title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: The heartwood is golden to dark brown; the sapwood is white to pale brownish white. The heartwood is durable (its specific gravity is 0.7 – 0.8) and is very resistant to fungi, but the sapwood is readily attacked by dry-wood termites and borers. "D. sissoo" is known to contain the neoflavonoid dalbergichromene in its stem bark and heartwood.


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: The calorific value of both the sapwood and heartwood is excellent, being reported to be 4,908 kcal/kg and 5,181 kcal/kg, respectively. As a fuel wood, it is grown on a 10- to 15-year rotation. The tree has excellent coppicing ability, although a loss of vigor after two or three rotations has been reported. The wood makes excellent charcoal for heating and cooking.


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: The tree's seed oil and powdered wood are used in the treatment of skin ailments. "Dalbergia sissoo" may also have efficacy in the treatment of stomach and blood conditions.


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: Traditionally, slender tree twigs (called "datun") are first chewed as a toothbrush and then split as a tongue cleaner. This practise has been in use in Pakistan, Africa, and the Middle East for centuries. Many of India's 80% rural population still start their day with the teeth cleaning twig either with "Salvadora persica "or "Azadirachta indica". In other parts of the world, "shisham" twigs are still collected and sold in markets for this use in rural areas.


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: An ethanolic extract of the fruits of "D. sissoo" exhibited molluscicidal effects against eggs of the freshwater snail "Biomphalaria pfeifferi".


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: The juice of this plant is a potent ingredient for a mixture of wall plaster, according to the "Samarāṅgaṇa Sūtradhāra", which is a Sanskrit treatise dealing with" Śilpaśāstra" (Hindu science of art and construction).


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: Propagation takes place most commonly by root suckers, but also by seeds. The seeds remain viable for only a few months. Seeds should be soaked in water for 48 hours before sowing; 60% – 80% germination can be expected in 1–3 weeks. Seedlings require partial sun or full


title: Dalbergia sissoo

text: Common names for "D. sissoo" are "sisu", "tahli" or "tali", and "irugudujava". Indian common names are ', and '. Pakistani common names are "sheesham/shisham" and "tahli" in Punjabi. In Pushto its name is "shewa", and in Persian, it is called "jag". In Hindi and Urdu, it is called "sheesham". In Bengali, it is called "sheeshoo". Local name for Indian rosewood in eastern Uttar Pradesh and western Bihar is "seeso".


title: Scott Schwartz

text: Scott Schwartz (born May 12, 1968) is an American child actor best known for his roles in "The Toy", "A Christmas Story" and "Kidco".


title: Scott Schwartz

text: Schwartz co-starred opposite Richard Pryor and Jackie Gleason in 1982's "The Toy" directed by Richard Donner. In 1982, Schwartz filmed "Kidco" directed by Ronald F. Maxwell. In 1983, he featured in the Christmas film "A Christmas Story" as Flick, who got his tongue stuck to a frozen flagpole. In 1985, Schwartz co-starred with Liza Minnelli, Corey Haim, and Jeffrey DeMunn in the television film "A Time to Live".


title: Scott Schwartz

text: Schwartz grew up in Bridgewater Township, New Jersey, and attended Eisenhower Junior High School. He attended high school in 1982–1983 and 1985–1986 at Bridgewater-Raritan High School West in Bridgewater, with future professional basketball player Eric Murdock. He moved on to attend the Professional Children's School from 1983 to 1985.


title: Scott Schwartz

text: Since 1987, he has managed a sports and movie memorabilia collectibles store, Sports and Movie Stuff, with his father Dan Schwartz in Simi Valley, California. Schwartz' father was Elvis Presley's US Army company clerk in Germany from 1958 to 1960.


title: Scott Schwartz

text: In the 1990s, Schwartz worked in the adult film industry in minor, non-sexual roles, and behind the scenes in numerous administrative roles. Schwartz would eventually star in adult films in sexual roles. After appearing in more than a dozen films in a non-sexual capacity, he quit in 2000.


title: Scott Schwartz

text: Since 2006, Schwartz has pursued his acting career, and helped create a line of celebrity-based trading cards for Donruss. He has also obtained celebrity autographs for companies such as: Upper Deck, Razor, Leaf, and In the Game. In 2008, Schwartz began writing for the sports card magazine Beckett, and was featured on the cover of the September 2008 issue of "Sports Card Monthly" alongside Darren McFadden and Josh Hamilton.


title: Scott Schwartz

text: In the wake of his former castmate Corey Haim's death in March 2010, Schwartz sold Haim's personal belongings on eBay at the behest of the Haim family. Schwartz is also president of A Minor Consideration, a child actors' advocacy organization established in 1990 by actor Paul Petersen.


title: Scott Schwartz

text: Schwartz reprised his role as Flick in the "A Christmas Story" sequel, "A Christmas Story Christmas" for Warner Bros. Pictures and HBO Max.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The practice of dog meat in Korea originated predominantly from the Khitan refugees who spilled into Korea during the Goryeo (Koryo) Dynasty. These people were assimilated into the Joseon Dynasty as the Baekjeong class, the first class of butchers, considered the lowest class in Joseon society. The people who traditionally consume dog meat have been predominantly descendants of this class and tend to be elderly, poor, and rural. For the past few decades, consuming dog meat has been controversial, especially within South Korea, due to conflicts between Korean animal rights activists calling for a ban of dog meat versus those who view the attacks as hypocritical for attacking only one type of meat consumption, rather than all meat consumption, and those who oppose attacking a minority practice that is already declining.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Consumption of dog meat has experienced a precipitous decline over the past three decades in South Korea, mainly due to the demographic decline of the minority that consumes dog meat. Estimates of the number of animals consumed vary widely. The often quoted estimates of 1-2 million (by the Korean animal rights group KARA) are not based on actual data and have no scientific basis. Estimates are closer to tens of thousands per year based on actual sales at the major markets in 2017. However, the numbers have declined since then, given that all of the major markets have since shut down.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The largest dog meat market, Moran Market, officially shut down in 2018 following years of declining sales; though, some illegal sales were discovered in 2021. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs, approximately 200 dog farms have been reported. In 2018, the Taepyeong-dong complex, which served as a slaughterhouse for dogs, was closed by the South Korean government. This move came five years after a vote by the city council of Seongnam, the city where the slaughterhouse was located. In a 2020 survey, 84% of the Korean population reported never having consumed dog meat nor having plans to ever do so.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In June 2018, a South Korean municipal court ruled that killing dogs for their meat was illegal, though this law did not make it illegal to consume dog meat.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: As a general practice, dog meat has never been a mainstream part of the Korean diet throughout the nation's history. The consumption of dog meat can be traced back to antiquity in isolated cases, and dog bones were excavated in a neolithic settlement in Changnyeong, South Gyeongsang Province. A wall painting in the Goguryeo tombs complex in South Hwanghae Province, North Korea, a UNESCO World Heritage site dating from the 4th century CE, depicts a slaughtered dog.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Starting in the Silla Dynasty (57 BCE – 935 CE) and then during the Goryeo Dynasty (918–1392 CE), Buddhism was the state religion and eating beef was considered immoral and was at first discouraged and then banned (as oxen were regarded as human work companions). In general, animal life was regarded as sacred and eating meat was minimized; however, eating seafood remained common.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: During the latter part of the Goryeo Dynasty, the practice of eating dog meat was introduced by the nomadic Khitans and possibly other ethnic groups (from Manchuria), who as displaced war refugees spilled into Goryeo during the Mongol invasions. The invading Mongols lifted the beef ban and legalized the consumption of meat during their rule. During the Joseon Dynasty (1392–1910 CE), the minority Khitans eventually assimilated into the social structure as the "Baekjeong," the first butcher class, occupying the lowest class of society. The Joseon government assigned the Baekjeong the task of addressing the feral dog problem, and thus dog meat became a food item for the poor (and lower classes). During the Joseon Dynasty, certain government officials argued that dogs were human companions and advocated for banning the consumption of dog meat.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In approximately 1816, "Jeong Hak-yu", the second son of "Jeong Yak-yong", a prominent politician and scholar of Joseon dynasty at the time, wrote a poem called "Nongga Wollyeongga" (농가월령가), which describes what farming families did each month of the year. In the description of the month of August, the poem tells of a married woman visiting her birth parents with boiled dog meat, rice cakes, and rice wine, thus indicating the practice at the time in a rural farming community (Ahn, 2000; Seo, 2002). "Dongguksesigi" (동국세시기), a book written by Korean scholar Hong Seok-mo in 1849, contains a recipe for Bosintang including a boiled dog, green onions, and red chili pepper powder.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The three hottest days of summer, set by the lunar calendar, are traditionally called Sambok (三伏), during which Koreans typically eat Samgyetang (ginseng chicken soup) or Chogyetang (cold chicken soup). Some Koreans had chosen to instead consume Bosintang, a soup containing dog meat; however, this practice has become increasingly rare.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In 2019, fewer than 100 restaurants served dog meat in Seoul (out of over 520,000 restaurants in Greater Seoul), as the numbers have continued to decline each year. Some restaurants are reporting declines in consumption of 20–30% per year. A 2022 Chosun Ilbo report found that customers of the dog meat market tended to be foreigners or elderly (above 70 years old).


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In 2017-2019 all major dog meat markets had shut down across South Korea, mainly due to declining sales. In 2021, the last major dog meat market remaining is shutting down in Daegu.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: On November 21, 2018, South Korea closed the country's main dog slaughterhouse, known as Taepyeong-dong. The slaughterhouse was located in Seongnam. The Seongnam city council, which voted in 2013 to close the slaughterhouse, will turn the area into a community park.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In South Korea, a minority of people (~3.9% of the population, based on a 2018 survey) consume dog meat, similar to the rate in Switzerland (3%).


