title: Bone Wars

text: Cope's and Marsh's discoveries were accompanied by sensational accusations of spying, stealing workers and fossils, and bribery. The two men were so protective of their digging sites that they would destroy smaller or damaged fossils to prevent them from falling into their rival's hands, or fill in their excavations with dirt and rock; while surveying his Como quarries in 1879, Marsh examined recent finds and marked several for destruction. On one occasion the scientists' rival teams fought each other by throwing stones.


title: Bone Wars

text: While Cope and Marsh dueled for fossils in the American West, they also tried their best to ruin each other's professional credibility. Humiliated by his error in reconstructing the plesiosaur "Elasmosaurus", Cope tried to cover up his mistake by purchasing every copy he could find of the journal in which it was published. Marsh, meanwhile, made sure to publicize the story. Cope's own rapid and prodigious output of scientific papers meant that Marsh had no difficulty in finding occasional errors with which to lambast Cope. Marsh himself was not infallible; he put the skull of a "Brachiosaurus" on a skeleton of "Brontosaurus".


title: Bone Wars

text: By the late 1880s, public attention to the fighting between Cope and Marsh faded, drawn to international stories rather than the "Wild West". Thanks to John Wesley Powell, head of the U.S. Geological Survey, and Marsh's contacts with the rich and powerful in Washington, Marsh was placed at the head of the consolidated government survey and was happy to be out of the sensationalist spotlight. Cope was much less well-off, having spent most of his money purchasing "The American Naturalist", and had a hard time finding employment thanks to Marsh's allies in higher education and his own temperament. Cope began investing in gold and silver prospects in the West, and braved malarial mosquitos and harsh weather to search for fossils himself. Due to mining setbacks and a lack of support from the federal government, Cope's financial situation deteriorated to the point that his fossil collection was his only significant asset. Marsh, meanwhile, alienated even his loyal assistants, including Williston, with his refusal to share his conclusions drawn from their findings, and his continually lax and infrequent payment schedule.


title: Bone Wars

text: Cope's chance to exploit Marsh's vulnerabilities came in 1884, when Congress began to investigate the proceedings of the consolidated geological survey. Cope had become friends with Henry Fairfield Osborn, then a professor of anatomy at Princeton University. Osborn was like Marsh in many ways, slow and methodical, but would prove a damaging influence on Marsh. Cope searched for disgruntled workers who would speak out against Powell and the Survey. For the moment, Powell and Marsh were able to successfully refute Cope's charges, and his allegations did not reach the mainstream press. Osborn seemed reluctant to step up his campaign against Marsh, so Cope turned to another ally he had mentioned to Osborn—a "newspaper man from New York" named William Hosea Ballou. Despite setbacks in trying to oust Marsh from his presidency of the National Academy of Sciences, Cope received a tremendous financial boost after the University of Pennsylvania offered him a teaching job.


title: Bone Wars

text: Cope's chance to strike a critical blow at Marsh appeared soon after. Over the years, Cope kept an elaborate journal of mistakes and misdeeds that Marsh and Powell had committed; the mistakes and errors of the men were put in writing and stored in the bottom drawer of Cope's desk. Ballou planned the first set of articles, in what would become a series of newspaper debates between Marsh, Powell and Cope. While the scientific community had long known of Marsh and Cope's rivalry, the public became aware of the shameful conduct of the two men when the "New York Herald" published a story with the headline "Scientists Wage Bitter Warfare." According to author Elizabeth Noble Shor, the scientific community was galvanized:


title: Bone Wars

text: Most scientists of the day recoiled to find that Cope's feud with Marsh had become front-page news. Those closest to the scientific fields under discussion, geology and vertebrate paleontology, certainly winced, particularly as they found themselves quoted, mentioned, or misspelled. The feud was not news to them, for it had lurked at their scientific meetings for two decades. Most of them had already taken sides.


title: Bone Wars

text: In the newspaper articles, Cope attacked Marsh for plagiarism and financial mismanagement, and attacked Powell for his geological classification errors and misspending of government-allocated funds. Marsh and Powell were each able to publish their own side of the story, filing their own charges against Cope. Ballou's articles were poorly researched, written, and read, and Cope himself was smarting from a piece in "The Philadelphia Inquirer" which suggested the University of Pennsylvania trustees would ask Cope to step down unless he provided proof for his charges against Marsh and Powell. Marsh himself kept the "Herald" story alive with a fiery rebuttal, but by the end of January the story had faded from all the newspapers, and little changed between the bitter rivals.


title: Bone Wars

text: No congressional hearing was convened to investigate the misallocation of funds by Powell, and neither Cope nor Marsh was held responsible for any of their mistakes, but some of Ballou's charges against Marsh came to be associated with the Survey. Facing anti-Survey sentiment inflamed by western drought and concerns about takeovers of abandoned western homesteads, Powell found himself the subject of larger scrutiny before the House Appropriations Committee. Galvanized to action by Marsh's perceived extravagance with Survey funds, the Appropriations Committee demanded the Survey's budget be itemized. When his appropriation was cut off in 1892, Powell sent a terse telegram to Marsh demanding his resignation, a personal slight as well as a financial one. At the same time, many of Marsh's allies were retiring or had died, lessening his scientific credence. Just as Marsh's extravagant lifestyle was catching up with him, Cope received a position on the Texas Geological Survey. Cope, still reeling from the personal attacks levied at him during the "Herald" affair, did not take advantage of the change in fortunes to press his personal attacks. Cope's fortunes continued to look up throughout the early 1890s, as he was promoted to Leidy's position as Professor of Zoology and was elected President of the American Association for the Advancement of Science the same year that Marsh stepped down as head of the Academy of Sciences. Towards the latter part of the decade, Cope's fortunes began to sour once more as Marsh regained some of his recognition, earning the Cuvier Medal, the highest paleontological award.


title: Bone Wars

text: Cope and Marsh's rivalry lasted until Cope's death in 1897, by which time both men were financially ruined. Cope suffered from a debilitating illness in his later years and had to sell part of his fossil collection and rent out one of his houses to make ends meet. Marsh in turn had to mortgage his residence and ask Yale for a salary on which to live. The rivalry between the two remained strong if weary. Cope issued a final challenge before his death. He had his skull donated to science so that his brain could be measured, hoping that his brain would be larger than that of his adversary; at the time, brain size was believed to be a measure of intelligence. Marsh never accepted the challenge, and Cope's skull is reportedly still preserved at the University of Pennsylvania. (Whether the skull stored at the university is Cope's is disputed; the university stated that it believes the real skull was lost in the 1970s, although Robert Bakker has said that hairline fractures on the skull and coroner's reports verify the skull's authenticity.)


title: Bone Wars

text: Judging by pure numbers, Marsh "won" the Bone Wars. Both scientists made finds of immense scientific value, but while Cope discovered a total of 56 new dinosaur species, Marsh discovered 80. In the later stages of the Bone Wars, Marsh simply had more men and money at his disposal than Cope. Cope also had a much broader set of paleontological interests, while Marsh almost exclusively pursued fossilized reptiles and mammals.


title: Bone Wars

text: Several of Cope's and Marsh's discoveries are among the most well-known of dinosaurs, encompassing species of "Triceratops", "Allosaurus", "Diplodocus", "Stegosaurus", "Camarasaurus" and "Coelophysis". Their cumulative discoveries defined the then-nascent field of paleontology; before Cope's and Marsh's discoveries, there were only nine named species of dinosaur in North America. Some of their ideas—such as Marsh's argument that birds are descended from dinosaurs—have been upheld; while others are viewed as having little to no scientific merit. The Bone Wars also led to the discovery of the first complete skeletons, and the rise in popularity of dinosaurs with the public. As paleontologist Robert Bakker stated, "The dinosaurs that came from [Como Bluff] not only filled museums, they filled magazine articles, textbooks, they filled people's minds."


title: Bone Wars

text: Despite their advances, the Bone Wars also had a negative effect not only on the two scientists but also on their peers and the entire field. The public animosity between Cope and Marsh harmed the reputation of American paleontology in Europe for decades. Furthermore, the reported use of dynamite and sabotage by employees of both men may have harmed fossil remains, though later excavation suggests that some of the damage was exaggerated in order to dissuade competition. Joseph Leidy abandoned his more methodical excavations in the West, finding he could not keep up with Cope's and Marsh's reckless searching for bones. Leidy also grew tired of the constant squabbling between the two men, with the result that his withdrawal from the field marginalized his own legacy; after his death, Osborn found not a single mention of the man in either of the rivals' works. In their haste to outdo each other, Cope and Marsh haphazardly assembled the bones of their own discoveries. Their descriptions of new species, based on their reconstructions, led to confusion and misconceptions that lasted for decades after their deaths.


title: Brassed Off

text: Brassed Off is a 1996 British comedy-drama film written and directed by Mark Herman and starring Pete Postlethwaite, Tara Fitzgerald and Ewan McGregor.


title: Brassed Off

text: The film is about the troubles faced by a colliery brass band, following the closure of their pit. The soundtrack for the film was provided by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, and the plot is based on Grimethorpe's own struggles against pit closures. It has been generally very positively received for its role in promoting brass bands and their music. Parts of the film make reference to the huge increase in suicides that resulted from the end of the coal industry in Britain, and the struggle to retain hope in the circumstances.


title: Brassed Off

text: In the United States, the film was promoted simply as a romantic comedy involving McGregor and Fitzgerald's characters.


title: Brassed Off

text: The film is set ten years after the year-long strike in 1984–85 by the National Union of Mineworkers in Britain. Before the privatisation of British Coal, a wave of pit closures took place. Depleted of resources and in debt following the labour militancy of 1984–85, the miners were unable to continue a resistance against the policies of the government. Many had been in debt ever since the long strike, and were prepared to take redundancy money whilst it was on offer.


title: Brassed Off

text: The National Coal Board arranged private ballots to determine between closing a pit immediately with compulsory redundancies or taking a pit to a review procedure to determine whether the pit should be privatised.


