title: Toyota Kijang

text: The left-hand drive Zace Surf for the Taiwanese market was available in both 5 and 8-seater configurations with a choice of either a 1.8-litre or 2.4-litre petrol engine. Anti-lock brakes were available with the 1.8-litre petrol engine as standard in Urban Wagon and pre-refresh GL models while available as an option in GL Limited, DX-Limited and DX trims with all 2.4-litre models receiving anti lock brakes as standard. A driver airbag was also standard equipment for Urban Wagon and pre-refresh GL models as well as in 4WD trims. The 8-seat configuration using a 50/50 split side folding unit with third row seatbelts as used in the Unser and late model Condors was initially offered as a trim level to both 1.8-litre and 2.4-litre 4WD models with the latter being discontinued in 2002. Both models are uncommon as owners opted to install aftermarket bench seats to 5-seater models instead. Refreshed models more closely mimic the changes made in the Kijang's second refresh that included the suede interior as well the use of compound sealant for the rear glass. Unique to the Zace Surf is the use of a printed window antenna, the option of a roof mounted VCD player and a car phone in later, higher end trims like the VX-surf or VX Prerunner. All Zace Surfs with the 2.4-litre engine use the 4x4's taller suspension unlike the Condor. 4x4 models uses a full-time 4WD system with a lockable centre differential and high/low range transfer case.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Toyota Zace was introduced to Vietnam in 1999 as the GL and DX equipped with 1.8 litre EFI petrol engine with at 4,800 rpm. The DX version has a lower comfort profile than the GL version with a manual external rearview mirror, no front fog lights and no tachometer. In 2000, the Zace got a redesigned front and the 1.8-litre engine was increased to 2.0-litres. The second upgrade was introduced in 2003 with an improved front and rear.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: In 2004, Toyota introduced the GL limited with 200 units produced, a revised exterior, wood-panelled interior, and upholstered seats.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: In 2005, Toyota introduced the Zace Surf with an improved exterior that included larger wings and front bumper, chrome exterior door handles and windshield surrounds, and 15-inch wheels. The interior was equipped with a wood-panelled console, CD player, 6-speaker audio and leather seats.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Zace was a successful model and also the best-selling model of Toyota Motor Vietnam in 2005 with 5,634 units. The total number of cars sold from launch to the end of production was 17,268 units.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: Due to its diversified roles in its respective markets, the Kijang was succeeded by the Avanza and IMV platform vehicles.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: Toyota replaced the Kijang station wagon across Southeast Asia with the smaller Avanza in 2003, and the larger Innova in 2004. The latter has been retailed by Toyota Astra Motor in Indonesia as the "Kijang Innova" to retain its linkage with the original model. Therefore, Toyota categorise the three generations of the Innova as the fifth, sixth and seventh-generation Kijang. The Kijang pickup was sold until early 2007, when it was replaced by the Hilux pickup truck to comply with the Euro 2 emission standards.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Malaysian market Unser was sold alongside the Avanza introduced in late 2004 until the middle of 2005, when it was discontinued in favor of the Innova being introduced.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Innova was marketed in 2005 as the successor to the Revo in the Philippine market with marketing material referring to the Innova as "A Beautiful [R]evolution" referencing the Revo nameplate. Given the family oriented nature of the Innova, taxi and commercial businesses served previously by the entry-level DLX and GL Revo trims were now served by the Avanza, while the upmarket SR and VX trims now being catered to by the Fortuner SUV. Commercial variants of the Tamaraw FX were succeeded by the Hilux FX and LiteAce FX utility vans, both carrying over the "FX" nameplate, and the Hilux Cargo closed van, along with the panel van, dropside pick-up, and aluminium van variants of the LiteAce, released in 2022.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Taiwanese Zace Surf was replaced with the Innova equipped with the 2.7 L "2TR-FE" petrol engine with no replacement for the four-wheel-drive variant and pickup truck. The Fortuner, then codenamed IMV4, was slated to be imported by local distributor Hotai Motors as to reflect the Zace Surf's then current lineup however due to strategic consideration by Toyota, the Innova was launched in 2007 instead with the "2TR-FE" to meet emission regulations with the smaller "1TR-FE" being introduced later to replace the larger engine. In 2016, the Innova was discontinued from the Taiwanese market with the second-generation Innova not slated to be introduced.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Africa/Ghana market Condor was replaced by the Fortuner in 2006, Avanza in 2007 and Innova introduced in late 2011, while panel van duties served by the African market Stallion were passed onto a panel van version of the Avanza introduced in late 2013. The second-generation Innova is not introduced to the South African market due to shrinking MPV market and poor sales.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Claude-Michel Schönberg (born 6 July 1944, in Vannes) is a French record producer, actor, singer, songwriter, and musical theatre composer, best known for his collaborations with lyricist Alain Boublil. Major works include "La Révolution Française" (1973), "Les Misérables" (1980), "Miss Saigon" (1989), "Martin Guerre" (1996), "The Pirate Queen" (2006), and "Marguerite" (2008).


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Schönberg began his career as a record producer and a singer. He wrote most of the music for the French musical and rock opera "La Révolution Française", France's first rock opera, in 1973. He played the role of King Louis XVI in the show's production that year.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: In 1974 he wrote the music and the lyrics of the song "Le Premier Pas", which became the number one hit in France that year, selling over one million copies. Le Premier Pas was produced by Franck Pourcel. That year he also wrote a French version of the ABBA song "Waterloo", which was recorded by the group.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Schönberg then made an album in which he sang his own compositions. In 1978 he dedicated his attention to musicals when he and Alain Boublil conceived the idea for a stage musical version of Victor Hugo's "Les Misérables". The original production was staged at the Palais de Sports in Paris in 1980. In 1985 and 1987 respectively, the musical opened in London and on Broadway, to acclaim in each instance. The Broadway production was nominated for twelve Tony Awards in 1987 and won eight, including Best Musical and Best Original Score.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: In 1989, Schönberg and Boublil produced the London showing of the musical "Miss Saigon", which starred Lea Salonga and Jonathan Pryce. In its transition to Broadway, the show broke advance-ticket sales, earning $24 million before its premiere on 11 April 1991. The show was nominated for ten Tony awards, including Best Musical and Best Original Score.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: In 1997 Schönberg and Boublil premiered a new musical, "Martin Guerre", at the Prince Edward Theatre in London. The musical won the 1997 Olivier Award and went on to tour the UK and the United States.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: In 2001, Schönberg composed his first ballet score, "Wuthering Heights". This production was performed by the United Kingdom's Northern Ballet Theatre Company in September 2002.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Schönberg's next project with Boublil was "The Pirate Queen", a musical about the 16th-century Irish pirate, chieftain and adventuress Grace O'Malley. "The Pirate Queen" completed its eight-week pre-Broadway tryout at Chicago's Cadillac Palace Theatre on 26 November 2006, and underwent further development in preparation for Broadway at the Hilton Theater in March 2007. The Broadway opening date was 5 April 2007. "Miss Saigon" co-lyricist Richard Maltby Jr. worked with Boublil on revisions to the book and lyrics, and Graciela Daniele worked on the musical staging.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Following a critical savaging and poor ticket sales, "The Pirate Queen" closed on 17 June 2007 after 85 performances and 32 previews, resulting in a loss of almost $18 million, ranking it among the largest commercial flops in Broadway history.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: "Les Misérables" celebrated its twentieth anniversary in London on 8 October 2005. The Broadway production closed on 18 May 2003, making it the third-longest-running Broadway musical, following "Cats" and "The Phantom of the Opera". Schönberg oversaw the production of "Les Misérables" that returned to Broadway for an intended six-month engagement at the Broadhurst Theatre on 9 November 2006, although it later extended its run.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Schönberg's "Marguerite" includes music by Michel Legrand and lyrics by Herbert Kretzmer. Set during World War II in occupied Paris, and inspired by the romantic novel "La Dame aux camélias" by Alexandre Dumas, fils, "Marguerite" is about the mistress of a high-ranking German officer who attracts the love of a musician half her age.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: In 2011, Schönberg created the musical score for the ballet "Cleopatra" for the Northern Ballet, based in Leeds. Choreography is by the Ballet's artistic director David Nixon. The show toured the UK throughout 2011.


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Schönberg was nominated for Best Original Song at the 70th Golden Globe Awards and in the same category at the 85th Academy Awards for the song "Suddenly" from the 2012 film version of "Les Miserables".


