title: Anti-Barney humor

text: A 1994 "FoxTrot" comic strip features 10-year-old Jason writing a letter to PBS telling them that Barney should be eating the kids after he saw "Jurassic Park", to which his friend Marcus says he would watch the show if that happened.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: In May 1994, Michael Viner published a book called "Final Exit For Barney". It consists of different ways to kill the character, mostly with crude humor. The book received mixed reviews.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: The science humor magazine "Annals of Improbable Research" published, in its 1995 January and February issue, a taxonomical article entitled "The Taxonomy of Barney" that included X-rays of the character's skeleton.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: The closing scene of the 1998 film "Mafia!" depicts an assassin, Nick "The Eskimo" Molinaro, fatally stabbing a purple Barney-like dinosaur (who is seen eagerly watching pornography in his apartment) with a harpoon. The closing credits note that a shrine was built in Molinaro's honor, visited by millions of grateful parents for doing "the one deed to benefit all mankind."


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: The 2002 film "Death to Smoochy" loosely parodies anti-Barney humor. The film features disgraced former children's star "Rainbow Randolph" (portrayed by Robin Williams) as he tries to sabotage the Barney-like character that replaced him, a purple rhinoceros named Smoochy (portrayed by Edward Norton), and later the efforts of the Irish Mob to kill Smoochy. At one point, Smoochy's resemblance to Barney is acknowledged when Randolph refers to him as "Bastard son of Barney" in the film's final act.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: Several works of short fiction have revolved around not only killing Barney but portraying him as a demonic force to be defeated in an epic tale of good versus evil, including a series of short stories written by Brian Bull, such as the "Day of The Barney" trilogy about two children who fight the purple dinosaur and free hordes of children from his demonic control, and "Batman versus Barney".


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: Another YouTube video shows Elmo singing his "Elmo's World" song while Barney the Dinosaur sings his "I Love You" song. As a result of Elmo's hate for Barney's singing, he shoots him with a shotgun or pistol and afterwards swears at the dead Barney.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: One rumor proposed that Barney was based on a 1930s serial killer. The rumor was confirmed as false by Snopes. Another false rumor claimed that the Purple dinosaur children's host Barney had cocaine hidden in his tail and would frequently use profanity with the child actors on the show.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: The Jihad to Destroy Barney is a fictional jihad that sees itself in the ultimate battle against Barney (spelled "B'harne" therein) and his followers. It is described as "a heterogeneous organization of people on the Internet dedicated to defamation, humiliation, eradication, killing, and removal of Barney the Purple Dinosaur of the television show "Barney & Friends" from the airwaves and from every human's life." B'harne is depicted as a purple, scaly lizard-like demon with sharp talons, long teeth and glowing evil red eyes.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: References to a Barney "Jihad" were found on Barney-related Usenet newsgroups as early as 1993. The website itself was active as of 1995. Furthermore, Douglass Streusand, a professor of Islamic history at Marine Corps Staff College in Virginia, discovered that the first entry of an Internet search on the term "jihad" referred to Barney.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: One of the most widely distributed works of anti-Barney humor appeared in the 2001 book "Science Askew," which determined that a phrase describing Barney contained a chronogram of the Book of Revelation's Number of the Beast, 666.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: Lyons Partnership, owners of the intellectual property rights to "Barney & Friends", claimed that some Barney spoofs that employed photos of the character or parody sound files represented trademark and copyright infringement. Lyons' lawyers subsequently demanded that such material be removed from the Internet. Some site owners complied after such threats, but American law establishes parody as a fair use defense against such infringement claims.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: In 1994, comedy sketches of The San Diego Chicken during professional sporting events began to include scenes of the Chicken beating up a dinosaur character. Lyons Partnership began sending letters to Ted Giannoulas, who portrays the Chicken, demanding that he stop the alleged violation of Lyons' rights on the Barney character.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: These threats did not stop the mock battles between the Chicken and Barney. On October 8, 1997, Lyons filed a lawsuit in Fort Worth, Texas federal district court against Giannoulas, claiming copyright and trademark infringement and further claiming that such performances would confuse children. In his case, Giannoulas cited that the purple dino was a "symbol of what is wrong with our society--a homage, if you will, to all the inane, banal platitudes that we readily accept and thrust unthinkingly upon our children", that his qualities are "insipid and corny", and that he also explains that, in an article posted in a 1997 issue of "The New Yorker", he argues that at least some perceive Barney as a "pot-bellied," "sloppily fat" dinosaur who "giggle[s] compulsively in a tone of unequaled feeble-mindedness" and "jiggles his lumpish body like an overripe eggplant." This court agreed with Giannoulas, and ruled against Lyons on July 29, 1998, declaring the sketches to be a parody that did not infringe on the rights of the character that Lyons created.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: Lyons appealed this ruling to the Fifth Circuit Court of Appeals, but again lost their case to Giannoulas on July 7, 1999.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: The Electronic Frontier Foundation hosted online archives from the Computer Underground Digest that contained Barney parody material. In 2001, Gibney, Anthony & Flaherty, LLP, lawyers for Lyons Partnership, issued a threat letter to


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: EFF claiming infringement of the Barney character. EFF strongly defended itself against these claims citing the established defence of parody, backed by United States First Amendment protections.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: , the EFF successfully defended an anti-Barney website from a lawsuit. An article in British publication "The Register" applauded the victory.


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: Around 2001, Olympia, Washington-based comedy website CyberCheeze posted a work entitled "150 Ways to Kill the Purple Dinosaur". Lyons threatened legal action in response, and CyberCheeze replied on their site that the threat was "about as intellectual as the purple quivering mass of gyrating goo you call Barney, but that it also is demeaning to everyone that visits our website and reads this worthless attempt and scare tactic."


title: Anti-Barney humor

text: A miniseries about the hatred of Barney called "I Love You, You Hate Me" was released on Peacock on October 12, 2022. A trailer was released on September 28, 2022


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: The 2022 Chornobaivka attacks were a series of Ukrainian attacks against the Russian-held Kherson International Airport at Chornobaivka, which began on 27 February 2022 during the southern Ukraine campaign of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. Chornobaivka, located in Ukraine's Kherson Oblast, saw dozens of attacks on Russian positions by the Ukrainian Armed Forces following a bombing and takeover by the Russian Armed Forces of the town's airport.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: According to Ukraine, these attacks resulted in the death of the Russian general Yakov Rezantsev of the 49th Combined Arms Army on 24 March. Russian general Andrey Mordvichev of the 8th Guards Combined Arms Army was also reported killed in an attack on 18 March, but was later confirmed to still be alive. The deaths of many Russian soldiers and the destruction of their accompanying military equipment due to the attacks at the locality were also reported. Amid Russia's heavy purported losses, memes on Ukrainian social media appeared mocking Russia's losses in Chornobaivka. Chornobaivka became a popular phenomenon in general Ukrainian society.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: Ukrainian attacks against the Russian army at Chornobaivka continued up to 5 November, four days before the announced Russian withdrawal from the area. Chornobaivka was liberated by the Ukrainian Armed Forces on 11 November, putting an end to the Russian occupation of its airport.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: Chornobaivka is a small town in the Kherson Oblast in Ukraine. It is a gateway to the city of Kherson and its control gives strategic and tactical advantage in the event of a hypothetical attack on Mykolaiv. This is mainly due to the airport located there, which the Russian Armed Forces intended to use as a landing point during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine. This is why Alexander Lemenov, a Ukrainian analyst, defined Chornobaivka as one of Russia's military targets during its war with Ukraine.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 24 February 2022, the first day of the Russian invasion of Ukraine, Russia bombed six airports in Ukraine, including the Kherson International Airport at Chornobaivka.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On the morning of 27 February, Russian forces took control of the airport. On the same day, Chornobaivka saw its first Ukrainian attack against Russian forces. The Ukrainian forces bombarded the Russian military with Turkish-made Bayraktar TB2 combat drones. The Ukrainian military released a video of the drones carrying out airstrikes on Russian positions, the first footage of Bayraktar drones in action since the beginning of the war. This event occurred on the second anniversary of the 2020 Balyun airstrikes by the Russian army that killed 34 Turkish soldiers in Syria. The Turkish embassy in Kyiv described the airstrikes at Chornobaivka as "revenge" for the 2020 Baylun incident and declared that "there is such a thing as divine justice".


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: The next event in Chornobaivka occurred on 7 March, when the Ukrainian military claimed the destruction of 30 Russian military helicopters that had been stationed at the airport, as well other Russian equipment and manpower. Afterwards, on 15 March, Ukraine inflicted another attack on Russian forces in Chornobaivka. Governor of Mykolaiv Oblast Vitaliy Kim reported that as a result, Russian soldiers fled to the suburbs of the then-Russian-occupied Kherson. On 16 March, Ukrainian forces once again shelled the Russian-controlled airport, claiming destruction of seven military helicopters. "The Wall Street Journal" reported that "Ukraine carried out an airstrike on the Kherson airport, which is now a Russian airbase, and satellite imagery of the tarmac showed seven destroyed or damaged Russian helicopters, some of them engulfed in flames".


