title: Otávio (footballer, born 1995)

text: In October, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar, being included in the final 26-man squad for the tournament.


title: Ketanji Brown Jackson Supreme Court nomination

text: On February 25, 2022, President Joe Biden announced that he would nominate Ketanji Brown Jackson to the position of Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States to fill the vacancy by Stephen Breyer, who announced his retirement on January 27, 2022, at the age of 83. Jackson, a former law clerk of Breyer, was a judge on the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit, having been appointed by Biden in 2021. Jackson is the first Black woman in U.S. history to be nominated to serve on the U.S. Supreme Court.


text: Her nomination was sent to the Senate on February 28, and her confirmation hearings were held by the Senate Judiciary Committee from March 21 to 24, 2022. The Senate confirmed her on April 7, 2022, by a 53 to 47 vote. She took the oath of office on June 30, 2022.


text: Under the Appointments Clause (Article II, Section 2) of the United States Constitution, judicial appointments are made by the President of the United States with the Advice and Consent of the United States Senate. Breyer was nominated to the Supreme Court by Bill Clinton on August 3, 1994, to fill the vacancy caused by the retirement of Harry Blackmun. Breyer was confirmed by the Senate by a vote of 87 to 9. On the Supreme Court, Breyer was often a member of the court's liberal wing.


text: On January 26, 2022, NBC News reported that Justice Breyer planned to retire at the end of the court's current term. In response to request for comment, White House Press Secretary Jen Psaki tweeted, "It has always been the decision of any Supreme Court Justice if and when they decide to retire, and how they want to announce it, and that remains the case today." President Biden cited his experience as Chair of the Senate Judiciary Committee from 1987 to 1997 as the driving force in the process of finding a candidate similar to Justice Breyer. His retirement left one military veteran on the U.S. Supreme Court.


text: In the wake of the impending Supreme Court vacancy, Democratic groups announced plans for a multi-million dollar campaign to promote Biden's eventual nominee. Demand Justice, a nonprofit led by Democratic strategists, said it would spend whatever it takes in order to get the nomination through the Senate.


text: On January 27, Biden reiterated his intention to keep his campaign promise to nominate a Black woman. An ABC News/Ipsos poll a few days after found that 76% of Americans believed Biden should consider all possible nominees, while a substantially smaller share of Democrats, at 54%, said the same. Only 23% said he should follow through on his pledge to consider only nominees who are Black women. A simultaneous Morning Consult/Politico poll found that 51% of Americans supported Biden's intention to nominate a Black woman, including 82% of Democrats and 47% of independents. A poll in early February by Data for Progress found that 64% of Americans (including 93% of Democrats and 59% of independents) supported Biden's decision to nominate a Black woman.


text: Some Republicans criticized Biden's pledge to nominate the first Black woman to the court as hypocritical, referencing his 2005 threat to filibuster Janice Rogers Brown, a conservative judge on the D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals, if she was nominated to the Supreme Court.


text: Around February 22, 2022, it was reported that Biden had met with his top three contenders, Ketanji Brown Jackson, J. Michelle Childs, and Leondra Kruger.


text: On February 25, 2022, it was announced that Biden would nominate Jackson. In his remarks on the announcement, Biden listed "traits of pragmatism, historical perspective, wisdom, [and] character" as criteria for the nomination, characterized Jackson's rulings as "carefully reasoned, tethered to precedent, and [demonstrating respect] for how the law impacts everyday people," and cited her experience as a public defender, trial court judge, and member of the Sentencing Commission.


text: Analysis by "FiveThirtyEight" reported that Jackson would likely rule in similar ways to other Democratic appointees on the Court, with Judicial Common Space scores placing her as slightly more moderate than these justices and estimates from the Database of Ideology, Money in Politics, and Elections placing her as slightly more liberal than them.


text: Senate Majority Leader Chuck Schumer and Democratic members of the Judiciary Committee including Dick Durbin, Sheldon Whitehouse, Richard Blumenthal, Amy Klobuchar, and Patrick Leahy voiced their support for Jackson's nomination.


text: House Majority Whip Jim Clyburn, who had earlier lobbied Biden to nominate U.S. District Judge J. Michelle Childs, expressed his support for Jackson and called for "strong bipartisan support" in the confirmation process.


text: Jackson's nomination also received support from two former federal Circuit Court judges appointed by Republican presidents, Thomas B. Griffith and J. Michael Luttig. Clark M. Neily, Senior Vice President for Legal Studies at the CATO Institute, also endorsed Jackson's nomination.


text: In March, 83 former state attorneys general signed a letter to the Senate Judiciary Committee endorsing Jackson's nomination. Although not a formal endorsement, the American Bar Association's Standing Committee on the Federal Judiciary unanimously rated Jackson "Well Qualified" to serve on the Supreme Court.


text: Some Republican Party leaders and senators voiced early opposition, while many others stated that they would evaluate Jackson's nomination. Senate Minority Leader Mitch McConnell characterized Jackson as "the favored choice of far-left dark-money groups that have spent years attacking the legitimacy and structure of the court itself". The Republican National Committee called Jackson "a radical, left-wing activist who would rubberstamp Biden's disastrous agenda". Republican Senator Lindsey Graham, who had previously voted in favor of Jackson's confirmation to the DC Circuit Court of Appeals the previous year, stated that the nomination "means the radical Left has won President Biden over yet again". Former district court judge U. W. Clemon wrote to Biden urging him not to appoint Jackson to the Supreme Court.


text: Some Republican lawmakers, such as Senators Marsha Blackburn, Josh Hawley, and Ted Cruz have criticized Brown's sentencing of child pornography offenders below the sentencing guideline and her support for reducing or removing mandatory minimums for such offenders while on the United States Sentencing Commission. Conversely, "The New York Times" labeled the claims misleading since her sentencing of child pornography offenders is not uncommonly lenient and her recommendations while on the sentencing commission were nearly unanimously supported by the other members.


