher Than Leather" (1988), "Let It Ride" (1989), and "Do the Right Thing" (1989). He starred in the 1993 movie "Super Mario Bros" as Spike, King Koopa's cousin. In 1987, Edson performed live a main role in the Scott B and Joseph Nechvatal collaboration called "Not a Door: A Spectacle" at Hallwalls, based on the poetry of St. John of the Cross, Flaubert's "Temptation of St. Anthony" and works of Jean Genet and Georges Bataille.


title: Richard Edson

text: Edson played the lead role in three films directed by Raphael Nadjari: "The Shade" (1999), "I Am Josh Polonski's Brother" (2001) and "Apartment #5c" (2002). In 2003, he appeared in the music video for Cave In's single, "Anchor". Edson played the central character of the video, a depressed man walking down the street with his feet encased in cement blocks.


title: Richard Edson

text: His television appearances include "The Adventures of Pete & Pete"; the third-season finale of ""; and the 1990–91 series "Shannon's Deal", produced by John Sayles. Edson appeared in a 2007 TV commercial for The Travelers Companies Inc., in which he plays the human personification of risk.


title: The Need for Speed

text: Road & Track Presents: The Need for Speed is a racing video game developed by EA Canada, originally known as Pioneer Productions, and published by Electronic Arts, released for the 3DO in 1994, and ported to MS-DOS in 1995. Another version of the game, The Need for Speed: Special Edition, was released in 1996 for the Microsoft Windows, PlayStation, and Sega Saturn platforms. The original 3DO version offers eight sports cars, including several exotic models and Japanese imports, and tasks the player with racing in three realistic point-to-point tracks either with or without a computer opponent. Subsequent ports of the game normally include an additional ninth car and have more tracks, including closed circuits. Checkpoints, traffic vehicles, and police pursuits commonly appear in the races.


title: The Need for Speed

text: The game was noted for its realism and audio and video commentaries. Electronic Arts collaborated with automotive magazine "Road & Track" to match vehicle behaviour, including the mimicking of the sounds made by the vehicles' gear control levers. The game also contained precise vehicle data with spoken commentary, several "magazine-style" images of each car's interior and exterior and short video clips highlighting the vehicles set to music.


title: The Need for Speed

text: "The Need for Speed" was a commercial success. Video game publications praised the incorporation of realism into the gameplay and graphics, as well as the inclusion of full motion videos. It is the first installment released in the "Need for Speed" series, which has influenced several racing games. It was also sold in Japan as Overdrivin' DX.


title: The Need for Speed

text: The premise of "The Need for Speed" involves racing in sports cars, including several exotic models and Japanese imports. The original 3DO version includes three point-to-point tracks, each divided into three stages; subsequent ports feature both the point-to-point tracks and new closed circuits. The Saturn and PlayStation versions include an additional three tracks. Traffic vehicles appear in races, and may be avoided by the player. Police pursuits are also a key gameplay mechanic, with the player ticketed or arrested if a police car succeeds in catching up with them. Players are arrested if they receive a third police ticket (or a second ticket in the Sega Saturn version). In the special edition, completing the tournaments (or entering a cheat) unlocks the "rally" mode, where car dynamics are changed to make for a faster 'arcade' experience, as well as the "Warrior PTO E/2", a fictional jet-powered sports car.


title: The Need for Speed

text: Except for the aforementioned Warrior, each car in the game comes with detailed specifications, history, audio commentaries and real-life videos, which would also be featured in subsequent games in the series, though this was omitted in later games. A replay feature allowed the player to view a saved race. Multiple camera views, playback speed and video navigation are offered.


title: The Need for Speed

text: Multiplayer consists of a two-player head-to-head racing mode, which requires computers connected via modem.


title: The Need for Speed

text: There are a total of six courses in the game (three in the 3DO version): City, Coastal, Alpine, Rusty Springs, Autumn Valley and Vertigo. Each is a distinctive environment. City, Coastal and Alpine have three sections each, while the others are circuit races.