title: Brassed Off

text: Although miners had a tradition of fighting for their jobs, the risk of losing the redundancy money on offer by going forwards to privatisation swung the votes in most ballots to be in favour of pit closure and redundancy. The loss of hope, pride and fighting spirit in what were previously proud mining communities was the basis for the idea of being "brassed off", an expression used in the North of England, meaning "angry".


title: Brassed Off

text: Beginning in early 1993, groups of miners' wives camped outside some pits' gates and outside the Department of Trade and Industry in London. This is referred to in the film. It contrasts with the muted response from the mineworkers, some of whom sang "Shut the pit!" to the tune of the song "Here We Go!" from the 1984–85 strike.


title: Brassed Off

text: Gloria Mullins has been sent to her home town of Grimley to determine the profitability of the pit for the management of British Coal. She also plays the flugelhorn, and is allowed to play with the local brass band after playing "Concierto de Aranjuez", affectionately known as “Orange Juice” by the characters, with them. The band is made up of miners from whom she must conceal her purpose. She renews a childhood romance with Andy Barrow, which soon leads to complications. Andy is bitter about the programme of pit closures and determined to fight on, but he is also realistic about the circumstances and predicts a 4-to-1 majority for closure and redundancy. When Andy realises that Gloria is working for management, he accuses her of naïvety for thinking that the Coal Board is considering whether the pit has any viable future and argues that the decision to close Grimley would have been taken years earlier. It is later revealed, during a confrontation between Gloria and the management of the colliery, that the decision to close the colliery had been made two years previously, and that this was to have gone ahead regardless of the findings of her report; the report was simply a public relations exercise to placate the miners and members of the public sympathetic to their plight.


title: Brassed Off

text: The passionate band conductor, Danny Ormondroyd, finds he is fighting a losing battle to keep the rest of the band members committed. His son, Phil, is badly in debt and becomes a clown for children's parties, but this fails to prevent his wife and children walking out on him. In debt, Phil votes for the redundancy money, which he becomes ashamed of. As Danny collapses in the street and is hospitalised, Phil suffers a mental breakdown while entertaining a group of children, as part of a harvest festival in a church. He refers to himself as "Coco the scab"—a name that he had been called by a debt collector who he had asked to wait until the redundancy money had come through. Eventually, he attempts suicide by trying to hang himself, but is taken to the hospital. Phil reveals to Danny that in light of the colliery's closure, the band has decided not to continue playing.


title: Brassed Off

text: When band member Jim realises that Gloria is working for management, he is unimpressed with Andy's relationship with her. In a pub conversation, the other miners are not particularly concerned and feel that Jim is being too harsh on Andy. When Andy says that he should be old enough to make his own decisions, Jim responds with, "Old enough to be a scab then?" The pub falls silent at the accusation, as the word was an extremely serious insult in a mining community and implies treachery to the working class. Jim then withdraws the insult and says that Andy is just "stupid". Later on in the film, Jim asks Gloria to leave the band and mocks her attempts to fund the band's trip to the National Finals.


title: Brassed Off

text: With the intention that it will be their last performance, the band, in full uniform, and wearing their miners' helmets and lamps, plays "Danny Boy" (the famous Percy Grainger arrangement of "Londonderry Air") late at night outside the hospital. Andy, having lost his tenor horn in a bet, whistles along with his hands in his pockets. After they finish, they all switch off their lamps.


title: Brassed Off

text: Whilst the band is playing in the National Semi-Finals, the outcome of the ballot is announced as 4-to-1 in favour of redundancy, as Andy had predicted.


title: Brassed Off

text: After Gloria sets up a bank account to fund travel to the National Finals, the band is brought back together to compete. Andy wins his tenor horn back in a game of pool, and having forgiven Gloria, after she gives them the money she was paid to compile the report (saying she does not want it because it's "dirty money"), the band travels to the final at the Royal Albert Hall in London (Birmingham Town Hall was used to film these scenes), where they are amused by the inability of the woman on the dressing room's PA system to pronounce 'colliery'. Before departing, Phil leaves a note for Danny saying that they are going to the finals. Danny arrives just in time to see the band win the competition with a stirring rendition of the finale from "William Tell Overture," during which Phil notices his wife and children are in the audience. Danny refuses to accept the trophy, stating that it is only human beings that matter and not music or the trophy and that "this bloody government has systematically destroyed an entire industry. "Our" industry. And not just our industry—our communities, our homes, our lives. All in the name of 'progress'. And for a few lousy bob." However, following this gesture, Jim takes the trophy anyway. The band celebrates their victory as Andy and Gloria kiss on the upper deck of an open-topped bus travelling through London, while the rest of the band play "Land of Hope and Glory" conducted by Danny.


title: Brassed Off

text: The film is set in "Grimley" in the mid-1990s, which is a thin veil for Grimethorpe, a mining village in South Yorkshire which had been named as the poorest village in Britain in 1994 by the European Union. The nearby areas of the Dearne Valley and the Hemsworth area were also identified as in need of serious aid. The soundtrack for the film was recorded by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band, the story roughly reflects Grimethorpe Colliery Band's history, and the film was largely shot in Grimethorpe.


title: Brassed Off

text: "Brassed Off" received an 80% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 49 reviews, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The site's critics consensus reads: ""Brassed Off" combines inspiring drama with populist socioeconomics to create a film whose familiar outlines are filled in with genuine and surprisingly palpable emotion."


title: Brassed Off

text: The film was one of Film Four Distributors first major releases and opened on 203 screens in the UK with a gross of £466,058 in its opening weekend, finishing third at the UK box office behind "Dragonheart" and "The Nutty Professor". It went on to gross £2,128,437 in the UK.


title: Brassed Off

text: The film's reputation has grown considerably since its initial release. "Brassed Off" is ranked 85th on the BFI list of Top 100 British Films A reevaluation in 2018 concluded, "Like Danny’s speech at the Royal Albert Hall, the film is honest, poignant and powerful. Twenty years on, its message is still all too relevant. And the music is bloody great, by the way."


title: Brassed Off

text: The film score for "Brassed Off" includes a large number of pieces from the brass band repertoire, played by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band conducted by John Anderson, alongside an original score composed by Trevor Jones.


title: Brassed Off

text: Paul Allen adapted Mark Herman's screenplay for the stage, the production premiering at the Crucible Theatre Sheffield on 17 March 1998, with music performed by the Grimethorpe Colliery Band. The play transferred to the Royal National Theatre in June before embarking on a UK tour. In 2014 a new UK tour was mounted by the Touring Consortium Theatre Company, coinciding with the thirtieth anniversary of the miners' strike.


title: Brassed Off

text: A sample of a monologue performed by the main character Danny (Pete Postlethwaite) is used in the opening of the song "Tubthumping", on the 1997 Chumbawamba album "Tubthumper": "Truth is, I thought it mattered; I thought that music mattered. But does it bollocks! Not compared to how people matter".


title: Military engineering

text: Military engineering is loosely defined as the art, science, and practice of designing and building military works and maintaining lines of military transport and military communications. Military engineers are also responsible for logistics behind military tactics. Modern military engineering differs from civil engineering. In the 20th and 21st centuries, military engineering also includes other engineering disciplines such as mechanical and electrical engineering techniques.


title: Military engineering

text: According to NATO, "military engineering is that engineer activity undertaken, regardless of component or service, to shape the physical operating environment. Military engineering incorporates support to maneuver and to the force as a whole, including military engineering functions such as engineer support to force protection, counter-improvised explosive devices, environmental protection, engineer intelligence and military search. Military engineering does not encompass the activities undertaken by those 'engineers' who maintain, repair and operate vehicles, vessels, aircraft, weapon systems and equipment."


title: Military engineering

text: Military engineering is an academic subject taught in military academies or schools of military engineering. The construction and demolition tasks related to military engineering are usually performed by military engineers including soldiers trained as sappers or pioneers. In modern armies, soldiers trained to perform such tasks while well forward in battle and under fire are often called combat engineers.


title: Military engineering

text: In some countries, military engineers may also perform non-military construction tasks in peacetime such as flood control and river navigation works, but such activities do not fall within the scope of military engineering.


title: Military engineering

text: The word "engineer" was initially used in the context of warfare, dating back to 1325 when "engine’er" (literally, one who operates an engine) referred to "a constructor of military engines". In this context, "engine" referred to a military machine, i. e., a mechanical contraption used in war (for example, a catapult).


title: Military engineering

text: As the design of civilian structures such as bridges and buildings developed as a technical discipline, the term "civil engineering" entered the lexicon as a way to distinguish between those specializing in the construction of such non-military projects and those involved in the older discipline. As the prevalence of civil engineering outstripped engineering in a military context and the number of disciplines expanded, the original military meaning of the word "engineering" is now largely obsolete. In its place, the term "military engineering" has come to be used.


title: Military engineering

text: In ancient times, military engineers were responsible for siege warfare and building field fortifications, temporary camps and roads. The most notable engineers of ancient times were the Romans and Chinese, who constructed huge siege-machines (catapults, battering rams and siege towers). The Romans were responsible for constructing fortified wooden camps and paved roads for their legions. Many of these Roman roads are still in use today.


title: Military engineering

text: The first civilization to have a dedicated force of military engineering specialists were the Romans, whose army contained a dedicated corps of military engineers known as "architecti". This group was pre-eminent among its contemporaries. The scale of certain military engineering feats, such as the construction of a double-wall of fortifications long, in just 6 weeks to completely encircle the besieged city of Alesia in 52 B.C.E., is an example. Such military engineering feats would have been completely new, and probably bewildering and demoralizing, to the Gallic defenders. Vitruvius is the best known of these Roman army engineers, due to his writings surviving.


title: Military engineering

text: Examples of battles before the early modern period where military engineers played a decisive role include the Siege of Tyre under Alexander the Great, the Siege of Masada by Lucius Flavius Silva as well as the Battle of the Trench under the suggestion of Salman the Persian to dig a trench.


title: Military engineering

text: For about 600 years after the fall of the Roman empire, the practice of military engineering barely evolved in the west. In fact, much of the classic techniques and practices of Roman military engineering were lost. Through this period, the foot soldier (who was pivotal to much of the Roman military engineering capability) was largely replaced by mounted soldiers. It was not until later in the Middle Ages, that military engineering saw a revival focused on siege warfare.