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 18 March, a new Ukrainian attack on Chornobaivka targeted the position of the 8th Guards Combined Arms Army, allegedly killing its commander, lieutenant general Andrey Mordvichev. Russian sources did not confirm his death and on 28 March, footage appeared showing Ramzan Kadyrov, Head of the Chechen Republic, meeting with Mordvichev and other commanders in Mariupol. Later, BBC News Russian confirmed Mordvichev was still alive. On 19 March, the next day, Ukraine again attacked Russian forces at Chornobaivka. Oleksiy Arestovych, adviser to the Office of the President of Ukraine, stated "Simply do not laugh. We caught them again in Chornobaivka. For the sixth time." Two days later, on 21 March, Ukrainian forces again attacked the airport, which Arestovych announced by saying "Get together. Now you will need all your courage. Chornobaivka. The seventh time." Satellite images obtained from Planet Labs by "The New York Times" showed that, as a result of continuous attacks, between 15 and 21 March, Russia had withdrawn most of its helicopters from Chornobaivka's airport to other airfields, although it still had ground units present at the airbase.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: The Russians were again attacked at the airport of Chornobaivka by Ukraine on 22 March, suffering casualties and equipment loss. Arestovych explained the incidents in the town by stating that Russian helicopters going from Crimea to Ukraine were seeing themselves being forced to use the airport of Chornobaivka in order to land due to a lack of alternatives for amassing troops on the area. However, as a result of Ukraine's flat terrain, Ukrainian forces were capable of easily attacking the Russian forces at Chornobaivka. The ninth incident in Chornobaivka took place on 23 March amid a new Ukrainian attack at the airport. Arestovych this time said that the Russian equipment that had been stored on it was less numerous than before. The following day, on 24 March, the Ukrainian army again attacked the Russian military at Chornobaivka. Arestovych said that, immediately after the Ukrainian attack, there was a big movement of troops over the nearby Antonovskiy Bridge, for which he claimed that the Russian troops had fled away. It was also claimed that a second Russian general was killed on Chornobaivka during this attack. If confirmed, the Ukrainian army would have killed lieutenant general Yakov Rezantsev, commander of the 49th Combined Arms Army.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 27 March, the eleventh Ukrainian attack on Russians at Chornobaivka was reported by Arestovych. On 28 March, Arestovych announced that a twelfth Ukrainian attack on the Chornobaivka airport had occurred. On this day as well, Russia reported it had shot down one drone and five missiles of Ukraine at Chornobaivka. The thirteenth Ukrainian attack on Chornobaivka was on 1 April, as Arestovych reported. Kim also commented on the event, wishing Russian forces a happy April Fools' Day. On the same day, Russian soldiers were attacked again at Chornobaivka for the fourteenth time. Arestovych stated that, with the thirteenth and fourteenth attacks, the Ukrainian Armed Forces had managed to destroy an entire battalion of Russian forces in the town.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 14 April, Arestovych reported that the fifteenth attack on Chornobaivka by the Ukrainian army had taken place, destroying ammunition depots of Russia's 22nd Army Corps. Arestovych later claimed that, on 17 April at night, the Ukrainian forces had again destroyed Russian military equipment stored in Chornobaivka's airport. He briefly announced on 24 April that the seventeenth Ukrainian strike on Russians in the town had occurred. Arestovych said that on 2 May, the Ukrainian army destroyed another Russian ammunition depot following another attack. It was carried out with mortars by soldiers of Ukraine's 30th Mechanized Brigade. The brigade said the strikes came from mortars recently added to its unit and that "uninvited guests" would now have less ammunition to bombard Ukrainian territory. On 13 May, there was a major campaign of 25 shellings against Russian positions at Chornobaivka. For three hours, attacks were carried out against Russian equipment depots as well as artillery and missile weapons and ammunition.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: Arestovych announced the twentieth incident at Chornobaivka on 15 May. He said that the attack started at 12:00 and that it was still ongoing at the time of his report. The Operational Command South later said on its Facebook page that the attack had resulted in the death of 75 soldiers of the Russian army and in the destruction of almost 20 units of its military equipment. An ammunition depot and two maintenance workshops were also destroyed. The next day, on 16 May, the General Staff of the Ukrainian Armed Forces announced a new attack on Russian forces in Chornobaivka, which caused them losses in equipment and manpower. On 29 May, Arestovych announced a twenty-second incident in Chornobaivka. He said that Ukrainian forces fired on a Russian ammunition depot and that the attack lasted at least for an hour.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 1 July, the Ukrainian forces struck the Russians at Chornobaivka for the twenty-third time, destroying one of their ammunition depots. On 3 July, the Operational Command South reported that Ukrainian forces had destroyed another Russian ammunition depot in Chornobaivka. A spokesman for the head of the Odesa Oblast Military Administration, Serhii Bratchuk, also mentioned the event. On 7 July, Arestovych reported that at 14:23, Ukraine destroyed another Russian ammunition depot at Chornobaivka, which stayed on fire and with its stored weapons still detonating for over an hour after the attack. This was the twenty-fifth such incident, which he celebrated. On 9 July, a new Ukrainian attack on Chornobaivka produced heavy losses to Russia after striking several Russian command posts. According to Arestovych, twelve Russian senior officers, more precisely colonels and generals, died as a result. Another ammunition depot and several dozen pieces of military equipment were also annihilated. On 13 July, another Russian ammunition depot was struck by Ukraine at Chornobaivka, as the Operational Command South communicated.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 21 July, Bratchuk informed that another Russian ammunition depot was destroyed in Chornobaivka. The next day, he announced that a Russian military base had been destroyed in the locality. On 27 July, the Operational Command South confirmed the destruction of another Russian ammunition depot in Chornobaivka. On 28 July, another Russian ammunition depot was destroyed at Chornobaivka as Bratchuk reported. On 29 July, a Russian military base for the deployment of troops and military equipment was obliterated at Chornobaivka according to Arestovych. On 30 July, according to an unconfirmed report, a Russian military base in Chornobaivka was on fire; this information was later confirmed. On 2 August, the Operational Command South reported that Ukrainian missile and artillery units had hit a command post of the Russian 22nd Army Corps in Chornobaivka. On 3 August, Bratchuk said that another Russian military base was destroyed in Chornobaivka. On 5 August, Ukraine attacked two command posts of the 49th Combined Arms Army and the 76th Guards Air Assault Division in Chornobaivka.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 20 August, a command post of the Russian 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment was attacked by Ukrainian forces with HIMARS multiple rocket launchers at Chornobaivka. , member of the Kherson Oblast Council, announced the destruction of more Russian ammunition as a result of the attack. He said that Russian forces were now trying to establish more ammunition depots with less ammunition stored in each, although Ukraine was still being able to target them. On 22 August, the Operational Command South reported that artillery and missile units of the Ukrainian army destroyed an ammunition depot and a command post of the 247th Guards Air Assault Regiment in Chornobaivka. On 26 August, another Russian ammunition depot at Chornobaivka was destroyed. Furthermore, according to preliminary information, a military base of the Russian forces was also attacked by the Ukrainian army.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 29 August, Ukraine launched its southern counteroffensive with the aim of liberating Kherson and Russian-occupied territory on the right bank of the Dnieper river, including Chornobaivka. The Ukrainian Armed Forces announced an information blackout regarding the counteroffensive. Still, explosions and smoke columns were reported throughout Kherson Oblast in the coming days, including in Chornobaivka on 30 August and again on 31 August. On 5 September, more explosions were reported on Chornobaivka, and a cluster of Russian military equipment was hit. More explosions and smoke columns around Chornobaivka were reported on 7 September, and another attack against Russian positions took place on 18 September. On 20 September, Ukrainian missile and artillery units struck Russian command and equipment posts in Chornobaivka. On 22 September, Ukrainian forces destroyed Russian anti-aircraft guns that had been firing in the direction of Snihurivka.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 25 October, two explosions were reported at Chornobaivka. Satellite images from 27 October showed that Russian forces had withdrawn all their military equipment from the airport at Chornobaivka, the airport thus being empty for the first time since the beginning of the Russian occupation. However, this did not end Ukrainian attacks on Russian forces at Chornobaivka; Vladyslav Nazarov, spokesman of the Operational Command South, reported that on 3 November, Ukrainian forces hit Russian military equipment that Russian forces were trying to move to another deployment location. On 5 November, more explosions and another smoke column were reported at Chornobaivka.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: On 9 November, Minister of Defence of Russia Sergei Shoigu announced that Russian troops would withdraw from the right bank of the Dnieper after a proposal from Russian general Sergey Surovikin to do so. Surovikin said the decision, which had not been easy to take, was adopted because Kherson could no longer be properly supplied by the Russian army and also to protect the lives of Russian soldiers. On 11 November, the Russian withdrawal from the right bank of the Dnieper was completed, and the Ukrainian Armed Forces entered Chornobaivka, as well as Kherson and other localities. The next day, Arestovych said that the Chornobaivka "series" had ended.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: Following the liberation of the right bank of the Dnieper, Russia started shelling localities in the area, including Chornobaivka. As Governor of Kherson Oblast Yaroslav Yanushevych informed, on 26 November, Chornobaivka was shelled by Russian forces, as a result of which a 10-year-old boy was injured and had to be taken to a hospital.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: Due to the large number of attacks the Russian forces have suffered at Chornobaivka, the settlement has been described as having reached a "legendary" status in Ukraine. On Ukrainian-language social media, a wave of memes appeared mocking the reported failures of Russia in Chornobaivka. Furthermore, Alcohol Ukulele, a Ukrainian band, composed a song in Kryvyi Rih about the events in Chornobaivka. On 8 September, discussions on the Chernihiv City Council took place to rename certain streets of Chernihiv as part of the derussification process in Ukraine. It was proposed to rename Kovpaka Sydora Street to Chornobaivska Street after Chornobaivka on Kherson Oblast. This and other proposals were approved on 27 October.


title: 2022 Chornobaivka attacks

text: President of Ukraine Volodymyr Zelenskyy commented that "Ukrainian Chornobaivka will go down in the history of war" and that "this is a place where the Russian military, their commanders, have shown themselves completely... as they are—incompetent, able to simply drive their people to slaughter".


title: Ivana (actress)

text: Aleena Shaji (born 25 February 2000), better known as, Ivana, is an Indian actress who predominantly works in Tamil and Malayalam-language films.


title: Ivana (actress)

text: Aleena began her career as a child actress in the Malayalam film industry through supporting role in "Masters" (2012), before working on "Rani Padmini" (2015), three years later. Aleena then portrayed a pivotal role in "Anuraga Karikkin Vellam" (2016) as the daughter of the lead character. Director Bala had spotted a news article about "Anuraga Karikkun Vellam" online and subsequently chose to cast Aleena in his Tamil film, "Naachiyaar" (2018), which also had Jyothika and G. V. Prakash Kumar in pivotal roles. Bala requested that she should use a stage name which would be easier to pronounce for Tamil audiences, and with the assistance of her cousin, she finalised the name Ivana. In order to prepare for her role, she undertook Tamil classes, while her co-actors assisted and gave her tips when filming certain scenes. Portraying Arasi, a young, innocent girl, Ivana won rave reviews for her performance. Sify.com noted "with and a pretty fresh face and large expressive eyes, Ivana makes a wholly believable Arasi". Likewise, critics from The New Indian Express noted that Ivana makes "an impressive debut", while India Today's reviewer stated that Ivana gives a "splendid performance" and her "expressions are pleasing and pretty convincing".