text: A poll of registered voters conducted by "Politico" and Morning Consult during February 25–27 found that 46% of respondents favored Jackson's confirmation, 17% opposed it, and 36% had no opinion. A Gallup poll conducted during March 1–18 found that 58% of respondents favored Jackson's confirmation, 30% opposed it, and 12% had no opinion. "FiveThirtyEight" collected a set of 14 polls conducted during February 25 to March 22 by various entities, which found that an average of 47% of Americans supported her confirmation, 23% opposed it, and 30% had no opinion.


text: On March 2, Senate Democrats announced that they would schedule confirmation hearings for March 21 through March 24, intending to finish the process before the chamber's Easter recess in early April.


text: On March 21, Jackson delivered an opening statement to the committee acknowledging the confirmation process and her past, and thanking her mentors and family members.


text: Several members of the 22 person committee gave opening statements with Democrats speaking to Jackson's historic nomination, her qualifications and that her experience as a public defender "helps her to understand our justice system uniquely, through the eyes of people who couldn't afford a lawyer." Republicans expressed various concerns they intended to explore, including her sentencing record in child pornography convictions and as to "whether Judge Jackson is committed to the Constitution as originally understood." A question by Senator Ted Cruz, "Do you agree with this book that is being taught with kids that babies are racist?" prompted Jackson to say she never read the book, as well as disagreeing with making any child feel that they were racist, victims, or oppressors. The exchange also dramatically increased sales of the book "Antiracist Baby".


text: On March 22, Jackson underwent the first round of questions from 20 senators of the Judiciary Committee for 13 hours. Jackson was asked questions related to critical race theory, dark money, abortion, gender identity, judicial activism, possible expansion of the Supreme Court (known as court-packing) and her sentencing record on child pornography cases. When asked to provide a definition for a woman by Marsha Blackburn (R-TN), Jackson declined to answer, saying "I'm not a biologist." Additionally, Cory Booker (D-NJ) inquired as to how she has been able to manage a work-life balance between motherhood with two daughters and her legal career. Other Republican senators accused her of being soft on crime.


text: On March 23, Jackson faced another round of questions for 10 hours, describing her judicial philosophy and defending her judgements on cases. She was grilled with a range of questions related to abortion, gun rights, and court-packing. Jackson, who sits on the Harvard Board of Overseers, stated that if confirmed, she would recuse herself from the Supreme Court's review of "Students for Fair Admissions v. President and Fellows of Harvard College".


text: On March 24, the committee heard witness testimony from representatives of the American Bar Association, Democratic representative Joyce Beatty, and the Republican Alabama Attorney General, Steve Marshall. During his testimony, Marshall refused to acknowledge Joe Biden as the "duly elected and lawfully serving" President of the United States, which was widely reported in the media.


text: On April 4, 2022, the Senate Judiciary Committee held a vote on whether to advance Jackson's nomination to the full Senate. The party-line vote resulted in a tie, with all 11 Democratic members voting in favor and all 11 Republican members voting against.


text: On April 4, 2022, the Senate voted to discharge Jackson's nomination from the Judiciary Committee with a vote of 53–47, with three Republicans (Susan Collins, Lisa Murkowski, and Mitt Romney) joining all 50 members of the Democratic caucus to pass the motion. A discharge vote was necessary because of the tied vote in the Judiciary Committee. This was first time that the Senate has discharged the Judiciary Committee from consideration of a Supreme Court nomination since 1853.


text: On April 7, 2022, the Senate invoked cloture on her nomination by a 53–47 vote with the same senators voting "yea". She was subsequently confirmed by the same margin with once again the same senators voting "yea".


title: ABC analysis

text: In materials management, "ABC analysis" is an inventory categorisation technique. ABC analysis divides an inventory into three categories—"A items" with very tight control and accurate records, "B items" with less tightly controlled and good records, and "C items" with the simplest controls possible and minimal records.


title: ABC analysis

text: The ABC analysis provides a mechanism for identifying items that will have a significant impact on overall inventory cost, while also providing a mechanism for identifying different categories of stock that will require different management and controls.


title: ABC analysis

text: Thus, the inventory is grouped into three categories (A, B, and C) in order of their estimated importance.


title: ABC analysis

text: 'A' items are very important for an organization. Because of the high value of these 'A' items, frequent value analysis is required. In addition to that, an organization needs to choose an appropriate order pattern (e.g. 'just-in-time') to avoid excess capacity. 'B' items are important, but of course less important than 'A' items and more important than 'C' items. Therefore, 'B' items are intergroup items. 'C' items are marginally important.


title: ABC analysis

text: There are no fixed thresholds for each class, and different proportions can be applied based on objectives and criteria. ABC Analysis is similar to the Pareto principle in that the 'A' items will typically account for a large proportion of the overall value, but a small percentage of the number of items.<br>


title: ABC analysis

text: Major ERP packages have built-in function of ABC analysis. User can execute ABC analysis based on user defined criteria and system apply ABC code to items (parts).


title: ABC analysis

text: Computed (calculated) ABC analysis delivers a precise mathematical calculation of the limits for the ABC classes.


title: ABC analysis

text: It uses an optimization of cost (i.e. number of items) versus yield (i.e. sum of their estimated importance).


title: ABC analysis

text: Computed ABC was, for example, applied to feature selection for biomedical data, business process management and bankruptcy prediction.


title: ABC analysis

text: When equal purchasing policy is applied to all 14,213 components, for example weekly delivery and re-order point (safety stock) of two weeks' supply, the factory will have 16,000 deliveries in four weeks and average inventory will be 2½ weeks' supply.


title: ABC analysis

text: In comparison, when weighed purchasing policy is applied based on ABC class, for example C class monthly (every four weeks) delivery with re-order point of three weeks' supply, B class bi-weekly delivery with re-order point of 2 weeks' supply, A class weekly delivery with re-order point of 1 week's supply, total number of delivery in 4 weeks will be (A 200×4=800)+(B 400×2=800)+(C 3,400×1=3,400)=5,000 and average inventory will be (A 75%×1.5weeks)+(B 15%x3 weeks)+(C 10%×3.5 weeks)=1.925 weeks' supply.


title: ABC analysis

text: By applying weighed control based on ABC classification, required man-hours and inventory level are drastically reduced.


