title: Book of hours

text: As many books of hours are richly illuminated, they form an important record of life in the 15th and 16th centuries as well as the iconography of medieval Christianity. Some of them were also decorated with jewelled covers, portraits, and heraldic emblems. Some were bound as girdle books for easy carrying, though few of these or other medieval bindings have survived. Luxury books, like the "Talbot Hours" of John Talbot, 1st Earl of Shrewsbury, may include a portrait of the owner, and in this case his wife, kneeling in adoration of the Virgin and Child as a form of donor portrait. In expensive books, miniature cycles showed the "Life of the Virgin" or the Passion of Christ in eight scenes decorating the eight "Hours of the Virgin", and the Labours of the Months and signs of the zodiac decorating the calendar. Secular scenes of calendar cycles include many of the best known images from books of hours, and played an important role in the early history of landscape painting.


title: Book of hours

text: From the 14th century decorated borders round the edges of at least important pages were common in heavily illuminated books, including books of hours. At the beginning of the 15th century these were still usually based on foliage designs, and painted on a plain background, but by the second half of the century coloured or patterned backgrounds with images of all sorts of objects, were used in luxury books.


title: Book of hours

text: Second-hand books of hours were often modified for new owners, even among royalty. After defeating Richard III, Henry VII gave Richard's book of hours to his mother, who modified it to include her name. Heraldry was usually erased or over-painted by new owners. Many have handwritten annotations, personal additions and marginal notes but some new owners also commissioned new craftsmen to include more illustrations or texts. Sir Thomas Lewkenor of Trotton hired an illustrator to add details to what is now known as the "Lewkenor Hours". Flyleaves of some surviving books include notes of household accounting or records of births and deaths, in the manner of later family bibles. Some owners had also collected autographs of notable visitors to their house. Books of hours were often the only book in a house, and were commonly used to teach children to read, sometimes having a page with the alphabet to assist this.


title: Book of hours

text: Towards the end of the 15th century, printers produced books of hours with woodcut illustrations, and the book of hours was one of the main works decorated in the related metalcut technique.


title: Book of hours

text: In the 14th century the book of hours overtook the psalter as the most common vehicle for lavish illumination. This partly reflected the increasing dominance of illumination both commissioned and executed by laymen rather than monastic clergy. From the late 14th century a number of bibliophile royal figures began to collect luxury illuminated manuscripts for their decorations, a fashion that spread across Europe from the Valois courts of France and the Burgundy, as well as Prague under Charles IV, Holy Roman Emperor and later Wenceslaus. A generation later, Duke Philip the Good of Burgundy was the most important collector of manuscripts, with several of his circle also collecting. It was during this period that the Flemish cities overtook Paris as the leading force in illumination, a position they retained until the terminal decline of the illuminated manuscript in the early 16th century.


title: Book of hours

text: The most famous collector of all, the French prince John, Duke of Berry (1340–1416) owned several books of hours, some of which survive, including the most celebrated of all, the "Très Riches Heures du Duc de Berry". This was begun around 1410 by the Limbourg brothers, although left incomplete by them, and decoration continued over several decades by other artists and owners. The same was true of the "Turin-Milan Hours", which also passed through Berry's ownership.


title: Book of hours

text: By the mid-15th century, a much wider group of nobility and rich businesspeople were able to commission highly decorated, often small, books of hours. With the arrival of printing, the market contracted sharply, and by 1500 the finest quality books were once again being produced only for royal or very grand collectors. One of the last major illuminated book of hours was the "Farnese Hours" completed for the Roman Cardinal Alessandro Farnese in 1546 by Giulio Clovio, who was also the last major manuscript illuminator.


title: Ashlar

text: Ashlar () is finely dressed (cut, worked) stone, either an individual stone that has been worked until squared, or a structure built from such stones. Ashlar is the finest stone masonry unit, generally rectangular cuboid, mentioned by Vitruvius as opus isodomum, or less frequently trapezoidal. Precisely cut "on all faces adjacent to those of other stones", ashlar is capable of very thin joints between blocks, and the visible face of the stone may be quarry-faced or feature a variety of treatments: tooled, smoothly polished or rendered with another material for decorative effect.


title: Ashlar

text: One such decorative treatment consists of small grooves achieved by the application of a metal comb. Generally used only on softer stone ashlar, this decoration is known as "mason's drag".


title: Ashlar

text: Ashlar is in contrast to rubble masonry, which employs irregularly shaped stones, sometimes minimally worked or selected for similar size, or both. Ashlar is related but distinct from other stone masonry that is finely dressed but not quadrilateral, such as curvilinear and polygonal masonry.


title: Ashlar

text: Ashlar may be coursed, which involves lengthy horizontal layers of stone blocks laid in parallel, and therefore with continuous horizontal joints. Ashlar may also be random, which involves stone blocks laid with deliberately discontinuous courses and therefore discontinuous joints both vertically and horizontally. In either case, it generally uses a joining material such as mortar to bind the blocks together, although dry ashlar construction, metal ties, and other methods of assembly have been used. The dry ashlar of Inca architecture in Cusco and Machu Picchu is particularly fine and famous.


title: Ashlar

text: The word is attested in Middle English and derives from the Old French "aisselier", from the Latin "axilla", a diminutive of "axis", meaning "plank". "Clene hewen ashler" often occurs in medieval documents; this means tooled or finely worked, in contradistinction to rough-axed faces.


title: Ashlar

text: Ashlar blocks have been used in the construction of many buildings as an alternative to brick or other materials.


title: Ashlar

text: The term is frequently used to describe the dressed stone work of prehistoric Greece and Crete, although the dressed blocks are usually much larger than modern ashlar. For example, the "tholos" tombs of Bronze Age Mycenae use ashlar masonry in the construction of the so-called "beehive" dome. This dome consists of finely cut ashlar blocks that decrease in size and terminate in a central capstone. These domes are not true domes, but are constructed using the corbel arch.


title: Ashlar

text: Ashlar masonry was also heavily used in the construction of palace facades on Crete, including Knossos and Phaistos. These constructions date to the MM III-LM Ib period, c. 1700–1450 BC.


title: Ashlar

text: In modern European masonry the blocks are generally about in height. When shorter than , they are usually called small ashlar.


title: Ashlar

text: In some Masonic groupings, which such societies term jurisdictions, ashlars are used as a symbolic metaphor for how one's personal development relates to the tenets of their lodge. As described in the explanation of the First Degree Tracing Board, in Emulation and other Masonic rituals the rough ashlar is a stone as taken directly from the quarry, and allegorically represents the Freemason prior to his initiation; a smooth ashlar (or "perfect ashlar") is a stone that has been smoothed and dressed by the experienced stonemason, and allegorically represents the Freemason who, through education and diligence, has learned the lessons of Freemasonry and who lives an upstanding life.


title: Grand duke

text: Grand duke (feminine: grand duchess) is a European hereditary title, used either by certain monarchs or by members of certain monarchs' families. In status, a grand duke traditionally ranks in order of precedence below an emperor, as an approximate equal of king or archduke and above a sovereign prince or sovereign duke. The title is used in some current and former independent monarchies in Europe, particularly:


title: Grand duke

text: The term "grand duke" as a monarch reigning over an independent state was a later invention (in Western Europe at first in 1569 for the ruler of Tuscany) to denote either a particularly mighty duke or a monarchy playing an important political, military and/or economic role, but not large enough to be a kingdom. It arose because the title of duke had gradually lost status and precedence during the Middle Ages by having been granted to rulers of relatively small fiefs (feudal territories), instead of the large tribal regions or even national territories to which the title was once attached.


title: Grand duke

text: One of the first examples occurred when Count Gonçalo I Mendes of Portucale (in northwest Portugal and considered as that country's original nucleus) took, in 987, the personal title of "Magnus Dux Portucalensium" ("Grand Duke of the Portuguese") and rebelled against his feudal lord, King Bermudo II of León. He was defeated by the royal armies but nevertheless obtained a remarkable autonomy as a "Magnus Dux" (Grand Duke), leading ultimately to Portuguese independence from the Spanish kingdom of Castille-León.


title: Grand duke

text: Another example was the line of self-proclaimed grand dukes (legally dukes) of Burgundy in the 15th century, when they ruled most of present-day northeastern France as well as almost the entire Low Countries. They tried—ultimately without success—to create from these territories under their control a new unified country between the Kingdom of France in the west and the Holy Roman Empire (mainly present-day Germany) in the east. Philip III, Duke of Burgundy (reigned 1419–67) assumed the subsidiary, legally void style and title of "Grand Duke of the West" in 1435, having previously brought the duchies of Brabant and Limburg as well as the counties of Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, Hainaut and Namur into his possession. His son and successor Charles the Bold (reigned 1467–77) continued to use the same style and title.


title: Grand duke

text: The title "magnus dux" or grand duke ("Kunigų kunigas", "Didysis kunigaikštis" in Lithuanian) has been used by the rulers of Lithuania, who after Jagiello also became kings of Poland. From 1573, both the Latin version and its Polish equivalent "wielki ksiaze" (literally "grand prince"), the monarchic title of the rulers of Lithuania as well as of (western) Russia, Prussia, Mazovia, Samogithia, Kiev, Volhynia, Podolia, Podlachia, Livonia, Smolensk, Severia and Chernigov (including hollow claims nurtured by ambition), were used as part of their full official monarchic titles by the Kings (Polish: "Krol") of Poland during the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


title: Grand duke

text: The first monarchs ever officially titled grand duke were the Medici sovereigns of Tuscany, starting from the late 16th century. This official title was granted by Pope Pius V in 1569; arguably it was a personal (Papal) title attached to a mere dukedom, though, because the territory was under the vassalage of the Holy Roman Empire.


title: Grand duke

text: Napoleon I awarded the title extensively: during his era, several of his allies (and "de facto" vassals) were allowed to assume the title of grand duke, usually at the same time as their inherited fiefs (or fiefs granted by Napoleon) were enlarged by annexed territories previously belonging to enemies defeated on the battlefield. After Napoleon's downfall, the victorious powers who met at the Congress of Vienna, which dealt with the political aftermath of the Napoleonic Wars, agreed to abolish the Grand Duchies created by Bonaparte and to create a group of monarchies of intermediate importance with that title. Thus the 19th century saw a new group of monarchs titled grand duke in central Europe, especially in present-day Germany.


