title: Anti-roll bar

text: The MacPherson strut is a common form of strut suspension. This was not the first attempt at strut suspension, but in MacPherson's original patent, the anti-roll bar forms an integral and essential part of the suspension, in addition to its usual function in controlling body roll. A strut suspension like MacPherson's requires a hinged lower member between the chassis and wheel hub to control the wheel position both inwards and outwards (controlling the track), and also forwards and backwards. This may be provided by a wishbone with a number of joints, or by using an additional radius rod. MacPherson's design replaced the wishbone with a simpler and cheaper track control arm, with a single inboard joint, to control the track. Forward and backward position was controlled through the anti-roll bar. Overall this required a simpler and cheaper set of suspension members than with wishbones, also allowing a reduction in unsprung weight.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: As the anti-roll bar is required to control wheel position, the bars of a MacPherson strut suspension may be connected through ball joints. However many later "MacPherson strut" suspensions have reverted to using wishbones rather than the simplified track control arm of the original design.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: Various methods of decoupling the anti-roll bar have been proposed. The first production car to use an active anti-roll bar was the 1988 Mitsubishi Mirage Cyborg. The "Dual Mode Suspension" equipped with the 16-v turbo model has front active anti-roll bar that has a hydraulic actuator built in the anti-roll bar link. The actuator can be operated with a switch on the dash board, changing the effectiveness of the anti-roll bar between the sport mode and touring mode. The Jeep Wrangler (JK, JL) and Jeep Gladiator (JT) also have a switchable decoupler on Rubicon models, to increase wheel articulation for off-roading.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: The first car to use an active anti-roll bar in 1994 was the Citroën Xantia Activa, a medium-sized sedan sold in Europe. The SC.CAR (Systeme Citroën de Contrôle Actif du Roulis) system featured an anti-roll bar that could be stiffened under the command of the suspension ECU during hard cornering. The car rolled a maximum of 2 degrees.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: In 2001 the BMW 7 Series (E65) introduced Active Roll Stabilization (ARS) "active" anti-roll bars that can be proportionally controlled automatically by a suspension-control computer, reducing body lean in turns while improving rough-road ride quality.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: In 2006 Toyota introduced its Active Stabilizer Suspension System. By altering anti-roll bar stiffness, this system acts to reduce body tilt during cornering, keeping the vehicle more level during turns and improving handling, as opposed to the natural tendency of a vehicle to roll due to the lateral forces experienced during high-speed maneuvering. The active stabilizer system relies on vehicle body sensors and electric motors. The first production usage of this system was introduced in August 2005 with the Lexus GS430 sport sedan.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: Porsche Cayenne introduced Porsche Dynamic Chassis Control (PDCC), a system with active roll-bars in 2007 (on European market).


title: Anti-roll bar

text: In 2011, the third generation Mercedes-Benz M-Class introduced a similar system: ACTIVE CURVE SYSTEM.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: Mercedes-Benz S-Class Active Body Control system uses another approach: the computer uses sensors to detect lateral load, lateral force, and height difference in the suspension strut, then uses hydraulic pressure to raise or lower the spring to counter roll. This system removes the anti-roll bar. Most active roll control systems allow a small degree of roll to give a more natural feel.


title: Anti-roll bar

text: Toyota also uses a mechanical system called Kinetic Dynamic Suspension System (KDSS) that essentially disengages the stabilizer bars when off-road, allowing for greater vehicle articulation and ride quality.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Ulster County is a county in the U.S. state of New York. It is situated along the Hudson River. As of the 2020 census, the population was 181,851. The county seat is Kingston. The county is named after the Irish province of Ulster.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: When part of the New Netherland colony, Dutch traders first called the area of present-day Ulster County "Esopus", a name borrowed for convenience from a locality on the opposite side of the Hudson. The local Lenape indigenous people called themselves Waranawanka, but soon came to be known to the Dutch as the "Esopus Indians" because they were encountered around the settlement known as Esopus. In 1652, Thomas Chambers, a freeholder from the Manor of Rensselaerswyck, purchased land at Esopus. He and several others actually settled and began farming by June, 1653. The settlements grew into the village of Wiltwijck, which the English later named Kingston. In 1683, the Duke of York created 12 counties in his province, one of which was Ulster County, named for Ulster, the northern part of Ireland, which had only recently been brought under English rule following a series of wars and rebellions, and then the Plantation of Ulster. Its boundaries at that time included the present Sullivan County and parts of the present Delaware, Orange, and Greene Counties.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: In 1777, the first state capital of the independent New York State was established at Kingston. The official records of Ulster County were removed to safety to a stone house in Kerhonkson when it became evident that the British would burn Kingston.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: In 1798, Ulster County's southernmost towns were moved into Orange County to compensate Orange for breaking away its southernmost part to form Rockland County.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: During the American Civil War, volunteers were recruited from the county and formed the majority of the following regiments:


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The Lake Mohonk Mountain House on Shawangunk Ridge was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1986.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has an area of , of which is land and (3.1%) is water.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Ulster County is in southeastern New York State, south of Albany, immediately west of the Hudson River. Much of it is within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. Ulster County has Minnewaska State Park Preserve, Mohonk Preserve, Sundown State Park, VerNooykill State Forest, Witches Hole State Forest, and Shawangunk Ridge State Forest. The Sam's Point section of Minnewaska includes rare dwarf pine trees and Verkeerder Kill falls.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The county's highest point is Slide Mountain, at approximately above sea level. The lowest point is sea level along the Hudson River.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: As of the census of 2010, the county had 181,440 people, 67,499 households, and 43,536 families. The population density was . There were 77,656 housing units at an average density of 69 per square mile (27/km). The county's racial makeup, as of 2008, was 83.2% white, 6.50% black or African American, 0.3% Native American, 1.7% Asian, 0.03% Pacific Islander, 2.15% from other races, and 1.70% from two or more races. 7.6% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race. 19.2% were of Italian, 16.8% Irish, 15.5% German, 6.8% English, and 4.7% American ancestry according to Census 2000. 90.3% spoke English, 4.5% Spanish, 1.2% Italian, and 1.0% German as their first language.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: There were 67,499 households, of which 30.70% had children under age 18 living with them, 49.20% were married couples living together, 10.90% had a female householder with no husband present, and 35.50% were non-families. Of all households, 27.90% were made up of individuals, and 10.20% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.47 and the average family size was 3.03.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: 23.50% of the county's population was under age 18, 8.70% was from age 18 to 24, 29.70% was from age 25 to 44, 24.70% was from age 45 to 64, and 13.30% was age 65 or older. The median age was 38 years. For every 100 females, there were 99.10 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.60 males.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The county's median household income was $42,551, and the median family income was $51,708. Males had a median income of $36,808 versus $27,086 for females. The per capita income for the county was $20,846. About 7.20% of families and 11.40% of the population were below the poverty line, including 13.00% of those under age 18 and 8.70% of those age 65 or over.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: For most of the 20th century, Ulster County voted for the Republican nominees for president. Republicans regularly got over 60% of the vote, the high point coming when Dwight D. Eisenhower won 76% in 1956. The Democratic nominee won only in 1912, when Theodore Roosevelt and his Progressive Party split the Republican vote and gave a plurality to Woodrow Wilson, and in 1964, when Lyndon B. Johnson won every county in New York and carried Ulster County by 19.8 percentage points.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: More recently, Ulster County has voted Democratic. In 1992, 1996, and 2000, the party won a plurality, due to strong showings from third parties. In 2004, John Kerry defeated George W. Bush, 54%–43%; in 2008, Barack Obama defeated John McCain, 61%–37%; in 2012, Obama defeated Mitt Romney, 60%–37%; in 2016, Hillary Clinton defeated Donald Trump, 52%–41%; and in 2020, Joe Biden defeated Trump, 60%–39%.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The county is in New York's 19th congressional district, along with other counties in the Catskills and Hudson Valley. It has had no U.S. representative since Antonio Delgado resigned on May 25, 2022, to become lieutenant governor of New York. Democrat Pat Ryan won a special election held on August 23, and was sworn in on September 13, 2022. On September 9, 2022, Ryan stepped down, and Johanna Contreras was sworn in as acting county executive.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: For a long time, Ulster County had a county-scale version of a council-manager government, with the county legislature hiring a county administrator to handle executive functions. The chair of the legislature had a great deal of power and was accountable only to the voters of their district. The only countywide elected officials were the county clerk (Nina Postupack has served since 2006), district attorney (Dave Clegg took office in 2020) and sheriff (Juan Figueroa took office in 2019).


title: Ulster County, New York

text: In 2006, voters approved the first-ever county charter, changing to an elected executive branch. Two years later, Michael P. Hein, the last appointed county administrator, became Ulster's first elected county executive. In early 2019, Hein resigned to accept Governor Andrew Cuomo's appointment as commissioner of the state Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance. Deputy County Executive Adele Reiter succeeded him as acting county executive until a special election was held in April 2019.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: On April 30, 2019, Democrat Patrick K. Ryan was elected in a special election by a margin of 74%-26%. He was sworn in as Ulster County's second County Executive on June 7, 2019.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Legislative authority is vested in the County Legislature, which consists of 23 members elected from individual districts, as directed by a county charter reapportionment mandate starting in late 2010. Of the members of the County Legislature, 16 are part of the Democratic Caucus (15 affiliated with the Democratic Party and 1 unaffiliated), and 7 are part of the Republican Caucus (all 7 are affiliated with the Republican Party).