title: Claude-Michel Schönberg

text: Schönberg was born in Vannes, France, to Hungarian Jewish parents. His father was an organ repairer and his mother was a piano tuner. He was formerly married to evening news anchor Béatrice Schönberg.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian Navy (), also known as the Egyptian Naval Force, is the maritime branch of the Egyptian Armed Forces. It is the largest navy in the Middle East as well as Africa, and is the twelfth largest (by the number of vessels) navy in the world. The navy protects more than 2,000 kilometers of coastline of the Mediterranean Sea and the Red Sea, defense of approaches to the Suez Canal, and it also supports for army operations. The majority of the modern Egyptian Navy was created with the help of the Soviet Union in the 1960s. The navy received ships in the 1980s from China and other Western sources. In 1989, the Egyptian Navy had 18,000 personnel as well as 2,000 personnel in the Coast Guard. The navy received ships from the US in 1990. US shipbuilder Swiftships has built around 30 boats for the Egyptian Navy including mine hunters, survey vessels, and both steel and aluminium patrol boats.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: Egypt has had a navy since Ancient Egyptian times. The Ancient Egyptian Navy was a vital part of the military of ancient Egypt. It helped to transport troops along the Nile River and fighting many battles such as the Battle of the Delta against the Sea Peoples, and played a major role in Egyptian Wars and battles such as the siege of Avaris in c. 1540 BC. The Ancient Egyptian Navy imported many of their ships from countries such as the Kingdom of Cyprus. Several Ancient Egyptian royal ships are still present today.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In the early 1800s, Egypt under Muhammad Ali Pasha developed a modern European-style army and navy. After intervening in the Greek War of Independence at Ottoman Turkey's request, the Egyptian navy was destroyed in 1827 at the Battle of Navarino by the fleets of Great Britain, France and Russia. With the Egyptian army in Greece then isolated, Muhammad Ali made terms with the British and withdrew a year later.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: A replacement fleet was built for the First Egyptian–Ottoman War in 1831, and landed troops at Jaffa in support of the main Egyptian army marching into Syria. In the Second Egyptian–Ottoman War in 1839, following Egyptian victory in the Battle of Nezib, the Ottoman fleet sailed to Alexandria and defected to the Egyptian side. However, these victories provoked decisive European intervention to support the Turks, and while Muhammad Ali's dynasty continued to reign, Egypt ended up being transformed into a British protectorate until being granted independence in 1921.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian navy was only peripherally involved in the series of conflicts with Israel. On 22 October 1948, the Egyptian sloop El Amir Farouq was sunk in the Mediterranean Sea off Gaza by a motor explosive boat of the Israeli Navy during the Israeli naval campaign in Operation Yoav as part of the 1948 Arab–Israeli War. During the Suez Crisis, Egypt dispatched the "Ibrahim el Awal", an ex-British Hunt class destroyer, to Haifa with the aim of shelling the city's coastal oil installations. On 31 October the "Ibrahim el Awal" reached Haifa and began bombarding the city but was driven off by a French warship and then pursued by the Israeli destroyers INS "Eilat" and INS "Yaffo" which, with the help of the Israeli Air Force, captured the ship.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: Egyptian destroyers and torpedo boats engaged larger British vessels in a move aimed at frustrating the amphibious operations of the British and French. On the night of 31 October in the northern Red Sea, the British light cruiser HMS "Newfoundland" challenged and engaged the Egyptian frigate "Domiat", eventually sinking it in a brief gun battle. The Egyptian warship was then sunk by escorting destroyer HMS "Diana", with 69 surviving Egyptian sailors rescued.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian Navy's blockade of Israeli ships in the Strait of Tiran that were headed toward the Israeli port of Eilat was one of the main causes of the Six-Day War. During the war, the Israeli Navy landed six combat divers from the Shayetet 13 naval commando unit to infiltrate Alexandria harbor. The divers sank an Egyptian minesweeper


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In October 1967, a few months after the cease-fire, the Egyptian Navy was the first navy in history to sink a ship using anti-ship missiles, when an Egyptian Komar-class fast-attack craft sank the Israeli destroyer "INS Eilat" with two direct hits. This was a milestone of modern naval warfare, and for the first time anti-ship missiles showed their potential, sinking the destroyer 17 km off Port Said.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: On the night of 15–16 November 1969, Egyptian Navy frogmen attacked the port of Eilat and caused severe damages to the armed transport ship "Bat Yam". On 5–6 February 1970, the frogmen attacked the Israeli landing ships at the same port and same piers causing severe damages to the landing ship "Bait Shivaa" and transport armed ship "Hydroma". On 8 March 1970, the frogmen attacked the Israeli oil drill "Keting" at the port of Abidjan in Ivory Coast believing that Israel had bought this oil drill from the Netherlands for the purposes of oil exploration in the Suez Gulf.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In the Yom Kippur War, Egypt blocked commercial traffic to Eilat in the Gulf of Aqaba by laying mines; it also attempted to blockade Israeli ports on the Mediterranean. The navy also used the coastal artillery to the east of Port Fouad to support the Egyptian Army in order to prepare for the assault on the Suez Canal. In the Battle of Baltim, three Egyptian Osa-class missile boats were sunk.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian navy's headquarters and main base is at Alexandria on the Mediterranean Sea with other Mediterranean naval bases at Port Said, Garoub and Mersa Matruh.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian Navy is structured into two different fleets, one for the Mediterranean sea and the other for the Red Sea. This in a context where the safety of shipping in the Red Sea is becoming increasingly important.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The navy lacked its own air arm and depended on the air force for maritime reconnaissance and protection against submarines. The air force's equipment that supported the navy included twelve Gazelle and five Sea King helicopters mounted with antiship and antisubmarine missiles. In mid-1988 the air force also took delivery of the first of six Grumman E-2c Hawkeye aircraft with search and side-looking radar for maritime surveillance purposes.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In mid-1988 the air force also took delivery of the first of 6 Grumman E-2C Hawkeye aircraft, now 8 units are operational and are used to secure the maritime borders among other missions; it also operates 6 Beechcraft 1900C aircraft for maritime surveillance purposes with search and side-looking radar. The Egyptian Navy also uses Mil Mi-8 and Sea King helicopters to transport troops.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: also Russia confirmed the sale of 46 Ka-52Ks to Egypt in December 2015. Russian Helicopters Director-General Alexander Mikheyev said deliveries to Egypt are expected to occur in 2017. In April 2019 Egyptian Navy ordered 24 Agusta Westland AW149 helicopters


title: Egyptian Navy

text: Egypt has 4 Type 209 German submarines and also operates 4 ex-Chinese Romeo-class submarines which have been revitalized to use Western periscopes, trailing GPS, passive sonars , a fire control system, and the ability to fire US-made harpoon missiles.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The first Mistral helicopter carrier named after late President Gamal Abdel-Nasser arrived in Alexandria in June 2016.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: On 16 September 2016, the Egyptian Navy Commander, Admiral Osama Rabie, raised the Egyptian flag on board of the BPC-210 Mistral Class amphibious assault ship (BPC/LHD).


title: Egyptian Navy

text: Russia and Egypt had signed a deal for Egypt's purchase of 50 Ka-52 Alligator attack helicopters from Russia. The purchase includes the variant of the Ka-52 Katran, which specifically designed for the Mistrals that Russia had intended to acquire.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: Only those escorts capable of operating troop-lift helicopters (Kaman SH-2G Seasprite) are shown. It must, though, be accepted that all surface ships can launch and recover the rubber assault craft known to be used by the army's commando groups. Additionally the two, 1,702 ton Jianghu I class FFGs and the two, 1,479 ton Descubierta class FFGs can supply naval gunfire support.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian Navy has a potent fleet of fast attack craft, many fitted with missile systems. These and the navy-manned vessels of the Coast Guard, would be deployed in support of amphibious landings and certainly in their prevention. The US shipbuilder Swiftships is one of the main providers of vessels for the Egyptian Navy. It has built around 30 boats for the Egyptian Navy mainly costal patrol crafts 28m for coastal defense, anti-surface operations, maritime security operations and maritime interdiction, surveillance and intelligence gathering, and search and rescue operations.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian Coast Guard is responsible for the onshore protection of public installations near the coast and the patrol of coastal waters to prevent smuggling. Currently consists of one hundred five ships and craft.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The Egyptian Navy has adopted the 60m diesel-powered Ambassador MK III fast missile patrol craft. The construction of the boats began in spring 2001. Egypt already had an older version of the Ambassador patrol craft in service, but the new boats would contain an update in design meant to make the vessels more resistant to radar detection. Design was conducted with the assistance of Lockheed Martin. Throughout recent years, Egypt has been constructing various "Ramos"-grade shipyards, which are capable of making more recent vessels like larger fast attack craft, low-grade aircraft carriers (such as Oryx-class or Nimitz-class) and nuclear submarines, though none of the aforementioned vessels have been constructed there.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: The navy is currently undergoing a modernization of its surface fleet. On 16 February 2015, the Egyptian Navy ordered one FREMM multipurpose frigate from the French shipbuilder DCNS to enter service before the opening of the New Suez Canal, as part of a larger deal (including 24 Rafales and a supply of missiles) worth €5.2bn. Egypt has also signed a €1bn contract with DCNS to buy four Gowind 2,500 ton corvettes with an option for two more. The ageing submarine fleet is to be replaced starting in 2016 when the first of four Type 209 submarine's worth €920 million start arriving from Germany.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: On 7 August 2015, Le Monde reported that Egypt and Saudi Arabia were in discussions with France to purchase the two amphibious assault ship "Mistral" class originally intended for Russia. Le Monde quoted a French diplomatic source as confirming that French President, François Hollande, discussed the matter with Egyptian President Abdel Fattah el-Sisi during his visit to Egypt during the inauguration of the New Suez Canal in Ismailia. On 24 September 2015, the French presidency announced that an agreement had been reached with Egypt for the supply of the two Mistrals.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In May 2016, Swiftships was awarded a Direct Commercial Contract (DCC) for the construction of six additional 28m CPCs for co-production in Egypt under Swiftships Build, Operate and Transfer (BOT) model. Swiftships has delivered six 28m CPCs already to the EN, which were constructed at the Egyptian Ship Building and Repairs Company (ESBRC) in Alexandria, Egypt. In June 2016 Swiftships was awarded a contract to procure four 28 meter long coastal patrol craft kits for local assembly in Alexandria.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: "Spiegel online"(know Der Spiegel) announced on 2 January 2019 that the German federal security council approved the sale of 1 Meko 200 frigate similar to the South African Valour class for 500 million euros, Egypt also intends to buy at least another frigate of the class in the future . In May 2016, Swiftships was awarded a Direct Commercial Contract (DCC) for the construction of six additional 28m CPCs


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In April 2019, the German parliament approved the guarantee of 2.3 billion euros for the sale of 6 Meko A200 class frigates for Egypt.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In 2020, the Italian government accepted the proposal to sell two "Bergamini"-class frigates to Egypt for a value of 1.2 billion euros.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: On 3 July 2021, President Abdel Fattah al-Sisi inaugurated the "July 3 base" at Gargoub, Matrouh Governorate.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In October 2021, it was announced that the UK government had authorised the sale of two withdrawn Fort (I)-class replenishment vessels to Egypt, pending full refurbishment.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: In April 2022 Swiftships was awarded another contract for six 28m Coastal Patrol Craft material production kits, Zodiac RIBS, and equipment under a US Foreign Military Sales (FMS) case to Egypt. Swiftships’ 28m boat has a range of 900nmi, which can be extended by afloat refuelling.