title: Grand duke

text: In the same century, the purely ceremonial version of the title grand duke in Russia (in fact the western translation of the Russian title "grand prince" granted to the siblings of the tsar) expanded massively because of the large number of progeny of the ruling House of Romanov during those decades.


title: Grand duke

text: In the German and Dutch languages, which have separate words for a prince as the issue (child) of a monarch (respectively "Prinz, Prins") and for a sovereign prince ("Fürst, Vorst"), there is also a clear linguistic difference between a sovereign grand duke reigning over a state of central and western Europe ("Großherzog", "Groothertog") and a non-sovereign, purely ceremonial grand duke of either the Russian imperial family or other non-sovereign territories that are "de facto" dependencies of a major power ("Großfürst", "Grootvorst").


title: Grand duke

text: In 1582, King John III of Sweden added "Grand Duke of Finland" to the subsidiary titles of the Swedish kings, but without any political consequences, as Finland was already a part of the Swedish realm.


title: Grand duke

text: After the Russian conquests, the title continued to be used by the Russian emperors in their role as rulers of both ("de facto" non-sovereign) Lithuania (1793–1917) and the (equally non-sovereign) autonomous Finland (1809–1917). The Holy Roman Empire under the House of Habsburg instituted a similar non-sovereign "Großfürstentum Siebenbürgen" (Grand Principality of Transylvania) in 1765.


title: Grand duke

text: The Latin title "dux" (the etymological root of duke), which was phonetically rendered "doux" (δούξ) in Greek, was a common title for imperial generals in the Late Roman Empires (west and east), but note it was "lower" in rank than "comes" (the etymological root of Count).


title: Grand duke

text: Under the latter, exclusively Byzantine theme system, the commander of a theme was often styled a "doux" instead of the earlier "strategos" from the 10th century on. The title of "Grand Duke" ("megas doux") was created by Alexios I Komnenos and was conferred upon the commanding admiral of the Byzantine navy. As such, it was an actual office rather than a court rank (although it also became a grade in the court order of precedence under the Palaiologan emperors), and was always held by one individual.


title: Grand duke

text: Grand Duke of Bosnia (; ) was a court title in the Kingdom of Bosnia, bestowed by the King to highest military commanders, usually reserved for most influential and most capable among highest Bosnian nobility. To interpret it as an office post rather than a court rank could be even more accurate. Unlike usage in Western Europe, Central Europe, or in various Slavic lands from Central to North-East Europe, where analogy between "Grand Duke" and "Grand Prince" was significant, with both titles corresponding to sovereign lower than King but higher than Duke, in Bosnia title "Grand Duke" corresponded more to Byzantine military title megas doux. It is possible to register some similarities with equivalent titles in neighboring Slavic lands, such as Serbia, however, in neighboring countries, the title "Duke", in Slavic "Vojvoda", also had military significance, but in that sense "Grand Duke" was specifically, even exclusively, Bosnian title.


title: Grand duke

text: Throughout the history of Lithuania from 1230s to 1795, most of its leaders were referred to as Grand Duke of Lithuania, even when they jointly held the title King of Poland and other titles.


title: Grand duke

text: "Grand duke" is the traditional translation of the title "Velikiy Kniaz" (Великий Князь), which from the 11th century was at first the title of the leading Prince ("Kniaz") of Kievan Rus', then of several princes of the Rus'. From 1328 the "Velikii Kniaz" of Muscovy appeared as the grand duke for "all of Russia" until Ivan IV of Russia in 1547 was crowned as tsar. Thereafter the title was given to sons and grandsons (through male lines) of the Tsars and Emperors of Russia. The daughters and paternal granddaughters of Russian emperors, as well as the consorts of Russian grand dukes, were generally called "grand duchesses" in English.


title: Grand duke

text: Another translation of the Russian title would be "grand prince." While this term is a more precise translation, it is neither standard nor widely used in English. In German, however, a Russian Grand Duke was known as a "Großfürst," and in Latin as "magnus princeps".


title: Grand duke

text: From 1809 to 1917 the Emperor of Russia was also the Grand Duke of Finland, which he held as an autonomous state. Before the Russian conquest Finland had been held by the Kings of Sweden, first as a royal duchy, since 1581 with the King assuming the secondary title Grand Prince of Finland (Finnish: "Suomen suuriruhtinas", Swedish: "Storfurste av Finland"), also often translated as Grand Duke of Finland.


title: Grand duke

text: Grand princes (or sometimes "great princes") were medieval monarchs who usually ruled over several tribes and/or were feudal overlords of other princes. At the time, the title was usually translated as "king", sometimes also as "Minor King" or "Little King" (). However, Grand Princes did not have the same monarchic precedence as later Western European kings, and thus they were considered lower in rank, particularly in later literature.


title: Grand duke

text: The title "Grand Prince" translates to "Velikiy Knjaz" ("Великий князь") in Russian. The Slavic word "knjaz" and the Lithuanian "kunigas" (today translated as "priest") are cognates of the word "King" in its original meaning of "Ruler". Thus, the literal meaning of "Veliki Knjaz" and "Didysis kunigaikštis" was more like "Great Ruler" than "Grand Duke".


title: Grand duke

text: With the growing importance and size of their countries, those monarchs claimed a higher title, such as king or tsar (also spelled "Czar" in English) which was derived from the Latin "Caesar" ("Emperor") and based on the claim to be the legitimate successors of the Byzantine-East Roman Emperors. Grand Prince Ivan IV of Muscovy was the last monarch to reign without claiming any higher title, until he finally assumed the style Tsar of Russia in 1547.


title: Grand duke

text: The rulers of the Turkish vassal state of Transylvania () used the title of Grand Prince; this title was later assumed by the Habsburgs after their conquest of Hungary. The Polish Kings of the Swedish House of Vasa also used the grand-princely title for their non-Polish territories.


title: Grand duke

text: In the late Middle Ages, the title "Grand Prince/Grand Duke" became increasingly a purely ceremonial courtesy title for close relatives of ruling monarchs, such as the Tsar of Russia, who granted his brothers the title Grand Duke of Russia ("veliki knjaz").


title: Grand duke

text: Most often, a sovereign grand duke was, somewhat strangely, styled as "your/his/her royal highness" (abbreviated "HRH"), possibly because of the connection of many grand-ducal houses to royal ones or as the highest style beneath that of a king (which would be "your/his/her majesty", though "royal highness" is also used for such persons). The heir to the throne (a hereditary grand duke) was sometimes styled as "royal highness", otherwise as "your/his/her grand ducal highness" (HGDH). Junior members of the family also generally bore the lower title of prince or princess with the style of "grand ducal highness"; a famous example of which is Empress Alexandra Feodorovna of Russia, who was known as "Her Grand Ducal Highness Princess Alix of Hesse and by Rhine" (in German, "Ihre Großherzogliche Hoheit Prinzessin Alix von Hessen und bei Rhein") before her marriage to Tsar Nicholas II. However, in other grand duchies (e.g. Oldenburg), junior members of the family bore the title of duke or duchess, with the style of "your/his/her highness" (HH).


title: Grand duke

text: The Grand Ducal Family of Luxembourg styles "all" its members as "Royal Highness" since 1919, due to their being also cadet members of the Royal and Ducal House of Bourbon-Parma as male-line descendants of Prince Felix of Bourbon-Parma.


title: Grand duke

text: The Habsburg grand dukes of Tuscany, being members of the imperial family of Austria, were styled as "Imperial and Royal Highness" (HI&RH).


title: Grand duke

text: Grand dukes and grand duchesses from Russia were styled as "Imperial Highness" (HIH), being members of the Russian Imperial Family.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall () is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character is based on the Norse deity Heimdall. Heimdall is described as all-seeing and all-hearing and is the sole protector of the Bifröst in Asgard.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Idris Elba portrayed the character in the Marvel Cinematic Universe films "Thor" (2011), "" (2013), "" (2015), "" (2017), "" (2018), and "" (2022).