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Ulster County contains a large part of Catskill Park and the Catskill Forest Preserve. The former Delaware and Hudson Canal brought Pennsylvania coal to Kingston on the Hudson. Former Orleans band member John Hall served in the Ulster County legislature before moving to the 19th Congressional District to run for Congress.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Ulster County has continued to be a popular vacation destination for many decades. The County is home to many outdoor landscapes, including the Catskill Mountains, the Hudson River, Minnewaska State Park, Catskill Park, Shawangunk Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. Each offers various recreation opportunities, including hiking, bicycling, skiing, horseback riding, kayaking, rock climbing, hunting and fishing.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The County also includes more than of rail trails along the Hudson Valley Rail Trail, Wallkill Valley Rail Trail, and O&W Rail Trail. The Walkway Over the Hudson, the world's longest pedestrian and bicycle bridge which spans the Hudson River, is connected within Ulster County trails.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Ulster County has also played a role in some significant moments in U.S. history. The Senate House State Historic Site in Kingston, New York is where, in early 1777, American colonists met to ratify the New York Constitution.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The Ulster County Fair has been held in New Paltz for many years and is promoted as "The Best Six Days of Summer". County run recreation areas include the Ulster County Pool in New Paltz and the Ulster Landing Park in Saugerties.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Since 2016, Kingston Stockade FC, a semi-professional soccer team that plays in the National Premier Soccer League (NPSL), has been based in Kingston and plays its home matches at Dietz Stadium.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Also since 2015, the Saugerties Stallions, a collegiate summer baseball league team that plays in the Perfect Game Collegiate Baseball League (PGCBL), have been based in Saugerties and play their home games at Cantine Field. The Stallions won the 2021 PGCBL Championship.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: Public transportation in Ulster County is provided by Trailways of New York to and from New York City and Albany, and along Routes 28 and 32, by Ulster County Area Transit on major state and U.S. road corridors in the county, and by Kingston Citibus in Kingston.


title: Ulster County, New York

text: The New York State Thruway (I-87) runs north–south through the county, carrying traffic between New York City and Albany and its surroundings. NY 55, NY 52, and NY 28 are all major east-west highways that run through the county, and US 209, US 9W, and NY 32 are major north-south highways.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Violetta is an Argentine telenovela filmed in Buenos Aires, Argentina and developed by Disney Channel Latin America and Europe, Middle East and Africa (EMEA) and production company Pol-ka, debuted in Argentina, Latin America and Italy on May 14, 2012.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: "Violetta" tells the story of a musically talented teenager (played by Martina Stoessel) who returns to her native Argentina with her father, Germán (played by Diego Ramos), after living in Europe for several years, navigating the trials and tribulations of growing up.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Each episode includes original musical numbers from diverse musical genres such as pop music and Latin music.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Violetta Castillo is a 17-year old teenage girl who is unaware of her very special talent for singing. She inherited this talent from her mom (María), a famous singer who died in a plane crash.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Germán (Diego Ramos), her dad, is a very successful man who travels a lot and loves his daughter, despite being strict and overprotective. Blinded by sadness, he decides to keep her past and her mother's fate from Violetta, worried that she might follow in her footsteps.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: After the accident, they both moved to Madrid and he raised her alone, with hardly any contact with other children of her age. Germán is aware that Violetta is a very talented musician and he encourages her to take piano lessons but keeps her away from singing.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Everything changes when they return to their homeland in Buenos Aires. There, Violetta starts taking piano lessons at 'Studio 21' (later On Beat Studio), a prestigious music school. She meets Angie (María Clara Alonso), her new teacher, governess, and secretly her aunt (sister of Violetta's mother, unbeknownst to Germán) who helps her to realize her talent. Angie fears that if she tells Violetta or Germán the truth, Germán would take Violetta away to another country, where she could never see Violetta again. Violetta falls in love with Tomás (Pablo Espinosa) but Francesca (Lodovica Comello), her new best friend, already liked him. Ludmila (Mercedes Lambre), the richest and most arrogant girl in Studio 21, also falls in love with Tomás, angering León (Jorge Blanco), her old boyfriend. Later, Ludmila and Tomás start dating. León got furious and, to teach Ludmila and Tomás a lesson, he decides to date Violetta. Contrary to his plans, he begins falling in love with Violetta and she starts to fall in love with León, which irritates Tomás and Ludmila, who are just beginning to date. Germán is engaged to Jade (Florencia Benitez), an unintelligent woman who, though very ambitious, is callous and hates Violetta. Jade does everything to marry Germán because she loves him truly, but Matías, her older brother, wants her to marry Germán because of his money because he got broke. Violetta has never agreed with this and always argues with Jade. Later, Jade discovers that Violetta's secretly studying music in Studio 21, and makes Machiavellian dealings with her: if she encourages Jade's marriage to Germán, she won't tell Violetta's secret to Germán. In the end, Germán discovers that Violetta studies in the Studio and that Angie is actually her aunt who always helped and covered for Violetta all along. Germán decides to take Violetta away, but thanks to Angie he understands the passion of Violetta at the last minute and decides to stay in Buenos Aires, allowing Violetta to continue at Studio 21. In the end Tomás goes back to Spain as he has the opportunity to make something of his music and Ludmila makes peace with everybody. León promises himself to forget Violetta.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: In the second season, Violetta starts falling in love with León and he feels the same for her. They start to date, but Diego (Diego Domínguez), who is new at Studio 21, steals a kiss from Violetta. Ludmila continues to be an unkind and glamorous girl who does everything to get what she wants: she called in her friend since childhood to help her get rid of Violetta from the studio but she became impatient and blackmailed Diego to continue to pretend that he loves Violetta, telling him that if he will do that, she will tell him who his father is (as his father abandoned him when he was a child). Marco does everything to date Francesca, who doesn't know what she feels for him. Camila and Broduey start the season fighting, but end up friends, Camila meets DJ and he liked her, but he left. Camila and Maxi kissed but didn't feel anything, Sebas (Rock Bones) comes and they fell in love, until they get together at the end. Naty, Ludmila's best friend, and Maxi, also split up at first, but come back in full force. Francesca falls in love with Marco (Xabiani Ponce de León) after many doubts and thoughts (Diego's best friend). Ludmila starts falling in love with Federico (Ruggero Pasquarelli) and get together at the end. Diego finds out that his father is Gregorio, a selfish teacher that works at the Studio. Diego is very mad at Gregorio for abandoning him; at the end, they make peace. Angie goes away to France, leaving Germán alone. Esmeralda is hired by Jade and Matías to win Germán over and steal his money. However, on their wedding day, Jade reveals that Esmeralda is a scam. The two are arrested and Matías starts dating the deputy who arrested him, Marcela Parodi. León suspected Diego all along, and found proof that Diego and Ludmila were together to make Violetta sad and humiliated on her big performance when they were going to say that Diego never loved Violetta. León shows the footage of proof on his cellphone to Francesca, but Violetta overhears. Violetta starts crying during her performance without any strength to sing. However, León gets on stage and starts singing "Podemos" with Violetta. Camila and Broduey get back together, as do Francesca and Marco, after a big interference with Marco's ex-girlfriend. Violetta and León get back together, and in the end, after all that has passed, their love is stronger than ever.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: The studio cast of On Beat went on a major world tour, which had been successful in Europe. Violetta and her friends had to return to Buenos Aires for their last year of school. With dreams and individual ambitions multiplied by fame, the group began to crumble, putting Studio On Beat in danger. Gery, who falls in love with León, and Clément (also known as Alex), who falls in love with Violetta, are introduced at the beginning of the season. Violetta and Ludmila are forced to share the same roof when Germán and Priscilla, mother of Ludmila, start dating and later get married, but Priscilla turns out to be a snake and the worst person anyone has ever met. Violetta and León become separated, but still love each other, but Alex and Gery will do anything to keep them separate, since they are passionate, respectively, for Violetta and León. Marco goes away, and Francesca and Diego fall in love with each other. However, Francesca is afraid of Violetta finding out (since Diego regrets what he did to Violetta during the previous season) and decides to keep their relationship secret. With the death of Antonio (the previous director of Studio 21), Pablo exits Studio On Beat at the end of You Mix sponsorship, the site slowly goes bankrupt and it is up to Gregorio, the new director, Angie (who returns in this season) and Beto, with the help of Germán, to save the studio. Ludmila starts to become a better person and when forced to choose between staying in the Studio On Beat or be a star, she chooses the Studio. In order to spy on León, Violetta and Francesca masquerade as Roxy and Fausta, but León falls in love with Roxy, and Violetta is forced to tell him the truth. The group travel to Seville, Spain where Violetta and Leon realize their true feelings for each other and Gery and Clement end up together. In Seville, they put on their last tremendous show. After performing their last songs ever, Germán proposes to Angie. The series ends with Germán marrying Angie, back in Buenos Aires, with everyone singing "Crecimos Juntos".