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: Gebirgsjäger () are the light infantry part of the alpine or mountain troops ("Gebirgstruppe") of Germany, Austria and Switzerland. The word "Jäger" (meaning "hunter" or "huntsman") is a characteristic term used for light infantry in German speaking countries.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: The mountain infantry of Austria have their roots in the three "Landesschützen" regiments of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. The mountain infantry of modern Germany carry on certain traditions of the German Alpenkorps (Alpine corps) of World War I. Both countries' mountain infantry share the Edelweiß insignia, established in 1907 as a symbol of the Austro-Hungarian "Landesschützen" regiments by Emperor Franz Joseph I. These troops wore the edelweiss on the uniform collar. When the "Alpenkorps" served alongside the "Landesschützen" on Austria's southern frontier against Italian forces from May 1915, the "Landesschützen" honoured the men of the "Alpenkorps" by awarding them their own insignia: the edelweiss.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: During World War II the Wehrmacht and Waffen-SS raised a number of mountain infantry units, identified by the edelweiss insignia worn on their sleeves and caps.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: These divisions were lightly equipped, with much of the transport provided by mules. They were equipped with fewer automatic weapons than regular infantry, however the MG 34 or MG 42 machine gunners were provided with more ammunition than their regular infantry counterparts. Special equipment was made for them including the G33/40 mauser rifle based on the VZ.33 rifle.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: Mountain infantry participated in many campaigns, including Operations Weserübung, Silver Fox, Platinum Fox, Arctic Fox and Northern Lights. They also served in the Caucasus, the invasion of Crete, the Balkans, the Gothic Line, and the battles in the Vosges region of France.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: Upon the creation of the Bundeswehr in 1956, the mountain infantry returned as a distinctive arm of the West German army. Until 2001, they were organized as the 1. Gebirgsdivision, disbanded as part of Bundeswehr reductions at the end of the cold war. The successor unit is Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 which has its headquarters in Bad Reichenhall. The battalions of these units are deployed in southern Bavaria, the only high mountain area in Germany touching the Northern Alps. Since 2008 the unit is officially called "Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 "Bayern" (Bavaria)" to mark the close relationship between the state and the "Gebirgsjäger".


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: In mid-2020, the official Bundeswehr website stated that the brigade had a strength of approximately 5,300 soldiers.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: The soldiers of the mountain infantry wear a grey cap ("Bergmütze") with an edelweiß on its left side, stem to the front. This distinguishes them from all other German army soldiers who wear berets and the Austrian army, whose edelweiß has its stem to the back. The formal uniform, which is based on traditional alpine mountain climbing trekking outfits ("Berganzug"), is also different from the standard mainstream German army uniform, and consists of a light-weight grey ski blouse ("Skibluse"), black Stirrup trousers ("Keilhose") or especially during the summer periods "Culottes" knee-breeches ("") similar to knickerbockers, and ankle-height mountaineering boots ("") or dual-use mountaineering ski boots.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: German "Gebirgsjäger" traditionally share a very close comradeship and distinct esprit de corps. There is also a special perception of discipline which can for example be seen in a relatively informal relationship between officers and soldiers during normal day duty.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: As the Gebirgsjägerbrigade 23 is part of the so-called stabilisation forces ("Stabilisierungskräfte"), it lacks any accompanying artillery. Mortar support is provided by the "Schwere Jägerkompanie" (heavy infantry company) in every mountain infantry battalion.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: A mountain infantry battalion consists of about 900 soldiers in five companies. One company is responsible for staff and support duties and has a "Hochgebirgsjägerzug" (special platoon for high mountain fight and reconnaissance) at its disposal. Three companies are consisting of classical mountain infantry, another one is a heavy company which is equipped with the Wiesel AWC for mortar support, tank defence and supporting cannon fire with 20 mm guns. Two of the three mountain infantry battalions are equipped with the Hägglund 206S, one with the GTK Boxer.


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: Today the traditions of the Austrian mountain infantry are maintained by the 6th Gebirgsbrigade in western Austria


title: Gebirgsjäger

text: Specially trained have been a part of the Swiss Army since 1892 when the 3rd Army Corps was established. A central mountain combat school was opened in Andermatt in 1967.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule is an American comedy television series starring John C. Reilly as Dr. Steve Brule. The show is a spin-off of "Tim and Eric Awesome Show, Great Job!", originating in a segment called "Brule's Rules". The series premiered on Cartoon Network's late-night programming block, Adult Swim, on May 16, 2010.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: The show parodies the 1980s’ public-access television programs and follows Dr. Steve Brule as he examines different facets of living. His extreme and possibly pathological naivete and social awkwardness generally land him in embarrassing situations, though he remains largely ignorant of any embarrassment he's causing himself. As the series progresses, he reveals surprising and sometimes shocking details about his past and personal life. The series has completed four seasons of six episodes each.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: In the series, Reilly interviews real people whose reactions, according to executive producer Tim Heidecker, are genuine. Reilly stated that he intends for the humor to derive from Brule's character rather than the reactions of his guests. In post-production, the video is piped through a VCR to simulate poor production value. Critical reception has been positive, with several reviewers highlighting the character of Brule while noting the aesthetic qualities as similar to other productions. "The A.V. Club" Brandon Nowalk compared it to "The Day Today" and "Brass Eye", while DVD Verdict Dawn Hunt compared it to "This Is Spinal Tap". The first two seasons were combined onto a single DVD release, made available on October 16, 2012, in Region 1.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: The program, a surreal parody of human interest shows, follows Brule as he examines, or "checks out", different facets of living. Throughout the show, Brule frequently performs embarrassing behaviors and is found in embarrassing situations, though he personally seems impervious to embarrassment. Each episode begins with a poem or lyric pertaining to the subject of the show, followed by Brule crediting the work but usually mispronouncing the author's name; his mispronunciations are a staple of the show—in the first episode, he mispronounced the name of nutritionist Dr. Johnny Bowden both as "Dr. Jimmy Brungus" and "Dr. Jungy Brungan".


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: As the series progresses, he reveals shocking, sometimes horrifying, details about his past and personal life, such as his mother, Dorris Pringle-Brule-Salahari (Nancy Munoz), having poisoned his food when he was a child in order to "slow him down." The series also features interludes from other public-access hosts; recurring characters include Terry Bruge-Hiplo (Robert Axelrod), Doug Prishpreed (Doug Foster), Carol Krabit (Carol Kraft), and Scott Clam (Scott Stewart). Respectively, they host movie reviews, news updates, fortune-telling & weather updates, and a finance show, all in the same style of low-budget cable access segments.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: According to Heidecker, Reilly's dialogue in the show is mostly improvised and the reactions of the guests Reilly interviews as Dr. Steve Brule are genuine. Heidecker stated that the humor revolves around "not necessarily fooling these people" but "more the character of Steve Brule being completely clueless and a really strange guy." He has cited Huell Howser and his show "California's Gold" as an influence. During an interview for "Esquire", Reilly was asked about his experiences on the show; though he did not mind answering the question, he preferred not to elaborate on Brule as a character. He stated that Brule's "persona would be more interesting if left a mystery" and felt the more he elaborated on Brule's character, the less interesting it would become to him.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: To achieve the artifact-ridden quality of the video, the editors pipe the footage through a videocassette recorder and the post-production crew literally hits the recorder in order to simulate a jump in the vertical synchronization. In an interview with "Entertainment Weekly", Heidecker elaborated on the aesthetic quality of the series: "It's a show that genuinely feels like this guy made it himself. It’s as if it's 4:30 in the morning he had snuck into the studio to make this show without getting permission. It's bare-bones. Lots of technical problems. Just a mess. The whole thing is a big mess. A big beautiful mess."


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: The series has completed four seasons with six episodes each. The first season premiered on May 16, 2010, in the United States and concluded on June 20, 2010. The second season premiered on March 18, 2012, in the United States and concluded on April 22, 2012. The third season premiered on February 27, 2014, and concluded on April 4, 2014. Adult Swim, in an announcement made before its upfront presentation, revealed "Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule" to be a returning show for its 2015-16 schedule in May 2016. The fourth season premiered June 18, 2016. and concluded on July 29, 2016.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: A 30-minute special entitled "Bagboy" aired on February 20, 2015. A special episode depicting recurring character Scott Clam hosting in place of Brule (as a result of the events of the season 4 finale), aired on October 23, 2017.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: On January 1, 2021, Tim and Eric hosted a watch-along of "Tim and Eric's Billion Dollar Movie". As part of it, they mentioned that they were working on a potential future project involving Dr. Steve Brule.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: In Canada, "Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule" previously aired on G4's Adult Digital Distraction block, and currently airs on the Canadian version of Adult Swim.


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: The series has garnered positive critical reception; Ross Luippold of "The Huffington Post" gave the series a positive review, noting Reilly's performance and stating he "may be the only actor alive who can get away with starring in critically acclaimed films during Oscar season… while concurrently starring in two Tim & Eric joints." Lindsay Hurd of "The Michigan Daily" highlighted the stage design in her review, stating that "The show's set is just as amusing as Brule's lack of coherence… [the series] amounts to a gaudy-but-comical set that oddly matches Brule's reporting style." Casey Burchby of DVD Talk "highly recommended" the series' first and second DVD release. He praised the eponymous character, stating "John C. Reilly's Dr. Steve Brule is one of the most likable characters in recent TV history." While he praised the series as "a rare example of a well-developed and justified spinoff", he found the series best enjoyed "parceled out one at a time".