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Most Korean Buddhists consider eating any kind of meat or dairy as a moral offense. Catholic Koreans tend to consume dog meat at a higher frequency than other religions in Korea. In general, the rise of Christianity has contributed to the rise in meat consumption of all types throughout East Asia.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: While the consumption of dog meat has declined greatly, the excess of dogs from puppy mills of the pet industry and the growing population of dogs in shelters have emerged as much greater problems. Over the past decade there have been repeated campaigns by Korean animal welfare and government agencies to adopt abandoned and mixed breed dogs.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The primary dog breed raised for meat is a non-specific landrace commonly named as "Nureongi" (누렁이), or "Hwanggu" (황구). Nureongi are not the only type of dog currently slaughtered for their meat in South Korea. In 2015, "The Korea Observer" reported that many different pet breeds of dog are bred to be eaten, including, for example, labradors, retrievers, and cocker spaniels, and that the dogs slaughtered for their meat often include former pets.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Humane Society International/Korea has been working cooperatively with dog farmers since 2015 to help them close their farms, and rehome the dogs. As of August 2020, HSI has closed down 16 dog meat farms and rescued more than 2,000 dogs. The charity documents every farm closure to show the conditions, and it is clear that all breeds of dog are found on these facilities including golden retrievers, beagles, poodles and huskies alongside tosas and jindos.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The prior practice has been to slaughter the dogs by electrocution, though some were hung or beaten over the head before exsanguination. Such practices are illegal under the 2007 Animal Protection Act and have become increasingly rare.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Between 1975 and 1978, dogs had the full legal status of livestock animals in South Korea, but the legality of the dog meat trade is now highly disputed. South Korea adopted its first Animal Protection Law in May, 1991.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Currently, Article 7 of the Animal Protection Act does not explicitly prohibit the slaughter of dogs for food; however, it "prohibits killing animals in a brutal way". In addition, it "forbids killing the dogs in open areas such as on the street or in front of other animals of the same species".


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Dog meat is subject to the Food Sanitation Act/Food Hygiene Act of 1962, which simply defines food as "all foodstuff, except taken as medicine". However, unlike beef, pork, or poultry, dog meat is excluded from the list of livestock under the Livestock Processing Act of 1962, which is "the principal statute governing hygienic slaughtering of livestock and processing of meat." Hence, dog meat farming is under-regulated compared to that of other stock animals.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: As a result, there are no regulations requiring the humane slaughter of dogs for meat, though the treatment of dogs falls under animal cruelty laws. The controversy over dog meat consumption often centers on the slaughtering methods employed, which include electrocution, strangulation by hanging, and physically beating the dog to death. According to reports from 1999, some dogs were still alive when they were blow-torched or thrown into boiling water to remove their fur. In more recent decades, such practices are being prosecuted by law.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In 2008, the Seoul Metropolitan Government proposed a recommendation to the national government to add dogs to the list of livestock whose slaughter is regulated by law. However, activist groups attacked the proposal as legitimizing or legalizing the trade in dog meat. The city dropped the proposal, but an official from the national government was quoted as saying “It’s the sole idea of the city. We have not been consulted at all ... I don’t think we are planning to even consider this option.”


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In June 2018, the municipal court of the city of Bucheon ruled that killing dogs for their meat was illegal. The landmark decision came after much criticism from animal advocates in the country. The court case was brought forward by animal rights group Coexistence of Animal Rights on Earth (Care) against a dog farm, which they said was killing animals without a real reason.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: On September 27, 2021, South Korean President Moon Jae-in raised the possibility of a ban on dog meat consumption in the country.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In 1984, preceding the 1988 Summer Olympics in Seoul, the South Korean government banned the sale of dog meat within the four gates of downtown Seoul. In 2001, prior to the 2002 FIFA World Cup, the organizers of the games, under pressure from animal rights groups such as PETA, demanded that the Korean government re-address the issue. Brigitte Bardot, head of La Fondation Brigitte Bardot, launched a campaign during the 2002 FIFA World Cup to have dog meat outlawed in Korea and encouraged a boycott of the games unless a ban took place. Bardot was in turn heavily critiqued and ridiculed for being extremely rude and condescending in her public interactions, which included calling Koreans "savage" people and hanging up on reporters during televised interviews.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In October 2018, a leading Egyptian MP (Margaret Azer) suggested that Egypt export stray dogs for meat consumption to countries like South Korea as a solution to the problem of overpopulation of stray dogs in the country. Azer's statements sparked a wave of criticism among animal rights advocates and rescuers in Egypt, although no such plans were ever proven to be in place. This statement was made when major dog meat markets had already shut down in South Korea due to lack of demand.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Korean migrant workers living abroad and Asian American children have faced discrimination, bullying, and racism due to the stereotype of Koreans eating dog meat. Such racist actions have persisted, even though eating dog meat is not a widespread practice in Korea. In 2021, Park Ji-Sung, a fan-favorite former player for Manchester United, asked the soccer club's fans to stop singing a song in his honor that includes the stereotype that Koreans eat dog meat.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Asian Americans, including Korean Americans, have for many decades been subjected to racist stereotypes of Koreans and other Asians as dog eaters. An example is TV host Jay Leno, who had repeatedly recycled stereotypes of Koreans eating dog meat in his jokes. In one instance, during the 2002 Winter Olympics, Jay Leno joked that the South Korean Olympic short-track skater Kim Dong-Sung would eat his dog. The MCIC Group filed a class-action lawsuit against Leno on behalf of 50,000 Korean Americans, demanding an apology and monetary damages. Jay Leno finally apologized in 2021 for decades of making racist jokes.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Amidst the decline in dog meat consumption in contemporary Korea, a vocal group in Korea has critiqued the international outcry toward dog meat consumption as being hypocritical. International animal rights activists have noted the hypocrisy, as well, given the horrific conditions under which factory farmed animals are raised in the West. Some Korean citizens, as well as members of the international community, have pointed out that the nations from which most of the outcry has emerged have the highest per capita meat consumption on the planet, several-fold higher than that of South Korea.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In South Korea, a minority of people (~3.9% of the population, based on a 2018 survey) consume dog meat, predominantly as "Bosintang" (literally "body protecting soup"), which is thought to have medicinal properties. Consuming dog meat is also a minority practice in China.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: Most Korean Buddhists consider eating any kind of meat or dairy as a moral offense. Catholic Koreans tend to consume dog meat at a higher frequency than other religions in Korea. In general, the rise of Christianity has contributed to the increase in meat consumption in East Asia.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: In 2020, Nielsen Online Research conducted two surveys of 1,000 people from June to September. From the survey, 83.8% of South Koreans stated that they have never consumed dog meat and had no plans to consume it in the future. 58.6% supported the ban on dog meat, and 57% said that consumption of dog meat had an effect on creating negative perceptions of South Korea. Human Society International said, "Most Koreans do not consume dog meat, and a growing population recognizes dogs as companion animals, not edible."


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The animal welfare advocacy group Animal Welfare Institute has called for letters of protest about the dog meat trade to be sent to the South Korean president and ambassador to the United States prior to South Korea hosting the 2018 Winter Olympics.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: The charity World Dog Alliance raised a successful online petition in 2012 calling for the UK Government to intervene and oppose the cruelty. In 2015, the issue was finally debated in the House of Commons Chamber. A second debate on South Korea's dog meat trade in the UK Parliament was held on September 12, 2016, by the Petitions Committee, following an online petition which was started on petition.parliament.uk. Change.org has over 450,000 signatures on a petition to boycott the 2018 Winter Olympics. In 2018 Humane Society International/Korea, Korea Animal Rights Advocates (KARA), and petition site Care2 hand-delivered a petition of 1 million signatures to the President's residence, the Blue House, in Seoul, with a letter urging him to initiate a phase-out of dog meat farms.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: A 2019 study found that farmed dogs had over twice as high levels of cortisol in hair compared pet dogs, suggesting that dogs on meat farms experience chronic physiological stress. The results, therefore, support the need for changes in the regulations, policy and legislation surrounding the farming of dogs for meat.


title: Dog meat consumption in South Korea

text: From the late 2010s, South Korean liberals, including Democratic Party and Justice Party, began actively questioning dog meat culture. As a result, there is a severe conflict between the views of the liberal camp and the conservative camp in South Korea. Liberals who confront Confucian social conservatism in South Korea, basically criticize dog meat culture as immoral. President Moon Jae-in said he was even considering a legal ban on dog meat on September 28, 2021. Moon's view gained strong support from animal rights groups. Shortly after Moon's remarks on dog meat, People Power Party spokesman Yang Joon-woo strongly criticized Moon, saying, "The state does not have the right to regulate individual tastes or eating habits". In addition, Yoon Seok-youl, a former PPP candidate for the 2022 South Korean presidential election and current president of South Korea, criticized South Korea's liberal camp on November 2, 2021, saying that "pet dog" and "eating dogs" should be distinguished. Ahn Cheol-soo pledged to gradually ban dog meat eating during the 2017 South Korean presidential election.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Sebastian Arcelus (born November 5, 1976) is an American actor, best known for his roles as Lucas Goodwin in the Netflix TV series "House of Cards" (2013–2016) and Jay Whitman in the CBS TV series "Madam Secretary" (2014–2019). Arcelus began his acting career in the early 2000s and spent the first decade of his career on Broadway, having played Roger in "Rent", Fiyero in "Wicked", Bob Gaudio in "Jersey Boys", and Buddy in "Elf", among other roles. He returned to Broadway with the 2022 revival of "Into the Woods" and its subsequent national tour.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Arcelus grew up in Port Washington, New York. He is a first generation American of Uruguayan, Italian, and Russian descent, and speaks Spanish fluently. He is a graduate of Williams College.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Arcelus has made a career in theater on Broadway, regionally, and internationally. He began his career in the early 2000s, and spent three years working at an international business firm while auditioning and performing in amateur theater at night. He performed in a handful of small New York theater productions as well as regional productions like that of "The Who's Tommy" in Newark, New Jersey in 2000 and "Big River" in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. He joined the repertory theater company of Weathervane Theatre in Whitefield, New Hampshire for their 2001 season; at Weathervane, he performed in productions including "Floyd Collins", "Cabaret", and "I Love You, You're Perfect, Now Change". Following this experience he took part in a bilingual production of "West Side Story" in Guatemala.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Arcelus made his Broadway debut in 2002 in "Rent", first as a swing, covering the male ensemble roles as well as Mark and Roger, and then as Roger throughout the first half of 2003. He remained with "Rent" as a swing until Fall 2004.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Some of his first professional screen acting roles were for English-language dubs of animated TV shows. He continued to do this throughout the 2000s and voiced characters in shows including "Winx Club" and multiple series within the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise. In 2004, Arcelus appeared in the movie musical "Temptation", with Broadway stars Alice Ripley, Adam Pascal, and Zoe Saldana, among many others.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: During the Spring of 2005, he starred as Jan in the original cast of the Beach Boys musical, "Good Vibrations". He played Fiyero on the first national tour of "Wicked" from January 3 until October 3, 2006. He then reprised the role of Fiyero in the Broadway production from January 9 to December 16, 2007. Arcelus was featured on "iChannel", an interactive 2006 web-series about "a self-conscious young man who finds his life taken over by a video blog."


