title: Omar Khadr

text: Believing that the wooden boards beneath the last-killed rifleman could have been used to cover an underground chamber, the soldiers used an excavator to tear down the walls of the buildings. They uncovered five boxes of rifle ammunition, two rockets, two grenades and three rocket-propelled grenades in the huts. Some had accidentally detonated while lying in the smouldering ruins. A plastic bag was discovered in the granary, containing documents, wires and a videocassette. "OC-1"'s report claims the videotape was found in the main house, rather than the granary, and also mentioned detonators modelled as Sega game cartridges.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The video shows Khadr toying with detonating cord as other men, including one later identified as Abu Laith al-Libi, assemble explosives in the same house that had been destroyed the day before by US forces. It is identifiable by its walls, rugs and the environment seen out the windows in the video. The men plant landmines while smiling and joking with the cameraman. A Voice of America report suggested that these were the landmines later recovered by American forces on a road between Gardez and Khost.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The BBC said the US forces and militia had come under small arms fire; a US source noted it was the first time the enemy "had stood his ground" since Operation Anaconda had ended four months earlier.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Hansen and Watt were both awarded a Bronze Star, for running forward under fire to retrieve two fallen bodies. Sources differ on whether these were wounded American soldiers, including Morris, or the two Afghan militiamen shot at the outset. The five wounded men were awarded Purple Hearts. Speer was moved from Bagram airbase to Ramstein Air Base in Germany, where he was removed from life support on August 7 and died; his heart, liver, lungs and kidneys were donated for use by other patients.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The unconscious Khadr was airlifted to receive medical attention at Bagram. After he regained consciousness approximately a week later, interrogations began. He remained stretcher-bound for several weeks. Col. Marjorie Mosier operated on his eyes after his arrival, though fellow detainee Rhuhel Ahmed later claimed that Khadr had been denied other forms of surgery to save his eyesight as punishment for not giving interrogators the answers they sought. His requests for darkened sunglasses to protect his failing eyesight were denied for "state security" reasons.


title: Omar Khadr

text: According to a motion to suppress ruling by Guantanamo military judge Patrick Parrish, various interrogation techniques were used on Khadr at Bagram including:


title: Omar Khadr

text: Following the hearing, the military judge ruled that there was no credible evidence that Khadr had been tortured as alleged, and that his confession was gained after it was revealed that Americans had discovered a videotape of Khadr and others making IEDs.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On August 20, the United States informed Canada of the capture and asked them to confirm the identity of their prisoner. Ten days later, Canadian officials sent a diplomatic query to the United States requesting consular access to their citizen being held at Bagram. The request was denied, with a statement that Canada would be notified only if Canadian citizens were transferred to Guantánamo Bay. Around this time Khadr was visited by the Red Cross.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr states that he was refused pain medication for his wounds, that he had his hands tied above a door frame for hours, had cold water thrown on him, had a bag placed over his head and was threatened with military dogs, was flatulated upon, and forced to carry 5-gallon pails of water to aggravate his shoulder wound. Not allowed to use a washroom, he was forced to urinate on himself. His chief interrogator was Joshua Claus. Following the in-custody death of wrongly accused Dilawar that same year, Claus pleaded guilty to abusing detainees to extract confessions.


title: Omar Khadr

text: A letter from the Canadian embassy was sent on September 13, stating that "various laws of Canada and the United States" required special treatment of Khadr due to his age, and requesting that the United States not transfer Khadr to Guantanamo.


title: Omar Khadr

text: According to court documents filed by the US military in 2007, Khadr was interrogated again on September 17, 2002, and stated he helped the militants because he had been told the United States was fighting a war against Islam. When asked if he knew of a $1,500 bounty being offered for each American soldier killed in Afghanistan, he allegedly responded that he had heard the story, but didn't know who was offering the reward. When asked how that made him feel at the time, the US military reports that Khadr stated "I wanted to kill a lot of American[s] to get lots of money". Khadr's defence characterized these statements as "information [the government] coerced out of him as a 15- or 16-year-old boy recovering from critical wounds inflicted by U.S. forces."


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr spent three months recuperating at Bagram. He shared a cell with Moazzam Begg and ten others. He became conversational with guard Damien Corsetti.


title: Omar Khadr

text: According to Fuller's report, he showed Khadr a photo book of al-Qaeda suspects. Khadr took several minutes to identify Maher Arar from one of the photographs. The report also stated that Khadr thought he saw Arar at a Kabul, Afghanistan safe house in September and October 2001.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The day after the interrogation (October 8, 2002), Arar, who had been in detention at J.F.K. airport for the past 12 days, was extraordinarily rendered to Syria.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr was transferred to Guantanamo along with Richard Belmar, Jamal Kiyemba and other captives on October 28, 2002, although Canadian officials were not notified as promised.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr arrived at Guantanamo Bay on October 29 or 30, 2002, considered an enemy combatant. He was recorded as standing 170 cm (5' 7") and weighing 70 kilos (155 lbs). Despite being under 18, he was held as an adult prisoner. Officials considered him an "intelligence treasure trove", as his father was suspected of al-Qaeda activities, and Khadr had personally met Osama bin Laden. Khadr initially spent much of his time in the prison hospital, where he spoke with the Muslim chaplain James Yee, although he didn't seek any religious counselling.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In February 2003, Canadian Foreign Affairs intelligence officer Jim Gould and an official from the Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) interrogated Khadr.


title: Omar Khadr

text: For three weeks prior to the Canadian visit, the US guards deprived Khadr of sleep, moving him to a new cell every three hours for 21 days in order to "make him more amenable and willing to talk".


title: Omar Khadr

text: Gould brought Khadr a Big Mac value meal, with the government stating the visit was "to ascertain Khadr's well-being". His attorneys later applied for and obtained an injunction from Justice Konrad von Finckenstein of the Federal Court of Canada to prevent CSIS from interrogating their client in the future.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The following month, a briefing from the Foreign Affairs department summarized Gould's findings, stating that Khadr was a "thoroughly 'screwed up' young man. All those persons who have been in positions of authority over him have abused him and his trust, for their own purposes." Protesting that DFAIT and CSIS had been allowed to interrogate Khadr, but not the RCMP, Supt. Mike Cabana resigned his post in Project O Canada.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr's lawyers allege that his interrogators "dragged [him] back and forth in a mixture of his urine and pine oil" and did not provide a change of clothes for two days in March 2003. At the end of March 2003, Omar was upgraded to "Level Four" security, and transferred to solitary confinement in a windowless and empty cell for the month of April. In 2003, Khadr began leading prayer groups among the detainees.


title: Omar Khadr

text: A year after he confided in Moazzam Begg, a British citizen who was then a detainee, that his older brother Abdurahman Khadr was working for the Americans, Omar was allowed a brief talk with Abdurahman. He was also being held as a detainee at Guantanamo and has claimed to have been working for the CIA at the time as an informant. His brother was held away in a separate enclosure. The two shouted to each other in Arabic, and Omar told his older brother not to admit their family's dealings with al-Qaeda, and mentioned that he was losing his left eye. During his stay, the younger Khadr memorized the Quran, according to a letter to his mother.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In March 2004, the Canadian intelligence officer Jim Gould returned to Guantanamo, finding Khadr uncooperative. The Foreign Affairs office said that Khadr was trying to be a "tough guy" and impress his cellmates. His attorney Muneer Ahmad said that Khadr had originally thought Gould "had finally come to help him" in 2003, but by 2004 had realised that he was being interrogated, not aided, by the Canadian government. In all, Khadr was interrogated by Canadians six times between 2003 and 2004, and ordered to identify photos of Canadians believed to have ties to terrorism. When he told the Canadians that he had been tortured by the Americans into giving false confessions, the Canadian authorities said he was a liar. Khadr later recalled that he had "tried to cooperate so that they would take me back to Canada".


title: Omar Khadr

text: In August, the attorneys Rick Wilson and Muneer Ahmad submitted an "emergency motion" asking for the release of Khadr's medical records. Rebuffed, they were given a statement from the Guantanamo naval hospital commander Dr. John S. Edmondson that Khadr was "in good health", and a two-page "Healthcare Services Evaluation".


title: Omar Khadr

text: In November 2004, following a meeting with his attorneys, Khadr was interrogated for four days about what he had discussed with his defence lawyers. He has said that during this time, interrogators used "extreme physical force" and refused to allow him to say his daily prayers.


title: Omar Khadr

text: During this visit, the lawyers had administered a psychological questionnaire known as the "Mini–mental state examination", which they later gave to Dr. Eric W. Trupin, an expert in the developmental psychology of juveniles in confinement. Trupin ruled that Khadr was suffering from "delusions and hallucinations, suicidal behaviour and intense paranoia", and that his abuse had left him "particularly susceptible to mental coercion", and at moderate to high risk of committing suicide. Their efforts to secure approval by the US for an independent medical examination of their client were not successful by mid-2006.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On March 19, 2005, Canadian government officials began a series of regular "welfare visits" to Khadr to monitor his behaviour. He was being held in Camp V, the maximum-security isolation camp, and they had reports that he had thrown urine at guards and was refusing to eat. That year, his older sister Zaynab moved back to Canada from Pakistan to work for better treatment for Omar and his brother Abdullah.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In April 2005, Khadr was given another written psychiatric test by his lawyers, which they gave for interpretation to Dr. Daryl Matthews, a forensic psychologist who had been invited to Guantanamo two years earlier by The Pentagon. Matthews concluded that Khadr met the "full criteria for a diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder" (PTSD).


title: Omar Khadr

text: In May 2005, Khadr announced that he would no longer cooperate with any of the American attorneys on his case. His Canadian lawyers convinced him that he had to retain Lt. Cmdr. William C. Kuebler, due to the tribunal regulations which required a military lawyer to be part of the defense. Three months later, the Canadian court upheld the federal injunction banning any further interrogations of Khadr by CSIS.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr participated in the widespread July 2005 hunger strike by 200 detainees, going fifteen days without eating. He was twice taken to the on-site hospital and force-fed. He said that on July 9 he was kicked and assaulted repeatedly by military police after collapsing from weakness.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On July 20, 2005, the Guantánamo detainee Omar Deghayes wrote in his diary, "Omar Khadr is very sick in our block. He is throwing [up] blood. They gave him cyrum [serum] when they found him on the floor in his cell." This extract was published in "The Independent".


