title: Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv

text: Since the late 1980s Soviet, and later Ukrainian, politicians promised to return the building to the Orthodox Church. Due to various schisms, and factions within the Church the return was postponed as all Orthodox and the Greek-Catholic Churches lay claim to it. Although all of the Orthodox churches have been allowed to conduct services at different dates, at other times they are denied access. A severe incident was the funeral of Patriarch Volodymyr of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church – Kyiv Patriarchate in 1995 when riot police were forced to prevent the burial on the premises of the museum and a bloody clash took place. After events such as those no religious body has yet been given the rights for regular services. The complex now remains a secular museum of Ukraine's Christianity, with most of its visitors being tourists.


title: Saint Sophia Cathedral, Kyiv

text: On 21 August 2007, the Holy Sophia Cathedral was named one of the Seven Wonders of Ukraine, based on votes by experts and the internet community.


title: Alkalinity

text: Alkalinity (from ) is the capacity of water to resist acidification. It should not be confused with basicity, which is an absolute measurement on the pH scale.


title: Alkalinity

text: Alkalinity is the strength of a buffer solution composed of weak acids and their conjugate bases. It is measured by titrating the solution with an acid such as HCl until its pH changes abruptly, or it reaches a known endpoint where that happens. Alkalinity is expressed in units of concentration, such as meq/L (milliequivalents per liter), μeq/kg (microequivalents per kilogram), or mg/L CaCO (milligrams per liter of calcium carbonate). Each of these measurements corresponds to an amount of acid added as a titrant.


title: Alkalinity

text: Although alkalinity is primarily a term used by oceanographers, it is also used by hydrologists to describe temporary hardness. Moreover, measuring alkalinity is important in determining a stream's ability to neutralize acidic pollution from rainfall or wastewater. It is one of the best measures of the sensitivity of the stream to acid inputs. There can be long-term changes in the alkalinity of streams and rivers in response to human disturbances such as acid rain generated by SO and NO emissions.<ref name="10.1021/es401046s"></ref>


title: Alkalinity

text: In 1884, Professor Wilhelm (William) Dittmar of Anderson College, now the University of Strathclyde, analysed 77 pristine seawater samples from around the world brought back by the Challenger expedition. He found that in seawater the major ions were in a fixed ratio, confirming the hypothesis of Johan Georg Forchhammer, that is now known as the Principle of Constant Proportions. However, there was one exception. Dittmar found that the concentration of calcium was slightly greater in the deep ocean, and named this increase alkalinity.


title: Alkalinity

text: Also in 1884, Svante Arrhenius submitted his PhD theses in which he advocated the existence of ions in solution, and defined acids as hydronium ion donors and bases as hydroxide ion donors. For that work, he received the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1903. See Svante_Arrhenius#Ionic_disassociation.


title: Alkalinity

text: Alkalinity roughly refers to the molar amount of bases in a solution that can be converted to uncharged species by a strong acid. For example, 1 mole of in solution represents 1 molar equivalent, while 1 mole of is 2 molar equivalents because twice as many H ions would be necessary to balance the charge. The total charge of a solution always equal zero. This leads to a parallel definition of alkalinity that is based upon the charge balance of ions in a solution.


title: Alkalinity

text: Certain ions, including Na, K, Ca, Mg, Cl, , and are ""conservative"" such that they are unaffected by changes in temperature, pressure or pH. Others such as are affected by changes in pH, temperature, and pressure. By isolating the conservative ions on one side of this charge balance equation, the nonconservative ions which accept or donate protons and thus define alkalinity are clustered on the other side of the equation.


title: Alkalinity

text: This combined charge balance and proton balance is called total alkalinity. Total alkalinity is not (much) affected by temperature, pressure, or pH, and is thus itself a conservative measurement, which increases its usefulness in aquatic systems. All anions except and have low concentrations in Earth's surface water (streams, rivers, and lakes). Thus carbonate alkalinity, which is equal to is also approximately equal to the total alkalinity in surface water.


title: Alkalinity

text: Alkalinity or measures the ability of a solution to neutralize acids to the equivalence point of carbonate or bicarbonate, defined as pH 4.5 for oceanographic/limnological studies. The alkalinity is equal to the stoichiometric sum of the bases in solution. In most Earth surface waters carbonate alkalinity tends to make up most of the total alkalinity due to the common occurrence and dissolution of carbonate rocks and presence of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. Other common natural components that can contribute to alkalinity include borate, hydroxide, phosphate, silicate, dissolved ammonia, the conjugate bases of some organic acids (e.g., acetate), and sulfate. Solutions produced in a laboratory may contain a virtually limitless number of bases that contribute to alkalinity. Alkalinity is usually given as molar equivalents per liter or kilogram of solution. Commercially, as in the swimming pool industry, alkalinity might also be given in parts per million of equivalent calcium carbonate (ppm CaCO). Alkalinity is sometimes incorrectly used interchangeably with basicity. For example, the addition of CO lowers the pH of a solution, thus reducing basicity while alkalinity remains unchanged (see example below).


title: Alkalinity

text: A variety of titrants, endpoints, and indicators are specified for various alkalinity measurement methods. Hydrochloric and sulfuric acids are common acid titrants, while phenolpthalein, methyl red, and bromocresol green are common indicators.


title: Alkalinity

text: Alkalinity can be measured by titrating a sample with a strong acid until all the buffering capacity of the aforementioned ions above the pH of bicarbonate or carbonate is consumed. This point is functionally set to pH 4.5. At this point, all the bases of interest have been protonated to the zero level species, hence they no longer cause alkalinity. In the carbonate system the bicarbonate ions [] and the carbonate ions [] have become converted to carbonic acid [HCO] at this pH. This pH is also called the CO equivalence point where the major component in water is dissolved CO which is converted to HCO in an aqueous solution. There are no strong acids or bases at this point. Therefore, the alkalinity is modeled and quantified with respect to the CO equivalence point. Because the alkalinity is measured with respect to the CO equivalence point, the dissolution of CO, although it adds acid and dissolved inorganic carbon, does not change the alkalinity. In natural conditions, the dissolution of basic rocks and addition of ammonia [NH] or organic amines leads to the addition of base to natural waters at the CO equivalence point. The dissolved base in water increases the pH and titrates an equivalent amount of CO to bicarbonate ion and carbonate ion. At equilibrium, the water contains a certain amount of alkalinity contributed by the concentration of weak acid anions. Conversely, the addition of acid converts weak acid anions to CO and continuous addition of strong acids can cause the alkalinity to become less than zero. For example, the following reactions take place during the addition of acid to a typical seawater solution:


title: Alkalinity

text: It can be seen from the above protonation reactions that most bases consume one proton (H) to become a neutral species, thus increasing alkalinity by one per equivalent. however, will consume two protons before becoming a zero-level species (CO), thus it increases alkalinity by two per mole of . [H] and [] decrease alkalinity, as they act as sources of protons. They are often represented collectively as [H].


title: Alkalinity

text: Alkalinity is typically reported as mg/L "as" CaCO. (The conjunction "as" is appropriate in this case because the alkalinity results from a mixture of ions but is reported "as if" all of this is due to CaCO.) This can be converted into milliequivalents per Liter (meq/L) by dividing by 50 (the approximate MW of CaCO divided by 2).


title: Alkalinity

text: The following equations demonstrate the relative contributions of each component to the alkalinity of a typical seawater sample. Contributions are in μmolkg−soln and are obtained from "A Handbook of Methods for the analysis of carbon dioxide parameters in seawater "" ," salinity = 35 g/kg, pH = 8.1, temperature = 25 °C.


title: Alkalinity

text: Phosphates and silicate, being nutrients, are typically negligible. At pH = 8.1, [] and [HF] are also negligible. So,


title: Alkalinity

text: Addition (or removal) of CO to a solution does not change its alkalinity, since the net reaction produces the same number of equivalents of positively contributing species (H) as negative contributing species ( and/or ). Adding CO to the solution lowers its pH, but does not affect alkalinity.


title: Alkalinity

text: Addition of CO to a solution in contact with a solid can (over time) affect the alkalinity, especially for carbonate minerals in contact with groundwater or seawater . The dissolution (or precipitation) of carbonate rock has a strong influence on the alkalinity. This is because carbonate rock is composed of CaCO and its dissociation will add Ca and into solution. Ca will not influence alkalinity, but will increase alkalinity by 2 units. Increased dissolution of carbonate rock by acidification from acid rain and mining has contributed to increased alkalinity concentrations in some major rivers throughout the eastern U.S. The following reaction shows how acid rain, containing sulfuric acid, can have the effect of increasing river alkalinity by increasing the amount of bicarbonate ion:


title: Alkalinity

text: The lower the pH, the higher the concentration of bicarbonate will be. This shows how a lower pH can lead to higher alkalinity if the amount of bicarbonate produced is greater than the amount of H remaining after the reaction. This is the case since the amount of acid in the rainwater is low. If this alkaline groundwater later comes into contact with the atmosphere, it can lose CO, precipitate carbonate, and thereby become less alkaline again. When carbonate minerals, water, and the atmosphere are all in equilibrium, the reversible reaction


title: Alkalinity

text: shows that pH will be related to calcium ion concentration, with lower pH going with higher calcium ion concentration. In this case, the higher the pH, the more bicarbonate and carbonate ion there will be, in contrast to the paradoxical situation described above, where one does not have equilibrium with the atmosphere.


title: Alkalinity

text: There are many methods of alkalinity generation in the ocean. Perhaps the most well known is the dissolution of CaCO (calcium carbonate, which is a component of coral reefs) to form Ca and (carbonate). The carbonate ion has the potential to absorb two hydrogen ions. Therefore, it causes a net increase in ocean alkalinity. Calcium carbonate dissolution is an indirect result of ocean pH lowering. It can cause great damage to coral reef ecosystems, but has a relatively low effect on the total alkalinity (A) in the ocean. Lowering of pH due to absorption of CO actually raises the alkalinity by causing dissolution of carbonates.