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall first appeared in a comic in "Journey into Mystery" #85 (October 1962) and was created by Stan Lee, Larry Lieber and Jack Kirby.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall is the brother of the warrior Sif. He is the all-seeing and all-hearing guardian sentry of Asgard who stands on the rainbow bridge Bifröst to watch for any attacks to Asgard. He partly won the role through using his eyesight to see an army of giants several days' march from Asgard, allowing them to be defeated before they reached Asgard, and making their king a prisoner. For ages, he stood as the guardian of Asgard, defending the city's gates from any intruders, and was one of the most trusted servants of Odin.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: In his first appearance, Loki had been imprisoned in a tree until his plight caused someone to shed a tear. Heimdall accidentally freed him when Loki caused one of the leaves of the tree to poke him in the eye. Later Heimdall warned Odin of a threat he had perceived though he did not know exactly what manner of danger it was. Odin wove his own magic and found a Vanna, a wind sprite that was one of the few entities able to physically elude Heimdall. Odin praised Heimdall's courage for warning the others, even though he knew not what he was warning about and thus risking ridicule. When next seen, he battled Thor to prevent him from entering Asgard; He then battled Thor to prevent him from leaving Asgard as Odin did not want him to see Jane Foster again. Heimdall was then immobilized by Seidring in a cuboid of ethereal force when Seidring stole the Odinforce. Some time later, he encountered the Recorder during the attack of the superstrong monster Mangog.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Later still, Heimdall battled Thor at Loki's command. In the prophecy of Ragnarok, he severed the Rainbow Bridge, and sounded Gjallarhorn. He traveled to Earth with Kamorr the dwarf to search for human candidates for godhood. He gathered three such human beings, and arranged for them to be exposed to Ego-Prime's energies and become the first three Young Gods. Heimdall then accompanied the Asgardians into the Dark Nebula.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall later became afflicted by lethargy in one of Odin's absences from Asgard. He then blew Gjallarhorn to summon Odin's elite guard. Some time later, he summoned Asgardian troops to restrain Thor. Later, he battled Thor again to prevent him from bringing mortals into Asgard.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: When Asgard was invaded by the fire demon Surtur, Heimdall attempted to defend the gates, but was overcome, and the Rainbow Bridge was shattered. No longer needing to be stationary, Heimdall spent more time in Asgard. Heimdall is given the Great Scepter of Odin to guard by Loki. Heimdall discovered Malekith's escape. He fetched Amora the Enchantress to help free Thor from ensorcelment. Heimdall later learned of Loki's possession of Surtur's sword.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall became close to Amora, who was soon infatuated with him. He comforted Amora about the Executioner's death. Heimdall rescued Balder from Seth's assassins. Heimdall was gravely injured during the war with Seth, the Egyptian god of death, when he was struck down in battle with the legions of Seth. Heimdall later battled Sif, Leir and Caber. Heimdall confronted Surtur disguised as Odin about the imprisoned Grand Vizier. Heimdall led the legions of Asgard into battle against Ymir.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: When Odin returned to Asgard after Surtur's defeat, he gave a portion of his power to Heimdall to restore the Rainbow Bridge, and Heimdall resumed his duties.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Shortly afterwards, when Odin was about to enter his Odinsleep, he passed the Odinpower on to Heimdall to rule Asgard until he awoke. Heimdall had to deal with a major crisis in the life of Thor, as Thor had been banished into the subconscious of the mortal Eric Masterson, who had assumed Thor's responsibilities. Sif was determined to find the real Thor, and her determination drove a wedge between her and Heimdall. When Karnilla conspired with Loki to rule Asgard by having Odin awaken with Loki's soul possessing him, Heimdall was branded a traitor and banished to the Dream Dimension, ruled by the demon Nightmare. During this incident, his mind had been altered, leaving him little more than being able to follow directions. The Enchantress battles Nightmare in order to save him, ultimately rescuing them both. Eric Masterson helped restore Odin whose body had been taken over by Loki with Mephisto's help and later Thor as well from the soul shroud.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall and Amora drifted apart when Amora realized that his duty to Asgard was greater than his love for her. When Odin cast the Asgardians into the guises of mortals to protect them from a false Ragnarok, Heimdall became Donald Velez. He joined the other "Lost Gods" in attempting to rediscover who they were and battling the Egyptian death-god Seth. Heimdall and the others regained their true forms and defeated Seth just as Asgard was attacked by the Dark Gods, and they were all taken prisoner. They were finally rescued by Thor.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Around this time, Jason, a powerful member of the earth-based team the Pantheon, claims to have eluded Heimdall's senses during a trip through Asgard and over the Rainbow Bridge. Not many people trust Jason.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: An alternate reality version of Asgard featured the realm itself floating over the East Coast of America. This raises worship of Thor, who was the ruler and he utilizes Heimdall's senses to hear the prayers directed to him. This realm is eliminated from time when the future Thor realizes he has become a tyrant and merges with his past self.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Asgard is struck by another Ragnarok, caused by Loki making weapons like Mjolnir for his army and enlisting the aid of Surtur, one from which there was no seeming reversal. Heimdall perishes in battle defending his people. Many Asgardians, Heimdall included, reform as Earthly beings.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: After Thor ends the cycle of Ragnarok, Thor restores Asgard in Broxton, Oklahoma. Heimdall, along with the other Asgardians, are reborn on Earth in bodies of mortal beings, and he is the first Asgardian to be found. Thor locates Heimdall in New Orleans in the body of a man on a bridge and restores him to his Asgardian form. Upon his return to Asgard, Heimdall uses his near-omniscient power to locate the scattered souls of the other Asgardians with the notable exception of his sister Sif, due to Loki's interference.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall is overcome by guilt when his supervision of all known worlds, including Earth, fails to spot the Fenris wolf savaging a small town in the state of Washington. Thor assures him that no Asgardian is perfect, and that furthermore he should assuage his guilt by performing his job better in the future.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: During the events of "Siege", Heimdall is one of the first targets to be taken out by Norman Osborn and his forces. Loki transports his bedchamber beneath Asgard so he cannot warn them of the attack. However Heimdall partially recovers, joins his comrades in battle and assists in defeating the invaders. Heimdall's duties and status are touched upon in the 'Avengers Prime' miniseries which takes place in the days following 'Siege'. At the conclusion, he is entrusted with the 'Twilight Sword', a weapon that could destroy the known worlds.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: The rebuilding of Asgard comes with a new ruler, the All-Mother. She asks Heimdall to look into the future, where he sees unknown assassins attempting to kill her. He also manages to note something is wrong with the God of Thunder, Tanarus. This Thunder God severely injures Heimdall, leaving him unable to protect the All-Mother and warn others of the mystery of his attacker.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Odin returns, and yet another carries Mjolnir, Jane Foster. When Odin sends Cul to bring down Jane on Bifrost itself, Heimdall fights back, knowing this would end with him imprisoned, as the former All-Mother is now imprisoned under Odin's orders.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: When Mangog attacked Asgard, his latest assault left Heimdall blind when the monster took Heimdall's sword and used it to gouge out his eyes. Heimdall was treated in time to save his life, but when the War of the Realms began, he was still blinded, with the result that Daredevil took over his duties for a brief period as he was better equipped to 'see' while blind, until his eyes recovered.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: With his eyesight restored, Heimdall traveled to Midgard to help Jane Foster - the new Valkyrie - find the lost sword Dragonfang, but was stabbed in the chest by Bullseye after the assassin took the sword. Although his wounds proved fatal, Heimdall was able to help Jane accept that she had to be her own kind of Valkyrie rather than hold on to their legacy, destroying the sword to defeat Bullseye, subsequently taking Heimdall on a 'tour' of the multiversal afterlife rather than just taking him straight to Valhalla so that he could experience something truly new.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall possesses the powers of a typical Asgardian, including superhuman strength, stamina, speed, agility and durability. However, he is generally stronger and more durable than all but a few Asgardians, such as Odin and Thor. Like all Asgardians his body is three times more dense and heavy than a human's, contributing partly to his superhuman strength and weight.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall possesses extraordinarily acute superhuman senses, most notably his vision and hearing. His senses are said to be so acute that he could hear sap running through trees, and "the tiniest plant growing in the heart of the hidden hills", and see and hear anything occurring in Asgard or on Earth. Heimdall can also "look across time, as well as space", in one instance seeing the far-off approach of an invading party and correctly predicting that they were still a full two days away from Asgard; this ability to see what has yet to come is retained even after the establishment of the new Asgard on Earth. Heimdall has been said to be capable of detecting the fluttering of a butterfly's wings "a thousand worlds away". Heimdall is able to sense the life essences of Asgardian gods throughout the Nine Worlds of Asgard, and has the ability to focus on certain sensory information or block it out of his consciousness as he chooses, being so alert that he requires no sleep at all. According to Ares in his War Plan for the Siege of Asgard, Heimdall can "see and hear as far as creation", even capable of seeing the Dark Avengers at Avengers Tower from Broxton. Certain magical spells can block his sensory powers. Additionally, his powers of sight are limited if even one of his eyes cannot see; apparently his eyes are capable of sustaining physical injury and require a long time to naturally heal, if ever. At least once, Heimdall has shown the ability to project an avatar (as an enlarged image of his face) to others from just outside Broxton to Manhattan, as he did with Thor, though he claims that he cannot maintain it for long, as his power has diminished with the fall of Asgard.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall also briefly possessed the Odinpower which granted him the ability to channel vast magical energies, for various purposes, such as repairing the shattered dimension-linking Rainbow Bridge.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall is an experienced warrior and a fierce hand-to-hand combatant. He has proficiency and great experience with edged weapons and wields a variety of swords, shields and spears and he wears a suit of armor. Heimdall bore the Gjallerhorn ("Yelling Horn"), which he would sound to alert all of Asgard to dangers threatening the city's gates, functioning even on Midgard and capable of being heard by any and all Asgardians on the planet when sounded. While in the mortal form of Donald Velez he wore enchanted glasses which granted him super-enhanced vision. He possesses the golden-maned steed named Golltoppr ("Golden Top").


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall is armed with an enchanted "uru" sword that has, on at least one occasion, allowed him to mystically disguise himself as a normal human while on Earth. It is said by Heimdall to contain "all the cosmic force of the universe" has also been shown capable of projecting "the blue flame from countless cosmic suns", used both times to battle Thor, and enabled Heimdall to directly best the Thunder God the first time when the latter's strength was halved. Heimdall has also at least once wielded the powerful Sabre of Sorcery, which projected blasts of mystic energy and/or fire, against the Hulk when the latter was invading Asgard, but was unable to prevent him from entering the Realm Eternal.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: In the alternate "Earth X" reality, the Asgardians were actually aliens that were manipulated by the Celestials into believing they were the Gods of Norse myth. When the lie was revealed, "Heimdall" and the other Asgardians briefly resumed their alien form, but later returned to their Asgardian forms.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: In the "Guardians of the Galaxy" timeline, Heimdall is still alive and well in the 31st Century. He battled Starhawk and Aleta on the Bifrost Bridge.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: In "Thor: The Mighty Avenger" #6, Heimdall, much like his Marvel Universe incarnation, appears as the guard of the Bifrost bridge, sports a goatee and wears a horned helmet that casts his eyes in shadows. Heimdall is ordered by Odin to keep Thor from returning to Asgard. He is also revealed as the one who separated Thor from his hammer. When Heimdall threatens to send Jane Foster to some distant planet where Thor could never find her if he continues trying to force his way into Asgard, Thor ends his attempt.


title: Heimdall (character)

text: Heimdall first appeared in the Ultimate Marvel universe when he is confronted by Loki (disguised as Baron Zemo), who shot and killed him. He was guarding the Bifrost.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Let's Talk About Love is the fifth English-language and fifteenth studio album by Canadian singer Celine Dion, released on 14 November 1997, by Columbia and Epic Records. The follow-up to the commercially successful "Falling into You" (1996), "Let's Talk About Love" showed a further progression of Dion's music. Throughout the project, she collaborated with Barbra Streisand, the Bee Gees, Luciano Pavarotti, Carole King, George Martin, Diana King, Brownstone, Corey Hart, and her previous producers: David Foster, Ric Wake, Walter Afanasieff, Humberto Gatica, and Jim Steinman. The album includes Dion's biggest hit, "My Heart Will Go On". Written by James Horner and Will Jennings and serving as the love theme for James Cameron's 1997 blockbuster film, "Titanic", "My Heart Will Go On" topped the charts around the world and is considered to be Dion's signature song.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: "Let's Talk About Love" and its songs won many awards around the world. "My Heart Will Go On" won the Grammy Award for Record of the Year, Song of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or for Television. In addition, the album was nominated for Best Pop Vocal Album and "Tell Him" for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: "Let's Talk About Love" became one of the best-selling albums in history, with sales of over 31 million copies worldwide. The album also topped the record charts around the world, including the United States, Canada, the United Kingdom, France, Australia and many more. It became one of the best-selling albums of 1997 and 1998 in various countries, and also one of the top-selling albums of the decade. It was certified Diamond, Multi-Platinum, Platinum and Gold around the world. Various singles were released, depending on the country. In addition to the major success of "My Heart Will Go On", other singles included "Tell Him", "Be the Man", "The Reason", "To Love You More", "Immortality", "Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)" and "Treat Her Like a Lady".