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Following the global phenomenon of "Patito Feo", an Argentine telenovela produced by Ideas del Sur that aired on Disney Channel between July 2007 and March 2011 in Latin America, Europe and Asia, receiving consistently high viewership and becoming an international success of merchandise, soundtrack albums, and concert tours; Disney decided to begin production on its own first original telenovela. The show, inspired by "Patito Feo", was produced in Argentina in collaboration with local production company Pol-Ka. The cast was formed by actors from across Hispanic America, Brazil, Spain and Italy.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Filming began in September 2011 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, and lasted for seven months. The series was co-produced by Disney Channel Latin America, Europe, Middle East and Africa. The series was filmed entirely in high definition at the Central Park Studios in Buenos Aires. On December 31, 2011, Disney Channel Latin America broadcast a New Year's television special entitled "Celebratón", where Martina Stoessel performed the song "Tu Resplandor" (Disney Princesses). Disney Channel announced that the series would premiere in 2012. The cast was first introduced on December 22, 2011. In March 2012, promos and ads started airing to promote the series.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: In early April 2012, a music video for "En Mi Mundo", sung by Martina Stoessel, was uploaded to Disney Channel Latin America's website. Violetta finally premiered in Latin America and Italy on May 14, 2012. The cast visited Mexico City and Bogotá and sung live on a Radio Disney event at Luna Park in Buenos Aires. On October 25, the last episode of the first season was aired. Between September and October 2012, the show had its premiere in Brazil, France, Israel and Spain.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: On November 1, 2012, shootings for the second season began. The second season started in Latin America in April, in Italy in June and in Spain in September. The complete cast visited Paris, Milan and Madrid for promotion at the end of June. The final scenes from the second season were shot in Spain.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Among the products spawned from the shows was an official magazine (available in Latin America, Italy and Spain), sticker album (available in France, Latin America, Italy and Spain), a series of books (available in Latin America, France, Spain and Italy) and trading cards (available in Italy and Argentina). DVDs were also released in Italy and Spain. There's also a soundtrack album featuring the music from the show. The album has achieved 3× Platinum in Argentina, Platinum in Spain and Gold Certification in Chile and Brazil.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: In June 2013, after three months of rehearsal, the musical with the complete cast made its debut at Teatro Gran Rex. Following the "Patito Feo" model, the cast played concerts daily during the Winter Vacation. Prior to the debut, all 60 presentations were already sold out with over 200.000 tickets sold. After the season in Buenos Aires, the cast also toured across Argentina, Latin America and Europe. Besides the 60 concerts in Buenos Aires, the cast also toured the rest of Argentina.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: In October 2013, Diego Ramos announced a third season. Production began in March 2014 for a July 28, 2014 premiere. This was the final season.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Martina Stoessel was chosen by casting. The actor Diego Ramos was instead cast as the Violetta's father by proposal and following an audition, sent to Europe, has been confirmed. While actress Lodovica Comello, who played Francesca, was attending school in Milan, her school's principal informed the students that there would be an audition; she decided to participate. Instead, the actor Ruggero Pasquarelli was chosen by proposal. For the second season, casting calls were also held at the request of fans of the series in Milan, Naples and Rome.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: It was confirmed that most of the cast of the first season, except for actors Rodrigo Velilla, Artur Logunov and lead actor Pablo Espinosa will return for the second season. It was also announced the inclusion of new characters played by Diego Domínguez who will play the new rival of León, Diego, and then actors like Valeria Baroni, Xabiani Ponce De León, Paloma Sirvén, Gerardo Velázquez, Carla Pandolfi and Valentina Frione. Bridgit Mendler made a cameo appearance in the second season.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: For the third season, there were new characters played by Damien Lauretta, Macarena Miguel, Rodrigo Frampton, Florencia Ortiz and Nacho Gadano. The American pop rock band R5 made an appearance during an episode in the third season, performing their 2014 single "Heart Made Up on You".


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: The first season originally aired from May 14 to October 26, 2012, in Latin America. On Disney Channel (UK & Ireland) the season ran from July 22, 2013, to August 28, 2014. It premiered on August 26, 2013, and ended on April 4, 2014, on Disney Channel (Europe, Middle East and Africa). On Disney Channel (Scandinavia), it premiered October 14, 2013 and ended June 6 the following year. On Disney Channel (Australia and New Zealand), the first season premiered on October 18, 2013. It is not known if it finished its run on television, but the complete first season was available at the launch of Netflix in those territories. In the United States, it premiered on September 1, 2014, on Azteca and ended on December 19. The show had its English language debut with the first two seasons being made available on Netflix U.S. starting July 10, 2015.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: When Disney+ launched in November 2019, the first season of Violetta appeared on the service for the first time in the U.S. since Netflix removed the show sometime in 2017–2018.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: The second season originally aired from April 29 to October 11, 2013, in Latin America. It premiered on August 25, 2014, on Disney Channel (Europe, Middle East and Africa) and ended April 10, 2015. Prior to the season finale, Netflix Latin America started putting up the English audio on episodes that had not yet aired in English internationally. On Disney Channel (Scandinavia), it premiered on October 13, 2014, and ended May 29, 2015. Disney Channel (UK & Ireland) then aired the season everyday starting June 1 at 10:10pm until August 19. In Australia, the complete second season was put up weeks after the first on Netflix, but has not aired on Disney Channel.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: The third season originally aired from the July 28, 2014 to February 6, 2015, in Latin America. On Disney Channel (Europe, Middle East and Africa), it premiered September 21, 2015. By October 2015, all episodes were available in English on Netflix Latin America. On Disney Channel (Scandinavia), the season premiered on October 12, 2015. The season was added to Netflix U.S. on December 31, 2015. Disney Channel (UK & Ireland) aired season 3 on July 4, 2016, at 10pm and the final episode of season 3 was shown on 1 January 2017.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: In Chile, the average viewers were about 352,000. In Spain, the first episode received a 3.1% share or 461,000 viewers and it had increased by 93% by the end of the first season. The series was also successful in Mexico, Colombia, and Brazil for kids aged 4–11. It was also popular online, with 5 million YouTube visits, 50 million official website visits, and over 80 million Facebook visits. The first episode in Italy received 195,973 viewers, making it Disney Channel's most watched broadcast in the country. The average for each episode was around 200,000 viewers. The Rai Gulp premiere had a 1% share or 272,000 viewers and the second episode received 300,000 viewers or a share of 1.34%. In the UK, the show got 104,000 views in the first day, then it increased to 115,000 a week later making it the 3rd watched show of that week. The show wasn't very popular with the public. It was criticized for the dubbed singing in the first season of the series, but the show's rating was at 9.5. In 2014 however, it changed, as it had decreased to 6.8 in 2015.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: A film titled "Violetta: La emoción del concierto" (also known as "Violetta en Vivo" and "Violetta: en Concierto") was shown in cinemas and released on DVD internationally, showing the concert and backstage scenes from Milan. Another version showing the Buenos Aires concert was released in Argentina. It was originally released on April 3, 2014, in Latin America, on May 9, 2014, in Spain, and on June 28, 2014, in Italy. In Argentina, the film was number six at the box office for the second week of April 2014.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: The film "" premiered in Argentina and France on May 4, 2016, and in Spain on May 6, 2016. It features American actress Sofia Carson as the antagonist.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: The U-Mix Show was a weekly program that aired a weekly summary of the series and interviews with cast members. It was hosted by Roger González and Daniel Martins. In Brazil, the show was presented by Bruno Heder.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: El V-log de Francesca is a webseries starring Lodovica Comello set in her bedroom. The sixteen-episode miniseries premiered on June 10, 2012, and lasted until October 22, 2012. The episodes were also dubbed in Italian as "Il videoblog di Francesca", on Disney Channel Italy, in Brazil as "O V-log de Francesca". and in the Netherlands as "De V-Log van Francisca"


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Ludmila Cyberst@r is another webseries that premiered on June 1, 2012, on the official YouTube channel of Disney Channel Latin America. The series consisted of eight episodes, that aired until September 17, 2012 and then continuously loaded on the same website from Portuguese channel's Disney Channel.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Disney Channel UK premiered it on May 2, 2014 on the official Disney Channel UK YouTube channel and ran until May 24, 2014, This is the only "Violetta"-related program which has been dubbed into English so far.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: In early 2013, it was confirmed that there would be a stage adaptation starring Martina Stoessel, Jorge Blanco, Diego Domínguez, and other actors. The series premiered on July 13, 2013, at Teatro Gran Rex in Buenos Aires. 77 performances happened through July, August and September twice a day. Over 120,000 tickets have been sold in Buenos Aires alone, which later increased to 160,000. However, there were no plans to show it in the UK.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Violetta Live 2015 International Tour was the 2015 tour of the cast of "Violetta". The tour was announced in August by the site bambini Italy. The cast toured several countries in Europe and Latin America.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Throughout the series, "En mi mundo" is used as the opening and the ending (except in some cases for the latter). In Brazil, a Portuguese version is sung by Mayra Arduini (from College 11) with the name "Em Meu Mundo". In Italy, Stoessel sings the Italian version titled "Nel mio mondo", In France, Cynthia sung a French version of the theme song called "Dans Mon Monde" for the French release of "Cantar es lo que soy". The English version, called "In My Own World", was released on iTunes Ireland on August 9, 2013. Russia also used a dubbed version of the theme song.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: On July 10, 2015, along with the release of the show on Netflix, Walt Disney Records put up a compilation album called "Violetta: En mi mundo" containing 13 songs from "Violetta" and "Cantar es lo que soy" for the United States.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: From October 10, 2012, the official magazine of the series entitled "Violetta" was available in Italy. The monthly magazine was directed by Veronica Di Lisio and offered interviews, unpublished photographs of the series and even games, posters and rubrics for the female audience. In Argentina, it was also published in a magazine with the same content as the Italian one. In Chile, it was able to be purchased from December 21, 2012. Even in Portugal and Spain, there was the monthly magazine dedicated to the telenovela.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: On the same day it was published in the magazine, it was also released on the sticker album, affordable attached to the magazine or individually. The album was published by Panini.


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: A Violetta video game has been released, called "Disney Violetta: Rhythm & Music" developed by Game Machine Studios and published by Little Orbit in collaboration with Disney Interactive Studios. The game was released on Wii, Nintendo DS and 3DS systems in 2014. "Junto A Ti" is featured in "Just Dance 2016," while "En Mi Mundo" and "Hoy Somos Más" are featured on "".


title: Violetta (TV series)

text: Other products have also been published on the market like Easter eggs and notebooks (in Brazil). In addition, the Italian actor Simon Lijoi had created his column titled "Chiedilo a Simone" where fans via his Facebook page asked some questions and he answered; the first article was published on March 22, 2013, and was later published every Thursday.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Staff Sergeant Darrell Cecil "Shifty" Powers (13 March 1923 – 17 June 2009) was a non-commissioned officer with Easy Company, 2nd Battalion, 506th Parachute Infantry Regiment, in the 101st Airborne Division during World War II. Powers was portrayed in the HBO miniseries "Band of Brothers" by Peter Youngblood Hills.


title: Darrell Powers

text: The 2011 book "Shifty's War" by journalist Marcus Brotherton, published by Penguin/Berkley-Caliber, captures Sgt. Powers' full life story. Powers was one of the twenty contributors to the 2009 book "We Who Are Alive and Remain: Untold Stories from the Band of Brothers".