title: Egyptian Navy

text: After the Egyptian defeat in the Anglo-Egyptian war, the UK abolished the entire military of Egypt and established a small homeland defence force instead even the Navy was abolished and the only maritime force in Egypt was the Coast Guard. In 1908 the Naval Authority was formed as a semi replacement for the former Navy, and was used to control the Egyptian ports and Merchant ships there. In the late 1920s and early 1930s, and after Egypt's independence in 1922 Egypt started building a new modern Navy with British vessels (destroyers, patrol boats, training ships) all under the name 'Naval Authority'. Although a Navy existed but no Naval academy was formed, however, it had a section in the main Military academy. After World War II ended, in 1946, the Naval Authority was renamed into "The Royal Egyptian Navy".


title: Drew Van Acker

text: Drew Van Acker (born April 2, 1986) is an American actor, model and producer. He is known for playing Jason DiLaurentis, the older brother of Alison DiLaurentis (Sasha Pieterse), on Freeform's "Pretty Little Liars" (2010–2017) and Ian Archer in Cartoon Network's "Tower Prep" (2010). He has also starred as Remi Delatour on Lifetime's "Devious Maids" (2013–2015), and as Detective Tommy Campbell on the 2017 CBS police drama "Training Day".


title: Drew Van Acker

text: Van Acker was born in New York, but lived in Medford, New Jersey his entire life. He attended Shawnee High School, where he began acting in their high school drama classes, where he also played on his school's soccer and lacrosse teams. His soccer abilities led him to receive a soccer scholarship to Towson University in Maryland. While attending Towson, Van Acker took a number of theater courses in order to refocus on acting. He then made the decision to move to New York City, followed by a move to Los Angeles.


title: Drew Van Acker

text: Van Acker's acting credits include "Castle" and ABC Family's "Greek" as well co-starring in the TheWB.com series "The Lake".


title: Drew Van Acker

text: In 2010, Van Acker starred in the short-lived Cartoon Network live-action series "Tower Prep". In June 2011, it was announced he had joined the cast of "Pretty Little Liars" as Jason DiLaurentis for the second season. Van Acker next appeared on Lifetime's "Devious Maids" as Remi Delatour. In 2017, he joined the CBS police drama "Training Day" as Detective Tommy Campbell. In 2019, Van Acker appeared as Garth/Aqualad in the DC Universe series "Titans".


title: Aaron Moorhead

text: Aaron Scott Moorhead (born March 3, 1987) is an American film director, producer, cinematographer, editor, and actor. He is best known for his work with creative partner Justin Benson.


title: Aaron Moorhead

text: His partnership with writer and producer Justin Benson generated two critically acclaimed feature films, 2012 horror "Resolution" and 2014 romantic body horror film "Spring", which premiered at the 2014 Toronto International Film Festival. In both, Moorhead acts as co-director, producer and director of photography.


title: Aaron Moorhead

text: His work with Benson can also be found in the segment "Bonestorm" of the American anthology horror film "".


title: Aaron Moorhead

text: Their film "The Endless" premiered in competition at the Tribeca Film Festival in 2017, and was acquired for distribution in 2018 by Well Go USA Entertainment.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The Alliance for the Union of Romanians (, AUR) is a right-wing populist and nationalist political party currently active in Romania and Moldova. It was founded on 19 September 2019. This was done with the intention of participating in the 2020 Romanian local and legislative elections. Currently, the party president is George Simion.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The party ran in the local elections, not obtaining many votes and only winning in three towns. However, in the legislative elections, the AUR won 9% of the votes in all of Romania and its diaspora, thus becoming the fourth-largest party in the country at the central level, which surprised observers.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: AUR aims for the unification of all Romanians from Romania and Romanian-populated neighbouring zones, and for the support of the Romanian diaspora in other countries. The party seeks the unification of Romania and Moldova, supports NATO membership and aims for energy independence for Romania. It claims it is a centre-right, Christian democratic party. However, it has been accused of supporting anti-vaccination ideas and being Magyarophobic, neofascist, pro-Russian and antisemitic, although relevant figures of the party have rejected all these accusations. The party states that its four main pillars are "family, nation, Christian faith, and liberty".


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The Alliance for the Union of Romanians was formally established on 19 September 2019. Later, during the Great Union Day of Romania on 1 December 2019, its leader, George Simion, said the party's aims were to participate in the 2020 Romanian local and legislative elections of the country. Simion had up to this point been a campaigner for the unification of Romania and the Republic of Moldova. Claudiu Târziu, who was co-president of the party along Simion until 27 March 2022, was a member of Coalition for the Family which unsuccessfully campaigned to ban gay marriage through constitutional change in a 2018 referendum.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: On 26 June 2020, AUR condemned the disinterest of the Romanian authorities regarding the minority rights of the Romanians in Serbia and Ukraine and declared that it would fully support them once it entered the Romanian Parliament. Two days later, AUR also condemned the 80th anniversary of the annexation of Bessarabia, Northern Bukovina, and the Hertsa region by the Soviet Union, declaring that "it is our obligation to regain our state".


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: By July 2020, AUR counted 22 branches in Europe and North America for the Romanian diaspora. The first of these was established in Wolverhampton, in the United Kingdom.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: AUR was the only party in Romania that expressed support for Donald Trump in the 2020 United States presidential election.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: During the 2020 Romanian local elections, AUR won the mayoralty in three towns: Amara, Pufești, and Valea Lungă.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: In the 2020 Romanian legislative election, AUR obtained a high percentage of the votes, being called as the "surprise" of Romania. The results also increased the popularity of the party on the Internet. The party came first among Romanians in Italy, the largest group of the Romanian diaspora, and ran a close second among Romanians in France and Romanians in Spain. It also scored first in Cyprus.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: AUR's candidate for prime minister was Călin Georgescu, who worked for the United Nations for 17 years.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: According to a statement released by AUR, between 7 and 8 December 2020, 15,000 Romanians joined the party in just 24 hours. The party is supposedly to have 46 members of parliament in the 2020–2024 Romanian legislature, according to the same statement.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The party achieved good results in rural areas of Moldavia and Dobruja, areas traditionally dominated by the other big parties. Its most significant percentages were in the counties where the Romanian Orthodox Church has a strong influence and a large number of practicing believers. These are Suceava (14.72%), Botoșani (14.62%), Neamț (14.4%), Constanța (14.2%), and Vrancea (13.43%).


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The party speculated the new communication channels (social networks) in a similar way to the Greater Romania Party (PRM) of the late 1990s - early 2000s, which used the newspaper "România Mare" ("Greater Romania") as a communication channel, reaching high electoral scores. Another example is the People's Party – Dan Diaconescu (PP-DD), which was propelled with the help of the OTV television channel.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: Recorder, a Romanian online publisher, argues that the election campaign of AUR has adapted to the rural environment, which lacks modern technology, relying more on messages desired by the masses than on a coherent ideology. In this way, they argue, in addition to a core of supporters who voted for radical messages, there is also the wider category of electorate strictly attracted by populist messages.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: On 22 January 2021, Simion announced that the party would officially adhere at European level to the "European Conservatives and Reformists Party" after going on visits in Poland and Brussels, Belgium.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: Simion announced on 15 March 2021 that the AUR had intentions to start operating in the Republic of Moldova on the occasion of the Day of the Union of Bessarabia with Romania celebrated every 27 March. The party was officially launched, as previously stated, on 27 March 2021, and the elected president of the party was Vlad Bilețchi, a renowned Moldovan unionist. This new section of the AUR in Moldova later participated in the Moldovan snap parliamentary elections of 11 July 2021.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: On 2 October 2021, AUR organised a 15,000–20,000 people-strong protest against COVID-19 restrictions at the Victory Square in Bucharest, drawing both national and international attention and being the most attended protest in Romania since the start of the pandemic.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: On 5 October 2021, a motion of no confidence initiated by AUR, but legally proposed by PSD, was passed with 281 votes, thus dismissing the Cîțu Cabinet.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: On 27 March 2022, AUR held its first party congress at the Palace of the Parliament. On it, it was intended to elect the party's president. There were two candidates, Simion and Dănuț Aelena, AUR deputy in the Constanța County. Aelena claimed to have nominated himself with the simple intention of showing that AUR was a democratic party and that he did not intend to "expel" Simion from the party, admitting that he was less well-known compared to him. 784 voted for Simion and 38 for Aelena, making Simion the party's sole president after having previously shared leadership with Târziu, who became president of the party's CNC.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: According to the party's website, AUR's ultimate goal is to achieve the unification of all Romanians "wherever they are located, in Bucharest, Iași, Timișoara, Cernăuți, Timoc, Italy, or Spain". The website names four pillars for the party: family, nation, Christian faith, and liberty. The party characterizes its members as "the defenders of the Church". It is opposed to "gender ideology" and believes that a nation has no chance of surviving "unless it cultivates the original pattern of the classic family".