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 2006, the US Army began an investigation into the alleged abuse against Khadr while he had been held in Bagram. In July he was transferred back to the isolation cells in Camp V after he expressed distrust of his military lawyers and called the guards "idiots".


title: Omar Khadr

text: On March 6, 2006, he met Clive Stafford Smith, legal director of the British organisation Reprieve, who was representing numerous detainees. They met in the visitation area of Camp V. Khadr told Smith that he had been knocked unconscious by an American grenade blast and did not recall ever throwing any grenades while the firefight went on around him.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In March 2007, Khadr was permitted to speak with his mother by phone for the first time, nearly five years after his capture. He was allowed one other phone call to his family, but had no contact from June 2007 to April 2008. At that time, he was put into Camp VI, the section with the harshest conditions, for what the US said were "disciplinary reasons". Canadian officials argued this was unfair, as Khadr's behaviour largely depended upon which camp he was held within. The US transferred him back to Camp IV.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On April 9, 2008, a box of Khadr's documents was seized, including privileged correspondence with his attorneys; the legal documents were returned a few days later.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Lt. Cmdr. Kuebler arranged for a psychological evaluation from Kate Porterfield, who visited Khadr three times in November 2008. According to Kuebler, Porterfield reported that she was finding it hard to establish trust with Khadr due to "significant psychological trauma".


title: Omar Khadr

text: The Supreme Court of the United States ruled in June 2004 "Hamdi v. Rumsfeld" that detainees are entitled to limited rights of due process. Consequently, the Department of Defense instituted "Combatant Status Review Tribunals".


title: Omar Khadr

text: On August 31, 2004, a Summary of Evidence memo was prepared for Khadr's Combatant Status Review Tribunal. The summary alleged that he had admitted he threw a grenade which killed a U.S. soldier, attended an al Qaida training camp in Kabul and worked as a translator for al Qaida to coordinate land mine missions. In addition, he was accused of helping to plant the landmines between Khost and Ghardez, and having visited an airport near Khost to collect information on U.S. convoy movements.


title: Omar Khadr

text: His actual tribunal was convened on September 7, as Panel #5 reviewed his status in the detainment camp. The tribunal concluded that Khadr was an "enemy combatant" and a one-page summary of conclusions was released on September 17.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Following the Supreme Court ruling in "Rasul v. Bush" (2004) which established that detainees had the right of "habeas corpus" to challenge their detentions, Khadr's maternal grandmother Fatmah el-Samnah, acting as next friend, filed a civil suit against the United States on Khadr's behalf on July 2, 2004, to challenge his detention.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The suit was titled "O.K. v. George W. Bush," since Khadr was still a minor at the time of its filing. On September 21, 2004, more than sixty Habeas motions filed by Guantanamo detainees were transferred to a single suit before senior Judge Joyce Hens Green for coordination. The remaining issue in the suit, having Khadr's medical records released to his attorneys and gaining an independent medical review of his health while in custody, remained with Judge John D. Bates. On October 26, Bates rejected the motion, stating that "no charges have been brought against petitioner, and accordingly there is no reason to undertake any inquiry into petitioner's mental competence". On August 4, 2008, Department of Justice officials responded to a motion that Khadr should not stand trial because he was a child soldier.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 2005, the United States announced that they were assembling the necessary framework to hold newly crafted Guantanamo military commissions. Believing that Khadr's case represented one of the "easiest" cases to prove, the United States selected him as one of ten detainees to be charged under this new system.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The chief prosecutor Fred Borch attracted internal complaints (discussed publicly in 2006) while court challenges to the process were proceeding. He was replaced by Robert L. Swann, who was replaced in September 2005 by Col. Morris Davis.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On November 7, 2005, Khadr was formally charged with murder by an unprivileged belligerent, attempted murder by an unprivileged belligerent, aiding the enemy and conspiracy with Osama bin Laden, Ayman al Zawahiri, Sayeed al Masri, Muhammad Atef, Saif al-Adel, Ahmed Khadr "and various other members of the al Qaida organization". The United States government informally indicated they would not seek the death penalty for Khadr.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On December 1, 2005, the officers were appointed to Khadr's specific commission. Capt. John Merriam was made Khadr's official defence attorney, but agreed with counsel Muneer Ahmad that he lacked trial experience as a defence attorney, and both men requested that he be replaced. Lt. Col. Colby Vokey was named as Merriam's replacement.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On January 11, 2006, Khadr appeared at his pre-trial hearing wearing a Roots Canada T-shirt, leading judge Robert Chester to order him to wear more suitable attire in the future. The following day, he wore a blue-checkered shirt. Chester insisted that both the prosecution and defence stop referring to Khadr as "Omar" and instead use "Mr. Khadr" to denote the serious nature of the charges facing him. The defense attorney Vokey, a Marine attorney, retired after he was disciplined for calling the tribunals a "sham" that left him feeling "disgusted".


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr and the other nine detainees who faced charges were transferred to solitary confinement on March 30. Six days later, Khadr wrote a note to the court saying, "Excuse me Mr. Judge, ... I'm being punished for exercising my right and being co-operative in participating in this military commission. For that, I say with my respect to you and everybody else here, that I'm boycotting these procedures until I be treated humanely and fair."


title: Omar Khadr

text: The commissions were struck down as unconstitutional on June 29, 2006, by the U.S. Supreme Court ruling in "Hamdan v. Rumsfeld," which stated that "The military commission at issue lacks the power to proceed because its structure and procedures violate both the UCMJ and the four Geneva Conventions signed in 1949."


title: Omar Khadr

text: Davis resigned as the Guantanamo prosecutor on October 6, 2007, hours after William Haynes was made his superior officer. Davis stated this was due to Haynes' support of water-boarding as an interrogation tactic. Davis was told by his superiors to silence his criticisms.


title: Omar Khadr

text: After the Military Commissions Act of 2006 was signed in October 2006, new charges were sworn against Khadr on February 2, 2007. He was charged with Murder in Violation of the Law of War, Attempted Murder in Violation of the Law of War, Conspiracy, Providing Material Support for Terrorism and Spying. However, these charges did not exist in law prior to the Military Commission Act of 2006 (MCA), which postdated the time that the alleged offenses were committed, and are not recognized as war crimes in international law. Canadian attorney Dennis Edney was barred from appearing at the October arraignment, after he criticized Kuebler's efforts, stating that the military lawyer had focused his energy on lobbying Canadian authorities to have Khadr repatriated, at the cost of preparing for the actual trial.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr petitioned the US Supreme Court to review the legality of the military commission and his detention, but this request was denied in April 2007.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On June 1, Edney said that he would not seek any plea bargain for Khadr that would likely see him serve 30 years in prison. Peter Brownback dismissed the charges three days later, stating that Khadr had been previously classified as an "enemy combatant" by his Combatant Status Review Tribunal in 2004, while the Military Commissions Act only granted him jurisdiction to rule over ""Unlawful" enemy combatants".


title: Omar Khadr

text: On September 9, 2007, charges were reinstated against Khadr after the Court of Military Commission Review overturned Brownback's dismissal, stating that the tribunal could determine the legality of a detainee's status for itself.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On October 9, Jeffrey Groharing argued that the prosecution should not be required to identify their witnesses, stating that Khadr was "certainly capable of exacting revenge" against witnesses if he were allowed the right to face his accusers. Brownback ruled that while the defense attorneys had the right to know the identity of the witnesses, that information could not be given to Khadr himself.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In November, while prosecutors were "desperately" trying to introduce the 27-minute video found in the wreckage, the tape was leaked to the media by an unknown source and shown on "60 Minutes". Four months later, Kuebler stated that following conversations with the show's producers, he believed that the video was leaked by Vice President Dick Cheney's office.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The United Nations requested that Radhika Coomaraswamy, special representative for children in armed conflict, be allowed to watch the tribunal, but the request was denied.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In January, the defence put forward three separate motions to dismiss the trial, arguing that it violated the Constitutional prohibition against bills of attainder, that the commission lacked jurisdiction because Khadr had been a minor when the incident occurred and that there was a lack of subject matter jurisdiction. Sixteen days after the February 4 hearing on the motions, Brownback dismissed the first claim. He dismissed the second claim in April, but has reserved judgment on the third.