title: Military engineering

text: Military engineers planned castles and fortresses. When laying siege, they planned and oversaw efforts to penetrate castle defenses. When castles served a military purpose, one of the tasks of the sappers was to weaken the bases of walls to enable them to be breached before means of thwarting these activities were devised. Broadly speaking, sappers were experts at demolishing or otherwise overcoming or bypassing fortification systems.


title: Military engineering

text: With the 14th-century development of gunpowder, new siege engines in the form of cannons appeared. Initially military engineers were responsible for maintaining and operating these new weapons just as had been the case with previous siege engines. In England, the challenge of managing the new technology resulted in the creation of the Office of Ordnance around 1370 in order to administer the cannons, armaments and castles of the kingdom. Both military engineers and artillery formed the body of this organization and served together until the office's successor, the Board of Ordnance was disbanded in 1855.


title: Military engineering

text: In comparison to older weapons, the cannon was significantly more effective against traditional medieval fortifications. Military engineering significantly revised the way fortifications were built in order to be better protected from enemy direct and plunging shot. The new fortifications were also intended to increase the ability of defenders to bring fire onto attacking enemies. Fort construction proliferated in 16th-century Europe based on the "trace italienne" design.


title: Military engineering

text: By the 18th century, regiments of foot (infantry) in the British, French, Prussian and other armies included pioneer detachments. In peacetime these specialists constituted the regimental tradesmen, constructing and repairing buildings, transport wagons, etc. On active service they moved at the head of marching columns with axes, shovels, and pickaxes, clearing obstacles or building bridges to enable the main body of the regiment to move through difficult terrain. The modern Royal Welch Fusiliers and French Foreign Legion still maintain pioneer sections who march at the front of ceremonial parades, carrying chromium-plated tools intended for show only. Other historic distinctions include long work aprons and the right to wear beards. In West Africa, the Ashanti army was accompanied to war by carpenters who were responsible for constructing shelters and blacksmiths who repaired weapons. By the 18th century, sappers were deployed in the Dahomeyan army during assaults against fortifications.


title: Military engineering

text: The Peninsular War (1808–14) revealed deficiencies in the training and knowledge of officers and men of the British Army in the conduct of siege operations and bridging. During this war low-ranking Royal Engineers officers carried out large-scale operations. They had under their command working parties of two or three battalions of infantry, two or three thousand men, who knew nothing in the art of siegeworks. Royal Engineers officers had to demonstrate the simplest tasks to the soldiers, often while under enemy fire. Several officers were lost and could not be replaced, and a better system of training for siege operations was required. On 23 April 1812 an establishment was authorised, by Royal Warrant, to teach "Sapping, Mining, and other Military Fieldworks" to the junior officers of the Corps of Royal Engineers and the Corps of Royal Military Artificers, Sappers and Miners.


title: Military engineering

text: The first courses at the Royal Engineers Establishment were done on an all ranks basis with the greatest regard to economy. To reduce staff the NCOs and officers were responsible for instructing and examining the soldiers. If the men could not read or write they were taught to do so, and those who could read and write were taught to draw and interpret simple plans. The Royal Engineers Establishment quickly became the centre of excellence for all fieldworks and bridging. Captain Charles Pasley, the director of the Establishment, was keen to confirm his teaching, and regular exercises were held as demonstrations or as experiments to improve the techniques and teaching of the Establishment. From 1833 bridging skills were demonstrated annually by the building of a pontoon bridge across the Medway which was tested by the infantry of the garrison and the cavalry from Maidstone. These demonstrations had become a popular spectacle for the local people by 1843, when 43,000 came to watch a field day laid on to test a method of assaulting earthworks for a report to the Inspector General of Fortifications. In 1869 the title of the Royal Engineers Establishment was changed to "The School of Military Engineering" (SME) as evidence of its status, not only as the font of engineer doctrine and training for the British Army, but also as the leading scientific military school in Europe.


title: Military engineering

text: The dawn of the internal combustion engine marked the beginning of a significant change in military engineering. With the arrival of the automobile at the end of the 19th century and heavier than air flight at the start of the 20th century, military engineers assumed a major new role in supporting the movement and deployment of these systems in war. Military engineers gained vast knowledge and experience in explosives. They were tasked with planting bombs, landmines and dynamite.


title: Military engineering

text: At the end of World War I, the standoff on the Western Front caused the Imperial German Army to gather experienced and particularly skilled soldiers to form "Assault Teams" which would break through the Allied trenches. With enhanced training and special weapons (such as flamethrowers), these squads achieved some success, but too late to change the outcome of the war. In early WWII, however, the Wehrmacht "Pioniere" battalions proved their efficiency in both attack and defense, somewhat inspiring other armies to develop their own combat engineers battalions. Notably, the attack on Fort Eben-Emael in Belgium was conducted by Luftwaffe glider-deployed combat engineers.


title: Military engineering

text: The need to defeat the German defensive positions of the "Atlantic wall" as part of the amphibious landings in Normandy in 1944 led to the development of specialist combat engineer vehicles. These, collectively known as Hobart's Funnies, included a specific vehicle to carry combat engineers, the Churchill AVRE. These and other dedicated assault vehicles were organised into the specialised 79th Armoured Division and deployed during Operation Overlord – 'D-Day'.


title: Military engineering

text: Other significant military engineering projects of World War II include Mulberry harbour and Operation Pluto.


title: Military engineering

text: Modern military engineering still retains the Roman role of building field fortifications, road paving and breaching terrain obstacles. A notable military engineering task was, for example, breaching the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War.


title: Military engineering

text: Military engineers can come from a variety of engineering programs. They may be graduates of mechanical, electrical, civil, or industrial engineering.


title: Military engineering

text: Modern military engineering can be divided into three main tasks or fields: combat engineering, strategic support, and ancillary support. Combat engineering is associated with engineering on the battlefield. Combat engineers are responsible for increasing mobility on the front lines of war such as digging trenches and building temporary facilities in war zones. Strategic support is associated with providing service in communication zones such as the construction of airfields and the improvement and upgrade of ports, roads and railways communication. Ancillary support includes provision and distribution of maps as well as the disposal of unexploded warheads. Military engineers construct bases, airfields, roads, bridges, ports, and hospitals. During peacetime before modern warfare, military engineers took the role of civil engineers by participating in the construction of civil-works projects. Nowadays, military engineers are almost entirely engaged in war logistics and preparedness.


title: Military engineering

text: Explosives are defined as any system that produces rapidly expanding gases in a given volume in a short duration. Specific military engineering occupations also extend to the field of explosives and demolitions and their usage on the battlefield. Explosive devices have been used on the battlefield for several centuries, in numerous operations from combat to area clearance. Earliest known development of explosives can be traced back to 10th-century China where the Chinese are credited with engineering the world's first known explosive, black powder. Initially developed for recreational purposes, black powder later was utilized for military application in bombs and projectile propulsion in firearms. Engineers in the military who specialize in this field formulate and design many explosive devices to use in varying operating conditions. Such explosive compounds range from black powder to modern plastic explosives. This particular is commonly listed under the role of combat engineers who demolitions expertise also includes mine and IED detection and disposal. For more information, see Bomb disposal.


title: Military engineering

text: Military engineers are key in all armed forces of the world, and invariably found either closely integrated into the force structure, or even into the combat units of the national troops.


title: Military engineering

text: Brazilian Army engineers can be part of the Quadro de Engenheiros Militares, with its members trained or professionalized by the traditional Instituto Militar de Engenharia (IME) "(Military Institute of Engineering)", or the Arma de Engenharia, with its members trained by the Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras (AMAN) "(Agulhas Negras Military Academy)."


title: Military engineering

text: In the Brazil's Navy, engineers can occupy the Corpo de Engenheiros da Marinha, the Quadro Complementar de Oficiais da Armada and the Quadro Complementar de Oficiais Fuzileiros Navais. Officers can come from the Centro de Instrução Almirante Wandenkolk (CIAW) "(Admiral Wandenkolk Instruction Center)" and the (EN) "(Naval School)" which, through internal selection of the Navy, finish their graduation at the Universidade de São Paulo (USP) "(University of São Paulo)".


title: Military engineering

text: The Quadro de Oficias Engenheiros of the Brazilian Air Force is occupied by engineers professionalized by Centro de Instrução e Adaptação da Aeronáutica "(CIAAR) (Air Force Instruction and Adaptation Center)" and trained, or specialized, by Instituto Tecnológico de Aeronáutica (ITA) "(Aeronautics Institute of Technology)."


title: Military engineering

text: The Royal School of Military Engineering is the main training establishment for the British Army's Royal Engineers. The RSME also provides training for the Royal Navy, Royal Air Force, other Arms and Services of the British Army, Other Government Departments, and Foreign and Commonwealth countries as required. These skills provide vital components in the Army's operational capability, and Royal Engineers are currently deployed in Afghanistan, Iraq, Cyprus, Bosnia, Kosovo, Kenya, Brunei, Falklands, Belize, Germany and Northern Ireland. Royal Engineers also take part in exercises in Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Italy, Egypt, Jordan, Canada, Poland and the United States.


title: Military engineering

text: The prevalence of military engineering in the United States dates back to the American Revolutionary War when engineers would carry out tasks in the U.S. Army. During the war, they would map terrain to and build fortifications to protect troops from opposing forces. The first military engineering organization in the United States was the Army Corps of Engineers. Engineers were responsible for protecting military troops whether using fortifications or designing new technology and weaponry throughout the United States' history of warfare. The Army originally claimed engineers exclusively, but as the U.S. military branches expanded to the sea and sky, the need for military engineering sects in all branches increased. As each branch of the United States military expanded, technology adapted to fit their respective needs.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: She has a career-high singles ranking of world No. 9, achieved on 24 October 2022, and a best WTA doubles ranking of No. 2, reached on 6 June 2022. She also has reached a Grand Slam final, at the 2021 Wimbledon Championships in women's doubles with Elena Vesnina and won 2022 WTA Finals with Elise Mertens.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova won her first WTA Tour singles title at the 2021 Charleston Open, and her first WTA doubles title at the 2019 Wuhan Open, partnering Duan Yingying.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: She made her WTA Tour main-draw debut in singles at the 2018 Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, and in doubles at the 2014 Kremlin Cup, partnering with Evgeniya Rodina.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova was born to Eduard Kudermetov, a Russian national ice hockey champion. She started playing tennis at the age of eight. Her younger sister Polina (born 2003) is also a tennis player.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova is married to tennis coach and former player Sergei Demekhine. They started dating in 2015 despite Demekhine returning to being her coach again since 2012, on which Kudermetova commented in 2020: "At the age of 16 I just liked him but I didn't even think about anything more. Probably, it's my upbringing that affected. Such thoughts had been unacceptable to me".