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers was born in Clinchco, Virginia. His father was an excellent rifle and pistol shot, and taught him how to shoot when he was young. Shifty spent a great deal of time in the outdoors, hunting game. He got to the point where he could throw a coin in the air and hit it with a rifle. Many of the skills he obtained helped him as a soldier.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers graduated from high school and took a machinist course in a vocational school in Norfolk. There he befriended Robert 'Popeye' Wynn, and the two went to work in the shipyards in Portsmouth, Virginia after finishing the course. When they found out that they were about to be frozen to the jobs, they went to sign up for the Army. Powers enlisted on 14 August 1942, at Richmond, Virginia.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers' nickname "Shifty" originated from his basketball days and his ability to be 'shifty' on his feet.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers followed Easy Company to station in Aldbourne, England. He was shocked to see that the residents there were prepared to defend themselves against the Germans with only garden implements. He thought it would have been a massacre if the Germans had indeed invaded Aldbourne.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers jumped into Normandy on D-Day. Missing his drop zone, he joined two others from the company and the three linked up with Easy Company several days later to fight in Carentan. Powers participated in the Allied military operation Operation Market Garden in the Netherlands.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers also fought in the Battle of the Bulge in Belgium. On 29 December 1944, when Easy Company was staying in the woods, Powers noticed a tree that was not there just the day before and reported it to First Sergeant Carwood Lipton. The "tree" was ultimately discovered to be part of the camouflage the Germans put up for their anti-aircraft battery. Lipton got approval for full battery fire to attack the area despite the short supply of artillery ammunition and the area was deserted within an hour. Lipton commented, "It all happened, because Shifty saw a tree almost a mile away that hadn't been there the day before." It was one of Powers' most remarkable achievements and a testament to the extraordinary gifts his backwoods upbringing brought to Easy Company.


title: Darrell Powers

text: On 13 January 1945, when Easy Company was attacking Foy, several of the men were pinned down by a sniper that nobody could locate. Suddenly, Powers yelled, "I see him!" and fired his rifle, killing the sniper. Later, when Carwood Lipton and Wynn found the sniper's corpse, they were shocked to see the bullet hole centered in the middle of his forehead. Wynn commented, "You know, it just doesn't pay to be shootin' at Shifty when he's got a rifle."


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers was one of the very few who was never wounded in combat. It was for this reason that Powers lacked the sufficient points to return home under the military point system, although he was there every day when Easy Company fought on the line. Powers joined the lottery that was organized to allow one man from each company to return home early on a furlough. During the trip to the airfield, the vehicle that Shifty was in was involved in an accident and he was badly injured. He spent many months recuperating in hospitals overseas while his comrades in arms arrived home long before he did.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Honorably discharged from the Army in the postwar demobilization, Powers became a machinist. He was married to his wife Dorothy for 60 years at the time of his death. He moved to California, got a machinist job there and stayed there for three years with his family. He was laid off when the company he worked for lost a government contract, so he returned home. He worked as a machinist for the Clinchfield Coal Corporation for more than twenty years.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers, in his later years, was in declining health and depressed. The Powers family noted the release of the "Band of Brothers" TV miniseries and the subsequent speaking engagements brought Powers out of the depression and speculated that the series bought Powers extra years of life.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers is listed as one of 20 men from Easy Company who contributed to the 2009 book "We Who Are Alive and Remain: Untold Stories from the Band of Brothers", published by Penguin/Berkley-Caliber.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers died of lung cancer on 17 June 2009, in Dickenson County, Virginia. He is buried at Temple Hill Memorial Park, Castlewood, Russell County, Virginia.


title: Darrell Powers

text: In the first edition of the book "Band of Brothers", author Ambrose wrote that on 23 December 1944, Powers disobeyed a direct order from Lieutenant Edward Shames to go out on patrol because he was discouraged. Both Shames and Powers denied that had happened, with Powers calling the insinuation "a slap in the face." Upon request and verification, Ambrose deleted that story from the later edition of the book.


title: Darrell Powers

text: Powers was a character, played by Peter Youngblood Hills, in the HBO "Band of Brothers" TV miniseries. In the episode "The Last Patrol", Powers was shown to be one of the soldiers participating in the patrol mission; However, in reality, Powers was not on that patrol.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The glossopharyngeal nerve (), also known as the ninth cranial nerve, cranial nerve IX, or simply CN IX, is a cranial nerve that exits the brainstem from the sides of the upper medulla, just anterior (closer to the nose) to the vagus nerve. Being a mixed nerve (sensorimotor), it carries afferent sensory and efferent motor information. The motor division of the glossopharyngeal nerve is derived from the basal plate of the embryonic medulla oblongata, whereas the sensory division originates from the cranial neural crest.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: From the anterior portion of the medulla oblongata, the glossopharyngeal nerve passes laterally across or below the flocculus, and leaves the skull through the central part of the jugular foramen. From the superior and inferior ganglia in jugular foramen, it has its own sheath of dura mater. The inferior ganglion on the inferior surface of petrous part of temporal is related with a triangular depression into which the aqueduct of cochlea opens. On the inferior side, the glossopharyngeal nerve is lateral and anterior to the vagus nerve and accessory nerve.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: In its passage through the foramen (with X and XI), the glossopharyngeal nerve passes between the internal jugular vein and internal carotid artery. It descends in front of the latter vessel and beneath the styloid process and the muscles connected with it, to the posterior lower border of the stylopharyngeus muscle. It then curves forward, forming an arch on the side of the neck and lying upon the stylopharyngeus and middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle. From there, it passes under cover of the hyoglossus muscle and is finally distributed to the palatine tonsil, the mucous membrane of the fauces and base of the tongue, and the serous glands of the mouth.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Note: The glossopharyngeal nerve contributes in the formation of the pharyngeal plexus along with the vagus nerve.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The glossopharyngeal nerve as noted above is a mixed nerve consisting of both sensory and motor nerve fibers. The sensory fibers' origin include the pharynx, middle ear, posterior one-third of the tongue (including taste buds); and the carotid body and sinus. These fibers terminate at the medulla oblongata. The motor fibers' origin is the medulla oblongata, and they terminate at the parotid salivary gland, the glands of the posterior tongue, and the stylopharyngeus muscle (which dilates the pharynx during swallowing).


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The branchial motor component of CN IX provides voluntary control of the stylopharyngeus muscle, which elevates the pharynx during swallowing and speech.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The branchial motor component originates from the nucleus ambiguus in the reticular formation of the medulla


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Rostral medulla. Fibers leaving the nucleus ambiguus travel anteriorly and laterally to exit the medulla, along with the other components of CN IX, between the olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Upon emerging from the lateral aspect of the medulla the branchial motor component joins the other components of CN IX to exit the skull via the jugular foramen. The glossopharyngeal fibers travel just anterior to the cranial nerves X and XI, which also exit the skull via the jugular foramen.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Upon exiting the skull the branchial motor fibers descend deep to the temporal styloid process and wrap around the posterior border of the stylopharyngeus muscle before innervating it.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Signals for the voluntary movement of stylopharyngeus muscle originate in the pre-motor and motor cortex (in association with other cortical areas) and pass via the corticobulbar tract in the genu of the internal capsule to synapse bilaterally on the ambiguus nuclei in the medulla.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Parasympathetic component of the glossopharyngeal nerve that innervates the ipsilateral parotid gland.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The preganglionic nerve fibers originate in the inferior salivatory nucleus of the rostral medulla and travel anteriorly and laterally to exit the brainstem between the medullary olive and the inferior cerebellar peduncle with the other components of CN IX. Note: These neurons do not form a distinct nucleus visible on cross-section of the brainstem. The position indicated on the diagram is representative of the location of the cell bodies of these fibers.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Upon emerging from the lateral aspect of the medulla, the visceral motor fibers join the other components of CN IX to enter the jugular foramen. Within the jugular foramen, there are two glossopharyngeal ganglia that contain nerve cell bodies that mediate general, visceral, and special sensation. The visceral motor fibers pass through both ganglia without synapsing and exit the inferior ganglion with CN IX general sensory fibers as the tympanic nerve. Before exiting the jugular foramen, the tympanic nerve enters the petrous portion of the temporal bone and ascends via the inferior tympanic canaliculus to the tympanic cavity. Within the tympanic cavity the tympanic nerve forms a plexus on the surface of the promontory of the middle ear to provide general sensation. The visceral motor fibers pass through this plexus and merge to become the lesser petrosal nerve. The lesser petrosal nerve re-enters and travels through the temporal bone to emerge in the middle cranial fossa just lateral to the greater petrosal nerve. It then proceeds anteriorly to exit the skull via the foramen ovale along with the mandibular nerve component of CN V (V3).


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Upon exiting the skull, the lesser petrosal nerve synapses in the otic ganglion, which is suspended from the mandibular nerve immediately below the foramen ovale. Postganglionic fibers from the otic ganglion travel with the auriculotemporal branch of CN V3 to enter the substance of the parotid gland.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Fibers from the hypothalamus and olfactory system project via the dorsal longitudinal fasciculus to influence the output of the inferior salivatory nucleus. Examples include: 1) dry mouth in response to fear (mediated by the hypothalamus); 2) salivation in response to smelling food (mediated by the olfactory system)


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: This component of CN IX innervates the baroreceptors of the carotid sinus and chemoreceptors of the carotid body.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The visceral sensory fibers of CN IX mediate the afferent limb of the pharyngeal reflex in which touching the back of the pharynx stimulates the patient to gag (i.e., the gag reflex). The efferent signal to the musculature of the pharynx is carried by the branchial motor fibers of the vagus nerve.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: This component of CN IX carries general sensory information (pain, temperature, and touch) from the skin of the external ear, internal surface of the tympanic membrane, the walls of the upper pharynx, and the posterior one-third of the tongue, anterior surface of the epiglottis, vallecula.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The special sensory component of CN IX provides taste sensation from the posterior one-third of the tongue.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: Damage to the glossopharyngeal nerve can result in loss of taste sensation to the posterior one third of the tongue, and impaired swallowing.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The clinical tests used to determine if the glossopharyngeal nerve has been damaged include testing the gag reflex of the mouth, asking the patient to swallow or cough, and evaluating for speech impediments. The clinician may also test the posterior one-third of the tongue with bitter and sour substances to evaluate for impairment of taste.