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: He starred as Bob Gaudio in the Broadway production of "Jersey Boys" from January 10, 2008 to January 11, 2009. before starring in "Happiness", a musical which ran Off-Broadway at Lincoln Center Theater's Mitzi E. Newhouse Theater for fourteen weeks beginning on February 27, 2009. He resumed the role of Bob Gaudio in the Broadway production of "Jersey Boys" on July 14, 2009 and finished the role on October 10, 2010.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: He originated the role of Buddy in "Elf the Musical" for a limited engagement run from November 10, 2010, through January 2, 2011, at Broadway's Al Hirschfeld Theater.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: He assumed the role of Jack Chesney in "Where's Charley?" in a concert production as part of New York City Center's Encores! series from March 17–20, 2011. From May 6 through June 19, 2011, took part in the original stage production of "A Time to Kill", premiering at the Arena Stage in Washington, D.C., based on the John Grisham novel of the same name; Arcelus originated the role of Jake Brigance. Later that summer, Arcelus filmed and helped produce the independent feature film "The Last Day of August", which premiered in October 2012. In November 2011, Arcelus starred in an off-Broadway limited engagement musical production of "The Blue Flower" at Second Stage, along with Marc Kudisch and Teal Wicks.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: In 2012, Arcelus starred in the independent film "The Last Day of August". Later that year, he was cast as Lucas Goodwin in the Netflix TV series "House of Cards". From 2013 to 2016, he had a recurring role in the show's first, second, and fourth seasons. In 2013, Arcelus reprised his role of Jake Brigance in the Broadway production of "A Time To Kill" at the Golden Theatre in New York City, which premiered on October 20, 2013.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: As part of the collective The Grundleshotz, Arcelus co-wrote the musical "Gettin' the Band Back Together". Following four years of improvisational rehearsals, the musical debuted regionally in 2013 at the George Street Playhouse in New Jersey before receiving a pre-Broadway workshop in 2014. The musical played on Broadway at the Belasco Theatre during Summer 2018.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: In early 2014, he was cast in the Cinemax pilot "Blanco". Soon after, he also joined the cast "The Best of Me", based on the Nicholas Sparks novel of the same name.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: In 2014, he began portraying Jay Whitman on the CBS drama "Madam Secretary." After having a recurring role during the first two seasons of the show, Arcelus became part of the main cast for the final four seasons of the show; he acted in one hundred episodes before the series concluded in December 2019.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Since 2014, Arcelus has also had small roles in the films "Ted 2" (2015) and "Split" (2016), as well as guest roles in shows including "The Leftovers", "FBI", and "Bull". He joined the cast of the Steve McQueen miniseries "Codes of Conduct", which was given a limited series order by HBO in 2015. The project was ultimately scrapped by the network the following year. In 2016, Arcelus had a six-episode arc in HBO's "The Deuce."


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: In August 2022, it was announced that Arcelus would return to Broadway by replacing Brian d'Arcy James as the Baker in the revival of "Into the Woods" beginning September 6 and that he would star alongside his wife Stephanie J. Block who plays the Baker's Wife. He played his final performance on October 23, 2022. In December 2022, it was announced that Arcelus and Block would reprise their roles in the production's U.S. national tour, which is scheduled to launch in early 2023. During the same month, it was announced that Arcelus would also return to the Broadway production beginning January 3, 2023 and continue with the show through its final performance on January 8.


title: Sebastian Arcelus

text: Arcelus married his "Wicked" co-star Stephanie J. Block in 2007. Block played Elphaba in "Wicked", both on the national tour and on Broadway. Their daughter Vivienne Helena Arcelus was born on January 19, 2015.


title: Vincent Hughes

text: Vincent J. Hughes (born October 26, 1956) is a Democratic member of the Pennsylvania State Senate, representing the 7th District since 1994. Hughes previously served as a member of the Pennsylvania House of Representatives from the 190th District from 1987 to 1994.


title: Vincent Hughes

text: Hughes was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, to James and Ann (née Adams) Hughes. After attending Temple University, he worked as library administrator at the University of Pennsylvania and was an official of District Council 47 of the American Federation of State, County and Municipal Employees.


title: Vincent Hughes

text: In 1984, Hughes unsuccessfully ran for the Pennsylvania House of Representatives in the 190th District, losing to longtime incumbent James Barber in the Democratic primary. He challenged Barber again in 1986, and finally won the nomination. In the general election, he defeated his Republican opponent, Sandra R. Kellar, by a margin of 89%-11%. As a member of the State House, he served as chairman the Pennsylvania Legislative Black Caucus from 1991 to 1994.


title: Vincent Hughes

text: After Chaka Fattah resigned to run for the U.S. House of Representatives, Hughes was elected to succeed him as State Senator from the 7th District in a special election on November 21, 1994. As a member of the State Senate, he has served as Deputy Minority Whip (2005-2006), Minority Caucus Secretary (2007-2008), Minority Caucus Chair (2009-2010). He was elected Minority Chair of the Appropriations Committee in 2011.


title: Vincent Hughes

text: In February 2012, Hughes voted in favor of House Bill 1950. This bill significantly reduces the rights of municipalities to defend themselves against health risks posed by gas drilling.


title: Vincent Hughes

text: Hughes is a trustee of the Mt. Carmel Baptist Church. Hughes met actress, singer, and activist Sheryl Lee Ralph in 2003. The couple married in 2005. Hughes had two children from a previous marriage, as did Ralph.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Leslie Bricusse OBE (; 29 January 1931 – 19 October 2021) was a British composer, lyricist, and playwright who worked on theatre musicals and wrote theme music for films. He was best known for writing the music and lyrics for the films "Doctor Dolittle", "Goodbye, Mr. Chips", "Scrooge", "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory", "", the songs "Goldfinger", "You Only Live Twice", "Can You Read My Mind (Love Theme)" (with John Williams) from "Superman", and "Le Jazz Hot!" with Henry Mancini from "Victor/Victoria".


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Born in Pinner, Middlesex, now the London Borough of Harrow. Bricusse was educated at University College School in London and then at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. While at Cambridge, he was Secretary of Footlights between 1952 and 1953 and Footlights President during the following year. It was during his college drama career that he began working for Beatrice Lillie.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, Bricusse enjoyed a fruitful partnership with Anthony Newley. They wrote the musical "Stop the World – I Want to Get Off" (1961), which was the basis for a 1966 film version. Also in collaboration with Newley, Bricusse wrote the show "The Roar of the Greasepaint – The Smell of the Crowd" (1965) and music for the film "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory" (1971), based on the children's book "Charlie and the Chocolate Factory" by Roald Dahl. For the latter, they received an Academy Award nomination for Best Original Song Score. When he collaborated with Newley, the two men referred to themselves as the team of "Brickman and Newburg", with "Newburg" concentrating mainly on the music and "Brickman" on the lyrics. Ian Fraser often did their arrangements.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Working solely as a lyricist, he collaborated with composer Cyril Ornadel on "Pickwick" (1963), based on Charles Dickens' "The Pickwick Papers", a successful vehicle for Harry Secombe. His later collaborators included Henry Mancini ("Victor/Victoria" in 1982 and "" in 1992) and John Williams ("Hook" in 1991).


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: As composer and lyricist he scored the film, "Doctor Dolittle" (1967), which flopped at the box-office, receiving an Academy Award for Best Original Song ("Talk to the Animals"), and "Goodbye, Mr. Chips" (1969).


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Sammy Davis Jr. had hits with two songs by Bricusse, "What Kind of Fool Am I?" (from "Stop the World - I Want to Get Off") and "The Candy Man" (from "Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory") which became a No. 1 hit.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Other recording artists who recorded successful versions of his songs include Nina Simone ("Feeling Good"), Matt Monro and Frank Sinatra ("My Kind of Girl"), Shirley Bassey ("Goldfinger"), Harry Secombe ("If I Ruled the World"), Nancy Sinatra ("You Only Live Twice"), The Turtles ("A Guide for the Married Man"), Maureen McGovern ("Can You Read My Mind"), and Diana Krall ("When I Look in Your Eyes").


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Bricusse partnered with George Tipton to write the opening theme of the American television sitcom "It's a Living".


