title: Dutch Brazil

text: Still in control of António Vaz and Recife, the Dutch later gained a foothold at Cabo de Santo Agostinho. By 1634 the Dutch controlled the coastline from the Rio Grande do Norte to Pernambuco's Cabo de Santo Agostinho. They still maintained control of the seas as well. By 1635 many Portuguese settlers were choosing Dutch-occupied land over Portuguese-controlled land. The Dutch offered freedom of worship and security of property. In 1635 the Dutch conquered three strongholds of the Portuguese: the towns of Porto Calvo, Arraial do Bom Jesus, and Fort Nazaré on Cabo de Santo Agostinho. These strongholds gave the Dutch increased sugar lands which led to an increase in profit.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: In 1637, the WIC gave control of its Brazilian conquests, now called "Nieuw Holland," to John Maurice of Nassau, the great-nephew of William the Silent. Within the year, Maurice of Nassau captured the captaincy of Ceará and sent an expedition to capture the West African trading post of Elmina Castle, which became the capital of the Dutch Gold Coast. In 1641 the Dutch captured the captaincy of Maranhão, meaning that Dutch control now extended across the entire coastline between the Amazon and Sao Francisco rivers.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Maurice claimed to have always loved Brazil due to its beauty and its people, and under his rule, the colony thrived. His patronage of Dutch Golden Age painters to depict Brazil, such as Albert Eckhout and Frans Post, resulted in works showing different races, landscapes, and still lifes. He also invited naturalists Georg Marcgrave and Willem Piso to Brazil. They collected and published a vast amount of information on Brazil's natural history, resulting in the 1648 publication of "Historia Naturalis Brasiliae", the first organized European compendium of knowledge on the Americas, which was hugely influential in learned European scientific circles for well over a century.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Maurits organized a form of representative local government by creating municipal councils and rural councils with both Dutch and Portuguese members to represent the population.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Maurits worked through the councils to begin modernizing the country with streets, bridges, and roads in Recife. On the island of António Vaz, he founded the town of Mauritsstad (also known as Mauricia), where he created an astronomic observatory and a meteorological station, which were the first created by Europeans in the Americas.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Under Maurits, protection for Portuguese Jews, who had been ostracized to that point, was increased. He allowed former Jews who had been forced to convert to Christianity to return to their former faith. Non-Catholic Christians, such as Calvinists, were also allowed to practice their faith as part of religious toleration. Furthermore, the Catholic majority in Dutch Brazil was allowed to practice their faith freely, at a time in history in which there was extreme religious conflicts such as the Thirty Years' War between Catholics and Protestants. This was formed into the new law of Dutch Brazil in the peace accord signed after the conquest of the captaincy of Paraiba. The monastic orders of the Franciscans, Carmelites, and Benedictines were quite prominent in the former Portuguese colony. They were also allowed to retain all of their friaries and monasteries and allowed to practice and preach Catholicism among the population.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Although there were Dutch immigrants to Brazil, the majority of the population was Portuguese and Brazilian-born Portuguese, African slaves, and Amerindians, with Dutch rule an overlay on pre-existing social groups. The colony of Dutch Brazil had a difficult time of attracting Dutch colonists to immigrate and colonize Brazil, as the main attraction of the colony was the extreme riches one could reap from starting a sugar plantation, as it was one of the few major market exporters of sugar to Europe at the time. This would also most likely entail the buying of African slaves, and as such only rich men could afford to start a plantation.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: There was also very significant risk with border contention and skirmish with the Portuguese from the parts of Brazil still under their control and the nonexistent loyalty of the local Portuguese to the Dutch colony. Most of the Dutchmen employed in the Dutch West India Company went back to the Netherlands after they were relieved of duty and did not stay to settle the colony. As such, the Dutch were a ruling minority with a Portuguese and Brazilian-born Portuguese population. The Dutch settlers were divided into two separate groups, the first of which was known as "dienaren" (servants). The dienaren were soldiers, bureaucrats, and calvinist ministers employed by the WIC.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Vrijburghers (freemen) – or vrijluiden – were the second group of Dutch settlers who did not fit into the category of dienaaren. The vrijburghers were mostly soldiers formerly employed by the WIC but who then began to settle down as farmers or "engenho" lords. Others who didn't fit the vrijburgher or dienaren categories included Dutch who left the Netherlands to find a new life in Nieuw Holland as traders. Most trade in Nieuw Holland was under the control of this group.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: In 1640, John, 8th Duke of Braganza declared Portuguese independence from Spain, ending the six decade-long Iberian Union. As a result, the threat of further Spanish intervention against Dutch Brazil declined, since Brazil was originally and had remained a Portuguese colony. In 1641-1642 the new Portuguese regime concluded a truce with the Dutch, temporarily ending hostilities, but the Dutch remained in Brazil. In 1643 Maurice of Nassau equipped the expedition of Hendrik Brouwer that unsuccessfully attempted to establish an outpost in southern Chile. In 1644, the WIC recalled Maurice to Europe in an attempt to cut military expenditures, following the cession of hostilities.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: A year after Maurice was summoned back by the WIC board, the WIC faced a major uprising of Portuguese planters in June 1645. The Portuguese planters around Pernambuco had never fully accepted Dutch rule and had also resented the high interest rates charged by Dutch moneylenders for loans to rebuild their plantations following the initial Dutch conquest. In August, the planters revolted and prevailed over Dutch forces in a minor battle fought outside Recife, effectively ending Dutch control over the colony. That year, the Portuguese gained Várzea, Sirinhaém, Pontal de Nazaré, the Fort of Porto Calvo, and Fort Maurits. By 1646, the WIC only controlled four toeholds along the Brazilian coast, chief among them being Recife.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: In the spring of 1646, the Dutch sent a relief expedition to Recife consisting of 20 ships with 2000 men, temporarily forestalling the fall of the city. Back in Europe, the collapse of Dutch Brazil accelerated Dutch efforts to end its longstanding conflict with Spain, the Eighty Years' War. In August 1647, representatives from the Dutch province of Zeeland (the final holdout against peace with Spain) acquiesced to the Peace of Munster ending the war with Spain. In return, Zeeland obtained promises from the other Dutch provinces to support a second, larger relief expedition to reconquer Brazil. The expedition, consisting of 41 ships with 6,000 men, set sail on 26 December 1647.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: In Brazil, the Dutch had already abandoned Itamaracá on 13 December 1647. The new expeditionary force arrived late at Recife, with many of its soldiers either dead or mutinous from lack of pay. In April 1648, the Portuguese routed the expeditionary force at the First Battle of Guararapes, fought outside Recife. The Portuguese had sent an armada of 84 ships, including 18 warships to recapture Recife. The Dutch were dealt a further blow by the decisive Portuguese victory in the Recapture of Angola, which crippled the Dutch colony in Brazil as it couldn't survive without the slaves from Angola. In February 1649, the Portuguese again routed the Dutch at the Second Battle of Guararapes.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: The Recapture of Recife was a military engagement between the Portuguese forces under Francisco Barreto de Meneses and the Dutch forces of Captain Walter Van Loo. After the Dutch defeats at Guararapes, their surviving men, as well as other garrisons of New Holland, joined in the area of Recife in order to make a last stand. However, after fierce fighting, the Portuguese victoriously entered the city and the remaining Dutch were ousted from Brazil.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: The Dutch finally lost control of Recife on 28 January 1654, leaving to the Portuguese their colony of Brazil and putting an end to New Holland.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Although the historical focus is usually on the European rivals in the conflict, the local indigenous population was drawn into the conflict as allies on both sides. Most sided with the Dutch, but there were some notable exceptions. One was a Potiguara chieftain who came to be known as Dom Antônio Filipe Camarão, who was rewarded for his loyalty to the Portuguese by being made a knight of the Order of Christ. In the aftermath of the conflict when the Dutch were expelled, there were reprisals against their Amerindian allies.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Both the Dutch and the Portuguese used African slaves in the conflict, sometimes with the promise of freedom for fighting. On the Portuguese side, one name went down in history, Henrique Dias, who was awarded noble status by the monarch, but not the knighthood in the Order of Christ as promised.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: In the aftermath of the Dutch occupation, Portuguese settled scores with Amerindians who had supported the Dutch. There were tensions between Portuguese who had fled the area under occupation and those who had lived under Dutch occupation. The returnees attempted to litigate so as to regain the properties they had abandoned, which in this sugar-producing area included sugar mills and other buildings, as well as cane fields. The litigation dragged on for years.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: The conflict in Brazil's northeast had severe economic consequences. Both sides had practiced a scorched earth policy that disrupted sugar production, and the war had diverted Portuguese funds from being invested in the colonial economy. After the war, Portuguese authorities were forced to spend their tax revenues on rebuilding Recife. The sugar industry in Pernambuco never fully recovered from the Dutch occupation, being surpassed by sugar production in Bahia.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Meanwhile, the British, French, and Dutch Caribbean had become a major competitor to Brazilian sugar due to rising sugar prices in the 1630s and 1640s. After the WIC evacuated Pernambuco, the Dutch brought their expertise and capital to the Caribbean instead. In the 1630s, Brazil provided 80% of the sugar sold in London, while it only provided 10% by 1690. The Portuguese colony of Brazil did not recover economically until the discovery of gold in southern Brazil during the 18th century.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: The Dutch period in Brazil was "a historical parenthesis with few lasting traces" in the social sphere. Dutch artistic production in Brazil, particularly by Albert Eckhout and Frans Post left an important visual record of the local people and places in the early 17th century.


title: Dutch Brazil

text: Seven years after the surrender of Recife, a peace treaty was organized between the Dutch Republic and Portugal. The Treaty of the Hague was signed on 6 August 1661, and it demanded that the Portuguese would pay 4 million "réis" over the span of 16 years in order to help the Dutch recover from the loss of Brazil.