title: ABC analysis

text: The ABC concept is based on Pareto's law. If too much inventory is kept, the ABC analysis can be performed on a sample. After obtaining the random sample, the following steps are carried out for the ABC analysis.


title: Oleta Adams

text: Oleta Adams (born May 4, 1953) is an American singer and pianist. She found limited success during the early 1980s, before gaining fame via her contributions to Tears for Fears's international chart-topping album "The Seeds of Love" (1989). Her albums "Circle of One" (1991) and "Evolution" (1993) were top 10 hits in the UK; the former yielded a Grammy-nominated cover of Brenda Russell's "Get Here", which was a top 5 hit in both the UK and the US. Adams has been nominated for four total Grammy Awards, as well as two Soul Train Music Awards.


title: Oleta Adams

text: Adams was born the daughter of a preacher and was raised listening to gospel music. In her youth, her family moved to Yakima, Washington, which is sometimes shown as her place of birth. She got her musical start in the church.


title: Oleta Adams

text: Before gaining her opportunity to perform, Adams faced a great deal of rejection. In the 1970s, she moved to Los Angeles, California, where she recorded a demo tape. However, many music executives were exclusively interested in disco music rather than Adams' preferred style.


title: Oleta Adams

text: With the advice of her singing coach, Lee Farrell, Adams moved to Kansas City, Missouri, where she did a variety of local gigs. She started her career in the early 1980s with two self-financed albums, which had limited success.


title: Oleta Adams

text: Oleta Adams sang the National Anthem prior to Game Two of the 1984 American League Championship Series.


title: Oleta Adams

text: In 1985, Adams was discovered by Roland Orzabal and Curt Smith, founders of the English band Tears for Fears, while she was performing in the Peppercorn Duck Club at the Hyatt Hotel in Kansas City, while they were on a US tour. Soon after, Adams stopped performing in hotels and had started to look for alternative employment. In 1987, Orzabal and Smith contacted her to invite her to join their band as a singer and pianist on their next album, "The Seeds of Love". A year later she participated in two sessions while she toured the Nordic countries.


title: Oleta Adams

text: In 1989, the album was released and the single "Woman in Chains", sung as a duet by Adams and Orzabal and with Phil Collins on drums, became her first hit. Adams embarked on a world tour with Tears For Fears in 1990, performing by herself as the supporting artist at the start of each show, and remaining onstage throughout the Tears For Fears set where she would provide piano and vocals.


title: Oleta Adams

text: Following her work with Tears For Fears, Adams was offered a recording contract by their label, Fontana Records, and restarted her solo career in 1990. After meeting a number of producers, she worked with Orzabal, who co-produced her new album, "Circle of One". The album received acclaim, and eventually peaked at No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart in 1991, after she scored her biggest hit to date with a Grammy nominated cover of Brenda Russell's "Get Here". The song reached the UK and US top 5 and became popular during the 1991 Gulf War conflict, as families of deployed troops in the region embraced the tune as a theme song.


title: Oleta Adams

text: 1991 also saw Adams sign to independent music publisher Fairwood Music, and contribute to the Elton John/Bernie Taupin tribute album "", on which appeared her version of John's 1974 hit "Don't Let the Sun Go Down On Me". Adams' version became another top 40 hit in the UK.


title: Oleta Adams

text: Her next album, "Evolution" (1993), was also a commercial success, making the UK top 10. It also featured her self-penned adult contemporary single "Window of Hope". Her 1995 release, "Moving On", saw Adams move more in the direction of R&B, and she also reunited with Roland Orzabal for the duet "Me and My Big Ideas", on the Tears For Fears album, "Raoul and the Kings of Spain", the same year. Two years later, she released the Christian themed album "Come Walk with Me", where she received a nomination for a Grammy Award for "Holy Is the Lamb" in 1997.


title: Oleta Adams

text: In 2001, Adams released her sixth album, "All the Love", a return to an R&B/Adult contemporary sound. The album was re-released in 2004 in Germany with a different title "I Can't Live a Day without You".


title: Oleta Adams

text: In 2004, Adams reunited with Tears for Fears once again as she made a surprise guest appearance onstage at their Kansas City concert, performing "Woman in Chains".


title: Oleta Adams

text: On February 10, 2017, Adams released her ninth album, her first album in eight years, entitled "Third Set".