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The party's representatives became popular on social media as a result of their positioning against measures taken by the government during the COVID-19 pandemic. Leading members, such as Șoșoacă (later expelled), gained thousands of followers. AUR has been described as supporting "anti-medicine, anti-vaccination" rhetoric. This accusation was rejected by George Simion, president of AUR, claiming that the party supports the "freedom of choice", also saying that the party, unlike its Western social-conservative counterparts, is not anti-abortion. The party's manifesto opposes secularism and condemns atheism, and claims that Christians are persecuted in Romania. The party has been critical of the impact of the local autonomy of Hungarians in Romania on the rights of ethnic Romanians in the centre of the country (where the Hungarians are the majority), leading to accusations of being Magyarophobic. The latter accusation was rejected by the president of AUR, and the party denounced the media, accusing media outlets of spreading false information about its campaign. Simion has cited Law and Justice and Fidesz, the ruling parties in Poland and Hungary respectively, as some of his models.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: AUR wishes to position Romania as a leader in central and eastern Europe within the European Union and to integrate the Republic of Moldova into Romania. The party is pro-NATO and views the integration of Moldova into Romania as strengthening NATO's eastern flank.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: AUR wishes to ensure Romania's self-sufficiency in energy, the prosecution of those deemed responsible for mismanaged post-Communist privatisation projects, and a fight against illegal logging by banning the export of non-processed wood. Additionally, AUR wishes to reform and modernize the education system, with a focus on reducing the overhead of political administration in order to improve the quality and the availability of education in Romania.


title: Alliance for the Union of Romanians

text: The party has a senate, which is equivalent to the National Executive Committee of other Romanian parties such as the PSD, the National Liberal Party (PNL), and the Save Romania Union (USR).


title: Minecraft server

text: A "Minecraft" server is a player-owned or business-owned multiplayer game server for the 2009 Mojang Studios video game "Minecraft". In this context, the term "server" often colloquially refers to a network of connected servers, rather than a single machine. Players can start their own server either by setting one up on a computer using software provided by Mojang, or by using a hosting provider so they can have their server run on dedicated machines with guaranteed uptime. The largest and most popular server is widely accepted to be the well-known minigames server Hypixel.


title: Minecraft server

text: "Minecraft" multiplayer servers are controlled by server operators, who have access to server commands such as setting the time of day, teleporting players and setting the world spawn. The server owner (or users that have access to the live server files) can also set up and install plugins to change the mechanics of the server, add commands among other features, and can also set up restrictions concerning which usernames or IP addresses are allowed or disallowed to enter the server.


title: Minecraft server

text: Multiplayer servers have a wide range of activities, with some servers having unique premises, rules, and customs. Player versus player (PvP) combat can be enabled to allow fighting between players. Custom plugins can be used in servers to allow actions that are not normally possible in the vanilla form of the game.


title: Minecraft server

text: Multiplayer was first added to "Minecraft" on May 31, 2009, during the Classic phase of the game. The oldest server map is called "Freedonia", in the "Minecraft" server "MinecraftOnline". The server and map were created on August 4, 2010, within the first hour of "Minecraft" multiplayer being released.


title: Minecraft server

text: In 2013, Mojang announced "Minecraft Realms", a server hosting service intended to enable players to run server multiplayer games easily and safely without having to set up their own. Unlike a standard server, only invited players can join Realms servers, and these servers do not use IP addresses. At Electronic Entertainment Expo 2016, it was announced that Realms would enable "Minecraft" to support cross-platform play between Windows 10, iOS, and Android platforms starting in June 2016, with other platforms releasing over the next two years.


title: Minecraft server

text: In June 2014, Mojang began enforcing the EULA of the computer versions of the game to prevent servers from selling microtransactions, which many players thought unfairly affected gameplay, such as pay-to-win items, only allowing servers to sell cosmetic items. Many servers were shut down due to this.


title: Minecraft server

text: On September 20, 2017, the "Better Together Update" was released for Bedrock codebase-derived editions of the game, which added multiplayer servers, along with six official featured servers: Mineplex, Lifeboat, CubeCraft, Mineville City, Pixel Paradise, and The Hive.


title: Minecraft server

text: On July 27, 2022, player chat reporting was added as a part of "The Wild Update", 1.19.1. This allowed players to report abusive chat messages sent by other players, and players could be banned from Multiplayer as a whole for violating Microsoft's Community Standards.


title: Minecraft server

text: Managing a "Minecraft" server can be a full-time job for many server owners. Several large servers employ a staff of developers, managers, and artists. As of 2014, the Shotbow server employed three full-time and five part-time employees. According to Matt Sundberg, the server's owner, "large server networks are incredibly expensive to run and are very time consuming ." According to Chad Dunbar, the founder of "MCGamer", "it really costs to run networks above 1000 concurrent players." This includes salaries, hardware, bandwidth, and DDoS protection, and so monthly expenses can cost thousands of dollars. Dunbar stated that "MCGamer", which has had over 50,000 daily players, has expenses that can be "well into the five-figure marks" per month. As of 2015, expenses of "Hypixel", the largest server, are nearly $100,000 per month. Many servers sell in-game ranks, cosmetics and passes to certain minigames or gamemodes to pay for its expenses.


title: Minecraft server

text: Vanilla server software provided by Mojang is maintained alongside client software. While servers must update to support features provided by new updates, many different kinds of modified server software exist. Modifications typically include optimizations, allowing more players to use a server simultaneously, or for larger portions of the world to be loaded at the same time. Modified software almost always acts as a base for plug-ins, which may be added and removed to customize server functionality. These are typically written in Java for the "Java Edition", although JavaScript and PHP are used in some "Bedrock Edition" software. As the vanilla software for "Bedrock" is made compatible with only Ubuntu and Windows, modifications may allow for added compatibility. Notable plug-in software include CraftBukkit, Spigot, Paper and Sponge for "Java" and Pocketmine-MP, Nukkit, Altay and Jukebox for "Bedrock".


title: Minecraft server

text: Vanilla and modified servers alike communicate with the client using a consistent protocol but may have vastly different internal mechanisms. Certain server software can allow for servers to be linked, allowing players to dynamically cross worlds without "signing out"; these include BungeeCord and Waterfall in "Java" and WaterDog and Nemisys for "Bedrock". In a similar vein, due to close feature parity between up-to-date editions of the game, "Java" servers may utilize a proxy server such as DragonProxy or Geyser to communicate with both protocols, allowing players of the "Bedrock" edition to join.


title: Minecraft server

text: The most popular "Java Edition" server is Hypixel, which, released in April 2013, has had over 20 million unique players, around half of all active players of the "Java Edition" itself. Other popular servers include MCGamer, released in April 2012, which has over 3.5 million unique players. CubeCraft Games released in December 2012 on Java Edition and 2018 on Bedrock Edition. Wynncraft, released in April 2013, which has over 1 million unique players; and Emenbee, released in 2011, which also has over 1 million unique players. As of 2014, servers such as Mineplex, Hypixel, Shotbow and Hive Games receive "well over a million unique users every month", according to "Polygon".