title: ImageMovers

text: ImageMovers (IM), known as South Side Amusement Company until 1997, is an American production company which produces CGI animation, motion-capture, live-action films and television shows. The company is known for producing such films as "Cast Away" (2000), "What Lies Beneath" (2000), "The Polar Express" (2004), "Monster House" (2006), and "Beowulf" (2007). From 2007 to 2011, The Walt Disney Company and ImageMovers founded a joint venture animation facility known as ImageMovers Digital which produced two motion-captured CGI-animated films: "A Christmas Carol" (2009) and "Mars Needs Moms" (2011) for Walt Disney Pictures, neither of which were financially successful.


title: ImageMovers

text: On March 1, 1984, Robert Zemeckis incorporated and founded the company as South Side Amusement Company. The company was in-name only from the beginning.


title: ImageMovers

text: In the early 1990s, Zemeckis signed a production deal with Universal Pictures, to release films under the South Side Amusement Company banner. There, it is one of the producers of "Death Becomes Her", "Trespass", "The Public Eye", "The Frighteners" and "Contact".


title: ImageMovers

text: In 1997, it was announced that South Side Amusement Company was rebranded as ImageMovers, and hired Creative Artists Agency employee Jack Rapke and producer Steve Starkey (who was a producer on Zemeckis' films he's directing since his stint as associate producer on 1988's "Who Framed Roger Rabbit") came on board to join the company. It was also announced that ImageMovers signed a non-exclusive feature film deal with DreamWorks Pictures.


title: ImageMovers

text: In 2001, the studio tried to sign a deal with Warner Bros., but they ultimately failed. After the Warner deal collapsed, the studio is reupping a first-look deal with DreamWorks to produce more films from that time.


title: ImageMovers

text: ImageMovers' first eight films under the name were "What Lies Beneath" (with Harrison Ford and Michelle Pfeiffer), "Cast Away" (with Tom Hanks), "Matchstick Men" (with Nicolas Cage), "The Polar Express" (also with Tom Hanks), "The Prize Winner of Defiance, Ohio" (with Julianne Moore), "Last Holiday" (with Queen Latifah), "Monster House" (with Mitchel Musso, Sam Lerner, Spencer Locke, and Steve Buscemi), and "Beowulf" (with Ray Winstone, Anthony Hopkins, John Malkovich, Robin Wright Penn, and Angelina Jolie).


title: ImageMovers

text: In 2007, ImageMovers and The Walt Disney Company set up a joint venture animation facility known as ImageMovers Digital, based in Marin County-based film company where Zemeckis would produce and direct 3D animated films using CGI performance-capture technology.


title: ImageMovers

text: On November 6, 2009, ImageMovers Digital released their first CGI film "A Christmas Carol", a CGI performance capture film based on the Charles Dickens book of the same name and starring Jim Carrey, Gary Oldman, Colin Firth and Cary Elwes. On March 12, 2010, Disney and ImageMovers announced that ImageMovers Digital would close operations by January 2011 after movie production on "Mars Needs Moms" was completed. Resulting in a lay-off of approximately 450 employees, Walt Disney Studios president Alan Bergman said, "...given today's economic realities, we need to find alternative ways to bring creative content to audiences and IMD no longer fits into our business model." The company had previously been reported to have "Calling All Robots", a remake of "Yellow Submarine", a "Roger Rabbit" sequel and "The Nutcracker" in development. Disney dropped all of these projects following the box-office failure of "Mars Needs Moms".


title: ImageMovers

text: In August 2011, it was announced that ImageMovers has entered a two-year first-look producing deal with Universal Pictures.


title: ImageMovers

text: ImageMovers' first foray into television production was "The Borgias", which aired on Showtime from 2011 to 2013. On August 25, 2016, Compari Entertainment, the company's television division, was founded, with NBC's "Manifest", which premiered on September 24, 2018, as their first television series.


title: ImageMovers

text: This motion capture remake of the 1968 Beatles film was developed by Robert Zemeckis. Disney canceled the project due to the box office failure of the Zemeckis-produced motion capture film "Mars Needs Moms" and aesthetic concerns about the technology. After its cancellation at Disney, Zemeckis then tried to pitch the film to other studios, before eventually losing interest in the project.


title: ImageMovers

text: On March 26, 2008, Michael Dougherty was set to direct the animated sci-fi adventure film "Calling All Robots" with Zemeckis producing the film through ImageMovers Digital for Walt Disney Pictures.


title: ImageMovers

text: In December 2007, Marshall stated that he was still "open" to the idea, and in April 2009, Zemeckis revealed he was still interested. According to a 2009 MTV News story, Jeffrey Price and Peter S. Seaman were writing a new script for the project, and the animated characters would be in traditional two-dimensional, while the rest would be in motion capture. However, in 2010, Zemeckis said that the sequel would remain hand-drawn animated and live-action sequences will be filmed, just like in the original film, but the lighting effects on the cartoon characters and some of the props that the toons handle will be done digitally. Also in 2010, Hahn, who was the film's original associate producer, confirmed the sequel's development in an interview with "Empire". He stated, "Yeah, I couldn't possibly comment. I deny completely, but yeah... if you're a fan, pretty soon you're going to be very, very, very happy." In 2010, Bob Hoskins stated he was interested in the project, reprising his role as Eddie Valiant. However, he retired from acting in 2012 after being diagnosed with Parkinson's disease a year earlier, and died from pneumonia in 2014. Marshall confirmed that the film would be a prequel, similar to earlier drafts, and that the writing was almost complete. During an interview at the premiere of "Flight", Zemeckis stated that the sequel was still possible, despite Hoskins' absence, and the script for the sequel was sent to Disney for approval from studio executives.


title: ImageMovers

text: On November 26, 2009, Zemeckis had signed on to produce and direct the motion capture animated film adaptation of E.T.A. Hoffmann’s "The Nutcracker" through ImageMovers Digital for Walt Disney Pictures. On July 21, 2016, Universal Pictures revived the adaptation, which may or may not use motion capture, with Zemeckis only set to produce the film and Evan Spiliotopoulos was hired to write the script. There has been no information since.


title: ImageMovers

text: On April 14, 2011, Zemeckis had signed on to produce and potentially direct the live-action/animated hybrid film adaptation of Chuck Sambuchino's book "How to Survive a Garden Gnome Attack" along with The Gotham Group and Sony Pictures Animation. In November that year, Chad Damiani and JP Lavin were hired to write the script.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Nathan Daniel Jerome Redmond (born 6 March 1994) is an English professional footballer who plays as a winger or forward for Süper Lig club Beşiktaş.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Redmond began his career as a youngster with Birmingham City, his hometown club. He made his first-team debut in the League Cup second-round tie against Rochdale in August 2010, becoming the club's second-youngest player ever at the age of 16 years and 173 days. After representing England at levels up to under-19, Redmond made his first under-21 debut in the 2013 European Under-21 Championship finals. He joined Premier League club Norwich City in the 2013 close season, before making the switch to Southampton in the 2016 close season. Just over six years later, he signed for Turkish Süper Lig club Beşiktaş


title: Nathan Redmond

text: He typically plays as a wide midfielder. He is right-footed, but has regularly played on both right and left wings, often cutting inside. He has also occasionally played in the centre behind a lone striker.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Redmond was born in Birmingham, West Midlands, of Irish and Jamaican descent. He grew up in the Kitts Green district, attending the Oval Primary School in Yardley and then Sheldon Heath Community Arts College. According to the player's "Facebook" page, he was first noticed by Birmingham City's Academy scouts as an eight-year-old while playing alongside older boys, and scored a hat-trick in his first match for the club's under-10 team.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: He scored three goals as Birmingham's under-15 team reached the semi-final of the Nike Premier Cup for the first time in April 2009, and in the same season played in the club's under-18 academy team.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: In the 2009–10 season, while still a schoolboy, Redmond made 15 appearances, scoring 3 times, for the academy under-18s. He also made a few substitute appearances for the reserve team, including a "lively late performance" against Aston Villa in early March 2010. Redmond was given a first-team squad number and named on standby for the Premier League match at home to Everton a couple of days later, but did not make the 18-man squad. He was an unused substitute for Birmingham's final home match of the 2009–10 season, aged 16 years and 56 days. Had he taken the field, he would have become the club's youngest first-team player and also the youngest ever Premier League player, at nine days younger than the record set by Fulham's Matthew Briggs in 2007.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Academy manager Terry Westley described him in June 2010 as "one of those wingers like an Aaron Lennon or Ashley Young. He has got pace and can run the ball past defenders and has the creativity to go with it", and confirmed that other clubs had shown an interest in him. He signed a scholarship contract with Birmingham City in July 2010.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Redmond made his first-team debut for Birmingham in the League Cup second-round tie against Rochdale on 26 August 2010, replacing Spanish midfielder Enric Vallès in the 78th minute. At 16 years and 173 days34 days older than Trevor Francis was on his debuthe became the club's second-youngest player ever. Manager Alex McLeish was highly complimentary about his brief appearance:


title: Nathan Redmond

text: To gain first-team experience, Redmond joined League Two club Burton Albion in January 2011 on a month's Football League youth loan, an arrangement which allows the player to appear in junior matches for Birmingham when not required by the loaning club. However the move was cancelled a few days later when the Football League, who had initially ratified the deal, realised that the rules forbade a first-year scholar from signing on loan for a League club. He made two more substitute appearances for Birmingham that season, one in the League Cup and one in the FA Cup, and signed a three-year professional contract as soon as he turned 17, in March 2011.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: On his return from the U-17 World Cup, Redmond started Birmingham's first pre-season friendly match, a 1–0 defeat of Cork City. New manager Chris Hughton suggested he had done well, given his youth: "In particular I thought Nathan Redmond did very well. We have to remember he's only 17 years of age. He showed some good touches although the final bit let him down a little." In the absence of fellow midfielders Keith Fahey, Morgaro Gomis and Jordon Mutch, Redmond played the whole of the Europa League play-off round first leg against Portuguese club Nacional, the first time he had completed 90 minutes in a senior match and the first time his club had participated in major European competition for nearly 50 years. His driven shot from outside the penalty area was pushed aside by goalkeeper Elisson and led to Chris Wood heading against the crossbar. He made his League debut three days later, again playing the whole match, in a 3–1 defeat at Middlesbrough. In the second leg against Nacional, Redmond opened the scoring with a low drive from , which was in contention for the club's goal of the season, and later hit the post with a curled shot in a man-of-the-match performance as Birmingham won 3–0 to progress to the group stage.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Redmond's first league goal came in a 3–0 win at home to Blackpool on 31 December 2011 as he "smashed an unstoppable shot from just outside the penalty area that beat Howard at his near post". His second, "thumped in ... from 12 yards in stoppage time" completed a 6–0 win away against a nine-man Millwall team. Redmond opened the scoring with a shot from the edge of the penalty area as Birmingham went on to beat Sheffield United 4–0 to progress to the fifth round of the 2011–12 FA Cup, and came off the bench to score a "stunning" 86th-minute swivelled volley to give Birmingham a 1–0 win against Portsmouth that took them to third place in the table. He finished the season with seven goals from 37 appearances in all competitions, and won the club's Young Player of the Year award.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Ahead of the new season, the club's acting chairman insisted that, despite financial problems, neither Redmond nor goalkeeper Jack Butland were for sale "unless we are subject to an eye-popping offer". Redmond aimed to establish himself as a first-team regular. He made his 50th senior appearance in the 1–0 win at Brighton & Hove Albion in October, but soon afterwards, Birmingham signed West Ham United winger Robert Hall on loan, and Redmond was sometimes left out of the squad. According to new manager Lee Clark, Redmond "needed to be taken out of the firing line and would be better for it"; he made comparisons with loanee Ravel Morrison, who had been encouraged to understand the importance of "the whole package, getting it right – the training, the preparation, the matches, getting that all put in place". After talking to his manager, Redmond accepted the need to improve his performance in training.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Against Burnley in December, in what was reportedly the youngest starting eleven ever fielded by the club, Redmond played as a second striker off Nikola Žigić, a position that exploited his pace and preference for receiving the ball to his feet. As the season went on, Redmond's form improved: he created a goal for Chris Burke against Nottingham Forest, and when his first goal of the season finally arrived, against Derby County in March, Clark suggested it boded well for his future as a goalscorer. The player spoke of himself as a "confidence player", who needed to accept the need for patience and not to let frustration get the better of him. According to the "Birmingham Mail"'s end-of-season assessment, "Redmond's form over the last three months was as good as it ever has been." That form earned him selection for the England under-20 squad for the Under-20 World Cup, then as a late addition to the squad for the 2013 European Under-21 Championship finals.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: The sale of Butland to Stoke City in January meant that no other players needed to leave in that transfer window, and Clark made it clear towards the end of the season that it would be a foolish move to cash in on Redmond in the close season. However, at the start of the 2013 summer transfer window, Birmingham accepted bids from Premier League clubs Swansea City and Norwich City, reportedly an initial £2 million plus up to £1.2 million in additional payments. Redmond chose to rejoin Chris Hughton at Norwich, where he signed a four-year contract.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: He made his debut for Norwich in a 2–2 draw with Everton on 17 August 2013, and scored his first goal two weeks later against Southampton; playing on the left wing – not his natural side – he "cut inside and lashed home low from the edge of the box" to secure Norwich's first league win of the season.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: On 25 June 2016, Redmond completed a move to Premier League club Southampton for an undisclosed fee, believed by BBC Sport to be £10 million. He signed a five-year contract. Redmond scored on his competitive debut, with the equalising goal in a 1–1 draw at home to Watford on 13 August.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: In Redmond's third season with the club, he made a big contribution towards Southampton's Premier League survival as they finished in 16th place, five points above relegation, This was reflected when he was awarded both Fans' and Players' Player of the year at the end of season awards. Redmond commented that "The boys in the dressing room, the manager and the coaching staff have enabled me to play with confidence and affect games in a positive way".


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Before the start of the 2019–20 Premier League season, Redmond signed a new four-year deal with Southampton, extending his stay with the club until the summer of 2023. He said "I feel like we can hopefully build something special and to be a part of it for the next four years is good for me."


title: Nathan Redmond

text: On 20 March 2021, Redmond scored twice and set up another goal in a 3–0 victory against AFC Bournemouth to help Southampton reach the FA Cup semi-finals.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: After more than six years with Southampton, Redmond signed for Süper Lig club Beşiktaş on 8 September 2022.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Redmond first played for the England under-16 team on 15 October 2009. He was involved in the build-up for the only goal of the match, as England under-16 beat their Wales counterparts in their opening match of the 2009 Victory Shield, a tournament which they went on to win. In 2010, he played in all four matches, and scored his first international goal, as the under-16s reached the final of the Montaigu Tournament.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: He made his debut for England under-17s on 3 August 2010 in the Nordic Tournament in a 5–0 win against Finland under-17s, and scored the opening goal against Denmark under-17s, as England went on to defeat Sweden under-17s in the final. Redmond was part of the England under-17 squad that qualified for the 2011 European under-17 championships. Needing to beat Spain to finish top of their elite round group, Redmond opened the scoring from a Raheem Sterling cross as England went on to win 2–1. In the final stages, he started the first two group matches, a draw with France and a defeat against Denmark, and was a substitute in the remaining group match, a 3–0 victory against Serbia which took England through to the semi-final and confirmed their qualification for the 2011 FIFA U-17 World Cup. Redmond was a second-half substitute in the semi-final match, which England lost to the Netherlands.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Together with many of his under-17 teammates, Redmond moved up to the England under-18s, a non-competitive age group at international level, in 2011. He made a positive debut in a 1–1 draw away to Slovakia in November. Brought into the under-19s squad to replace the injured Larnell Cole, Redmond made his first appearance at that level in February 2012, as a 57th-minute substitute for Saido Berahino in a 2–1 defeat of the Czech Republic. He was part of the squad for the 2012 European under-19 championships, and scored the winning goal against Serbia in the group stage that confirmed England's progression to the semi-final and qualification for the 2013 FIFA U-20 World Cup.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Under-20 manager Peter Taylor confirmed in a radio interview that Redmond, whom he described as "a clever winger [who] can play as a number 10, as they call it, also" and who had "had an outstanding season", would be in his squad for the Under-20 World Cup. A few days later, he was called into the under-21 squad for the 2013 European Under-21 Championship finals, as a late replacement for Andros Townsend. With Tom Ince suspended and Wilfried Zaha injured, Redmond started England's opening match of the tournament, a 1–0 defeat to Italy. Captain Jordan Henderson, manager Stuart Pearce, pundits and press picked out Redmond for praise in a generally poor team performance. He kept his place for the second group match, against Norway, as part of a three-man attack alongside the returning Ince and Zaha. The "Independent"'s Steve Tongue described him as "one of the few who offered any promise, until he was replaced" by Jonjo Shelvey, but a 3–1 defeat confirmed England's elimination.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: Redmond scored the first goal and was named the sponsors' man of the match as England under-21s, under senior team manager Roy Hodgson, beat Scotland 6–0 in August 2013. His hat-trick against Wales U21 in May 2014 gave England a 3–1 win that opened up a nine-point lead in their qualifying group for the 2015 European Championships. Redmond was chosen England Under-21 Player of the Year for 2016, with 32% of the vote, ahead of Southampton teammate James Ward-Prowse with 25%.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: On 16 March 2017, he was named in the senior England squad that was to play a friendly against Germany and a World Cup qualifying match against Lithuania. He went on to make his full England debut in the Germany match, coming on as a 66th-minute substitute for Adam Lallana, but that was his last call-up for another two years.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: In the meantime, it was reported that Redmond was one of the dual-eligible players that new Ireland manager Mick McCarthy would attempt to recruit for that nation. McCarthy spoke to Redmond's agent but, by the end of February 2019, said he had not managed to meet with the player himself. When Redmond's "outstanding form" earned him a place in Gareth Southgate's 27-man provisional group for the 2019 UEFA Nations League Finals, McCarthy accepted that it was England that he wanted to represent. Neither Redmond nor Southampton team-mate James Ward-Prowse made the final 23, but both stayed on to train with the squad ahead of the tournament.


title: Nathan Redmond

text: In a televised interview in March 2021, Jamaican Football Federation (JFF) president Michael Ricketts included Redmond in a list of eligible English players he said were "in the process of acquiring their Jamaican passport" as part of the nation's plan to improve their chances of qualifying for the 2022 World Cup. Three weeks later, Redmond told the Southampton-based "Daily Echo" that he had not been contacted by the JFF, nor had he discussed the prospect of a switch with his family. However, the JFF then officially contacted Southampton in early April 2021 in order to formally request that Redmond represent Jamaica.


title: Uglies

text: Uglies is a 2005 science fiction novel by Scott Westerfeld. It is set in a future post scarcity dystopian world in which everyone is considered an "ugly," but then turned "Pretty" by extreme cosmetic surgery when they reach the age of 16. It tells the story of teenager Tally Youngblood who rebels against society's enforced conformity, after her friends Shay and David show her the downsides to becoming a "Pretty,".


title: Uglies

text: Written for young adults, "Uglies" deals with themes of change, both emotional and physical. The book is the first installment in what was originally a trilogy, the "Uglies" series, which also includes the books "Pretties", "Specials", and "Extras". In 2018, four new installments were announced, collectively titled the "Imposters Series".


title: Uglies

text: Three hundred years in the future, the government provides for everything, including plastic surgery operations. Everyone on their sixteenth birthday receives the “pretty” operation which transforms them into the society's standard of beautiful. After the operation, new Pretties cross the river that divides the city and lead a new life with no responsibilities or obligations. There are two other operations available, one to transform Pretties into “Middle-Pretties” (adults with a job), and another to transform Middle-Pretties into "Crumblies".