title: Omar Khadr

text: February also saw the accidental release of a five-page "OC-1" witness report to reporters, which revealed that Khadr had not been the only survivor in the compound, as previously claimed, and that nobody had seen him throw the grenade. Officials insisted that the reporters all had to return their copies of the document or face expulsion from the hearings, but after a 90-minute standoff between reporters and military officials, it was agreed that they could retain their copies of the report, but had to redact three names from the report.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In March, Kuebler insisted that "Lt. Col. W." had initially written in his report the day after the firefight that "the person who threw a grenade that killed Sgt. 1st Class Christopher J. Speer also died in the firefight", implying that the grenade had indeed been thrown by the surviving Mujahideen, and not by Khadr. The report was rewritten months later to say that the grenade thrower had been "engaged", rather than "killed", changing the wording that exonerated Khadr. In response, Brownback ordered that the commander be made available for an interview by the defence counsel no later than April 4. and postponed the scheduled May 5 date for the murder trial to begin, while prosecutor Groharing urged Brownback to begin the trial as soon as possible, stressing a "need for justice" for Speer's widow.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On May 8, 2008, Brownback threatened to suspend the military hearing if prosecutors did not provide the defense with a number of documents, including an al-Qaeda membership list, documents on the relationship between al-Qaeda and al-Libi's Libyan Islamic Fighting Group, copies of the Detainee Information Management System records related to Khadr's treatment in Guantanamo, documents on the use of children by al-Qaeda, investigator notes of witness interviews, details about the militants who were killed in the 2002 firefight, and others. Prosecutors did agree to turn over the videotape of Canadian intelligence official Jim Gould and Canadian Security Intelligence Service (CSIS) agents interrogating Khadr in February 2003, but said they would alter the tape to hide the identity of the interrogators. Following Brownback's "ruling against the government", the Pentagon announced that he was being removed from the trial in favour of Patrick Parrish, leading critics to highlight what they believed was "more evidence of the illegitimacy" of the tribunal and that official explanations of the timing as being coincidental were "unconvincing". Parrish, known as "Rocket Docket" for his tendency to speed through trials, immediately ordered a court date of October 8, 2008.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On September 4, Parrish barred Brigadier General Thomas W. Hartmann from participating in the Tribunal because of his "undue command influence", the third such trial Hartmann was alleged of trying to corrupt. On October 22, 2008, it was revealed that the Prosecution had given the Defense team an incomplete version of Khadr's medical records five months earlier, and Parrish granted a delay citing the "consequences" of the decision for the prosecution. In December, the Prosecution announced it was withdrawing its intended witness who was to testify that Khadr had confessed to the crimes in December 2004 during interrogation; ostensibly to "cover up" the abusive methods used to make Khadr confess.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr's defence attorneys claimed that the Canadian government acted illegally, sending its counsel and CSIS agents to Guantanamo Bay to interrogate Khadr and turning their findings over to the Tribunal prosecutors to help convict Khadr, and that the release of the documents might help prove Khadr's innocence.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 2007, the Federal Court of Appeal ordered the Canadian government to turn over its records related to Khadr's time in captivity, as judge Richard Mosley stated it was apparent that Canada had violated international law. The government appealed to the Supreme Court of Canada in 2008, arguing that Khadr was just "fishing" for information and that disclosing their records, which included an initial account of the firefight that differs from all previously seen reports, could jeopardize national security.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Critics alleged that the refusal to release the classified documents was due to the "embarrassment" they caused the government.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On May 23, 2008, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled unanimously that the government had acted illegally, contravening s. 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, and ordered the videotapes of the interrogation released.


title: Omar Khadr

text: A Canadian documentary, "" (2010), was made based on the footage of interrogations of Khadr by Canadian intelligence while he was held at Guantanamo.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On July 7, 2010, less than one week before the beginning of preliminary hearings in his trial before a military commission, Khadr fired his entire team of lawyers and announced that he would act as his own legal defense. Later in the month, Khadr accepted Lieutenant Colonel Jon S. Jackson as his lead defense counsel.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On October 25, 2010, Khadr pleaded guilty to the murder of Speer in violation of the laws of war, attempted murder in violation of the laws of war, conspiracy, two counts of providing material support for terrorism and spying. Under the plea deal, Khadr would serve at least one more year in Guantanamo Bay before any transfer to Canadian custody. Canadian authorities denied any agreement to repatriate Khadr.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On October 29, 2010, after taking the stand, Khadr apologized to the widow of Speer stating "I'm really sorry for the pain I caused to your family. I wish I could do something to take that pain away.", and further stating that his eight years in prison had taught him "the beauty of life".


title: Omar Khadr

text: Anthony Lake, the Executive Director of the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF) and former U.S. national security adviser, expressed opposition in 2010 to the plan to prosecute Khadr by a tribunal. He said,


title: Omar Khadr

text: Anyone prosecuted for offences they allegedly committed as a child should be treated in accordance with international juvenile justice standards providing special protections. Omar Khadr should not be prosecuted by a tribunal that is neither equipped nor required to provide these protections and meet these standards.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Radhika Coomaraswamy, the UN Secretary-General's special representative for children and armed conflict, wrote in a 2010 statement that the proposed trial violated international legal norms and "may endanger the status of child soldiers all over the world." "Since World War II, no child has been prosecuted for a war crime," Coomaraswamy said in a statement distributed by the U.N. on the eve of Khadr's trial at Guantánamo.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On March 25, 2019, Mary Moreau, Chief Justice of Alberta's Court of Queen's Bench, ruled that Khadr had “served a period of community supervision that is in substance the conditional supervision portion of his sentence.” The "Edmonton Journal" explained that Moreau's ruling did not mean she was altering his sentence, which would be barred by the 2004 International Transfer of Offenders Act (ITOA) and the 1978 U.S.-Canada prisoner exchange treaty. Rather, she concluded that his bail conditions were very similar to those that would have been imposed upon him if he had been given parole.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Because an earlier court had already determined that he was covered by the Youth Criminal Justice Act, her ruling was not subject to review.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 2008, Foreign Affairs officials visited Khadr several times. Karim Amégan and Suneeta Millington reported that Khadr was "salvageable" if allowed to return to Canadian society, but that keeping him in the prison would risk radicalizing him. As of January 2009, 64% of Canadians supported repatriating Khadr to Canada, up from 41% in June 2007.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The Wikileaks Cablegate disclosures in 2010 revealed that the Canadian government had decided against seeking Khadr's repatriation, a decision supported by the US. This made it "politically impossible" for the country to accept custody of Uighur former detainees whom the US was unable to return to China. The Wikileaks cables showed strong US interest in Canadian reaction to Khadr's case. Jim Judd, the director of Canada's intelligence agency, expressed his belief that the release of DVD footage of Khadr's interrogation at Guantanamo by Canadian officials, in which he is shown crying, would lead to "knee-jerk anti-Americanism" and "paroxysms of moral outrage, a Canadian specialty".


title: Omar Khadr

text: In April 2009, the Federal Court of Canada ruled again that Khadr's rights under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms had been violated. It concluded that Canada had a "duty to protect" Khadr and ordered the Canadian government to request that the U.S. return him to Canada as soon as possible. In August 2009, the Federal Court of Appeal upheld the decision in a 2–1 ruling. Finally, in January 2010, in a unanimous 9–0 decision, the Supreme Court of Canada ruled that the participation of Canadian officials in Khadr's interrogations at Guantanamo clearly violated his rights under the Charter. In its decision, the Supreme Court referred to the denial of Khadr's legal rights as well as to the use of sleep deprivation techniques to soften him up for interrogation.


title: Omar Khadr

text: The Supreme Court, however, stopped short of ordering the government to seek Khadr's return to Canada. It left it to the government to determine how to exercise its duty to conduct foreign affairs while also upholding its obligation to respect Khadr's constitutional rights.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr's October 2010 plea deal allowed for a return to Canada after serving one additional year in US custody.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In July 2012, Former Canadian Senator Roméo Dallaire set up a petition asking Public Safety Minister Vic Toews to honour the plea bargain deal Khadr made in 2010 when he was released to Canadian custody. 35,000 citizens signed the petition.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On November 30, 2015, State Department emails from Hillary Clinton's private email account were released which revealed how Clinton and her staff worked with the Canadian Foreign Minister, John Baird, to effect Khadr's return to Canada.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Khadr was transferred to Canadian custody on September 29, 2012, to serve the remainder of his sentence. He was held at maximum-security prison Millhaven Institution near Bath, Kingston, Ontario, upon his arrival. Under Canadian law, he was eligible for parole in mid-2013. Due to his murder conviction, Khadr was required to be held in maximum security.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On August 13, 2013, Khadr's lawyers, Dennis Edney and Nathan Whitling, filed a brief arguing that under Canada's International Transfer of Offenders Act, it was not legal to hold Khadr in an adult institution, because the eight-year sentence he received from the U.S. military commission could only be interpreted as a youth sentence and he should be detained in a provincial jail rather than a federal prison. Minister of Public Safety Steven Blaney said, "Omar Khadr pleaded guilty to very serious crimes, including the murder of American army medic Sgt. Christopher Speer. The government of Canada will vigorously defend against any attempted court action to lessen his punishment for these crimes." On December 13, 2013, the "Edmonton Journal" reported that Kelly Hartle, the warden at the Edmonton maximum security facility, had reclassified Khadr as a medium-security prisoner, and on February 11, 2014, Khadr was transferred to a medium security facility.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In April 2015, The Canadian Press reported that Khadr had been reclassified as a minimum security prisoner.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On May 7, 2015, Khadr was freed on bail with strict conditions, including living with and under supervision of his lawyer Edney.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Following his release, in the first public interview Khadr has been allowed by either US or Canadian governments, he begged the public to "give [him] a chance" to "prove to them that [he's] more than what they thought of me, ... that [he's] a good person", saying he is not the man the authorities have portrayed.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On May 8, 2015, Canada's Prime Minister Stephen Harper said he was unapologetic about his government's efforts to keep Omar Khadr imprisoned.


title: Omar Khadr

text: A week after his release, the Supreme Court of Canada released a further decision concerning his incarceration. On May 14, 2015, the Supreme Court of Canada rejected the federal government's position, ruling that Khadr had clearly been sentenced by the U.S. military tribunal as a minor. If he lost his appeal of the US conviction, underway in a separate action, he would serve any remaining time in a provincial facility rather than in a federal penitentiary.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On February 18, 2016, the newly elected Liberal federal government dropped the appeal started by the previous Conservative federal government that sought to revoke his bail.