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: The series has received positive critical reception from "The A.V. Club"; the site has graded the first season three As, two Bs and one C grade. Writing for the site, Brandon Nowalk felt the interviews for the second-season finale "Life" accentuates "a different facet" of the series' humor: "1990s absurdism." He cited "The Day Today" and "Brass Eye" as two examples of this quality, while stating Brule's character is closer to Harry S. Plinkett than of Stephen Colbert or Sacha Baron Cohen. He later regarded its third season as "a little lighter on the laughs than usual", but found it "slightly better produced", with the audience "growing accustomed to the usual blunders."


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: In reviewing the first and second season D.V.D. release, Luke Bonanno of DVDizzy praised Reilly's character; however, he was critical of reprising the "bold characters" of Wayne and Jan Skylar from "Awesome Show", stating that "such [characters] just aren't a good fit here and weigh down on the humor." He panned the network's lack of promotion for the series and wished for more episodes per season "even if making it with Tim and Eric had to be a creatively-liberating blast".


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: Dusty Somers of Blogcritics stated the portrayal of Dr. Brule "adds unexpected dimensions of naked vulnerability and a childlike fear of a world he doesn't understand." Dawn Hunt of DVD Verdict gave the series 95 out of 100; he applauded the series as an "homage to the local cable access shows of the 1980s." He compared the series to mockumentaries such as "This Is Spinal Tap" and stated that the visual look of the series "looks, feels, and sounds like it came straight from the MTV Generation."


title: Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule

text: The combined first two seasons were released on DVD on October 16, 2012, in Region 1. Entitled "Check It Out! with Dr. Steve Brule: Season 1 & 2", the DVD features episodes in production order.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Louise Goffin (born March 23, 1960) is an American singer-songwriter and producer of the 2011 album "A Holiday Carole". Signed by record executive Lenny Waronker to DreamWorks in 1999, Goffin released "Sometimes a Circle" in 2002. She went on to release five albums, an EP, and several singles independently through her own label Majority of One Records, which was launched May 2008. She teaches songwriting to teen girls from disadvantaged backgrounds in partnership with the charitable organization WriteGirl.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin's parents are songwriters Carole King and Gerry Goffin. At the age of 14 she and her sister, Sherry, provided vocals for the song "Nightingale", on her mother Carole King's album "Wrap Around Joy", which was released in 1974. She also sang backing vocals on Carole King's 1975 release "Really Rosie" and her 1977 release "Simple Things". At Los Angeles' University High School's Interdisciplinary Program School (1975), she used the name Lakshme. Her classmates included Keith "Lucky" Leher, and Marla and Michelle, the daughters of Joy Miller, one of the victims of the Wonderland murders.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin's debut public performance was opening for Jackson Browne at the Troubadour when she was 17 years old. Her debut album "Kid Blue," produced by Danny Kortchmar, was released on Elektra Records in 1979.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin was the youngest artist on the soundtrack to "Fast Times at Ridgemont High". She lived in England in 1984–1994 and made two records while signed to WEA. "This Is the Place", released in 1988, included the VH1 video hit "Bridge of Sighs". The following UK album was recorded 1990-1 at Astoria Studios, a houseboat, built in 1911 for and once owned by impresario Fred Karno, now a recording studio owned by David Gilmour of Pink Floyd. The rare UK Eastwest Records recordings include a version of the U2 song "Sweetest Thing", with additional lyrics by Bono.


title: Louise Goffin

text: In 2002 Goffin released the album "Sometimes a Circle", produced by Greg Wells through the DreamWorks label.


title: Louise Goffin

text: In 2008, Goffin launched her own label Majority Of One Records to put out her first independent release, the eight-song "Bad Little Animals". She has continued to release her recordings through Majority Of One, including "Songs From The Mine", which features backing vocals from Alice Cooper and Johnny Depp on "Watching The Sky Turn Blue"; "Appleonfire", a tribute EP to her late father; "The Essential Louise Goffin, Vol. 1", combining highlights from her previous three records with new recordings; and many singles. Her album "All These Hellos", co-produced with Dave Way and featuring performances by Chris Difford from Squeeze, Rufus Wainwright, Van Dyke Parks and Billy Harvey, was released in fall 2018. Her subsequent album "Two Different Movies," released in 2020, was also co-produced by Dave Way and featured contributions from Billy Harvey, Van Dyke Parks, Benmont Tench, and Greg Leisz. The album cover art is a sketch of Louise drawn by Joni Mitchell.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin sang on the theme song for the TV show "Gilmore Girls", dueting with her mother on King's song "Where You Lead". Goffin didn't realize how popular the show was until many years later, but embraced its impact and appeared at the Gilmore Girls Fan Fest.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin produced Carole King's first holiday record "A Holiday Carole". Goffin co-wrote all three original songs "New Year's Day", "Christmas Paradise", and "Christmas In The Air". There is a jazz arrangement of a classic Chanukah prayer, co-arranged with musician and horn player Lee Curreri. The album was nominated for a Grammy.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin has played with other known musicians as a side-woman. She appeared playing banjo with Bryan Ferry in his video "I Put a Spell on You". She went on to play guitar on tour with Tears for Fears in 1997.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin leads songwriting masterclasses and mentors teen girls in songwriting in partnership with the organization WriteGirl.


title: Louise Goffin

text: In 2018, she and co-host Paul Zollo launched the podcast "The Great Song Adventure", where they interview notable songwriters and other music industry influencers.


title: Louise Goffin

text: Goffin is the creative director of The Goffin & King Foundation, which seeks to preserve her parents' legacy through empowering rising songwriters with educational opportunities.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: The Karrar (Persian "كرار" lit. "Striker" or "Attacker") is an Iranian main battle tank. The tank was announced in 2016. At the announcement, it was stated that it possessed an electro-optical fire control system, a laser rangefinder, ballistic computer and could fire at both stationary and mobile targets in day or night.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: The Karrar was announced following failed negotiations to obtain a licence and the technology to produce Russian T-90MS tanks. It is based on the Soviet-made T-72, and attempts to incorporate elements of the T-90, American M1 Abrams, and British Challenger 2. However, it is believed to be inferior, and has been described as "little more than an upgraded T-72 with some additional indigenous components and aesthetic flourishes modeled after the T-90MS". Despite its visual similarity to the T-90, Iran has rejected any alleged Russian collaboration in the project.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: In December 2015, the commander of the Iranian Army, Brigadier General Ahmad Reza Pourdastan, announced plans to buy Russia's T-90 tanks.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: In early February 2016, Pourdastan stated that "since we can manufacture similar models within the country and we plan to do so in the near future, the deal is now off". According to some sources, Pourdastan also said would potentially seek to acquire them through licensed production in Iran with assistance from manufacturer Uralvagonzavod.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: The next day, Russian News Agency TASS reported that the Russian manufacturer of the T-90 expressed interest working with Iran " the areas of T-90S MBT licensed production, T-72S MBT modernization and the upgrade of related facilities" after restrictions on military cooperation with Iran are lifted. A few days later the Iranian Defense Minister also mentioned the Karrar, claiming: "The defense industry designed and built the new battle tank from scratch. If not better, it's still as deadly as the Russian T-90".


title: Karrar (tank)

text: In mid-February, the Lieutenant Commander of the Iranian Ground Forces stated that the Army had been ordered not to purchase the military gear unless Russia agreed to share the (production) technology, and that Iran was still hoping Russia would agree to such a deal. He also claimed that "Karrar tanks have been delivered to the combat units of the Ground Force."


title: Karrar (tank)

text: In August 2016, video footage from Iranian Television "Telewebion" was published on YouTube showing the Karrar main battle during trials in the desert. In November 2016, the RIA news agency reported that Russia and Iran were still in talks regarding the T-90 tanks.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: In early March 2017, Pourdastan stated that a domestically manufactured battle tank would be unveiled in the coming days and soon join the army, but added that Iran still planned to purchase T-90s.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: On 12 March 2017, after the Karrar was unveiled to the public, Tehran announced that it would undergo mass production. Although at the time it was not clear if pre-production, or production models were being constructed.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: Speaking to the Tasnim News Agency, Brigadier General Kiomars Heidari mentioned that the Karrar would be delivered in 2018.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: In July 2018, the IRGC plans to procure up to 800 Karrar main battle tanks. On November 20, 2020, production models of the Karrar were deemed ready to enter service with the Iranian Army.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: The main armament of the Karrar consists of a 125 mm smoothbore gun fitted with a fume extractor and a thermal sleeve. A remotely operated weapon station armed with a 12.7 mm machine gun is mounted on the roof of the turret. The main gun is able to fire anti-tank laser-guided missiles. A carousel autoloader is also present, removing the need of a loader.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: The Karrar is supposedly fitted with latest generation of Iranian composite armor and with explosive reactive armor panels mounted on the hull and turret. There are also armour plates on the sides and slat armour at the rear of the hull and turret. The Karrar has three main types of ERA present. The first is what appears to be an Iranian copy of Relikt on the sideskirts and turret front, an unknown ERA on the top of the turret, and an extremely thick ERA on the front of the hull & turret sides previously seen on Iranian M60 tanks.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: The Karrar features four dazzlers, each containing an electro-optical jammer and 3 laser warning receivers as part of its soft-kill active protection system. Alternative configurations remove the dazzlers, and have a single 360° PLDS-S-1 laser warning receiver on top. The same 360° laser warning receiver is present on Iranian M-60 tanks. Once a laser lock is detected, the tank can use it's 12 81mm launchers to deploy a smoke or aerosol screen.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: Karrar is equipped with a 1000 hp engine. This hasn't been officially stated but signs mounted on Karrar tanks present in Bani Hashem factory, Iran's main AFV factory alongside Shahid Zainuddin, had the words "hp 1000" written on them. Karrar's power to weight ratio is about 20 hp per tonne as a result, and it's speed is stated to be around 70 km/h.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: External fuel tanks can be attached to the rear in order to extend its range. The range without fuel drums is 500–550 km, but at least 200–280 km further with fuel drums.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: On November 22, 2020, a service variant was shown. It lacked the metal sheet on the barrel, was painted in a tan color scheme, some tiny differences to the gunner's sights, upgraded optical systems, and an electro-optical jamming system.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: According to military experts, the Karrar is based on, albeit inferior to, the Soviet-made T-72 and T-90, as well as American M1 Abrams and British Challenger 2.