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: "Pure Imagination: The World of Anthony Newley and Leslie Bricusse", devised and directed by Bruce Kimmel, opened at the Pacific Resident Theatre in Venice, California, on 7 December 2013. In 2015, it went to the St James Theatre, London.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: On 29 October 2001, he was awarded the OBE for services to the film industry and the theatre from Queen Elizabeth II at a Buckingham Palace investiture ceremony.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: In 2015, he released a memoir entitled ""Pure Imagination: A Sorta-Biography"," with a foreword by Elton John.


title: Leslie Bricusse

text: Bricusse resided in California and also had a flat in the United Kingdom next to the River Thames. He was married to Yvonne "Evie" Romain, who had a successful acting career in TV and movies, eventually starring in the 1967 film "Double Trouble" opposite Elvis Presley. They had a son, Adam.


title: Civilization IV

text: Civilization IV (also known as Sid Meier's Civilization IV) is a 4X turn-based strategy computer game and the fourth installment of the "Civilization" series, and designed by Soren Johnson under the direction of Sid Meier and his video game development studio Firaxis Games. It was released in North America, Europe, and Australia, between October 25 and November 4, 2005, and followed by "Civilization V".


title: Civilization IV

text: "Civilization IV" uses the 4X empire-building model for turn-based strategy gameplay, in which the player's main objective is to construct a civilization from limited initial resources. Most standard full-length games start the player with a settler unit and/or a city unit in the year 4000 BC. As with other games in the series, there are by default five objectives the player can pursue in order to finish the game: conquering all other civilizations, controlling a supermajority of the game world's land and population, building and sending the first sleeper ship to the Alpha Centauri star system, increasing the "Culture ratings" of at least three different cities to "legendary" levels, or winning a "World Leader" popularity contest by the United Nations. If the time limit for the game is reached and none of the previous goals has been fulfilled by any players including game AI players, the civilization with the highest total game score is declared winner. A large departure from earlier "Civilization" games is a new graphics engine created from scratch, based on the Gamebryo engine by Numerical Design Limited (NDL).


title: Civilization IV

text: The game has received critical acclaim and was hailed as an exemplary product of one of the leading video game producers in the turn-based strategy genre, and has been listed as one of the best video games of all time. "Civilization IV" sold over 3 million copies by 2008 and won multiple awards, including several Game of the Year awards. Its title song, "Baba Yetu", was the first piece of video game music to win a Grammy Award. Two major expansions were released, "" and "", as well as the stand-alone expansion pack "", which were all combined in 2009 into one release edition titled "Sid Meier's Civilization IV: The Complete Edition".


title: Civilization IV

text: "Civilization IV" follows some of the 4X model of turn-based strategy games, a genre in which players control an empire and "explore, expand, exploit, and exterminate", by having the player attempt to lead a modest group of peoples from a base with initially scarce resources into a successful empire or civilization. The condition for winning the game is accomplished through one of the five ways: militarily defeating all other civilizations in the game world, controlling over two-thirds of the game world's land and population, building the first spaceship in the Space Age and sending it to Alpha Centauri, having the most dominant Culture ratings over other civilizations, or becoming "World Leader" through the United Nations votes. Additionally, there are multiple game scores for each civilization throughout the game based on the actions of each civilization and a number of different factors, allowing for a win condition based on the total of these points if the game timer runs out. The game can be played in multiple modes: as a single player facing against one or more computer-controlled opponents, in hot seat mode, or through online multiplayer games.


title: Civilization IV

text: As with other turn-based strategy video games, the player can customize the look and feel of their game world as well as the difficulty of any game AI players before the game starts. Each map space has a terrain type, such as plains, tundra, or desert, that affects the available resources players can extract from their environments and the movements of certain units through that terrain. The player is then given a total of 18 different civilizations to choose from, each with their own pros and cons, plus a leader avatar, an initial set of civilization technology, and any units unique to that civilization. When the game starts, however, it chooses random locations to place across a predefined square grid map. Like other strategy games, "Civilization IV" has a fog of war feature, in which unexplored territory remains darkened and territories without any units stationed on its designated square is shaded with darker colors.


title: Civilization IV

text: Most units that the player can generate and use are military units, with certain attributes such as combat strength and movement rate particular to each military type. Each unit can gain experience through combat, which later translates into promotions that the player can use to assign military units new bonuses. Initially, most combat takes place on land, but further advancements in the game's technology tree can allow the player to build ships and planes with which to fight battles on sea and in the air. Any number of units can be stacked onto a single space and move as a group if so assigned, but the overall combat phase is resolved by one-on-one unit battles.


title: Civilization IV

text: Combat is initiated when moving military units are moved onto the square occupied by an opposing force's military units and cities, and combat is then resolved with calculating statistics of each unit combined with some random chance. Defeated units are removed from the game (apart from workers and settlers, which are captured by the attacking force), and any attacking units that are able to defeat the last defending military unit on a space will move to occupy that space. If the space is occupied by a city the player may choose to occupy and capture the city as their own or raze it. Other than combat, military units can also be assigned to fortify a specific space, perform sentry duties, destroy enemy city improvements, or explore the game world.


title: Civilization IV

text: Non-military units include settlers who are used to found cities, workers who are used to improve space and gather resources, spies who can perform counterintelligence and espionage, and religious missionaries who can be sent to convert different civilizations and cities. Also, with the Beyond the Sword expansion, new units are added such as executives, who can spread corporations to new cities. Throughout the game, players may also generate a special unit called a "Great Person". These are named after historical figures and can be used for one-time advantage boosts in various ways; examples include Great Engineers who increase overall production levels and Great Scientists who improve technology. Assigning inhabitants of cities to work as 'specialists' (scientists, engineers, artists, spies, merchants or priests), building certain wonders or discovering certain technologies can improve the rate at which Great People are generated. Great Generals are generated when a player's forces achieve a certain number of victories, and can be used either to give a small amount of extra experience to all units trained in a city, or a very high level of experience to one unit. However, like other units, Great People of all kinds can be attacked and killed before the players can use them.


title: Civilization IV

text: Once a city is founded, it will automatically begin extracting resources from surrounding spaces; the amount of spaces it can extract from is determined by the city's population size. The game automatically allocates the spaces a city uses and how its resources are maintained as the city grows, but the player is free to manage the city directly. This feature can be utilized to turn a part of the population into one of several specialized occupations; at the cost of having one less space from the city, these specialists increase gathering and production of the resources of their targeted specializations.


title: Civilization IV

text: Each city can only produce one military unit or one building at a time; any additional units or buildings are placed into a queue. The rate of construction is determined by the amount of material collected from the surrounding spaces; players can also choose to speed production by sacrificing gold or population if they adopt the required governmental policy; called civics. The player can instead specialize the city towards gathering a particular resource instead of constructing additional units or buildings. Also, in order to produce some units or buildings, certain resources must be collected within the empire and connected to the empires trade network by roads or harbours (for example, horses are needed for mounted units, and iron for swords, while stone or marble increase production of certain Wonders.).


title: Civilization IV

text: Buildings perform any number of different functions depending on building type; for example, early buildings such as granaries improve food storage to boost the city's growth and barracks produce better military units, while later buildings such as factories increase general production levels. There are also a number of unique buildings throughout the game. Most notable are World Wonders, which can be accessed through research nodes in the technology tree and construction through the worker unit. World Wonders provide advantages that are unique to each civilization, as they are limited to only one or two players.


title: Civilization IV

text: Through buildings and specialists, each city also generates the "Culture" resource that contributes towards both the area upon which the city can influence for extracting resources and the overall civilization's cultural value. When two cities of different civilizations are adjacent to each other, the culture values of each city influences the space they can control; it is even possible that a city close to another civilization's city will join that civilization if their culture is strong enough. The high levels of culture gathering and attainment are also one of the default conditions that can be used to win the game.


title: Civilization IV

text: Once the first city has been founded, the player can select their first technology node from the game's technology tree to research, once the required number of research points have been accumulated, the technology is obtained. As with other types of technology trees, more advanced technology nodes require the research of other previous technology nodes. The player can also select a future technology and immediately place into the game queue any technology nodes between the current technology level and the specified technology node. Technology can also determine another win condition; several endgame technology nodes are required to develop a colony ship to reach Alpha Centauri.


title: Civilization IV

text: Within the technology tree are technology nodes relating to government civics and state religions, each with their own pros and cons. The player has the option of selecting which set of government civics or state religions that the player wants their civilization to follow, but not all civics and religions can be encompassed.


title: Civilization IV

text: Once the player has formally met another civilization, they can perform diplomacy at any time. For example, if the two civilizations are on friendly terms, the player can ask to trade units and/or technology for gold and vice versa, or request opening of national borders in order to freely explore in the other civilization's territories. The player can also use the diplomacy menu to request help in a war against a third civilization, or formally declare war on any civilization in which they engage diplomacy.


title: Civilization IV

text: Religion plays a much more important role in "Civilization IV" than in the previous installments of the franchise. Impacting many of the game's key mechanics like government civics and diplomatic relations, the game's new religious system, according to Firaxis Games producer Barry Caudill, was added to increase gameplay depth over the entire game. The game features seven religions (Buddhism, Christianity, Confucianism, Hinduism, Islam, Judaism, and Taoism) that are founded by the first civilization to research a certain technology which varies per religion. Religions can then be spread actively through the production of missionary units or passively through means such as trade routes. Religions may be spread to domestic and foreign cities and there is no limit to the number of religions that can be present in any single city. The player may only choose one state religion at a time and all seven offer identical advantages (e.g. cities with the state religion receive bonuses in happiness, and potentially in production, science, gold and even military unit experience points).


title: Civilization IV

text: "Civilization IV" is much more open to modification than its predecessors were. Game data and rules are stored in XML files, and a Software Development Kit was released in April 2006 to allow customization of game AI. The map editor supports Python.


title: Civilization IV

text: The World Builder allows a player to either design a map from scratch or edit a preloaded template map as a starting point for a new game. The player can modify the map by placing and modifying any number of rivers, landmasses, mountains, resources, units, and cities, as well as their attributes such as Culture generation. The World Builder for "Civilization IV" is in-game, in contrast to previous "Civilization" games where the Map Editor was an external application.


title: Civilization IV

text: More game attributes are stored in XML files, which can be edited with an external text editor or application. On September 20, 2005, Firaxis Games senior producer Barry Caudill stated that "[e]diting these files will allow players to tweak simple game rules and change or add content. For instance, they can add new unit or building types, change the cost of wonders, or add new civilizations. Players can also change the sounds played at certain times or edit the play list for your soundtrack."