title: Uglies

text: Former cities have decayed after bacteria infected the world's petroleum, making it unstable. The old society, so dependent on oil, fell apart when cars and oil fields exploded and food could no longer be transported. People who lived before this catastrophe are called "Rusties."


title: Uglies

text: Tally Youngblood is almost sixteen. Like every other Ugly, she awaits the operation with great anticipation. Her best friend, Peris, has already had the operation and, motivated by her desire to see him, Tally sneaks across the river to New Pretty Town. There she meets Shay, another Ugly. They become friends and Shay teaches Tally how to ride a hoverboard. Shay also mentions rebelling against the operation. At first, Tally ignores the idea, but is forced to deal with it when Shay runs away a few days before their shared sixteenth birthday, leaving behind cryptic directions to her destination, a “renegade settlement” called the Smoke, where city runaways go to escape the operation.


title: Uglies

text: On the day of Tally's operation, she is taken to Special Circumstances, a division that is likened to “gremlins” and, “[blamed] when anything weird happens." Dr. Cable, a woman who is described as “a cruel pretty”, is the head of Special Circumstances. She gives Tally an ultimatum to either help locate Shay and the Smoke, or never become a pretty. Tally cooperates and Dr. Cable gives her a hoverboard and all the needed supplies to survive in the wild, along with a heart locket that contains a tracking device. Once activated with Tally's eye, it will show the location of the Smoke to Special Circumstances. Following Shay's clues, Tally sets off to find her friend.


title: Uglies

text: When Tally arrives at the Smoke, she finds Shay, her friend David and an entire community of runaway Uglies. She is reluctant to activate the pendant and it eventually becomes clear that David is in love with her. David takes her to meet his parents, Maddy and Az, who are the original runaways from the city. They explain how the operation does more than “cosmetic nipping and tucking.” It also causes lesions in the brain to make the people placid, or “pretty-minded.” Horrified, Tally decides to keep the Smoke secret and throws the locket into a fire to destroy it. However, the flames' heat causes the tracker to activate, giving away the Smoke's location.


title: Uglies

text: The following morning, Special Circumstances arrives at the camp and Tally makes an effort to escape. She does not succeed and is caught and taken to a rabbit pen, where other caught Smokies are kept, tied up. Eye scans are taken of all the captured Smokies, identifying from which city they fled. Tally is then taken to Dr. Cable, who explains how they found the Smoke. Because of how long it took to activate the pendant, Dr. Cable suspects that Tally betrayed her but activated it by accident. Dr. Cable tests Tally by ordering her to retrieve the locket, which should be intact. Tally escapes on a hoverboard. After a long and stressful chase, she manages to hide in a cave where they cannot track her heat signature. There she finds David also hiding and together, they begin to plan a rescue.


title: Uglies

text: Tally and David go back to his house, where they find evidence that Special Circumstances took Maddy and Az. David leads Tally to a secret stash of survival equipment where they find everything they need, and load them onto the four hoverboards stashed there. As Tally and David travel back to the city to free their friends, they fall in love. Arriving at the Special Circumstances complex, they discover that Shay has already been “turned” and is now a Pretty. After meeting Dr. Cable, David knocks her out and takes her work tablet, which contains all the necessary information to reverse the brain lesions created by the Pretty operation. Tally and David then free all the Smokies held in the complex. As they escape the complex, Maddy tells David that his father, Az, is dead.


title: Uglies

text: Once everyone is safe, Maddy begins working on a cure using Dr. Cable's tablet. She then offers it to Shay, who refuses, not wanting to become a “vegetable.” Since Tally feels responsible for her betrayal, she decides to become a Pretty and take the cure as a “willing subject”. To convince David to let her go back to the city, she tells him about her involvement with Special Circumstances and searching for the Smoke to betray them. While David is absorbing what Tally admitted, Maddy advises Tally to go back with Shay before she changes her mind. Once there, Tally announces to a Middle Pretty, “I’m Tally Youngblood. Make me pretty,” the final phrase of the novel.


title: Uglies

text: According to critics, Uglies contains themes of identity, particularly regarding teenagers. Phillip Gough said the government of Tally's city, which controls what happens within the operation, “removes responsibility for identity, ” creating sameness and uniformity. By placing heavy emphasis on the role of individualism, the novel shows the importance of teen's self-concept. Because identity is formed by “displacement,” and all citizens are carefully sheltered, there is no chance for them to branch out into independence. “Physical identity is determined by committees," noted Gough in his essay discussing Westerfeld's novel. Due to the lack of choice, all “markers of physical identity” are destroyed by their government.


title: Uglies

text: Kristi N. Scott and M. Heather Dragoo note that another recurring theme in the “image-obsessed society,” is beauty, and its recurring relationship with individuality. Gough agreed, commenting that “when everyone is equal, beauty loses its meaning”. Beauty went hand in hand with identity: Uglies were taught to think of their bodies and faces as “temporary”, something that would be replaced later with cosmetic surgery. A strong line is drawn to connect features with personality, and one critic stated that the characters develop “ugly” and “pretty” personalities with each stage of their operations.


title: Uglies

text: A “utopia resting on ruthless suppression of individual freedom” was Amanda Craig of The Times's description of Tally's city. Many critics identified the trend of a controlling government in the novel. People in the protagonist's world are “programmed and designed by the Pretty committee, ” with no say-so in their operation, and identity is placed firmly “in the hands of the state”. Dragoo and Scott point out how segregated the city is, with Pretties, Uglies, Middlies, and Crumblies neatly divided into different sections. Many reviewers have commented on the way in which the city manipulates its inhabitants, including the supposedly rebellious uglies, who are nothing more than “docile bodies”. Bedies, the dystopian society depicted by Westerfeld includes a particularly common trope in the genre: the duality of spaces, the metropolis representing the totalitarian civilization and nature as a field for freedom.


title: Uglies

text: Various critics also found a theme of humanity within Uglies. Phillip Gough noted that Pretties and Specials (those who worked for Special Circumstances) are “posthuman” because of their operations. Others, including Scott and Dragoo, argued against this, claiming “the human body provides an artistic and political canvas for intentional manipulation," and that this physical transformation can be an “outlet for humanity”. The novel Uglies seems to take no definite stance on it, though clearer points are shown in Pretties and Specials, the following books in the trilogy.


title: Uglies

text: When asked how he came up with the idea of "Uglies," Westerfeld said, "the inspiration came from a friend whose dentist asked him to consider getting cosmetic surgery." He is the son of a computer programmer for Univac, which meant he grew up familiar with the cutting edge of 1960s technology. Amanda Craig said that "it is his prescient perception of how such inventions will lead to absolute loss of privacy which has elicited as much fan-mail as the issue of how looks dominate our lives."


title: Uglies

text: The book shares many themes with the 1964 "The Twilight Zone" episode "Number 12 Looks Just Like You". The author of the books noted that he saw the episode in his childhood but had forgotten the details.


title: Uglies

text: In the dedication page for Uglies, Westerfeld says: “This novel was shaped by a series of e-mail exchanges between myself and Ted Chiang about his story "". His input on the manuscript was also invaluable.” In another interview, Westerfeld says that this short story is about a new technology that enables an individual to turn off their ability to see beauty so they can focus on the deeper and more important parts of another individual. In a 2012 interview on Bookyurt, Westerfeld explained that his point in writing the book was not to make a big commentary on the issues with beauty, but to make people aware of the culture of retouching that is developing in the world and to be aware of our own ideas about beauty and our need to think for ourselves.


title: Uglies

text: The novel has received mostly positive reviews. The Baroque Body praised the novel as having “creative slang, unique technical gadgets, and defining characteristics of personhood.” Cory Doctorow complimented its “perfect parables of adolescent life,” and stated that it is “fine science fiction for youth." Jennifer Mattson claimed it to be “ingenious. ” Reed Business Information praised the “convincing plot” and noted that it is “highly readable.”


title: Uglies

text: However, "Publishers Weekly" commented that Tally was a “rather passive protagonist,” and the United Kingdom Times complained that “Tally herself is a bit too vague as a character.” Critic Jennifer Mattson noted that the brisk pace of the novel as being “bad for convincing relationships.”


title: Uglies

text: The novel sparked discussion over the use of plastic surgery to improve one's looks. The author said he has “received many letters from girls who have decided against having surgery since reading Uglies,” while others, sparked by Uglies, have started to ponder the ethics of changing your body's appearance. Westerfeld has theorized that “having extreme cosmetic surgery will be like buying a $1,000 Gucci bag, an indication that you are a member of the privileged class." Critics echo his opinion. However, Westerfeld has also stated he “wouldn’t hesitate [to use plastic surgery] if he had a kid with port-wine stain. We have all been altering our appearances ever since clothing was invented.” Other critics have stated that while altering one's appearance with plastic surgery can be ethically debatable, the benefits of it to people who have need for it are tremendous.


title: Uglies

text: There is also some moderate debate sparked by Uglies over the issue of monitoring people. The state has started to track teens through their cell phones and on occasion through dental implants. Westerfeld feels that this will “result in a total loss of privacy,” however, others feel that this technology is necessary to properly supervise people.


title: Uglies

text: 20th Century Fox and producer John Davis ("Eragon") bought the film rights to the novel in 2006. The movie was reportedly supposed to be released in 2011, according to the Internet Movie Database, but the film was delayed.


title: Uglies

text: In September 2020, it was announced that Netflix had acquired the rights for a film based on the novel. Joey King, who had previously worked with Netflix on "The Kissing Booth", was chosen as the movie's executive producer; she will also play the protagonist Tally Youngblood. McG is set to be the director.


title: Uglies

text: Steven Cummings illustrated Uglies in a manga-style graphic novel written by Westerfeld and Devin K. Grayson called Shay's Story which tells the story from Shay's perspective. It was published in a black-and-white 5¾ x 8¼ inches format by Del Rey Manga in 2012.