title: Karrar (tank)

text: "It is no coincidence that specialists regard the Karrar as some kind of a copy of the Russian-made T-90MS, the most advanced modification of the T-90 platform", according to retired Maj. Gen. Vladimir Bogatyrev, chair of the Board of the Russian National Association of Retired Military Officers. He also added that "It is based on the T-72 platform, but it also has something from the American Abrams and M60 tanks. Some elements are borrowed from the M48 and the British Chieftain tank. They took all these elements and tried to design their own tank."


title: Karrar (tank)

text: Pictures of the composite array of the Karrar tank show it uses reflecting plates, identical to those in Russian T-90 and T-72B/S tanks. The turret also looks extremely similar to that of the Russian T-90M/MS tank, albeit with a thicker front.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Wikivoyage is a free web-based travel guide for travel destinations and travel topics written by volunteer authors. It is a sister project of Wikipedia and supported and hosted by the same non-profit Wikimedia Foundation (WMF). Wikivoyage has been called the "Wikipedia of travel guides".


title: Wikivoyage

text: The project began when editors at the German and then Italian versions of Wikitravel decided in September 2006 to move their editing activities and then current content to a new site, in accordance with the site copyright license, a procedure known as "forking". The resulting site went live as "Wikivoyage" on December 10, 2006, and was owned and operated by a German association set up for that purpose, Wikivoyage e.V. (which continues to be its representative association). Content was published under the copyleft license Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike.


title: Wikivoyage

text: In 2012, after a long history of problems with their existing host, the English-language version community of Wikitravel also decided as a community to fork their project. In a two-way move, the English Wikitravel community re-merged with Wikivoyage under the Wikivoyage brand. In addition, all Wikivoyage language versions moved their operations to be hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, a non-profit organization hosting several of the world's largest wiki-based communities such as Wikipedia. Following agreements by the various communities involved and the Wikimedia Foundation, the site was moved to the WMF servers in December 2012 and the whole of Wikivoyage was officially re-launched as a Wikimedia project on January 15, 2013, the day of the 12th anniversary of Wikipedia's launch.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Using a wiki model, Wikivoyage is built through collaboration of "Wikivoyagers" from around the globe. Articles can cover different levels of geographic specificity, from continents to districts of a city. These are logically connected in a hierarchy, by specifying that the location covered in one article "is within" the larger location described by another. The project also includes articles on travel-related topics, phrasebooks for travelers, and suggested itineraries.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Wikivoyage is a multilingual project available in languages, with each language-specific project developed independently. While now a Wikimedia project, it was begun independently. Wikivoyage content is broadly categorized as: destinations, itineraries, phrasebooks, and travel topics.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Geographical units within the geographical hierarchy may be described in articles, based on the criterion, "can you sleep there?"


title: Wikivoyage

text: Attractions such as hotels, restaurants, bars, stores, nightclubs, tour operators, monuments, museums, statues or other works of art, city parks, town squares or streets, festivals or events, transport systems or stations, landscapes, bodies of water, and uninhabited islands are listed in the article for the place within which they are located, but they do not get their own articles.


title: Wikivoyage

text: An itinerary describes a group of destinations according to a temporal division rather than a spatial one and will list destinations and attractions to visit during a given amount of time, with recommended durations of stay and routes to follow. Itineraries may cross geographical regions, but usually have a well-defined path.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Travel topics are articles that deal with a specific topic of interest to travelers that is too large or detailed to go in a specific travel guide destination page; travel tips that are so general that they apply to nearly all destinations and do not need to be in each specific travel guide; major events that occur in different places; and specialist travel information, such as regional guides to scuba-diving sites.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Wikivoyage uses the free MediaWiki software (developed for Wikipedia) to allow internet-based editing without requiring registration. Quality assurance occurs in the same way as on Wikipedia: through reciprocal control by editors. The use of the same software was intended to facilitate familiarization with Wikivoyage.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Wikivoyage licenses its content to the public under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike license, but not the GNU Free Documentation License. This is intended to facilitate the production of printed guides from a legal point of view. Media files are intended to be published either in the public domain or licensed under multiple licenses (GNU, Creative Commons).


title: Wikivoyage

text: The information is built up in a more structured way than usual for encyclopaedias. Articles belonging to a topic are grouped by the "categories" known from the Mediawiki software as well as through the so-called "bread crumb trails" which show the geographical connection between the articles.


title: Wikivoyage

text: In the German-language version, different name spaces are used to separate different topics. The main name space contains travel destinations within their geographical hierarchy. Two other important name spaces are reserved for "travel topics" and "travel news", with the intent to allow a tight interconnection between travel destinations and topics.


title: Wikivoyage

text: At the time of transfer to WMF, Wikivoyage was available in German, Italian, English, French, Dutch, Russian, and Swedish language versions. The Russian-language project is named Викигид (which translates roughly as "wiki guide"). In January 2013, Portuguese and Spanish versions were created, followed in March by Polish and Romanian, in April by Hebrew and Ukrainian, in May by Greek, and the Vietnamese in August. The Chinese version started in January 2014 and Persian in October. The Finnish version launched in November 2016, Hindi in September 2017 and Bengali and Pashto in June 2018. A Japanese version began in August 2020 and in 2021, a Turkish version began. The Shan version launched in March 2022.


title: Wikivoyage

text: As of 2022, there are Wikivoyage sites for languages of which are active and are closed. The active sites have articles. There are registered users of which were recently active.


title: Wikivoyage

text: The choice of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike copyright license is intended to allow simplified distribution by mention of the authors, without the need to state the complete license text.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike allows distribution through mirrors or by other means of modern media. Up-to-date archives are provided on a weekly basis. The files contained in these archives are provided with all the necessary legal licensing information, e.g. the attribution of the authors.


title: Wikivoyage

text: The name is a portmanteau of the words "Wiki" (an Internet-based software system that allows change and extension of the text by any user) and "voyage", meaning travel, journey, or trip. It was retained after extensive voting amongst established editors to decide on the post re-launch name.


title: Wikivoyage

text: Many Wikivoyage authors and administrators started by working on Wikitravel, which was started by Evan Prodromou and Michele Ann Jenkins in July 2003. By April 2004 the wiki's collection totalled over 1,200 destinations. A year later the project was acquired by the for-profit Internet Brands, an operator of media and e-commerce sites. Discontent increased in response to the management style of the new owners, which led to the contributors of the German and Italian language editions leaving to setup their own independent project, while forking the content on Wikitravel.


title: Wikivoyage

text: After about six months of preparation, the non-profit association Wikivoyage e.V. was founded and registered, as both the owner of the domain names and operator of the servers. On December 10, 2006, the project went live online with the initial data from the German-language Wikitravel. After seven months, 40% of the articles were new, rising to 50% after 10 months. At this stage there were still major gaps in the coverage, but there were several articles for travel destinations like Egypt, Thailand and Switzerland and for the travel topic "cycling".


title: Wikivoyage

text: The Italian branch of Wikivoyage was launched on December 10, 2007. The organization of media data and the administration of user access were already applicable for use in branches in other languages.


title: Wikivoyage

text: The project garnered some press reports, particularly by Swiss radio and newspapers. The "Tages-Anzeiger" from Zurich and the Swiss radio station DRS1 reported broadly on the project and discussed its weaknesses. The project was mainly supported by German and Swiss authors.


title: Wikivoyage

text: In 2012, after a lengthy history of dissatisfaction with Wikitravel's host and owner, Internet Brands, it was proposed that the community at Wikitravel fork their work from "Wikitravel" and "Wikitravel Shared" and – together with the existing sites at Wikivoyage – merge to create a new travel wiki hosted by the Wikimedia Foundation, the steward of Wikipedia and a large range of other non-profit reference sites based upon a wiki community culture. After lengthy discussion by users of all three communities, comments by their respective hosts, and confirmation by the Wikimedia Foundation that it would host a travel project if users wished, nearly all administrators and bureaucrats at Wikitravel decided to fork their existing work to Wikivoyage.


title: Wikivoyage

text: The contents of Wikitravel in all languages and its related Commons-equivalent site (for images, video, and other media files) were downloaded on August 2, 2012, as a "database dump" in preparation for such a migration. This content became the starting point for all languages excluding German and Italian, which were already hosted by Wikivoyage. Forking is a normal or anticipated activity in wiki communities and is expressly permitted by the Creative Commons–Attribution–Share Alike (CC BY-SA) copyright license in use on sites such as Wikitravel. MediaWiki, the wiki software used for Wikitravel, included that facility, although Internet Brands disabled the function shortly after this date in an attempt to prevent the data migration. The community discussion at Wikimedia ended on August 23, 2012, with 540 votes for and 152 votes against the creation of a Wikimedia Foundation travel guide. The project began in beta on WMF servers on November 10, 2012 and was launched fully on January 15, 2013.


title: Wikivoyage

text: As part of the migration, it is planned that current owners and user body "Wikivoyage e.V." will remain in place as an associated organization affiliated with the Wikimedia Foundation "at an organizational level". Wikivoyage stated that, freed of the need to maintain its servers, it would be able to benefit by increasing its work related to outreach, community support, discussion and information, and technical enhancements to the site's software.