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: The follow-up to her successful album "Falling into You" (1996), "Let's Talk About Love" was recorded in London, New York, and Los Angeles, and featured a host of special guests: Barbra Streisand on "Tell Him", Bee Gees on "Immortality", Italian operatic tenor Luciano Pavarotti on "I Hate You Then I Love You", and Jamaican reggae singer Diana King and American R&B group Brownstone on "Treat Her Like a Lady". "The Reason" was co-written by Carole King and produced by George Martin, who produced nearly all of The Beatles' recordings. The most successful single from the album became the classically influenced ballad "My Heart Will Go On", which was written by James Horner and Will Jennings. Serving as the love theme for the 1997 blockbuster film "Titanic", "My Heart Will Go On" topped the charts around the world, and has become Dion's signature song.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Tracks on "Let's Talk About Love" were produced mainly by David Foster, Ric Wake, Walter Afanasieff, Humberto Gatica and Corey Hart. "Let's Talk About Love" includes cover songs such as Leo Sayer's "When I Need You" and Mina's "Grande grande grande" (recorded as an English-language duet titled "I Hate You Then I Love You"). Sony Music Entertainment issued few different editions of "Let's Talk About Love" around the world. Aside from the main thirteen tracks, "To Love You More" was included on the US and Latin America editions, "Be the Man" on the European, Australian and Asian editions, "Amar Haciendo el Amor" outside the US and "Where Is the Love" outside Latin America.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: "Let's Talk About Love" divided music critics. "Billboard" editor Paul Verna gave it a positive review. He wrote that Dion's "super-charged vocals are expectedly potent and often reach for heavens" and praised the restrained Bee Gees' collaboration "Immortality", top forty border-breaking "To Love You More", Carole King/George Martin effort "The Reason", explosive "Us" and the "Titanic" single "My Heart Will Go On". He also noted that Dion spreads her wings on tracks like the reggae-splashed "Treat Her Like a Lady" featuring Diana King and Brownstone, and "I Hate You Then I Love You", a curious duet with Luciano Pavarotti. Larry Flick, also from "Billboard", spoke positively about "Tell Him" and "My Heart Will Go On". He called "Tell Him" an event and wrote that two of pop music's best voices are united on a "grand, wonderfully over-the-top ballad that will melt the heart of even the most jaded listener". He also called it an electrifying "girlfriend" anthem. Flick wrote about "My Heart Will Go On" that this song woos with romantic lyrics and a melancholy melody that is fleshed out with a weeping flute solo. He noted that Dion hit notes that shatter glass but she also build slowly and has the ability to pack volumes of emotion in a whisper. Flick also wrote that "My Heart Will Go On" will add a much-needed touch of class to every station it graces.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Senior editor of AllMusic, Stephen Thomas Erlewine gave "Let's Talk About Love" four stars out of five. He noted that "Falling into You" established Dion as a superstar in America, so its sequel, "Let's Talk About Love", was designed to consolidate her position as a newly minted star. The album was constructed as a blockbuster, featuring Dion's trademark melodramatic ballads, some carefully tailored dance-pop, a bevy of duets with the likes of Barbra Streisand and the Bee Gees, and production and songs from adult contemporary gurus David Foster, Jim Steinman, and Walter Afanasieff. According to Erlewine, given that so many talented craftsmen worked on "Let's Talk About Love", it makes sense that a number of the cuts succeed according to adult contemporary terms—they are predictably sweeping showcases for Dion's soaring, technically skilled voice. As usual, the singles (including the Streisand duet "Tell Him" and the "Titanic" love theme "My Heart Will Go On") shine the most brilliantly, but even the filler is immaculately produced. Erlewine ended his review saying that if the end result doesn't quite gel as an album, that shouldn't be surprising—this is music by committee, a product that was made to appeal to the widest possible audience. Such a calculated execution guarantees that anyone who liked one of the singles shouldn't be disappointed by "Let's Talk About Love", but it doesn't necessarily mean they will remember all of the record after it has finished playing.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: David Browne from "Entertainment Weekly" gave the album a grade of C. He wrote that aiming for the widest possible audience, "Let's Talk About Love" is top-heavy with renowned duet partners (Barbra Streisand, the Bee Gees, Luciano Pavarotti), proven middle-of-the-road producers (Walter Afanasieff, David Foster, Jim Steinman), and an obligatory remake (a precisely enunciated version of Leo Sayer's "When I Need You"). According to him, most of the album is composed of the heavy-hearted ballads that have made Dion a star, but for added crossover appeal, it also includes a beat-by-numbers dance track ("Just a Little Bit of Love") and an overarranged stab at reggae dancehall (the unintentionally amusing "Treat Her Like a Lady"). And to cement the music-film bond, it even features a movie theme (for the similarly epic "Titanic"). Browne noted that just as recent big-budget summer movies have piled on special effects at the expense of plausible story lines, "Let's Talk About Love" forgets that a pop album, no matter the budget, needs solid songs. He felt that most of the songs here, from the Gibb brothers' banal "Immortality" (written for the forthcoming London stage production of "Saturday Night Fever") to the air balloon "My Heart Will Go On" (love theme from "Titanic"), are flimsy concoctions that droop under the weight of their arrangements. He added that Streisand glides like butter into the duet "Tell Him" — making Dion sound like margarine in the process — but the song is an Uberschlock ode to subservience. Browne finished the review saying that Dion gives it her all, sounding hurt or empowered as each number demands, but her voice has so little personality that it too is lost amid the ornateness. Elysa Gardner of the "Los Angeles Times" gave the album two out of four stars saying that Dion's voice is a technical marvel, but her delivery lacks the personality and intuitive sense of drama that are a diva's stock in trade. A negative review came from Jonathan Bernstein of "The New York Observer". He panned the album with the exception of "When I Need You", "Just a Little Bit of Love" and "My Heart Will Go On".