title: Oleta Adams

text: In 1994, Adams married drummer John Cushon at a United Methodist church in Kansas City, where they both taught Sunday School. They met in 1980 while working on a demo tape for Adams. Adams stated that she never had a passion to get married but on January 17, 1994 she and Cushon were involved in the Los Angeles earthquake. Adams referred to this as a sign from God that she was ready to get married.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: Hangman is a 2017 American crime thriller film directed by Johnny Martin and written by Charles Huttinger and Michael Caissie. The film stars Al Pacino, Karl Urban, Joe Anderson, Sarah Shahi, and Brittany Snow. The film follows a detective who tries to track down a serial killer who bases his murders on Hangman, the children's guessing game. It was released on December 22, 2017, and was panned by critics.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: In Monroe, Georgia, Detective Ray Archer leads police in pursuit of a speeding van. Confronting the driver, Archer notices a pendant dangling from the rear-view mirror.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: One year later, reporter Christi Davies accompanies Detective Will Ruiney to the scene of a murder: a teacher has been hanged outside her school, with the letter “O” carved into her chest. Inside, they find a classroom staged by the killer, with two mannequins playing “hangman”, and Ruiney and Archer’s badge numbers carved into a desk. The now retired Archer joins the investigation, and Captain Lisa Watson warns Davies not to interfere. The coroner reveals that the victim, Carrie Cooper, had frequently been treated for broken bones. Searching Cooper’s apartment with Davies, the detectives determine that Cooper was dating someone named Joey Truman, and find her bedroom covered in blood, with BDSM equipment in her closet.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: At Truman’s address, they question a woman – revealed to be Joey Truman – who attempts to flee and is arrested. She claims Cooper’s injuries were part of their relationship, and denies killing her. Truman attempts suicide but survives, and her alibi is confirmed. Some of the blood from Cooper’s bedroom is determined to belong to a felon named David Green, whom the detectives trace to a church. There, the killer escapes after crucifying another victim – carved with an “N” and wearing a pig’s head – and leaving them his hangman diagram to solve. Green, the church’s pastor, explains that an unknown assailant took blood from him months before. Ruiney realizes the killer will claim seven more victims, with a new murder every night.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: The FDA stamp on the pig’s head leads the detectives and Davies to a slaughterhouse and the body of Eric Anderson, carved with an “M”. Archer deduces that they should search the nearby river, recovering Anderson’s car. Ruiney is forced to accept that the unsolved murder of his wife, Jessica, was committed by the Hangman Killer; she was his first victim, carved with a “V”. At Anderson’s home, they discover a model railroad replica of Monroe, pointing them to the next victim. They find him hanging above railroad tracks, alive and carved with a “C”, but are unable to save him from an oncoming train. The detectives learn this victim was responsible for the car accident that paralyzed Captain Watson, indicating she is the killer’s next target.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: Racing to her home, they rescue Watson from the Hangman’s noose, before he could finish carving a letter. Ruiney discovers the body of a police officer as the Hangman slips past Archer in the officer’s uniform. Fleeing by motorcycle, the killer is pursued by the detectives and Davies, but escapes when their car is struck by a semi-trailer truck. Joey Truman, the next victim, is found carved with a “T”, with Archer saying this was revenge for the pair saving Watson. Knowing the killer was inactive between Jessica’s murder and the night he took Green’s blood, the detectives track down Adam Kellerman, who served a prison sentence for assault during the same period, and later sold Anderson the model town. Raiding Kellerman’s toy store, they discover him dead from an apparent suicide, surrounded by evidence indicating he was the Hangman.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: Davies is abducted by the real Hangman, but tears off his necklace. Taking her to a mausoleum, he places her in a noose rigged to a ceiling fan. Discovering Davies has been taken, Archer finds the pendant and realizes the Hangman is the driver he arrested a year ago. Watson calls with news that the killer is live streaming video of Davies online, leading them to the mausoleum, where Archer confronts the Hangman. It is revealed that as a child, the Hangman witnessed his father’s suicide after receiving an eviction notice; he blames Archer, the police officer who arrived on the scene, for failing to save him from abusive foster care. Ruiney shoots and wounds the Hangman, and the detectives free Davies. As Ruiney grapples with the Hangman, Archer throws the killer off a staircase, but fatally strikes his head and dies. Ruiney notices the Hangman’s completed word – “EVICTIONEM” (Latin for "eviction") – and shoots him dead. At Archer’s funeral, Ruiney receives an ominous note: a new game of hangman.


title: Hangman (2017 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 4% based on 23 reviews, with an average rating of 3.2/10. On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 31 out of 100, based on eight critics reviews, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews".


title: George Herbert

text: George Herbert (3 April 1593 – 1 March 1633) was an English poet, orator, and priest of the Church of England. His poetry is associated with the writings of the metaphysical poets, and he is recognised as "one of the foremost British devotional lyricists." He was born in Wales into an artistic and wealthy family and largely raised in England. He received a good education that led to his admission to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1609. He went there with the intention of becoming a priest, but he became the University's Public Orator and attracted the attention of King James I. He sat in the Parliament of England in 1624 and briefly in 1625.


title: George Herbert

text: After the death of King James, Herbert renewed his interest in ordination. He gave up his secular ambitions in his mid-thirties and took holy orders in the Church of England, spending the rest of his life as the rector of the rural parish of Fugglestone St Peter, just outside Salisbury. He was noted for unfailing care for his parishioners, bringing the sacraments to them when they were ill and providing food and clothing for those in need. Henry Vaughan called him "a most glorious saint and seer". He was never a healthy man and died of consumption at age 39.


title: George Herbert

text: George Herbert was born 3 April 1593 in Montgomery, Montgomeryshire, Wales, the son of Richard Herbert (died 1596) and his wife Magdalen "née" Newport, the daughter of Sir Richard Newport (1511–1570). He was one of 10 children. The Herbert family was wealthy and powerful in both national and local government, and George was descended from the same stock as the Earls of Pembroke. His father was a member of parliament, a justice of the peace, and later served for several years as "custos rotulorum" (keeper of the rolls) of Montgomeryshire. His mother was a patron and friend of clergyman and poet John Donne and other poets, writers and artists. As George's godfather, Donne stood in after Richard Herbert died when George was three years old. Herbert and his siblings were then raised by his mother, who pressed for a good education for her children.


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert's eldest brother Edward (who inherited his late father's estates and was ultimately created Baron Herbert of Cherbury) became a soldier, diplomat, historian, poet, and philosopher whose religious writings led to his reputation as the "father of English deism". Herbert's younger brother was Sir Henry Herbert, Master of the Revels to Kings Charles I and II.


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert entered Westminster School at or around the age of 12 as a day pupil, although later he became a residential scholar. He was admitted on a scholarship to Trinity College, Cambridge, in 1609, and graduated first with a Bachelor's and then with a Master's degree in 1616 at the age of 23. Subsequently, Herbert was elected a major fellow of his college and then appointed Reader in Rhetoric. In 1620 he stressed his fluency in Greek and Latin and attained election to the post of the University's Public Orator, a position he held until 1627.


title: George Herbert

text: In 1624, supported by his kinsman the 3rd Earl of Pembroke, Herbert became a member of parliament, representing Montgomery. While these positions normally presaged a career at court, and King James I had shown him favour, circumstances worked against Herbert: the King died in 1625, and two influential patrons also died at about the same time. However, his parliamentary career may have ended already because, although a Mr Herbert is mentioned as a committee member, the "Commons Journal" for 1625 never mentions Mr. George Herbert, despite the preceding parliament's careful distinction. In short, Herbert made a shift in his path away from the political future he had been pursuing, and turned more fully toward a future in the church.