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Neyland Stadium ( ), is a sports stadium in Knoxville, Tennessee, United States. It serves primarily as the home of the Tennessee Volunteers football team, but is also used to host large conventions and has been a site for several National Football League (NFL) exhibition games. The stadium's official capacity is 101,915. Constructed in 1921 as Shields–Watkins Field (which is now the name of the playing surface), the stadium has undergone 16 expansion projects, at one point reaching a capacity of 104,079 before being slightly reduced by alterations in the following decade. Neyland Stadium is the fifth largest stadium in the United States, the seventh largest stadium in the world, and the second largest stadium in the Southeastern Conference. The stadium is named for Robert Neyland, who served three stints as head football coach at the University of Tennessee between 1926 and 1952.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: The Tennessee Volunteers football team originally played at Baldwin Park, which was once located between Grand Avenue and Dale Avenue, north of Fort Sanders. From 1908 to 1920, the team played at Wait Field, which was located where the Walters Life Science Building now stands.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: The stadium was first conceived in 1919. Colonel W.S. Shields, president of Knoxville's City National Bank and a University of Tennessee trustee, provided the initial capital to prepare and equip an athletic field. Thus, when the original stadiumthe lower level of the current stadium's West Standswas completed in March 1921, it was called Shields–Watkins Field in honor of the donor and his wife, Alice Watkins-Shields. However, the project ran out of funds and was suspended temporarily until MacGregor Smith suggested at a meeting of the University's Scarabbean Senior Society in mid 1921 that the students and faculty finish the project together. At the group's behest, students and faculty finished the field over a two-day period. An invitational track meet was then held as a celebration and thus became the very first event at Neyland Stadium. The first UT football game at the stadium took place on September 24, 1921, with the Vols defeating Emory & Henry, 27–0. The first night game at Neyland Stadium was played on September 16, 1972, with the Vols defeating Penn State, 28–21.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 1962, the stadium was renamed Neyland Stadium in honor of General Robert Neyland, the recently deceased former athletic director and coach. Neyland, the man credited with making the Vols a national football power, coached the team from 1926–1952, with two interruptions for military service. In 1968, the stadium became one of the first stadiums to have an AstroTurf surface. It stayed until natural grass was restored to the field in 1994. Reflecting the Vols' growth in stature, the stadium's capacity jumped more than 14-fold during his 38-year association with UT as either an assistant coach (1925), head coach (three separate tenures from 1926 to 1952), or athletic director (1946–1962). By comparison, when it had originally been built in 1921, it was not even a fraction the size of Tennessee's largest football stadium at the time, Vanderbilt's Dudley Field. Shortly before his death, he spearheaded the stadium's first major expansion. The plans he drafted were so far ahead of their time that they have formed the basis for every expansion since then. The playing surface is still named Shields–Watkins Field.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: The latest additions and updates to the facility were part of a $136.4 million series of renovations, beginning in 2004 and completed by 2010. They included the bricking around the field and the removal of the previous hedges, numerous changes to the inside and outside of the stadium structure, additions and reconfigurations of seating areas, as well as new home locker, press, and varsity rooms.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In a Spring 2001 poll in "The Sporting News", Neyland Stadium was ranked as the nation's #1 college football stadium. In 2004, "Sports Illustrated" ranked Neyland Stadium, the University of Tennessee campus, and the surrounding Knoxville area, as the best college football weekend experience. On April 8, 2009, it was announced that Neyland Stadium was one of seventy stadiums named for the United States' bid to either the 2018 or 2022 World Cup.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Attendance has been recorded for Tennessee Volunteer football games at Neyland Stadium since 1946. Average attendance since that year has been 68,925 fans per game. The largest crowd ever recorded at Neyland Stadium was 109,061 on September 18, 2004, when Tennessee defeated Florida, 30–28. Tennessee set a school record by averaging 107,595 fans per home game in 2000.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Through week one of the 2022 season, the Tennessee Volunteers football team had compiled a record of 485 wins, 141 losses, and 17 ties at Neyland, for a winning percentage of . The team has had 37 perfect home records, the last coming in the 2022 season. The team's longest home winning streak was 30, set between December 8, 1928, and October 21, 1933. The Vols have never had more than four consecutive losses at Neyland Stadium.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Neyland Stadium is occasionally used for concerts, political rallies, and religious gatherings. One of Neyland Stadium's most notable non-sporting events took place in May 1970, when the stadium hosted the Billy Graham Crusade, with President Richard Nixon as a guest speaker. The event occurred just three weeks after the Kent State shootings, at the height of the anti-war movement, and several anti-war protestors were arrested for trying to disrupt the event. The Jacksons performed three concerts at Neyland Stadium in August 1984, during their Victory Tour. East Tennessee native Kenny Chesney performed in Neyland Stadium in June 2003.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Neyland Stadium has hosted several NFL exhibition games, most recently in 1995, when the Washington Redskins played the Houston Oilers. The Knox County Football Jamboree, a preseason event for local high school teams, was held annually at the stadium until 2013. The discontinuation of the Jamboree at Neyland Stadium was due in part to maintaining the condition of the field in the month prior to the beginning of college football.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Shields–Watkins Field opened in 1921 with a single grandstand along the west sideline–the lower portion of the current facility's West Stands–having a capacity of 3,200. The East Stands were added five years later in 1926 to increase capacity to 6,800. The West Stands were increased from 17 rows to 42 rows in 1930, increasing capacity to 17,860.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 1937, a small row of seats (called North Section X) was constructed across the north end zone, adding 1,500 seats. The next year, in 1938, the East Stands were expanded to 44 rows. The capacity after these expansions was 31,390.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 1948, the south end zone was enclosed in a "horseshoe" style (see Harvard Stadium for an example) with 15,000 seats, bringing total capacity to 46,290.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Several expansions were undertaken in the 1960s. First, in 1962, the West Stands were double-decked, adding 5,837 seats and a press box. In 1966 North SectionX was replaced by a grandstand (the North Stands) with 5,895 seats. In 1968, the East Stands were double-decked as well (6,307), bringing total capacity to 64,429.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: The two Upper Decks were connected to fully enclose the south end zone during two expansions in 1972 and 1976. The 1972 Southwest Upper Deck addition extended the West Upper Deck to the south by 6,221 seats, and the 1976 Southeast Upper Deck addition extended the East Upper Deck to the south by 9,600, giving contiguous upper seating around three sides, and increasing total capacity to 80,250.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 1980, the North Stands were rebuilt, netting a capacity increase of 10,999 seats. It also enclosed the north end zone in a "bowl" style (see Rose Bowl and Yale Bowl for examples). A net loss of seats in 1987 to accommodate the West Executive Suites construction was more than offset by a student seating adjustment in 1990, increasing capacity to a total of 91,902.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 1996, the last major expansion was completed with the North Upper Deck to fully enclose the upper level, giving a net gain of 10,642 seats. A 1997 seating adjustment to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 was followed by addition of the East Executive Suites, topping total capacity at 104,037 in 2000.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: The addition of the East and West Club Seats in 2006 and 2009, respectively, decreased the total capacity to 100,011. In 2010, the completion of the Tennessee Terrace raised stadium capacity to its current total of 102,455 people.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 2004, the University of Tennessee implemented the Neyland Stadium Master Plan, a long-term strategy for expanding, renovating, and maintaining the stadium. The plan called for the addition of club seats, widening of concourses, creation of entry plazas, and updates to the stadium's infrastructure. The estimated $200 million renovations, which will be carried out over a series of several phases, are to be funded entirely by private donations and revenue generated from priority and club seats.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Phase I of the master plan, completed in 2006 at a cost of $26 million, involved the addition of the East Club Seats, renovation and widening of the north lower concourse, the addition of LED signage, and the addition of extra restrooms and concessions. The East Club Seats, built on the East Upper Deck, includes 422 seats and an adjoining club room overlooking the Tennessee River.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Phase II of the master plan, completed in 2008 at a cost of $27.4 million, involved the renovation and widening of the west lower concourse, renovations to the Peyton Manning Locker Complex and the concourse connecting it with Shields–Watkins Field, and the construction of the Lauricella Center for Letter Winners and the Stokely Family Media Room. The Lauricella Center for Letter Winners, named for Vol All American running back Hank Lauricella, sits adjacent to the locker complex, and provides a gathering area for athletes, coaches, and their family members. The Stokely Family Media Room provides a setting for press conferences and coach and player interviews.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Phase III of the master plan, completed in 2010 at a cost of $83 million, included the construction of the West Club Seats, improvements to the Executive Suites and press box, renovations to the west top level concourse, the addition of elevators and stairwells to the West Side, the creation of the Gate 21 Plaza and other entry plazas, the construction of the Tennessee Terrace, and the installation of a statue of General Neyland, created by sculptor Blair Buswell, to the west entrance. The West Club Seats are similar to the East Club Seats, with 422 seats and an adjoining club room. The Tennessee Terrace features 1,782 priority seats, with an adjacent climate-controlled concourse area, overlooking the west sideline.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: Phases IV and V will involve renovation of the south and east concourses and the creation of an entry plaza at Gate 10.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: From 1921 to the end of the 1967 season, the field surface was natural grass. In 1964, the orange-and-white checkerboard end zones were added. This was one of the many changes initiated by new head coach Doug Dickey, who also added the "T" logo to the football helmet and initiated the tradition of the team running onto the field through the "Power T" formed by the Pride of the Southland Band, and moved the Tennessee bench from the east side line to the west side line.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: In 1968, coinciding with the addition of the East Upper Deck, Tennessee-Turf (TartanTurf-3M) was installed as the playing surface, in part to provide better drainage following heavy rains. The checkerboard end zones were initially not included as part of the Tennessee-Turf playing surface. End zone designs used through the years on the artificial surface included having TENNESSEE and VOLUNTEERS in orange turf lettering and the end zone green turf. The end zones, as well as the midfield logo, were unique in that they were separate pieces of contrasting turf rather than painted turf. The artificial surface, as many from this era, was blamed for excessive leg injuries. In 1989, the orange-and-white checkerboard end zone patterns were restored, and an interlocking "UT" was placed at midfield.


title: Neyland Stadium

text: The artificial surface was used through the 1993 season, the last game on the surface being a 62–14 win over Vanderbilt. Afterwards the surface was ripped up and sections were auctioned off to raise funds for the university. The turf was replaced with natural grass the following year, with the checkerboard end zones and midfield logo retained. In 1998, the interlocking "UT" was replaced with the same Power T logo as seen on the football helmets. Since 2007, the entire surface gets re-sodded annually with Tifway Bermuda grass, which rests on a 12-inch bed of sand to enhance drainage.


"I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)" is a pop song that originated as the jingle "True Love and Apple Pie", by British hit songwriters Roger Cook and Roger Greenaway, and sung by Susan Shirley.


title: I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)

text: The lyrics were rewritten by the songwriters, together with US advertising executive Bill Backer and US songwriter Billy Davis, for The Coca-Cola Company's then-advertising agency, McCann Erickson, to become "Buy the World a Coke" in the 1971 "Hilltop" television commercial for Coca-Cola and sung by the Hillside Singers. "Buy the World a Coke" was produced by Billy Davis and portrayed a positive message of hope and love, featuring a multicultural collection of teenagers on top of a hill appearing to sing the song.


text: The popularity of the jingle led to it being re-recorded in two versions: one by the New Seekers and another by the Hillside Singers, as a full-length song, dropping references to Coca-Cola. The song became a hit record in the US and the UK.


text: The idea originally came to Bill Backer, an advertising executive working for McCann Erickson, the agency responsible for Coca-Cola. Backer, Roger Cook and Billy Davis were delayed at Shannon Airport in Ireland. After a forced layover with many hot tempers, they noticed their fellow travelers the next morning were talking and joking while drinking Coca-Cola. Backer wrote the line "I'd like to buy the world a Coke" on a napkin and shared it with British hit songwriters Cook and Roger Greenaway.


text: The melody was derived from a previous jingle by Cook and Greenaway, originally called "True Love and Apple Pie" that was recorded in 1971 by Susan Shirley. Cook, Greenaway, Backer, and Billy Davis reworked the song into a Coca-Cola radio jingle, which was performed by British pop group The New Seekers and recorded at Trident Studios in London. The radio jingle made its debut in February 1971 before being adapted for the Coca-Cola "Hilltop" television commercial later that year.


text: The song became so popular that its creators revised it, adding three verses and removing product references to create a full-length song appropriate for commercial release. The full-length song was re-recorded by both The Hillside Singers and The New Seekers and both versions became huge hits.


text: "Buy the World a Coke" contains the line "I'd like to buy the world a Coke" and repeats "It's the real thing", which was Coca-Cola's marketing slogan at the time. The Coca-Cola Company introduced that slogan in October 1969.


text: In 2007, "Campaign" magazine called it "one of the best-loved and most influential ads in TV history". It served as a milestone—the first instance of the recording industry's involvement with advertising.


text: Marketing analysts have noted Coca-Cola's strategy of marrying the idea of happiness and universal love of the product illustrated by the song.


text: The commercial has continued receiving accolades in more recent times. In 2000, Channel 4 and "The Sunday Times" ranked the song 16th in the 100 Greatest TV Ads, while in 2005, ITV ranked the advertisement 10th in its list of the greatest advertisements of all time.


text: After the TV commercial aired, radio stations began to get calls from people who liked it. Billy Davis' friends in radio suggested he record the song, but not as an advertising jingle. It became so popular that the song was rewritten without brand name references and expanded to three verses. Davis recruited a group of studio singers to take it on because The New Seekers did not have time to record it. The studio group named themselves The Hillside Singers to identify with the ad, and within two weeks the song was on the national charts. The Hillside Singers' version reached #13 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #5 on Billboard's Easy Listening chart. "Billboard" ranked this version as the No. 97 song for 1972.


text: The New Seekers later recorded the song and sold 96,000 copies of their record in one day, eventually selling 12 million total. "I'd Like to Teach the World to Sing (In Perfect Harmony)" climbed to UK #1 and US #7 in 1971 and 1972. The song became a gold record in the U.S., and has also sold over a million copies in the UK. The Coca-Cola Company waived royalties to the song, and instead donated $80,000 in payments to UNICEF. "Billboard" ranked this version as the No. 93 song for 1972.