title: Omar Khadr

text: As of April 2016, Khadr was engaged to Muna Abougoush, an Edmonton-based human-rights advocate who helped launch an international campaign to free him and who corresponded with him while he was in prison.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On December 13, 2018, Omar Khadr was back in Edmonton court to ask for changes to bail conditions and on December 21, 2018, an Edmonton judge denied relaxed bail conditions for Khadr, meaning he would not be able to get a Canadian passport to travel to Saudi Arabia and would not be granted unsupervised conversations with his sister.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On March 25, 2019, an Alberta judge ruled that his sentence has expired and Khadr was a free man. He could apply for a passport, and he had no restrictions on whom he can meet.


title: Omar Khadr

text: Layne Morris and Tabitha Speer, Christopher Speer's widow, both represented by Donald Winder, filed a civil suit against the estate of Ahmed Khadr, claiming that the father's failure to control his son resulted in the loss of Speer's life and Morris's right eye. Since United States law does not allow civil lawsuits against "acts of war", Speer and Morris relied on the argument that Khadr's throwing the grenade was an act of terrorism, rather than war. In February 2006, Utah District Court Judge Paul Cassell awarded the plaintiffs $102.6 million in damages, approximately $94 million to Speer and $8 million to Morris. He said it likely marks the first time terrorist acts have resulted in civil liabilities. It has been suggested that the plaintiffs might collect funds via the U.S. Terrorism Risk Insurance Act, but the Federal government is not bound by civil rulings, and it has refused to release Khadr's frozen assets.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 2013, Khadr filed a CA$20 million civil suit against the government of Canada alleging that it had conspired with the U.S. in abusing his rights. He said he had signed the plea agreement because he believed it was the only way he could gain transfer from Guantanamo, and claimed that he had no memory of the firefight in which he was wounded.


title: Omar Khadr

text: On July 4, 2017, an unnamed government source leaked that the Canadian government would apologize and pay C$10.5 million in compensation to Khadr. At a press conference on July 7, 2017, Attorney General Jody Wilson-Raybould and Public Safety Minister Ralph Goodale confirmed the settlement and issued a formal apology on behalf of the government. In an interview with Rosemary Barton of "Power & Politics" that day, Khadr said that he hoped the apology restores a little bit of his reputation. He also said that he hoped the settlement and apology would not cause the Speer family pain and said that if it does, he was sorry for that.


title: Omar Khadr

text: In 2014, Layne Morris and Tabitha Speer filed a wrongful death and injury lawsuit against Khadr. In 2015, a Utah judge granted them a $134 million default judgment after Khadr did not respond to the suit. In 2017, Morris and Speer filed an application to make the judgment enforceable in Canada, which as of July 4, 2017 was yet to have been heard.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness is a 2003 action-adventure game developed by Core Design and published by Eidos Interactive for PlayStation 2 and Microsoft Windows. A Mac OS X port was developed by Beenox and published by Aspyr the same year. Acting as a direct sequel to "" and "Tomb Raider Chronicles", the storyline follows Lara Croft as she attempts to clear herself of being the suspect of her former mentor Werner Von Croy's murder while investigating the activities of a black magic cult. The gameplay follows series tradition, with Lara navigating platforming environments while incorporating stealth and character growth elements.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The game's development began three years before its release. The intention was to create a different game from previous entries in the franchise, one that could compete better with newer action games and fully exploit the potential of the sixth generation of gaming platforms. It was also planned to be the first in a new trilogy of "Tomb Raider" games released for the new generation. However, development was fraught with difficulties, which led to the game being delayed twice and numerous planned sections of the game were scaled back in order to meet deadlines.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Despite selling 2.5 million copies worldwide, "Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness" received generally negative reviews from critics; while some praise went to its narrative, critics faulted the game for its poor controls, camera and numerous technical issues. In the aftermath of the game's release, the planned trilogy of games was scrapped, and the development of the franchise was transferred to Crystal Dynamics for the next entry in the series, "" (2006).