title: Civilization IV

text: The "Civilization IV" software development kit was released on April 13, 2006, to coincide with the release of the v1.61 patch. The kit allows players to view, modify, or even completely re-write the game's DLL source code, enabling the modification of the game's AI and other integral parts of the game that were previously not accessible.


title: Civilization IV

text: The game engine for "Civilization IV" was built entirely from scratch, with some help from NDL's Gamebryo engine. This decision resulted in a full 3D immersion of the game, which was the first in the series, and which allowed easier readability and smoother, more in-depth zooming capabilities. Some of the quotes relating to the technology tree and narration for the game were provided by Leonard Nimoy. The soundtrack for the game features compositions of Medieval, Renaissance, and Baroque origin, and design for the title music was influenced by "The Lion King". Composer Christopher Tin wrote the opening theme song "Baba Yetu" ("Swahili" "Our Father"), a rendition of the Lord's Prayer, which was performed by Stanford University's Talisman A Cappella. The song, when rereleased, became the first piece of video game music to be nominated for and to win a Grammy Award.


title: Civilization IV

text: The game had a viral marketing campaign, revolving around a fictitious self-help organization known as Civilization Anonymous (shortened to CivAnon), the intention being to satirise how addictive the game was. With the slogan "No More Turns", the premise was the following: "Rumors have begun to circulate that the newest edition of the "One More Turn" franchise is on its way. STAY AWAY from this game at all costs. You will likely be powerless to its extreme addictive properties once exposed". Various characters were created, and their scenarios were included in various trailers showing the "inside [of] a Civanon meeting for [Civilization] addicts," the first of which being played during E3 2005 once an hour at the 2K Games booth. These "video testimonials of supposedly recovering Civilization addicts" also featured cameos by Sid Meier. In addition to this, an "official" website was created by 2K Games with extra content. The Civilization Anonymous campaign was brought back for the following game Civilization V. Break described the campaign as "hilarious", while Kotaku described it as a "great promotional campaign" that "comes across as terrifyingly realistic". Destructoid shared this view, saying the support group campaign is "a clever marketing tool", but wishing it existed as "we all know there really are people who suffer from one-more-turn-itis". VantureBeat said the campaign was "incredibly clever and funny", adding "what made it so powerful was not the near-flawless execution and fine detail; it was the fact that it could have been real". 'Ctrl-Alt-Play: Essays on Control in Video Gaming' noted the spoof highlighted the series' "hyper-addictive turn-based gameplay". As part of the Civilization V version of the campaign, 2K Games asked Civilization addicts to submit stories via video in order to win $2,500 and a "framed, limited edition Civilization Anonymous poster signed by Firaxis Games". The 2010 version was "updated for modern concerns, like the franchise's broader audience and iPhone editions of the game acting as a gateway drug."


title: Civilization IV

text: "Civilization IV" was published for the Windows and Mac OS X platforms. Aspyr released the Mac OS X version in June 2006, and a Mac digital version was released January 2010 on gameagent.com. Users who quickly purchased the game after initial release reported having problems playing the game on particular sets of video drivers, which were later resolved by a Firaxis patch, according to GameSpy. By the end of March 2008, the game sold over three million units. Firaxis Games has also published two expansion packs for "Civilization IV", entitled "" and "". A remake of the original 1994 "Sid Meier's Colonization", rebuilt with "Civilization IV"'s game engine and titled "", was released for Mac and PC as a standalone game and later bundled with the two expansions as "Civilization IV: The Complete Edition".


title: Civilization IV

text: "Civilization IV" was a commercial success, and sold more than 1 million units by mid-March 2006. By that time, it had held a top-10 position on every weekly computer game sales chart released by The NPD Group since the game's launch. NPD declared "Civilization IV" the 11th-best-selling computer game of 2005, and it rose to ninth place on the firm's annual computer game sales chart for the following year. It returned to NPD's year-end top 20 in 2008 with a 13th-place finish. The game also received a "Silver" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 100,000 copies in the United Kingdom. According to Take-Two Interactive, sales of "Civilization IV" surpassed 3 million units by March 2008.


title: Civilization IV

text: "Civilization IV" received universal critical acclaim with an aggregate score of 94 on Metacritic and an aggregate score of 93.36% on GameRankings. Critics such as GameSpot's Andrew Park praised not only the improvements in the turn-based strategy genre that carried over from other installments in the series, but also noted the game's more advanced 3D computer graphics, difficult AI opponents, and multiplayer feature. "The Times" praised the improvements of the 3D engine used to generally build the game, and GameGuru appreciated its ability to zoom onto individual squares. IGN commented that the game AI was much more intelligent than it was in "Civilization III", which designer Soren Johnson stated was thanks to their "secret pre-beta group" testing the game before release. Game Revolution remarked that "the multiplayer... actually works this time" and GameSpot added that both "single-player and multiplayer options have been improved in "Civ IV"."


title: Civilization IV

text: Though it had received mostly positive feedback, video game critics pointed out functions in the game which could have been improved to enhance their enjoyment of the game. Steve Butts from IGN suggested that in-game announcements about enemy achievements should be displayed more prominently, and that the multiplayer feature could have included "an option to save my username and password." Likewise, GameSpy's Dave Kosak pointed out other flaws of the multiplayer interface, stating that it "is a little rough in places. The built-in server browser, for instance, will keep jumping around the list as you try to find a game." GameSpot also noted the lack of a "religion-based victory condition", which downplayed the influence that the revamped religion system was supposed to have on the game.


title: Civilization IV

text: The editors of "Computer Games Magazine" named "Civilization IV" the best computer game of 2005, and presented it with their awards for "Best Strategy Game", "Best AI" and "Best Interface". They wrote, "It's a towering achievement, even for a series as revered as this one. Even for long-time fans of the series, playing "Civilization IV" is like discovering it for the very first time." "Civilization IV" also won "PC Gamer US"s "Best Turn-Based Strategy Game 2005" award. The magazine's Dan Stapleton called it "a huge facelift to a winning formula." It was nominated as "PC Gamer US"s "Best Multiplayer Game 2005" and overall game of the year, but lost in these categories to "Battlefield 2".


title: Playtone

text: Playtone (stylized on-screen as PLAY•TONE; a.k.a. The Playtone Company) is an American film and television production company established in 1998 by actor Tom Hanks and producer Gary Goetzman.


title: Playtone

text: It was named after the fictional record company of the same name in the 1996 film "That Thing You Do!", written and directed by Hanks; it also uses the same company logo, typically revealed on-screen with a brief instrumental snippet of the titular song itself, with some variations in each film depending on subject manner. The success of the film served as a spring-board to launch an actual Playtone Records label. Playtone has had an exclusive television development deal with HBO since the company was formed. Over the course of that time, Playtone's projects for HBO have won 46 Emmy Awards, while garnering 113 Emmy Award nominations.


title: Beothuk

text: The Beothuk ( or ; also spelled Beothuck) were a group of indigenous people who lived on the island of Newfoundland.


title: Beothuk

text: Beginning around AD 1500, the Beothuk culture formed. This appeared to be the most recent cultural manifestation of peoples who first migrated from Labrador to present-day Newfoundland around AD 1. The ancestors of this group had three earlier cultural phases, each lasting approximately 500 years.


title: Beothuk

text: The Beothuk lived throughout the island of Newfoundland, mostly in the Notre Dame and Bonavista Bay areas. Estimates vary as to the number of Beothuk at the time of contact with Europeans. Beothuk researcher Ingeborg Marshall has argued that a valid understanding of Beothuk history and culture is directly impacted by how and by whom historical records were created, pointing to the ethnocentric nature of European accounts as inherently unreliable. Scholars of the 19th and early 20th century estimated about 2,000 individuals at the time of European contact in the 15th century. There is purportedly good evidence that there may have been no more than 500 to 700 people. They lived in independent, self-sufficient, extended family groups of 30 to 55 people.


title: Beothuk

text: Like many other hunter-gatherers, they appear to have had band leaders but probably not more formal "chiefs". They lived in conical dwellings known as "mamateeks", which were fortified for the winter season. These were constructed by arranging poles in a circle, tying them at the top, and covering them with birch bark. The floors were dug with hollows used for sleeping. A fireplace was made at the centre.


title: Beothuk

text: During spring, the Beothuk used red ochre to paint not only their bodies but also their houses, canoes, weapons, household appliances, and musical instruments. This practice led Europeans to refer to them as "Red Indians". The use of ochre had great cultural significance. The decorating was done during an annual multi-day spring celebration. It designated tribal identity; for example, decorating newborn children was a way to welcome them into the tribe. Forbidding a person to wear ochre was a form of punishment.


title: Beothuk

text: Their main sources of food were caribou, salmon, and seals, augmented by harvesting other animal and plant species. The Beothuk followed the seasonal migratory habits of their principal quarry. In the fall, they set up deer fences, sometimes long, used to drive migrating caribou toward waiting hunters armed with bows and arrows.


title: Beothuk

text: The Beothuk are also known to have made a pudding out of tree sap and the dried yolk of the eggs of the great auk. They preserved surplus food for use during winter, trapped various fur-bearing animals, and worked their skins for warm clothing. The fur side was worn next to the skin, to trap air against a person's body.


title: Beothuk

text: Beothuk canoes were made of caribou or seal skin, and the bow of the canoe was stiffened with spruce bark. Canoes resembled kayaks and were said to be in length and in width with enough room to carry children, dogs and property.


title: Beothuk

text: The Beothuk followed elaborate burial practices. After wrapping the bodies in birch bark, they buried the dead in isolated locations. In one form, a shallow grave was covered with a rock pile. At other times they laid the body on a scaffold, or placed it in a burial box, with the knees folded. The survivors placed offerings at burial sites to accompany the dead, such as figurines, pendants, and replicas of tools.