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Partnering Evgeniya Rodina, Kudermetova won her first $50k tournament at the Kazan Summer Cup, defeating Alexandra Artamonova and Martina Borecká in the final. There, she also reached the semifinals in singles as a wildcard.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova reached consecutive $10k finals at Antalya at the start of the year, and after several strong performances, she cracked the world's top 500 for the first time in her career. Playing in her first $100k tournament at the President's Cup, she reached the quarterfinals before falling to eventual champion, Vitalia Diatchenko.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: She ended the year as the No. 343 in the rankings with a 24–14 win-loss record, lifting her maiden ITF title in the process.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: The 2015 season saw Kudermetova failing to win a single title on the ITF Circuit as she had a disappointing 15–15 win–loss record with just one final reached. Her year-end ranking was 400.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: After a lackluster start, Kudermetova made her first final of the year at Andijan in May. It was followed by consecutive $25k titles in Imola and Astana, ensuring that she moved into the world's top 300 for the first time. A fourth final of the season in Telavi marked her continuous rise. Her ranking soon made it possible for a direct admission into the main draw of the Taipei Challenger, her debut on a WTA 125 tournament. She won her first match against Varatchaya Wongteanchai before losing in the second round.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Overall, she enjoyed a 34–18 win–loss record in 2016, with a total of two ITF Circuit titles. Her year-end ranking improved by a total of 190 spots, ending at the 210th spot.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Her Grand Slam debut came at the Australian Open, where she lost in the first round of qualifying. Attempting a transition onto the WTA Tour, she played qualifying in multiple events but failed to reach the main draw in all of them. Kudermetova won her first qualifying round at the French Open but fell in her next match. She reached her first WTA 125 quarterfinal, at the Taipei Challenger to end off the year.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova had a 28–24 win-loss record for the year, failing to reach any finals but recorded more appearances on the WTA Tour.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: After starting the year with a triumph at the $25k event at the Keio Challenger, she qualified for her first WTA event at the Porsche Tennis Grand Prix, a Premier tournament. Riding on her momentum, Kudermetova stunned top-30 player Carla Suárez Navarro in the first round before putting up a strong performance against eventual champion and top-ten player Karolína Plíšková.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: She reached the final round of qualifying at the French Open for the first time in her career, where she fell to Barbora Krejčíková. Another big win soon followed as she beat defending champion Anett Kontaveit in the first round of the Rosmalen Grass Court Championships. Furthermore, she stunned Belinda Bencic in her next match, reaching her first WTA quarterfinal. She reached another WTA quarterfinal at the Ladies Championship Gstaad, where she defeated Viktória Kužmová before falling to Eugenie Bouchard, in straight sets.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova started the year with a quarterfinal run at the Shenzhen Open after qualifying for the main draw, defeating higher-ranked compatriot Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova in the process. She qualified for the main draw at the Australian Open for the first time in her career, losing to Sofia Kenin in the first round.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the WTA 125 event in Guadalajara, Kudermetova was unseeded but still managed to lift the biggest title of her career by defeating Marie Bouzková, 6–2, 6–0 in the final. Consecutive WTA quarterfinals came at the Ladies Open Lugano and the İstanbul Cup.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Her first major main-draw win came at the French Open when she beat Caroline Wozniacki, the 13th seed, in the first round. After beating Zarina Diyas in the second, Kudermetova was defeated by veteran Kaia Kanepi in the third round, despite winning the first set.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: In July 2019, she reached the second round at Wimbledon, where she was beaten by Wozniacki. Prior to that, Kudermetova excelled at Rosmalen, making the semifinals where she was defeated by eventual champion Alison Riske.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: In September, seeded eighth, she and Duan Yingying won the doubles title at the Wuhan Open, beating newly crowned US Open champions Elise Mertens and Aryna Sabalenka in the final. It was their first time playing together, and Kudemetova's first doubles title. It took her at world No. 24 on 30 September 2019 in the doubles rankings. She reached third round in the singles competition, which also took her to a career-high singles ranking of world No. 42. In the tournament, Kudermetova beat Belinda Bencic for her first career top-ten win.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: On a fantastic Asian swing, Kudermetova reached two semifinals at the Japan Women's Open and the Tianjin Open, respectively. To end off her first full season on the WTA Tour, she stunned world No. 4, Elina Svitolina, in the second round of the Kremlin Cup and reached the quarterfinals as a result, falling to Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: A win-loss record of 44–25 saw Kudermetova ending the year (world No. 41) as the second highest-ranked Russian, lagging just behind Pavlyuchenkova, having reached a career-high of world No. 39 in singles on 11 November 2019 with three WTA semifinals and one WTA 125 title. She finished the year at No. 25 in doubles.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova began the year at the Brisbane International. She lost in the final round of qualifying to Marie Bouzková. Seeded fifth at the Hobart International, she reached the semifinals where she was defeated by fourth seed Zhang Shuai. As a result, she reached again the top 40 in singles, on 20 January 2020. At the Australian Open, she lost in the first round to Sara Sorribes Tormo. Despite the loss, she reached a new career-high of world No. 38, on 3 February 2020.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Playing for Russia in the Fed Cup qualifying tie against Romania, Kudermetova lost both of her rubbers to Ana Bogdan and Jaqueline Cristian. Despite those losses, Russia won the tie 3–2. In St. Petersburg, she was defeated in the second round by second seed, defending and eventual champion, Kiki Bertens. Getting past qualifying at the Dubai Tennis Championships, she lost in the second round to ninth seed Garbiñe Muguruza. At the Qatar Open, she was defeated in the second round by fourth seed Belinda Bencic. The WTA cancelled tournaments from March to July due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: When the WTA resumed tournament play in August, Kudermetova competed at the Prague Open. Seeded eighth, she lost in the first round to Eugenie Bouchard. At the Western & Southern Open, she stunned top seed and 2016 champion, Karolína Plíšková, in the second round. She was defeated in the third round by 14th seed Elise Mertens. Seeded 29th at the US Open, she lost in the first round to Iga Świątek. In doubles, she partnered with compatriot Anna Blinkova; they both reached the semifinals of a Grand Slam for the first time in their career where they lost to Laura Siegemund and Vera Zvonareva. Following this run, she achieved her career-high doubles ranking of world No. 22 on 14 September 2020.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Playing in Rome, Kudermetova was defeated in the first round by Barbora Strýcová. At the French Open, she lost in the second round to 13th seed Petra Martić.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Coming through qualifying at the first edition of the Ostrava Open, Kudermetova upset second seed Karolína Plíšková in the second round. In the quarterfinals, she was defeated by Jennifer Brady. Her final tournament of the season was at the Upper Austria Ladies Linz. Seeded fifth, she reached the quarterfinals where she lost to second seed and eventual finalist, Elise Mertens.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova started 2021 at the first edition of the Abu Dhabi Open. She stunned second seed Elina Svitolina in the quarterfinals and defeated Marta Kostyuk in the semifinals. She lost in the final to fourth seed Aryna Sabalenka convincingly, but entered the top 40 for the first time in her career. At the first edition of the Grampians Trophy, she was defeated in the second round by Ann Li. Seeded 32nd at the Australian Open, she lost in the third round to second seed Simona Halep after earning her first main-draw victories in Melbourne. In Adelaide, she was defeated in the first round by Shelby Rogers.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the Qatar Open, Kudermetova lost in the first round to eventual finalist Garbiñe Muguruza. At Dubai, she was defeated in the second round by sixth seed and 2019 champion, Belinda Bencic. Seeded second in St. Petersburg, she reached the quarterfinals losing to eighth seed and eventual champion, Daria Kasatkina. Seeded 32nd at the Miami Open, she was defeated in the third round by seventh seed Sabalenka once again, although this time she owned a set point.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Seeded 15th at the Charleston Open, Kudermetova won her first WTA singles title, beating Danka Kovinić in the final. Defeating the likes of Sloane Stephens and Paula Badosa, she did not lose more than eight games in a match and won the title without losing a set. She entered the top 30 at a career-high of No. 29 on 12 April 2021. The following week, she won her second doubles title at the İstanbul Cup, partnering Elise Mertens while also reaching the singles semifinals where she lost to Mertens.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova reached the third round of the Madrid Open with a top-ten win over defending champion Kiki Bertens, in straight sets. However, despite a tight match, she lost to Petra Kvitová eventually. At the Italian Open, Kudermetova upset Mertens in the first round but fell to world No. 1, Ashleigh Barty, in the third round.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: She entered the French Open as one of the dark horses, and navigated a tough first-round win against former semifinalist Amanda Anisimova, in straight sets. However, she was stunned by Kateřina Siniaková in the second round despite leading 5–1 in the final set.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova began her grass-court season at the inaugural WTA German Open, where she defeated Karolína Muchová in a high-quality first-round match. She was upset by compatriot Liudmila Samsonova in the second round.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At Wimbledon, she was upset by eventual quarterfinalist Viktorija Golubic 11–9 in the final set, in the first round. In doubles, she partnered Elena Vesnina, and despite being unseeded, they ousted top seeds and reigning French Opens champions and top seed Barbora Krejčíková/Kateřina Siniaková and Caroline Dolehide/Storm Sanders en route to the final, saving match points in both matches. They had also previously beaten the seeded pairing of Coco Gauff and Caty McNally, played under the lights on Centre Court. They lost to the former number-one doubles players and third seeded pair, Hsieh Su-wei and Elise Mertens, in a tight three-set match, despite having two match points. With this successful run, she entered the top 20 in doubles at a career-high of world No. 16 on 12 July 2021.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the Tokyo Olympics, Kudermetova represented the Russian Olympic Committee in both women's singles and doubles for the first time in her career. In singles, she lost in the first round to seventh seeded Garbiñe Muguruza in a very tight match. In doubles, she again partnered with Vesnina. The pair lost in the semifinal to eventual gold medalists, Krejčíková and Siniaková of the Czech Republic. In the bronze medal match, Vesnina and Kudermetova were defeated by Brazilians Laura Pigossi and Luisa Stefani, despite having four consecutive match points at 9–5 in the super-tiebreak.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova snapped a four-match losing streak in singles against Yulia Putintseva at the Canadian Open, coming from 0–3 down in the final set to prevail. Partnering Elena Rybakina for the first time, they reached the doubles semifinal after losing just 14 games in the process.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the US Open, Kudermetova suffered another first-round exit in the hands of Sorana Cîrstea, one of the highest-ranked unseeded players in the draw. She lost in the third round of doubles alongside Bethanie Mattek-Sands. The Russian claimed back-to-back singles wins for the first time since May at the Chicago Fall Tennis Classic, defeating Anna Kalinskaya in the first round and ousting Harriet Dart in the second round. She lost to Rybakina in the third round.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova reached the third round of the Indian Wells Open for the first time in her career after defeating Samsonova but managed to win just one game against Iga Świątek. However, she achieved success in doubles alongside Rybakina as they defeated fourth seeds Alexa Guarachi and Desirae Krawczyk 10–0 in the super-tiebreak before ousting Lyudmyla Kichenok and Jeļena Ostapenko to reach the final. They lost to second seeds Hsieh and Mertens in the final.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova began her season at the Melbourne Summer Set 1, reaching the singles final but lost to Simona Halep, in straight sets. Seeded third in doubles at the Australian Open, she reached the semifinals with new partner Elise Mertens, where they lost to eventual champions Krejčíková and Siniaková. As a result, she made her top-ten debut in doubles at world No. 9, on 31 January 2022. She reached the third round in singles, falling to Maria Sakkari despite having an early lead.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At Dubai, Kudermetova earned her first top-20 win since May 2021 over Victoria Azarenka in the first round. She then earned her first win over fourth seed Garbiñe Muguruza in four attempts, coming from a set down to beat the Spaniard. Kudermetova beat Jil Teichmann to reach her first WTA 500 semifinal since her Charleston triumph, and received a walkover into the final after her scheduled opponent Markéta Vondroušová withdrew. She lost the final to Jeļena Ostapenko, in straight sets but reached a new career in the top 25 of the WTA rankings. At the same tournament, she won the doubles title, partnering Mertens, against Ostapenko and Lyudmyla Kichenok.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: They also reached the final of the WTA 1000 Qatar Open, with Kudermetova rising to a career-high ranking of No. 6 in doubles after the tournament.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: She reached her first career WTA 1000 singles quarterfinal at Indian Wells, beating former world No. 1, Naomi Osaka, in straight sets, and Markéta Vondroušová after nearly three hours of action. However, she lost to defending champion Paula Badosa in the quarterfinals, her first loss to the Spaniard in four meetings. In doubles, Kudermetova and Mertens were stunned in the opening round by Eri Hozumi and Makoto Ninomiya.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova reached two more WTA 1000 finals in doubles at the Miami Open, partnering Mertens and at the Italian Open, partnering Anastasia Pavlyuchenkova, where she won her first WTA 1000 title defeating Madrid champions Gabriela Dabrowski and Giuliana Olmos.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the French Open, she reached a major quarterfinal in singles for the first time in her career, after Paula Badosa retired in the third round and a victory against Madison Keys in three sets, in the fourth. She made also the third round in doubles with Mertens. As a result, she reached a new career-high of world No. 2 in doubles after the conclusion of the tournament on 6 June 2022.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the Silicon Valley Classic, Kudermetova reached the semifinals by defeating Ons Jabeur in straight sets. At the US Open, she met Ons Jabeur again in the fourth round, but lost in straight sets.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: At the Pan Pacific Open, Kudermetova reached the semifinals eventually losing to Zheng Qinwen in three sets. Seeded second at the Jasmin Open, she lost to Alizé Cornet in the semifinals.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: In receipt of a first-round bye in Guadalajara, she defeated Donna Vekic and Jelena Ostapenko in straight sets. In the quarterfinals, she fell to Maria Sakkari in a close three set match, which was also a qualifying match for the 2022 WTA Finals. Despite the result, she made her top-10 debut in the WTA rankings at world No. 9 in singles, on 24 October 2022. However, she qualified for the WTA Finals in doubles with Mertens on 13 October 2022 for the first time in her career.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: In Fort Worth, Kudermetova along with Mertens raced into the doubles final, as they finish 3-0 in the round robin stage and eased past Desirae Krawczyk/Demi Schuurs in the semifinals. In the final, they came back from 2-7 down in the match-tiebreak to outlast defending champions & six time Grand Slam champions Barbora Krejčíková/Kateřina Siniaková and win their third doubles title together.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova capped off the best season of her career as she finished the year ranked No. 9 in singles and No. 2 in doubles.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Playing for the Russia Fed Cup team, Kudermetova has a win–loss record of 3–4. She made her debut in February 2014, losing to Australia's Samantha Stosur in straight sets in their World Group first-round tie. She was also nominated to represent her country during the 2018 Fed Cup World Group II, but was only selected to play a dead doubles rubber alongside Anna Kalinskaya.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Now known as the Billie Jean King Cup, Veronika was selected as the second singles player for Russia in their qualifying round against Romania for a place in the Finals. However, she was beaten by the lower-ranked Ana Bogdan and Jaqueline Cristian. Nonetheless, Russia still managed to triumph 3–2 in the tie and book their spot in the Finals. As the top-ranked doubles player and third-ranked singles player for Russia, she was selected as part of Russia's roster for the Finals in Prague. In the Finals, Kudermetova won all three of her doubles rubbers partnering Liudmila Samsonova, helping Russia win their first title since 2008.