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert was presented with the prebend of Leighton Bromswold in the Diocese of Lincoln in 1626, whilst he was still a don at Trinity College, Cambridge, but not yet ordained. He was not present at his institution as prebend, and it is recorded that Peter Walker, his clerk, stood in as his proxy. In the same year his close Cambridge friend Nicholas Ferrar was ordained Deacon in Westminster Abbey by Bishop Laud on Trinity Sunday 1626 and went to Little Gidding, two miles down the road from Leighton Bromswold, to found a small community. Herbert raised money (and contributed his own) to restore the neglected church building at Leighton.


title: George Herbert

text: In 1628 or 1629, Herbert lodged at Dauntsey House in the north of Wiltshire, the home of his stepfather's brother Henry Danvers and Henry's elderly widowed mother Elizabeth. A day's ride to the south, at Baynton in Edington, lived the family of Henry's cousin Charles Danvers (died 1626) who is said to have had a desire for Herbert to marry his daughter Jane. It was arranged for Herbert and Jane to meet, and they found mutual affection; Jane was ten years younger than George. They were married at Edington church on 5 March 1629.


title: George Herbert

text: In 1629, Herbert decided to enter the priesthood and the next year was appointed rector of the rural parish of Fugglestone St Peter with Bemerton, near Salisbury in Wiltshire, about 75 miles southwest of London. He was responsible for two small churches: the 13th-century parish church of St Peter at Fugglestone, near Wilton, and the 14th-century chapel of St Andrew at Bemerton, closer to Salisbury at the other end of the parish. Here he lived, preached and wrote poetry; he also helped to rebuild the Bemerton church and adjacent rectory out of his own funds. His appointment may have again been assisted by the Earl of Pembroke, whose family seat at Wilton House lay close to Fugglestone church.


title: George Herbert

text: While at Bemerton, Herbert revised and added to his collection of poems entitled "The Temple". He also wrote a guide to rural ministry entitled "A Priest to the Temple or, The County Parson His Character and Rule of Holy Life", which he himself described as "a Mark to aim at", and which has remained influential to this day. Having married shortly before taking up his post, he and his wife gave a home to three orphaned nieces. Together with their servants, they crossed the lane for services in the small St Andrew's church twice every day. Twice a week Herbert made the short journey into Salisbury to attend services at the cathedral, and afterwards would make music with the cathedral musicians.


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert's time at Bemerton was short. Having suffered for most of his life from poor health, in 1633 he died of consumption, only three years after taking holy orders. Jane died in 1661.


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert wrote poetry in English, Latin and Greek. Shortly before his death, he sent a literary manuscript to his friend Nicholas Ferrar, reportedly telling him to publish the poems if he thought they might "turn to the advantage of any dejected poor soul", otherwise to burn them. In 1633 all of his English poems were published in "The Temple: Sacred Poems and Private Ejaculations", with a preface by Ferrar. The book went through eight editions by 1690. According to Izaak Walton, when Herbert sent the manuscript to Ferrar, he said that "he shall find in it a picture of the many spiritual conflicts that have passed between God and my soul, before I could subject mine to the will of Jesus, my Master". In this Herbert used the format of the poems to reinforce the theme he was trying to portray. Beginning with "The Church Porch", they proceed via "The Altar" to "The Sacrifice", and so onwards through the collection.


title: George Herbert

text: All of Herbert's surviving English poems are on religious themes and are characterised by directness of expression enlivened by original but apt conceits in which, in the Metaphysical manner, the likeness is of function rather than visual. In "The Windows", for example, he compares a righteous preacher to glass through which God's light shines more effectively than in his words. Commenting on his religious poetry later in the 17th century, Richard Baxter said, "Herbert speaks to God like one that really believeth in God, and whose business in the world is most with God. Heart-work and heaven-work make up his books". Helen Gardner later added "head-work" to this characterisation in acknowledgement of his "intellectual vivacity". It has also been pointed out how Herbert uses puns and wordplay to "convey the relationships between the world of daily reality and the world of transcendent reality that gives it meaning. The kind of word that functions on two or more planes is his device for making his poem an expression of that relationship."


title: George Herbert

text: Visually too the poems are varied in such a way as to enhance their meaning, with intricate rhyme schemes, stanzas combining different line lengths and other ingenious formal devices. The most obvious examples are pattern poems like "The Altar", in which the shorter and longer lines are arranged on the page in the shape of an altar. The visual appeal is reinforced by the conceit of its construction from a broken, stony heart, representing the personal offering of himself as a sacrifice upon it. Built into this is an allusion to Psalm 51:17: "The sacrifices of God are a broken spirit; a broken and a contrite heart." In the case of "Easter Wings" (illustrated here), the words were printed sideways on two facing pages so that the lines there suggest outspread wings. The words of the poem are paralleled between stanzas and mimic the opening and closing of the wings. In Herbert's poems formal ingenuity is not an end in itself but is employed only as an auxiliary to its meaning.


title: George Herbert

text: The formal devices employed to convey that meaning are wide in range. In his meditation on the passage "Our life is hid with Christ in God", the capitalised words 'My life is hid in him that is my treasure' move across successive lines and demonstrate what is spoken of in the text. Opposites are brought together in "Bitter-Sweet" for the same purpose. Echo and variation are also common. The exclamations at the head and foot of each stanza in "Sighs and Grones" are one example. The diminishing truncated rhymes in "Paradise" are another. There is also an echo-dialogue after each line in "Heaven", other examples of which are found in the poetry of his brother Lord Herbert of Cherbury. Alternative rhymes are offered at the end of the stanzas in "The Water-Course", while the "Mary/Army Anagram" is represented in its title. In "The Collar", Joseph Summers argues, Herbert goes so far as to use apparent formlessness as a formal and thematic device: "the poem contains all the elements of order in violent disorder" until the end, when the final four lines' regularity restores the reader's sense of "the necessity of order".


title: George Herbert

text: Once the taste for this display of Baroque wit had passed, the satirist John Dryden was to dismiss it as so many means to "torture one poor word ten thousand ways." Though Herbert remained esteemed for his piety, the poetic skill with which he expressed his thought had to wait centuries to be admired again.