title: Beothuk

text: About 1000 AD, Norse explorers encountered indigenous people in northern Newfoundland, who may have been ancestors of the later Beothuk, or Dorset inhabitants of Labrador and Newfoundland. The Norse called them "skrælingjar" ("skraelings"). Beginning in 1497, with the arrival of the Italian explorer John Cabot, sailing under the auspices of King Henry VII, waves of European explorers and settlers had more contacts.


title: Beothuk

text: Unlike some other indigenous groups, the Beothuk tried to avoid contact with Europeans; they moved inland as European settlements grew. The Beothuk visited their former camps only to pick up metal objects. They would also collect any tools, shelters, and building materials left by the European fishermen who had dried and cured their catch before taking it to Europe at the end of the season. Contact between Europeans and the Beothuk was usually negative for one side, with a few exceptions like John Guy's party in 1612. Settlers and the Beothuk competed for natural resources such as salmon, seals, and birds. In the interior, fur trappers established traplines, disrupted the caribou hunts, and ransacked Beothuk stores, camps and supplies. The Beothuk would steal traps to reuse the metals, and steal from the homes and shelters of European settlers and sometimes ambush them. These encounters led to enmity and mutual violence. With superior arms technology, the settlers generally had the upper hand in hunting and warfare. (Unlike other indigenous peoples, the Beothuk appeared to have had no interest in adopting firearms.)


title: Beothuk

text: Intermittently, Europeans attempted to improve relations with the Beothuk. Examples included expeditions by naval lieutenants George Cartwright in 1768 and David Buchan in 1811. Cartwright's expedition was commissioned by Governor Hugh Palliser; he found no Beothuk, but brought back important cultural information.


title: Beothuk

text: Governor John Duckworth commissioned Buchan's expedition. Although undertaken for information gathering, this expedition ended in violence. Buchan's party encountered several Beothuk near Red Indian Lake. After an initially friendly reception, Buchan left two of his men behind with the Beothuk. The next day, he found them murdered and mutilated. According to the Beothuk Shanawdithit's later account, the marines were killed when one refused to give up his jacket and both ran away.


title: Beothuk

text: The Beothuks avoided Europeans in Newfoundland by moving inland from their traditional settlements. First, they emigrated to different coastal areas of Newfoundland, places the Europeans did not have fish-camps, but they were over-run. Then, they emigrated to inland Newfoundland. The Beothuks' main food sources were caribou, fish, and seals; their emigration deprived them of two of these. This led to the over-hunting of caribou, leading to a decrease in the caribou population in Newfoundland. The Beothuks emigrated from their traditional land and lifestyle into ecosystems unable to support them, causing under-nourishment and, eventually, starvation.


title: Beothuk

text: Population estimates of Beothuks remaining at the end of the first decade of the 19th century vary widely, from about 150 up to 3,000. Information about the Beothuk was based on accounts by the woman Shanawdithit, who told about the people who "wintered on the Exploits River or at Red Indian Lake and resorted to the coast in Notre Dame Bay". References in records also noted some survivors on the Northern Peninsula in the early 19th century.


title: Beothuk

text: During the colonial period, the Beothuk people allegedly endured territorial pressure from Native groups: Mi'kmaq migrants from Cape Breton Island, and Inuit from Labrador. "The Beothuk were unable to procure sufficient subsistence within the areas left to them." This is, however, disputed by many historians and has since been come to be known as the "Mercenary Myth". Beothuk numbers dwindled rapidly due to a combination of factors, including:


title: Beothuk

text: Oral histories suggest a few Beothuk survived around the region of the Exploits River, Twillingate, Newfoundland; and Labrador; and formed unions with European colonists, Inuit and Mi'kmaq. Some families from Twillingate claim descent from the Beothuk people of the early 19th century.


title: Beothuk

text: In 1910, a 75-year-old indigenous woman named Santu Toney, claimed she was the daughter of a Mi'kmaq mother and a Beothuk father. She recorded a song in the Beothuk language for the American anthropologist Frank Speck. He was doing field studies in the area. She said her father taught her the song.


title: Beothuk

text: Since Santu Toney was born about 1835, this may be evidence some Beothuk people survived beyond the death of Shanawdithit in 1829. Contemporary researchers tried to transcribe the song, as well as improve the recording by current methods. Native groups learned the song to use in celebrations of tradition.


title: Beothuk

text: Historians sometimes disagree over what constitutes genocide, and their disagreements may be based on political agendas.


title: Beothuk

text: If a campaign of genocide occurred, it was explicitly without official sanction no later than 1769, any such action thereafter being in violation of Governor John Byron's proclamation criminalizing violence against the Beothuk, as well as the subsequent Proclamation issued by Governor John Holloway on July 30, 1807, which prohibited mistreatment of the Beothuk and offered a reward for any information on such mistreatment.


title: Beothuk

text: Several Beothuk were captured by settlers from the Newfoundland Colony during the early 19th century.


title: Beothuk

text: Demasduit was a Beothuk woman, about 23 years old at the time she was captured by a party led by the fisherman John Peyton Sr. near Red Indian Lake in March 1819.


title: Beothuk

text: The governor of the Newfoundland Colony was seeking to encourage trade and end hostilities with the Beothuk. He approved an expedition, to be led by the Scottish explorer David Buchan, to recover a boat and other fishing gear foraged by the Beothuk. Buchan was accompanied by two soldiers; the Beothuk mistakenly thought Buchan had hostile intentions and killed and decapitated the soldiers accompanying him.


title: Beothuk

text: In 1819, an armed party led by Peyton Sr, totaling about nine men (including Peyton Jr.), came upon a Beothuk camp looking for stolen fishing gear. The Beothuk scattered, although Demasduit was unable to escape and begged for mercy, exposing her breasts to show she was a nursing mother with child. Her husband, Nonosbawsut, confronted Peyton Sr. and his party, attempting to negotiate for the release of his wife. Peyton Sr. refused and a scuffle broke out between him and Nonosbawsut, resulting in the death of the latter. Peyton Sr. and his party took Demasduit to Twillingate, with her baby dying before they reached the settlement.


title: Beothuk

text: The settlers at the Newfound Colony named Demasduit "Mary March" after the month she was taken. Government agents took her to St. John's, Newfoundland. The colonial government hoped to make Demasduit comfortable while she was living in the colony so she might be a bridge between them and the Beothuk. Demasduit learned some English, and taught the settlers about 200 words of the Beothuk language. In January 1820, Demasduit was released to rejoin her people, but she died of tuberculosis on the voyage to Notre Dame Bay.


title: Beothuk

text: Shanawdithit was Demasduit's niece and the last known full-blooded Beothuk. In April 1823, she was in her early twenties. She, her mother, and sister sought food and help from a white trapper. They were starving. The three were taken to St. John's, but her mother and sister died of tuberculosis, an epidemic among the First Nations. Called "Nancy April" by the settlers, Shanawdithit lived for several years in the home of John Peyton Jr. as a servant.


title: Beothuk

text: The explorer William Cormack founded the Beothuk Institute in 1827 to foster friendly dealings with the Beothuk and support their culture. His expeditions found Beothuk artifacts but he also learned the society was dying out. Learning of Shanawdithit, in the winter 1828–1829, Cormack brought her to his centre so he could learn from her. He drew funds from his institute to pay for her support.


title: Beothuk

text: Shanawdithit made ten drawings for Cormack, some of which showed parts of the island, and others illustrated Beothuk implements and dwellings, along with Beothuk notions and myths. As she explained her drawings, she taught Cormack Beothuk vocabulary. She told him there were far fewer Beothuk than twenty years previously. To her knowledge, at the time she was taken, only a dozen Beothuk survived. Despite medical care from the doctor William Carson, Shanawdithit died of tuberculosis in St. John's on 6 June 1829. At the time, there was no European cure for the disease.


title: Beothuk

text: The area around eastern Notre Dame Bay, on the northeast coast of Newfoundland, contains numerous archeological sites containing material from indigenous cultures. One of them is the Boyd's Cove site. At the foot of a bay, it is protected by a maze of islands sheltering it from waves and winds. The site was found in 1981 during an archeological survey to locate Beothuk sites to study their artifacts for insight into Beothuk culture.


title: Beothuk

text: Records were too limited to answer questions about the people. Few record-keeping Europeans contacted the Beothuk, and information about them is limited. By contrast, peoples such as the Huron or the Mi'kmaq interacted with the French missionaries, who studied and taught them, and had extensive trade with French, Dutch and English merchants - all of whom made records of their encounters.


title: Beothuk

text: References document a Beothuk presence in the region of Notre Dame Bay in the last half of the 18th and early part of the 19th century. Previous archaeological surveys and amateur finds indicate it was likely the Beothuk lived in the area prior to European encounter. Eastern Notre Dame Bay is rich in animal and fish life: seals, fish, and seabirds, and its hinterland supported large caribou herds.


title: Beothuk

text: Archaeologists found sixteen Aboriginal sites, ranging in age from the Maritime Archaic era (7000 BC – modern) through the Palaeo-Eskimo period, down to the Recent Indian (including the Beothuk) occupation. Two of the sites are associated with the historical Beothuk. Boyd's Cove, the larger of the two, is and is on top of a glacial moraine. The coarse sand, gravel, and boulders were left behind by glaciers.


title: Beothuk

text: The artifacts provide answers to an economic question: why did the Beothuk avoid Europeans? The interiors of four houses and their environs produced some 1,157 nails, the majority of which were forged by the Beothuk. The site's occupants manufactured some sixty-seven projectile points (most made from nails and bones). They modified nails to use as what are believed to be scrapers to remove fat from animal hides, they straightened fish hooks and adapted them as awls, they fashioned lead into ornaments, and so on. In summary, the Boyd's Cove Beothuk took debris from an early modern European fishery and fashioned materials.