title: Veronika Kudermetova

text: Kudermetova was endorsed by Nike as a junior. After wearing Nike and Asics clothes without any personal contract with the brands, Kudermetova became endorsed by Armani for clothing in 2020, although she still uses Nike footwear.


title: Kip Sabian

text: Simon James Kippen (born 19 May 1992), better known by the ring name Kip Sabian, is an English professional wrestler. He is currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW).


title: Kip Sabian

text: Sabian began his career with the World Association of Wrestling after graduating from the promotion's wrestling school. He competed throughout England and Europe, capturing various titles including the World Championship and World Of Sport Wrestling Tag Team Championship. In 2018, he debuted for Ring of Honor. He also had a tag-team "Super Brotheys" with Pakistani wrestler Amir Jordan.


title: Kip Sabian

text: In February 2019, Sabian signed with All Elite Wrestling. Sabian made his AEW debut at Double or Nothing where he defeated Sammy Guevara in AEW's first ever singles match.


title: Kip Sabian

text: In late December, Sabian established himself as a heel after calling out members of The Elite where he would face Kenny Omega on 10 December on "Dark" and Cody on 30 January, losing both matches. Sabian would also start to be managed by his real-life girlfriend Penelope Ford as he began feuding with Joey Janela leading up to 19 February, when he defeated Janela.


title: Kip Sabian

text: On 22 April Sabian took part in a tournament to crown the inaugural AEW TNT Champion where he lost to Dustin Rhodes in the first round.


title: Kip Sabian

text: On 15 April Sabian began teaming with Jimmy Havoc after Havoc delivered a DDT to Orange Cassidy on the floor during his match against Chuck Taylor. They made their tag team debut losing to Best Friends in a no disqualifications tag team match on the 29 April edition of "Dynamite". They would subsequently call themselves The Superbad Squad. They defeated SoCal Uncensored's Frankie Kazarian and Scorpio Sky in a number one contender's match for the AEW World Tag Team Championship on 27 May. They faced the champions Kenny Omega and "Hangman" Adam Page on 3 June for the titles in a losing effort. Sabian and Havoc's team ended when Havoc was released by AEW on 13 August.


title: Kip Sabian

text: At All Out, Sabian announced that he and Ford were getting married while also teasing that he will reveal who his best man is for the wedding on the following "Dynamite". On the 9 September episode of "Dynamite", Miro was revealed to be the best man for Sabian and Ford's wedding. In October, Sabian and Miro began feuding with Best Friends after Trent accidentally destroyed the arcade game that Miro had purchased for Sabian as a wedding gift. This culminated in an Arcade Anarchy match on the 31 March episode of Dynamite where they were defeated. On the 28 April episode of AEW Dynamite, Miro turned on Sabian by attacking him backstage, thus ending their partnership. On 17 May Sabian underwent shoulder surgery thus rendering him out of action for several months.


title: Kip Sabian

text: On August 24, 2022, Sabian made his return at "Dynamite", as he attacked the AEW All-Atlantic Champion Pac during the main event.


title: Kip Sabian

text: Kippen is also a background character in the film Fighting With My Family, seen during multiple scenes at the WWE Performance Center.


title: John Peterman

text: John Peterman (born 1941) is an American catalog and retail entrepreneur from Lexington, Kentucky, who operates the J. Peterman Company. He grew up in West Nyack, New York as the son of a banker and secretary. He is known for founding the J. Peterman Company after finding a cowboy duster on a business trip. He is also known for being fictionalized in the TV series "Seinfeld". Peterman was also a minor-league baseball player, Kentucky rancher, and author.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman was the third of four children born to Charles and Sally Peterman. He had two brothers and a sister. Charles Peterman became a loan officer and, later, the assistant vice president of the Irving Trust Co. after working his way up from the mailroom. John Peterman grew up in Van Houten Fields, an agrarian commune in West Nyack, New York. Those who were part of the community built their own houses and grew a portion of their own food. Peterman learned to garden, tend chickens, and participate in other physical labor. His mother worked as an administrative assistant after her children started school.