title: Glossopharyngeal nerve

text: The integrity of the glossopharyngeal nerve may be evaluated by testing the patient's general sensation and that of taste on the posterior third of the tongue. The gag reflex can also be used to evaluate the glossphyaryngeal nerve.


title: Kim Sung-kyun

text: Kim Sung-kyun (born May 25, 1980) is a South Korean actor. Kim began his career in theatre, then made his screen debut as a gangster boss's faithful henchman in "", followed by supporting roles in "The Neighbor", "Reply 1994", "Reply 1988" and "" (2016).


title: Embedding

text: In mathematics, an embedding (or imbedding) is one instance of some mathematical structure contained within another instance, such as a group that is a subgroup.


title: Embedding

text: When some object formula_1 is said to be embedded in another object formula_2, the embedding is given by some injective and structure-preserving map formula_3. The precise meaning of "structure-preserving" depends on the kind of mathematical structure of which formula_1 and formula_2 are instances. In the terminology of category theory, a structure-preserving map is called a morphism.


title: Embedding

text: The fact that a map formula_3 is an embedding is often indicated by the use of a "hooked arrow" (); thus: formula_7 (On the other hand, this notation is sometimes reserved for inclusion maps.)


title: Embedding

text: Given formula_1 and formula_2, several different embeddings of formula_1 in formula_2 may be possible. In many cases of interest there is a standard (or "canonical") embedding, like those of the natural numbers in the integers, the integers in the rational numbers, the rational numbers in the real numbers, and the real numbers in the complex numbers. In such cases it is common to identify the domain formula_1 with its image formula_13 contained in formula_2, so that formula_15.


title: Embedding

text: In general topology, an embedding is a homeomorphism onto its image. More explicitly, an injective continuous map formula_16 between topological spaces formula_1 and formula_2 is a topological embedding if formula_19 yields a homeomorphism between formula_1 and formula_13 (where formula_13 carries the subspace topology inherited from formula_2). Intuitively then, the embedding formula_16 lets us treat formula_1 as a subspace of formula_2. Every embedding is injective and continuous. Every map that is injective, continuous and either open or closed is an embedding; however there are also embeddings which are neither open nor closed. The latter happens if the image formula_13 is neither an open set nor a closed set in formula_2.


title: Embedding

text: For a given space formula_2, the existence of an embedding formula_30 is a topological invariant of formula_1. This allows two spaces to be distinguished if one is able to be embedded in a space while the other is not.


title: Embedding

text: If the domain of a function formula_16 is a topological space then the function is said to be ' if there exists some neighborhood formula_33 of this point such that the restriction formula_34 is injective. It is called ' if it is locally injective around every point of its domain. Similarly, a "" is a function for which every point in its domain has some neighborhood to which its restriction is a (topological, resp. smooth) embedding.


title: Embedding

text: Every injective function is locally injective but not conversely. Local diffeomorphisms, local homeomorphisms, and smooth immersions are all locally injective functions that are not necessarily injective. The inverse function theorem gives a sufficient condition for a continuously differentiable function to be (among other things) locally injective. Every fiber of a locally injective function formula_16 is necessarily a discrete subspace of its domain formula_36


title: Embedding

text: Let formula_37 and formula_38 be smooth manifolds and formula_39 be a smooth map. Then formula_19 is called an immersion if its derivative is everywhere injective. An embedding, or a smooth embedding, is defined to be an immersion which is an embedding in the topological sense mentioned above (i.e. homeomorphism onto its image).


title: Embedding

text: In other words, the domain of an embedding is diffeomorphic to its image, and in particular the image of an embedding must be a submanifold. An immersion is precisely a local embedding, i.e. for any point formula_41 there is a neighborhood formula_42 such that formula_43 is an embedding.


title: Embedding

text: When the domain manifold is compact, the notion of a smooth embedding is equivalent to that of an injective immersion.


title: Embedding

text: An important case is formula_44. The interest here is in how large formula_45 must be for an embedding, in terms of the dimension formula_46 of formula_37. The Whitney embedding theorem states that formula_48 is enough, and is the best possible linear bound. For example, the real projective space formula_49 of dimension formula_46, where formula_46 is a power of two, requires formula_48 for an embedding. However, this does not apply to immersions; for instance, formula_53 can be immersed in formula_54 as is explicitly shown by Boy's surface—which has self-intersections. The Roman surface fails to be an immersion as it contains cross-caps.


title: Embedding

text: An embedding is proper if it behaves well with respect to boundaries: one requires the map formula_55 to be such that


title: Embedding

text: The first condition is equivalent to having formula_60 and formula_61. The second condition, roughly speaking, says that formula_13 is not tangent to the boundary of formula_2.


title: Embedding

text: An isometric embedding is a smooth embedding formula_66 which preserves the (pseudo-)metric in the sense that formula_67 is equal to the pullback of formula_68 by formula_19, i.e. formula_70. Explicitly, for any two tangent vectors formula_71 we have


title: Embedding

text: Analogously, isometric immersion is an immersion between (pseudo)-Riemannian manifolds which preserves the (pseudo)-Riemannian metrics.


title: Embedding

text: Equivalently, in Riemannian geometry, an isometric embedding (immersion) is a smooth embedding (immersion) which preserves length of curves (cf. Nash embedding theorem).


title: Embedding

text: In general, for an algebraic category formula_73, an embedding between two formula_73-algebraic structures formula_1 and formula_2 is a formula_73-morphism that is injective.


title: Embedding

text: The kernel of formula_80 is an ideal of formula_78 which cannot be the whole field formula_78, because of the condition . Furthermore, it is a well-known property of fields that their only ideals are the zero ideal and the whole field itself. Therefore, the kernel is formula_83, so any embedding of fields is a monomorphism. Hence, formula_78 is isomorphic to the subfield formula_85 of formula_79. This justifies the name "embedding" for an arbitrary homomorphism of fields.


title: Embedding

text: If formula_80 is a signature and formula_88 are formula_80-structures (also called formula_80-algebras in universal algebra or models in model theory), then a map formula_91 is a formula_80-embedding iff all of the following hold:


title: Embedding

text: Here formula_103 is a model theoretical notation equivalent to formula_104. In model theory there is also a stronger notion of elementary embedding.


title: Embedding

text: In order theory, an embedding of partially ordered sets is a function formula_79 between partially ordered sets formula_1 and formula_2 such that


title: Embedding

text: An important special case is that of normed spaces; in this case it is natural to consider linear embeddings.


title: Embedding

text: One of the basic questions that can be asked about a finite-dimensional normed space formula_116 is, "what is the maximal dimension formula_117 such that the Hilbert space formula_118 can be linearly embedded into formula_1 with constant distortion?"


title: Embedding

text: In category theory, there is no satisfactory and generally accepted definition of embeddings that is applicable in all categories. One would expect that all isomorphisms and all compositions of embeddings are embeddings, and that all embeddings are monomorphisms. Other typical requirements are: any extremal monomorphism is an embedding and embeddings are stable under pullbacks.


title: Embedding

text: Ideally the class of all embedded subobjects of a given object, up to isomorphism, should also be small, and thus an ordered set. In this case, the category is said to be well powered with respect to the class of embeddings. This allows defining new local structures in the category (such as a closure operator).


title: Embedding

text: In a concrete category, an embedding is a morphism formula_120 which is an injective function from the underlying set of formula_121 to the underlying set of formula_122 and is also an initial morphism in the following sense:


title: Embedding

text: If formula_67 is a function from the underlying set of an object formula_73 to the underlying set of formula_121, and if its composition with formula_19 is a morphism formula_127, then formula_67 itself is a morphism.


title: Embedding

text: A factorization system for a category also gives rise to a notion of embedding. If formula_129 is a factorization system, then the morphisms in formula_37 may be regarded as the embeddings, especially when the category is well powered with respect to formula_37. Concrete theories often have a factorization system in which formula_37 consists of the embeddings in the previous sense. This is the case of the majority of the examples given in this article.


title: Embedding

text: As usual in category theory, there is a dual concept, known as quotient. All the preceding properties can be dualized.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi Schmitt, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy", which airs on the American Broadcasting Company (ABC) in the United States. The character is portrayed by Jake Borelli.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi is introduced as a sub-intern at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital at the beginning of the fourteenth season, eventually obtaining the position of a resident in the sixteenth season. The character was originally a recurring guest star, whose main focus was comic relief due to his clumsiness and lack of social skills. However, as the series progressed into the fifteenth season, focus on Schmitt grew around him questioning his sexuality, his desire to become more confident and his difficult relationship with his overbearing mother. Borelli was upgraded to the main cast starting in the sixteenth season while occasionally making appearances on the series' companion show "Station 19".


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Schmitt is notable for being the series' first gay male series regular and the first LGBTQ main character since the departures of Callie Torres and Arizona Robbins in seasons twelve and fourteen, respectively. He's also the series' second Jewish main character after Dr. Cristina Yang. His relationship with openly gay orthopedic surgeon, Dr. Nico Kim has also been praised by critics and fans alike.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi has lived in Seattle for an undisclosed amount of time with his mother, specifically in her basement. Growing up, Levi was in the debate club and spent most of his time playing Dungeons and Dragons rather than socializing with his peers. He also struggled to adapt socially due to his mother's over protective tendencies and neuroticism. Due to his mother's constant worrying, Levi developed an issue with his self-confidence and clumsiness which interfered with his everyday life by preventing him from working to the best of his abilities.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Eventually, Levi decided to attend medical school and managed to finish in the top 10% of his medical school program. It was at this point he decided to remain living in his mother's basement due to the high cost of medical school. Levi comes from a close Jewish family. They decided to help him get through medical school by contributing money and thus remain heavily invested in his career choices.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi first arrived at Grey-Sloan Memorial Hospital as part of a clerkship group doing a rotation as a way for Richard Webber and April Kepner to evaluate their performance before giving them an official interview for an internship. After an interview with Webber and Miranda Bailey, Grey Sloan decided to offer him an internship. His family eventually gave him the green light to complete his internship there due to its reputation of producing highly skilled surgeons. He befriended other interns such as Taryn Helm, Casey Parker and Dahlia Qadri.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Upon arriving for his clerkship at Grey-Sloan, Levi and the rest of the fourth-year med students were greeted by Webber, who gave them a tour of the hospital. Levi got the opportunity to observe Jo Wilson's surgery only to have his glasses slip from his face and fall inside the patient when he leaned over the body cavity. After this incident Levi earned the nickname "Glasses" due to his clumsiness. Levi and the other sub-interns were then tasked with finding a suitable donor to repair Megan Hunt's abdomen, a procedure led by Meredith Grey. Levi was the only one who managed to find a donor and went to Jo for help on how to approach the family. However, Jo took credit for the finding and got to scrub in. Eventually, Schmitt was able to get an interview for an internship at Grey Sloan and was accepted into the program by Dr. Webber and Dr. Bailey. By this time he had acquired an elastic band to keep his glasses intact with his face; he rejected the idea of getting contacts due to his ommetaphobia. One of his most notable surgeries included assisting Dr. Grey on a splenectomy. Grey was unable to retrieve the rare blood type of O negative from the hospital's blood bank due to a hacker holding Grey Sloan's computer software hostage until a ransom was paid. Schmitt volunteered to do a blood transfusion due to having the same blood type and was credited with saving the patient's life. This incident earned him the new nickname "Blood Bank."