title: Wikivoyage

text: In September 2012, Internet Brands filed a lawsuit against one Wikitravel administrator, Ryan Holliday, and one Wikipedia administrator, James Heilman, accusing them of trademark breach and commercial misconduct in the proposals affecting that site, with the defendants and Wikimedia rejecting the case as an example of a SLAPP lawsuit—one that is undertaken without plausible legal grounds for the primary purpose of deterring, overwhelming, or frustrating people engaged in fully lawful actions. On November 19, 2012, the claims by Internet Brands were dismissed by the United States District Court for the Central District of California.


title: Wikivoyage

text: In 2016 English Wikivoyage experienced an increase in number of articles (about +1% per month) and a stable amount of activity (about 300 monthly active users and 800 total monthly editors).


title: Wikivoyage

text: After a peak in visits and activity between January and March 2013, confirmed by an Alexa global rank of about 8000 in March for English Wikivoyage, 2013 Wikivoyage was for a time between the 20,000 and 30,000 position in the global Alexa rank, lower than Wikitravel's rank which, however, declined from around the 3,000th position in 2011 to about 6,000th in 2015. , Wikivoyage's Alexa rank was between 16,000 and 17,000 and Wikitravel's rank was around 20,000.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: Minar E Pakistan (, literally "Tower of Pakistan") is a tower located in Lahore, Pakistan. The tower was built between 1960 and 1968 on the site where the All-India Muslim League passed the Lahore Resolution (which was later called the Pakistan Resolution) on 23 March 1940 - the first official call for a separate and independent homeland for the Muslims of British India, as espoused by the two-nation theory. The resolution eventually helped lead to the emergence of an independent Pakistani state in 1947.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: The tower was designed and supervised by, Nasreddin Murat-Khan, a Russian-born Pakistani architect and civil engineer. The minaret provides a panoramic view to visitors who can access the top by climbing up the stairs or by means of an elevator.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: The tower base is shaped like a flower. The area surrounding the monument is covered with parks and flowers. The location is often used for political and religious events. It is also known as the "Liberty Tower of Pakistan".


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: The base is about 8 metres above the ground. The tower rises about 62 metres on the base, and the total height of the Minar is about 70 metres above the ground. The unfolding petals of the flower-like base are 9 metres high. The diameter of the tower is about 9.75 meters. The rostrum is built of patterned tiles, and faces Badshahi Mosque. The base consists of four platforms. To symbolise the humble beginning of the struggle for freedom, the first platform is built with uncut stones from Taxila, the second platform is made of hammer-dressed stones, and the third platform is made of chiselled stones. Polished white marble used for the fourth and final platform depicts the success of the Pakistan Movement. The structure uses the imagery of crescents and stars, signs that symbolize the culture of Pakistan, similarly seen in the National Flag.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: Mr. Mukhtar Masood, a prolific writer and the then–deputy commissioner of Lahore, was one of the members of the Building Committee for the tower. Services Engineer Mian Abdul Ghani Mughal went on to build many other landmarks of Pakistan, including Gaddafi Stadium Lahore, City Hospital Gujranwala, Chand da Qila By-Pass Gujranwala, Lords Hotel, and University of Punjab Campus Gujranwala.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: At the base, there are floral inscriptions on ten converging white marble commemorative plaques. The inscriptions include the text of the Lahore Resolution in Urdu, Bengali and English, as well as the Delhi Resolution's text, which was passed on 9 April 1946. On different plaques, Quranic verses and 99 names of Allah are inscribed in Arabic calligraphy. Other important inscriptions included on the monument are the National Anthem of Pakistan in Urdu and Bengali, excerpts from the speeches of Muhammad Ali Jinnah in Urdu, Bengali and English; and a few couplets written by Allama Iqbal.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: The foundation stone was laid on 23 March 1960. Construction took eight years, and was completed on 21 October 1968 at an estimated cost of Rs 7,058,000. The money was collected by imposing an additional tax on cinema and horse racing tickets at the demand of Akhter Husain, governor of West Pakistan.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: Minar-e-Pakistan is considered the national emblem of Pakistan, and an expression of post-colonial national identity.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: On February 21, 1999, Indian PM Atal Bihari Vajpayee became the first Indian leader to visit Minar-e-Pakistan (previous Indian state visits to Pakistan had not included a visit to Lahore). Vajpayee's visit was compared to Nixon's visit to China in terms of significance.


title: Minar-e-Pakistan

text: Minar-e-Pakistan has served as the location for a number of rallies. The rallies have often caused damage to the surrounding flora, according to the Parks and Horticulture Authority. In 2014, the Punjab government considered banning any political or non-political large gatherings.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: Icon of the Seas is a cruise ship under construction for Royal Caribbean International and will be the lead ship of the . She is scheduled to enter service in 2024, and will have a gross tonnage of 250,800, making her the largest cruise ship in the world by gross tonnage.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: On 10 October 2016, Royal Caribbean and Meyer Turku announced an order to build two ships under the project name "Icon". The ships are expected to be delivered in the third quarter of 2023 and in 2025. The ships will be classified by DNV.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: Royal Caribbean applied to register a trademark for "Icon of the Seas" in 2016, which was at the time suggested as an indication of the name of the first ship.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: Steel-cutting for "Icon of the Seas" began on 14 June 2021. On 28 October 2021, Royal Caribbean announced that the first LNG tank for the ship was installed at the Neptun Werft in Rostock, Germany. In December 2021, the floating engine room unit, including the LNG tanks, was towed to Turku by tug. The keel was laid on 5 April 2022.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: In May 2022, Royal Caribbean confirmed that "Icon of the Seas" would be bigger than the "Oasis" class.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: "Icon of the Seas" will employ fuel cell technology, to be supplied by ABB Group, and be powered by liquefied natural gas, with a gross tonnage of 250,800 GT. She will contain other alternative energy features, like the use of fuel cells to produce electricity and fresh water.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: The ship will have a crew of 2,350, and a capacity of 5,610 passengers at double occupancy or 7,600 passengers at maximum capacity.


title: Icon of the Seas

text: It will have 20 decks with 7 swimming pools and 6 water slides. It claims to have the tallest waterfall, the tallest water slide, the largest waterpark, and the first suspended infinity pool of any ship.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass) is the first compilation album by the Rolling Stones. With different cover art and track listings, it was released on 28 March 1966, on London Records in the US and on 4 November 1966, by Decca Records in the UK.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: The American edition focused on songs from 1964 and 1965 with two new tunes: the recent "19th Nervous Breakdown" and the re-recorded "Time Is on My Side" with the guitar intro. The British version covered a longer period, from the group's first single A-side in 1963, "Come On", to several songs from 1966, including the recent hit "Have You Seen Your Mother, Baby, Standing in the Shadow?"


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: The album reached number three on the US "Billboard" 200 and number four on the UK Albums Chart. It remained on the chart 99 weeks in the US, where the RIAA certified the album double platinum, signifying over two million copies sold.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: The songs chosen for the American version of "Big Hits" were roughly split between originals written by Mick Jagger and Keith Richards and those by American R&B and rock 'n' roll musicians, with most of the songs taken from the first five US Stones albums released by London Records. The album cover photo for the US edition was taken at Franklin Canyon Park in the mountains above Beverly Hills by Guy Webster.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: The UK "Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)" includes tracks released after the American edition appeared. The Rolling Stones' debut 1963 single, a cover of Chuck Berry's "Come On", was included, but the more successful follow-up, "I Wanna Be Your Man" – composed by rivals (although in reality as friends) Lennon–McCartney – was left off the album. However, an early slick-proof of the album, displayed on Exhibitionism in London in 2016, showed the track as slated for inclusion, but it was ultimately replaced by "Time Is on My Side" by Jerry Ragovoy (as 'Norman Meade'). The fisheye lens-view photo used for the UK front cover was taken in New York City by Jerry Schatzberg, with the back cover featuring the Webster photo from the US cover.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: "Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)" reached number four in the UK charts. The British version was again made available to the public as part of a limited edition vinyl box set, titled "The Rolling Stones 1964–1969", in November 2010. It was also re-released digitally at the same time. The vinyl version of the album includes a booklet pasted into the gatefold with color photos of the Rolling Stones in concert and in the studio.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: Once more, the UK version was released on Record Store Day in 2019 on Green Vinyl, to go along with the release on its second volume, "Through the Past, Darkly", which was released on orange vinyl for both Record Store Day and its 50th anniversary, as stated on the Record Store Day sticker affixed on the front of the vinyl cover.


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: In a retrospective review for AllMusic, Bruce Eder said the US edition of "Big Hits" is "still one of the most potent collections of singles that one can find... Appearing as it did in the late winter of 1966, this collection completely missed the group's drift into psychedelia, and it has since been supplanted by "Hot Rocks" and "More Hot Rocks", but "Big Hits" is still the most concentrated dose of the early Stones at their most accessible that is to be had, short of simply playing their first five U.S. albums." Reviewing the 2002 ABKCO reissue, Kent H. Benjamin from "The Austin Chronicle" regarded it as essential in order to "get most of the Stones' original singles in true stereo".


title: Big Hits (High Tide and Green Grass)

text: Music biographer and journalist Johnny Rogan said that in the UK, "Big Hits" and the Beatles' December 1966 compilation "A Collection of Beatles Oldies" were significant because "Britain's two premier groups" had issued "greatest hits collections in the home market for the first time in their careers". Both albums, in his opinion, "represented a coming of age, reminding listeners and the artistes themselves that they were already the equivalent of heritage acts, whose remarkable run of hits qualified them for a rare , unlikely to be repeated for many years, if ever."