text: The commercial was used as the final scene (minus the It's the Real Thing statement at the end) in the "Mad Men" series finale, "Person to Person" (airdate May 17, 2015), which was set in November 1970, at an oceanside spiritual retreat in California. It is implied that the show's fictional protagonist, Don Draper, was behind the commercial's creation.


text: The song was featured briefly in the 2001 movie "Freddy Got Fingered" and was also used in Jeremy Paxman's final edition of "Newsnight" in 2014.


title: Call and response (music)

text: In music, call and response is a succession of two distinct phrases usually written in different parts of the music, where the second phrase is heard as a direct commentary on or in response to the first. This can take form as commentary to a statement, an answer to a question or repetition of a phrase following or slightly overlapping the initial speaker(s). It corresponds to the call and response pattern in human communication and is found as a basic element of musical form, such as verse-chorus form, in many traditions.


title: Call and response (music)

text: In Sub-Saharan African cultures, call and response is a pervasive pattern of democratic participation—in public gatherings in the discussion of civic affairs, in religious rituals, as well as in vocal and instrumental musical expression.


title: Call and response (music)

text: Enslaved Africans brought call and response music with them to the colonized American continents and it has been transmitted over the centuries in various forms of cultural expression—in religious observance, public gatherings, sporting events, even in children's rhymes, and, most notably, in African-American music in its myriad forms and descendants. These include soul, gospel, blues, rhythm and blues, rock and roll, funk, pop, and hip hop. Hear for example the recordings entitled "Negro Folklore from Texas State Prisons" collected by Bruce Jackson on an Electra Records recording. Call and response are widely present in parts of the Americas touched by the trans-Atlantic slave trade. The tradition of call and response fosters dialogue and its legacy continues today, as it is an important component of oral traditions. Both African-American women work songs, African American work songs, and the work song , in general, use the call-and-response format often. It can also be found in the music of the Afro-Caribbean populations of Jamaica, Trinidad & Tobago, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, and many nations of the diaspora, especially Brazil.


title: Call and response (music)

text: Known as Coro-pregón, it is extensively used in Cuban music and derives from African musical elements, both in the secular rumba and in the African religious ceremonies (Santería).


title: Call and response (music)

text: When enslaved African populations were brought to work in coastal agricultural areas of Peru during colonial times, they brought along their musical traditions. In Peru, those traditions mixed with Spanish popular music of the nineteenth century, as well as the indigenous music of Peru, eventually growing into what is commonly known as Afro-Peruvian music. Known as “huachihualo“, and characterized by competitive call-and-response verses, it is the defining trademark of various musical styles in Afro-Peruvian musical culture such as marinera, festejo, landó, tondero, zamacueca, and contrapunto de zapateo


title: Call and response (music)

text: Cumbia is a dance and musical form that originated with the enslaved African population of the coastal region of Colombia in the late 17th century. The style developed in Colombia from the intermingling of three cultures. From Africa, the drum percussion, foot movements and call-and-response. Its melodies and use of the gaita or caña de millo (cane flute) represents the Native Colombian influence, and the dress represents the Spanish influence.


title: Call and response (music)

text: In 1644, lining out – where one person sang a solo (a precentor) and others followed – is outlined by the Westminster Assembly for psalm singing in English churches. It has influenced popular music singing styles. Presentinge line was characterized a slow, drawn-out heterophonic and often profusely ornamented melody, while a clerk or precentor (song leader) chanted the text line by line before it was sung by the congregation. Scottish Gaelic psalm-singing by prepresentinge line was the earliest form of congregational singing adopted by Africans in America.


title: Call and response (music)

text: Call and response is also a common structure of songs and carols originating in the Middle Ages, for example "All in the Morning" and "Down in yon Forest", both traditional Derbyshire carols.


title: Call and response (music)

text: In Western classical music, call and response is known as antiphony. The "New Grove Dictionary" defines antiphony as "music in which an ensemble is divided into distinct groups, used in opposition, often spatial, and using contrasts of volume, pitch, timbre, etc." Early examples can be found in the music of Giovanni Gabrieli, one of the renowned practitioners of the Venetian polychoral style:]


title: Call and response (music)

text: Heinrich Schutz was one of the first composers to realise the expressive potential of the polychoral style in his "Little Sacred Concertos". The best known of these works is "Saul, Saul, was verfolgst du mich?", a vivid setting of the narrative of the Conversion of Paul as told in Acts 9 verses 3-4: "And as he journeyed, he came near Damascus: and suddenly there shined round about him a light from heaven. And he fell to the earth, and heard a voice saying unto him, Saul, Saul, why persecutest thou me?"


title: Call and response (music)

text: "The musical phrase on which most of the concerto is built is sounded immediately by a pair of basses":


title: Call and response (music)

text: This idea is "then taken up by the alto and tenor, then by the sopranos, and finally by the pair of violins as transition to the explosive tutti": ]


title: Call and response (music)

text: "The syncopated repetitions of the name Saul are strategically planted so that, when the whole ensemble takes them up, they can be augmented into hockets resounding back and forth between the choirs, adding to the impression of an enveloping space And achieving in sound something like the effect of the surrounding light described by the Apostle."


title: Call and response (music)

text: In the following century, J.S. Bach featured antiphonal exchanges in his St Matthew Passion and the motets. In his motet "Komm, Jesu, komm", Bach uses eight voices deployed as two antiphonal choirs. According to John Eliot Gardiner, in this


title: Call and response (music)

text: "intimate and touching" work, Bach “goes many steps beyond the manipulation of spatially separate blocks of sound” and “finds ways of weaving all eight lines into a rich contrapuntal tapestry.”


title: Call and response (music)

text: The development of the classical orchestra in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries exploited the dramatic potential of antiphonal exchanges between groups of instruments. An example can be found in the development section of the finale of Mozart’s Symphony No. 41:


title: Call and response (music)

text: Even terser are the exchanges between wind and strings in the first movement of Beethoven's 5th Symphony. Here, the development culminates in a "singularly dramatic passage" consisting of a "strange sequence of block harmonies":


title: Call and response (music)

text: Twentieth century works that feature antiphonal exchanges include the second movement of Béla Bartók's "Music for Strings Percussion and Celesta" (1936) and Michael Tippett’s "Concerto for Double String Orchestra" (1938). One spectacular example from the 1950s is Karlheinz Stockhausen's "Gruppen" for Three Orchestras (1955–1957), which culminates in a "synchronized build-up of brass 'points' in the three orchestras ... leading to a climax of chord exchanges from orchestra to orchestra". When heard live, this piece creates a genuine sensation of music moving in space. "The combination of the three orchestras leads to great climaxes: long percussion solos, concertante trumpet solos, powerful brass sections, alternating and interpenetrating."


title: Call and response (music)

text: Call and response is common in modern Western popular music. Cross-over rhythm and blues, rock 'n' roll and rock music exhibit call-and-response characteristics, as well. The Who's song "My Generation" is an example:


title: Call and response (music)

text: A single leader makes a musical statement, and then the chorus responds together. American bluesman Muddy Waters utilizes call and response in one of his signature songs, "Mannish Boy" which is almost entirely leader/chorus call and response.


title: Call and response (music)

text: This technique is utilized in Jepsen's song several times. While mostly in the chorus, it can also be heard in the breakdown (approximately 2:25) between the vocals ("It's hard to look right") and distorted guitar.


title: Call and response (music)

text: Part of the band poses a musical "question", or a phrase that feels unfinished, and another part of the band "answers" (finishes) it. In the blues, the B section often has a question-and-answer pattern (dominant-to-tonic).


title: Call and response (music)

text: A similar question-and-answer exchange occurs in the 1942 film "Casablanca" between Sam (Dooley Wilson) and the band in the song "Knock On Wood":


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Melville Louis Kossuth "Melvil" Dewey (December 10, 1851 – December 26, 1931) was an influential American librarian and educator, inventor of the Dewey Decimal system of library classification, a founder of the Lake Placid Club, and a chief librarian at Columbia University. He was also a founding member of the American Library Association but resigned in 1905, due to allegations of sexual harassment, racism, and antisemitism.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey was born on December 10, 1851, in Adams Center, New York, the fifth and last child of Joel and Eliza Greene Dewey. He attended rural schools and determined early on that his destiny was to reform education of the masses.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: He briefly attended Alfred University (1870), then Amherst College, where he belonged to Delta Kappa Epsilon, and from which he earned a bachelor's degree in 1874 and a master's in 1877.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: While still a student, he founded the Library Bureau, which sold high-quality index-cards and filing-cabinets, and established the standard dimensions for catalog cards.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: As a young adult he advocated spelling reform; he changed his name from the usual "Melville" to "Melvil", without redundant letters, and for a time changed his surname to "Dui."


title: Melvil Dewey

text: From 1883 to 1888 he was chief librarian at the Columbia University Libraries. During his time as director of the New York State Library (1888–1906) Dewey established a program of traveling libraries. From 1888 to 1900 he served as secretary and executive officer of the University of the State of New York.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: In 1895, Dewey founded the Lake Placid Club with his wife Annie. He and his son Godfrey had been active in arranging the Winter Olympics which took place at Lake Placid—he chaired the New York State Winter Olympics Committee. In 1926 he went to Florida to establish a new branch of the Lake Placid Club.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey married twice, first to Annie R. Godfrey, and then to Emily McKay Beal. He and his first wife had one child, Godfrey. Dewey became a member of the American Library Association's Hall of Fame in 1951.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey was a pioneer in American librarianship and an influential figure in the development of libraries in America in the late 19th and early the 20th century. He is best known for the decimal classification system that many public and school libraries use. Among his other innovations was the idea of a state library operating as the controller of the state's school and public library services. In Boston, Massachusetts, he founded the Library Bureau, a private company "for the definite purpose of furnishing libraries with equipment and supplies of unvarying correctness and reliability." Its investigative unit, devoted to studying the best practices of library loss-management, circulation and data retention, recovered 3,000 books in its first year of existence.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey's Library Bureau company is also said to have introduced hanging vertical files, first seen at the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago. In 1905, Dewey established the American Library Institute which was an organization conceived to provide for the investigation, study and discussion of issues within the field of library theory and practice.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Immediately after receiving his undergraduate degree he was hired to manage Amherst's library and reclassify its collections. Dewey worked out a new scheme that superimposed a system of decimal numbers on a structure of knowledge first outlined by Sir Francis Bacon. For his decision to use a decimal system, he may have been inspired by two library systems that he includes in the acknowledgements in the first publication of his system in 1876. In that preface, and in the following thirteen editions, Dewey cites the card system of Italian publisher Natale Battezzati as "the most fruitful source of ideas".