title: Beothuk

text: In 2007, DNA testing was conducted on material from the teeth of Demasduit and her husband Nonosabasut, two Beothuk individuals buried in the 1820s. The results assigned them to Haplogroup X (mtDNA) and Haplogroup C (mtDNA), respectively, which are also found in current Mi'kmaq populations in Newfoundland. DNA research indicates they were solely of First Nation indigenous maternal ancestry, unlike some earlier studies suggesting an indigenous/European hybrid. However, a 2011 analysis showed although the two Beothuk and living Mi'kmaq occur in the same haplogroups, SNP differences between Beothuk and Mi'kmaq individuals indicate they were dissimilar within those groups, and a 'close-relationship' theory was not supported.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: The Proposition is a 2005 Australian Western film directed by John Hillcoat and written by screenwriter and musician Nick Cave. It stars Guy Pearce, Ray Winstone, Emily Watson, John Hurt, Danny Huston and David Wenham. The film's production completed in 2004 and was followed by a wide 2005 release in Australia and a 2006 theatrical run in the U.S. through First Look Pictures. The film was shot on location in Winton, Queensland.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: In 1880s Australia, Charlie Burns (Guy Pearce) and his gang engage in a gunfight with the police. All of the gang members except for Charlie and his younger brother Mikey are killed. Captain Morris Stanley (Ray Winstone) tells Charlie that he will have Mikey executed by Christmas, which is in 9 days. Stanley offers to free both Mikey and Charlie if Charlie agrees to kill his older brother Arthur Burns (Danny Huston), a mercurial psychopath and infamous mass-murdering outlaw who is wanted for serial rapes and murder. Mikey remains in custody while Charlie sets out to kill their brother. During a raid, the police capture some Aboriginal people who, when questioned, claim that Arthur is actually a "dog man" and no one goes near his cave.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Riding in search of Arthur, Charlie comes to the charred remains of the Hopkins home, a family that was murdered and the wife raped by the Burns gang. Along the way, he encounters an inebriated old man named Jellon Lamb (John Hurt) in a cantina where the owner has been speared to death. Charlie realizes that Lamb is a bounty hunter in pursuit of the Burns brothers and knocks him out. Later on, Charlie awakes and is speared in the chest by a group of Aboriginal men standing over him. Just before passing out, he witnesses the man who speared him get his head blown off by an unseen assailant.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: In town, Eden Fletcher (David Wenham), who hired Stanley to "clean up" the area, orders that Mikey be given one hundred lashes as punishment for the rape and murder of the Hopkins family. Stanley is aghast at this, not only because he believes Mikey is not responsible for his actions and the flogging will kill him, but also because it will break his deal with Charlie and bring the Burns gang's revenge upon him and his wife. Stanley sends Sergeant Lawrence away with tracker Jacko (David Gulpilil) and other men to "investigate" the reported slaying of Dan O'Riley (the dead man in the cantina) by a group of Aboriginal people.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Charlie wakes up in his brother Arthur's camp, located in caves among desolate mountains. Arthur's gang consists of Samuel Stoat (Tom Budge), a woman named Queenie (Leah Purcell) who tends to Charlie's wound, and an Aboriginal man called Two-Bob (Tom E. Lewis). Arthur apparently will sit alone for long periods of time in a catatonic, alienated, psychopathic state; appearing psychologically dead or dormant. As he recovers from his wounds, Arthur slowly is activated and Charlie is given several opportunities to kill his brother, but does not. He lies and tells Arthur that Mikey is not with him because he has met a woman.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Captain Stanley attempts to defend Mikey at gunpoint from the bloodthirsty townspeople, but is overruled once Martha arrives, insisting on revenge for her dead friends. Mikey is flogged and fatally wounded. The townspeople grow tired and eventually disturbed at the excessive display, Martha faints, and Stanley flings the bloody whip at Fletcher, who fires him. Back at the abandoned cantina, Sergeant Lawrence and his men have found and massacred a group of Aboriginal people. Arthur and Two-Bob find Lawrence's group while they sleep. Arthur’s psychopathy is now fully triggered, revealing himself to be a cunning murderer, and he kills Jacko. Before Arthur kills Lawrence, he tells Arthur that Charlie has been sent to kill him. Arthur doesn’t care and proceeds to stomp Lawrence to death with his boot.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Jellon Lamb enters Arthur's camp and ties up Samuel and Charlie, both of whom are sleeping. Lamb is shot in the stomach by the returning Two-Bob. Arthur begins to sadistically torture Lamb to death with his knife slowly while Lamb is still alive; in disgust Charlie points his revolver at Arthur, but instead shoots Lamb in the head, putting him out of his misery. In a confession to Charlie, Arthur acknowledges his disturbed nature and addiction to murder as a sickness, sensing his brother’s disapproval and asking for mercy and sympathy. Charlie finally informs Arthur that Mikey is in custody and is set to hang. Charlie decides to break out Mikey; Arthur, Samuel and Charlie ride into town dressed in the clothes taken from the officers Arthur and Two-Bob had killed, while Two-Bob poses as an Aboriginal man they have captured. Once at the jail, the men free Mikey, and Charlie and Two-Bob ride off with him, but the badly injured Mikey dies in Charlie's arms. Arthur and Samuel remain to behead the two officers in the jail.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Stanley fears retribution and makes preparations, but he and Martha let their guard down to have a peaceful Christmas dinner. Once they begin, Arthur and Samuel shoot open the door and invade their home. Arthur pulls Stanley into another room and brutally beats him. Samuel drags Martha inside, and Arthur has Stanley watch as Samuel begins to rape Martha. Charlie walks in and informs Arthur of Mikey's death; Arthur ignores him and encourages Charlie to listen to Samuel's beautiful singing. Charlie shoots Samuel in the head, killing him, and then shoots Arthur once in the stomach and then again, fatally in the heart. Arthur staggers out of the house and Charlie follows to find him seated on the ground, dying. In a moment of forgiveness and gesture of brotherly love, Charlie sits next to Arthur to watch the sunset. Arthur asks Charlie what he will do next, and dies after his question is answered with stoic silence.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: The film's soundtrack, titled "The Proposition", was released shortly after the film in October 2005. The music was composed and performed by Nick Cave and violinist Warren Ellis.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: All tracks are directly reproduced from the musical interludes in the film, and feature little alteration from the film score. Many songs on the album are slow-tempo and ballad-like, and the violin work of Warren Ellis becomes the central voice of the album for much of the time. The album is instrumentally focused, and is a departure from Cave's band-oriented compositions. Cave's unusual vocal performances on the "Rider" trilogy of songs brings a particularly haunting and uneasy tone to the album.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: "The Proposition" received a Limited release in North America opening in 3 theatres and grossed $32,681, with an average of $10,893 per theatre and ranking #46 at the box office. The widest release in the United States for the film was 200 theatres and it ended up earning $1,903,434. The film also grossed $3,145,259 internationally including $1,567,266 in Australia and $1,157,037 in the United Kingdom for a total of $5,048,693.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: The Proposition received highly positive reviews from professional film critics and has a "Certified Fresh" score of 85% on Rotten Tomatoes based on 129 reviews, with an average rating of 7.30/10. The critical consensus states: "Brutal, unflinching, and violent, but thought-provoking and with excellent performances, this Australian western is the one of the best examples of the genre to come along in recent times." The film also has a score of 73 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 31 critics indicating "Generally favorable reviews".


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: "At the Movies" critic Margaret Pomeranz called it an "extraordinary film [that] explores the elliptical nature of class, race, colonisation and family. … All the performances are strong but once again Guy Pearce brings a strange power to Charlie and Ray Winstone is truly fine as Stanley. And Danny Huston is oddly perfect as Arthur. It’s a strange, unsettling film, ultimately quite moving, it’s impossible not to respond to it strongly. It’s not an easy access film. It’s violent and the motivation of the characters is sometimes oblique."


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Co-host David Stratton thought that "The Proposition" was "a fascinating depiction of the outback in this period, and I've never seen an Australian film which told what is basically a bushranging story in such an unusual way. So, it has a lot of originality there. And it has fine performances. I thought Danny Huston was extraordinary, actually. He's an actor I usually don't respond to, but I thought he was excellent in this role. So, there's a lot of intriguing elements to this film, but I did find the violence almost unwatchable."


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Roger Ebert, giving it 4 out of a possible 4 stars, described the film as "A movie you cannot turn away from; it is so pitiless and uncompromising, so filled with pathos and disregarded innocence, that it is a record of those things we pray to be delivered from." AM New York, "The Austin Chronicle" and Entertainment Insider also gave the film 4/4 stars.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Ty Burr of "The Boston Globe" acclaimed the film as "a near-masterpiece of mood and menace, and one that deserves to be seen on the largest screen possible".


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: J.R. Jones of the "Chicago Reader" said: "This Aussie feature perfectly re-creates the charbroiled landscapes and cruel psychodrama of the old Sergio Leone westerns, with John Hurt particularly fine as a raging old mountain goat." Lisa Schwarzbaum of "Entertainment Weekly" opined the film as "a pitiless yet elegiac Australian Western as caked with beauty as it is with blood."


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Joe Morgenstern of "The Wall Street Journal" labelled the film "a visionary tale of a fragile civilizing impulse crushed by family loyalty and a lust for revenge in the vast Outback of the late 19th century."


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Nick Rogers of Suite101.com remarked: "John Hillcoat's violence-probing Western feels as uncompromisingly bleak, royally widescreen and graphically violent as any Sam Peckinpah opus - a sunburned, grimy-nailed saga of point-blank executions and blood wrung from a cat o' nine tails."


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Chris Barsanti of the "Film Journal International" called it "the finest, strangest and most uncompromising western to hit screens since "Unforgiven"."