title: Alkalinity

text: Anaerobic degradation processes, such as denitrification and sulfate reduction, have a much greater impact on oceanic alkalinity. Denitrification and sulfate reduction occur in the deep ocean, where there is an absence of oxygen. Both of these processes consume hydrogen ions and releases quasi-inert gases (N or HS), which eventually escape into the atmosphere. This consumption of H increases the alkalinity. It has been estimated that anaerobic degradation could be as much as 60% of the total oceanic alkalinity.


title: Alkalinity

text: Anaerobic processes generally increase alkalinity. Conversely, aerobic degradation can decrease A. This process occurs in portions of the ocean where oxygen is present (surface waters). It results in dissolved organic matter and the production of hydrogen ions. An increase in H clearly decreases alkalinity. However, the dissolved organic matter may have base functional groups that can consume these hydrogen ions and negate their effect on alkalinity. Therefore, aerobic degradation has a relatively low impact on the overall oceanic alkalinity.


title: Alkalinity

text: All of these aforementioned methods are chemical processes. However, physical processes can also serve to affect A. The melting of polar ice caps is a growing concern that can serve to decrease oceanic alkalinity. If the ice were to melt, then the overall volume of the ocean would increase. Because alkalinity is a concentration value (mol/L), increasing the volume would theoretically serve to decrease A. However, the actual effect would be much more complicated than this.


title: Alkalinity

text: Researchers have shown oceanic alkalinity to vary over time. Because A is calculated from the ions in the ocean, a change in the chemical composition would alter alkalinity. One way this can occur is through ocean acidification. However, oceanic alkalinity is relatively stable, so significant changes can only occur over long time scales (i.e. hundreds to thousands of years). As a result, seasonal and annual variability is generally very low.


title: Alkalinity

text: Researchers have also shown alkalinity to vary depending on location. Local A can be affected by two main mixing patterns: current and river. Current dominated mixing occurs close to the shore in areas with strong water flow. In these areas, alkalinity trends follow current and have a segmented relationship with salinity.


title: Alkalinity

text: River dominated mixing also occurs close to the shore; it is strongest close to the mouth of a large river (i.e. the Mississippi or Amazon). Here, the rivers can act as either a source or a sink of alkalinity. A follows the outflow of the river and has a linear relationship with salinity. This mixing pattern is most important in late winter and spring, because snowmelt increases the river's outflow. As the season progresses into summer, river processes are less significant, and current mixing can become the dominant process.


title: Alkalinity

text: Oceanic alkalinity also follows general trends based on latitude and depth. It has been shown that A is often inversely proportional to sea surface temperature (SST). Therefore, it generally increases with high latitudes and depths. As a result, upwelling areas (where water from the deep ocean is pushed to the surface) also have higher alkalinity values.


title: Alkalinity

text: Throughout recent history, there have been many attempts to measure, record, and study oceanic alkalinity. Some of the larger data sets are listed below.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behavior is any behavior that is harmful or potentially harmful towards the person who engages in the behavior.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behaviors have been shown by many people throughout the years. It is on a continuum, with one extreme end of the scale being suicide. Self-destructive actions may be deliberate, born of impulse, or developed as a habit. The term however tends to be applied toward self-destruction that either is fatal, or is potentially habit-forming or addictive and thus potentially fatal. Self-destructive behavior is often associated with mental illnesses such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, borderline personality disorder or schizophrenia.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behavior was first studied in 1895 by Freud and Ferenczi when they first recognized how traumatic experiences affected the development of children. Freud and Ferenczi noticed that children who were raised in an unhealthy environment were more often the ones to act out and take part in self-destructive behavior.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Freud concluded that self-destructive behavior is influenced by one's ego or superego and aggression. Depending on how strongly influenced one is, it will increase the intensity of one's destructive behavior. Guilt is a leading factor for one's superego. For instance, growing up with alcoholic parents can increase one's self-destructive behavior because they feel guilty that they didn't provide them with the help they needed. Since they failed to help their parents overcome these obstacles, they feel as if their parents failed because of them. Then, they use harming themselves as a coping mechanism to their guilt and failure.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Freud additionally states that the aggression in self-destructive behavior is influenced by a personal motive. Just as cultural and environmental factors can play an important role of this, social factors can as well. For example, say a child was bullied all through middle school, the way to get rid of his pain the child would take action in self-destructive behavior, such as self-harm or yelling.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: With investigations Freud and Ferenczi formed a hypothesis that people with self-destructive behavior suffer from "forbidden fantasies, not memories," meaning that since the action isn't supposed to be done, self-destructive people get a stronger drive to take part in these actions.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behavior comes in many different forms that varies from person to person. Therefore, superego and aggression is different in every person.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behavior may be used as a coping mechanism when one is overwhelmed. For example, faced with a pressing scholastic assessment, someone may choose to sabotage their work rather than cope with the stress. This would make submission of (or passing) the assessment impossible, but remove the worry associated with it.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behavior may also manifest itself in an active attempt to drive away other people. For example, they may fear that they will "mess up" a relationship. Rather than deal with this fear, socially self-destructive individuals engage in annoying or alienating behavior, so that others will reject them first.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: More obvious forms of self-destruction are eating disorders, alcohol use disorder, substance use disorders, sex addiction, self-injury, body-focused repetitive behavior and suicide attempts.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: An important aspect of self-destructive behavior is the inability to handle the stress stemming from an individual's lack of self-confidence – for example in a relationship, whether the other person is truly faithful ("how can they love someone like me?"); at work or school, whether the realization of assignments and deadlines is possible ("there is no way I can complete all my work on time"). Self-destructive people usually lack healthier coping mechanisms, like asserting personal boundaries. As a result, they tend to feel that showing they are incompetent is the only way to untangle themselves from demands.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Successful individuals may self-destructively sabotage their own achievements; this may stem from a feeling of anxiety, unworthiness, or from an impulsive desire to repeat the "climb to the top."


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Self-destructive behavior is often considered to be synonymous with self-harm, but this is not accurate. Self-harm is an extreme form of self-destructive behavior, but it may appear in many other guises. Just as personal experience can affect how extreme one's self-destructive behavior is, self-harm reflects this. Overall, personal experience and mental health problems is what affects self-harm.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Childhood trauma via sexual and physical abuse, as well as disrupted parental care, have been linked with self-destructive behavior. Usually, behavior like this results from the lack of realization of healthy coping mechanisms. Because there is not a lot of focus on specific mental health problems, such as self-destructive behavior, people are not being educated on specific ways that could benefit or even prevent these people from acting out.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Additionally, people who have experienced some form of trauma, such as abuse or neglect, can develop psychological issues that can lead to bigger problems.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Aside from this, a need for attention or a feel good sensation can ultimately cause this behavior. A prime example of this would be addiction to drugs or alcohol. In the beginning stages, people have the tendency to ease their way into these unhealthy behaviors because it gives them a pleasurable sensation. However, as time goes on, it becomes a habit that they can not stop and they begin to lose these great feelings easily. When these feelings stop, self-destructive behavior enhances because they are not able to provide themselves with that feeling that makes mental or physical pain go away.


title: Self-destructive behavior

text: Changing one's self-destructive behavior can be difficult, and may include major stages that one passes through on the way to recovery. The stages founded by Prochaska and DiClemente (1982) included precontemplation, contemplation, preparation, action, maintenance, and termination. For body-focused repetive behaviors, such as trichotillomania and nail-biting, habit reversal training and decoupling are effective according to meta-analytic evidence.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" is a song by American rock band Panic! at the Disco, is the second single from their debut studio album, "A Fever You Can't Sweat Out" (2005), and was released in the United States as a digital download on January 16, 2006. The pizzicato cello motif that the song is built upon was played by session musician Heather Stebbins. The song reached 7 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, the band's only top-40 hit until the release of "Hallelujah" in 2015, and only top-ten hit until "High Hopes" in 2018. While the song failed to hit the top 10 on the Alternative Songs chart—peaking at No. 12, which was lower than their prior single, "The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage", which peaked at No. 5—the song's success on the Hot 100 and Mainstream Top 40 (at No. 2) charts was what made the song one of the biggest modern rock hits of 2006, and it is still one of the band's most-played songs on alternative radio stations to this day.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: In the United Kingdom, the song was released on February 27, 2006, as a limited-edition single with a free sticker. Because the sticker was included with the CD single, the song was not eligible for the UK Singles Chart. Official Charts Company rules state that stickers are not allowed in single releases. Later, due to the popularity of the track and following further single releases of "Lying Is the Most Fun a Girl Can Have Without Taking Her Clothes Off" and "But It's Better If You Do" reaching the top 40, the single was re-released on October 30, 2006. Despite receiving significant radio airplay upon its re-release, the single reached only No. 25 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: Many U.S. radio stations, in response to the language found in the song, wanted an edited version. The lyrics "The poor groom's bride is a whore" and "Haven't you people ever heard of closing a goddamn door?" were changed by replacing "whore" with a ""shhh"" sound and removing "god" in "goddamn". Some stations – generally modern rock stations – still play the original version.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: The song was covered by Fall Out Boy, fellow Decaydance band, for their live album, "". (Fall Out Boy commonly uses the song's chorus as a lead-in to "This Ain't a Scene, It's an Arms Race" in concert.)


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" was ranked No. 3 in "Billboard"s Best 2000s Video poll, and "Variety" ranked it as one of the best emo songs of all time in 2022.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: The title of the song, while not mentioned in the lyrics, refers to Douglas Coupland's novel "Shampoo Planet", wherein the main character, Tyler Johnson, says: "I am writing a list of tragic character flaws on my dollar bills with a felt pen. I am thinking of the people in my universe and distilling for each of these people the one flaw in their character that will be their downfall – the flaw that will be their undoing. What I write are not sins; I write tragedies."