title: Uglies

text: The novel "Uglies" was first published in 2006, and re-released in 2011 with a new cover. It is the first part of a trilogy, with sequels "Pretties", and "Specials", and another book "Extras". The trilogy featured on the New York Times bestseller list for a significant amount of time. There has also been an audio recording made of the book (published in 2006), available on both CD and cassette.


title: Georgina Reilly

text: Georgina Reilly (born February 12, 1986) is an English/Canadian film and television actress best known to date for her roles in the films "Pontypool" and "This Movie Is Broken", the television series "The L.A. Complex" and "Murdoch Mysteries", and the CBC Radio drama series "Trust Inc."


title: Georgina Reilly

text: Reilly was born in Surrey, England, and moved with her family to Toronto, Canada, when she was sixteen. Growing up, Reilly spent many holidays in Canada visiting relatives. She attended and graduated from Havergal College.


title: Georgina Reilly

text: Reilly is the granddaughter of Canadian musician Tommy Reilly. Her father, David T. Reilly, is a writer and composer, and her mother works in production. Reilly's older brother is a DJ.


title: Georgina Reilly

text: She married her "Republic of Doyle" costar Mark O'Brien on January 6, 2013, after having met on the set of his show in 2011.


title: Book of Shadows

text: A Book of Shadows is a book containing religious text and instructions for magical rituals found within the Neopagan religion of Wicca. Since its conception in the 1970s, it has made its way into many pagan practices and paths. The most famous Book of Shadows was created by the pioneering Wiccan Gerald Gardner sometime in the late 1940s or early 1950s, and which he utilised first in his Bricket Wood coven and then in other covens which he founded in following decades. The Book of Shadows is also used by other Wiccan traditions, such as Alexandrian Wicca and Mohsianism, and with the rise of books teaching people how to begin following non-initiatory Wicca in the 1970s onward, the idea of the Book of Shadows was then further propagated amongst solitary practitioners unconnected to earlier, initiatory traditions.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Initially, when Wicca was still dominated by covens, "only one copy [of the Book] existed for an entire coven, kept by the high priestess or high priest. That rule has proved unfeasible, and it is [now] commonplace for all Witches to have their own copies." In the various traditions that make up British Traditional Wicca, copies of the original Book composed by Gerald Gardner with the aid of his High Priestess Doreen Valiente, along with alterations and additions that have been made since then, is followed by adherents. Though originally a secret text only given to initiates of Wicca, many initiate and non-initiates alike have gone on to print various Books of Shadows. These figures include Charles Cardell, Lady Sheba, and Janet and Stewart Farrar to name a few. In other Wiccan traditions and amongst a number of solitary practitioners, alternate versions of the Book of Shadows have been written, which are independent of Gardner's original.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Numerous associations and traditions have since grown up around the Book of Shadows. Traditionally, "a Witch's book of shadows is destroyed upon death." It can be an experimental practice, everyday ritual works, or a record of magic. This is also a book of inspiration and can be used in future rituals. The concept of the Book of Shadows has subsequently appeared in popular culture, for instance being used in the American television series "Charmed", which popularised the Book of Shadows.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Gerald Gardner, the "father of Wicca", first introduced the Book of Shadows to people that he had initiated into the craft through his Bricket Wood coven in the 1950s. He claimed that it was a personal cookbook of spells that have worked for the owner; they could copy from his own book and add material as they saw fit. He said that the practice of Witches keeping such a book was ancient, and was practised by the Witch-cult throughout history. According to tradition, Gardner claimed that the Book of Shadows was burned after a person died, so that it would not be discovered that they had been a witch.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Gerald Gardner did not mention any such thing as a "Book of Shadows" in his fictitious 1949-novel about mediaeval witchcraft, "High Magic's Aid". High Priestess Doreen Valiente claimed that this was because at the time, Gardner had not yet conceived of the idea, and only invented it after writing his novel.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Valiente made the claim that Gardner found the term "Book of Shadows" from a 1949 edition (Volume I, Number 3) of a magazine known as "The Occult Observer". In this edition, she claimed, was an advertisement for Gardner's novel, "High Magic's Aid", which was opposite an article titled "The Book of Shadows" written by the palmist Mir Bashir. The article in question was about an allegedly ancient Sanskrit divination manual which explained how to foretell things based upon the length of a person's shadow. Valiente theorised that Gardner then adopted this term for his Witches' grimoire. She maintained that "It was a good name, and it is a good name still, wherever Gardner found it".


title: Book of Shadows

text: A leather bound manuscript written in Gardner's handwriting that was titled "Ye Bok of Ye Art Magical" was later found amongst his papers from the Museum after his death by Aidan Kelly and was later obtained by Richard and Tamarra James of the Wiccan Church of Canada. It appeared to be a first draft of Gardner's Book of Shadows, and featured sections based upon the rituals of the Ordo Templi Orientis which had been devised by the occultist Aleister Crowley. Gardner had gained access to these rituals in 1946, when he had purchased a charter from Crowley giving him permission to perform the OTO rituals.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Some people have taken this as evidence that Gardner invented the idea of a Witches' Grimoire, perhaps sometime between 1946 (when he finished his novel "High Magic's Aid"), and 1949, and had named it "Ye Bok of Ye Art Magical". In 1949, he had renamed it to the "Book of Shadows", and soon began to make use of it with his Bricket Wood Coven.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Adding weight to the evidence indicating Gardner invented the Book was that other Neo-pagan witches of the time, such as Robert Cochrane, never made use of such a book.


title: Book of Shadows

text: In 1953, Doreen Valiente joined Gardner's Bricket Wood coven, and soon rose to become its High Priestess. She noticed how much of the material in his Book of Shadows was taken not from ancient sources as Gardner had initially claimed, but from the works of the occultist Aleister Crowley, from "Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches", from the "Key of Solomon" and also from the rituals of Freemasonry. She confronted Gardner with this, who admitted that the text he had received from the New Forest coven had been fragmentary and he had had to fill much of it using various sources. He also stated that "well, if you think you can do any better, go ahead", and Valiente thought that she could, later stating that:


title: Book of Shadows

text: Valiente rewrote much of it, cutting out a lot of sections that had come from Crowley (whose negative reputation she feared), though retaining parts that originated with "Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches", which she felt was genuine witchcraft practice. Valiente dramatically rewrote sections such as the "Charge of the Goddess" and also wrote several poems for the book, such as "The Witches Rune". She also helped to create a poem to include the Wiccan Rede within it.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Valiente also noticed that a chant in one ritual in the book was based upon the poem "A Tree Song" from "Puck of Pook's Hill" by Rudyard Kipling, which she had enjoyed as a child. The chant in question stated that:


title: Book of Shadows

text: This version of the ritual, written by both Gardner and Valiente, but containing sections adopted from various sources, such as Aleister Crowley, "Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches", and even Rudyard Kipling, went on to become the traditional text for Gardnerian Wicca.


title: Book of Shadows

text: In forms of British Traditional Wicca, which include Gardnerian Wicca, Alexandrian Wicca and Algard Wicca, the Book of Shadows used by adherents is based upon that written by Gardner and Valiente.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Although his own book had been put together with the help of Doreen Valiente and included material from a variety of modern sources, (notably from "Aradia, or the Gospel of the Witches" and the writings of Aleister Crowley) it also included sections written in an antique (or mock-antique) style, including advice for witches brought to trial and tortured. Gardner claimed that these sections were genuinely historical in origin, and that witches had not been allowed to write anything down until recently, to avoid incrimination; when at last Books of Shadows were allowed, the rituals and spells had to be written in a jumbled manner to prevent any non-initiate from using them. More recent scholars however have doubted their authenticity.


title: Book of Shadows

text: It seems likely that Gardner told his three subsequent initiatory lines that the book should be copied word for word, and Wiccans descended from Eleanor Bone, Patricia Crowther and Monique Wilson Wilson have widely believed that the book was of ancient provenance.


title: Book of Shadows

text: There sometimes exists two Books of Shadows kept by more traditional Wiccans, one being a coven book of core rituals and practises which remains unchanged and from which new initiates copy, and the second, intended for personal use, which differs from witch to witch and contains magical material collected by the initiate, such as astrology, herbal lore, and information regarding divination.


title: Book of Shadows

text: After Gardner's death, his rival, Charles Cardell, published much of the material from the Gardnerian Book of Shadows. In the 1970s, the then Alexandrians Janet Farrar and Stewart Farrar decided, with the consent of Doreen Valiente, that much of the Gardnerian book should be published in its true form. Much of it was published by the Farrars in their 1984 book "The Witches' Way".


title: Book of Shadows

text: In non-traditional or "eclectic" forms of Wiccan or Neo-pagan practice, the term "Book of Shadows" is more often used to describe a personal journal, rather than a traditional text. This journal records rituals, spells, and their results, as well as other magical information. This can be either an individual or coven text, and is not normally passed from teacher to student. In many cases, this kind of Book of Shadows is an electronic document (disk or website) instead of a hand-written one. Some reserve the Book of Shadows for recording spells and keep a separate book, sometimes called the Book of Mirrors to contain thoughts, feelings and experiences.


title: Book of Shadows

text: Not all traditions of Wicca utilize the term "Book of Shadows". In Seax-Wica, a tradition founded by Raymond Buckland, the Book of Shadows is called "The Tree", and in Devotional Wicca, the book is titled "The Book of Ways"; many traditions refer to their Books of Shadows as simply "The Book".


title: Book of Shadows

text: The television fantasy series "Charmed" features a fictional "Book of Shadows" which contains spells and arcane law, and has a supernatural ability to defend itself from harm. In the 1996 film "The Craft", which some critics saw as a major influence on the series "Charmed", the "Book of Shadows" was referred to as an object in which a witch keeps her "power thoughts".