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Schmitt later gets the opportunity to assist on a surgery involving a severe open femur fracture. Jackson Avery and Owen Hunt led the case and were joined by a talented orthopedic surgeon, Atticus Lincoln, and his orthopedic fellow, Nico Kim, who were new doctors at Grey-Sloan. During surgery, Levi was left flustered when Nico winked at him. Later that night, Nico bought him a beer at Joe's Bar and subtly flirted with him, leaving Schmitt more confused and questioning his sexuality. The following weeks, Nico took an interest in Levi but wasn't sure if the feeling was mutual due to Schmitt not reciprocating his advances. However, Schmitt was indeed interested just nervous due to the fact that he had never dated anyone before, much less a man. After assisting Dr. Lincoln and Nico on a surgery, Levi found himself alone in the elevator with Nico and the two shared their first kiss. However, Nico was taken back by Levi's revelation that he had never kissed a man before. Not wanting to relive the "shame spiral" and his coming out experience again, Nico abruptly ended things with him, much to Levi's disappointment. A week later, a severe windstorm hit Seattle, which left Nico and Levi to work together to evacuate the hospital's clinic. Levi, who was still hurt by Nico's actions, was bitter and confrontational. Levi put his emotions aside after witnessing Nico get blown away by a gust of wind, mildly injuring him. The two sought refuge in an abandoned ambulance as Levi tended to Nico's wounds. While waiting out the storm, Levi took the opportunity to stand up to Nico and refute any possibility of a shame spiral. Levi admitted that he never knew he was gay when he was younger because he never got the opportunity to explore his feelings due to always secluding himself and not having enough confidence to do anything about it until he met Nico. Touched by his speech, Nico kissed Levi again and the two then had sex for the first time.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: As his relationship with Nico flourished, Levi began to feel more confident in his abilities as a doctor. Levi was then tasked to intubate Dr. Hunt after he was accidentally injected with a sedative during surgery. Andrew DeLuca guided Schmitt during his first intubation and successfully placed the tube. He was then put in charge of monitoring Dr. Hunt as he waited for the sedative to wear off. After successfully extubating Owen, Levi introduced himself as Dr. Schmitt to Teddy Altman rather than one of his nicknames. Wanting to look as confident as he felt, Levi decided to start wearing contacts. For the next couple months, Levi and Nico slept together continuously throughout the hospital. Riding on this momentum, Levi proudly came out as gay to Meredith, Andrew and Jo during surgery, who responded by congratulating him. He also earned the respect of other doctors such as Arizona Robbins and Dr. Bailey. However, Nico became upset after Levi refused to let his mother know about him due to his mother's neuroticism. Not yet ready to tell his mother that he was dating a man, Nico came to accept it. Levi then confessed his love for Nico. Afterwards, Nico told Levi that he had an interview with a hospital in San Francisco, which worried Levi about the future of their relationship. That same day, Nico made a fatal error during surgery which ultimately led to the first death of one of his patients and took out his frustrations on Levi. Going out of his way to buy Nico flowers at a local flower shop, Levi met Lucas Ripley, the fire chief of the Seattle Fire Department. The two bonded while deciding which flowers to buy for their significant others. While leaving the flower shop, Levi came across Ripley laying on the sidewalk unconscious and immediately got him to Grey Sloan. Schmitt was hailed a hero for saving the fire chief, however, Ripley's condition was found to be worse than previously thought and ultimately died. Nico eventually realized he mistreated Levi and later apologized. The two reconciled after Nico finally opened up about his feelings and personal struggles. That same night, Levi invited Nico over and came out to his mother by introducing him as his boyfriend.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: After officially beginning his residency at Grey-Sloan, Levi struggled with self-doubt by constantly putting himself down. With the help of Nico, Levi worked to overcome these obstacles, including his difficult relationship with his mother, Myrna. Things became worse for Levi when Meredith was fired from Grey-Sloan for insurance fraud and he was subpoenaed in order to give a witness testimony at her court hearing. He told the prosecutor that he reported what he thought was an error in a patient's hospital bracelet who had the name Ellis Grey, Meredith's deceased mother. Upon realizing that Levi was indirectly responsible for Meredith getting fired, the other residents began to shun and ridicule him. Eventually, Levi finally finds the courage to stand up to his mother after visiting his dying uncle Saul, who also turned out to be gay. Levi moves out of his mother's basement immediately, feeling she isn't accepting of who he is. Levi and Nico ultimately hit a rough patch in their relationship when Levi begins to feel a lack of an emotional connection after Nico doesn't ask him to move in with him. However, Nico seems content with the physical aspect of their relationship and wants things to proceed at a slower pace much to Levi's frustration. Wanting to meet his family, Levi is stunned after Nico reveals he still hasn't come out to them. Feeling lied to, Levi begins to doubt his relationship with Nico, who he feels isn't treating him as an equal or sacrificing anything for him. After Link recommends Nico to the Seattle Mariners for his old job as team doctor, Levi worries that the two will grow further apart. Levi vents his concerns to Nico who in return breaks up with him feeling he can't give Levi the emotional connection he seeks. Reeling over his breakup, Levi is comforted by Jo who asks him to be her roommate after her divorce from Alex. Eventually, Levi and Nico reconcile again during the COVID-19 pandemic. He also becomes roommates with Taryn Helm during the pandemic.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: While casting was underway for the role, Borelli was living in New York and reveals he sent in an audition tape but didn't expect a call back due to the shows popularity. However, two weeks after sending the tape he received a call to fly out to Los Angeles to film his scenes. Initially, the role of Levi was set to appear in one or two episodes as a guest co-star at the beginning of the fourteenth season, however Borelli was then invited back again to film eight more episodes after completing his first two.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Borelli was later officially cast as the role of Levi in a recurring capacity as part of the show's new batch of interns at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital, along with Jeanine Mason as Sam Bello, Sophia Ali as Dahlia Qadri, Rushi Kota as Vikram Roy, Alex Blue Davis as Casey Parker and Jaicy Elliot as Taryn Helm. He made his first appearance in the fourteenth-season episode "Break Down the House" as a fourth year medical student and later returned as an intern in the fourth episode "Ain't That a Kick in the Head." After thorough character development in the fifteenth season, Borelli was upgraded from recurring to series regular starting with the show's sixteenth season.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: When asked about Borelli's first major storyline in the fifteenth season, series showrunner Krista Vernoff stated:


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Borelli characterized Levi as "this bumbling, klutzy, really earnest guy who [is] just trying to learn and prove himself in this new job." Vernoff describes Levi as "sort of a clumsy, fumfering type who would trip over his own feet and stutter" while Borelli said "he doesn’t have the best track record in terms of having things work perfectly for him" to explain his constant mishaps and misfortunes over the course of the show. Paulette Cohn of "Parade Magazine" called Levi a "comic relief" character after he dropped his glasses inside a patient during a surgery, earning him the nickname "Glasses".


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi is also known for being the show's first Jewish main character since the departure of Cristina Yang at the end of the tenth season. However, unlike Cristina, who was an atheist, Levi is still in touch with some qualities of his faith. For instance, in the episode "Jump into the Fog", Levi sings the Jewish prayer "Shalom Rav" in order to calm a woman who suffers from severe agoraphobia, mentioning that his mother sang it to him as a lullaby. The melody used on the show is a well-known cover in the Jewish community by cantor and contemporary musician Jeff Klepper. Levi's background is further explored in the episode "The Last Supper" when he visits his ailing uncle on the brink of death; he then refuses to leave his uncle after his death due to the cultural tradition of Shemira. Later in the episode, Levi's uncle's lover helps him prepare his uncle's body for the Chevra Kaddisha; Levi then recites Psalm 23 before leaving.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: By the fifteenth season, Levi's role had expanded and became more prominent with the shows main storylines. Borelli states that Vernoff approached him for a "big storyline" involving his character and she later revealed Levi would be part of the show's first gay male romance that would focus on him coming to terms with sexuality and eventually coming out.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi officially came out in the fifteenth mid-season finale episode "Blowin' in the Wind" which in turn inspired Borelli himself to come out as gay alongside his character. Borelli posted on his personal Instagram after the episode aired "As a gay guy myself, tonight's episode was so special to me. This is exactly the kind of story I craved as a young gay kid growing up." In regards to his decision to come out at the same time as Levi, Borelli stated he did it so "others don't feel as alone."


title: Levi Schmitt

text: On a broader spectrum, Borelli credited the longtime medical drama for being on the forefront of telling LGBTQ stories of substance over its run:


title: Levi Schmitt

text: After coming out to his colleagues and entering a relationship with orthopedic fellow Nico Kim, Levi grew more confident and optimistic in his abilities to become a surgeon. As depicted in the episode "Help, I'm Alive", Levi drops the Glasses nickname and introduces himself as Dr. Schmitt to the doctors and hospital staff. Borelli weighed in on Levi's transformation by commenting "I think we’ve seen him sort of take one step into his confidence, into his own body, into his own truth."


title: Levi Schmitt

text: The character of Levi has received positive reviews from critics and fans alike. Jasmine Blu of "TV Fanatic" commented on his character saying "he's always been one of my favorite of the newbies. He's so endearing and has such a heartfelt story, and I think he touches people a great deal" and also referred to him as a "fan-favorite". Blu also went on to say that Schmitt was "so lovable and relatable because he's just, his awkwardness and all of that, I think it is still very real and relatable." Taylor Henderson of "Pride Magazine" said Levi has been "openly embraced" by "Grey's Anatomy" viewers and has "quickly built a fanbase of his own" in response to Levi's monologue in the episode "Blowin' in the Wind", character growth and romance with Nico Kim.