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: "Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness", like previous "Tomb Raider" games, is a third-person action-adventure puzzle game. Players control the main series protagonist Lara Croft throughout the majority of the game. The majority of Lara's basic moves are carried over from the previous instalment, such as walking, jumping, climbing, swimming, crawling, swinging on ropes and standard gunplay. Her new moves include a small hop, army-crawling, hand-to-hand combat and a "super-jump" that can be performed while running. Lara can also sneak up on enemies and perform stealth attacks, flatten herself against walls and peer around corners. Lara's ability to sprint, present in the three previous entries in the series, is only available when the player opens a cabinet containing gas masks in the 'Galleries Under Siege' level. Her weapons arsenal is also modified from previous games, featuring new weapons such as a K2 Impactor stun gun and upgraded versions of weapons like the shotgun.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Unlike previous games in the series, Lara has a stamina meter that depletes while she is performing bouts of climbing: if the bar empties before reaching her destination, she falls. The rate at which the meter decrease slows if the player performs special actions that increase Lara's strength. These actions are also necessary to progress through many of the levels. The game incorporates elements similar to a role-playing game, whereby Lara can talk with various NPCs encountered throughout the environment and choose what kinds of answers to give: early in the game, these answers will directly affect her progress through the story. The game also features a second playable character, Kurtis Trent. Initially appearing to be an antagonist, he becomes controllable by the player late in the game. He features mainly identical moves to Lara, and his sections of the game are more based around combat.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: "The Angel of Darkness" follows on from events in "" and "Tomb Raider Chronicles", where Lara Croft was presumed dead. An unspecified time later, Lara arrives in Paris at the request of her former mentor, Werner Von Croy, who was tasked by a man named Eckhardt to find a set of artefacts known as the Obscura Paintings. The city, and Von Croy, are gripped with fear over a serial killer the press has dubbed the "Monstrum". During an argument between Lara and Von Croy, an unknown force attacks them, and Lara is knocked unconscious. She wakes to find Von Croy dead and her memories of the attack blurred. Suspected of his murder, Lara goes on the run. After retrieving Von Croy's journal from a colleague named Margot Carvier, she learns that Von Croy discovered the location of the fourth Obscura Painting beneath the Louvre; during her time in Paris getting help from local businessman and mob boss Louis Bouchard, Lara is stalked by Kurtis Trent, the last survivor of a society called the Lux Veritatis who are sworn to fight against Eckhardt's plans. After infiltrating the Louvre, she learns that the paintings hide pieces of the Sanglyph, an alchemical artefact created by Eckhardt hundreds of years before. The paintings were seized and hidden by the Lux Veritatis centuries before. After retrieving the Painting from its hiding place, Lara is ambushed by Kurtis and robbed of the Painting.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The two escape the Louvre as it is assaulted by mercenaries, with Kurtis using a magical disc to keep both Lara and the mercenaries at bay. The two are both knocked out by a shape-shifting stranger. Lara is rescued by Bouchard, who takes her to Von Croy's apartment to find further clues. However, Bouchard sends an assassin to kill Lara; she is able to eliminate the hitman and heads for Prague, where a new Monstrum killing has taken place. Arriving in Prague, she finds the location of the final Painting and re-encounters a captive Bouchard. He reveals that Eckhardt is planning to use the Sanglyph to awaken the Cubiculum Nephili, the last surviving member of the hostile Nephilim race, and breed them back into existence. Bouchard is later murdered by Eckhardt, who is revealed to have been killing and extracting samples for his experiments under the guise of the Monstrum. Lara infiltrates Eckhardt's headquarters in the Strahov Sanitarium. with help from an investigative journalist named Luddick. Luddick is later captured and murdered by Eckhardt. Lara encounters members of the Cabal, a secret society that shares Eckhardt's ambitions. While going through the complex, she switches off the power, releasing a rabid creature called the Proto-Nephilim. Later on, Lara is locked in a containment area by Kurtis so he can turn the power back on without interference.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Kurtis succeeds, finding his way through the Sanatorium and killing the Proto-Nephilim. Forming an alliance, Lara retrieves the final Painting, while Kurtis goes to retrieve a Periapt Shard, one of three magical daggers which can kill Eckhardt. After retrieving the Painting, Lara is forced by Eckhardt to hand over the Paintings to save Kurtis's life. After Eckhardt releases one of the Cabal's monsters on them, Kurtis helps Lara escape—giving her the two Periapt Shards in his possession—before killing the monster, being seriously wounded in the process. Lara recovers the final Shard and reaches Eckhardt, who reforms the Sanglyph and begins reviving the Cubiculum Nephili. Lara succeeds in wounding him but is stopped by Karel, Eckhardt's right-hand man. Karel proceeds to kill Eckhardt, revealing himself to be a Nephilim who has been secretly aiding Lara using his influence in the Cabal and shape-shifting abilities. He offers Lara the chance to join him, but Lara refuses after remembering that it was Karel who murdered Von Croy in Eckhardt's form. Lara uses the Sanglyph to destroy the Cubiculum Nephili, causing an explosion that kills Karel. On her way out, she finds Kurtis's weapon and it leads her toward the monster's chamber. Smiling, Lara walks through the door into the shadows, ending the game.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: "The Angel of Darkness" started development three years prior to its release under the working title "Tomb Raider next generation". As part of the preparation for the game, the company conducted market research, and decided to create a new setting and story for the main character. One of the main drives behind the game was fully using the new platform's potential and reinventing the character of Lara Croft, including rebuilding her character model and allowing her to perform melee combat. It was the first game in the series to be made for the PlayStation 2 platform: the previous entry "Tomb Raider Chronicles" had pushed the PlayStation to its technical limits, contributing to lower review scores and sales than previous titles in the series. Core Design separated into two teams, with a new team working on "The Angel of Darkness" and series regulars on "Tomb Raider Chronicles". By this stage none of the creators of the original "Tomb Raider" were working on the titles except programmer Gavin Rummery who had moved into a management role. After the completion of "Tomb Raider Chronicles", designer Richard Morton came over and found that the new team had gone "off the rails", scrapping the entire project once already and only completing the game's basic story. There was also a general lack of leadership, causing the entire development system to be fragmented. The developers later admitted to being overambitious. Some of them also commented that none of the Core team were prepared for the added complexity of developing for the advanced PlayStation 2. The CGI cutscenes were created by Attitude Studio.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Among the goals of the team for "The Angel of Darkness" were to create more complicated puzzles and make the character of Lara Croft, together with the tone of the game, darker and more hard-edged. They also wished to compete with some of the newer action-adventure games on the market, which were providing heavy competition, and include gameplay ideas from "Shenmue" and the "Metal Gear" series. Many character movements were drawn from and based directly on movements made by real people, similar to later motion capture techniques, and the world design drew from various artists and elements of films from the likes of Luc Besson and David Fincher. Murti Schofield, who had previously worked with Core Design, was brought in to write the story and script. As part of writing the background for the organisations involved in the story, he researched historical secret societies and artefacts, and accurate translations of Latin text incorporated into the game. Schofield created the character Kurtis Trent upon a request for someone who could become the focus of a spin-off franchise. Core spent two years trying to reshape the franchise as well as writing a back story in the form of a book separated into multiple chapters, with "The Angel of Darkness" being the first of those chapters. According to Schofield, the early plan was for "The Last Revelation" character Jean-Yvre to be the murder victim, but due to a controversy about the character's similarity to real-life archaeologist Jean-Yves Empereur, Jean-Yves was replaced with Von Croy and the story subsequently rewritten.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: In order to meet the deadline, areas of the game containing key narrative elements had to be cut; one of the losses was the explanation of how the character survived the events of "The Last Revelation". Among other concepts that needed to be cut were two further locations, character animations, sound bites, and unique gameplay elements involving Kurtis. The planned final confrontation in Cappadocia was reworked to take place in Prague. Some completed environmental assets also ended up being cut by mistake. Some of those elements were also deliberately left out by the team, who wished to bring them into planned sequels. Paris was intended to be a "freeform" with exploration and dialogue elements, but much of the planned content was removed, resulting in some surviving elements sounding and appearing bare or unfinished in the released product. The game was reportedly submitted eight times to Sony before its release. The PS2 version was the focus of development, with the PC port being an afterthought. The PC control scheme was created in a week just a month before the scheduled release. Staff later agreed that the game needed a further six to eight weeks to be finished, but the rush to publish the game denied them that time.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The music for "Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness" was composed by Peter Connelly and Martin Iveson. The soundtrack, compared to earlier entries in the franchise, was far more orchestral. It was also one of the few areas of the game's development that did not suffer setbacks or similar problems. While Connelly had always written his work with an orchestra in mind, previous "Tomb Raider" scores had used synthesised instruments. He and Iveson approached Heath-Smith about using a live orchestra, and the move was approved. Heath-Smith also agreed to the two's first choice of orchestra, the London Symphony Orchestra. It was known from the start that the score would be performed by the London Symphony Orchestra so it was written with that in mind. Connolly described the split of tracks as "50/50" between him and Iveseon.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The music was recorded in a very short time, meaning the team did not get many retake opportunities. Connelly later referred to the game's main theme as his masterpiece. The track "Dance of the Lux Veritatis" was left out of the game due to both quality concerns and having no scenes to match it. The score was recorded live at Abbey Road Studios, London, in 2002, orchestrated by Peter Wraight and conducted by David Snell. The orchestra had no time for rehearsals, performing them for the first time when they were being recorded. "Angel of Darkness" was described by Connelly as his "the most exciting project to work on" due to working with the London Symphony Orchestra. The orchestra recorded over forty minutes of music in a six-hour session.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: As part of the game's promotion in Germany, Eidos collaborated with German composer Alex Christensen and singer Yasmin Knoch on a single inspired by the game, "Angel of Darkness". Christensen compared writing a single for the series to composing for the James Bond series, using the game's story and visuals for inspiration. The single was released on 14 July 2003 by Epic Records, and also received a music video incorporating footage from the game which was released on 23 June; the video featured Christensen and Knoch transforming into virtual characters and being joined by Lara. The video was released through the game's German website and ran on MTV and VIVA.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Schofield was present at the voice recordings, working with cast members to refine their performances. Jonell Elliott returned as the voice of Lara Croft, having previously voiced her in "The Last Revelation" and "Chronicles". Elliott compared the game's script to that of a movie in its style, contrasting against the earlier games. Her portrayal was influenced by the darker tone of the storyline. Later Elliott said she was unaware of what parts of her recordings were cut from the game until learning from fans. One of her favorite scenes that ended up being cut was a scene related to the deleted Shaman character. At the time, Elliott said she had grown comfortable voicing Lara by the time she recorded for "The Angel of Darkness". Kurtis Trent was voiced by Eric Loren, who enjoyed voicing the character and worked with Schofield on developing him during recordings. Veteran actor Joss Ackland voiced Eckhardt. Elliott remembered feeling intimidated by Ackland during the recording sessions due to his veteran status, but was also impressed by his ability. Von Croy was voiced by Kerry Shale, returning from earlier entries. The cast recorded their dialogue together in contrast to the norm of recording voice lines separately, making the process feel even more like they were making a film. "Angel of Darkness" was Elliott's final time playing Lara, as Keeley Hawes replaced her for the following title.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: "The Angel of Darkness" was unveiled under its official name in March 2002, with a fuller demonstration appearing at E3 that year. Problems with the game were sensed at an early stage, as Heath-Smith forgot himself and began swearing at the game while trying to demonstrate the opening level at a buyer's conference. A release date was announced for November, but the game got delayed into spring 2003. Eidos believed "The Angel of Darkness" would benefit from additional marketing support from "", the sequel to the . Despite the delays, the company pushed Core Design to release the game in time for the marketing support. The team at Core Design later said that they felt Eidos forced them to get the game out before it was ready. The game went gold on 18 June 2003, two days before its original release date, although there was some confusion as the game had reportedly gone gold on 2 June. The game was supported by extensive marketing. During the promotion at E3 2002, Elliott performed as Lara for a promotional video, using a motion capture suit with Lara's model mapped over it.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The PS2 version was released in North America on 20 June, followed by UK on 4 July, and 7 July in mainland Europe. The Windows version was released in both North America and Europe on 30 June. A Collector's Edition was released in Europe as a Game exclusive and in North America through EB Games; the edition featured a documentary on the game, a CD of music, and promotional material. The PS2 and PC versions were released in Japan by Eidos Interactive on 23 October. For this version, the subtitle was changed to "Utsukushiki Tōbō-sha". A version of the Collector's Edition was included with pre-orders. A port to Mac OS X was developed by Beenox and published by Aspyr on 18 December in North America.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: "Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness" received strong initial sales, mostly driven by an aggressive advertising campaign. The game reached 6th place in the UK Top 20 sales charts, but dropped to 13th by the following week. The game's PlayStation 2 version received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. It eventually went on to sell 2.5 million copies. According to Metacritic, which calculated an average score of 52 and 49 for the PlayStation 2 and Windows version respectively, the game received "mixed or average reviews" and "generally unfavorable reviews". Reviewers praised the game's storyline, graphics, sound, and environments, while they criticised its large number of bugs and system requirements and its poor controls, combat system, and camera movement. Gaming magazine "Game Informer" gave it 5.5/10, while "PlayStation Official Magazine" rated it 8/10.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The game's story received positive reviews. IGN's Douglas C. Perry praised its "compelling storyline" and "set of intriguing bit characters", while GameSpot's Greg Kasavin praised the story as "interesting", expressing surprise that it did not earn a higher ESRB rating. Eurogamer's Kristan Reed said that the game's story was of higher quality than to other games. Game Revolution's A. A. White was less positive, stating that while the game's darker story was an improvement compared to its predecessors, it never "[managed] to build to a captivating crescendo", while the reviewer for GamesRadar called it "bountiful but confusing". The music and sound were also highly praised. Perry called it a beautifully scored game, with dramatic mood and feeling, with minimal sound effects adding "a sense of variety and even peculiarity", atmospheric, and the best in the series. Kavasin praised the game for ambient effects, a musical score, and first-rate voice acting.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The reaction to the graphics was mixed. Perry cited multiple examples of good level design, smooth character models, surface textures, and lighting while feeling more mixed about Lara's unrealistic figure and hardened appearance. White cited the graphics as an improvement, but was unimpressed by Lara's character model and noted multiple frame-rate dips that seemed almost like playing the game in slow motion. The GamesRadar review called the graphics an improvement on ["Tomb Raider: Chronicles"], but not a clean break from the previous Croft titles. Karavin called the detailing in textures and models "impressive", but cited several points where the game suffered from severe framerate dips. Reed praised the game's graphical polish, with "almost every multi-tiered location crammed with detail and careful incidentals", but critiqued the frequent loading screens and stylised or low detail for environments and characters.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: The gameplay was heavily criticised. Perry said that those aspects of the game "pale in comparison to 90% of the PlayStation 2's adventure or action-adventure games, and they actually hurt the rest of the game's best qualities", but that the new moves worked smoothly apart from the stealth actions. White criticised the new layout's negative effect on gameplay and the poor enemy AI, and Kasavin called the experience "frustrating, difficult, and tedious", though stating that such moments stood out because many areas of the game were thrilling. Reed found the controls dated and the stealth mechanics and strength upgrade system unnecessary, while the GamesRadar reviewer cited both the gameplay and control layout as dated, citing the difficulty of effectively controlling Lara at multiple points in the game because of these issues. The camera was also criticised, with White, Perry, Reed, Kasavin and the GamesRadar reviewer all citing it as awkward to control and sometimes wayward or confusing during its scripted movements.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: In 2010, GameTrailers placed the game 5th in their "Top 10 Worst Sequels" list. "The Angel of Darkness" caused multiple problems for the "Tomb Raider" franchise. Paramount Pictures faulted "The Cradle of Life"s lacklustre box office performance on the poor critical reception the video game received from reviewers and fans. Shortly after the game's release, Jeremy Heath-Smith, managing director at Core Design and development director at Eidos Interactive, would leave both companies with immediate effect, and plans for a sequel called "The Lost Dominion", part of a proposed trilogy created using the game's engine, were scrapped.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Top Cow Productions, publishers of the "Tomb Raider" comic series, partnered with Eidos to adapt the storyline of "Angel of Darkness" beginning with issue #32 in July 2003. The events of "Angel of Darkness" were later adapted into "Tomb Raider: The Action Adventure", an interactive DVD released in 2006 by Bright Entertainment.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: Following the poor performance of both the game and the second film, Eidos transferred the production of the next "Tomb Raider" game from Core Design to another Eidos subsidiary, Crystal Dynamics, noted as the developers of the "Legacy of Kain" series. Core Design would never release another "Tomb Raider" title. The studio remained attached to the franchise until 2006, when a remake of the original game for the PSP entitled "10th Anniversary" was cancelled, and Core Design sold to Rebellion Developments and renamed to Rebellion Derby. The studio was ultimately shut down in 2010.