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey copyrighted the system in 1876. This system has proved to be enormously influential; though many American libraries have since adopted the classification scheme of the Library of Congress, Dewey's system remains in widespread use.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: In 1876, Dewey moved to Boston, where he founded and became editor of "The Library Journal", which became an influential factor in the development of libraries in America, and in the reform of their administration. He was also one of the founders of the American Library Association, of which he was secretary from 1876 to 1891, and president in 1891 and 1893.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: In 1883, Dewey replaced Beverly R. Betts as librarian of Columbia College, and in the following year founded there the School of Library Economy, the first institution for the instruction of librarians ever organized. The proposal to establish the school was approved by the college's Board of Trustees on May 5, 1884. After a period of preparation, the school was officially opened on January 5, 1887, with an enrollment of 20 students—three men and 17 women. Women were admitted to the program at Dewey's insistence and against the wishes of the college's Regents. Although the school had a promising start, Dewey's conflicts with the university officials, in particular over the issue of the presence of women, led to its future being cast in doubt, and by 1888 it was apparent that Columbia intended to close it.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: However, at that point, Dewey, upon accepting a position with the New York State Library in Albany, successfully secured the agreement of its Regents to have the school transferred there. The formal transfer was accomplished in 1889, and the school, which was ultimately very successful, was re-established in Albany as the New York State Library School under Dewey's direction. The school returned to Columbia's Manhattan campus in 1926. Dewey did not forget his Columbia students. He petitioned the University of the State of New York, which granted degrees to those students who agreed to submit to examinations and produce a bibliography and thesis. Two students participated, including future ALA registrar and college archivist Nina Browne.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: During the period from 1888 to 1906 Dewey was also director of the New York State Library, and until 1900 he was secretary of the University of the State of New York as well. In that function he completely reorganized the state library, making it one of the most efficient in America, and established the system of state travelling libraries and picture collections. In 1885, he founded the New York Library Club there.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Community libraries began to flourish in the early nineteenth century. The western United States opened to expansion and further exploration, and people wanted services and opportunities to move with them. In New York, Melvil Dewey had "initiated a program of traveling libraries-collections of one hundred books sent to communities without public libraries." His efforts spurred other state organizations and private individuals to create traveling libraries. Increased library services to small or rural communities and underserved populations fortified the efforts of many to seek out education and self-improvement.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: As an enthusiastic supporter of the decimal metric system of weights and measures, Dewey established in 1876 the American Metric Bureau.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey also served once again as its secretary. He edited the Bureau's official publication, the "Metric Bulletin" (later called "Metric Advocate"), first issued in July 1876. Later in his life he was member of the advisory board of the All-America Standards Council (a California-based organization that promoted metrication for all countries in the Americas) and he functioned as member of the advisory board and chairman of the Metric Education Committee in the American Metric Association (today the U.S. Metric Association).


title: Melvil Dewey

text: His theories of spelling reform (to which end he founded the Spelling Reform Association in 1886) found some local success at Lake Placid: there is an "Adirondak Loj" in the area, and dinner menus of the club used his reformed spelling. A September 1927 menu is headed "Simpler spelin" and features dishes like hadok, poted beef with noodls, parsli or masht potato, butr, steamd rys, letis, and ys cream. It also advises guests that "All shud see the butiful after-glo on mountains to the east just before sunset. Fyn vu from Golfhous porch."


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Lake Placid also acted as a conference center hosting meetings promoting reform movements, such as the September 1899 conference on "home science" chaired by Ellen Swallow Richards, a pioneer of what later came to be called "home economics".


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey was an early promoter of winter sports in Lake Placid and was active in arranging the 1932 Winter Olympics there. He was also a founder of the Lake Placid Club Education Foundation in 1922. Under his leadership, the Northwood School (Lake Placid, New York) prospered. He was also a founder of the Adirondack Music Festival in 1925, and served as a trustee of the Chautauqua Institution.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: In 1926, he established a southern branch of the Lake Placid Club in Florida. Dewey supported the idea of Lake Stearns in Florida formally changing its name to Lake Placid, Florida.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Dewey established a pattern of making powerful enemies early in life, and many of his friends found him difficult as well. As one biographer put it, "Although he did not lack friends, they were becoming a little weary of coming to his defense, so endless a process had it become."


title: Melvil Dewey

text: Another biography refers to Dewey's "old nemesis—a persistent inability to control himself around women" as a chronic cause of trouble on the job. For decades, Dewey refused to stop his "unwelcome hugging, unwelcome touching, certainly unwelcome kissing" with female subordinates and others, according to biographer Wayne A. Wiegand. When Dewey opened his School of Library Economy at Columbia College to women, it was rumored that he asked for their bust sizes with their applications. Though the rumor turned out to be false, he did require a photograph from each female applicant since "you cannot polish a pumpkin".


title: Melvil Dewey

text: In 1905, during a 10-day trip to Alaska sponsored by the American Library Association (ALA), a group he co-founded, he made unwelcome advances on four prominent librarians who informed Association officials. As a result, Dewey was forced to step down from active participation in the ALA as several of his colleagues added their voices to a campaign. After 1906, Dewey was no longer an active ALA member but he was still invited to be the guest of honor at ALA's 50th anniversary meeting in 1926. Reports, allegations, and an investigation of Dewey's inappropriate and offensive behavior directed at women continued for decades after his departure from ALA. "In exchange for a quiet departure, he was spared an ugly and public expose of one of his major flaws", Wiegand writes. "He was never again a power player in ALA politics."In 1929, Dewey settled out of court for $2,147 for a lawsuit brought by a former stenographer, whom he had kissed and caressed in public the previous summer. In general, Dewey himself did not deny his actions—only their impropriety. "I have been very unconventional ... as men [are] always who frankly show and speak of their liking for women", he wrote. But, he insisted, it was not his fault if the targets of his "unconventional" actions took offense: "Pure women would understand my ways."


title: Melvil Dewey

text: The Lake Placid Club banned Jews, blacks, and others from membership, a policy written by Dewey. Out of fear, Dewey bought the land adjacent to the Lake Placid Club to prevent Jews from purchasing it. In 1904, the New York State Board of Regents received a petition demanding Dewey's removal as state librarian because of his personal involvement in the Lake Placid Club's policy of excluding Jews and other religious and ethnic groups. While the regents declined to remove Dewey, they did issue a public rebuke, and in the summer of 1905 he resigned as a result.


title: Melvil Dewey

text: At the June 2019 conference of the American Library Association, the Council voted to remove Dewey's name from its top honor, the Melvil Dewey Medal; the resolution cited Dewey's history of racism, anti-Semitism, and sexual harassment. The resolution was passed overwhelmingly with no debate. The award was renamed the ALA Medal of Excellence at the Association's January 2020 conference.


title: Marksman

text: A marksman is a person who is skilled in precision shooting using projectile weapons (in modern days most commonly an accurized scoped long gun such as designated marksman rifle or a sniper rifle) to shoot at high-value targets at longer-than-usual ranges.


title: Marksman

text: The proficiency in precision shooting is known as a shooter's marksmanship, which can be used to describe both gunnery and archery.


title: Marksman

text: In common usage, "sharpshooter" and "marksman" are synonyms. Within the specialized fields of shooting sports and military usage, however, sharpshooter and marksman each refer to different levels of skill. Specifically, in the US Army, "marksman" is a rating below "sharpshooter" and "expert". Four levels of skill are generally recognized today in American military and civilian shooting circles: unqualified, marksman, sharpshooter, and expert. Marksmanship badges for the three qualified levels are commonly awarded to both civilian and military shooters who attain proficiency in shooting higher than "unqualified".


title: Marksman

text: The main difference between military marksmen and snipers is that marksmen are usually considered an organic part of a fireteam of soldiers and are never expected to operate independently away from the main force, whereas snipers are special ops troops who usually work alone or in very small teams with independent mission objectives. Snipers are also often tasked with responsibilities other than delivering long-range firespecifically, conducting reconnaissance, battle damage assessment and spotting for coordinates/corrections for artillery fire or air strikes. Within the military, marksmen are sometimes attached to an infantry fireteam or squad (where they are known as designated marksmen) where they support the squad by providing accurate long-range shots at valuable targets as needed, thus extending the effective tactical reach of the fireteam or squad.


title: Marksman

text: In the Middle Ages, in the first use of the term 'marksman' was given to the royal archers, or bowmen, of a palace guard, which was an elite group of troops chosen to guard a royal palace or the royalty. This was around the 10th century, although records of some 9th century English Kings show the listings of groups of marksmen specifically chosen for their militaries.


title: Marksman

text: In the Australian Army, marksmanship is currently recognized by the award of one of three skill-at-arms badges. The 'Skill at Arms Badge' consists of a representation of crossed .303 Short Magazine Lee–Enfield (SMLE) rifles and is awarded for achieving a prescribed standard of shooting skill. This must be repeated within twelve months for the badge to be awarded in perpetuity to the recipient. The 'Sniper's Badge' is similar in design but incorporates the letter 'S' into the design and is awarded to soldiers who qualify on the Army Sniper's Course. The 'Army Top 20 Badge' consists of crossed .303 SMLE rifles upon a laurel wreath and is awarded to the final 20 competitors in the annual Champion Shot for the Army. The winner of this competition is also awarded the Champion Shots Medal. Only one badge may be worn.