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Levi's coming out storyline in "Blowin' in the Wind" received praise from critics. Jasmine Blu of "TV Fanatic" applauded Levi for embracing his sexuality saying he "has come into his own though. Words cannot describe how refreshing it is to see him stand up for himself." Ariana Romero of "Refinery29" called Levi's coming out moment "a landmark queer love scene" and also noted he was a "rising fan-favorite." Marko Pekic of "Spoiler TV" called Borelli's performance a "phenomenal interpretation of Schmitt [that] was heartbreaking and empowering at the same time."


title: Levi Schmitt

text: Criticism has been directed towards the slow background development in Levi's storyline. However, for the episode "The Last Supper", Meaghan Frey of "TV Fanatic" praised the insight into Levi's Jewish roots calling his story "touching and exactly what he needed. It made me so much more invested in his character." Frey also lauded a scene where Levi stood up to his mother who struggles to fully accept him. Jasmine Blu also praised the writers for delving deeper into Levi's Jewish background, stating "I loved that the show explored his faith in addition to showing how far he has come in embracing who he is." Paul Dailly of "TV Fanatic" also reacted positively, saying "it was intriguing, and giving backstory to one of the better characters on the show was needed. "Grey's Anatomy" excels in character development, and I could watch more episodes about Levi's past."


title: Cow Palace

text: The Cow Palace (originally the California State Livestock Pavilion) is an indoor arena located in Daly City, California, situated on the city's northern border with neighboring San Francisco. Because the border passes through the property, a portion of the upper parking lot is in San Francisco.


title: Cow Palace

text: Completed in 1941, it hosted the San Francisco Warriors of the NBA from 1962 to 1964 and again from 1966 to 1971. The Warriors temporarily returned to the Cow Palace to host the 1975 NBA Finals as the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena was booked for an Ice Follies performance. It was the site of both the 1956 Republican National Convention and the 1964 Republican National Convention. During the 1960s and 1970s, the SF Examiner Games, a world-class indoor track and field meet, was held annually at the Cow Palace. The Cow Palace was also an important venue for professional boxing until the early 1980s, having staged regular shows, including ten world title fights and appearances of all-time greats like Joe Louis, Sugar Ray Robinson, and Alexis Arguello. Additionally it has hosted professional wrestling and the Bay Bombers of roller derby; the Derby's world championship playoffs were held at the Cow Palace every fall beginning from 1959 through 1973, when the organization was disbanded. The Ringling Bros. and Barnum and Baily circus first visited the Cow Palace in 1956 when the circus abandoned the Big Top (circus tent) format for established arenas. From 1966 until 1999, the Ringling Bros. and Barnum & Bailey Circus visited the Cow Palace, joined in later years by what is now Disney on Ice; both events were later held at Oracle Arena, where Disney on Ice still plays since the demise of the Ringling Bros. organization.


title: Cow Palace

text: The arena seats 11,089 for ice hockey and 12,953 for basketball. When the Warriors played there, its basketball capacity was just over 15,000. It has also been the home of the annual Grand National Rodeo, Horse & Stock Show since 1941 (except for a break from 1942 to 1945 due to World War II). The venue hosted the 1960 men's NCAA basketball Final Four and the 1967 NBA All-Star Game. "Sesame Street Live" has been held at the Cow Palace since the early 1980s, as has Champions on Ice. In recent years the Cow Palace has been the Bay Area stop for the Cirque du Soleil.


title: Cow Palace

text: The idea for the arena was inspired by the popularity of the livestock pavilion at the 1915 Panama–Pacific International Exposition.


title: Cow Palace

text: A local newspaper asked, as early as May 1935, "Why, when people are starving, should money be spent on a 'palace for cows'?" A headline writer turned the phrase around, thus "Cow Palace".


title: Cow Palace

text: The arena opened in April 1941. During World War II, though, the arena was used for processing soldiers bound for the Pacific Theater. In the following years, it hosted countless hockey and basketball games, wrestling and boxing matches, concerts, roller derby and political events, most notably the 1956 and 1964 Republican National Conventions. The arena is still used for the Grand National Rodeo today and other events.


title: Cow Palace

text: The San Francisco Warriors of the National Basketball Association called the Cow Palace home from 1962 to 1964 and from 1966 to 1971. From 1964 to 1966, the Warriors played predominantly at the San Francisco Civic Auditorium. The franchise then moved across the bay to the new Oakland Coliseum Arena and changed their name to Golden State Warriors. In 2019, the Warriors moved to the Chase Center in San Francisco.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Warriors lost to the Boston Celtics in the 1964 NBA Finals. The 1967 NBA Finals between San Francisco and the Philadelphia 76ers saw three games held at the Cow Palace. The two NBA Finals games hosted by the Warriors in their 1974–75 championship season were also held at the Cow Palace because of other events at the Oakland Coliseum.


title: Cow Palace

text: On and off between 1975 and 1984, the San Jose/Golden Bay Earthquakes of the NASL played indoor soccer at the Cow Palace, including hosting the 1975 NASL indoor championship game, which they won 8–5 over the Tampa Bay Rowdies. The 'Quakes spent several seasons playing at the Oakland Coliseum Arena before splitting time between the two arenas for the 1983–84 NASL Indoor season.


title: Cow Palace

text: The San Francisco Shamrocks (PHL) called the Cow Palace home from 1977 to 1979. They won the championship their first season, but ended up disbanding in January 1979 part way through their second season.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Major Indoor Soccer League came to the Cow Palace for the 1980–81 season, when David Schoenstadt relocated his Detroit Lightning there, renaming them the San Francisco Fog. After a dismal season with an 11-29 record and less than five thousand fans per game, Schoenstadt moved the franchise again, this time to Kemper Arena in Kansas City, Missouri, where the team flourished as the Kansas City Comets.


title: Cow Palace

text: It also hosted the San Jose Sharks of the NHL from 1991 to 1993 before the completion of their new home, the San Jose Arena. From 1991 to 1993, the Sharks sold out every game played at the building. It was one of the last buildings to house a smaller than NHL-regulation rink. The NHL had previously rejected the building in 1967 as a home for the expansion California Seals franchise, who instead played home games out of the Oakland–Alameda County Coliseum Arena.


title: Cow Palace

text: San Jose lost their first game at the Cow Palace to the Vancouver Canucks 5-2 on October 5, 1991. Wayne Presley scored the first Sharks goal at the arena. Three nights later, San Jose won their first game in franchise history there, a 4-3 win over the Calgary Flames.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Sharks' second season in the Cow Palace was highlighted by a 17-game losing streak and a league record 71 losses. The Sharks ended their run at the Cow Palace at the conclusion of the 1992–93 season with a 3-2 loss to eventual Campbell Conference champion Los Angeles on April 10, 1993. The team moved to the new San Jose Arena (now the SAP Center) to start 1993–94 after going 22-56-4 at their first home.


title: Cow Palace

text: At the Cow Palace, the Sharks recorded the franchise's first win, shutout (Artūrs Irbe) and hat trick (Rob Gaudreau). The team also introduced their mascot, S.J. Sharkie, on the Cow Palace ice in mid-1992 when he climbed out of the front of a Zamboni. He later bungee-jumped from the rafters near the end of the first season.


title: Cow Palace

text: In 1995, the IHL's San Francisco Spiders played their only season at the Cow Palace. Several players who played for the Sharks during their Cow Palace years suited up for the Spiders that year. Due to poor attendance, the team ceased operations at the end of the 1995–96 season.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Palace has also hosted professional wrestling events under promoters, most notably Roy Shire, who ran cards there from the early 60s to 1981, oftentimes to sold-out houses headlined by Ray Stevens, Pat Patterson and others. After Shire ended operations, other promotions such as the WWF and WCW moved in. Notable cards included WCW's SuperBrawl in 1997, 1998, and 2000 and WWE's No Way Out in 2004. In 2018 the Cow Palace hosted New Japan Pro-Wrestling's G1 Special in San Francisco.


title: Cow Palace

text: From 1974 to 1989, the Cow Palace was the site of the Pacific Coast Championships, a yearly tournament on the men's professional tennis tour. Some of the biggest names in tennis played there, such as Jimmy Connors, John McEnroe and Ivan Lendl.


title: Cow Palace

text: On December 7, 1992, the California Golden Bears featuring freshman guard Jason Kidd defeated the University of San Francisco Dons 89-79. On March 8, 1997, California defeated Arizona, 79-77. Future NFL Hall of Famer Tony Gonzalez scored 20 for California.


title: Cow Palace

text: In 2010, the Cow Palace once again had a regular sports tenant when the American Indoor Football Association's San Jose Wolves kicked off. However, the next year they would move to Stockton as the independent Stockton Wolves.