title: John Peterman

text: As a high schooler, Peterman attended Clarkstown High School and participated in basketball, baseball, and football. He was recognized in the local newspaper for his performance in all three sports. In baseball, he played second base and was voted All-P.S.A.L Baseball first team selection as a second baseman. He graduated from Clarkstown High School in 1960.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman graduated from the College of the Holy Cross, in Worcester, Massachusetts in 1963 with a Bachelor of Science in economics. He played third base on the Holy Cross baseball teams that went to the College World Series in 1962 and 1963. As a junior in 1962, he had a .362 batting average, and as a senior in 1963, he had a .291 batting average and led his team with 17 runs batted in.


title: John Peterman

text: He also played minor-league baseball for the Pittsburgh Pirates organization for three years as a second baseman. In 1963, Peterman had a one-day tryout with the New York Yankees at Yankee Stadium where he played next to Mickey Mantle, Roger Maris, and Tony Kubek, but did not sign with the team. His baseball career ended in his early 20s after a leg injury.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman had a career in sales for 20 years after his baseball career ended. He worked as a regional sales manager in Kentucky, Tennessee, and Alabama for General Foods and Castle & Cooke. During his time in sales, Peterman sold dog food, cereal, pineapple, tuna fish, and inspirational tapes. In 1981, he was managing fertilizer accounts but was dismissed.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman became a corporate consultant after deciding “that was the first and last time I was going to be fired.” As a corporate specialty-foods sales consultant, he helped people make deals with other companies, and it allowed him to travel. During a meeting to help a client find an advertising company, Peterman met Donald Staley and they began to work closely together. They agreed to collaborate on any entrepreneurial ideas they envisioned, which led to several businesses.


title: John Peterman

text: Together, Peterman and Staley started a mail-order company to heal sick houseplants as well as a manufacturing business making beer cheese; both were successful. The beer cheese business was originally Hall's Beer Cheese and Peterman bought half the company. While he was selling beer cheese, he found a horseman's duster that would propel him into the retail business. The beer cheese was being sold downstairs and the retail business was upstairs until Hall's was eventually sold.


title: John Peterman

text: In 1986, Peterman was on a business trip in Denver, Colorado, and decided to explore Wyoming. He went to Jackson Hole and bought a horseman's duster because he liked it. After wearing it consistently, he and his friend Staley decided to sell more of the coats, putting an advertisement in "The New Yorker". That led to the sale of about 70 coats and the J. Peterman Company was created. In the fall of 1988, the company's first catalog was published, with black and white drawings and a literary copy style. Color illustrations were introduced to the catalog in 1989.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman found unique items to sell in the catalog and Staley wrote the product descriptions. Bob Hagel was the first J. Peterman Co. illustrator and art director. He made the decision to draw and paint the clothes from the catalog without bodies, so they appeared like "well-traveled ghosts." The catalog drew the attention of celebrities like Oprah Winfrey, Clint Eastwood, and Tom Hanks. The company continued to grow and, in 1995, the TV show "Seinfeld" debuted J. Peterman as a character played by John O'Hurley. After the character's first appearance, Peterman agreed with "Seinfeld"’s lawyers that he would approve the scripts in which his fictional part had a role. The J. Peterman Co. also became well known for selling movie replicas of the "Heart of The Ocean" necklace from the 1997 film "Titanic". The company sold $1 million worth of necklace replicas along with other costume and prop replicas.


title: John Peterman

text: The J. Peterman Co. was unable to sustain its rapid growth and, in 1999, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy, and was bought by Paul Harris Stores. However, in 2000, Paul Harris Stores went bankrupt and Peterman was able to buy back his namesake brand. The J. Peterman Company catalog was relaunched and Tim Peterman, John Peterman's son, was the CEO of J. Peterman Company until 2014. , the president of the J. Peterman Company is Kyle Foster. The company has developed "Peterman's Eye," a social networking site, and an online catalog that offers mail-order inventory, as well as unique antiques.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman was married to his wife, Audrey (née Aramini, born to Ann and Albert Aramini) in 1964. They have four children: Robyn, Sean, Timothy, and Mathew. Peterman's daughter Robyn Peterman Zahn, a popular writer and former actress, is married to the actor Steve Zahn. They have two children, Henry James Zahn and Audrey Clair Zahn. Sean was a cattle and grain farmer until he was killed July 23, 2015 in a farming accident in Lexington, KY. Tim Peterman was CEO of J. Peterman Company from 2008 until 2014, and helped build the company's web presence. Around 2014, Matt Peterman started working at the J. Peterman Company as Creative Director after spending time in Los Angeles, CA in the film business.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman owns a cabin on a 550-acre parcel of land in Lexington, KY that was formerly farmed by his son Sean.


title: John Peterman

text: In 2001, John Peterman presented a lecture titled “The Painful but Essential Art of Failing” to his alma mater, College of the Holy Cross. Peterman spoke to the pre-business program at the invitation of Nancy Baldiga, the pre-business advisor and associate professor of economics.


title: John Peterman

text: After the J. Peterman Company filed for bankruptcy and was bought by Paul Harris Stores, Peterman wrote a book, "Peterman Rides Again", a 2000 memoir that explores his life from his early baseball career to finding products for the catalog while traveling. It also chronicles the rise and fall of the J. Peterman Company and Peterman's “hard-won lessons in entrepreneurship.” The book was published November 6, 2000 and has 225 pages.


title: John Peterman

text: Peterman was fictionalized in the TV sitcom "Seinfeld," played by John O'Hurley"," as the boss of Elaine Benes (Julia Louis-Dreyfus) in the last three seasons. O'Hurley has said that his distinctive manner of speaking as the character was inspired by "'40s radio drama, combined with a bit of a bad Charles Kuralt."