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert's only prose work, "A Priest to the Temple" (usually known as "The Country Parson"), offers practical advice to rural clergy. In it, he advises that "things of ordinary use" such as ploughs, leaven, or dances, could be made to "serve for lights even of Heavenly Truths". It was first published in 1652 as part of "Herbert's Remains, or Sundry Pieces of That Sweet Singer, Mr. George Herbert", edited by Barnabas Oley. The first edition was prefixed with unsigned preface by Oley, which was used as one of the sources for Izaak Walton's biography of Herbert, first published in 1670. The second edition appeared in 1671 as "A Priest to the Temple or the Country Parson", with a new preface, this time signed by Oley.


title: George Herbert

text: Like many of his literary contemporaries, Herbert was a collector of proverbs. His "Outlandish Proverbs" was published in 1640, listing over 1000 aphorisms in English, but gathered from many countries (in Herbert's day, 'outlandish' meant foreign). The collection included many sayings repeated to this day, for example, "His bark is worse than his bite" and "Who is so deaf, as he that will not hear?" These and an additional 150 proverbs were included in a later collection entitled "Jacula Prudentum" (sometimes seen as "Jacula Prudentium"), dated 1651 and published in 1652 as part of Oley's "Herbert's Remains".


title: George Herbert

text: Herbert was a skilled lutenist who "sett his own lyricks or sacred poems". Musical pursuits interested him all through his life and his biographer, Izaak Walton, records that he rose to play the lute during his final illness. Walton also gave it as his opinion that he composed "such hymns and anthems as he and the angels now sing in heaven", while Walton's friend Charles Cotton described him as a "soul composed of harmonies".


title: George Herbert

text: In view of such tributes, it is no surprise to find that more than ninety of Herbert's poems have been set for singing over the centuries, some of them multiple times. Beginning in his own century, there were settings of "Longing" by Henry Purcell and "And art thou grieved" by John Blow. Some forty were adapted for the Methodist hymnal by the Wesley brothers, among them "Teach me my God and King", which found its place in one version or another in 223 hymnals. Another poem, "Let all the world in every corner sing", was published in 103 hymnals, of which one is a French version. Other languages into which his work has been translated for musical settings include Spanish, Catalan and German.


title: George Herbert

text: In the 20th century, "Vertue" alone achieved ten settings, one of them in French. Among leading modern composers who set his work were Edmund Rubbra, who set "Easter" as the first of his "Two songs for voice and string trio" (op. 2, 1921); Ralph Vaughan Williams, who used four by Herbert in "Five Mystical Songs", of which "Easter" was the first and "Antiphon II" the last; Robin Milford, who used the original Fitzwilliam manuscript's setting of the second part of "Easter" for his cantata "Easter Morning" (1932), set in two parts for soprano soloist and choir of children’s or women's voices; Benjamin Britten and William Walton, both of whom set "Antiphon" too; Ned Rorem who included one in his "10 poems for voice, oboe and strings" (1982); and Judith Weir, whose 2005 choral work "Vertue" includes three poems by Herbert.


title: George Herbert

text: The earliest portrait of George Herbert was engraved long after his death by Robert White for Walton's biography of the poet in 1674 (see above). Now in London's National Portrait Gallery, it served as basis for later engravings, such as those by White's apprentice John Sturt and by Henry Hoppner Meyer in 1829.


title: George Herbert

text: Among later artistic commemorations is William Dyce's oil painting of "George Herbert at Bemerton" (1860) in the Guildhall Art Gallery, London. The poet is pictured in his riverside garden, prayerbook in hand. Over the meadows is Salisbury Cathedral, where he used to join in the musical evensong; his lute leans against a stone bench and against a tree a fishing rod is propped, a reminder of his first biographer, Isaac Walton. There is also a musical reference in Charles West Cope's "George Herbert and his mother" (1872), which is in Gallery Oldham: the mother points a poem out to him in a room that has a virginal in the background.


title: George Herbert

text: Most representations of Herbert, however, are in stained glass windows, of which there are several in churches and cathedrals. They include Westminster Abbey, Salisbury Cathedral and All Saints Church, Cambridge. His own St Andrew's Church in Bemerton installed in 1934 a memorial window, which he shares with Nicholas Ferrar. In addition, there is a statue of Herbert in his canonical robes, based in part on the Robert White portrait, in a niche on the West Front of Salisbury Cathedral.


title: George Herbert

text: In the liturgy Herbert is remembered in the Church of England and the Episcopal Church on 27 February; also on 1 March in, for example, the Calendar of Saints of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, being the day of his death. There are various collects for the day, of which one is based on his poem "The Elixir":


title: George Herbert

text: Our God and King, who called your servant George Herbert from the pursuit of worldly honors to be a pastor of souls, a poet, and a priest in your temple: Give us grace, we pray, joyfully to perform the tasks you give us to do, knowing that nothing is menial or common that is done for your sake ... Amen.


title: George Herbert

text: The quote "All may have, if they dare try, a glorious life, or a grave" from Herbert's "The Church Porch" is inscribed on the outer wall of St. John's Church, Waterloo.


title: Comedian (character)

text: The Comedian (Edward Morgan Blake) is a fictional character who debuted in the graphic novel limited series "Watchmen", published by DC Comics. The Comedian was created by writer Alan Moore with artist Dave Gibbons. As with most of the main characters in the series, he was an analogue for a Charlton Comics character, in this case the Peacemaker. Moore imagined the Comedian as a mix between the Peacemaker with "a little bit of Nick Fury" and "probably a bit of the standard Captain America patriotic hero-type".


title: Comedian (character)

text: The story of "Watchmen" starts with the aftermath of Edward Blake's murder in 1985. Fellow crimefighter Rorschach, independently investigating the murder, discovers that Blake was in fact the Comedian. The main plot of "Watchmen" initially involves Rorschach's suspicion of a plot to kill costumed heroes ("masks"); his continuing investigation into Blake's murder leads to a much larger, more horrifying secret. The Comedian's appearances in "Watchmen" consist of flashbacks of the other characters. He is also mentioned in "Under the Hood", the fictional autobiography of Hollis Mason (Nite Owl I) that appears in "Watchmen" issues 1–3.