title: The Need for Speed

text: There is an extra track in the game, named Lost Vegas, which can be unlocked by winning all of the tracks above in tournament mode. A flag in the bottom right corner of the track's image indicates a victory in the menu to help the player keep track of the progress.


title: The Need for Speed

text: "The Need for Speed" was noted for its realism and audio and video commentaries. Electronic Arts collaborated with automotive magazine "Road & Track" to match vehicle behaviour, including the mimicking of the sounds made by the vehicles' gear control levers. The game also contained precise vehicle data with spoken commentary, several "magazine-style" images of each car's interior and exterior and short video clips highlighting the vehicles set to music. "The Need for Speed" was released in 1994 for the 3DO.


title: The Need for Speed

text: In 1996, an edition of "The Need for Speed", "The Need for Speed: Special Edition", was released only on PC CD-ROM, containing MS-DOS and Windows 95 versions. It includes two new tracks ("Transtropolis" and "Burnt Sienna") and various enhancements to the game engine. The Windows 95 version supports DirectX 2 and IPX networking.


title: The Need for Speed

text: "The Need for Speed: Special Edition" is the only game in the "Need for Speed" series to support MS-DOS, as subsequent releases only support Windows 9x.


title: The Need for Speed

text: In June 1995, Atari Corporation struck a deal with EA in order to bring several titles from their catalog (including "The Need for Speed") to the Atari Jaguar CD. These ports, along with "The Need for Speed", went unreleased.


title: The Need for Speed

text: In 1994, Electronic Arts Victor translated the 3DO version of "The Need for Speed" into Japanese, and released it in Japan as '. The PlayStation port of the game was exported to that country as ' in 1996. Two additional Nissan-sponsored versions of the game were announced at that year's Tokyo Game Show: ' (released in 1996 for the Sega Saturn) and ' (released in 1997 for the PlayStation). The former's car lineup consists only of Nissan vehicles, whilst the latter exclusively features Skyline models.


title: The Need for Speed

text: The game reached number 5 in the UK sales chart. The PC version reached the top ten in many software retailers charts for several months following its release.


title: The Need for Speed

text: "The Need For Speed" was met with positive reviews. The four reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" scored the 3DO version an 8.0 average, with two of them giving the game a 9.0 or higher. They praised the game's realistic graphics and sounds, addictive gameplay, and exceptionally clever use of full motion video. "GamePro" gave it a rave review as well, commenting that the selection of cars "will leave car buffs drooling" and the realistic graphics and handling of each vehicle "infuse the game with taut realism and fascinating variety." They expressed disappointment over the lack of two-player mode, but felt that the exceptionally challenging enemy AI largely makes up for it. "Next Generation" reviewed the 3DO version of the game, and stated that "while everything is in place for a truly great game, the unfortunate and total "need" of speed prevents "The Need for Speed" from ever being more than a pleasant Sunday drive."


title: The Need for Speed

text: British magazine "PC Power" gave the Windows version a score of 95%, praising car handling, graphics and overall presentation, but criticizing hardware requirements and sound. Jim Varner of GameSpot gave the game a "Great" rating of 8.3/10 citing "With its marvellous attention to detail, exotic course design, and straightforward gameplay, this game is a true winner. Simply put, The Need for Speed is the next best thing to owning a $200,000 sports car!". The two sports reviewers of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" applauded the PlayStation version for its fast racing and excellent controls. Air Hendrix argued in "GamePro" that "With all these improvements, [the PlayStation version] is practically a sequel to the 3DO game, and it plays like one." He made particular mention of the additional courses, the handbrake, the improved displays, and the faster speed of the game. A "Next Generation" critic likewise found it faster and more responsive than the 3DO version, and held it to be one of the PlayStation's best racing games to date. Other magazines were more critical, with PSM criticising the "obtrusive graphics", and saying that it "isn't an immediately enjoyable game – the idiosyncracies only serve to annoy." "Maximum" complained that the driving lacks intensity and that cars are too resistant to crashes, though they acknowledged that the graphics are moderately impressive.