title: Book of Shadows

text: The 2000 sequel to "The Blair Witch Project" was titled "" and featured a Wiccan character, despite there being no mention of a "Book of Shadows", during the film. But in the film's teaser trailer, reveals the "Book of Shadows" itself but never appeared in the film. In the trailer, the "Book of Shadows" was found by a half-naked woman with a twana symbol behind her back, at the woods of Black Hills, until she was attacked by an unknown man. The title was seen as an attempt to capitalise on the "Charmed" series' established market.


title: Book of Shadows

text: In the 2011 television series, "The Secret Circle" each family is shown to have their own "Book of Shadows", with each book containing unique spells. As the book is passed down from generation to generation, each generation appears to write their own spells or notes, as indicated by Cassie's recognition of her mother's handwriting in her own family's "Book of Shadows".


title: Book of Shadows

text: The Japanese horror adventure game "Corpse Party: Book of Shadows" deals with the eponymous book during its final chapter, in which it is revealed to be an actual Book of Shadows very much in keeping with the description in this article (albeit in the game, there is only one Book of Shadows that exists, containing a complete chronicle of all spells that exist in the entire world, be they Wiccan or not). The Book of Shadows returns in "Corpse Party: Blood Drive" where it becomes a key element to the story throughout the game.


title: Book of Shadows

text: In the Australian television series "Nowhere Boys" two characters are known to possess a "Book of Shadows". One being one of the protagonists, Felix Ferne, and one being an antagonist, Alice Hartley. Felix's book was first thought to be his diary as he tried to hide its true existence from his friends, and Alice's book was thought to be her sister's.


title: Book of Shadows

text: In the fifth edition of roleplaying game "Dungeons & Dragons", members of the warlock class can gain a Book of Shadows, which enables them to learn extra spells and rituals regardless of whether or not such magic is ordinarily accessible through the warlock class.


title: Book of Shadows

text: In the roguelike "Binding of Isaac", the "Book of Shadows" is featured as an active item the player can find. When used, it grants the player invulnerability which lasts for 10 seconds. It can be used multiple times as long as the player can recharge it by clearing hostile rooms/waves or by manually charging the item by other means.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Trevor Lloyd Sinclair (born 2 March 1973) is an English football coach, professional footballer and pundit.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: As a player, he was winger who notably played in the Premier League for Queens Park Rangers, West Ham United and Manchester City. He also played in the Football League for Blackpool and Cardiff City where he retired in 2008. He has since come out of retirement on two occasions and has featured for non-league sides Lancaster City in 2014 and Squires Gate in 2018. He was capped twelve times by England, four of which came in the 2002 FIFA World Cup. He won the 1997 "Match of the Day" Goal of the Season after scoring a bicycle kick in an FA Cup tie against Barnsley.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Following his retirement, Sinclair largely worked as a pundit on both television and radio, most notably for BBC Sport on "Football Focus" and "Final Score". During the 2014–15 season, he was named assistant manager of Lancaster City, who he briefly came out of retirement with. In 2018 he played a single game for Squires Gate.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Sinclair was born in Dulwich, London, but grew up in Manchester. He began his career at Blackpool where he played from 1989 to 1993. When he made his debut for Blackpool, on 19 August 1989, he became the club's youngest ever player, at 16 years, five months, breaking Colin Greenall's record set nine years earlier. Sinclair's record was in turn broken by Matty Kay in November 2005.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Sinclair was inducted into the Hall of Fame at Bloomfield Road when it was officially opened by former Blackpool player Jimmy Armfield in April 2006. Organised by the Blackpool Supporters Association, Blackpool fans around the world voted on their all-time heroes. Five players from each decade are inducted; Sinclair is in the 1990s.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: In 1993, Sinclair moved to Queens Park Rangers for £600,000, a figure which broke Blackpool's record transfer sale. He won the October 1995 Premier League Player of the Month award, although he was unable to prevent QPR from being relegated from the Premier League that season. Throughout the 1995-96 season, Sinclair's name was constantly linked with a move to several of the Premier League's leading clubs, namely Leeds United, Manchester United and Newcastle United - with fees of up to £6million being mentioned.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: In May 1997, he won the BBC's "Match of the Day" "Goal of the Season" competition with a bicycle kick from outside the penalty area whilst playing for QPR in an FA Cup match against Barnsley.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: In January 1998, Sinclair moved to West Ham United for a combined fee of £2.3 million; £2.7 million minus West Ham players Iain Dowie and Keith Rowland moving to Q.P.R as part of the deal. He scored seven goals in the remaining 14 games to help West Ham achieve an eighth-place finish in the Premier League. He was a regular over the next two seasons, but a serious knee injury ruled him out of the final four months of the 2000–01 season. His absence coincided with a loss of form for the team, and by the end of the season manager Harry Redknapp had been sacked.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Sinclair recovered in time for the 2001–02 season and featured 34 times, often on the left wing, as he won his bid to play at the World Cup for England in that position.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: 2002–03 was Sinclair's final season with West Ham. They were relegated at the end of the season. Forced to cut costs, West Ham accepted a £3.3m bid for the player from Manchester City.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: In total Sinclair spent five years at Upton Park, playing in a variety of positions including wingback, left and right wing and as a striker when called upon. He made 177 league appearances and scored 37 goals including two goals on his West Ham debut, on 31 January 1998, in a 2–2 home draw against Everton.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: After West Ham's relegation, Sinclair joined Manchester City in 2003 for £3.3 million, and went on to score City's first competitive goal at the new City of Manchester Stadium in a UEFA Cup tie against Welsh side Total Network Solutions.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: At the beginning of his career at Manchester City, he played on the left wing, where he had performed for England at the 2002 FIFA World Cup. However, the departure of Shaun Wright-Phillips presented the opportunity for Sinclair to play on his preferred right wing.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: On 10 July 2007, he joined Championship club, Cardiff City. He began the season as a first-team player, scoring his first Cardiff goal on 24 September in a 4–2 win in the League Cup over West Bromwich Albion. Early on in the season, he suffered from a buildup of fluid in his knee and underwent two operations on the injury which ruled him out until mid-February. He made his return on 16 February 2008 coming on as a late substitute in a 2–0 FA Cup victory over Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: On 12 April 2008, Sinclair faced his first club, Blackpool, for the first time since leaving them fifteen years earlier. He scored Cardiff's second goal in a 3–1 win; however, he refused to celebrate his goal. On 17 May he made an 86th-minute substitute appearance in the 2008 FA Cup Final at Wembley Stadium, which Cardiff lost 1–0 to Portsmouth. However, four days later it was announced that his contract would not be renewed for the forthcoming season and he was released.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: On 21 February 2018, he joined North West Counties Football Premier League club Squires Gate at the age of 44 after a 2014–15 season at Lancaster City.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Sinclair was called up to Terry Venables' get-together England squad in April 1995, but was not capped for the senior side until 2001. Sinclair earned 12 caps for England, four of which came in the 2002 World Cup, in which he was a last-minute replacement for the injured Danny Murphy. In turn, he replaced Owen Hargreaves, who was injured early in the competition, in the team and was widely regarded as one of England's best players in the tournament, doing a job on England's then "problem left hand side".


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Sinclair was the assistant manager of Lancaster City. On 25 August 2014, he made a substitute appearance in the second half of a 3–1 defeat to Clitheroe in the league.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Following his retirement, Sinclair largely worked as a pundit on both television and radio, most notably for BBC Sport on "Football Focus" and "Final Score".


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Sinclair is of partial Irish and Scottish descent through his mother, who was born in Sligo and his stepfather was from Glasgow. He lives on the Fylde coast and is a supporter of his previous clubs West Ham, Manchester City, Blackpool and QPR, as well as Scottish club Celtic. In February 2015, he said that three of his children had joined Blackpool's academy. As of October 2021, his eldest son, Isaac, was playing for Bamber Bridge. His middle son, Sky, was named as an under-21 player in Blackpool's squad for the 2021–22 EFL Championship campaign. He signed a professional contract at the end of the previous campaign. Sinclair's youngest son, Kobe, began a scholarship with Blackpool in 2021.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: In January 1999, Sinclair was convicted of causing criminal damage to a car, following a night of drinking with other West Ham players at the club's Christmas party in Romford.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: In November 2017, Sinclair was arrested on suspicion of drink driving, common assault and criminal damage after a woman was hit by a car in Lytham St Annes. On 2 January 2018, Sinclair was convicted of drink driving, urinating in a police car and racially abusing a police officer by calling him a 'white cunt'. He was sentenced to 150 hours of unpaid work, disqualified from driving for 20 months and ordered to pay £500 compensation to the abused police officer. Following this conviction, he was subsequently fired from his role as a BBC pundit.


title: Trevor Sinclair

text: Following the death of Elizabeth II, Sinclair tweeted asking why "black and brown" people should mourn. His comments were met with widespread condemnation, including that of his fellow TalkSPORT colleague Simon Jordan. TalkSPORT subsequently announced that Sinclair would not be featured on air at the station whilst an investigation into the tweet was carried out.


title: Sun Yaoting

text: Sun Yaoting (Traditional Chinese: 孫耀庭, Simplified Chinese: 孙耀庭, Hanyu Pinyin: Sūn Yàotíng, Wade-Giles: Sun Yao-t'ing; 29 September 1902 – 17 December 1996) was the last surviving imperial eunuch of Chinese history. He was castrated at the age of eight by his father with a single razor cut, mere months before the last emperor Pu Yi was deposed. He still became a palace eunuch and had become the attendant to the empress before the imperial family was expelled from the Forbidden City, following which he continued to serve in Manchukuo until the puppet state's collapse.