title: Comedian (character)

text: The Comedian was a cigar-chomping, gun-toting vigilante-turned-paramilitary agent. When he first became a costumed adventurer in 1939, he dressed in a clown-like costume with a simple domino mask. A brutal vigilante, Blake manages to expunge most organized crime from the New York harbor. He became the youngest member of The Minutemen, a prominent group of heroes. After a photography shoot, he attempts to rape fellow Minuteman Silk Spectre; she escapes only when another Minuteman, Hooded Justice, interrupted the assault and beat Blake, breaking his nose. The Comedian was expelled from the group—but Silk Spectre's agent persuaded her not to press charges against him for fear of what it would do to the group's image. Blake impregnated Silk Spectre with her daughter and successor, Laurie, during a secret, consensual encounter years later. In the 1940s, Blake updated his Comedian uniform, after being stabbed by a small-time hood. He adopted a leather outfit that served as light body armor, adorned with short star-and-stripe-themed sleeves and a small happy face button. He retained the small domino mask and began carrying a pistol. He fought in World War II, becoming a war hero in the Pacific theater. It is also implied, but not directly stated, that he murdered Hooded Justice in revenge for the beating he suffered.


title: Comedian (character)

text: By the late 1960s, Blake had begun working as a covert government operative. Hollis Mason, the original Nite Owl, had published his autobiography "Under the Hood" by this point and in it disclosed the Comedian's sexual assault on Sally Jupiter/Silk Spectre. In 1966, he was invited to join the Crimebusters by Captain Metropolis, but he quickly ruined the older hero's hopes of a new team by mocking him, and pointing out that old fashioned crime fighting methods would not save the world from nuclear war.


title: Comedian (character)

text: Alongside Doctor Manhattan, the Comedian played a major role in the United States' war with Vietnam. Shortly after Manhattan's godlike powers forced the North Vietnamese to surrender, Blake was confronted by his lover, a pregnant Vietnamese woman. He told her bluntly that he planned to leave the country immediately without her, and in a rage she slashed his face with a broken bottle. Blake shot and killed her, but the attack left his face permanently disfigured with a scar running from his right eye to the corner of his mouth. After this incident, he began wearing a leather gimp-style mask when dressed as the Comedian.


title: Comedian (character)

text: The costumed adventurers faced massive backlash and rioting in 1977; in response, Congress passed the Keene Act, requiring all heroes to register with the government if they wished to remain active. The majority of them "retired" in anonymity; while others, such as Rorschach, continued their activities in open defiance of the law. Doctor Manhattan and the Comedian were two of the few who registered and were employed by the government. Blake enjoyed his new role in the government and the protection it offered, even going so far as to suggest to members of President Nixon's staff that he had killed Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein before they could reveal the details of the Watergate scandal, as well as being behind the assassination of John F. Kennedy (on Nixon's orders). The Iran hostage crisis in 1980 was resolved when Blake freed the captives after an assault.


title: Comedian (character)

text: It was during his return from a government mission in 1984 that Blake discovered the island where Adrian Veidt (Ozymandias) was conducting his experiments that would ultimately destroy New York City. Shocked and appalled by what he finds, Blake realizes that no one will believe him if he reveals Veidt's plan. He drunkenly breaks into Edgar Jacobi's house and cryptically describes the plan, knowing Jacobi will not understand but not realizing Veidt has the bedroom bugged. Veidt, to ensure that Blake does not compromise his operation, confronts Blake in his high-rise apartment and throws Blake out of the window, killing him.


title: Comedian (character)

text: In "Before Watchmen: The Minutemen" #1, additional details are revealed about the Comedian while material from the main story is somewhat retconned. It is revealed that the Comedian got his start as a costumed adventurer at the young age of sixteen and had a prior criminal record for assault. Unlike the rest of the costumed heroes of the Minutemen, he is shown to be driven by greed and an inherent love for violence. In particular, he assaults a bartender after breaking up a bar fight and steals liquor and money from the cash register. The issue also implies Blake may have been a victim of severe child abuse as he claims that a "caseworker" told him what he suffered was the cause of his violent outbursts, though Blake's status as an unreliable narrator makes the claim uncertain.


title: Comedian (character)

text: "Before Watchmen: Comedian" #1 rewrites the character's back-story further. It is revealed that Blake was close personal friends with Robert F. Kennedy and John F. Kennedy as well as Jackie Kennedy. This contradicts the main "Watchmen" series, which cast Edward Blake as a close personal friend of Richard Nixon (for whom he had worked as an assassin). The mini-series reveals that Blake was responsible for the murder of Marilyn Monroe (ordered by Jackie Kennedy, behind her husband's back) as well as revealing that, despite strong innuendo from both Blake and Ozymandias, that he did not kill John Kennedy and was attempting to confront Moloch when he found the villain watching the live coverage of the assassination, including Kennedy's death, which caused the two foes to commiserate in their grief. It is implied that a former FBI agent with a resemblance to Blake may have been behind it.


title: Comedian (character)

text: In the sequel comic book "Doomsday Clock", the Comedian seemingly turns up alive when he confronts Ozymandias at the time when he was in the DC Universe meeting with Lex Luthor. It is revealed that Doctor Manhattan has captured the Comedian from moments before his death, causing him to wash ashore outside the city of Metropolis and greeting him. The Comedian continues on the trail of Mime and Marionette. He catches up to Joker, Mime, and Marionette when they attend an underground villain meeting held by Riddler to discuss the Superman Theory. He makes himself known by shooting Typhoon in the face. While pursuing them, he evades Giganta's attacks, shoots Riddler in the leg, and uses a grenade to defeat the other villains present. When Mime and Marionette are in bed together the next morning, the Comedian catches up to them, planning to use them to find Ozymandias. Before the Comedian can do anything, Joker comes to Mime and Marionette's rescue where he uses a joy buzzer on the Comedian. As Batman gets free and fights Joker, Mime and Marionette escape with the Comedian and the Lantern Battery. Upon catching up with Ozymandias and shooting him, Lex Luthor shoots the Comedian with a device which returns him to the moment he was taken from, leaving him to die which horrified him and feeling denied of his revenge.