title: Tomb Raider: The Angel of Darkness

text: In later years, "The Angel of Darkness" has become noted for using or experimenting with multiple gameplay features that later became commonplace, such as the RPG elements, stamina meter and mixing atmospheric features from different video game genres. In 2021, an unofficial fan remake, titled "The Angel of Darkness 1.5", was revealed to be in development as a revamped collaboration between developer Julian Guba and character model creator Konrad Majewski with the Unreal Engine 4. A devlog posted on YouTube by Guba revealed the development progress and featured gameplay, a new model for Lara Croft which took Majewski approximately six months to create, and plans for the future regarding the designs they will implement or revamp.


title: Wavelet transform

text: In mathematics, a wavelet series is a representation of a square-integrable (real- or complex-valued) function by a certain orthonormal series generated by a wavelet. This article provides a formal, mathematical definition of an orthonormal wavelet and of the integral wavelet transform.


title: Wavelet transform

text: A function formula_1 is called an orthonormal wavelet if it can be used to define a Hilbert basis, that is a complete orthonormal system, for the Hilbert space formula_2 of square integrable functions.


title: Wavelet transform

text: The Hilbert basis is constructed as the family of functions formula_3 by means of dyadic translations and dilations of formula_4,


title: Wavelet transform

text: with convergence of the series understood to be convergence in norm. Such a representation of "f" is known as a wavelet series. This implies that an orthonormal wavelet is self-dual.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Here, formula_16 is called the binary dilation or dyadic dilation, and formula_17 is the binary or dyadic position.


title: Wavelet transform

text: The fundamental idea of wavelet transforms is that the transformation should allow only changes in time extension, but not shape. This is affected by choosing suitable basis functions that allow for this. Changes in the time extension are expected to conform to the corresponding analysis frequency of the basis function. Based on the uncertainty principle of signal processing,


title: Wavelet transform

text: where formula_19 represents time and formula_20 angular frequency (formula_21, where formula_22 is ordinary frequency).


title: Wavelet transform

text: The higher the required resolution in time, the lower the resolution in frequency has to be. The larger the extension of the analysis windows is chosen, the larger is the value of formula_23.


title: Wavelet transform

text: In other words, the basis function formula_26 can be regarded as an impulse response of a system with which the function formula_27 has been filtered. The transformed signal provides information about the time and the frequency. Therefore, wavelet-transformation contains information similar to the short-time-Fourier-transformation, but with additional special properties of the wavelets, which show up at the resolution in time at higher analysis frequencies of the basis function. The difference in time resolution at ascending frequencies for the Fourier transform and the wavelet transform is shown below. Note however, that the frequency resolution is decreasing for increasing frequencies while the temporal resolution increases. This consequence of the Fourier uncertainty principle is not correctly displayed in the Figure.


title: Wavelet transform

text: This shows that wavelet transformation is good in time resolution of high frequencies, while for slowly varying functions, the frequency resolution is remarkable.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Another example: The analysis of three superposed sinusoidal signals formula_28 with STFT and wavelet-transformation.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Wavelet compression is a form of data compression well suited for image compression (sometimes also video compression and audio compression). Notable implementations are JPEG 2000, DjVu and ECW for still images, JPEG XS, CineForm, and the BBC's Dirac. The goal is to store image data in as little space as possible in a file. Wavelet compression can be either lossless or lossy.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Using a wavelet transform, the wavelet compression methods are adequate for representing transients, such as percussion sounds in audio, or high-frequency components in two-dimensional images, for example an image of stars on a night sky. This means that the transient elements of a data signal can be represented by a smaller amount of information than would be the case if some other transform, such as the more widespread discrete cosine transform, had been used.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Discrete wavelet transform has been successfully applied for the compression of electrocardiograph (ECG) signals In this work, the high correlation between the corresponding wavelet coefficients of signals of successive cardiac cycles is utilized employing linear prediction.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Wavelet compression is not effective for all kinds of data. Wavelet compression handles transient signals well. But smooth, periodic signals are better compressed using other methods, particularly traditional harmonic analysis in the frequency domain with Fourier-related transforms. Compressing data that has both transient and periodic characteristics may be done with hybrid techniques that use wavelets along with traditional harmonic analysis. For example, the Vorbis audio codec primarily uses the modified discrete cosine transform to compress audio (which is generally smooth and periodic), however allows the addition of a hybrid wavelet filter bank for improved reproduction of transients.


title: Wavelet transform

text: See Diary Of An x264 Developer: The problems with wavelets (2010) for discussion of practical issues of current methods using wavelets for video compression.


title: Wavelet transform

text: First a wavelet transform is applied. This produces as many coefficients as there are pixels in the image (i.e., there is no compression yet since it is only a transform). These coefficients can then be compressed more easily because the information is statistically concentrated in just a few coefficients. This principle is called transform coding. After that, the coefficients are quantized and the quantized values are entropy encoded and/or run length encoded.


title: Wavelet transform

text: For most natural images, the spectrum density of lower frequency is higher. As a result, information of the low frequency signal (reference signal) is generally preserved, while the information in the detail signal is discarded. From the perspective of image compression and reconstruction, a wavelet should meet the following criteria while performing image compression:


title: Wavelet transform

text: Wavelet image compression system involves filters and decimation, so it can be described as a linear shift-variant system. A typical wavelet transformation diagram is displayed below:


title: Wavelet transform

text: The transformation system contains two analysis filters (a low pass filter formula_29 and a high pass filter formula_30), a decimation process, an interpolation process, and two synthesis filters (formula_31 and formula_32). The compression and reconstruction system generally involves low frequency components, which is the analysis filters formula_29 for image compression and the synthesis filters formula_31 for reconstruction. To evaluate such system, we can input an impulse formula_35 and observe its reconstruction formula_36; The optimal wavelet are those who bring minimum shift variance and sidelobe to formula_36. Even though wavelet with strict shift variance is not realistic, it is possible to select wavelet with only slight shift variance. For example, we can compare the shift variance of two filters:


title: Wavelet transform

text: By observing the impulse responses of the two filters, we can conclude that the second filter is less sensitive to the input location (i.e. it is less shift variant).


title: Wavelet transform

text: Another important issue for image compression and reconstruction is the system's oscillatory behavior, which might lead to severe undesired artifacts in the reconstructed image. To achieve this, the wavelet filters should have a large peak to sidelobe ratio.


title: Wavelet transform

text: So far we have discussed about one-dimension transformation of the image compression system. This issue can be extended to two dimension, while a more general term - shiftable multiscale transforms - is proposed.


title: Wavelet transform

text: As mentioned earlier, impulse response can be used to evaluate the image compression/reconstruction system.


title: Wavelet transform

text: For the input sequence formula_38, the reference signal formula_39 after one level of decomposition is formula_40 goes through decimation by a factor of two, while formula_29 is a low pass filter. Similarly, the next reference signal formula_42 is obtained by formula_43 goes through decimation by a factor of two. After L levels of decomposition (and decimation), the analysis response is obtained by retaining one out of every formula_44 samples: formula_45.


title: Wavelet transform

text: On the other hand, to reconstruct the signal x(n), we can consider a reference signal formula_46. If the detail signals formula_47 are equal to zero for formula_48, then the reference signal at the previous stage (formula_49 stage) is formula_50, which is obtained by interpolating formula_51 and convoluting with formula_31. Similarly, the procedure is iterated to obtain the reference signal formula_53 at stage formula_54. After L iterations, the synthesis impulse response is calculated: formula_55, which relates the reference signal formula_51 and the reconstructed signal.


title: Wavelet transform

text: To obtain the overall L level analysis/synthesis system, the analysis and synthesis responses are combined as below:


title: Wavelet transform

text: Finally, the peak to first sidelobe ratio and the average second sidelobe of the overall impulse response formula_58 can be used to evaluate the wavelet image compression performance.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Wavelets have some slight benefits over Fourier transforms in reducing computations when examining specific frequencies. However, they are rarely more sensitive, and indeed, the common Morlet wavelet is mathematically identical to a short-time Fourier transform using a Gaussian window function. The exception is when searching for signals of a known, non-sinusoidal shape (e.g., heartbeats); in that case, using matched wavelets can outperform standard STFT/Morlet analyses.


title: Wavelet transform

text: The wavelet transform can provide us with the frequency of the signals and the time associated to those frequencies, making it very convenient for its application in numerous fields. For instance, signal processing of accelerations for gait analysis, for fault detection, for design of low power pacemakers and also in ultra-wideband (UWB) wireless communications.


title: Wavelet transform

text: \cdot\Psi\left[\frac{k - m c_0^n}{c_0^n}T\right] = \frac{1}{\sqrt{c_0^n}}\cdot\Psi\left[\left(\frac{k}{c_0^n} - m\right)T\right]</math>


title: Wavelet transform

text: and as already mentioned in this context, the wavelet-transformation corresponds to a convolution of a function formula_63 and a wavelet-function. A convolution can be implemented as a multiplication in the frequency domain. With this the following approach of implementation results into:


title: Wavelet transform

text: There are many different types of wavelet transforms for specific purposes. See also a full list of wavelet-related transforms but the common ones are listed below: Mexican hat wavelet, Haar Wavelet, Daubechies wavelet, triangular wavelet.


title: Wavelet transform

text: Synchro-squeezed transform can significantly enhance temporal and frequency resolution of time-frequency representation obtained using conventional wavelet transform.