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: "Et Canada" listed four Dion's albums including "Let's Talk About Love" in their list of top ten Canadian music albums of all time.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Before it was even released, Sony announced they had orders for 10 million copies globally. By the end of 1998, "Let's Talk About Love" has sold 27 million copies worldwide (8.1 million in the US & 1.7 million in Canada), becoming 1998's best-selling album domestically and internationally. To date, "Let's Talk About Love" has sold over 31 million copies worldwide and became one of the best-selling albums in history.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: In the United States, it debuted at number two with 334,000 copies sold. The sales kept increasing until a 624,000 total in its sixth week, though remaining at number two. Finally, "Let's Talk About Love" topped the "Billboard" 200 chart the following week in January 1998. Until May 1998, the album stayed a total of seventeen weeks at number two, despite reaching number one only once. It became the best-selling studio album of the year in the US (second overall), selling 7.9 million copies in the country. It was certified Diamond by the RIAA in November 1999, for shipments of over ten million copies in the US. As of February 2013, "Let's Talk About Love" has sold 9,601,000 copies in the United States according to Nielsen SoundScan, with an additional 1,110,000 units sold at BMG Music Club. SoundScan does not count albums sold through clubs like the BMG Music Service, which were significantly popular in the 1990s.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: In Canada, after only 3 weeks, it was certified Diamond, selling one million copies in that span. It also debuted at number one with 230,212 copies sold, setting a record for the largest opening sales week in Canadian history, until being surpassed by the 306,000 copies sold by Adele's "25" (2015). "Let's Talk About Love" has sold 1.7 million copies in Canada. It topped the Canadian and Quebec charts for two weeks.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: In the United Kingdom, "Let's Talk About Love" entered the chart at number one and spent five non-consecutive weeks at the top. In October 1998, it was certified six-times Platinum by the BPI, and eventually the album has sold two million copies there. In France, "Let's Talk About Love" spent seven weeks at number one and was certified Diamond in April 1998, selling 1,610,000 units. "Let's Talk About Love" became Dion's first chart-topping album in Germany, where it spent five weeks at number one. In 1999, it was certified three-times Platinum by the BVMI for sales of 1.5 million copies.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: The album has also sold over one million units in Japan and was certified Million by the RIAJ. In Australia, it debuted at number one and spent five non-consecutive weeks at the top. It was certified seven-times Platinum by the ARIA. "Let's Talk About Love" topped the charts around the world and was certified Diamond, Multi-Platinum, Platinum and Gold in many countries. It has sold over ten million copies in Europe (ten-times IFPI Platinum Europe Award) and over two million units in Latin America.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: The first single from "Let's Talk About Love", "Tell Him" (duet with Barbra Streisand) premiered on the radio in the United States on 7 October 1997. It was not released commercially in the US and therefore it could not enter the "Billboard" Hot 100. However, the physical single was released on 31 October 1997 in Germany and on 3 November 1997 in the rest of Europe and Australia, and became a hit. The song reached number one in the Netherlands and reached top ten in Ireland, Belgium, United Kingdom, France, Italy, Spain, Switzerland, Norway and Australia. It was certified Platinum in the Netherlands and Belgium, and Gold in the UK, France, Australia, Switzerland and Norway. In Japan, "Be the Man" was issued as the first single on 13 November 1997. It reached number twenty-four on the Oricon chart and was certified Platinum by the RIAJ. Between 5 and 8 December 1997, "The Reason" was released as the second single in few European countries. It peaked just outside top ten in the UK and Ireland, and also charted in Belgium.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: "My Heart Will Go On" (love theme from "Titanic") premiered on the radio in the United States on 25 November 1997. As a commercial single, it was issued there on 10 February 1998. The song debuted at number-one on the "Billboard" Hot 100, where it stayed for two weeks. It was certified Gold and has sold 1,791,000 copies in the US as of April 2012. The physical single was first released in Germany on 5 December 1997, and later the same month in Australia. In most countries it was issued in January 1998. In France, it was released as a Double A-side single with "The Reason". In the UK, "My Heart Will Go On" was released on 9 February 1998. The song went to number one for many weeks all over the world and became Dion's biggest hit, and one of the best-selling singles of all time, and was the world's best-selling single of 1998. It is considered Dion's signature song and one of the biggest love ballads of the 1990s. Certified Diamond, Multi-Platinum, Platinum and Gold around the world, "My Heart Will Go On" has sold two million copies in Germany, 1.5 million in the UK and 1.2 million in France.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: "To Love You More" was released as the third but promotional only single in the US on 5 May 1998. Although it could not enter the "Billboard" Hot 100, "To Love You More" topped the Adult Contemporary chart and reached number eleven on the Hot 100 Airplay. "Immortality" (with the Bee Gees) was released as the next single in Europe, Australia and Canada in June 1998. At first it was issued on 5 June 1998 in Germany and three days later in France. In the UK, it was released on 6 July 1998. The song reached top ten in Germany, Austria, the UK and Switzerland. It was certified Platinum in Germany, Gold in Sweden and Silver in the UK and France. In late September 1998, "Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)" entered the Adult Contemporary chart in Canada and peaked at number seventeen there. "Treat Her Like a Lady" (featuring Diana King and Brownstone) was released as the last single from "Let's Talk About Love" in selected European countries. It was issued on 19 March 1999 in Germany and 28 June 1999 in the UK. "Treat Her Like a Lady" reached top forty in Austria, the UK and Ireland.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: In the United States, Dion started promotion of her new album with the performance of "Let's Talk About Love" on "Good Morning America" in November 1997. The same month she sang "Immortality" with the Bee Gees at their "One Night Only" concert in Las Vegas. In December 1997, Dion performed "My Heart Will Go On" on "The Rosie O'Donnell Show", "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" and during the Music for UNICEF Concert in New York. On 14 December 1997, she also attended to the premiere of "Titanic" in Hollywood. In January 1998, Dion sang "My Heart Will Go On" and "Let's Talk About Love" on "The Today Show" and in February 1998, she performed "My Heart Will Go On" on "The Oprah Winfrey Show". Dion also performed "My Heart Will Go On" at the 40th Annual Grammy Awards on 25 February 1998 and at the 70th Academy Awards on 23 March 1998. In April 1998, she sang "Treat Her Like a Lady" with Diana King and Brownstone at the Essence Awards in New York. Later the same month, she performed "My Heart Will Go On", "The Reason" (in duet with Carole King) and several other songs during the VH1 Divas concert in New York. Other performers included Aretha Franklin, Mariah Carey, Gloria Estefan and Shania Twain. In May 1998, Dion appeared on "The Rosie O'Donnell Show" again and sang "To Love You More", her next US single.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Dion also promoted "Let's Talk About Love" in other countries. In November 1997, she performed "Let's Talk About Love", "When I Need You" and "Treat Her Like a Lady" during the Canadian television special, "Parlons d'amour". The same month, she also performed "The Reason" on Dutch television show, "Kanjer Surprise". In December 1997, Dion sang "The Reason" on "The Lottery Show", and "The Reason" and "My Heart Will Go On" at the Smash Hits Poll Winners Party in the United Kingdom. The same month, she also performed "The Reason" on "Fantastico" in Italy and "Les Années Tubes" in France. In January 1998, Dion performed "My Heart Will Go On" on "Des O'Connor Tonight" in the UK. The next month, she also sang it on "Top of the Pops" in the UK, "Wetten, dass..?" in Germany and during the Sanremo Music Festival in Italy. In the latter, she also performed "The Reason". In April 1998, Dion appeared on the French television special titled "La Soirée Spéciale: Céline Dion" where she performed "My Heart Will Go On", "Let's Talk About Love", "Treat Her Like a Lady" with Diana King and "The Reason". In June 1998, she appeared on another French television show, "Hit Machine" and sang "The Reason", "Treat Her Like a Lady" with Diana King, "Immortality" with the Bee Gees and "My Heart Will Go On". The same month she performed "My Heart Will Go On" and "Immortality" with the Bee Gees on the German television show, "Geld Oder Liebe". On 9 June 1998, Dion performed "I Hate You Then I Love You" in duet with Luciano Pavarotti and "My Heart Will Go On" at the Pavarotti & Friends charity concert in Italy. In July 1998, she sang "Immortality" with the Bee Gees on "Top of the Pops" in the UK.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: On 21 August 1998, Dion embarked on the Let's Talk About Love World Tour in Boston. She toured North America till the end of 1998, Asia in early 1999 and North America again in March and April 1999. She also visited Europe in June and July 1999, and North America again at the end of 1999. Many concerts in Europe in May and June 1999 were cancelled when Dion's husband René Angélil was diagnosed with skin cancer. In August and September 1999, "Au cœur du stade" album and "Au cœur du stade" DVD were released in Europe and Canada. They included the Francophone setlist of the tour.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: At the 41st Annual Grammy Awards, "My Heart Will Go On" won Grammy Award for Record of the Year, Best Female Pop Vocal Performance, Song of the Year and Best Song Written Specifically for a Motion Picture or Television, and "Let's Talk About Love" was nominated for Best Pop Album. One year earlier, "Tell Him" was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals. At the American Music Awards of 1999, Dion won American Music Award for Favorite Pop/Rock Female Artist and Favorite Adult Contemporary Artist, "Let's Talk About Love" was nominated for Favorite Pop/Rock Album and "" won in category Favorite Soundtrack. In 1998, Dion won six Billboard Music Awards, including Top Billboard 200 Album Artist, Top Billboard 200 Album Artist - Female, Hot Adult Contemporary Artist, Hot Soundtrack Single ("My Heart Will Go On"), and "Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture" won in categories Top Billboard 200 Album and Hot Soundtrack Album. Dion was also nominated for the Billboard Music Awards for Top Pop Artist - Female, Hot Adult Contemporary Singles & Tracks ("My Heart Will Go On") and Top Billboard 200 Album ("Let's Talk About Love"). At the Juno Awards of 1999, Dion took home four trophies in categories: Best Female Vocalist, Best Album ("Let's Talk About Love"), Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic) ("Let's Talk About Love") and International Achievement Award. And the Juno nominees included: Best Single ("My Heart Will Go On"), Best Pop Album ("Let's Talk About Love"), Best Selling Album (Foreign or Domestic) ("Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture") and Producer of the Year (Corey Hart for "Miles to Go (Before I Sleep)" and "Where Is the Love"). Dion also won World Music Award for World's Best Selling Canadian Artist of the Year in 1998 and World's Best Selling Female Pop Artist of the Year in 1999. At the 25th People's Choice Awards, Dion won in category Favorite Female Musical Performer and in 1998, she won three VH1 Awards for Artist of the Year, Best Female Artist and Diva of the Year. "My Heart Will Go On" also won Academy Award for Best Original Song and Golden Globe Award for Best Original Song.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Other awards won by Dion included: Amigo Award for Best International Female Artist, ASCAP Film and Television Music Award for Most Performed Song from Motion Picture ("My Heart Will Go On"), ASCAP Pop Awards for Most Performed Songs ("My Heart Will Go On" twice and "To Love You More"), Blockbuster Entertainment Award for Favourite Song from a Movie ("My Heart Will Go On") ("Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture" was nominated for Favorite Soundtrack), BMI Film & TV Award for Most Performed Song from a Film, BMI Pop Awards for Most Performed Songs ("My Heart Will Go On" and "To Love You More" twice), Gold Otto for Female Singer at the Bravo Otto Awards, Echo Award for International Female Artist of the Year in 1999 (nominated in the same category in 1998), Félix Award for Artist of the Year Achieving the Most Success in a Language Other Than French in 1999 (nominated in the same category in 1998), Gémeaux Award for Best Variety Special ("Let's Talk About Love avec Céline Dion") (also nominated in other categories for "Let's Talk About Love avec Céline Dion" and "Let's talk from Las Vegas, Céline" television specials), Hungarian Music Award for International Album of the Year ("Let's Talk About Love"), Japan Gold Disc Award for International Artist of the Year and International Pop Album of the Year ("Let's Talk About Love"), Japan Record Award in category Special Achievement Award ("My Heart Will Go On"), Las Vegas Film Critics Society Award for Best Song ("My Heart Will Go On"), Malta Music Award for Best Selling Female International Artist, MuchMusic Video Award for ("My Heart Will Go On"), NARM Best Seller Award for 1997-1998 Soundtrack ("Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture"), Performance Magazine Award for Best Pop Act, Pop Corn Music Award for Best Female Singer of the Year, Satellite Awards for Best Original Song ("My Heart Will Go On") and Best Original Score ("Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture") and South African Music Award for Best Selling International Album ("Let's Talk About Love").


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: Dion was also nominated for Brit Award for Best International Female in 1998 and accepted the award for Best Soundtrack ("Titanic: Music from the Motion Picture") on behalf of James Horner in 1999. She was also nominated for MTV Europe Music Award for Best Female, MTV Video Music Award for Best Video from a Film ("My Heart Will Go On") and MTV Video Music Award – Viewer's Choice ("My Heart Will Go On"). Other nominations include: Danish Music Awards for Best International Female Singer and Best International Hit ("My Heart Will Go On"), Edison Awards for Best International Female Singer and Single of the Year ("Tell Him"), and Fryderyk Award for Best Foreign Album ("Let's Talk About Love"). Her television special "Celine Dion - Let's Talk About Love" was also nominated for Gemini Award in category Best Photography in a Comedy, Variety, Performing Arts Program or Series.


title: Let's Talk About Love

text: The album contains 13 songs featured on every edition and few bonus tracks, depending on the country: "Where Is the Love" and "To Love You More" in the US, "Amar Haciendo el Amor" and "Where Is the Love" in Canada, "Amar Haciendo el Amor", "Where Is the Love" and "Be the Man" in Europe, Asia and Australia, and "To Love You More" and "Amar Haciendo el Amor" in Latin America.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Waxahachie ( ) is the seat of government of Ellis County, Texas, United States. Its population was 41,140 in 2020.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Some sources state that the name means "cow" or "buffalo" in an unspecified Native American language. One possible Native American origin is the Alabama language, originally spoken in the area of Alabama around Waxahatchee Creek by the Alabama-Coushatta people, who had migrated by the 1850s to eastern Texas. In the Alabama language, "waakasi hachi" means "calf's tail" (the Alabama word "waaka" being a loan from Spanish "vaca").


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: That there is a Waxahatchee Creek near present-day Shelby, Alabama, suggests that Waxahachie shares the same name etymology. Many place names in Texas and Oklahoma have their origins in the Southeastern United States, largely due to forced removal of various southeastern Indian tribes. The area in central Alabama that includes Waxahatchee Creek was for hundreds of years the home of the Upper Creek moiety of the Muscogee Creek Nation. Again, this would suggest a Muscogee Creek-language origin of Waxahachie. "Waxahachie", therefore, may be an anglicized pronunciation of the Muscogee compound word "wakvhvce" from the Muscogee words "wakv" (meaning "cow" derived from the Spanish "vaca") and the Muscogee word "hvcce" (meaning "river" or "creek").