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: "I Write Sins Not Tragedies" is Panic! at the Disco's first single to have a music video, and the video was published on July 18, 2006. ("The Only Difference Between Martyrdom and Suicide Is Press Coverage" was the first single, but no video was filmed.) The video for the song takes place at a strange, circus-themed wedding played by the Lucent Dossier Vaudeville Cirque.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: The video starts as the bride, played by Jessica Preston Gatena, and groom, Daniel Isaac McGuffey, are about to be married. Her family dress and behave formally, but they are revealed later to have fallen asleep and have eyes painted on their eyelids. The groom's family are lower-class entertainers and carnival folk, who interrupt the wedding. The ringmaster, played by vocalist Brendon Urie, acts as narrator and disrupts the events. After an argument between the two families, the bride runs out and is followed by one of her guests. The ringmaster drags the groom outside by his tie, where his fiancée is kissing the guest who followed her out of the church. The groom straightens up, looking shocked, and Urie and the groom bow to the camera. The ringmaster is revealed to be the groom's alter ego.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: The music video, filmed by director Shane Drake, won the award for Video of the Year during the 2006 MTV Video Music Awards. This marked the first occasion since the 1989 VMAs that the winner of Video of the Year did not win in any other categories. The video was also ranked No. 7 on VH1's list of the Top 100 Videos of 2006.


title: I Write Sins Not Tragedies

text: The video was shot in December 2005. According to vocalist Brendon Urie, he and guitarist Ryan Ross suffered from the flu while filming the video clip. In August 2011, the video won Best VMA-Winning Video of All Time, in a worldwide poll on MTV's website.


title: The Dream Academy

text: The Dream Academy were a British band consisting of singer/guitarist Nick Laird-Clowes, multi-instrumentalist (chiefly oboe, cor anglais player) Kate St John, and keyboardist Gilbert Gabriel. The band is most noted for their 1985 hit singles "Life in a Northern Town", "The Love Parade" and their 1985 cover of the Smiths' song "Please Please Please Let Me Get What I Want", which was featured in the John Hughes film "Ferris Bueller's Day Off" in 1986.


title: The Dream Academy

text: Laird-Clowes and Gabriel met each other in the late 1970s whilst the former was in a band called The Act. Their idea was to create a songscape different from the power pop groups popular at the time in the UK, by mixing instruments and sounds that had been rarely done prominently before, such as strings, woodwinds, percussion (timpani) and synthesizers. At first, Laird-Clowes and Gabriel called themselves the Politics of Paradise.


title: The Dream Academy

text: Laird-Clowes met Kate St John (then of The Ravishing Beauties) at a party and asked her to join his band. The trio settled on the name The Dream Academy and shopped their demos for nearly two years. Their work was rejected by every record label before they finally landed a recording contract with Warner Bros. Records in 1985. Along the way, they made connections with Adam Peters and Pink Floyd's David Gilmour, a friend of Laird-Clowes. Gilmour would go on to produce and/or play on two of their albums and co-write one Dream Academy song, "Twelve-Eight Angel".


title: The Dream Academy

text: The band's first single, "Life in a Northern Town" was a worldwide success and sizeable hit in the U.S., charting at No. 7 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, from an album co-produced by Gilmour. The song also made number 15 in the UK Singles Chart. The single was dedicated to the English singer-songwriter Nick Drake. It was their only major chart success, though the follow up single "The Love Parade" achieved moderate success in the United States.


title: The Dream Academy

text: The band launched a worldwide promotional tour based on the chart success of "Life in a Northern Town" and appeared on the television programmes "Saturday Night Live", "The Tonight Show", "American Bandstand" (with Dick Clark), "MTV" (interview with J. J. Jackson), and "Top of the Pops". The Dream Academy's eponymous debut album also reached a wide audience in the U.S. Their two subsequent albums did not match their initial success.


title: The Dream Academy

text: The band toured once, in 1991. During the same year, Gabriel and St John decided to leave the group to pursue solo musical interests and projects. Laird-Clowes ultimately decided that he would not go further under the Dream Academy name.


title: The Dream Academy

text: On 27 October 2016, Laird-Clowes and St John, accompanied by keyboardist Maxwell Cooke and drummer/percussionist Daisy Palmer, performed three shows in Japan.


title: The Dream Academy

text: On 4 February 2017, Laird-Clowes and St John—again accompanied by Max Cooke—performed a 13-song acoustic set at The Tabernacle, Talgarth, Wales.


title: Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal (2022 film)

text: Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal () is a 2022 Indian Tamil-language drama hyperlink film written and directed by debutant Vishal Venkat and produced by AR Entertainment and Trident Arts. The film stars Ashok Selvan in lead role with Nassar, K. Manikandan, Abi Hassan, Anju Kurian , Reyya, K. S. Ravikumar, Riythvika and Sivamaran in supporting roles. The film's music is composed by Radhan, with cinematography handled by Meyyendiran and editing done by Prasanna GK. The film was released in theatres on 28 January 2022 and also received favourable reviews .


text: "Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal" was the late writer Jayakanthan's award-winning novel, which was adapted later into a film of the same name in 1977 by A. Bhimsingh. In July 2021, the title of Ashok Selvan's new project was announced by Kamal Haasan as "Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal" (with a different story) in Twitter. In December 2021, the children of Jayakanthan had appealed to Kamal Hassan to avoid reusing the title since the title was synonymous with their father's name. But still the title was unchanged.


text: The soundtrack and score is composed by Radhan and the album featured three songs. The audio rights were acquired by Sony Music India.


text: Actor Kamal Haasan who launched the first look poster of the film released the film’s trailer. The post-theatrical streaming rights of the film were bought by Aha and the satellite rights by Colors Tamil.


text: Logesh Balachandran of "The Times of India" who gave the film 3.0 out of 5 stars stated that "Regret can make all of us feel an implacable bitterness like no other emotions. When every character in the film goes through a similar emotion, we are forced to be a part of their journey and introspect our own tales. Sila Nerangalil Sila Manithargal is a heartwarming film with some takeaways for all generations." Avinash Ramachandran of "Cinema Express" rated the film 4.5 out of 5 stating that "This film is an example of the talent Tamil cinema has at its disposal; let’s hope then that they too get well-utilised before it is too late." "Behindwoods" rated the film 2.75 out of 5 stars and wrote that "Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal ends up as an engaging watch due to the good performances and writing." Vishal Menon of "Film Companion" stated that "All of this contributes a lot to how we want to overlook an overall lack of finesse that could have been fixed with a bigger budget and a stronger supporting cast. We also want to excuse how underwritten Abi Hassan’s portions feel and the dialogue writing here, even though it deals with a fascinating idea for a separate short film. But despite these flaws and its generally flat making style, Sila Nerangalil Sila Manidhargal is a nicely-written drama about screwed-up people and how a singular event presents all four of them with a chance at redemption."


title: Jim E. Mora

text: James Ernest Mora (born May 24, 1935) is a former American football coach who served as a head coach in the National Football League (NFL) for 15 seasons. He was the head coach of the New Orleans Saints from 1986 to 1996 and the Indianapolis Colts from 1998 to 2001. Mora was also the head coach of the Philadelphia/Baltimore Stars of the first iteration of the United States Football League (USFL) during its three years of existence and led the team to all three championship games, winning two.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: As an NFL head coach, Mora was known for turning the Saints and Colts, two consistently losing franchises, into perennial postseason contenders. He became the first coach to lead the Saints to a winning record and playoff berth in 1987, their 21st season, earning him NFL Coach of the Year honors. However, his reputation was affected by going winless in the NFL postseason, in addition to impassioned postgame tirades and press conferences. Mora finished his career with a winning percentage of .527, the highest of NFL coaches without a playoff win. He is the father of former NFL and collegiate coach Jim L. Mora.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Born in Glendale, California, Mora became an Eagle Scout in 1950 and was presented the Distinguished Eagle Scout Award as an adult by the Boy Scouts of America. Mora was a tight end at Occidental College, a member of the Alpha Tau Omega fraternity, and graduated in 1957. His college roommate was Jack Kemp, an all star quarterback with the Buffalo Bills, U.S congressman from New York for 18 years and presidential candidate in 1988. Another teammate was Ron Botchan, who went on to become a successful NFL game official.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora became an assistant coach at his alma mater in 1960. He moved up to head coach of Occidental in 1964 and led the team for three seasons, compiling an 18–9 record.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora received a master's degree in education in 1967 and left Occidental to serve as an assistant coach at Stanford under John Ralston for the 1967 season. He then spent five seasons at Colorado under Eddie Crowder coaching defensive ends, outside linebackers, and defensive backs, one at UCLA under Dick Vermeil, and three at Washington under Don James. He moved across town to the professional ranks in 1978 as the defensive line coach for the NFL's Seattle Seahawks under head coach Jack Patera. After four seasons, Mora moved to the New England Patriots in 1982 under head coach Ron Meyer.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: The United States Football League came into existence 1983 and Mora became head coach of the Philadelphia Stars (who moved to Baltimore in 1985). During his tenure the team compiled a 48–13–1 () record, appeared in all three USFL championship games and won two of them. Mora was named Coach of the Year in 1984 and is considered by many observers to be the best coach in the short history of the USFL. Six months after the Stars won the 1985 USFL title, Mora was named head coach of the NFL's New Orleans Saints. The USFL was later forced out of business after winning a token award of $3 in an antitrust suit against the NFL.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora was hired by new Saints general manager Jim Finks to turn around what had long been reckoned as the most inept franchise in the NFL. The Saints had won only 90 games in their first nineteen seasons, never tallied a winning record, and only twice had reached .500, in 1979 (the only time they finished higher than 3rd in their division) and 1983. In late 1984, founding owner John Mecom threatened to sell the team to a group of investors who planned to move the franchise to Jacksonville, Florida if he could not find an owner or group of owners who would buy the team and keep them in New Orleans.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mecom sold the Saints to Tom Benson in May 1985 for $70 million. Benson, who grew up in the city's Ninth Ward, pledged to keep the team in New Orleans. The Saints limped along to a 5–11 record in 1985, and coach Bum Phillips resigned with four games remaining. Benson hired Finks in January 1986 and charged the former Vikings and Bears executive with the task of hiring the new coach.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora spent his first off-season remaking the Saints roster. He convinced several players from the USFL, including some from his Stars, to come to New Orleans. The imports included linebackers Sam Mills and Vaughan Johnson, who went on to form the inside tandem of the legendary "Dome Patrol" linebacking corps with veteran Rickey Jackson and draftee Pat Swilling on the outside. Mora inherited quarterback Bobby Hebert and receiver Eric Martin from Phillips, and drafted running back Reuben Mayes and tackle Jim Dombrowski.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: After a 7–9 record his first season, Mora led the Saints to a 12–3 record in 1987. In week 6 of the 1987 season the Saints lost a 24–22 game to the San Francisco 49ers, missing a last-second field goal. After the game Mora launched what became known as his "Coulda, Woulda, Shoulda" speech. In his postgame press conference, Mora angrily said the following:


title: Jim E. Mora

text: The Saints responded by winning their last nine games, notching the franchise's first-ever winning record and playoff berth. The Saints had the second-best record in the entire league. Unfortunately for them, the 49ers had the league's best record (13–2), and also played in the NFC West. Therefore, the Saints were a wild-card team (since 1987 was a strike-shortened season with replacement games, the Saints and 49ers had identical 10–2 records in regular season non-replacement games). Nonetheless, the Saints were able to play their first playoff game at home, which they lost, 44–10, to the Minnesota Vikings. Mora received the NFL Coach of the Year Award.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora's Saints finished 10–6 in 1988, and were part of a three-way tie for first in the NFC West with the San Francisco 49ers and Los Angeles Rams. However, the 49ers won the division on tie-breakers, and the Saints lost the wild-card tiebreaker with the Rams and missed the playoffs. In 1989, the Saints again had a winning record (9–7) but finished 3rd in the NFC West and missed the playoffs. It was during the 1989 season when Mora had another remembered tirade after a game, when he scolded a sportswriter on not knowing what goes on during the week during practice.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Thereafter his Saints teams made the playoffs three more times. In 1990, the Saints only finished 8–8, but managed to make the playoffs as a wild card. They lost in the first round of the playoffs to the Chicago Bears, 16–6.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: In 1991, Mora's Saints finished 11–5 and won the team's first division title. However, the Saints lost again in the first round of the playoffs. They lost at home to the Atlanta Falcons 27–20, in spite of finishing one game ahead of the Falcons in the NFC West during the regular season. In 1992, Mora led the Saints to its second 12-win season in six seasons, finishing 12–4. They were a wild card again, however, as the San Francisco 49ers finished 14–2. For the second time in two years, the Saints were upset at home in the first round of the playoffs, as the Philadelphia Eagles defeated the Saints 36–20. This would be the Saints' last playoff game during Mora's tenure, leaving him with an 0–4 playoff record in New Orleans. The Saints would not win a playoff game until 2000.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: 1993 marked the beginning of the decline of Mora's Saints. The team started the season 5–0 and appeared to be headed to the postseason again; however, after the Saints' bye week, the team went into a tailspin and went only 3–8 in the final 11 games, including losing four out of their last five. 1993 was Mora's last season of .500 or better in New Orleans. In the Week 16 game at home against the New York Giants, Saints quarterback Wade Wilson was injured on "Monday Night Football" and fans were cheering that fact, prompting an angry retort:


title: Jim E. Mora

text: After two 7–9 seasons in 1994 and 1995, Mora appeared increasingly frustrated with his team's situation in New Orleans. The Saints' defense went into a steep decline, negating the passing heroics of quarterback Jim Everett, acquired from the division rival Los Angeles Rams in 1994 for a seventh-round draft choice. Everett came to the Saints shortly before his infamous incident with Jim Rome on ESPN2 when Rome insulted the quarterback by calling him Chris Evert, a reference to Jim Everett's lack of toughness.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: The 1996 season started off very badly. The Saints lost their first five games, including an embarrassing 28–14 loss at home to the then-winless Arizona Cardinals in which LeShon Johnson rushed for 214 yards, a Cardinals franchise record which has since been broken by Beanie Wells in 2011. Following a road loss to the Baltimore Ravens, the Saints won back-to-back home games vs. the Jacksonville Jaguars and Chicago Bears, but the turnaround was a mirage. After the Saints were beaten 19–7 by the Carolina Panthers on October 20, a loss which put them at 2–6 midway through the season, Mora walked out of the postgame press conference in disgust after a profanity-laced tirade. His outburst became famous on sports highlight reels for years to follow, largely because of Mora's use of the phrase "Diddley Poo." On the Saints' performance, Mora said the following:


title: Jim E. Mora

text: The next day, Mora resigned; linebackers coach Rick Venturi finished out the season. The Saints finished the season at 3–13, their worst season since going 1–15 in 1980. Venturi was replaced by veteran Chicago Bears coach Mike Ditka. Mora's 93 wins in just over ten years in New Orleans are three more than the Saints had won in their first 19 seasons combined. He won more games than any other coach in Saints history until Sean Payton surpassed his record in 2016.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora served as a color analyst for NBC in 1997, and he replaced Lindy Infante as head coach of the Indianapolis Colts for 1998. The team struggled to a 3–13 mark in his first year with rookie Peyton Manning learning the ropes at quarterback but had an amazing turnaround to 13–3 in 1999, thanks in large part to the addition of rookie running back Edgerrin James. At the time, this turnaround was the "largest" in NFL history. The Colts lost their first playoff game in the AFC Divisional Playoffs (the team received a first-round bye to advance to the Divisional Playoffs) to the Tennessee Titans, which dropped Mora's all-time NFL postseason record to 0–5.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: The Colts finished 10–6 in 2000 and made the playoffs once again, but the team lost a wild-card round playoff game to the Miami Dolphins by a score of 23–17 in overtime. This defeat dropped Mora's overall postseason record to 0–6. Ironically, just hours after Mora lost what would be the sixth and final playoff game of his career, his former team, the New Orleans Saints, won their first-ever playoff game.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: On November 25, 2001, after a loss to the San Francisco 49ers that dropped the Colts to 4–6, Mora made his famous "Playoffs?" tirade. Of the Colts' performance, Mora told the media not to "blame that game on the defense". Mora cited the five turnovers the Colts' offense made (one of which resulted in a touchdown and three others that set up field position for touchdown-scoring drives) as a cause of the loss, saying that a team that turns the ball over five times in one game is unlikely to beat a high school or college team, "much less an NFL team".


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Later in the press conference, in response to Tim Bragg, a reporter for WRTV, who asked a question about the Colts' chances for making the playoffs, Mora said in a high-pitched, incredulous tone:


title: Jim E. Mora

text: His "Playoffs" sound bite is regularly played back as a joke on a number of sports radio talk shows when discussing mediocre NFL teams or playoffs of other sports. The tirade would go on to be featured in a Coors Light commercial in 2006 as part of an ad campaign that recreated NFL coaches' infamous press conferences with twenty-something male actors asking the coaches inane and unrelated non-football questions about the beer. In an appearance on the "Best Damn Sports Show" in 2003, Mora talked about going to autograph signings and having a kid come up to him and ask him to say "playoffs" in lieu of an autograph. He's also had some fun with the remark during 2007 training camp when he talked to his son Jim L. Mora, then an assistant with the Seattle Seahawks, via satellite feed on the NFL Network when Marcus Pollard, a former member of Mora's Colts, spoofed Mora senior's "Playoffs?" rant. More fun was had as Mora said the "Playoffs?" line during a media session to the New York Giants in the days leading up to Super Bowl XLII in Arizona.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Hampered by a defense that allowed the most points in the league (30.4 per game), Indianapolis only won two more games that year. Some sources believed that Mora could have saved his job if he had fired one (or more) of his coordinators (especially defensive coordinator Vic Fangio), but he refused to do so. Mora was fired after the season and replaced with ex-Buccaneers coach Tony Dungy. Dungy, who served as head coach of the Colts from 2002–2008, made the playoffs in all of his 7 seasons with Indianapolis. Along the way, he would lead the team to five straight division titles (2003–07) and a Super Bowl victory (2006).


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora favored a conservative approach to the game, relying on a strong running game and solid defensive play. Perhaps more than any other teams, the Saints teams of the late 1980s embodied his coaching style. Those teams were led by the "Dome Patrol" linebacking corps. This unit, consisting of Rickey Jackson, Sam Mills, Vaughan Johnson, and Pat Swilling, became known as one of the best four-man linebacking corps in NFL history. Those same Saints teams also had a strong running game, mostly led by Rueben Mayes and Dalton Hilliard, as well as a conservative but efficient passing game led by quarterback Bobby Hebert and wide receiver Eric Martin. During his time as the Colts' head coach, Mora was able to benefit from having an explosive, more potent offense, featuring quarterback Peyton Manning, running back Edgerrin James, and wide receiver Marvin Harrison. Manning, James and Harrison have all earned induction into the Pro Football Hall of Fame.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: In Mora's 11 seasons with the Saints, he won 55.6% of his games on a team that had never recorded a winning record prior to his arrival. And during his four seasons with the Colts, he built a then-struggling team into a respectable playoff contender. Nevertheless, despite his overall solid regular season record coaching both the Saints and Colts (125–106), the biggest criticism of Mora has been his NFL teams' inability to win any playoff games in six appearances. His critics, both among fans and media reporters, often blamed his lack of success in the postseason to his conservative approach.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Critics continued to argue that this conservative approach prevented his teams from closing out big games against good teams, like the "Marty Ball" approach Marty Schottenheimer used during his coaching career. The most frequent complaint was that his teams' offenses would no longer be aggressive late in these football games. They accused him of trying to run out the clock and not make mistakes, and over-relying on his defense to hold the lead (instead of trying to build on the lead and score more points). Critics argued that this aspect of his conservative strategy backfired on him. They point to the fact that his teams had second-half leads in four of his six playoff games, but won none of them. In three of those games, Mora's teams had leads in the fourth quarter.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Another factor that worked against Mora during his coaching career with the Saints was how his team played in the NFC West with the San Francisco 49ers during their dynasty era, and earlier in his tenure a strong LA Rams outfit. Twice his Saints team recorded 12 wins without winning the division. Another time his Saints went 10–6 and still missed the playoffs.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: In an NFL Network program naming Jim Mora the #10 "Coach Who Never Won a Championship," former Philadelphia Eagles offensive lineman Brian Baldinger said of the Saints' playoff loss to the Eagles in 1992, "We beat 'em. But that's only because they called the dogs off. Whatever reason, they called the dogs off in the second half. I don't know what Jim Mora was thinking about that day." In that game, the Saints led 17–7 at halftime and 20–10 after the 3rd quarter. However, the Eagles scored 26 unanswered points in the fourth quarter and won the game, 36–20.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: In 2003, Mora became an on-air analyst for "NFL Total Access", the primary analysis show on the newly launched NFL Network, a job he holds to this day.


title: Jim E. Mora

text: Mora was a sports radio commentator for Fox Sports Radio's "GameTime Saturday" and "GameTime Sunday" with Dan Moriarty. On Thanksgiving Thursday, November 23, 2006, Mora made some critical comments about the Atlanta Falcons' quarterback Michael Vick which became controversial because the Falcons were coached at the time by Mora's son, Jim L. Mora. Craig Shemon of Fox Sports Radio called Vick a "coach killer" and Mora quickly agreed with that assessment, saying that Vick was not a good passer and expressing concern for his son's prospects of keeping his head coaching job while the popular Vick was the team's quarterback (The younger Mora was indeed fired a month later).