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Hypoalbuminemia (or hypoalbuminaemia) is a medical sign in which the level of albumin in the blood is low. This can be due to decreased production in the liver, increased loss in the gastrointestinal tract or kidneys, increased use in the body, or abnormal distribution between body compartments. Patients often present with hypoalbuminemia as a result of another disease process such as malnutrition as a result of severe anorexia nervosa, sepsis, cirrhosis in the liver, nephrotic syndrome in the kidneys, or protein-losing enteropathy in the gastrointestinal tract. One of the roles of albumin is being the major driver of oncotic pressure (protein concentration within the blood) in the bloodstream and the body. Thus, hypoalbuminemia leads to abnormal distributions of fluids within the body and its compartments. As a result, associated symptoms include edema in the lower legs, ascites in the abdomen, and effusions around internal organs. Laboratory tests aimed at assessing liver function diagnose hypoalbuminemia. Once identified, it is a poor prognostic indicator for patients with a variety of different diseases. Yet, it is only treated in very specific indications in patients with cirrhosis and nephrotic syndrome. Treatment instead focuses on the underlying cause of the hypoalbuminemia. Albumin is an acute negative phase respondent and not a reliable indicator of nutrition status.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Patients with hypoalbuminemia are more likely to present with it as a sign of an underlying disease process than as a primary disease process. By itself, hypoalbuminemia decreases the total protein concentration in blood plasma, also known as the colloid osmotic pressure, which causes fluid to exit the blood vessels into tissues to equalize the concentrations. This leads to fluid-induced swelling of the extremities known as edema, build-up of fluid in the abdomen known as ascites, and fluid surrounding internal organs known as effusions. Patients also present with nonspecific findings such as fatigue and excessive weakness. Muehrcke's lines are a strong indicator of hypoalbuminemia. Hypoalbuminemia by itself may present without any symptoms, as the congenital and complete loss of albumin seen in analbuminemia can be asymptomatic. Alternatively, it can present with death in utero prior to birth or as a disease of adults characterized by edema, fatigue, and hyperlipidemia. The reason for this heterogeneity of presentation is not well understood.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: By itself, hypoalbuminemia can cause hypovolemia and circulatory collapse secondary to decreased oncotic pressure within the vascular system. Due to its metal-binding properties, hypoalbuminemia may lead to nutritional deficits including zinc deficiency. Hypoalbuminemia associated with the nephrotic syndrome can lead to the development of hyperlipidemia, although this is usually in the absence of atherosclerosis. Further, in patients on dialysis, hypoalbuminemia is associated with more advanced fluid overload.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Hypoalbuminemia can be caused through a number of different mechanisms, each with the result of decreasing albumin levels. These include: 1) impaired synthesis within the liver, 2) increased utilization by tissue, 3) distributional issues, and 4) increased excretion or loss. Often, the cause is multifactorial as in liver cirrhosis, where reduced hepatic synthesis and increased capillary leakage combine to further decrease albumin levels.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Albumin is considered a negative acute phase reactant, which means that as inflammation and other acute physiologic processes occur, its levels decrease. This is in contrast to acute phase reactants like C-reactive protein (CRP), whose levels increase with inflammatory processes. With respect to mechanism, inflammation leads to decreased production of albumin as a result of increased levels of cytokines, specifically IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-α. In patients with the overwhelming infections common in sepsis and septic shock, hypoalbuminemia occurs as a result of the combinatorial effects of decreased synthesis as above, increased utilization by tissues, and increased transcapillary leakage from blood vessels due to increased vascular permeability.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Albumin is synthesized in the liver, and low serum albumin can be indicative of liver failure or diseases such as cirrhosis and chronic hepatitis. If present, hypoalbuminemia is generally considered to be a sign of advanced hepatic cirrhosis, or irreversible damage to the liver. Production of albumin can be one 60–80% lower in advanced cirrhosis than in healthy liver, an effect amplified by dilution (salt and water retention), fluid shifts (following the accumulation of albumin in extracellular space and ascitic fluid), and even post-transcriptional changes to albumin itself.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Hypoalbuminemia can also present as part of the nephrotic syndrome, in which significant quantities of protein are lost in the urine due to kidney damage. Under normal conditions, less than 30 milligrams per day of albumin are lost via the glomerulus. In nephrotic syndrome, protein loss can be as great as 3.5 grams over 24 hours, much of which is albumin, itself leading to hypoalbuminemia. In children, nephrotic syndrome is commonly a primary disease process that is largely idiopathic, although more genetic causes are being identified with the cost and accessibility of whole exome sequencing. After renal biopsy, these syndromes are commonly diagnosed as minimal change disease, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis, or focal segmental glomerulosclerosis. In adults, on the other hand, nephrotic syndrome is commonly a secondary disease process due to a variety of inciting factors. These inciting factors can be diverse, including toxins, drugs, heavy metals, autoantibodies, post-infectious antibody complexes, or immune complexes formed after malignancies like multiple myeloma.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Albuminuria and resultant hypoalbuminemia can also occur in chronic kidney disease without protein loss levels as high as seen in nephrotic syndrome. Here, albumin loss from the kidneys occur due to decreased glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and subsequent loss of 30 to 300 milligrams of albumin per day. Over the course of months, this can lead to hypoalbuminemia, a common feature of end-stage renal disease. Alterations in fluid distribution and the presence of ongoing inflammation in chronic kidney disease in combination with hypoalbuminemia make fluid status control especially difficult.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Kwashiorkor is a disease of malnutrition characterized by decreased protein intake and amino acid deficiency resulting in hypoalbuminemia and a characteristic physical presentation. This is an extreme example of how malnutrition can result in hypoalbuminemia. More typical is malnutrition-associated hypoalbuminemia in the elderly, who appear thin and frail but not with the rounded abdomen and edema seen in Kwashiorkor. Albumin is an acute negative phase respondent and not a reliable indicator of nutrition status.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Low albumin levels can also indicate chronic malnutrition from protein losing enteropathy. This is often caused or exacerbated by ulcerative colitis, but can also be seen in cardiac disease and systemic lupus erythematosus. Broadly, protein-losing enteropathy can be caused by increased lymphatic pressure in the gastrointestinal tract as in lymphangiectasis, mucosal erosion-induced lack of absorption as in Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, and other diseases of malabsorption without mucosal erosions as in Celiac disease.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Eosinophilic gastritis presents with epigastric pain, peripheral blood eosinophilia, anemia, and hypoalbuminemia.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: The liver produces albumin and then secretes into the bloodstream, where it is then distributed into tissues across the body. In the liver, the liver synthesizes albumin as pre-proalbumin, converts it first into proalbumin and then albumin in hepatocytes, and releases it into the blood. The body synthesizes albumin at a rate of 10 to 15 grams per day. In the presence of hypoalbuminemia, the liver can increase production by as much as four times the baseline production rate. Once released, albumin distributes itself between the intravascular space (40%) in blood vessels, and extravascular spaces (60%) within the body's different tissues. In the blood plasma, albumin makes up 55 to 60% of total plasma protein by mass, with globulins making up a large part of the rest. In hypoalbuminemia, the amount of albumin in the intravascular space or blood plasma is what is being measured, meaning that abnormal distribution within the two compartments may contribute to a relative hypoalbuminemia in the bloodstream with a normal level in the whole body.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Once released into the body, albumin performs a number of functions that can be negatively affected by the reduced levels seen in hypoalbuminemia. These functions include regulation of colloid osmotic pressure or protein concentration within the blood plasma, transport of free fatty acids and other molecules to the liver (unconjugated bilirubin, metals, ions) for storage or utilization, binding of drugs and alteration of pharmacokinetics (half-life, biological activity levels, metabolism), buffering plasma pH, scavenging reactive oxygen species to avoid inflammation and associated damage, functioning as a reservoir of nitric oxide for the regulation of blood pressure, and prevention of coagulation and platelet aggregation in an action similar to the commonly used anticoagulant heparin. It also inhibits inflammatory mediators such as TNF-α and complement 5a (C5a) to reduce the overall inflammatory response.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: A number of hormones (e.g. thyroxine, cortisol, testosterone), drugs, and other molecules are bound to albumin in the bloodstream and must be released from albumin before becoming biologically active. For example, calcium binds to albumin; in hypoalbuminemia, there is an increased amount of free ionized calcium, its biologically active form. In the presence of hypoalbuminemia, these functions are differentially affected, and the mechanisms by which they affect disease outcomes remains an area of active debate.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: The serum albumin level is part of a standard panel of liver function tests (LFT) that also includes levels of plasma protein, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). This is commonly ordered when liver disease is suspected as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel (CMP) in conjunction with the electrolyte panel known as the basic metabolic panel (BMP). In kidney disease, a CMP may be ordered as a follow-up test when proteinuria is detected by urine dipstick analysis, which may lead to a diagnosis of hypoalbuminemia. Low levels of serum albumin are defined as less than 3.5 grams per deciliter, while clinically significant hypoalbuminemia is generally considered to be less than 2.5 grams per deciliter. Upon discovery of hypoalbuminemia, a common work-up will include liver function tests to assess for liver disease, urine albumin and protein levels to assess for albuminuria and nephrotic syndrome, and brain natriuretic peptide to assess for cardiac failure. If protein-losing enteropathy is suspected based on clinical suspicion, an alpha-1 antitrypsin test can be performed. If stool alpha-1 antitrypsin is elevated, this suggests excessive gastrointestinal protein loss.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Treatment of hypoalbuminemia is largely focused on the underlying cause and not on the hypoalbuminemia itself. Albumin infusions can and are commonly performed although they are expensive and have not been shown to be more effective than colloid solutions in a number of conditions and situations. Examples of indications for albumin infusion include hypoalbuminemia in the context of major surgery such as hepatic resection >40%, nephrotic syndrome in conjunction with diuretics and corticosteroids, spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in combination with antibiotics, and rapidly progressing hepatorenal syndrome (type 1) in combination with terlipressin. It is also used to prevent iatrogenic hypoalbuminemia after therapeutic plasmapheresis if volume plasma exchange is greater than 20 milliliters per kilogram in one session or over one week across multiple sessions and after large volume (>5 liter) paracentesis in ascites. These indications have shown positive outcomes respective to their diseases, while conditions like malnourishment, burns (during the first 24 hours), and shock with traumatic brain injury either show no benefit or harm in randomized controlled trials. In liver disease and cirrhosis, in addition to the above indications, the use of albumin is being considered for bacterial infections other than spontaneous bacterial peritonitis, hepatic encephalopathy, and chronic ascites. Its use in these indications remains controversial. In kidney disease and nephrotic syndrome, albumin infusions as replacement for albumin loss to proteinuria is used in some cases of congenital nephrotic syndrome.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: By itself, low albumin levels are associated with increased mortality rate in the general population. In disease states specifically, hypoalbuminemia has been used a predictive factor for poor outcomes in a number of conditions, including periprosthetic joint infection treatment failure, and cirrhosis. Amongst patients admitted to intensive care units (ICUs), hypoalbuminemia is specifically associated with ICU-acquired muscle weakness. In chronic kidney disease, hypoalbuminemia is an indicator of frailty, which is itself associated with complications, mental distress, quality of life impairment, resource utilization, and mortality.


title: Hypoalbuminemia

text: Hypoalbuminemia is commonly found in hospitalized patients, patients in the ICU, and the elderly within the hospital and the community. Amongst elderly patients, prevalence can be as high as 70%, as shown in a study from Southern Brasil.


title: Sonic Youth discography

text: The discography of American rock band Sonic Youth comprises 15 studio albums, seven extended plays, three compilation albums, seven video releases, 21 singles, 46 music videos, ten releases in the Sonic Youth Recordings series, eight official bootlegs, and contributions to 16 soundtracks and other compilations.


title: Sonic Youth discography

text: In 1981, Sonic Youth signed with Neutral Records, and released its eponymous debut EP "Sonic Youth" the next year. The band's first full-length album was "Confusion is Sex", released in 1983. "Kill Yr Idols" was released the same year under the German label Zensor Records. "Bad Moon Rising" was released two years later on Blast First, a label created specifically for Sonic Youth releases. In 1986, Sonic Youth signed to SST Records and released "Evol" later the same year. The album gained the band increasing critical acclaim and exposure, and the group released "Sister" and the double LP "Daydream Nation" in 1987 and 1988, respectively, the latter on Enigma Records.


title: Sonic Youth discography

text: In 1990, the band signed to major label DGC Records, and released "Goo" the same year. The band's 1991 tour with the then little-known band Nirvana was documented in the film "". In 1992, Sonic Youth released "Dirty". Two years later, the group released "Experimental Jet Set, Trash and No Star", and "Washing Machine" the following year.


title: Sonic Youth discography

text: Forced to start from scratch after its instruments and equipment were stolen, the band released "NYC Ghosts & Flowers" in 2000. Sonic Youth released "Murray Street" in the summer of 2002, followed in 2004 by "Sonic Nurse". "Rather Ripped" and "" were released in 2006, the latter featuring tracks previously available only on vinyl, limited-release compilations, B-sides to international singles, and other previously unreleased material. "The Eternal" was released three years later in 2009.


title: Sonic Youth discography

text: Sonic Youth have released a number of mostly experimental and instrumental releases under their own label Sonic Youth Recordings. The SYR series has established a tradition where each album is released in a different language. "SYR1" has song titles and album sleeve artwork all in French, "SYR2" is in Dutch, "SYR3" is in Esperanto, "SYR4" is in English, "SYR5" is in Japanese, "SYR6" is in Lithuanian, "SYR7" is in Arpitan, "SYR8" is in Danish, "SYR9" is in French, and "AUG5" is in English.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The Jeep Comanche (designated MJ) is a pickup truck variant of the Cherokee compact SUV (1984–2001) manufactured and marketed by Jeep for model years 1986-1992 in rear wheel (RWD) and four-wheel drive (4WD) models as well as two cargo bed lengths: six-foot (1.83 metres) and seven-foot (2.13 metres).