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The Armistice of Cassibile was an armistice that was signed on 3 September 1943 and made public on 8 September between the Kingdom of Italy and the Allies during World War II.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: It was signed by Major General Walter Bedell Smith for the Allies and Brigade General Giuseppe Castellano for Italy at a conference of generals from both sides in an Allied military camp at Cassibile, in Sicily, which had recently been occupied by the Allies. The armistice was approved by both Italian King Victor Emmanuel III and Marshal Badoglio, who was the Prime Minister of Italy at the time.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: Germany moved rapidly by freeing Benito Mussolini (12 September) and attacking Italian forces in Italy (8–19 September), southern France and the Balkans. The Italian forces were quickly defeated, and most of Italy was occupied by German troops, who established a puppet state, the Italian Social Republic. The king, the Italian government and most of the navy escaped to territories occupied by the Allies.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: After the surrender of the Axis powers in North Africa on 13 May 1943, the Allies bombed Rome on 16 May, invaded Sicily on 10 July and prepared to land on the Italian mainland.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: In the spring of 1943, preoccupied by the disastrous situation of the Italian military during the war, the Italian dictator, Benito Mussolini, removed several figures from the government whom he considered to be more loyal to King Victor Emmanuel III than to the Fascist regime.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: To help the execution of his plan, the King asked for the assistance of Dino Grandi (1st Count of Mordano), one of the leading members of the Fascist hierarchy who, in his younger years, had been considered the sole credible alternative to Mussolini as leader of the National Fascist Party. The King was also motivated by the suspicion that the Count of Mordano's ideas about Fascism might be changed abruptly. Various ambassadors, including Pietro Badoglio himself, proposed to him the vague possibility of succeeding Mussolini as dictator.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The secret rebels later involved Giuseppe Bottai, another high member of the Fascist Directorate and Minister of Culture, and Galeazzo Ciano (the 2nd Count of Cortellazzo and Buccari), probably the second most powerful man in the Fascist Party and Mussolini's son-in-law. The conspirators devised an "Order of the Day" for the next meeting of the Grand Council of Fascism ("Gran Consiglio del Fascismo"), which contained a proposal to restore direct control of politics to the King. After the Council, held on 25 July 1943, the "order of the day" was adopted by majority vote, and Mussolini was then summoned to meet the King and dismissed as prime minister. Upon leaving the meeting, Mussolini was arrested by "carabinieri" and spirited off to the island of Ponza. Badoglio became President of the Council of Ministers (Prime Minister) although Mordano had been told that another general of greater personal and professional qualities (Marshal Enrico Caviglia) would have taken the position.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The appointment of Badoglio apparently did not change the position of Italy as Germany's ally in the war. However, many channels sought a peace treaty with the Allies. Meanwhile, Adolf Hitler sent several divisions south of the Alps, officially to help defend Italy from Allied landings but really to control the country.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: Three Italian generals (including Brigade General Giuseppe Castellano) were separately sent to Lisbon to contact Allied diplomats. However, to open the proceedings, the Allies had to determine who was the most authoritative envoy, and the three generals had started to quarrel about who had the highest authority. In the end, Castellano was admitted to speak with the Allies to set the conditions for the surrender of Italy. Among the representatives of the Allies were the British Ambassador to Portugal, Sir Ronald Hugh Campbell, and two generals sent by Dwight Eisenhower: the American Walter Bedell Smith (Eisenhower's chief of staff) and the British Kenneth Strong (assistant chief of staff for intelligence).


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: On 27 August, General Castellano returned to Italy and, three days later, briefed Badoglio about the Allied request for a meeting to be held in Sicily, which had been suggested by the British Ambassador to the Vatican.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: To ease communication between the Allies and the Italian government, a captured British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent, Dick Mallaby, was released from Verona Prison and secretly moved to the Quirinale. It was vital for the Germans to remain ignorant of any suggestion of Italian surrender, and the SOE was seen as the most secure method under the circumstances.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: Badoglio still considered it possible to gain favourable conditions in exchange for the surrender. He ordered Castellano to insist for any surrender of Italy to be conditioned on a landing of Allied troops on the Italian mainland. The Allies then held only Sicily and some minor islands.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: On 31 August, Brigade General Castellano reached Termini Imerese, in Sicily, by plane and was transferred to Cassibile, a town near Syracuse. It soon became obvious that the two sides in the negotiations had adopted rather distant positions. Castellano pressed the request for the Italian territory to be defended from the inevitable reaction of the German "Wehrmacht" against Italy after the signing. In return, he received only vague promises, which included the launching of a parachute division over Rome. Moreover, the actions were to be conducted contemporaneously with the signing, not to precede it, as the Italians had wanted.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The following day, Castellano was received by Badoglio and his entourage. Italy's Foreign Minister, Raffaele Guariglia, declared that the Allied conditions were to be accepted. Other generals, such as Giacomo Carboni, maintained that the Army Corps deployed around Rome was insufficient to protect the city because of the lack of fuel and ammunition and that the armistice had to be postponed. Badoglio did not pronounce himself in the meeting. In the afternoon, he appeared before the King, who decided to accept the armistice conditions.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: A confirmation telegram was sent to the Allies. The message, however, was intercepted by the "Wehrmacht", the German armed forces, which had long since begun to suspect that Italy was seeking a separate armistice. The Germans contacted Badoglio, who repeatedly confirmed the unwavering loyalty of Italy to its German ally. His reassurances were doubted by the Germans, and the "Wehrmacht" started to devise an effective plan, Operation Achse, to take control of Italy as soon as the Italian government had switched allegiance to the Allies.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: On 2 September, Castellano set off again to Cassibile with an order to confirm the acceptance of the Allied conditions. He had no written authorisation from the head of the Italian government, which wanted to dissociate himself as much as possible from the forthcoming defeat of his country.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The signing ceremony began at 14:00 on 3 September. Castellano and Bedell Smith signed the accepted text on behalf of Badoglio and General Eisenhower, respectively. A bombing mission on Rome by 500 aeroplanes was stopped at the last moment and had been Eisenhower's inducement to accelerate the procedure of the armistice. Harold Macmillan, the British government's representative minister at the Allied Staff, informed Winston Churchill that the armistice had been signed "without amendments of any kind".


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: Only after the signing had taken place was Castellano informed of the additional clauses, which had been presented by General Campbell to another Italian general, Zanussi, who had also been in Cassibile since 31 August. Zanussi, for unclear reasons, had not informed Castellano about them. Bedell Smith, nevertheless, explained to Castellano that the further conditions were to have taken effect only if Italy had not taken on a fighting role in the war alongside the Allies.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: On the afternoon of the same day, Badoglio had a briefing with the senior commanders of the "Regia Marina" (Italy's Royal Navy) and the "Regia Aeronautica" (Italy's Royal Air Force), with the War Ministers and with the King's representatives. However, he omitted any mention of the signing of the armistice and referred only to ongoing negotiations.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The day of entry into force of the armistice was linked to a planned landing in central Italy and was left to the Allies' discretion. Castellano still understood that the date was intended to be 12 September, and Badoglio started to move troops to Rome.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: On 7 September, a small Allied delegation reached Rome to inform Badoglio that the next day would have been the day of the armistice. He was also informed about the pending arrival of the American 82nd Airborne Division into airports around the city. Badoglio told the delegation that his army was not ready to support the landing and that most airports in the area were under German control. He asked for a deferral of the armistice of a few days. When General Eisenhower learned that, the landing in Rome of American troops was cancelled, but the day of the armistice was confirmed since other troops were already en route by sea to land in southern Italy.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: When the armistice was announced by Allied radio on the afternoon of 8 September, German forces immediately attacked Italian forces by executing Operation Achse. Most of the "Regio Esercito" (Italian Royal Army) had not been informed about the armistice, and no clear orders had been issued about the line of conduct to be taken in the face of the German armed forces. Some of the Italian divisions that should have defended Rome were still in transit from southern France. The king, along with the royal family and Badoglio, fled Rome on the early morning of the 9th and took shelter in Brindisi, in southern Italy. Their initial intention had been to move army headquarters out of Rome together with the King and the Prime Minister, but few staff officers reached Brindisi. In the meanwhile, the Italian troops, without instructions, collapsed and were soon overwhelmed. Some small units decided to stay loyal to the German ally. From 8 to 12 September, the German forces occupied all of the Italian territory that was still not under Allied control, except Sardinia and part of Apulia, without meeting much organised resistance. In Rome, an Italian governor, with the support of an Italian infantry division, nominally ruled the city until 23 September, but in practice, the city was under German control from 11 September.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: On 3 September, British and Canadian troops had crossed the Strait of Messina and begun landing in the southernmost tip of Calabria during Operation Baytown. The day after the armistice had been made public, 9 September, the Allies made landings at at Salerno and at at Taranto.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The Allies failed to take full advantage of the Italian armistice and were quickly checked by German troops. In terrain that favoured defence, the Allied forces took 20 months to reach the northern borders of Italy.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: Some of the Italian troops based outside Italy, in the occupied Balkans and Greek islands, held out some weeks after the armistice, but without any determined support by the Allies, all had been overwhelmed by the Germans by the end of September 1943. On the island of Cephalonia, the Italian Acqui Division was massacred after it had resisted German forces. A similar fate awaited 103 Italian officers of the 50th Infantry Division "Regina" on the island of Kos, who were shot in early October 1943 after the Germans captured the island. Only on the islands of Leros and Samos, with British reinforcements, would the resistance last until November 1943, and in Corsica, Italian troops forced the German troops to leave the island.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: In other cases, individual Italian units, mostly of smaller size, remained loyal to the Axis powers. Many of the units formed the nucleus of the armed forces of the puppet Italian Social Republic.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: Both the "Regio Esercito" (Italian Royal Army) and the "Regia Aeronautica" (Italian Royal Air Force) were virtually disintegrated with the announcement of the armistice on 8 September. The Allies coveted the "Regia Marina" (Italian Royal Navy), with its 206 ships in total, including the battleships , , and "Italia" (known as until July 1943). There was a danger that some of the navy might fight on, be scuttled or (most concerningly for the Allies) end up in German hands. As such, the truce called for Italian warships on Italy's west coast, mostly at La Spezia and Genoa, to sail for North Africa and to pass Corsica and Sardinia and for those at Taranto, in the heel of Italy, to sail for Malta.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: At 02:30, on 9 September, the three battleships "Roma", "Vittorio Veneto", and "Italia" "shoved off from La Spezia escorted by three light cruisers and eight destroyers". When German troops, who had stormed into the town to prevent the defection, became enraged by the ships' escape, "they rounded up and summarily shot several Italian captains who, unable to get their vessels under way, had scuttled them". That afternoon, German bombers attacked the ships by sailing without air cover off Sardinia and launching guided bombs. Several ships suffered damage, and "Roma" sank with the loss of nearly 1,400 men. Most of the remaining ships made it safely to North Africa "while three destroyers and a cruiser which had stopped to rescue survivors, docked in Menorca".