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: Melbourne Orlando International Airport is a public airport northwest of downtown Melbourne, in Brevard County, Florida, United States, and 50 miles southeast of Orlando, located on central Florida's Space Coast. The airport is reached by NASA Boulevard (State Road 508). It is governed by a seven-member board which is appointed by the Melbourne City Council and the private sector. The airport budget is part of the Melbourne municipal budget; the airport receives no local tax dollars. The projected expenses for 2010 were $14.1 million. The executive director of the airport is Greg Donovan, A.A.E.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: Since 2015, the airport had been named Orlando Melbourne International Airport. However, due to a lawsuit claiming this name was misleading to passengers, the airport changed its name in May 2021.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: Melbourne International Airport began in 1928 when a Pitcairn Aircraft landed on a cow pasture strip north of Kissimmee Highway. Airmail service started in late 1928 when the airport was designated a fueling stop. In 1933 the City of Melbourne acquired west of Indian River Bluff to develop as a new airport, which was further developed and operated as Naval Air Station Melbourne during World War II.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: Returned to the city as a Surplus Property Airport after the War, Melbourne Airport was deeded to the city in 1947. It was a municipal airport until 1967 when the city created the Melbourne Airport Authority to plan, operate, maintain, and develop the airport, then called Melbourne Municipal Airport. The name was Cape Kennedy Regional Airport and city officials changed the name to Melbourne Regional Airport in 1973 to better reflect its role.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In January 1951, the airport had runways 04/22, 09/27, 13/31 and 16/34, all being listed as being long. Scheduled airline flights began in 1953. The April 1957 Official Airline Guide listed four Eastern Airlines departures, Martin 4-0-4s to Vero Beach, Daytona Beach and Jacksonville. National Airlines arrived in 1959 with Douglas DC-6Bs and scheduled the first jet airliner flights in 1963: Douglas DC-8s Miami-Melbourne-New Orleans-Houston-Los Angeles and Los Angeles-Houston-Melbourne-Miami.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In 1960, Meadowlane Elementary School first opened at a Naval hospital on the airport grounds. The school moved to West Melbourne in 1961. In 1969, a National DC-8 flew Los Angeles-Tampa-Melbourne-Miami. Houston and Los Angeles figured in NASA's space program, and Melbourne was close to the NASA Kennedy Space Center. In July 1974 a National Boeing 727 flew Miami-Melbourne-Tampa-New Orleans-Los Angeles-San Diego; National Boeing 727-200s flew direct Houston and New Orleans to Melbourne. In May 1979 National had one flight a day from Melbourne, a 727-200 to Tampa.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Eastern Airlines Boeing 727s, Douglas DC-9s and Lockheed Electras flew out of the airport. In June 1967 Eastern announced "The Space Corridor" from Melbourne to three centers in the space program: Huntsville, Alabama, St. Louis and Seattle. Eastern's "Space Corridor" was a Melbourne-Orlando-Huntsville-St. Louis-Seattle Boeing 727-100. In June 1967 Eastern flew nonstop Melbourne to Atlanta, Tampa and Ft. Lauderdale and direct to New York City (JFK Airport), Washington, D.C. (Dulles Airport), Boston and Miami. In February 1976 Eastern flew a 727 direct Los Angeles to Melbourne via Atlanta; Eastern eventually dropped Melbourne upon the airlines closure in 1991.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In the early 1980s some ending scenes for the film "Stranger Than Paradise" were shot in the Melbourne area, including several plot scenes shot at the airport (as listed in the credits).People Express Airlines started nonstops to Newark, Baltimore, Columbus and Buffalo, New York in spring 1982 with Boeing 737 jets. They eventually scaled back to just nonstops to Newark and ended service to MLB in 1986. Delta Air Lines started nonstops to Atlanta in 1983 with DC-9s and upgraded to Boeing 737s and MD-80s.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: The Authority operated a recreational vehicle site, "Port O' Call". This was closed and the tenants evicted in 2003. The intent was to use the property for commercial development. The Melbourne Airport Authority operates Tropical Haven (formerly Trailer Haven), a 760-site manufactured home park.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In 2010 the airport had non-stop flights to Atlanta on Delta Air Lines and regional partner Atlantic Southeast Airlines, as well as non-stops to Charlotte Douglas International Airport on US Airways' regional subsidiary PSA Airlines. These flights continue on Delta and American. Delta used to fly non-stop from Melbourne to its hubs in Cincinnati, New York-JFK and New York-La Guardia, and to Washington-Dulles and Washington-Reagan; all of this was discontinued. USA3000 Airlines briefly served Melbourne with flights to Baltimore/Washington. Presidential Airways (scheduled) had nonstop flights to Daytona Beach and Washington, DC (Dulles) with Boeing 737s and BAE-146 Jets. American Airlines served Melbourne with flights to Raleigh/Durham on MD-80 jets and Continental flew to Newark-Liberty with 727 and 737 aircraft. Direct Air flew to Niagara Falls, NY and Punta Gorda, Fl with 737 and McDonnell Douglas MD-80 Jets.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: Elite Airways began operating at the airport in 2014 with flights to Washington Dulles International Airport.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In 2015, there were an estimated 15,000 paid attendees to the annual air show over a two-day weekend.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: The airport's first scheduled international service was announced by Porter Airlines in September 2015 to Toronto's island airport. The airline discontinued service to the airport in 2019.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In 2015, the airport changed its name to "Orlando Melbourne International Airport". Airport and local tourism officials wanted to brand the airport as a less-congested alternative to Orlando's two airports. They also believed it would attract visitors who wanted to see Walt Disney World, Cape Canaveral, and the area's beaches. The airport is located approximately southeast of the City of Orlando.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In 2017, a $20 million upgrade was proposed for the airport, 90 percent coming from FAA funds, almost $1 million from FDOT and $1 million from the airport.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In November 2019, British tour operator and airline TUI Airways announced that, from 2022, they would switch their Orlando operations from their current base at Sanford to Melbourne. This announcement will see a total of 17 weekly flights to/from 8 British airports and is to bring their operations nearer to Port Canaveral where TUI's Marella Cruises will sail from in coming years. As a package tour operator, this brings passengers closer to their cruises, although it has angered many TUI passengers who fly with the company to visit Orlando with Walt Disney World and Universal Orlando Resort due to the extended airport transfer time.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In July 2021, the airport announced a $61 million renovation and expansion, in part to prepare for the arrival of TUI Airways' operations from the United Kingdom.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: The airport covers 2,420 acres (979 ha) and has three asphalt runways: 09R/27L is 10,181 × 150 ft (3,103 × 46 m), 09L/27R is 6,000 × 150 ft (1,829 × 46 m) and 05/23 is 3,001 × 75 ft (915 × 23 m). The main terminal building is named the Edward L. Foster Air Terminal.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In the year ending December 31, 2020, the airport had 103,660 aircraft operations, average 284 per day; 93% were general aviation, 4% scheduled commercial, 2% air taxi and less than 1% military. 264 aircraft at the time were based at this airport: 186 single-engine, 42 multiengine, 26 jet, 9 helicopter, and 1 military.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: The Florida Institute of Technology Research, Science and Technology Park covers about surrounded by airport tenants such as Northrop Grumman , G.E Railway, Rockwell Collins, DRS Technologies, and L-3Harris, and leases property to two hospitals and one hotel.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: A new Embraer Business Jet Assembly Facility, intended to employ 200 workers, is under construction. Production facilities are for the Phenom 100 and 300, and Legacy 450 and 500.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: In 2010 two companies, AAR Corporation and MidAirUSA, announced plans for facilities at the airport. The companies intended to respectively employ 225 and 300 people. MidAirUSA went bankrupt in 2015; Aeromod International took over the MidAirUSA hangar in 2016.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: The airport is serviced by the Melbourne Airport Authority Police Department for law enforcement services, and by the Melbourne Fire Department for fire and rescue services.


title: Melbourne Orlando International Airport

text: Monthly passengers were at a seasonal low in September 2007 at 14,083. A high was experienced in March 2010 of 41,725. Total enplaned and deplaned passengers for 2008 numbered about 286,000. 229,000 passengers used the airport in 2009, a 24% drop from 2008. Passengers rose 70% in 2010 over 2009, as US Airways restarted service and Delta expanded.


title: Hooters Air

text: Hooters Air was an airline headquartered in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, United States. Hooters Air flights were operated by Winston-Salem, North Carolina-based Pace Airlines both as ad hoc private charters, and as scheduled USDOT public charters. As such, flights operated both under Pace Airlines' IATA Code of Y5 for ad hoc charters, and under its own IATA Code of H1 for public charters.


title: Hooters Air

text: The airline was established in 2003 and started operations on March 6, 2003. It was founded by Hooters of America restaurant owner Robert Brooks, who acquired Pace Airlines in December 2002. All flights were operated by Pace Airlines. Hooters Air was owned by Hooters of America, Inc. Brooks initially envisioned Hooters Air as an unconventional means of generating awareness for the Hooters restaurant brand; the carrier was sometimes referred to as a "flying billboard" for the restaurant chain.