title: Jeep Comanche

text: During the mid-1980s, according to AMC chairman W. Paul Tippett Jr. "People are finding trucks a reasonable and sophisticated alternative to cars." To satisfy the demand and to compete with Japanese competitors, both AMC and Chrysler were preparing compact pickups for the 1986 and 1987 model years (respectively). Also at this time the financial health of AMC was poor and the automaker was in need of cash as it was preparing a new line of midsize sedans (the Eagle Premier) scheduled to be produced at a factory being built in Canada (Brampton Assembly), but the best thing the company had going for it was its popular line of Jeeps and introducing a compact Jeep pickup truck in the fall of 1985 was expected to help.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The Jeep Comanche was introduced in mid-August 1985, at a lavish event staged at the ballroom of the MGM Grand Hotel and Casino (currently Bally's Las Vegas) for AMC's over 1,500 North American dealers. American Motors included Chinese officials as part of the negotiations establishing Beijing Jeep (now Beijing Benz). The goal was to produce and sell Comanches in China through this joint venture.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The new trucks were unveiled by Jose Dedeurwaerder, an engineer and international business executive with 23 years of experience with Renault, who had just been appointed as AMC's new president. The base price of the two-wheel drive model was $7,049 (adjusted only for inflation equal to US$ in dollars), making it the lowest priced Jeep model for the 1986 model year.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: American Motors' Jeep designers based the Comanche MJ body, styling, engineering, and drivetrain on the XJ Cherokee, which had been introduced for the 1984 model year. The Comanche had a somewhat more conventional body-on-frame design behind the cab and a removable cargo box, but retained the unibody construction of the Cherokee in the front half of the vehicle. In the United States where the Comanche and Dodge Rampage were sold they are both considered pickup trucks. By contrast, in other markets the Volkswagen Rabbit Pickup was called the Volkswagen Caddy and considered a coupe utility, not a truck because the cargo bed is an integral part of the body structure and not removable. However this is not the legal definition of truck in the United States where the Comanche, Rampage and Rabbit were all sold.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: Two cargo bed lengths were used; one for the seven-foot long-bed model, which appeared first in 1986, and a second, shorter version for the six-foot cargo bed, which debuted for the 1987 model year. Unlike other pickups of the time that used C-channel frames, the Comanche's frame design (called a "Uniframe" by Jeep) under the cargo bed was fully boxed, with a large X structure centered over the rear axle. For strength, the rails were over eight inches deep (top to bottom), much deeper than conventional midsize truck frames (1983 Jeep J-10 full-size truck frame is 6.75 inches at the deepest point). This structure was pioneered by AMC for the 1971 "Cowboy" compact pickup prototype.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: From 1986 to 1987, the Jeep Comanche grille had ten slots in a similar configuration to the 1984-1987 Cherokee XJ, while from 1988 to 1992, this configuration changed to eight slots to match with the SUV. A new "4x4" badge, similar to those found on the Cherokee and Wagoneer models, was affixed to the upper rear of the cargo box on all the four-wheel drive models.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: After the Chrysler buyout of American Motors for $1.5 billion on March 9, 1987, designed to capture "the highly profitable Jeep vehicles ... and 1,400 additional dealers", the Jeep Comanche, like the similar Cherokee, received only minor changes. These were primarily to improve reliability and parts interchangeability with other Chrysler-built vehicles.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The Comanche used the XJ Cherokee's "Quadralink" front suspension, with coil springs and upper/lower control arms on a solid axle. It was argued that the coil springs allowed for greater ride comfort and axle articulation during off-road excursions. A track bar (Panhard rod) is used to keep the axle centered under the truck. Modified versions of this same basic suspension system were later used on the 1993-2004 Grand Cherokee, 1997 and newer TJ Wranglers and 1994 and newer Dodge Rams.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: For the rear suspension, the truck used leaf springs that are considerably longer than the Cherokee's, which give Comanches good load-carrying capacity without creating a hard ride. The standard rear axle was the same Dana 35 used in the Cherokee, except that the Comanche mounted the leaf springs underneath the axle, as do most other trucks, and the Cherokee mounted them on top of the axle. There was also a heavy duty Metric Ton package for the long-bed models. The package included heavier-duty leaf springs and wheels, larger tires, and upgraded the rear axle to a Dana 44, which increased the stock payload (cargo) capacity from , well above that of any other mid-size truck. The Metric Ton Comanche's payload rating was higher than that of many full-size pickups.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The inaugural 1986 model year Comanches could be equipped with one of three engines: AMC's 2.5 L four-cylinder as standard, with General Motors' 2.8 L V6 or Renault's 2.1 L I4 turbo diesel available as options. In base trim the four-cylinder engine was backed by a four-speed manual transmission, with either a five-speed manual or three-speed TorqueFlite A904 automatic built by Chrysler as an option. The V6 engine was available with either the five-speed manual or the automatic, while the turbodiesel was only available with the five-speed.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The V6 was the same engine used in the competing Chevrolet S-10, and equipped with a two-barrel Rochester carburetor instead of the four-cylinder's electronic throttle-body fuel injection system the optional six-cylinder was slightly less powerful than the standard four. The V6 thus offered little performance advantage over the base engine while penalizing the owner with poorer fuel economy. In the truck's second year on the market the V6 was replaced by AMC's new fuel-injected 4.0 L straight-six that developed and : 50% more power and 47% more torque than the previous V6. The new six-cylinder was also more fuel-efficient. The performance of the base 2.5 L engine was also improved with a new air intake, raising peak output to 121 hp and 141 lb⋅ft. The slow-selling turbodiesel option was dropped during the model year.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: Concurrent with introduction of the new straight-six a new four-speed automatic built by Aisin-Warner replaced the former Chrysler three-speed. The 30-40LE featured electronic controls with a switch on the dashboard allowing the driver to choose between two performance modes: "Power", in which the transmission downshifts more quickly and upshifts at higher rpm during hard acceleration, and "Comfort", in which the upshifts are made at lower engine speeds to conserve fuel and reduce engine noise and vibration.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: Chrysler purchased AMC in 1987, and by the 1991 model year adapted their own engine control electronics to replace the original Renix systems used with the 2.5 L and 4.0 L engines. Power and torque in both engines improved as a result, with the four-cylinder having an additional 9 hp and 8 lb⋅ft and the six-cylinder improving by 1 lb⋅ft and 13 hp. The 4.0 L was badged "High Output" thereafter. As a result of the power improvements the Aisin-Warner automatic transmission's output shaft was changed from 21 splines to 23, and the "Power-Comfort" switch was deleted. The four-cylinder was no longer available with the automatic in 1991 and 1992.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: During the production life of the Comanche six different transmissions were offered, manufactured by Aisin, Chrysler, and Peugeot. Chrysler provided the aforementioned TorqueFlite 904 three-speed automatic in 1986 models. In addition to the aforementioned 30-40LE four-speed automatic Aisin also provided the AX-4 (four-speed), AX-5 and AX-15 (five-speed overdrive) manual transmissions. The AX-15 was phased in midway through the 1989 model year to replace the Peugeot BA10/5 five-speed that had been used behind the 4.0 L engine from its introduction in 1987.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: Comanches were available in either two or four-wheel-drive, with solid axles front and rear (two-wheel-drive Comanches used a simple beam axle with otherwise the same front suspension as four-wheel-drive models). Transfer cases were built by New Process Gear, and the Comanche was available with either part-time "Command-Trac" or full-time "Selec-Trac" systems. In 1986 Command-Trac transfer cases were model NP207 and Selec-Trac were NP228, both with a 2.61:1 low gear ratios. In 1987 the NP207 was replaced with the NP231 and NP228 was replaced with the NP242, both with 2.72:1 low gears. These remained the same through the rest of the Comanche's production.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The decision to phase out the Jeep Comanche "came from a combination of two factors— low sales and Chrysler's attempts to make the Jeep brand fit into the Chrysler hierarchy of Plymouth, Dodge, and Chrysler models" with Jeep housing SUVs and Dodge making trucks.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: As sales dropped, the Comanche was planned for discontinuation. In 1990, the National Council of Jeep-Eagle dealers asked Chrysler to discontinue the Comanche, and allow them to sell a version of the Dodge Dakota pickup.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: The company decided to cease production of the Comanche on June 12, 1992, after only a few thousand more trucks rolled off the Toledo, Ohio, assembly line. A total of 190,446 Comanches were made during its production run.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: Following the discontinuation of the Comanche, the Dodge Ramcharger would be dropped outside of Mexico shortly afterwards as part of Chrysler's plans to have Dodge sell pickup trucks and Jeep sell SUVs. Despite that, Dodge would later re-enter the SUV field with the Dodge Durango in 1998 at the height of the initial SUV boom and at one point would offer three SUVs or crossovers (Durango, Journey and Nitro, the latter being a rebadged version of the Jeep Liberty (KK)) while Jeep didn't offer any pickup trucks. Dodge itself would stop offering pickup trucks in 2011 when the Ram Trucks brand was spun-off from Dodge, taking the Dodge Ram and Dakota with it.


title: Jeep Comanche

text: Jeep re-entered the pickup truck market in early 2019 with the Wrangler-based Jeep Gladiator. Jeep actually considered reviving the Comanche name alongside Gladiator and most commonly , as well as simply using a new name, before deciding on Gladiator, feeling it fits that truck the best; sensitivity to the Native Americans (specifically the Comanche tribe) and much less brand recognition compared to Jeep's decades-long use of "Cherokee" for the Jeep Cherokee and Grand Cherokee also likely played factors. The new Gladiator will serve as a 27-year later replacement for the Comanche.


title: For Colored Girls Who Have Considered Suicide / When the Rainbow Is Enuf

text: for colored girls who have considered suicide / when the rainbow is enuf is Ntozake Shange's first work and most acclaimed theater piece, which premiered in 1976. It consists of a series of poetic monologues to be accompanied by dance movements and music, a form Shange coined as the choreopoem. "for colored girls..." tells the stories of seven women who have suffered oppression in a racist and sexist society.


text: As a choreopoem, the piece is a series of 20 separate poems choreographed to music that weaves interconnected stories of love, empowerment, struggle and loss into a complex representation of sisterhood. The cast consists of seven nameless African-American women only identified by the colors they are assigned. They are the lady in red, lady in orange, lady in yellow, lady in green, lady in blue, lady in brown, and lady in purple. Subjects from rape, abandonment, abortion and domestic violence are tackled. Shange originally wrote the monologues as separate poems in 1974. Her writing style is idiosyncratic and she often uses vernacular language, unique structure, and unorthodox punctuation to emphasize syncopation. Shange wanted to write "for colored girls..." in a way that mimicked how real women speak so she could draw her readers' focus to the experience of reading and listening.