title: The Need for Speed

text: Air Hendrix rated the Saturn version as "comparable with – and occasionally better than – the impressive PlayStation version", highlighting the controls in particular as superior to previous versions of the game. He concluded, "The gameplay demands both precision driving and cajones, and although mastery takes time to achieve, Need's ultimately more satisfying than Daytona or Sega Rally." Rob Allsetter of "Sega Saturn Magazine", however, said that while "The Need for Speed" is good on its own terms, it looks dated compared to the two games Air Hendrix referenced. He also disliked the game's elements of realism, arguing that racing games are more fun when they indulge in wild fantasy. A "Next Generation" critic said it was "Certainly as fast, but not as crisp as the PlayStation version", but nonetheless "A better racer than most."


title: The Need for Speed

text: "The Need for Speed" was a runner-up for "Computer Gaming World"s 1995 "Action Game of the Year" award, which ultimately went to "". The editors wrote, ""The Need for Speed", Electronic Arts' incredibly fast and enthralling driving game, almost caught the checkered flag. Multiple courses with distinctive feels, brilliant SVGA graphics, and some of the hottest iron on the road made this 3DO conversion a worthy entry into the PC action game arena."" In 1996, GamesMaster ranked The Need for Speed 87th on their "Top 100 Games of All Time." In the same issue, they also rated the 3DO version 6th in its "The GamesMaster 3DO Top 10."


title: Anjali Bhimani

text: Anjali Bhimani (born August 30, 1974 in Cleveland, Ohio) is an American actress. She is best known for voicing Symmetra in the video game "Overwatch" and Rampart in the video game "Apex Legends".


title: Anjali Bhimani

text: Bhimani was born in Cleveland, Ohio, the daughter of doctors Ela and Bharat Bhimani. She is of Indian descent and grew up in Orange County, California. She attended Northwestern University.


title: Anjali Bhimani

text: Bhimani's long time collaboration with Mary Zimmerman began in 1997 when she appeared as an Indian princess in "Mirror of the Invisible World", adapted from the 12th century Persian epic "Haft Peykar". She played Greek mythological character Myrrha in Zimmerman-directed "Metamorphoses" world premiere produced by Lookingglass Theatre Company in 1998 and its Off-Broadway opening at the Second Stage Theatre in 2001. Drama critic Albert Williams, in his review for the "Chicago Reader", called Bhimani a "stunning dancer". She made her Broadway debut when "Metamorphoses" opened at Circle in the Square Theatre (2002).


title: Anjali Bhimani

text: In 2004, Bhimani became an understudy for Ayesha Dharker and Madhur Jaffrey's characters in Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Bombay Dreams". During the play's The Broadway Theatre production Dharker left the play and Bhimani took over her role. She appeared as The Sparrow in Czech opera "Brundibár" (2006). Quake, a play Bhimani co-produced and co-directed opened at the Open Fist Theatre Company's First Look Festival of New Plays in 2011. For "The Jungle Book" she re-teamed with Zimmerman and played the role of mother wolf in its 2013 Goodman Theatre production.


title: Anjali Bhimani

text: Bhimani has appeared in TV series including "All My Children", "", "The Sopranos", "Journeyman", "Shark", "Flight of the Conchords", and "Modern Family". She voiced the character Symmetra in the first-person shooter video game "Overwatch", and shared the 2016 Behind the Voice Actors Award for Best Vocal Ensemble in a Video Game with her co-voice actors for the game. In 2021, she guest starred on "Exandria Unlimited", a spinoff of the web series "Critical Role".


title: Joe Santos

text: Joe Santos (born Joseph John Minieri Jr.; June 9, 1931 – March 18, 2016) was an American film and television actor, best known as Sgt. Dennis Becker (later Lieutenant), the friend of James Garner's character on the NBC crime drama "The Rockford Files".