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: New Adventures of Batman and Robin, the Boy Wonder, also known as simply Batman and Robin, is a 15-chapter serial released in 1949 by Columbia Pictures. It is a sequel to the 1943 serial "Batman", although with different actors. Robert Lowery played Batman, while Johnny Duncan played Robin. Supporting players included Jane Adams as Vicki Vale and veteran character actor Lyle Talbot as Commissioner Gordon.


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: The serials were re-released as Video On Demand titles by Rifftrax, the alumni project of former "Mystery Science Theater 3000" members Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett. As of September 2014, they have released the entire serial. Turner Classic Movies has broadcast the film serial from June to November 2015 and from October 2021 to January 2022 in a weekly half-hour slot on Saturday mornings.


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: The dynamic duo face off against the Wizard, a hooded villain with an electrical device which controls cars to augment his compulsion to set challenges for Batman and Robin. The Wizard's identity remains a mystery to the caped crusaders throughout until the end.


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: "As usual on a Katzman production," note Harmon and Glut, "the low budget showed everywhere in money-saving shortcuts, and inadequacies." The Batman costume had a poorly fitting cowl and the Robin costume added pink tights to cover the "hairy legs" of both the actor and the stuntman. The Batmobile is again excluded, but instead of a limousine as in the first serial, the duo drive around in a 1949 Mercury.


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: Several mistakes and failures of logic occur in the serial. One example is that the film shows the Bat-Signal working in broad daylight. Another occurs when, despite the fact that the heroes' utility belts had been replaced by normal belts with no pockets or pouches for this serial, in order to escape from a vault, Batman pulls the nozzle and hose of an oxy-acetylene torch from his belt to cut through a steel door (the tanks for the torch are not shown); to compound this mistake, it is a full-sized oxy-acetylene torch that would have been impossible to carry unseen on his person. Harmon and Glut suggest that this was probably scripted to be a miniaturised 3-inch torch, as used in the comics, but the filmmakers improvised in following the directions for a "blowtorch."


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: In 1989, GoodTimes Entertainment released the serial on VHS, splitting the entire serial into two separate, budget-priced tapes recorded in LP mode. The GoodTimes edition was slightly edited, as well, with several minutes of the opening chapter mysteriously cut. In 1997, Columbia TriStar Home Video re-released the uncut serial (in SP mode) as a complete 2-tape VHS set. Sony Pictures Home Entertainment released the serial on DVD in 2005, timed to coincide with the theatrical release of "Batman Begins". Unlike its predecessor, "Batman and Robin: The Complete 1949 Movie Serial Collection" has been given a restoration. On February 4, 2014, Mill Creek Entertainment released Gotham City Serials, a two-disc DVD set that includes both the 1943 Batman serial and the 1949 Batman and Robin serial. Rifftrax released a Video On Demand of the first installment of the short on July 16, 2013, featuring a running mocking commentary from Michael J. Nelson, Kevin Murphy and Bill Corbett of "Mystery Science Theater 3000" fame. The final episode, "Batman Victorious," was released with commentary on September 19, 2014.


title: Batman and Robin (serial)

text: Turner Classic Movies began airing episodes of "Batman and Robin" in June 2015, following one week after the conclusion of airing the previous 1943 serial. Broadcast paused in August in favor of alternate programming, but resumed in September.


title: Ordinal data

text: Ordinal data is a categorical, statistical data type where the variables have natural, ordered categories and the distances between the categories are not known. These data exist on an ordinal scale, one of four levels of measurement described by S. S. Stevens in 1946. The ordinal scale is distinguished from the nominal scale by having a "ranking". It also differs from the interval scale and ratio scale by not having category widths that represent equal increments of the underlying attribute.


title: Ordinal data

text: Examples of ordinal data are often found in questionnaires: for example, the survey question "Is your general health poor, reasonable, good, or excellent?" may have those answers coded respectively as 1, 2, 3, and 4. Sometimes data on an interval scale or ratio scale are grouped onto an ordinal scale: for example, individuals whose income is known might be grouped into the income categories $0–$19,999, $20,000–$39,999, $40,000–$59,999, ..., which then might be coded as 1, 2, 3, 4, ... Other examples of ordinal data include socioeconomic status, military ranks, and letter grades for coursework.


title: Ordinal data

text: Ordinal data analysis requires a different set of analyses than other qualitative variables. These methods incorporate the natural ordering of the variables in order to avoid loss of power. Computing the mean of a sample of ordinal data is discouraged; other measures of central tendency, including the median or mode, are generally more appropriate.


title: Ordinal data

text: Stevens (1946) argued that, because the assumption of equal distance between categories does not hold for ordinal data, the use of means and standard deviations for description of ordinal distributions and of inferential statistics based on means and standard deviations was not appropriate. Instead, positional measures like the median and percentiles, in addition to descriptive statistics appropriate for nominal data (number of cases, mode, contingency correlation), should be used. Nonparametric methods have been proposed as the most appropriate procedures for inferential statistics involving ordinal data (e.g, Kendall's W, Spearman's rank correlation coefficient, etc.), especially those developed for the analysis of ranked measurements. However, the use of parametric statistics for ordinal data may be permissible with certain caveats to take advantage of the greater range of available statistical procedures.


title: Ordinal data

text: In place of means and standard deviations, univariate statistics appropriate for ordinal data include the median, other percentiles (such as quartiles and deciles), and the quartile deviation. One-sample tests for ordinal data include the Kolmogorov-Smirnov one-sample test, the one-sample runs test, and the change-point test.


title: Ordinal data

text: In lieu of testing differences in means with "t"-tests, differences in distributions of ordinal data from two independent samples can be tested with Mann-Whitney, runs, Smirnov, and signed-ranks tests. Test for two related or matched samples include the sign test and the Wilcoxon signed ranks test. Analysis of variance with ranks and the Jonckheere test for ordered alternatives can be conducted with ordinal data in place of independent samples ANOVA. Tests for more than two related samples includes the Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks and the Page test for ordered alternatives. Correlation measures appropriate for two ordinal-scaled variables include Kendall's tau, gamma, "r", and "d/d".


title: Ordinal data

text: is the model and c takes on the assigned levels of the categorical scale. In regression analysis, outcomes (dependent variables) that are ordinal variables can be predicted using a variant of ordinal regression, such as ordered logit or ordered probit.


title: Ordinal data

text: In multiple regression/correlation analysis, ordinal data can be accommodated using power polynomials and through normalization of scores and ranks.


title: Ordinal data

text: Linear trends are also used to find associations between ordinal data and other categorical variables, normally in a contingency tables. A correlation "r" is found between the variables where "r" lies between -1 and 1. To test the trend, a test statistic:


title: Ordinal data

text: "R" can be found by letting formula_3 be the row scores and formula_4 be the column scores. Let formula_5 be the mean of the row scores while formula_6. Then formula_7 is the marginal row probability and formula_8 is the marginal column probability. "R" is calculated by:


title: Ordinal data

text: Classification methods have also been developed for ordinal data. The data are divided into different categories such that each observation is similar to others. Dispersion is measured and minimized in each group to maximize classification results. The dispersion function is used in information theory.


title: Ordinal data

text: There are several different models that can be used to describe the structure of ordinal data. Four major classes of model are described below, each defined for a random variable formula_10, with levels indexed by formula_11.


title: Ordinal data

text: Note that in the model definitions below, the values of formula_12 and formula_13 will not be the same for all the models for the same set of data, but the notation is used to compare the structure of the different models.


title: Ordinal data

text: where the parameters formula_12 describe the base distribution of the ordinal data, formula_16 are the covariates and formula_13 are the coefficients describing the effects of the covariates.


title: Ordinal data

text: This model can be generalized by defining the model using formula_18 instead of formula_19, and this would make the model suitable for nominal data (in which the categories have no natural ordering) as well as ordinal data. However, this generalization can make it much more difficult to fit the model to the data.


title: Ordinal data

text: This model does not impose an ordering on the categories and so can be applied to nominal data as well as ordinal data.


title: Ordinal data

text: This is a more parsimonious, and more specialised, model than the baseline category logit model: formula_23 can be thought of as similar to formula_24.


title: Ordinal data

text: The non-ordered stereotype model has the same form as the ordered stereotype model, but without the ordering imposed on formula_25. This model can be applied to nominal data.


title: Ordinal data

text: Note that the fitted scores, formula_26, indicate how easy it is to distinguish between the different levels of formula_10. If formula_28 then that indicates that the current set of data for the covariates formula_16 do not provide much information to distinguish between levels formula_30 and formula_31, but that does not necessarily imply that the actual values formula_30 and formula_31 are far apart. And if the values of the covariates change, then for that new data the fitted scores formula_26 and formula_35 might then be far apart.