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Three acclaimed Indigenous Australian actors (David Gulpilil, Tom E. Lewis and Leah Purcell) have supporting roles in the film.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: As noted in behind-the-scenes features included on "The Proposition" DVD, the film is regarded as uncommonly accurate in depicting indigenous Australian culture of the late 19th century, and when filming in the outback, the cast and crew took great pains to follow the advice of indigenous consultants. In an interview included on the DVD, Lewis even compares the depiction of indigenous cultures in "The Proposition" to the landmark film "The Chant of Jimmie Blacksmith" (1978), which Lewis starred in.


title: The Proposition (2005 film)

text: Tartan Video's Region 2 DVD release in the UK was a two-disc release and contains these additional features: audio commentary by Nick Cave and John Hillcoat on disc 1, exclusive interviews with Guy Pearce and Danny Huston (25 minutes), a "meet the cast and crew" feature (35 minutes), a "making of" feature (118 minutes) and a theatrical trailer on disc 2.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: Romance is the second studio album by Cuban-American singer and songwriter Camila Cabello. It was released on December 6, 2019, through Epic Records and Syco Music. The singer recorded the album from November 2018 to September 2019. It was produced by Frank Dukes, Louis Bell, the Monsters and the Strangerz, John Hill, Andrew Watt, and Finneas, among others. Cabello finished recording "Romance" on October 31, 2019, and the next day submitted the masters for the album. On November 13, Cabello announced that the album would be released on December 6, 2019. Musically, it is a pop record that contains R&B, Latin pop, and rock influences.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Romance" was supported by seven singles: the double lead singles "Liar" (which peaked at number 52 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100) and "Shameless" (which peaked at number 60 on the same chart), "Cry for Me", "Easy", "Living Proof", "My Oh My" (featuring American rapper DaBaby) and "First Man". The album also includes the US Hot 100 number-one single "Señorita", Cabello's duet with Canadian singer Shawn Mendes, from the deluxe edition of Mendes' self-titled third studio album (2019). The album's CD editions did not include the track "My Oh My".


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Romance" received generally positive reviews from music critics and debuted at number one in Canada, number three in the US, and in the top ten in several other countries including Australia, Mexico and New Zealand. To promote the album, Cabello was set to embark on The Romance Tour, starting with Europe and then North America. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in May 2020, for selling one million album-equivalent units in the United States, becoming Cabello's second album to do so, following 2018's "Camila".


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: After the release of Cabello's debut album, "Camila" (2018), Brian Lee and Louis Bell told MTV News that they were already looking ahead to her next project. Bell said he imagines she will work on her second album during her then-upcoming tour, saying they will send ideas back and forth from April until June when they will finally be able to get into the studio together. He wants to give the second album a "more mature progression," but ultimately, the new songs will depend on Cabello. On September 1, 2019, Cabello posted a teaser clip on her Instagram revealing the name of the album. The first installment was revealed on September 5. On October 31, 2019, she announced that the album was completed. Cabello began teasing the album's release on November 12, 2019. by posting parts of the album's cover art. Cabello formally announced the album's release the next day. On November 26, 2019, the entire standard edition of the album leaked online, just over a week before its release. Cabello revealed the album's track list on November 29, 2019. The album was released on December 6, 2019, with pre-orders beginning on November 15.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: The album mainly focuses on love and Cabello wanted to focus on that for this album, Cabello immediately knew she wanted to name the album Romance. "Romance" was recorded in a period of 10 months between November 2018 and October 31, 2019. Cabello wrote over 80 songs for the album during this period.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: Musically, "Romance" is a pop record with influences of R&B, Latin pop and rock. Lyrically, Cabello described the album as "sounding like what falling in love feels like". Additionally, much of the album was inspired by Cabello's relationship with Canadian singer Shawn Mendes.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: The opening track of the album, "Shameless", is a power pop-punk and pop-rock song about the fear of exploring new love. "Living Proof" is a pop song about Cabello's relationship with her lover, expressed through religious imagery. "Should've Said It" is a latin-pop rock song about a former partner coming back for a second chance at love. "My Oh My" featuring DaBaby is a pop-rap, reggaeton-pop and R&B song. The song is about a fling that Cabello's family doesn't approve of. Cabello's collaboration with Mendes, "Señorita", is a latin-pop song about a couple's deep lust for one and other. "Liar" is a latin-pop song with flamenco and latin trap elements and a ska-pop chorus. The song is about romantic feelings taking over ones self. "Bad Kind of Butterflies", a pop song, is about the anxiety that comes with being in love with two people. "Easy" is a pop ballad about finding true love for the first time and how someone can help their partner love themselves. "Feel It Twice" is a ballad about rejecting a former lover. "Dream of You" is a ballad about loving somebody no matter what. "Cry for Me" is a pop-rock song about being jealous of an ex-partner. "This Love" is described as an old-school R&B-rock ballad. The song is about an indecisive lover. "Used to This" is about Cabello's first date with Mendes in San Francisco. "First Man" is a pop-rock piano ballad. Cabello wrote the song about her relationship with her dad while she is in a romantic relationship with a "good guy".


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Shameless" and "Liar" were released on September 5, 2019, as the lead singles from the album. "Shameless" reached the top 50 in the United Kingdom, Belgium, Canada, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Taiwan, Scotland, Singapore and Slovakia, and peaked at number 60 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Commercially, "Liar" was certified platinum on September 14, 2020, by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and it has topped the charts in Poland while reaching the top 10 in Bulgaria, Israel, Lithuania, Netherlands, and Venezuela, the top 20 in Belgium, Croatia, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Latvia, Malaysia, Scotland, Singapore, Slovakia and Slovenia; as well as the top 40 in Australia, Canada, the Czech Republic, Mexico, New Zealand, Norway, Romania and the United Kingdom, and peaked at number 52 in the US. Both songs received music videos. The Henry Schofield-directed "Shameless" accompanied the songs' release and the video for "Liar" was released a week later and was directed by Dave Meyers. Cabello performed "Liar" on "The Graham Norton Show" on October 25, 2019.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Cry for Me" and "Easy" were released as the third and fourth singles on October 4 and 11, 2019, respectively. Cabello performed the songs on "Saturday Night Live" on October 12, 2019. "Easy" peaked at number 10 and "Cry for Me" at number 15 on "Billboard"'s Bubbling Under Hot 100 singles chart. Both songs reached the top 10 in New Zealand.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: On November 15, 2019, "Romance" was made available for pre-orders and the single "Living Proof" was released alongside. The song was promoted with several live performances including at the 2019 American Music Awards, "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" and "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". The song received a music video directed by Alan Ferguson which was released ahead of her American Music Awards performance.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "My Oh My", featuring DaBaby, was released as the album's sixth single on January 6, 2020. Cabello and DaBaby performed the song on "The Tonight Show Starring Jimmy Fallon" on December 12, 2019. It peaked at number 12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming the highest-charting single from the album in the US. Like other singles, it also received a music video. The Dave Meyers directed music video was released on February 12, 2020. It also debuted at number 35 on the Mainstream Top 40 airplay chart, peaking at number 1, becoming her fifth song to do so. It was certified double platinum on September 14, 2020, by Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). It also reached the top 10 in Canada, Hungary, Ireland, Israel, Mexico, Poland and Venezuela. It has been certified double platinum in Canada by Music Canada in May 2020.<ref name="Gold/Platinum"></ref> The single was certified Diamond in Brazil in October 2021.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "First Man" was announced as the seventh single from "Romance" on June 22, 2020. Cabello released its music video the previous day, coinciding with the 2020 Father's Day celebrations. Cabello performed the song live at the 62nd Grammy Awards.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Señorita", Cabello's duet with Shawn Mendes released in June 2019, was originally included in the deluxe edition of Mendes' self-titled third studio album. It was later also included on "Romance". "Señorita" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on July 6, 2019. It later peaked at number one on the chart issue dated August 31, 2019 becoming Mendes' first US number-one song and Cabello's second after "Havana". Senorita has been certified platinum in 14 countries and was certified Platinum in the United States by the Recording Industry Association of America on 23 August 2019.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: Cabello officially announced The Romance Tour on November 13, 2019. The tour was set to go across North America and Europe starting in May 2020, but was later postponed and then cancelled due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Romance" was met with generally positive reviews from critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received a weighted average score of 71 based on 12 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: Matt Collar of AllMusic said that the album was about "Cabello feeling loved and seen by someone else" and "just as much about her seeing and understanding herself as an artist" while naming the record "compelling." Chris Willman of "Variety" opined that ""Romance" is a record that "bumps her up a level as an artist, without trying to advance her into maturity too fast. Those closing tracks do set you up, anyway, for larger leaps." He named a majority of the album's tracks as being in "good-to-great range" and that she is "proving more expressive as a singer." Adam White of "The Independent" considered the album a "marked improvement on the pick'n'mix anonymity of her 2018 debut", adding that while not everything works on the record, "there is an obvious through line connecting the majority of its tracks". Kitty Empire of "The Guardian" named the album "giddy, frisky fun but not to the point of nausea."


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: Writing for "Rolling Stone", Lucas Villa named the album "revelatory" while feeling that Cabello deepened her songwriting on "Romance". Will Hodgkinson of "The Times" called the record "efficient pop that maximises the froth." Irene Monokandilos of "Consequence of Sound" felt Cabello's "growth [was] on full display" and felt the record was at its best when in "riskier, seedier, quieter territory" but felt that she "plays it safe" and that it is "an album of mostly bark and scant bite." She ended her review by calling it "a solid, sexually charged sophomore entry that places growth at center-stage and keeps us wanting more without going limp." In a mixed review, Hannah Mylrea of "NME" stated that the album "shines during these more upbeat, fun moments" but "is less successful when Cabello tries to show the side of romance where you're falling head over heels or doubting a relationship." Writing for "Pitchfork", Stefanie Fernández said the album "follows the same pristine pop cues" of her debut and "imbues them with a vision about love so universalized it blurs it out of focus". Fernández felt "Romance" "succeeds in tracks that capture love's fleeting minutiae", but the "inconsistent" production and "overproduced" songs leave "too much space where Cabello is overshadowed." Chris DeVille of "Stereogum" named "Romance" "an overall stronger album than "Camila" but felt it was "a lot easier to like than to love" and that it was not as "transfixing as the love that inspired it."