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: The navy's turnover proceeded more smoothly in other areas of Italy. When an Allied naval force headed for the large naval base of Taranto, it watched a flotilla of Italian ships sailing out of Taranto Harbour towards their surrender at Malta.


title: Armistice of Cassibile

text: An agreement between the Allies and the Italians in late September provided for some of the navy to be kept in commission, but the battleships were to be reduced to care and maintenance and effectively disarmed. Italian mercantile marine vessels were to operate under the same general conditions as those of the Allies. In all cases, the Italian vessels would retain their Italian crews and fly Italian flags.


title: James Lee Burke

text: James Lee Burke (born December 5, 1936) is an American author, best known for his Dave Robicheaux series. He has won Edgar Awards for "Black Cherry Blues" (1990) and "Cimarron Rose" (1998), and has also been presented with the Grand Master Award from the Mystery Writers of America. The Robicheaux character has been portrayed twice on screen, first by Alec Baldwin ("Heaven's Prisoners") and then Tommy Lee Jones ("In the Electric Mist").


title: James Lee Burke

text: Wirt Williams, reviewing Burke's first novel, "Half of Paradise" (1965), in the "New York Times", compared his writing to Jean-Paul Sartre and Ernest Hemingway, but concluded "Mr. Burkes' literary forebear is Thomas Hardy."


title: James Lee Burke

text: Burke's 1982 novel, "Two for Texas", was made into a 1998 TV movie of the same name. Burke has also written five miscellaneous crime novels (including "Two for Texas"), two short-story collections, four books starring protagonist Texas attorney Billy Bob Holland, four books starring Billy Bob's cousin Texas sheriff Hackberry Holland, and two books starring Weldon Avery Holland, grandson of legendary Texas lawman Hackberry Holland.


title: James Lee Burke

text: Burke was born in Houston, Texas, but spent most of his childhood on the Texas-Louisiana Gulf Coast. He attended the University of Louisiana at Lafayette and University of Missouri, receiving bachelor of arts and Master of Arts degrees in English literature from the latter.


title: James Lee Burke

text: He worked in a variety of jobs over the years, while books he had written were rejected, and books he had published went out of print. At various times, he worked as a truck driver for the U.S. Forest Service, as a newspaper reporter, as a social worker on Skid Row, Los Angeles, as a land surveyor in Colorado, in the Louisiana State unemployment system, and in the Job Corps in the Daniel Boone National Forest in eastern Kentucky.


title: James Lee Burke

text: He taught at the University of Missouri as a grad student, then at the University of Louisiana, the University of Montana, and Miami-Dade Community College, before settling in Wichita, Kansas to teach at Wichita State University in 1978.


title: James Lee Burke

text: Burke and his wife, Pearl (née Pai Chu), owned a home in Lolo, Montana and in New Iberia, Louisiana. They have four children, including Alafair Burke, a law professor and best-selling crime writer. Daughter Pamala Burke McDavid died in 2020.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: The eastern grey kangaroo (Macropus giganteus) is a marsupial found in the eastern third of Australia, with a population of several million. It is also known as the great grey kangaroo and the forester kangaroo. Although a big eastern grey male typically weighs around and stands almost tall, the scientific name, "Macropus giganteus" (gigantic large-foot), is misleading: the red kangaroo of the semi-arid inland is larger, weighing up to .


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: The eastern grey kangaroo is the second largest and heaviest living marsupial and native land mammal in Australia. An adult male will commonly weigh around whereas females commonly weigh around . They have a powerful tail that is over 1 m long in adult males.<ref name="Green-Barber/Old 2018 blood">Green-Barber, J., Ong, O., Kanuri, A., Stannard, H. and Old, J. (2018). "Blood constituents of free-ranging eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus)" "Australian Mammalogy" 40: 136-145.</ref> Large males of this species are more heavily built and muscled than the lankier red kangaroo and can occasionally exceed normal dimensions. One of these, shot in eastern Tasmania weighed , with a total length from nose to tail (possibly along the curves). The largest known specimen, examined by Lydekker, had a weight of and measured along the curves. When the skin of this specimen was measured it had a "flat" length of .


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: The eastern grey is easy to recognise: its soft grey coat is distinctive, and it is usually found in moister, more fertile areas than the red. Red kangaroos, though sometimes grey-blue in colour, have a totally different face than eastern grey kangaroos. Red kangaroos have distinctive markings in black and white beside their muzzles and along the sides of their face. Eastern grey kangaroos do not have these markings, and their eyes seem large and wide open.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Where their ranges overlap, it is much more difficult to distinguish between eastern grey and western grey kangaroos, which are closely related. They have a very similar body and facial structure, and their muzzles are fully covered with fine hair (though that is not obvious at a distance, their noses do look noticeably different from the noses of reds and wallaroos). The eastern grey's colouration is a light-coloured grey or brownish-grey, with a lighter silver or cream, sometimes nearly white, belly. The western grey is a dark dusty brown colour, with more contrast especially around the head. Indigenous Australian names include "iyirrbir" (Uw Oykangand and Uw Olkola) and "kucha" (Pakanh). The highest ever recorded speed of any kangaroo was set by a large female eastern grey kangaroo.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Although the red is better known, the eastern grey is the kangaroo most often encountered in Australia, due to its adaptability. Few Australians visit the arid interior of the continent, while many live in and around the major cities of the southern and eastern coast, from where it is usually only a short drive to the remaining pockets of near-city bushland where kangaroos can be found without much difficulty. The eastern grey prefers open grassland with areas of bush for daytime shelter and mainly inhabits the wetter parts of Australia. It also inhabits coastal areas, woodlands, sub-tropical forests, mountain forests, and inland scrubs.<ref name="Frith/Calaby 1969">Frith, H. J. and Calaby, J. H. (1969). "Kangaroos". Melbourne, Australia: Cheshire Publishing.</ref>


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Like all kangaroos, it is mainly nocturnal and crepuscular, and is mostly seen early in the morning, or as the light starts to fade in the evening.<ref name="Green-Barber/Old 2018 camera">Green-Barber, J. and Old, J. (2018). "Is camera trap videography suitable for assessing activity patterns in eastern grey kangaroos?" "Pacific Conservation Biology" 24: 134-141.</ref> In the middle of the day, kangaroos rest in the cover of the woodlands and eat there but then come out in the open to feed on the grasslands in large numbers. The eastern grey kangaroo is predominantly a grazer, eating a wide variety of grasses, whereas some other species (e.g. the red kangaroo) include significant amounts of shrubs in their diet.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Eastern grey kangaroos are gregarious and form open-membership groups.<ref name="Colagross/Cockbrun 1993">Colagross, A. M. L. and Cockburn, A. (1993). "Vigilance and grouping in the eastern grey kangaroo, "Macropus giganteus"." "Australian Journal of Zoology" 41: 325-334.</ref> The groups contain an average of three individuals. Smaller groups join together to graze in preferred foraging areas, and to rest in large groups around the middle of the day. They exist in a dominance hierarchy and the dominant individuals gain access to better sources of food and areas of shade. However, kangaroos are not territorial.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Eastern grey kangaroos adjust their behaviour in relation to the risk of predation with reproductive females, individuals on the periphery of the group and individuals in groups far from cover being the most vigilant. Vigilance in individual kangaroos does not seem to significantly decrease when the size of the group increases. However, there is a tendency for the proportion of individuals on the periphery of the group to decline as group size increases. The open membership of the group allows more kangaroos to join and thus provide more buffers against predators.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Females may form strong kinship bonds with their relatives. Females with living female relatives have a greater chance of reproducing. Most kangaroo births occur during the summer. Eastern grey kangaroos are obligate breeders in that they can only reproduce in one kind of habitat.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: The female eastern grey kangaroo is usually permanently pregnant except on the day she gives birth; however, she has the ability to freeze the development of an embryo until the previous joey is able to leave the pouch. This is known as embryonic diapause, and will occur in times of drought and in areas with poor food sources. The composition of the milk produced by the mother varies according to the needs of the joey. In addition, the mother is able to produce two different kinds of milk simultaneously for the newborn and the older joey still in the pouch.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: Unusually, during a dry period, males will not produce sperm, and females will only conceive if there has been enough rain to produce a large quantity of green vegetation. Females take care of the young without any assistance from the males. The joeys are heavily reliant on their mothers for about 550 days, which is when they are weaned. Females sexually mature between 17 and 28 months, while males mature at around 25 months.


title: Eastern grey kangaroo

text: It is popularly thought, but not confirmed by evidence, that kangaroo populations have increased significantly since the European colonisation of Australia because of the increased areas of grassland (as distinct from forest), the reduction in dingo numbers, and the availability of artificial watering holes. The estimated population of the species Australia-wide in 2010 was 11.4 million. In some places the eastern grey is so numerous it causes overgrazing and some individual populations have been culled in some parts of Australia (see, for example, the Eden Park Kangaroo Cull). Despite the commercial harvest and some culls, the eastern grey remains common and widespread. Eastern greys are common in suburban and rural areas where they have been observed to form larger groups than in natural areas.<ref name="Green-Barber/Old 2018 town"></ref> It still covers the entire range it occupied when Europeans arrived in Australia in 1788 and it often comes into conflict with agriculture as it uses the more fertile districts that now carry crops or exotic pasture grasses, which kangaroos readily eat. Kangaroo meat has also been considered to replace beef in recent years, as their soft feet are preferable to hooves in erosion prone areas.