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Waxahachie was founded in August 1850 as the seat of the newly established Ellis County on a tract of land donated by early settler Emory W. Rogers, a native of Lawrence County, Alabama, who migrated to Texas in 1839. It was incorporated on April 28, 1871, and in 1875, the state legislature granted investors the right to operate a rail line from Waxahachie Tap Railroad to Garrett, Texas, which greatly increased the population of Waxahachie.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: From 1902 to 1942, Waxahachie was the second home of Trinity University, which was a Presbyterian-affiliated institution founded in 1869. Then-Trinity's main administration and classroom building is today the Farmer Administration Building of Southwestern Assemblies of God University. Trinity's present-day location is San Antonio.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: In 1988, the area around Waxahachie was chosen as the site for the Superconducting Super Collider, which was to be the world's largest and most energetic particle accelerator, with a planned ring circumference of . Seventeen shafts were sunk and of tunnel were bored before the project was cancelled by Congress in 1993.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: In 2020, County Judge Todd Little came into the national spotlight when the county's only elected African-American, Constable Curtis Polk, Jr., protested having his office located in the basement of the courthouse next to a segregation-era sign that read "Negroes." The controversy was resolved amicably when Little worked with Polk to relocate him to another office.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The climate in this area is characterized by hot, humid summers and generally mild to cool winters. According to the Köppen climate classification, Waxahachie has a humid subtropical climate, "Cfa" on climate maps.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: As of the 2020 United States census, there were 41,140 people, 12,522 households, and 9,073 families residing in the city.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Employment opportunities in the city are highly oriented toward industry. Owens Corning, Georgia-Pacific, International Paper, James Hardie Industries, Berry Global, Americase, Cardinal Glass, Magnablend, and Dart Container are located within a few miles of each other. Nonindustrial employers include Baylor Scott & White Health, Waxahachie Independent School District, Walgreen Distribution Center, Wal-Mart, HEB Grocery, Navarro College, and Southwestern Assemblies of God University.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The Scarborough Renaissance Festival (also called Scarborough Faire), a Renaissance fair theme park, is located southwest of the town. It opens annually during April and May, and has been in operation since 1981. The city's annual Gingerbread Trail Festival features tours of many of the Gingerbread homes.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The "Texas Country Reporter" Festival (hosted by Bob Phillips) features artists, craftsmen, music, and food from all over the Lone Star State – much of it featured on the TV show over the years.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Waxahachie is locally known for its elaborate Richardsonian Romanesque courthouse. The town also features many examples of Victorian architecture and Gingerbread-style homes, several of which have been converted into bed and breakfast inns. The Ellis County Art Association hosts ART On The Square (Cultural Attractions- Events- & Facilities; 113 West Franklin Street).


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Parks in Waxahachie include Spring Park, Getzendaner Memorial Park, Richards Park, and Sheaffer Full Life Center – Southwestern Assemblies of God University.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The city of Waxahachie is a voluntary member of the North Central Texas Council of Governments association, the purpose of which is to coordinate individual and collective local governments and facilitate regional solutions, eliminate unnecessary duplication, and enable joint decisions.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Waxahachie is represented in the Texas Senate by Republican Brian Birdwell, District 22, and in the Texas House of Representatives by Republican Jake Ellzey, District 10.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The Texas Department of Criminal Justice (TDCJ) operates the Waxahachie District Parole Office in Sherman.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: At the federal level, the two U.S. senators from Texas are Republicans John Cornyn and Ted Cruz; since 2003, Waxahachie has been part of Texas's 6th congressional district, which is currently represented by Republican Jake Ellzey.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Waxahachie is served by the Waxahachie Independent School District (WISD), which currently has eight elementary campuses, three middle school campuses, and two high schools. WISD aims to offer all of its students a well-rounded education and offers advanced-placement and dual-credit courses, as well as varied career and technology courses.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Waxahachie High School, classified as 6A, offers a range of extracurricular activities to its students, including football, volleyball, men's and women's basketball, men's and women's soccer, baseball, softball, golf, tennis, concert and marching band, drama, choir, drill team, and dozens of academic teams and clubs. The football program made the playoffs every year from 1989 to 2010.Waxahachie Global High School, an ECHS T-STEM school emphasizing instruction in science, technology, engineering, and mathematics in a small-learning-community environment, opened on August 27, 2007.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: In addition to the district schools, Life School, a public charter-school system, operates the 7–12 Waxahachie campus. On April 15, 2014, Life School broke ground on a new high school in Waxahachie, planned to accommodate about 1,000 9th–12th graders.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: There are several private schools including Waxahachie Preparatory Academy (WPA), St Joseph Catholic School, and First Christian Day School. WPA and the First Christian Day School offer a kindergarten–grade 12 education, while St Joseph only has grades Pre-K–8.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Two postsecondary educational institutions have campuses in the city of Waxahachie. Navarro College, a community college based in Corsicana, Texas, has a campus in Waxahachie. Southwestern Assemblies of God University, a private, four-year university affiliated with the Assemblies of God, offers accredited undergraduate and graduate degrees.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The "Waxahachie Daily Light" has served the town since 1891, and the first newspaper in Waxahachie, the "Waxahachie Argus", was established in 1870. Additionally, there are 47 radio stations within close listening range of Waxahachie.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Both Altus Emergency Center and Baylor Scott & White Health at Waxahachie provide emergency services locally, as does Ennis Regional Medical Center, about 14 miles away in Ennis. Between 2003 and 2010, Waxahachie's healthcare industry added 555 jobs, making it the city's fourth-largest employment sector.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The majority of "Tender Mercies", a 1983 film about a country western singer, was filmed in Waxahachie. Director Bruce Beresford deliberately avoided the city's picturesque elements and Victorian architecture, and instead filmed more rural locations that more closely resembled the West Texas area. The Texas town portrayed in "Tender Mercies" is never specifically identified. "Tender Mercies" starred Robert Duvall, who won the 1983 Academy Award for Best Actor for his role in the film.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The 1984 film "Places in the Heart" starring Sally Field was also filmed in Waxahachie. Unlike "Tender Mercies", it was filmed deliberately in the town square and used the Victorian and plantation homes still intact in the area. Field won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1985 for her role in the film.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: The 1985 film "The Trip to Bountiful" starring Geraldine Page was also filmed in Waxahachie. Page won the Academy Award for Best Actress in 1986 for her role in "Bountiful".


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Additionally, the long-running television series "Walker, Texas Ranger", starring Chuck Norris, was filmed in Waxahachie on occasion. Some scenes in "Prison Break" were filmed in Waxahachie. Scenes from "Bonnie and Clyde" (1967) were also shot here.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: In 2018, an animated short film from Crypt TV titled "Dark Vessel" featured the town as its 1977-based setting.<ref name="https://www.youtube.com">Archived at Ghostarchive and the Wayback Machine: </ref>


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: In 2021, Miranda Lambert, Jon Randall and Jack Ingram released a song named for the city on their acoustic album "The Marfa Tapes". It was later recorded again with full production for inclusion on Lambert's solo album "Palomino" in 2022.


title: Waxahachie, Texas

text: Sabinas in Coahuila, Mexico, has been proposed as Waxahachie's sister city. Sabinas is located about south of Eagle Pass, Texas.


title: Philip Perlman (actor)

text: Philip Perlman (August 15, 1919 – April 29, 2015) was a Polish-born American businessman, film and television actor.


title: Philip Perlman (actor)

text: Perlman became an actor after retiring from a career in the toy business. He is known for his recurring role as "Phil" on the American sitcom television series "Cheers", on which his daughter, Rhea, starred. He appeared in 142 episodes. He also played the same character in one episode of spin-off series "Frasier".


title: Philip Perlman (actor)

text: Perlman also had roles in several films, including "Throw Momma from the Train" (1987), "Out of Sight" (1998), and "Man on the Moon" (1999), in most of which his son-in-law, Danny DeVito, appeared.


title: Philip Perlman (actor)

text: Perlman was born in Poland in 1919. He married his wife, Adele (1921-2017), in 1947 and they had two daughters, actress Rhea Perlman and script writer Heide Perlman. Perlman died in April 2015 at Los Angeles, California, at the age of 95.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Peter Gunn is an American private eye television series, starring Craig Stevens as Peter Gunn with Lola Albright as his girlfriend Edie Hart. The series aired on NBC from September 22, 1958, to 1960 and on ABC in 1960–1961. The series was created by Blake Edwards, who, on occasion, was also writer (for 39 episodes) and director (for nine episodes).


title: Peter Gunn

text: "Peter Gunn" is notable for being the first televised detective program whose character was created for television, instead of adapted from other media.


title: Peter Gunn

text: The series is probably best remembered today for its music, including the iconic "Peter Gunn Theme", which was nominated for an Emmy Award and two Grammys for Henry Mancini. Subsequently it was performed and recorded by many jazz, rock and blues musicians. The progressive rock band Emerson, Lake & Palmer recorded the song adding synthesizers. The series was number 17 in the Nielsen ratings for the 1958–1959 TV season and number 29 for the 1960-61 TV season.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Peter Gunn is a suave, well-dressed private investigator whose hair is always in place and who loves cool jazz. Whereas other gumshoes are often coarse and vulgar, Gunn is a sophisticate with expensive tastes. A contemporary article in "Life" noted that Edwards "deliberately tailored the part after the famous movie smoothie Cary Grant".