title: Marksman

text: In the British Armed Forces, "marksman" is traditionally the highest shooting rating and holders may wear a crossed rifles badge on the lower sleeve.


title: Marksman

text: In the United States Army and Marine Corps, the marksmanship of the soldiers is ranked based on their skill: marksman-sharpshooter-expert. Holders of each level wear qualification badges below their ribbons with bars for the weapons they qualify in. In the United States Navy and the United States Coast Guard, full-sized medals are only issued at the expert level. Both services award separate medals for pistol and rifle proficiency. The United States Air Force gives just a ribbon for qualifying at the expert level, although a bronze star can be earned if the wearer qualifies on both of these types of small arms.


title: Marksman

text: Within the United States military, a marksman in the U.S. Army is referred to as "Squad Designated Marksman" (SDM), and a marksman in the Marines is called a "Designated Marksman" (DM). The United States Army particularly emphasizes the fireteam concept: according to US Army Field Manual 3-21.8 (Infantry Rifle Platoon and Squad, formerly FM 7-8) a typical United States Army fireteam consists of four soldiers. In the context of a Stryker Brigade Combat Team (SBCT)'s Infantry Rifle Companies, one man from each fireteam in a rifle squad is either the Squad Anti-armor Specialist (RMAT), armed with the FGM-148 Javelin, or the Squad Designated Marksman (DM), who carries the M4 carbine and M14 rifle. In both cases this specialized function replaces the basic rifleman position in the fireteam.


title: Marksman

text: As with other Commonwealth armies, the Marksman in the Canadian Army is a shooting achievement recognized by a badge bearing the monarch's crown and crossed .303 Lee–Enfield No. 4, Mk I rifles. On operations within the Canadian Infantry Battalion, rifle company designated marksman can be assigned. This is not to be confused with Canadian sniper designation; these attain a high level of marksmanship and fieldcraft through grueling selected courses. Candidates must achieve "recce" qualification and marksman designation before being considered for the basic sniper course.


title: Marksman

text: The Indian Army uses a locally manufactured licensed variant of the SVD Dragunov in the Designated Marksman role as part of each infantry platoon. The Dragunov is used in conjunction with the INSAS family of weapons to give flexibility and striking power at short to mid range firefights, to Indian Army infantry units engaged with opposing forces.


title: Marksman

text: The United States has a long tradition of marksmanship going back to its beginnings including the role of common men in its Revolutionary War. There are several organizations which promote civilian marksmanship including the Civilian Marksmanship Program which began just after the turn of the 20th century as a government chartered program and the Division of Civilian Marksmanship. One of the newest and currently the fastest growing marksmanship programs in North America is Project Appleseed which was started by the Revolutionary War Veterans Association in 2006. Shooters who score 210 out of 250 or better on the "Quick and Dirty" Appleseed AQT earn the Rifleman designation and are issued a Rifleman patch. Similar to the U.S. military marksmanship ratings of Unqualified, Marksman, Sharpshooter, and Expert (see Marksmanship Badge (United States)), the Appleseed ratings have the same levels, with the exception that instead of "Expert", the equivalent performance level is called "Rifleman".


title: Marksman

text: The National Rifle Association of America was founded in 1871 to improve the marksmanship of American riflemen. Despite it being known contemporarily as a political advocacy organization for gun rights, the NRA continues to host marksmanship competitions and gun sports in the United States. A different organization, USA Shooting, organizes American shooting sports at the Olympic level.


title: Marksman

text: The longest recorded shot in a shooting contest was 3.781 kilometres (2.35 miles), on March 27, 2021 in Barnard, Kansas by an American competitive shooter. The bullet flew for 9.4 seconds and hit the upper-left corner of a six-foot square (36 square feet) steel target. The rifle used was a GA Precision Custom, with a Nightforce ATACR 7-35×56 scope, on a bipod. Ammunition was Hornady .338-caliber 300-grain A-Tip.


title: Locus (genetics)

text: In genetics, a locus (plural loci) is a specific, fixed position on a chromosome where a particular gene or genetic marker is located. Each chromosome carries many genes, with each gene occupying a different position or locus; in humans, the total number of protein-coding genes in a complete haploid set of 23 chromosomes is estimated at 19,000–20,000.


title: Locus (genetics)

text: Genes may possess multiple variants known as alleles, and an allele may also be said to reside at a particular locus. Diploid and polyploid cells whose chromosomes have the same allele at a given locus are called homozygous with respect to that locus, while those that have different alleles at a given locus are called heterozygous. The ordered list of loci known for a particular genome is called a gene map. Gene mapping is the process of determining the specific locus or loci responsible for producing a particular phenotype or biological trait. Association mapping, also known as "linkage disequilibrium mapping", is a method of mapping quantitative trait loci (QTLs) that takes advantage of historic linkage disequilibrium to link phenotypes (observable characteristics) to genotypes (the genetic constitution of organisms), uncovering genetic associations.


title: Locus (genetics)

text: The shorter arm of a chromosome is termed the p arm or p-arm, while the longer arm is the q arm or q-arm. The chromosomal locus of a typical gene, for example, might be written "3p22.1", where:


title: Locus (genetics)

text: Thus the entire locus of the example above would be read as "three P two two point one". The cytogenetic bands are areas of the chromosome either rich in actively-transcribed DNA (euchromatin) or packaged DNA (heterochromatin). They appear differently upon staining (for example, euchromatin appears white and heterochromatin appears black on Giemsa staining). They are counted from the centromere out toward the telomeres.


title: Locus (genetics)

text: A range of loci is specified in a similar way. For example, the locus of gene OCA1 may be written "11q1.4-q2.1", meaning it is on the long arm of chromosome 11, somewhere in the range from sub-band 4 of region 1 to sub-band 1 of region 2.


title: Locus (genetics)

text: The ends of a chromosome are labeled ""pter"" and ""qter"", and so ""2qter"" refers to the terminus of the long arm of chromosome 2.


title: Matt Hobby

text: Matt Hobby (born January 18, 1985) is an American actor and comedian, known for his portrayals of Pastor Jeff in "Young Sheldon", Philip in the HBO television series "Boardwalk Empire", Rudy Truitt in "Hart of Dixie" and Pat Landy in "The Grinder".


title: Matt Hobby

text: He began his acting career in 2008 when he played a character in the direct-to-DVD film "The Cult of Sincerity".


title: Matt Hobby

text: He has appeared in television series such as "Mom", "Don't Trust the B**** in Apartment 23", "Onion SportsDome" and "Fresh Off the Boat". He appeared as Rudy Truitt in the drama series "Hart of Dixie" for ten episodes. He also played Philip, a servant (later butler) of the Thompson House, in the HBO series "Boardwalk Empire".


title: Matt Hobby

text: Hobby played the role of Pastor Jeff Difford, a pastor of the church in the CBS television series "Young Sheldon". For the first two seasons, he was a recurring character, but he was promoted to the main cast, starting with the third season. Hobby's real life wife, Mary Grill, portrays his character's new wife in the show.


title: Matt Hobby

text: In 2022, Matt started the popular podcast, "Pay or Request", co-hosted with writer and comedian Joe Schiappa.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Page Kennedy (born November 23, 1976) is an American actor and rapper. In television, he is known for portraying Radon Randell in the Spike sports comedy series, "Blue Mountain State", and "U-Turn" in the Showtime series, "Weeds". He has also appeared in film, with roles in "S.W.A.T." and "The Meg". Outside of acting, Kennedy is active on social media, best known for being a popular Viner. On March 10, 2017 he released his first full length rap album titled "Torn Pages" featuring Royce Da 5'9, Crooked I, Trick Trick and more.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy was born Felton Eugene Kennedy II in Detroit, but grew up in Los Angeles with his mother until he was six years of age. He then moved back to Detroit to reunite with his father, who died after ten years.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy attended Western Michigan University (WMU), before transferring to the University of Delaware (UD), and majored in theatre and acting. Kennedy's father was a doctor and encouraged his son to study medicine, but Kennedy gained a passion for acting after being introduced to the works of William Shakespeare at WMU. Kennedy subsequently chose to attend UD after performing with high distinction at Western Michigan.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy soon moved to Los Angeles and began to guest star on several shows including "Six Feet Under", "Blind Justice", "", "Love, Inc.", "NYPD Blue", "The Shield", "Weeds" and "".


title: Page Kennedy

text: In 2005, Kennedy won a recurring role on the popular ABC primetime soap opera, "Desperate Housewives" where he played Caleb Applewhite, a fugitive who was being held captive in his mother Betty's (Alfre Woodard) basement. However shortly after in November 2005, Kennedy was fired from "Desperate Housewives" as the result of an internal investigation by the studio; Kennedy himself claimed that Touchstone Television, the producers of the show, wanted to take a new direction with the character and bought out his contract. He was replaced by NaShawn Kearse.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy joined the cast of Showtime's hit series "Weeds" during its second and third season. He played "U-Turn", a drug-dealer and self-described "thug".


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy played Radon Randell, a quarterback starting over the main character, Alex Moran, in the Spike television series "Blue Mountain State". Because Alex Moran does not want to start, he must keep Radon happy during the whole second season (the only season Radon was in). Radon's season ends in the championship game of his lone season when he aggravates a previous shoulder injury. Kennedy reprised his role in the 2016 follow-up to the series.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy had a guest appearance whereas he played a burglar in the new 2013 TV series "Legit". He also made an appearance in an episode of "Robot Chicken" as Kirby and Cal Zapata. Kennedy played a gay inmate and gang leader in "My Name is Earl" and a married inmate and ex-con in "Raising the Bar". In 2016, he starred in the YouTube Red original show Rhett and Link's Buddy System.


title: Page Kennedy

text: Kennedy played Gerald, the cousin of main character James Carter, on the CBS show "Rush Hour". He appeared in all episodes of the show before its cancellation in 2016. In 2018, he had a prominent role in the blockbuster film "The Meg", alongside Jason Statham, Ruby Rose, and Rainn Wilson.