title: Joe Santos

text: Santos was born in Brooklyn on June 9, 1931, the same day his father died. His mother Rose (née Sarno), sold olive oil and eventually became a nightclub owner and singer in New York City and Havana. She later married Puerto Rican-born Daniel Santos, and Joe took his name.


title: Joe Santos

text: Santos was a football player at Fordham University, and even turned semi-pro, before finding a new avenue in acting. He struggled in show business, and worked blue-collar jobs until his friend Al Pacino helped him get a role in the 1971 movie "The Panic in Needle Park".


title: Joe Santos

text: Santos had roles in a number of notable films of the early 1970s, including "The Panic in Needle Park" (1971), "The Gang That Couldn't Shoot Straight" (1971), as the leader of a slave-catching gang in the western "The Legend of Ngr Charley" (1972), "Shaft's Big Score!" (1972), as a policeman in "Shamus" (1973), "The Friends of Eddie Coyle" (1973), "The Don Is Dead" (1973), "Blade" (1973) and "Zandy's Bride" (1974). More than two decades later he appeared in the big budget Kevin Costner flop, "The Postman" (1997).


title: Joe Santos

text: From 1974 to 1980, Santos played LAPD Sergeant (later Lieutenant) Dennis Becker, the friend of the easy-going, often flippant ex-convict-turned-private investigator Jim Rockford (played by James Garner) in "The Rockford Files". He portrayed Lt. Frank Harper in the TV series "Hardcastle and McCormick" (1985–86). He reprised the Dennis Becker role in eight "The Rockford Files" television movies (1994-1999).


title: Joe Santos

text: Santos appeared in various television movies during the 1970s and 1980s, including "Nightside" (1973), "The Blue Knight" (1973), "The Girl on the Late, Late Show" (1974), "A Matter of Wife... and Death" (1975), "Power" (1980), "The Hustler of Muscle Beach" (1980), "The Selling of Vince D'Angelo" (1983), and "The Ratings Game" (1984). His character was often a police detective or lieutenant. He portrayed Marty Sinatra, Frank's father, in the four-part 1992 television miniseries "Sinatra".


title: Joe Santos

text: In 1980, Santos played Norman Davis in the short-lived (10 episodes) NBC comedy "Me and Maxx". In 1984, he portrayed Domingo Rivera on the ABC comedy "a.k.a. Pablo", which was cancelled after six episodes.


title: Joe Santos

text: Santos made guest appearances on television shows throughout his acting career, including "Room 222", "Toma", "Barnaby Jones", "The Streets of San Francisco", "Kung Fu", "Baretta", "Lou Grant", "Police Story" (in 8 episodes), "Black Sheep Squadron", "Trapper John, M.D. ", "The Greatest American Hero", "Hill Street Blues" (in 3 episodes), "The A-Team", "Remington Steele", "T. J. Hooker", "Hardcastle and McCormick" (in 10 episodes), "MacGyver" (in 2 episodes), "Magnum P.I. " (in 5 episodes), "Murder, She Wrote" (in 2 episodes), "Miami Vice", "Quantum Leap", "Santa Barbara" (in 5 episodes), "Hunter" (in 2 episodes), and "NYPD Blue". From 1978 to 1980 he appeared on the CBS game show "Match Game", always sitting in the top left seat. He appeared in numerous episodes and was usually a comic foil to Brett Somers.


title: Joe Santos

text: In 1958, Santos met and married Maria Montero while he was in Cuba. They were married 30 years until her death in 1988.


title: History of cancer

text: The history of cancer describes the development of the field of oncology and its role in the history of medicine.


title: History of cancer

text: The earliest known descriptions of cancer appear in several papyri from Ancient Egypt. The Edwin Smith Papyrus was written around 1600 BC (possibly a fragmentary copy of a text from 2500 BC) and contains a description of cancer, as well as a procedure to remove breast tumours by cauterization, wryly stating that the disease has no treatment. However, incidents of cancer were rare. In a study by the University of Manchester, only one case was found "in the investigation of hundreds of Egyptian mummies, with few references to cancer in literary evidence."