title: Peter Gunn

text: Gunn operates in a gloomy waterfront city, the name and location of which is not revealed in the series. He often visits Mother's, a smokey wharfside jazz club that Gunn uses as his "office", usually meeting new clients there. Gunn has a reputation for integrity and being among the best investigators; he has many reliable informants and is well-connected. His reputation is so good, the police occasionally ask him for help or advice. He sometimes works cases out of state and occasionally out of the country. Gunn was observed in "Murder on the Midway" as "wearing $30 shoes, a $200 suit and carrying a solid gold cigarette lighter". Gunn drives a 1958 two-tone DeSoto two-door hardtop in the first few episodes of the first season, then a 1959 Plymouth Fury convertible with a white top and a car phone. In the third season Gunn drives a 1960 white Plymouth Fury convertible with a car phone, later changing to a 1961 Plymouth Fury convertible.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Gunn's girlfriend, Edie Hart (Lola Albright), is a sultry singer employed at Mother's; she opens her own restaurant and nightclub in season 3, named Edie's. Gunn's pet name for Edie is "Silly". Herschel Bernardi costarred as Lieutenant Jacoby, a somber police detective and friend of Gunn who works at the 13th Precinct. Occasionally he refers people to Gunn as clients. In 1959, Bernardi received his only Emmy nomination for the role. Hope Emerson appeared as Mother, who had been a singer and piano player in speakeasies during Prohibition. She received an Emmy nomination for the role. For the second season, Mother was played by Minerva Urecal, following the departure of Emerson for a starring role in "The Dennis O'Keefe Show". Associate producer Byron Kane portrayed Barney, the bartender at Mother's; Kane was not credited for playing this role. Bill Chadney appeared as Emmett, Mother's piano player. (Chadney and Albright were married in 1961.)


title: Peter Gunn

text: Both Billy Barty as pool hustler Babby and Herbert Ellis as Beat bistro owner, painter, and sculptor Wilbur, appeared in several episodes as occasional "information resources", as "Mother" also often is. Capri Candela played Wilbur's girlfriend, Capri. Morris Erby had the recurring role of Sgt. Lee Davis during all three seasons of the show. Frequent director Robert Gist appeared as an actor in different roles in three episodes. James Lanphier portrayed Leslie the maitre d'hôtel at Edie's restaurant and nightclub during season 3.


title: Peter Gunn

text: "Peter Gunn" ran for three seasons starting in late 1958. A total of 114 episodes were produced during the three season run. "Peter Gunn" premiered on September 22, 1958 with the episode "The Kill". The first season ran from September 1958 through June 1959 and contained 38 episodes.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Edwards developed "Peter Gunn" from an earlier fictional detective that he had created. "Richard Diamond, Private Detective" starred Dick Powell, and aired as a radio series from 1949 to 1953. David Janssen later starred in the television adaptation from 1957 to 1960. It was this character's success which prompted his creator to revisit the concept as Peter Gunn. Edwards had earlier written and directed a "Mike Hammer" television pilot for Brian Keith.


title: Peter Gunn

text: According to Blake Edwards, Gunn was "a present-day soldier of fortune who has found himself a gimmick that pays him a very comfortable living. The gimmick was trouble. People who had major trouble will pay handsomely to get rid of it, and Peter Gunn was a man who will not only accept the pay but do something about it. He knows every element of the city, from cops to crooks. He also, of course, has his soft side and will occasionally take on a charity job for free. But we'll never make the mistake of letting her [Edie] catch him. Never."


title: Peter Gunn

text: For the part of Edie, Edwards said, "We toyed at first with the idea of getting a name singer. But we soon realized it would be impractical to have a name singer cast in what is primarily a straight dramatic role. It wouldn't be fair, either to the singer or the audience. Once that idea was discarded, my first thought was Lola Albright. Lola had been going along well but not terribly well, if you know what I mean. But I'd always felt she had a potential that had never really been tapped. She's sort of two beats off center in the way she talks and sings, and that's what we were looking for."


title: Peter Gunn

text: Henry Mancini said in 1992, "She was perfect casting for that role because she had an off-the-cuff kind of jazz delivery that was very hard to find."


title: Peter Gunn

text: Lola Albright said, "My whole career had been sort of ordinary. "Peter Gunn" changed all that." Albright said that Blake Edwards had her in mind from the outset, "But he had no idea I could sing. I had just recorded my first album."


title: Peter Gunn

text: In a 1993 interview, Craig Stevens talks about how he and co-star Lola Albright were hired for the show.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Initial plans called for the title of the program to be Gunn for Hire. The change to "Peter Gunn" occurred after officials at Paramount Pictures complained that the title was similar to that of the 1942 Paramount film "This Gun for Hire".


title: Peter Gunn

text: Besides those directed by Blake Edwards, other episodes were directed by Boris Sagal, Robert Gist, Jack Arnold, Lamont Johnson, Robert Altman (for one episode) and several others. A total of 114 thirty-minute episodes were produced by Spartan Productions. Season one was filmed at Universal Studios, while seasons two and three were filmed at Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Philip H. Lathrop and William W. Spencer were cinematographers on many episodes. Craig Stevens' wardrobe was tailored by Don Richards and Lola Albright's fashions by Emeson's for 2 episodes (The Vicious Dog, The Blind Pianist) and by Jax for the remainder of the episodes. Wardrobe was not credited in episode 1, The Kill.


title: Peter Gunn

text: The show's use of modern jazz music was a distinctive touch that helped set the standard for many years to come, with cool jazz themes accompanying every move Gunn made. The music, composed by Henry Mancini, was performed by a small jazz ensemble which included a number of prominent Los Angeles-based jazz and studio musicians. Trumpeter Pete Candoli, alto saxophonist Ted Nash, flutist Ronny Lang, trombonist Dick Nash, and pianist and future composer John Williams provided most of the improvised jazz solos. Williams plays the piano part on the title music ostinato.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Prominent jazz musicians occasionally made on-screen appearances. Trumpeter Shorty Rogers appeared in the episode titled "The Frog" playing flugelhorn as Lola sings "How High the Moon". Drummer Shelly Manne, in addition to performing on the soundtrack album, was credited with a Special Guest role in the 1959 episode "Keep Smiling" playing drums in the "Bamboo Club" combo. Brazilian guitarist Laurindo Almeida plays guitar as himself in the 1959 episode "Skin Deep".


title: Peter Gunn

text: The "Peter Gunn Theme" became an instant hit, earning Mancini an Emmy Award nomination and two Grammys. The RCA Victor soundtrack album by Henry Mancini, "The Music from Peter Gunn", was voted Album of the Year at the 1st Annual Grammy Awards in 1959 and reached No. 1 in Billboard's Pop LP Charts. The popularity of this album prompted RCA Victor to issue a second Mancini album of "Peter Gunn" music titled "More Music from Peter Gunn". Bandleader Ray Anthony's recording of the theme music reached No. 8 on Billboard's Hot 100. Shelly Manne recorded two jazz albums of themes from the show in 1959, "Shelly Manne & His Men Play Peter Gunn" and "Son of Gunn!!".


title: Peter Gunn

text: In 2019 Jasmine Records released a CD combining both Henry Mancini soundtracks of "The Music of Peter Gunn" and "More Music from Peter Gunn".


title: Peter Gunn

text: The theme was also used in the "Spy Hunter" arcade video game, and has been used by the Kilgore College Rangerettes as the tryout music for their specialty jazz group since the 1960s.


title: Peter Gunn

text: The series was nominated for eight prime time Emmys without wins, all in 1959. They were for Best Dramatic Series - Less than One Hour, Craig Stevens as best lead actor in a drama, Herschel Bernardi as best supporting actor in a drama, Lola Albright and Hope Emerson as best supporting actress in a drama, Henry Mancini for best musical contribution to a television production, and Blake Edwards for best writing and direction of a single episode of a drama series.


title: Peter Gunn

text: The series made the transition to other media. An original novel and a comic book adaptation were published by Dell Publishing in 1960. The novel, entitled "Peter Gunn: Murder to a Jazz Beat", was written by Henry Kane. The 4-color comic book was Dell #1087, entitled "Peter Gunn", and had a photo cover with an introduction which said, "Pete tries to stop a postage stamp counterfeiter and gets a parcel of trouble - special delivery!" Lowell Toy Mfg. produced the "Peter Gunn Detective Game", a board game in 1960.


title: Peter Gunn

text: A feature film, "Gunn", was released by Paramount Pictures in 1967, scripted by Edwards and William Peter Blatty and directed by Edwards with Stevens reprising the title role. A long-gestating ABC 90-minute pilot, "Peter Gunn", aired in April 1989 was written, produced, and directed by Edwards and starred Peter Strauss in the lead role, but the network failed to order a series despite strong ratings and reviews.


title: Peter Gunn

text: In 2001, Edwards and his son, Geoffrey, joined with producers Jeffrey Tinnell and John Michaels and writer Norman Snider in developing an updated television series, "The New Peter Gunn" for Muse Entertainment in Canada. The project fell through when producers John Woo and David Permut began developing a big screen remake for Paramount with screenwriter W. Peter Iliff. "Once Upon a Time in L.A." was pitched as a possible vehicle for John Travolta or Harrison Ford. Neither revival made it beyond the script stage.


title: Peter Gunn

text: TNT announced a new series was in development in May 2013 from producers Steven Spielberg, Julie Andrews, Lou Pitt, Justin Falvey and Darryl Frank with writers Scott Rosenberg, Jeff Pinkner, Josh Appelbaum, and André Nemec. The proposed series was not picked up for the 2014–2015 season.


title: Peter Gunn

text: In 2017, Paramount renewed its agreement with The Blake Edwards Estate with the intent of developing the property.


title: Peter Gunn

text: From 1992 to 1996, Rhino Entertainment released various episodes of Peter Gunn on VHS cassettes. In 1999, Diamond Entertainment Corporation released a five-cassette set comprising ten episodes. Marathon Music & Video released a seven-cassette box set entitled "TV Cops and Private Eyes", in which an episode of Peter Gunn was included.


title: Peter Gunn

text: In 2002, A&E Home Video released two volume sets of "Peter Gunn" on DVD in Region 1, which comprise 32 episodes from Season One. These releases used edited-for-syndication versions of episodes.


title: Peter Gunn

text: Timeless Media Group released "Peter Gunn – The Complete Series" on DVD in Region 1 in 2012. The 12-disc set features all 114 episodes of the series, as well as a bonus CD of Henry Mancini's score, The Music from Peter Gunn