title: Sun Yaoting

text: The 1988 dramatic film "Lai Shi, China's Last Eunuch" is based on Sun Yaoting's life. His biography "The Last Eunuch of China" was published in 1998 and translated to English in 2008.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: BlaBlaCar is a French online marketplace for carpooling. Its website and mobile apps connect drivers and passengers willing to travel together between cities and share the cost of the journey. The company does not own any vehicles; it is a broker and receives a commission (between 18% and 21%) from every booking.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: The platform has 100 million members, of which 25 million are active per quarter, and is available in 22 countries, almost all of which are in Europe and Latin America – countries include: Belgium, Brazil, Croatia, Czech Republic, France, Germany, Hungary, India, Italy, Luxembourg, Mexico, The Netherlands, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Serbia, Slovakia, Spain, Turkey, Ukraine, and the United Kingdom.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: According to TechCrunch, the company does not operate in the United States because "gas is cheaper there, cities are too far from each other and too big to conveniently pick up and drop off people".


title: BlaBlaCar

text: The service is named for its rating scale for drivers' preferred level of chattiness in the car: "Bla" for not very chatty, "BlaBla" for someone who likes to talk, and "BlaBlaBla" for those who can't keep quiet.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In 2004, Vincent Caron bought the domain name Covoiturage.fr and launched the first version of the site Covoiturage.fr. In 2006, the domain name was sold to Frédéric Mazzella. He created the company Comuto which would become the company owner of every car-pool site.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In August 2008, Comuto launched the second version of the website. The new version includes a community aspect allowing public recommendation, profiles, and biographies. Covoiturage.fr was both a travel website and a community website. As early as September 2008, Covoiturage.fr became the number one carpool web site in France.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In 2009, Comuto launched a Spanish version of the site under the name of Comuto.es. Throughout the year, Comuto opened a lot of carpool services for companies and cities, such as MAIF, IKEA, Vinci Park, RATP, Carrefour, the city of Montrouge and multiple others. In December 2009, the company unveiled its iPhone application, with the android version becoming available in February 2010.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In June 2012, an online reservation service was added to Covoiturage.fr. Users buy their trip online and the web site transfers part of the ticket price to the driver. This solution had been tested in Western France since 2011. The web service put in place its business model and began to make profits. It was also a way to attract drivers and to reach the critical mass. Between July and November, Comuto expanded to Italy, Portugal, Poland, Netherlands, Luxembourg, and Belgium.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In April 2013, BlaBlaCar was launched in Germany where many other carpool sites already exist. On 29 April, Covoiturage.fr was re-branded BlaBlaCar.fr in order to unify all the sites under one name. At the end of the year, BlaBlaCar revealed that they have 5 million members with 1 million monthly active users spread through 10 countries.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In January 2014, BlaBlaCar was introduced in Ukraine and Russia, the company strongly considered Brazil as its next destination for expansion. In September, the service had 10 million users.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In January 2015, BlaBlaCar expanded to India. The company bought multiple competitors, including Carpooling in Germany, Autohop in eastern Europe, and Rides in Mexico. The last operation allowed the company to establish itself in the Americas, particularly in Mexico. At this time, the company had 290 employees on three continents and 20 million users in 19 countries. On 18 May, BlaBlaCar signed a partnership with Axa in order to insure its users.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In October 2016, BlaBlaCar signed a contract with GoEuro, a remuneration based on the number of established connections.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In April 2017, a long term rental service was offered to the best drivers. It was the result of a partnership with the constructor Opel and the company ALD Automotive, specializing in long term rental. On 2 May, another application was launched: BlaBlaLines, an application for daily carpool, experimented on two lines in France. The iOS counterpart is launched on 14 September.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: These international expansions found mixed success. In 2017, the company closed its offices in India, Turkey and Mexico. Executives said they had spent too much and hired too aggressively in those territories. In contrast, the move into Russia proved to be a stunning success as the country which has become BlaBlaCar's largest market. Overall, the company has become far more diversified in terms of geography. While 75% of its users were in France in 2015, by 2021 the company reported that 80% of its riders were outside of France and 60% were outside of Europe.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: On 30 January 2018, BlaBlaCar unveiled a new corporate identity and style guide. A new algorithm was also put in place to increase the number of trips proposed for users. As of June 2018, BlaBlaCar had 60 million members in 22 countries and over 18 million travellers every quarter.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In November 2018, BlaBlaCar announced the purchase of long-distance coach operator Ouibus from SNCF. As part of the transaction, SNCF became a shareholder in BlaBlaCar. Ouibus was rebranded BlaBlaBus. In addition, BlaBlaCar also raised $114 million from SNCF and previous investors. In 2019, BlaBlaCar acquired Russia’s largest bus booking platform, Busfor.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In January 2012, Comuto raised €7.5 million from Accel Partners, ISAI and Cabiedes & Partners to develop its activities in Europe.


title: BlaBlaCar

text: In July 2014, BlaBlaCar raised US$100 million from Index Ventures. In September 2015, the company raised another USD $200 million, primarily from Insight Venture Partners, in a round that valued the company at $1.6 billion.


title: Global warming controversy

text: The global warming controversy concerns the public debate over whether global warming is occurring, how much has occurred in modern times, what has caused it, what its effects will be, whether any action can or should be taken to curb it, and if so what that action should be. In the scientific literature, there is a strong consensus that global surface temperatures have increased in recent decades and that the trend is caused by human-induced emissions of greenhouse gases. No scientific body of national or international standing disagrees with this view, though a few organizations with members in extractive industries hold non-committal positions, and some have attempted to convince the public that climate change is not happening, or if the climate is changing it is not because of human influence, attempting to sow doubt in the scientific consensus.


title: Global warming controversy

text: The controversy is, by now, political rather than scientific: there is a scientific consensus that global warming is happening and is caused by human activity. Disputes over the key scientific facts of global warming are more prevalent in the media than in the scientific literature, where such issues are treated as resolved, and such disputes are more prevalent in the United States and Australia than globally.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Political and popular debate concerning the existence and cause of global warming includes the reasons for the increase seen in the instrumental temperature record, whether the warming trend exceeds normal climatic variations, and whether human activities have contributed significantly to it. Scientists have resolved these questions decisively in favor of the view that the current warming trend exists and is ongoing, that human activity is the cause, and that it is without precedent in at least 2000 years. Public disputes that also reflect scientific debate include estimates of how responsive the climate system might be to any given level of greenhouse gases (climate sensitivity), how the climate will change at local and regional scales, and what the consequences of global warming will be.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Global warming remains an issue of widespread political debate, often split along party political lines, especially in the United States. Many of the issues that are settled within the scientific community, such as human responsibility for global warming, remain the subject of politically or economically motivated attempts to downplay, dismiss or deny them—an ideological phenomenon categorized by academics and scientists as climate change denial. The sources of funding for those involved with climate science opposing mainstream scientific positions have been questioned. There are debates about the best policy responses to the science, their cost-effectiveness and their urgency. Climate scientists, especially in the United States, have reported government and oil-industry pressure to censor or suppress their work and hide scientific data, with directives not to discuss the subject in public communications. Legal cases regarding global warming, its effects, and measures to reduce it have reached American courts. The fossil fuels lobby has been identified as overtly or covertly supporting efforts to undermine or discredit the scientific consensus on global warming.


title: Global warming controversy

text: The theory that increases in greenhouse gases would lead to an increase in temperature was first proposed by the Swedish chemist Svante Arrhenius in 1896, but climate change did not arise as a political issue until the 1990s. It took many years for this particular issue to attract any type of popular attention.


title: Global warming controversy

text: In the United States, the mass media devoted little coverage to global warming until the drought of 1988, and James E. Hansen's testimony to the Senate, which explicitly attributed "the abnormally hot weather plaguing our nation" to global warming. Global warming in the U.S. gained more attention after the release of the 2006 documentary "An Inconvenient Truth", featuring Al Gore.


title: Global warming controversy

text: The British press also changed its coverage at the end of 1988, following a speech by Margaret Thatcher to the Royal Society advocating action against human-induced climate change. According to Anabela Carvalho, an academic analyst, Thatcher's "appropriation" of the risks of climate change to promote nuclear power, in the context of the dismantling of the coal industry following the 1984–1985 miners' strike was one reason for the change in public discourse. At the same time environmental organizations and the political opposition were demanding "solutions that contrasted with the government's". In May 2013 Charles, Prince of Wales took a strong stance criticising both climate change deniers and corporate lobbyists by likening the Earth to a dying patient. "A scientific hypothesis is tested to absolute destruction, but medicine can't wait. If a doctor sees a child with a fever, he can't wait for [endless] tests. He has to act on what is there."


title: Global warming controversy

text: Many European countries took action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions before 1990. West Germany started to take action after the Green Party took seats in Parliament in the 1980s. All countries of the European Union ratified the 1997 Kyoto Protocol. Substantial activity by NGOs took place as well. The United States Energy Information Administration reports that, in the United States, "The 2012 downturn means that emissions are at their lowest level since 1994 and over 12% below the recent 2007 peak."


title: Global warming controversy

text: In Europe, the notion of human influence on climate gained wide acceptance more rapidly than in the United States and other countries. A 2009 survey found that Europeans rated climate change as the second most serious problem facing the world, between "poverty, the lack of food and drinking water" and "a major global economic downturn". 87% of Europeans considered climate change to be a very serious or serious problem, while ten per cent did not consider it a serious problem.


title: Global warming controversy

text: In 2007, the BBC announced the cancellation of a planned television special "Planet Relief", which would have highlighted the global warming issue and included a mass electrical switch-off. The editor of BBC's Newsnight current affairs show said: "It is absolutely not the BBC's job to save the planet. I think there are a lot of people who think that, but it must be stopped." Author Mark Lynas said "The only reason why this became an issue is that there is a small but vociferous group of extreme right-wing climate 'sceptics' lobbying against taking action, so the BBC is behaving like a coward and refusing to take a more consistent stance."