title: Ordinal data

text: although the most common form, referred to in Agresti (2010) as the "proportional odds form" is defined by


title: Ordinal data

text: This model can only be applied to ordinal data, since modelling the probabilities of shifts from one category to the next category implies that an ordering of those categories exists.


title: Ordinal data

text: The adjacent categories logit model can be thought of as a special case of the baseline category logit model, where formula_38. The adjacent categories logit model can also be thought of as a special case of the ordered stereotype model, where formula_39, i.e. the distances between the formula_25 are defined in advance, rather than being estimated based on the data.


title: Ordinal data

text: The proportional odds model has a very different structure to the other three models, and also a different underlying meaning. Note that the size of the reference category in the proportional odds model varies with formula_30, since formula_42 is compared to formula_43, whereas in the other models the size of the reference category remains fixed, as formula_44 is compared to formula_45 or formula_46.


title: Ordinal data

text: There are variants of all the models that use different link functions, such as the probit link or the complementary log-log link.


title: Ordinal data

text: Ordinal data can be visualized in several different ways. Common visualizations are the bar chart or a pie chart. Tables can also be useful for displaying ordinal data and frequencies. Mosaic plots can be used to show the relationship between an ordinal variable and a nominal or ordinal variable. A bump chart—a line chart that shows the relative ranking of items from one time point to the next—is also appropriate for ordinal data.


title: Ordinal data

text: Color or grayscale gradation can be used to represent the ordered nature of the data. A single-direction scale, such as income ranges, can be represented with a bar chart where increasing (or decreasing) saturation or lightness of a single color indicates higher (or lower) income. The ordinal distribution of a variable measured on a dual-direction scale, such as a Likert scale, could also be illustrated with color in a stacked bar chart. A neutral color (white or gray) might be used for the middle (zero or neutral) point, with contrasting colors used in the opposing directions from the midpoint, where increasing saturation or darkness of the colors could indicate categories at increasing distance from the midpoint. Choropleth maps also use color or grayscale shading to display ordinal data.


title: Ordinal data

text: The use of ordinal data can be found in most areas of research where categorical data are generated. Settings where ordinal data are often collected include the social and behavioral sciences and governmental and business settings where measurements are collected from persons by observation, testing, or questionnaires. Some common contexts for the collection of ordinal data include survey research; and intelligence, aptitude, personality testing and decision-making.


title: Ordinal data

text: Calculation of 'Effect Size' (Cliff's Delta "d") using ordinal data has been recommended as a measure of statistical dominance.


title: Ǝ

text: Ǝ ǝ or turned E is an additional letter of the Latin alphabet used in African languages using the Pan-Nigerian alphabet or the African reference alphabet. The minuscule is based on a rotated e and the capital form majuscule Ǝ, based on a rotated majuscule E.


title: Ǝ

text: It is not to be confused with , the existential quantifier used in logic, or with (uppercase Ə), which is used as a phonetic symbol and as a letter in languages of the Caucasus (such as Azerbaijani). In MacOS with the U.S. Extended keyboard, the letters "Ǝ ǝ" are made with followed by "E e" respectively.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: Vidhana Soudha () in Bangalore, India, is the seat of the state legislature of Karnataka. It is constructed in a style described as "Neo-Dravidian", and incorporates elements of various Dravidian styles. Construction was started in 1952 and completed in 1956.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: The two houses of legislature of the princely state of Mysore, the legislative assembly and the legislative council, were established in 1881 and 1907 respectively. Sessions of the two houses took place in Mysore (with joint sessions taking place in the Bangalore Town Hall) until India's independence from British rule on 15 August 1947, when Mysore acceded to India. The state's capital was shifted to Bangalore; the two houses moved into Attara Kacheri, a British-built building in Cubbon Park that housed the High Court of Mysore.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: A need was felt for more spacious quarters for the legislature than Attara Kacheri, and in April 1951. The foundation stone of the building was laid by Jawaharlal Nehru, the first Prime Minister of India, on 13 July 1951. The structure was planned to be a two-storeyed building housing the assembly and the council.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: Kengal Hanumanthaiah succeeded as Chief Minister after the 1952 election in the state. Calling the existing plan a "plain and simple type of American architecture", Hanumanthaiah ordered extensive revisions to produce "a work of art in keeping with the tradition of Mysore State". Apart from house chambers, the revised plan included government offices, archives, a library and a banquet hall. Construction of the building was completed in 1956. Hanumanthiah personally supervised and ordered several particular aspects of the construction; one of them was to inscribe "Government Work Is God's Work" and its Kannada equivalent on the entablature of the front facade. The final design was meant to dwarf the British-built Attara Kacheri, currently the seat of the Karnataka High Court, opposite which Vidhana Soudha was being built.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: Estimates of construction costs for the original two-storied structure stood at 33 lakh (3.3 million) rupees. The final cost of construction of the redesigned building was 180 lakh (18 million) rupees. Hanumanthaiah was criticised for the inflated sum - equivalent to ₹170 crore, or in 2019 - spent on construction.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: Built with granite, Vidhana Soudha is the largest legislative building in India. It measures on the ground and is tall. The architecture includes elements of styles from the mediaeval Chalukya, Hoysala and Vijayanagara empires of Karnataka. Its east-facing front facade has a porch with 12 granite columns, tall. Leading to the porch is a flight of stairs with 45 steps, more than wide. The central dome, in diameter, is crowned by a likeness of the State Emblem of India.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: The phrase "Government Work is God's Work" and its Kannada equivalent ""Sarkarada kelasa devara kelasa"" (in Kannada script as "ಸರ್ಕಾರದ ಕೆಲಸ ದೇವರ ಕೆಲಸ") are inscribed on the entablature. In 1957, the Mysore government planned to replace the inscription with "Satyameva Jayate" at a cost of , but the change did not take place. In 1996, the inscription inspired a visiting US state governor, George Voinovich of Ohio, to propose etching "With God, all things are possible" onto the Ohio Statehouse, prompting a high-profile lawsuit.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: The cost of construction at that time wasc . Currently, annual maintenance cost is more than including repairs, painting, and other miscellaneous expenses.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: The Karnataka government constructed a replica named "Vikasa Soudha" to the south of the building. Initiated by the then Chief Minister S. M. Krishna and inaugurated in February 2005, it is intended to be an annexe building, housing some of the ministries and legislative offices.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: The Suvarna Vidhana Soudha () is the legislature building of the State of Karnataka in Belgaum in the Belgaum district of Northern Karnataka. It was inaugurated on 11 October 2012 by President Pranab Mukherjee.


title: Vidhana Soudha

text: It is located on Ambedkar Veedhi or Dr Ambedkar Rd, Seshadripuram. Across from Vidhana Soudha is the High Court of Karnataka. Both buildings are in Cubbon Park, which is located near the Karnataka State Lawn Tennis Association (KSLTA).


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The University of Nevada, Reno (Nevada, the University of Nevada, or UNR) is a public land-grant research university in Reno, Nevada. It is the state's flagship public university and primary land grant institution. It was founded on October 12, 1874, in Elko, Nevada.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The university is classified among "R1: Doctoral Universities – Very high research activity" by the Carnegie Classification of Institutions of Higher Education. According to the National Science Foundation, the university spent $144 million on research and development in 2018, ranking it 139th in the nation. The university has a medical school. The university is also home to the Donald W. Reynolds School of Journalism, which includes six Pulitzer Prize winners among its alumni.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The Nevada State Constitution established the State University of Nevada in Elko on October 12, 1874. In 1881, it became Nevada State University. In 1885, the Nevada State University moved from Elko to Reno. In 1906, it was renamed the University of Nevada and finally, University of Nevada, Reno in 1969 soon after University of Nevada, Las Vegas was granted full autonomy.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The University of Nevada remained the only four-year academic institution in the state of Nevada until 1965, when the Nevada Southern campus (now the University of Nevada, Las Vegas) separated into its own university.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: Nevada sponsors a center dedicated to Basque studies (Including the Basque language) due to the large Basque population in Northern Nevada.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: For 2021, University of Nevada, Reno was ranked tied for 227th overall among national universities and tied for 113th among public universities in the U.S. by "U.S. News & World Report".


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: In 2019, "Forbes" rated the university 119th among public universities and 349th overall in its America's Top Colleges ranking of 650 military academies, national universities, and liberal arts colleges.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: For 2020, "Washington Monthly" ranked UNR 138th among 389 national universities in the U.S. based on its contribution to the public good, as measured by social mobility, research, and promoting public service.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The University of Nevada, Reno is the flagship institution of Nevada. The campus is located just north of downtown Reno overlooking Truckee Meadows and the downtown casinos.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The university's first building, Morrill Hall, was completed in 1887 and still stands on the historic quad at the campus' southern end. The hall is named after U.S. Senator Justin Morrill, author of the 1862 Land-Grant College Act.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: Lincoln Hall (all-male residence) and Manzanita Hall (all-female residence) were both opened in 1896. While Lincoln was under construction, boys were housed in the building which had previously held the now-defunct Bishop Whitaker's School for Girls, which had shuttered in 1894.


title: University of Nevada, Reno

text: The tree-lined Quad is located in the southern part of the campus, surrounded by Morrill Hall and the Mackay School of Mines. This quadrangle is modeled after Thomas Jefferson's at the University of Virginia. The northern end of the Quad contains a statue of John William Mackay, the namesake of Nevada's Mackay School of Mines, later renamed the Mackay School of Earth Sciences and Engineering. The Quad and the original campus buildings surrounding it have a listing on the National Register of Historic Places along with several other early campus buildings.