title: Hooters Air

text: Aside from its unorthodox neighborhood chain-restaurant tie-in, Hooters Air sought to differentiate itself from other carriers with a distinctive style of in-flight service. The carrier was marketed towards golfers in an effort to bring casual and tournament players to Myrtle Beach's 100+ championship golf courses. Two "Hooters Girls," dressed in their restaurant uniforms, were on each flight assisting the (traditionally attired) in-flight crews with hospitality duties. The company advertised nonstop flights for most routes, including slogans like "Fly a mile high with us." Although Hooters Air billed itself as a low-fare carrier, rows of seats were removed from the aircraft to provide a seating pitch to all passengers, comparable to the legroom offered by many carriers' business classes; in keeping with the golf-friendly orientation of the carrier, this was called "Club Class" seating. Additionally, all seats were upholstered in dark blue or black leather, and all aircraft were painted in Hooters' orange and white company colors featuring the company logo, and mascot ("Hootie the Owl"), on the vertical stabilizer. Also, at a time when many low-cost carriers were eliminating in-flight frills in an effort to curtail expenses, Hooters Air served complimentary meals to all customers on trips lasting over one hour.


title: Hooters Air

text: On December 8, 2005, Hooters announced that it would end service to Rockford, Illinois on January 5, 2006, as a result of the airport authority's bringing in a competing airline (United Airlines) on its Rockford-Denver route, and providing revenue guarantees for the competitor.


title: Hooters Air

text: All commercial services were suspended on January 9, 2006. Parent company Pace Airlines continued with charter services for another three years, ceasing operations in September 2009. On April 17, 2006, Hooters Air ceased operations, halting scheduled public charter service and refunding tickets. The company attributed this cessation of service primarily to a marked increase in fuel costs in the wake of Hurricanes Katrina and Rita in the autumn of 2005.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Barbara Elaine "Bonnie" Wood Graham (née Ford; June 26, 1923 – June 3, 1955) was an American criminal convicted of murder. She was executed in the gas chamber at San Quentin Prison on the same day as two convicted accomplices, Jack Santo and Emmett Perkins, all of whom were involved in a robbery that led to the murder of an elderly widow. Nicknamed "Bloody Babs" by the press, Graham was the third woman in California to be executed by gas.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Her story of adult criminal activity is told in the highly fictionalized 1958 film "I Want to Live!", in which she was portrayed by Susan Hayward, who won the Academy Award for Best Actress.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Graham was born Barbara Elaine Ford in Oakland, California to young, unwed mother Hortense Ford from Santa Cruz, who earned her living through prostitution. On February 23, 1925, Hortense, still unwed, gave birth to a second daughter, Claire Elizabeth. On October 10, 1929, at the age of 23, Hortense married Joseph Wood (1901-1930) in Alameda. Hortense's, along with Barbara's and Claire's, surnames were changed to Wood. Hortense and Joseph's son, Joseph Robert Wood, was born on March 27, 1930, however Joseph Sr. died on January 19, 1930, at the age 28 before his son's birth. Hortense Ford Wood (1906–1989) was of Portuguese (Azorean) descent on her father's side, the original family name having been Furtado.


title: Barbara Graham

text: When Graham was two, her mother, who was still in her late teens, was arrested and sent to reform school and Graham was placed in foster care in which she alleged that she was beaten and treated poorly. Upon release at age 21, Hortense refused to allow Graham to live with her. Graham was raised by strangers and extended family, and, although intelligent, had a limited education. As a teenager, she was arrested for vagrancy and sentenced to serve time at Ventura State School for Girls, the same reform school where her mother had been.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Released from reform school in 1939, Graham tried to make a new start for herself. She married Harry Kielhamer (1913–1993), a U.S. Coast Guardsman, in 1940, and enrolled in a business college and soon had her first two children. The marriage was not a success, and by 1942, she was divorced. Harry Kielhamer was awarded custody of their two sons. Over the next several years, she was married twice more, but each of these attempts at a more traditional lifestyle failed.


title: Barbara Graham

text: After this string of failures, Graham is said to have become a worker in the sex trade, as her mother had before her: reportedly, during World War II, she plied her trade as what was known in some circles as a "seagull", or a prostitute who "flocked" in pairs or groups near naval bases. It is supposed that Graham began working near the Oakland Army Base, Oakland Naval Supply Depot, and Alameda Naval Air Station. In 1942, she and other "seagulls" traveled to Long Beach, California and San Diego. She was arrested on vice charges in these naval cities and in San Pedro, California. At 22, with her good looks, red hair, and sex appeal, she worked for a time in San Francisco for a brothel madam named Sally Stanford. She soon became involved in gambling and illegal drug circles, cultivating a number of friends who were ex-convicts and known career criminals. She served a five-year sentence for perjury as a false alibi witness for two petty criminals, and served her sentence at the California Women's State Prison at Tehachapi, California. After her stint in state prison, Graham moved to Reno, Nevada and then Tonopah, Nevada. She obtained work in a hospital and as a waitress, but soon got on a bus for Los Angeles. There, she got a room on Hollywood Boulevard and returned to prostitution. In 1953, she married Henry Graham, who worked as a bartender at one of her frequent haunts. With him she had a third child, named Tommy.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Henry Graham was addicted to illegal drugs and known as a hardened but low-level criminal. Through him, Barbara met his friends Jack Santo and Emmett "The Weasel" Perkins, both with criminal records. She started an affair with Perkins, who told her about a 64-year-old widow, Mabel Monohan, who was alleged to keep a large amount of cash and jewelry in her home in Burbank, California.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Monohan was a retired vaudeville performer who had previously worked the Keith-Albee circuit. Her ex son-in-law was 74-year-old Luther B. Scherer (1879-1957), a multi-millionaire who was well known through his ownership of various gambling clubs in locations such as Palm Springs and casinos in Las Vegas. It is speculated that he had deep ties to various crime syndicates. Monahan's daughter Iris had divorced Scherer two years prior and received the Burbank residence in the divorce settlement. Iris shortly thereafter married a different man and moved to New York, leaving her mother, Mabel Monohan, to reside in their former home. Monohan and Scherer had remained close friends after the divorce and their continued friendship piqued public interest, gossip and rumors that would later prove deadly. One rumor that was widely circulated amongst criminals and in local bars was that Scherer, due to his deep trust of Monohan, had left $100,000 ($1,044,292 value in 2022) cash stashed in a safe within the residence.


title: Barbara Graham

text: On March 8, 1953, Graham had dinner in the San Fernando Valley with Perkins, Santo, True and Shorter, a safe-cracker. Shorter stated that he initially did not want Graham to participate because she was a "dame" but Perkins convinced him that it was the only way Monohan would open the front door.


title: Barbara Graham

text: On the evening March 9, 1953, Graham reportedly gained entry by knocking on the door and asked to use Monohan's phone due to car trouble. Once Monohan opened the door for Graham, Perkins, Santo and True came in behind her, followed later by Shorter. Shorter claimed that when he entered the home Monohan was already bleeding and her mouth was gagged. The gang tore up Monohan's home looking for the safe, money and/or jewels to no avail. True stated that Graham handed a gun to Perkins and told him to "Knock her out!" Shorter claimed that at this point he threw Perkins to the floor and convinced True to remove the gag because he noticed Monohan was having trouble breathing. True did not mention these events and stated that Graham began to viciously beat Monohan. After the gang left, Santo assumed Monohan was dead. However Shorter, once alone, purportedly called for help from a pay phone. The address given to the operator was incorrect and Monohan was discovered two days later by her gardener.


title: Barbara Graham

text: The robbery attempt was a futile effort as nothing of value was found in the house. They would later learn at trial that $15,000 in jewels and valuables ($156,630 value in 2022) was located in a purse in the closet. Monohan's daughter Iris offered a $5,000 ($52,210 value in 2022) reward for information leading to the arrest and conviction of her mother's murderer(s).


title: Barbara Graham

text: On March 26, 1953, police arrested and questioned five men in connection with murder of Monohan. Three were known associates of LA gangster, Mickey Cohen, along with another man and Shorter. All of the men knew Monohan through Scherer however they were all released due to lack of evidence.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Shorter, who was shaken at the thought of going to the gas chamber should the police figure out his involvement, volunteered to turn state's evidence and gave the police details of the Monohan murder and attempted robbery. He stated that he had seen Perkins hit Monohan with the gun and that he was shaken having witnessed the murder. However, Shorter's statement was leaked and he was later kidnapped and murdered by Perkins and Santo after his release from police custody shortly after his confession.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Upon hearing of Shorter's disappearance and probable death, William Upshaw, a convicted felon, volunteered to testify before the grand jury. Upshaw testified that he had been in the car with Barbara Graham, Perkins, Santo, True, and Shorter the night prior to the murder as the group conducted surveillance on Monohan's home and ran through the robbery plans. He stated that he decided not to participate out of fear of retaliation from "Tutor" Scherer. Subsequently, John True agreed to become a state witness in exchange for immunity from prosecution. In court, True testified against Graham, who continually protested her innocence.


title: Barbara Graham

text: The press nicknamed Graham "Bloody Babs", reflecting the public disgust for her alleged actions. Having no alibi, Graham doomed her own defense when she accepted another inmate's offer to pay $25,000 () to the inmate and "a friend" who would provide a false alibi. The inmate, however, was working to reduce her own sentence, and the "friend", who offered to say he was with Graham the night of the murder, was a police officer. Meeting with Graham to plan the alibi story, he insisted that she admit to him that she had indeed been at the scene of the crime. The officer was recording the conversation. This attempt to suborn perjury, plus the recorded admission that she indeed had been at the scene of the widow Monohan's senselessly violent murder, abutted by her previous perjury conviction, completely destroyed Graham's credibility in court. When questioned about her actions at the trial, she said, "Oh, have you ever been desperate? Do you know what it means not to know what to do?"