title: Global warming controversy

text: The authors of the 2010 book "Merchants of Doubt", provide documentation for the assertion that professional deniers have tried to sow seeds of doubt in public opinion in order to halt any meaningful social or political progress to reduce the impact of human carbon emissions. The fact that only half of the American population believes global warming is caused by human activity could be seen as a victory for these deniers. One of the authors' main arguments is that most prominent scientists who have been voicing opposition to the near-universal consensus are being funded by industries, such as automotive and oil, that stand to lose money by government actions to regulate greenhouse gases.


title: Global warming controversy

text: The Canadian science broadcaster and environmental activist David Suzuki reports that focus groups organized by the David Suzuki Foundation in 2006 showed that the public has a poor understanding of the science behind global warming. This is despite publicity through different means, including the films "An Inconvenient Truth" and "The 11th Hour".


title: Global warming controversy

text: An example of the poor understanding is public confusion between global warming and ozone depletion or other environmental problems.


title: Global warming controversy

text: A 15-nation poll conducted in 2006, by Pew Global found that there "is a substantial gap in concern over global warming—roughly two-thirds of Japanese (66%) and Indians (65%) say they personally worry a great deal about global warming. Roughly half of the populations of Spain (51%) and France (46%) also express great concern over global warming, based on those who have heard about the issue. But there is no evidence of alarm over global warming in either the United States or China—the two largest producers of greenhouse gases. Just 19% of Americans and 20% of the Chinese who have heard of the issue say they worry a lot about global warming—the lowest percentages in the 15 countries surveyed. Moreover, nearly half of Americans (47%) and somewhat fewer Chinese (37%) express little or no concern about the problem."


title: Global warming controversy

text: A 47-nation poll by Pew Global Attitudes conducted in 2007, found, "Substantial majorities 25 of 37 countries say global warming is a 'very serious' problem."


title: Global warming controversy

text: There are differences between the opinion of scientists and that of the general public. A 2009 poll, in the US by Pew Research Center found "[w]hile 84% of scientists say the earth is getting warmer because of human activity such as burning fossil fuels, just 49% of the public agrees". A 2010 poll in the UK for the BBC showed "Climate scepticism on the rise". Robert Watson found this "very disappointing" and said "We need the public to understand that climate change is serious so they will change their habits and help us move towards a low carbon economy." A 2012 Canadian poll, found that 32% of Canadians said they believe climate change is happening because of human activity, while 54% said they believe it's because of human activity and partially due to natural climate variation. 9% believe climate change is occurring due to natural climate variation, and only 2% said they do not believe climate change is occurring at all.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Many of the critics of the consensus view on global warming have disagreed, in whole or part, with the scientific consensus regarding other issues, particularly those relating to environmental risks, such as ozone depletion, DDT, and passive smoking. Chris Mooney, author of "The Republican War on Science", has argued that the appearance of overlapping groups of "skeptical" scientists, commentators and think tanks in seemingly unrelated controversies results from an organized attempt to replace scientific analysis with political ideology. Mooney says that the promotion of doubt regarding issues that are politically, but not scientifically, controversial became increasingly prevalent under the George W. Bush administration, which, he says, regularly distorted and/or suppressed scientific research to further its own political aims. This is also the subject of a 2004 book by environmental lawyer Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. titled "Crimes Against Nature: How George W. Bush and Corporate Pals are Plundering the Country and Hijacking Our Democracy" (). Another book on this topic is "The Assault on Reason" by former Vice President of the United States Al Gore. "The Heat Is On" by Ross Gelbspan chronicles how Congress tied climate change denial to attacks on the scientific bases for ozone depletion and asbestos removal, among other topics.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Some critics of the scientific consensus on global warming have argued that these issues should not be linked and that reference to them constitutes an unjustified ad hominem attack. Political scientist Roger Pielke, Jr., responding to Mooney, has argued that science is inevitably intertwined with politics.


title: Global warming controversy

text: In 2015, according to "The New York Times" and others, oil companies knew that burning oil and gas could cause global warming since the 1970s but, nonetheless, funded deniers for years.


title: Global warming controversy

text: The findings that the climate has warmed in recent decades and that human activities are producing global climate change have been endorsed by every national science academy that has issued a statement on climate change, including the science academies of all of the major industrialized countries.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Attribution of recent climate change discusses how global warming is attributed to anthropogenic greenhouse gases (GHGs).


title: Global warming controversy

text: Scientific consensus is normally achieved through communication at conferences, publication in the scientific literature, replication (reproducible results by others), and peer review. In the case of global warming, many governmental reports, the media in many countries, and environmental groups, have stated that there is virtually unanimous scientific agreement that human-caused global warming is real and poses a serious concern. According to the United States National Research Council,


title: Global warming controversy

text: Among opponents of the mainstream scientific assessment, some say that while there is agreement that humans do have an effect on climate, there is no universal agreement about the quantitative magnitude of anthropogenic global warming (AGW) relative to natural forcings and its harm-to-benefit ratio. Other opponents assert that some kind of ill-defined "consensus argument" is being used, and then dismiss this by arguing that science is based on facts rather than consensus. Some highlight the dangers of focusing on only one viewpoint in the context of what they say is unsettled science, or point out that science is based on facts and not on opinion polls or consensus.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Dennis T. Avery, a food policy analyst at the Hudson Institute, wrote an article titled "500 Scientists Whose Research Contradicts Man-Made Global Warming Scares" published in 2007, by the Heartland Institute. The list was immediately called into question for misunderstanding and distorting the conclusions of many of the named studies and citing outdated, flawed studies that had long been abandoned. Many of the scientists included in the list demanded their names be removed. At least 45 scientists had no idea they were included as "co-authors" and disagreed with the conclusions of the document. The Heartland Institute refused these requests, stating that the scientists "have no right—legally or ethically—to demand that their names be removed from a bibliography composed by researchers with whom they disagree".


title: Global warming controversy

text: A 2010 paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences analyzed "1,372 climate researchers and their publication and citation data to show that (i) 97–98% of the climate researchers most actively publishing in the field support the tenets of ACC [anthropogenic climate change] outlined by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, and (ii) the relative climate expertise and scientific prominence of the researchers unconvinced of ACC are substantially below that of the convinced researchers". Judith Curry has said "This is a completely unconvincing analysis", whereas Naomi Oreskes said that the paper shows "the vast majority of working [climate] research scientists are in agreement [on climate change]... Those who don't agree, are, unfortunately—and this is hard to say without sounding elitist—mostly either not actually climate researchers or not very productive researchers." Jim Prall, one of the coauthors of the study, acknowledged "it would be helpful to have lukewarm [as] a third category."


title: Global warming controversy

text: A 2013 study, published in the peer-reviewed journal "Environmental Research Letters" analyzed 11,944 abstracts from papers published in the peer-reviewed scientific literature between 1991 and 2011, identified by searching the ISI Web of Science citation index engine for the text strings "global climate change" or "global warming". The authors found that 3974 of the abstracts expressed a position on anthropogenic global warming, and that 97% of those endorsed the consensus that humans are causing global warming. The authors found that of the 11,944 abstracts, 3896 endorsed that consensus, 7930 took no position on it, 78 rejected the consensus, and 40 expressed uncertainty about it.


title: Global warming controversy

text: In 2014, a letter from 52 leading skeptics was published by the Committee for Skeptical Inquiry supporting the scientific consensus and asking the media to stop referring to deniers as "skeptics". The letter clarified the skeptical opinion on climate and denial: "As scientific skeptics, we are well aware of political efforts to undermine climate science by those who deny reality but do not engage in scientific research or consider evidence that their deeply held opinions are wrong. The most appropriate word to describe the behavior of those individuals is 'denial'. Not all individuals who call themselves climate change skeptics are deniers. But virtually all deniers have falsely branded themselves as skeptics. By perpetrating this misnomer, journalists have granted undeserved credibility to those who reject science and scientific inquiry."


title: Global warming controversy

text: The "standard" view of climate change has come to be defined by the reports of the IPCC, which is supported by many other science academies and scientific organizations. In 2001, sixteen of the world's national science academies made a joint statement on climate change, and gave their support for the IPCC.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Opponents have generally attacked either the IPCC's processes, people or the Synthesis and Executive summaries; the full reports attract less attention. Some of the controversy and criticism has originated from experts invited by the IPCC to submit reports or serve on its panels.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Christopher Landsea, a hurricane researcher, said of "the part of the IPCC to which my expertise is relevant" that "I personally cannot in good faith continue to contribute to a process that I view as both being motivated by pre-conceived agendas and being scientifically unsound," because of comments made at a press conference by Kevin Trenberth of which Landsea disapproved. Trenberth said "Landsea's comments were not correct"; the IPCC replied "individual scientists can do what they wish in their own rights, as long as they are not saying anything on behalf of the IPCC" and offered to include Landsea in the review phase of the AR4. Roger Pielke, Jr. commented "Both Landsea and Trenberth can and should feel vindicated ... the IPCC accurately reported the state of scientific understandings of tropical cyclones and climate change in its recent summary for policy makers."


title: Global warming controversy

text: In 2005, the House of Lords Economics Committee wrote, "We have some concerns about the objectivity of the IPCC process, with some of its emissions scenarios and summary documentation apparently influenced by political considerations." It doubted the high emission scenarios and said that the IPCC had "played-down" what the committee called "some positive aspects of global warming". The main statements of the House of Lords Economics Committee were rejected in the response made by the United Kingdom government and by the Stern Review.


title: Global warming controversy

text: Speaking to the difficulty of establishing scientific consensus on the precise extent of human action on climate change, John Christy, a contributing author, wrote:


title: Global warming controversy

text: On 10 December 2008, a report was released by the U.S. Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works Minority members, under the leadership of the Senate's most vocal global warming denier Jim Inhofe. The timing of the report coincided with the UN global warming conference in Poznań, Poland. It says it summarizes scientific dissent from the IPCC. Many of its statements about the numbers of individuals listed in the report, whether they are actually scientists, and whether they support the positions attributed to them, have been disputed.