title: Cow Palace

text: On September 27, 2011, the ECHL formally announced that pro hockey would return to the Cow Palace after a 16-year hiatus with the arrival of the San Francisco Bulls the following fall. To accommodate the new team its ownership spent $2 million on renovating the team locker rooms, upgrading the concession stands, food improvements and installing new widescreen HD monitors to observe gameplay, installing a new ice system (as the old ammonia-based system that was in place for the Seals, Shamrocks, Sharks & Spiders had since become outdated and illegal) and a new custom-made wraparound LED video scoreboard with its game presentation system and ten sets of Custom Piston speakers from Claire Brothers Audio formerly used by AC/DC. The center hung video board has a 360° view for game presentation and full timekeeping and statistics. The new Colosseo Cube scoreboard – made by Colosseo USA – was custom built in order to agree with some of the weight bearing limitations for the roof. The engineers designed new structural steel beams and had them installed in the rafters to provide the additional support required. The Bulls folded on January 28, 2014, 40 games into their second season.


title: Cow Palace

text: In 2020, the Cow Palace hosted a minor sports event in its walls, Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory versus its long time rival St. Ignatius College Preparatory.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Cow Palace twice hosted the Republican National Convention. Republicans gathered at the Cow Palace for the 1956 Republican National Convention to renominate Dwight D. Eisenhower for President and Richard Nixon for Vice President. The ticket won in a landslide.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Republicans came back eight years later for the 1964 Republican National Convention at which Barry Goldwater was nominated for President and William Miller was nominated for Vice President. They lost to Lyndon Johnson and Hubert Humphrey, also in a landslide.


title: Cow Palace

text: The Cow Palace is officially the 1-A District Agricultural Association, a State agency of the California Department of Food and Agriculture's Division of Fairs and Expositions. It has extensive stable and barn facilities for animal events, which are used for the annual Grand National Rodeo and occasionally for other events. It also used to host events on the now-defunct BRO (Bull Riders Only) tour.


title: Cow Palace

text: In the weeks leading up to Christmas each year, the Cow Palace generally serves as the venue for the Great Dickens Christmas Fair, an event featuring food, vendors, and entertainment inspired by Charles Dickens' novels and Victorian era holiday traditions.


title: Cow Palace

text: In 1982, the Cow Palace stood in for the Houston Coliseum when the 1962 barbecue welcoming NASA to Houston was recreated for the movie "The Right Stuff".


title: Cow Palace

text: The explosion of the starship USS "Reliant", used in the movie "", was filmed in the Cow Palace auditorium. The pyrotechnic charge for the shot was suspended over the auditorium floor and the explosion was filmed from below.


title: Cow Palace

text: In the spring of 2008, State Senator Leland Yee advanced legislation to allow Daly City to purchase the Cow Palace from the California Department of Food and Agriculture's Division of Fairs and Expositions in order to develop housing, basic amenities, and possibly a school for the surrounding area. However, the legislation was opposed by groups that regularly use the venue and other California citizens outside Daly City.


title: Cow Palace

text: On September 9, 2008, Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger vetoed this proposed sale of the Cow Palace overflow parking lot. Following the 2008 publicity associated with Leland Yee's failed bill, the Cow Palace board of directors entered exclusive negotiations with Cypress Equities for a 60-year lease to develop the proposed by Daly City.


title: Cow Palace

text: Due to the lack of progress, this agreement was subsequently terminated and negotiations then commenced with a Marin County-based developer in early 2010.


title: Cow Palace

text: U2 played again at The Cow Palace for a private concert in October 2016 for the annual Salesforce conference, "Dreamforce."


title: Cow Palace

text: The Cow Palace has a Daly City address, and except for the very northwest corner of the parking lot, which is across the San Francisco border, it lies entirely within Daly City. It is one mile away from the Sunnydale San Francisco MUNI Light Rail Station.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Raymond Redvers Briggs (18 January 1934 – 9 August 2022) was an English illustrator, cartoonist, graphic novelist and author. Achieving critical and popular success among adults and children, he is best known in Britain for his 1978 story "The Snowman", a book without words whose cartoon adaptation is televised and whose musical adaptation is staged every Christmas.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs won the 1966 and 1973 Kate Greenaway Medals from the British Library Association, recognising the year's best children's book illustration by a British subject. For the 50th anniversary of the Medal (1955–2005), a panel named "Father Christmas" (1973) one of the top-ten winning works, which composed the ballot for a public election of the nation's favourite. For his contribution as a children's illustrator, Briggs was a runner-up for the Hans Christian Andersen Award in 1984. He was a patron of the Association of Illustrators.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs was born on 18 January 1934 in Wimbledon, Surrey (now London), to Ernest Redvers Briggs (1900–1971), a milkman, and Ethel Bowyer (1895–1971), a former lady's maid-turned-housewife, who married in 1930. During the Second World War, he was evacuated to Dorset before returning to London at the end of the war.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs attended Rutlish School, at that time a grammar school, pursued cartooning from an early age and, despite his father's attempts to discourage him from this unprofitable pursuit, attended the Wimbledon School of Art from 1949 to 1953 to study painting, and Central School of Art to study typography.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: From 1953 to 1955, he was a National Service conscript in the Royal Corps of Signals at Catterick, where he was made a draughtsman. After this, he returned to study painting at Slade School of Fine Art, graduating in 1957.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: After briefly pursuing painting, he became a professional illustrator, and soon began working in children's books. In 1958, he illustrated "Peter and the Piskies: Cornish Folk and Fairy Tales", a fairy tale anthology by Ruth Manning-Sanders that was published by Oxford University Press. They would collaborate again for the "Hamish Hamilton Book of Magical Beasts" (Hamilton, 1966). In 1961, Briggs began teaching illustration part-time at Brighton School of Art, which he continued until 1986; one of his students was Chris Riddell, who went on to win three Greenaway Medals. Briggs was a commended runner-up for the 1964 Kate Greenaway Medal ("Fee Fi Fo Fum", a collection of nursery rhymes) and won the 1966 Medal for illustrating a Hamilton edition of Mother Goose. According to a retrospective presentation by the librarians, "The Mother Goose Treasury" "is a collection of 408 traditional and well loved poems and nursery rhymes, illustrated with over 800 colour pictures by a young Raymond Briggs".


title: Raymond Briggs

text: The first three important works that Briggs both wrote and illustrated were in comics format rather than the separate text and illustrations typical of children's books; all three were published by Hamish Hamilton. "Father Christmas" (1973) and its sequel "Father Christmas Goes on Holiday" (1975); both feature a curmudgeonly Father Christmas who complains incessantly about the "blooming snow". For the former, he won his second Greenaway. Much later they were jointly adapted as a film titled "Father Christmas". The third early Hamilton "comics" was "Fungus the Bogeyman" (1977), featuring a day in the life of a working class bogeyman.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: "The Snowman" (Hamilton, 1978) was entirely wordless, and illustrated with only pencil crayons. The work was partly motivated by his previous book; Briggs wrote that "For two years I worked on "Fungus", buried amongst muck, slime and words, so... I wanted to do something which was clean, pleasant, fresh and wordless and quick." For that work Briggs was a Highly Commended runner-up for his third Greenaway Medal.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: An American edition was produced by Random House in the same year, for which Briggs won the Boston Globe–Horn Book Award, picture book category. In 1982, it was adapted by British TV channel Channel 4 as an animated cartoon, with a short narrated introduction by David Bowie. It was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film in 1982, and has since been shown every year on British television (except 1984). On Christmas Eve 2012 the 30th anniversary of the original was marked by the airing of the sequel "The Snowman and the Snowdog".


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs continued to work in a similar format, but with more adult content, in "Gentleman Jim" (1980), a sombre look at the working class trials of Jim and Hilda Bloggs, closely based on his parents. "When the Wind Blows" (1982) confronted the trusting, optimistic Bloggs couple with the horror of nuclear war, and was praised in the House of Commons for its timeliness and originality. The topic was inspired after Briggs watched a "Panorama" documentary on nuclear contingency planning, and the dense format of the page was inspired by a Swiss publisher's miniature version of "Father Christmas". This book was turned into a two-handed radio play with Peter Sallis in the male lead role, and subsequently an animated film, featuring John Mills and Peggy Ashcroft. "The Tin-Pot Foreign General and the Old Iron Woman" (1984) was a denunciation of the Falklands War.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs's wife Jean, who had schizophrenia, died from leukaemia in 1973, two years after his parents' death. They did not have any children.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: At the end of his life, Briggs lived in a small house in Westmeston, Sussex. His long-term partner, Liz, died in October 2015 having had Parkinson's disease. Briggs continued to work on writing and illustrating books.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs stated that he used to be a staunch supporter of the Labour Party, although he lost faith in the party under the leadership of Jeremy Corbyn.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs won the 1992 Kurt Maschler Award, or the "Emil", both for writing and for illustrating "The Man", a short graphic novel featuring a boy and a homunculus. The award annually recognised one British children's book for integration of text and illustration. His graphic novel "Ethel & Ernest", which portrayed his parents' 41-year marriage, won Best Illustrated Book in the 1999 British Book Awards. In 2016, it was turned into a hand-drawn animated film. In 2012, he was the first person to be inducted into the British Comic Awards Hall of Fame.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: In 2014 Briggs received the Phoenix Picture Book Award from the Children's Literature Association for "The Bear" (1994). The award committee stated:


title: Raymond Briggs

text: With surprising page-turns, felicitous pauses, and pitch-perfect dialogue, Briggs renders the drama and humour of child–adult and child–bear relations, while questioning the nature of imagination and reality. As a picture book presented in graphic novel format, Briggs's work was ground-breaking when first published and remains cutting edge twenty years later in its creative unity of text and picture.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: The biennial Hans Christian Andersen Award conferred by the International Board on Books for Young People is the highest recognition available to a writer or illustrator of children's books. Briggs was one of two runners-up for the illustration award in 1984.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: The National Portrait Gallery, London, holds several photographic portraits of Briggs in its permanent collection.


title: Raymond Briggs

text: Briggs was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2017 Birthday Honours for services to literature. A book about his life's work entitled "Raymond Briggs: The Illustrators" was written by Nicolette Jones and published in 2020.


title: Memristor

text: A memristor (; a portmanteau of "memory resistor") is a non-linear two-terminal electrical component relating electric charge and magnetic flux linkage. It was described and named in 1971 by Leon Chua, completing a theoretical quartet of fundamental electrical components which comprises also the resistor, capacitor and inductor.