title: Barbara Graham

text: Graham was convicted, while the informant was immediately released from jail, and her (informant's) sentence commuted to time served. The prosecution was led by district attorney J. Miller Leavy.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Graham, Santo, and Perkins were all sentenced to death for the robbery and murder. Graham appealed her sentence while at the California Institution for Women in Chino, California. Her appeals failed, and on June 2, 1955, she was transferred to San Quentin State Prison. On June 3, 1955, she was scheduled to be executed at 10:00 am, but that was stayed by California governor Goodwin J. Knight until 10:45 am. At 10:43 am, Knight stayed the execution until 11:30 am; Graham protested, "Why do they torture me? I was ready to go at ten o'clock." At 11:28 am she was led from her cell and strapped in the gas chamber; she requested a blindfold so she would not have to look at the observers. Her last words were, "Good people are always so sure they're right." Advised that taking a deep breath after the cyanide pellets were dropped would make her death easier, she replied "How the hell would you know, you silly rascal?"


title: Barbara Graham

text: Actress Susan Hayward won the Best Actress Academy Award for playing Graham in the movie "I Want to Live!" (1958), a fictionalized version of events which suggests that Graham was innocent since it was based on letters Graham wrote to a journalist. The film is from Graham's point of view and includes details differing from real life; in particular, the manner in which the police found and arrested Graham.


title: Barbara Graham

text: Reporter Gene Blake, who covered Graham's murder trial for the "Los Angeles Daily Mirror", dismissed the movie as "a dramatic and eloquent piece of propaganda for the abolition of the death penalty." "Los Angeles Herald-Express" reporter Bill Walker also exposed the inaccuracies of the film in his article in the April 1959 issue of "Cavalier", "Exposing Hollywood's 'I Want to Live' Hoax", and in a 1961 book titled "The Case of Barbara Graham." However, while the movie may have been fictionalized, there is still some doubt about Graham's guilt and the manner in which it was 'proved'.


title: Barbara Graham

text: The jazz/pop singer Nellie McKay had a touring production titled "I Want To Live!" that tells the story through standards, original tunes, and dramatic interludes.


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: Pradeep Kumar (born Sital Batabyal; 4 January 1925 – 3 November 2001) was an Indian actor who is recognized for his work in Hindi, Bengali and English-language films.


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: When Kumar was 17 years old, he decided to take up acting. He started his film career in Bengali films. His notable roles in Bengali films were in "Alaknanda" (1947), directed by renowned filmmaker Debaki Bose, and in "42" (1951).


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: Pradeep Kumar Batabayal then shifted to Bombay and Filmistan studios, and had an important role in the film "Anand Math" (1952). He played the lead role with Bina Rai in "Anarkali" (1953) and with Vyjayanthimala in "Nagin" (1954). Both films were very popular and had songs that added to the movies' success. He worked with Madhubala in eight films, of which "Raj Hath" (1956), "Shirin Farhad" (1956), "Gateway of India" (1957), "Yahudi Ki Ladki" (1957) and "Passport" (1961) were massive hits. He had a spate of releases in the second half of the 1950s. He did not enjoy as much success in the 1960s, though "Ghoonghat" (1960), "Aarti" (1962) & "Taj Mahal" (1963) were successful. He worked with Meena Kumari in seven films; "Adil-E-Jahangir", "Bandhan (1956 film)", "Chitralekha", "Bahu Begum", "Bheegi Raat", "Aarti" and "Noorjehan"; and with Mala Sinha in eight films; "", "Hamlet", "Baadshah", "Detective (1958 movie)", "Fashion (1959 film)", "Ek Shola", "Duniya Na Maane", and "Mitti Mein Sona".


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: He also worked with the legendary Bengali actor and matinee idol Uttam Kumar in "Grihadaha" in 1967 which was produced by Uttam himself and worked in "Plot No 5."


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: He did not get to act with the newer heroines of the 1960s such as Sadhana, Saira Banu, Babita or Sharmila Tagore, though he did work with Asha Parekh in "Ghoonghat" and "Meri Surat Teri Aankhen" and with Waheeda Rehman in "Rakhi" (1962). In 1969, he moved to character roles with "Sambandh" and "Mehboob Ki Mehndi", but did not have many visible roles until "Gandhi", which won several Academy Awards and was his debut Hollywood movie. Some of his later films include "Jaanwar" and "Razia Sultan" in 1983.


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: Pradeep Kumar died in Calcutta on 3 November 2001, at the age of 76. His daughter Beena Banerjee plays character roles in movies and TV serials including "Uttaran"; her son Siddharth Banerjee worked as assistant director in Sajid Khan's "Housefull 2" (2012) and "Himmatwala" (2013).


title: Pradeep Kumar

text: Pradeep kumar played Bandit Mohan (Dosshu Mohan in Bengali), a character based on the very popular Bengali crime thriller series "Dossu Mohan".


title: Terminology

text: Terminology is a group of specialized words and respective meanings in a particular field, and also the study of such terms and their use; the latter meaning is also known as terminology science. A term is a word, compound word, or multi-word expressions that in specific contexts is given specific meanings—these may deviate from the meanings the same words have in other contexts and in everyday language. Terminology is a discipline that studies, among other things, the development of such terms and their interrelationships within a specialized domain. Terminology differs from lexicography, as it involves the study of concepts, conceptual systems and their labels ("terms"), whereas lexicography studies words and their meanings.


title: Terminology

text: Terminology is a discipline that systematically studies the "labelling or designating of concepts" particular to one or more subject fields or domains of human activity. It does this through the research and analysis of terms in context for the purpose of documenting and promoting consistent usage. Terminology can be limited to one or more languages (for example, "multilingual terminology" and "bilingual terminology"), or may have an interdisciplinarity focus on the use of terms in different fields.


title: Terminology

text: Ad hoc terminology is prevalent in the translation profession, where a translation for a specific term (or group of terms) is required quickly to solve a particular translation problem.


title: Terminology

text: A "terminologist" intends to hone categorical organization by improving the accuracy and content of its terminology. Technical industries and standardization institutes compile their own glossaries. This provides the consistency needed in the various areas—fields and branches, movements and specialties—to work with core terminology to then offer material for the discipline's traditional and doctrinal literature.


title: Terminology

text: Terminology is also then key in boundary-crossing problems, such as in language translation and social epistemology.


title: Terminology

text: Terminology helps to build bridges and to extend one area into another. Translators research the terminology of the languages they translate. Terminology is taught alongside translation in universities and translation schools. Large translation departments and translation bureaus have a "Terminology" section.


title: Terminology

text: The main objects of terminological studies are special lexical units (or special lexemes), first of all terms. They are analysed from the point of view of their origin, formal structure, their meanings and also functional features. Terms are used to denote concepts, therefore terminology science also concerns itself with the formation and development of concepts, as well as with the principles of exposing the existing relations between concepts and classifying concepts; also, with the principles of defining concepts and appraising the existing definitions. Considering the fact that characteristics and functioning of term depend heavily on its lexical surrounding nowadays it is common to view as the main object of terminology science not separate terms, but rather the whole terminology used in some particular field of knowledge (also called subject field).


title: Terminology

text: Terminological research started seventy years ago and was especially fruitful at the last forty years. At that time the main types of special lexical units, such as terms proper, nomens, terminoids, prototerms, preterms and quasiterms were singled out and studied.


title: Terminology

text: A nomen, or a nomenclature unit, is a name of a single notion or a certain unit of mass production, e.g. prefix dis-; Canon 550D; UA-24; etc.


title: Terminology

text: Terminoids, or jargon terms, are special lexical units which are used to name the phenomena that are absolutely new and whose concepts are not interpreted in a monosemantic way. E.g., Salmon Day, mouse potato, etc.


title: Terminology

text: Preterms are a special group of lexemes which is represented by special lexical units used as terms to name new scientific notions. They are represented by a vast descriptive pattern, e.g. business process reengineering, management by walking about, etc.


title: Terminology

text: The main principles of terminological work were elaborated, terminologies of the leading European languages belonging to many subject fields were described and analysed. It should be mentioned that at the former USSR terminological studies were conducted on an especially large scale: while in the 1940s only four terminological dissertations were successfully defended, in the 1950s there were 50 such dissertations, in the 1960s their number reached 231, in the 1970s – 463 and in the 1980s – 1110.


title: Terminology

text: As the result of development and specialising of terminological studies, some of the branches of terminology science – such as typological terminology science, semasiological terminology science, terminological derivatology, comparative terminology science, terminography, functional terminology science, cognitive terminology science, historical terminology science and some branch terminology sciences – have gained the status of independent scientific disciplines.


title: Terminology

text: Terminological theories include general theory of terminology, socioterminology, communicative theory of terminology, sociocognitive terminology, and frame-based terminology.


title: Mystic Story

text: Mystic Story (formerly Mystic Entertainment, , abbreviated as MSTSTR) is a South Korean entertainment company established by South Korean singer-songwriter Yoon Jong-shin. It has four subsidiaries, including Mystic Actors (formerly Family Actors Entertainment), which manages actors and actresses.


title: Mystic Story

text: Mystic Story, originally Mystic Entertainment, comprises the merger of three entertainment companies. Mystic89 was founded by singer-songwriter Yoon Jong-shin and was known for housing indie artists rather than idol groups. In March 2014 it merged with Family Actors Entertainment, which managed mostly actors and actresses, to become Mystic89 & Family, with both companies maintaining their separate focus in music and acting respectively. In July 2014, Mystic89 merged with APOP Entertainment, which houses girl group Brown Eyed Girls. Family Actors later changed its name to Mystic Actors.


title: Mystic Story

text: Mystic89 is a music label under the leadership of the producer Yoon Jong Shin. As of 2013, MYSTIC89 has established itself as a professional and organized record company. MYSTIC89 is active not only on music industry but also on general mass culture industry including drama, entertainment program and movies.