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: On December 16, 1960, a United Airlines Douglas DC-8 bound for Idlewild Airport (now John F. Kennedy International Airport) in New York City collided in midair with a TWA Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation descending toward LaGuardia Airport. The Constellation crashed on Miller Field in Staten Island and the DC-8 in Park Slope, Brooklyn, killing all 128 aboard the two aircraft and six people on the ground. The accident, the world's deadliest aviation disaster at the time, remains the deadliest accident in the history of United Airlines as of 2022.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The accident became known as the Park Slope plane crash or the Miller Field crash after the two crash sites. The accident was also the first hull loss and first fatal accident involving a Douglas DC-8.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: United Airlines Flight 826, "Mainliner Will Rogers", registration was a DC-8-11 carrying 77 passengers and seven crewmembers from O'Hare International Airport in Chicago to Idlewild Airport (now John F. Kennedy International Airport) in Queens. The crew consisted of captain Robert Sawyer (age 46), first officer Robert Fiebing (40), flight engineer Richard Pruitt (30) and four stewardesses. Captain Sawyer was a highly experienced pilot, having accumulated 19,100 flight hours, of which 344 were in the DC-8. First officer Fiebing had accumulated 8,400 flight hours, of which 416 were in the DC-8. Flight engineer Pruitt had accumulated 8,500 flight hours, of which 379 were in the DC-8.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: Trans World Airlines Flight 266, "Star of Sicily", registration was a Super Constellation carrying 39 passengers and five crew members from Dayton and Columbus, Ohio, to LaGuardia Airport in Queens. The crew consisted of captain David Wollam (age 39), first officer Dean Bowen (32), flight engineer LeRoy "Lee" Rosenthal (30) and two stewardesses. Captain Wollam had accumulated 14,583 flight hours, 267 of which were in the Constellation. First officer Bowen had accumulated 6,411 flight hours, of which 268 were on the Constellation. Flight engineer Rosenthal had accumulated 3,561 flight hours, of which 204 were in the Constellation. "Star of Sicily" sister ship N6902C, "Star of the Seine", was destroyed in another mid-air collision with a United Airlines flight in 1956.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: At 10:21 a.m. Eastern Time, United 826 advised ARINC radio that one of its VOR receivers was inoperative, and the message was relayed to United Airlines maintenance. However, air-traffic control (ATC) was not informed that the aircraft had only one operational receiver, which presented difficulty for the pilots of flight 826 to identify the Preston intersection, beyond which it had not received clearance.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: At 10:25 a.m., ATC issued a revised clearance for the flight to shorten its route to the Preston holding point (near Laurence Harbor, New Jersey) by . That clearance included holding instructions (a standard "racetrack" holding pattern) for Flight 826 when it arrived at the Preston intersection. Flight 826 was expected to reduce its speed before reaching Preston to a standard holding speed of or lower. However, the aircraft was estimated to be traveling at when it collided with the TWA plane, several miles beyond the Preston clearance limit.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: During the investigation, United Airlines claimed that the Colts Neck VOR was unreliable. Preston was the point where airway V123—the 050-radial off the Robbinsville VOR—crossed the Solberg 120-degree radial and the Colts Neck 346-degree radial. However, the Civil Aeronautics Board's final report found no problem with the Colts Neck VOR.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: According to the DC-8's flight data recorder, the aircraft was off course, and for 81 seconds it descended at while slowing from more than to at the time of the collision.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: One of the DC-8's starboard engines struck the Constellation just ahead of its wings, tearing apart a portion of the fuselage. The Constellation entered a dive, with debris continuing to fall as it disintegrated during its spiral to the ground.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The initial impact tore the DC-8's engine from its pylon. Having lost one engine and a large part of the right wing, the DC-8 remained airborne for another 90 seconds.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The DC-8 crashed into the Park Slope section of Brooklyn at the intersection of Seventh Avenue and Sterling Place (), scattering wreckage and setting fire to ten brownstone apartment buildings, the Pillar of Fire Church, the McCaddin Funeral Home, a Chinese laundry and a delicatessen. Six people on the ground were killed.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The crash left the remains of the DC-8 pointing southeast toward a large open field at Prospect Park, blocks from its crash site. An occupant in one of the affected apartment buildings said that his family survived because they were in the only room of their apartment that was not destroyed. The crash left a trench covering most of the length of the middle of Sterling Place. Witnesses thought that a bomb had detonated or that a building's boiler had exploded.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The TWA plane crashed onto the northwest corner of Miller Field at , with some sections of the aircraft landing in New York Harbor. At least one passenger fell into a tree before the wreckage hit the ground.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: There was no radio contact with traffic controllers from either plane after the collision, although LaGuardia had begun tracking an incoming, fast-moving, unidentified plane from Preston toward the LaGuardia "Flatbush" outer marker.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The only person to initially survive the crash was Stephen Baltz, an 11-year-old boy from Wilmette, Illinois. He was traveling unaccompanied on Flight 826 to spend Christmas in Yonkers with relatives. He was thrown from the plane into a snowbank, where his burning clothing was extinguished. Although alive and conscious, he was severely burned and had inhaled burning fuel. Baltz died of pneumonia the next day.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The total of 134 victims would not be surpassed until a Lockheed C-130B Hercules was shot down in May 1968, killing 155 people. In terms of commercial aviation, the death toll would not be surpassed until the March 1969 crash of Viasa Flight 742, which crashed on takeoff and killed all 84 people on board the aircraft, as well as 71 people on the ground.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: In 2010, on the 50th anniversary of the accident, a memorial to the 134 victims of the two crashes was unveiled in Green-Wood Cemetery, Brooklyn. The cemetery is the site of the common grave containing the remains of those who could not be identified.


title: 1960 New York mid-air collision

text: The collision is covered in "Collision Course," the fifth episode of the first season of The Weather Channel documentary series "Why Planes Crash".


title: Long division

text: In arithmetic, long division is a standard division algorithm suitable for dividing multi-digit Hindu-Arabic numerals (Positional notation) that is simple enough to perform by hand. It breaks down a division problem into a series of easier steps.


title: Long division

text: As in all division problems, one number, called the dividend, is divided by another, called the divisor, producing a result called the quotient. It enables computations involving arbitrarily large numbers to be performed by following a series of simple steps. The abbreviated form of long division is called short division, which is almost always used instead of long division when the divisor has only one digit. Chunking (also known as the partial quotients method or the hangman method) is a less mechanical form of long division prominent in the UK which contributes to a more holistic understanding of the division process.


title: Long division

text: While related algorithms have existed since the 12th century, the specific algorithm in modern use was introduced by Henry Briggs 1600.


title: Long division

text: Inexpensive calculators and computers have become the most common way to solve division problems, eliminating a traditional mathematical exercise, and decreasing the educational opportunity to show how to do so by paper and pencil techniques. (Internally, those devices use one of a variety of division algorithms, the faster ones among which rely on approximations and multiplications to achieve the tasks). In the United States, long division has been especially targeted for de-emphasis, or even elimination from the school curriculum, by reform mathematics, though traditionally introduced in the 4th or 5th grades.


title: Long division

text: In English-speaking countries, long division does not use the division slash or division sign symbols but instead constructs a tableau. The divisor is separated from the dividend by a right parenthesis or vertical bar ; the dividend is separated from the quotient by a vinculum (i.e., an overbar). The combination of these two symbols is sometimes known as a long division symbol or division bracket. It developed in the 18th century from an earlier single-line notation separating the dividend from the quotient by a left parenthesis.


title: Long division

text: The process is begun by dividing the left-most digit of the dividend by the divisor. The quotient (rounded down to an integer) becomes the first digit of the result, and the remainder is calculated (this step is notated as a subtraction). This remainder carries forward when the process is repeated on the following digit of the dividend (notated as 'bringing down' the next digit to the remainder). When all digits have been processed and no remainder is left, the process is complete.


title: Long division

text: If the last remainder when we ran out of dividend digits had been something other than 0, there would have been two possible courses of action:


title: Long division

text: In this example, the decimal part of the result is calculated by continuing the process beyond the units digit, "bringing down" zeros as being the decimal part of the dividend.


title: Long division

text: This example also illustrates that, at the beginning of the process, a step that produces a zero can be omitted. Since the first digit 1 is less than the divisor 4, the first step is instead performed on the first two digits 12. Similarly, if the divisor were 13, one would perform the first step on 127 rather than 12 or 1.


title: Long division

text: we fill the space after the digits of the "quotient" under construction with 0's, to at least the 1's place,


title: Long division

text: A divisor of any number of digits can be used. In this example, 1260257 is to be divided by 37. First the problem is set up as follows:


title: Long division

text: Digits of the number 1260257 are taken until a number greater than or equal to 37 occurs. So 1 and 12 are less than 37, but 126 is greater. Next, the greatest multiple of 37 less than or equal to 126 is computed. So 3 × 37 = 111 < 126, but 4 × 37 > 126. The multiple 111 is written underneath the 126 and the 3 is written on the top where the solution will appear:


title: Long division

text: Note carefully which place-value column these digits are written into. The 3 in the quotient goes in the same column (ten-thousands place) as the 6 in the dividend 1260257, which is the same column as the last digit of 111.


title: Long division

text: Now the digit from the next smaller place value of the dividend is copied down and appended to the result 15:


title: Long division

text: The process repeats: the greatest multiple of 37 less than or equal to 150 is subtracted. This is 148 = 4 × 37, so a 4 is added to the top as the next quotient digit. Then the result of the subtraction is extended by another digit taken from the dividend:


title: Long division

text: The greatest multiple of 37 less than or equal to 22 is 0 × 37 = 0. Subtracting 0 from 22 gives 22, we often don't write the subtraction step. Instead, we simply take another digit from the dividend:


title: Long division

text: For non-decimal currencies (such as the British £sd system before 1971) and measures (such as avoirdupois) mixed mode division must be used. Consider dividing 50 miles 600 yards into 37 pieces:


title: Long division

text: Each of the four columns is worked in turn. Starting with the miles: 50/37 = 1 remainder 13. No further division is


title: Long division

text: possible, so perform a long multiplication by 1,760 to convert miles to yards, the result is 22,880 yards. Carry this to the top of the yards column and add it to the 600 yards in the dividend giving 23,480. Long division of 23,480 / 37 now proceeds as normal yielding 634 with remainder 22. The remainder is multiplied by 3 to get feet and carried up to the feet column. Long division of the feet gives 1 remainder 29 which is then multiplied by twelve to get 348 inches. Long division continues with the final remainder of 15 inches being shown on the result line.


title: Long division

text: When the quotient is not an integer and the division process is extended beyond the decimal point, one of two things can happen:


title: Long division

text: China, Japan, Korea use the same notation as English-speaking nations including India. Elsewhere, the same general principles are used, but the figures are often arranged differently.


title: Long division

text: In Latin America (except Argentina, Bolivia, Mexico, Colombia, Paraguay, Venezuela, Uruguay and Brazil), the calculation is almost exactly the same, but is written down differently as shown below with the same two examples used above. Usually the quotient is written under a bar drawn under the divisor. A long vertical line is sometimes drawn to the right of the calculations.