title: Mystic Story

text: All I Know Music is a music label headed by producer K JUN and established by Mystic Story to produces hip hop contents. Since 2019, the label was separated from Mystic Story upon its acquisition by SM Entertainment as its sublabel.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Furry Vengeance is a 2010 American family black comedy film directed by Roger Kumble, produced by Robert Simonds and Keith Goldberg, written by Michael Carnes and Josh Gilbert, co-produced by Participant Media, Imagenation Abu Dhabi and Robert Simonds Productions with music by Edward Shearmur, distributed by Summit Entertainment, and starring Brendan Fraser, Brooke Shields, and Ken Jeong with Dee Bradley Baker as the different animal vocal effects. The film, which was panned by critics, tells the story of a real estate developer being asked by his boss to take the place of a resigned employee and turn a forest into a residential development which evokes the wrath of the local forest animals. It was theatrically released on April 30, 2010. The film earned $36.2 million on a $35 million budget.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: "Furry Vengeance" was Fraser's final film as part of the William Morris Endeavor agency, as he switched to the Creative Arts Agency in 2010. This film was also Alice Drummond's final feature film role before her death on November 30, 2016.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: In the wilderness of Oregon, a prairie dog screams after Riggs drives past and throws a cigar at it while talking to Lyman Enterprise CEO Neal Lyman on the phone while planning to check up on co-worker Dan Sanders. This causes a raccoon to signal a mink to release a boulder that pushes Riggs' car to the edge of a cliff, teetering back and forth. After that, the raccoon throws the cigar back to Riggs who yells "You're a bad raccoon!". The raccoon then blows the car down the cliff. Riggs is then heard calling up Lyman to tell him that he quits.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Dan Sanders is a real estate developer from Chicago and nature lover who meets with Lyman who gives Dan the task of turning the forest of Rocky Springs into a residential development after Riggs "disappeared on him". This all transpires much to the objections of Dan's son Tyler and wife Tammy who are unhappy in Rocky Springs while missing their lives in Chicago.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Unfortunately for Dan, the animals who are led by the raccoon refuse to sit back and watch their forest being destroyed. They manage to turn the tables on him by disturbing his progress, interrupting his meetings, and humiliating him. Upon receiving some research from his love interest Amber, Tyler tells his father that Rocky Springs is a forest reserve where he warns his father that "many have tried to settle Rocky Springs but they all failed." Following an attack by a grizzly bear that traps him in a tipped over portable toilet, Dan signs orders to have a drill sergeant capture and cage all the animals.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Meanwhile, Tammy is forced to plan an "eco-friendly" fair with a senile teacher Mrs. Martin at the high school which is sponsored by Lyman Enterprises, unaware of Lyman's plans to cut down the forest to build houses and a shopping mall "with a forest theme". Figuring this out and the fact that Neal lied about planning to send the animals to a nature preserve, Dan decides to set the animals free. Once released, the raccoon and his friends immediately wreak havoc on the eco-fair, causing the guests and entertainers to flee while Mrs. Martin (who doesn't seem to give a care about what's going on around her) talks to an owl.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Lyman accidentally tranquilizes the sponsor for the construction named Mr. Gupta after he attempted to break their deal. He flees into a worm tunnel with the animals in close pursuit. The animals begin attacking him as the bear drives a golf cart, pulling the tunnel away into the forest. After some convincing from Amber and Tammy, Tyler finally tells his father that he loves him.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Three months later, the forest is reclaimed as a nature preserve with Dan working as a park ranger. The poster promoting the forest preservation also states that anyone who violates the rules will be fined $1,000,000.00.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: During the credits, the humans and animals dance to the Transcenders version of "Insane in the Brain."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: The vocal effects of the raccoon and the other forest animals were performed by Dee Bradley Baker, an experience he described as "a lot of fun."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: On June 8, 2004, New Line Cinema bought a spec script by Carnes and Gilbert, "Furry Vengeance", at a price of $750,000. Its premise of forest animals attacking a real estate developer was announced by the company; Kent Alterman, Keith Goldberg and Michelle Weiss were also announced as supervisors. Steve Carell, an actor Alterman previously worked with on "The Daily Show", went on board to play the real estate developer on July 12. It would've been Carell's first studio film where he received top billing. A May 6, 2007 "Variety" article announced Carell was replaced by Samuel L. Jackson.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: On January 26, 2009, Brendan Fraser was announced to play the lead character and Roger Kumble to direct. Summit Entertainment and Participant Media were also revealed to co-finance and co-produce the film that same day, and "Furry Vengeance" would've be the two companies' first collaboration. It was also the first project Imagenation invested in as part of a $250 million production agreement with Participant signed in September 2008, where they would fund fifteen to eighteen of Participant's films over the course of five years.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Matt Prokop was cast on June 10, 2009, with Skyler Samuels joining four days later. On July 8, Brooke Shields, Ken Jeong and Samantha Bee joined; the film was Shields' first role in a mainstream film since "Black and White" (1999). Dick Van Dyke was also announced to appear in the film that same day, although he doesn't make an appearance in the final cut.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: "Furry Vengeance" was initially planned to be released in July 2010, but it was changed to an April date.


title: Furry Vengeance

text: When "Furry Vengeance" was announced in early 2009, "Film School Rejects" had little hope, especially when it came to Kumble being director: "The premise has some comic potential, but barring an unforeseen injection of intelligent satire into the screenplay one should expect little more than a live action takeoff on "Over the Hedge", with lots of CGI and mild slapstick." "Collider" reported that "casting directors just keep giving Brendan Fraser more chances to bore audiences," also sarcastically suggesting "Furry Vengeance" "is sure to be a hilariously unpredictable comedy gem."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: The trailer for "Furry Vengeance" was released on December 23, 2009. Using only the trailer as reference, a "Cinema Blend" writer suggested the film was a rip-off of "Over the Hedge" (2006): "Never have I seen anything so blatant. It's not only the premise that's been stolen, the trailer contains specific scenes taken right from DreamWorks movie. And that's just the trailer." Harry Knowles of "Ain't It Cool News" called the trailer "offensively bad," criticizing Fraser's presence and the "endless variety of shit, piss and fart gags." James White also had little hope in the film, thinking it would be nothing more than a "slapstick-laden wannabe laugh riot." However, he did look forward to seeing Riggle, Bee, and Jeong in the film. As "/Film" covered the trailer, "it's got self-aware animals and airbag and 'sprinkler to the crotch' jokes. If you're six, have at it. Otherwise, the less said, the better."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: On January 13, 2010, the MPAA rated "Furry Vengeance" PG for "some rude humor, mild language and brief smoking."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: Participant also collaborated with DonorsChoose to fund classroom projects about protecting wildlife and the planet. TakePart, another participating non-profit, offered a "Furry Vengeance Activity Guide" that included activities such as quizzes and games to help kids learn about environmental protection. "Seattle Weekly" noted the film's overly-simple message to extend to its marketing, joking that "They all but print the lesson plan on biodegradable popcorn boxes."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: The film was panned by critics. Rotten Tomatoes reports that 7% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 94 reviews and an average score of 2.53/10. The consensus is: "A thin premise stretched far beyond serviceable length, "Furry Vengeance" subjects Brendan Fraser—and the audience—to 92 minutes of abuse." Tim Ryan, who wrote for the site, wrote that despite the film's "great premise," "critics say "Furry Vengeance" is no "Over the Hedge"; instead, it's a mirthless, aggressively dumb family comedy that substitutes slapstick violence for laughs or a message. [...] The pundits say any attempts at wit and satire are forcefully avoided; instead, sadistic, cartoonish violence is the order of the day, and the result is a painful experience for the whole family." It was the lowest rated film of 2010 on the aggregate site, until the release of the M. Night Shyamalan film "The Last Airbender", which received a 6%. Metacritic, which assigned a "generally unfavorable" weighted average of 23/100 based on 21 mainstream reviews, reported the film garnered "some of the worst reviews for a major release this year", and that "the comedy is appallingly unfunny, the animation for the animals is both cheap and disturbing, and the movie could not be more obvious about its pro-environment message". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. According to "Radio Times", "the eco-friendly heart of the movie is unfortunately clumsy, and there's an even more laborious message about the importance of family and roots. Fraser's lantern-jawed mugging becomes irritating all too soon, although younger viewers may get a kick out of the ingenious antics of skunks, raccoons and grizzly bears as they get the better of numbskull humans."


title: Furry Vengeance

text: "Los Angeles Times" critic negatively summarized "Furry Vengeance" as "Over the Hedge" through the lens of "Daddy Day Care" (2003), also writing Kumble "somehow makes everything—the repeated (five times!) skunk blasts, the crotch-gnawing raccoons, the bear overturning the portable toilet with Fraser trapped inside—even less funny than you'd imagine." Another "Los Angeles Times" reviewer called it a contender for the worst film of 2010: "The plot offers the promise of good vibes and green energy as fuzzy creatures fight heartless developers. But the jokes are so feeble and the slapstick so silly that the mind goes numb. [...] The sorry humans are led by a hapless Brendan Fraser. His lame performance is a total embarrassment. Brooke Shields is less awful as his unhappy wife." "The New York Times" labeled it an "assault on common sense: "The jokes wouldn't pass muster on the Disney Channel, the story consists of an escalating series of critter attacks, and the previously mentioned special effects are surprisingly cheap-looking. When Sanders isn't fighting off funny animals, he's jousting with funny ethnics: the obsequious Hispanic foreman, the overbearing Asian boss, the greedy Indian investor." Jeong will "occasionally speak in high-pitched Japanese, thus rendering Furry Vengeance both eco-friendly and vaguely racist," wrote Robert Wilonsky. Mark Jenkins of "NPR" explained, ""Furry Vengeance" is poorly written, clumsily directed and sluggishly paced, but its essential problem is that it budgets 90 minutes on a gag that works better in 30-second spots." He also addressed, "For fans of anthropomorphized animals, the cartoonish combat has its moments. But the CGI technique wears thin, and doesn't always work. Some of the action is too contrived to be charming, and the critter crowd scenes look like the work of someone who's had about 30 minutes of Photoshop training." As "Time Out New York" covered the film, "We were really hoping that such an ecologically friendly, anti-big business movie wouldn't feel so plastic. But [...] Brendan Fraser brings his standard big-lug shtick to a new low. [...] he sustains bee stings, skunk sprays and groin blasts from badly computer-animated woodland creatures while enraging his nasty, racial stereotype of a boss."