title: Comedian (character)

text: Alan Moore has stated that the Comedian, besides his comic book inspirations, was also based on G. Gordon Liddy, a former FBI agent and a figure in the Watergate scandal as the chief operative in the White House Plumbers unit during the Nixon Administration. Liddy was convicted of conspiracy, burglary, and illegal wiretapping for his role in the scandal. Moore imagined the Comedian as Liddy with "comic book muscles".


title: Comedian (character)

text: In the comic, Rorschach explains that Blake's moniker of "The Comedian" stems from his cynical and arguably selfish world perspective that "in an insane world", one can only laugh, as if everything is "a joke". Moore took the idea of the name from Graham Greene's novel "The Comedians".


title: Comedian (character)

text: The Comedian was a skilled hand-to-hand combatant in excellent physical condition, even at the time of his death at the age of 61. Blake was proficient with his M1911 .45 caliber pistol, MAC-10 submachine gun and pump-action shotgun, and was shown using a variety of conventional weaponry in his adventures (flamethrowers, grenade launchers, etc.). His government-sanctioned activities suggest that he received training in covert operations and unconventional warfare.


title: Comedian (character)

text: Throughout the work, the Comedian is typically seen wearing or in close proximity to the "smiley face" button which is closely associated with him, and has become the iconic symbol of the "Watchmen" series as a whole. At the beginning of the series, the button is smeared with a single drop of blood which, if the button is viewed as a clock face, is at the position of the minute hand of the Doomsday Clock at the time of the series, five minutes to midnight.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: The Birmingham Quran manuscript is a parchment on which two leaves of an early Quranic manuscript are written. In 2015 the manuscript, which is held by the University of Birmingham, was radiocarbon dated to between 568 and 645 CE (in the Islamic calendar, between 56 BH and 25 AH). It is part of the Mingana Collection of Middle Eastern manuscripts, held by the university's Cadbury Research Library.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: The manuscript is written in ink on parchment, using an Arabic Hijazi script and is still clearly legible. The leaves preserve parts of Surahs 18 (Al-Kahf) to 20 (Taha). It was on display at the University of Birmingham in 2015 and then at Birmingham Museum and Art Gallery until 5 August 2016. The Cadbury Research Library has carried out multispectral analysis of the manuscript and XRF analysis of the inks.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: The Mingana Collection, comprising over 3,000 documents, was compiled by Alphonse Mingana in the 1920s and was funded by Edward Cadbury, a philanthropist and businessman of the Birmingham-based chocolate-making Cadbury family.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: The two leaves have been recognized as belonging with the 16 leaves catalogued as BnF Arabe 328(c) in the in Paris, now bound with the Codex Parisino-petropolitanus, and witness verses corresponding to a lacuna in that text.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: The Birmingham leaves, now catalogued as Mingana 1572a, are folio size (343 mm by 258 mm at the widest point), and are written on both sides in a generously-scaled and legible script.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: One two-page leaf contains verses 17–31 of Surah 18 (Al-Kahf) while the other leaf the final eight verses 91–98 of Surah 19 (Maryam) and the first 40 verses of Surah 20 (Ta-Ha), all in their present day sequence and conforming to the standard text. The two surviving leaves were separated in the original codex by a number of missing folios containing the intervening verses of surahs 18 and 19. There are no diacritical marks to indicate short vowels, but consonants are occasionally differentiated with oblique dashes. The text is laid out in the format that was to become standard for complete Quran manuscripts, with chapter divisions indicated by a decorated line, and verse endings by intertextual clustered dots.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Although the Quran text witnessed in the two Birmingham leaves almost entirely conforms to the standard text, their orthography differs, in respect of the writing (or omission) of the silent "alif" (ألف). Early Arabic script tended to not write out the silent alif. Subsequent ultraviolet testing of the leaves has confirmed no underwriting, and excludes the possibility of there being a palimpsest.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: In a detailed analysis of the Mingana 1572a and BnF Arabe 328(c) folios in combination, dubbed MS PaB in her thesis, Alba Fedeli summarised her findings:


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the Uthmanic text type has stated and demonstrated with examples that due to a number of these same idiosyncratic spellings present in the Birmingham fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c), it is "clearly a descendant of the Uthmanic text type" and that it is "impossible" that it is a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite its early radiocarbon dating.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Alba Fedeli, who was studying items in the Mingana Collection of Middle Eastern Manuscripts for her PhD thesis "Early Qur'ānic manuscripts, their text, and the Alphonse Mingana papers held in the Department of Special Collections of the University of Birmingham", found the two leaves misidentified and bound with those of another seventh-century Quranic manuscript also written in Hijazi script (now catalogued as Mingana 1572b). Following an approach by the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy in 2013 to contribute a sample from Islamic Arabic 1572 to the Corpus Coranicum project to investigate textual history of the Quran, which coincided with Fedeli's research into the handwriting, the Cadbury Research Library arranged for the manuscript to be radiocarbon dated at the University of Oxford's Radiocarbon Accelerator Unit. They determined the radiocarbon date of the parchment to be 1465±21 years BP (before 1950), which corresponds with 95.4% confidence to the calendar years CE 568–645 when calibrated.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: The proposed radiocarbon date possibility for the manuscript is significant, as the Islamic prophet Muhammad lived from to 632. According to Sunni Muslim tradition it was Abu Bakr (r. 632–634), the first caliph, who compiled The Quran, and Uthman (r. 644-656) who canonized the standard version of Quran since accepted and used by all Muslims worldwide; then he commanded that all previous versions of the Quran had to be burned.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: In the University announcement, Muhammad Isa Waley, Lead Curator for Persian and Turkish Manuscripts at the British Library, said:


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Saud al-Sarhan, Director of Center for Research and Islamic Studies in Riyadh, has been more skeptical, questioning whether the parchment might have been reused as a palimpsest, and also noting that the writing had chapter separators and dotted verse endings – features in Arabic scripts which are believed not to have been introduced to the Quran until later. The possibility of a palimpsest was later ruled out by ultraviolet testing. Saud's criticisms have been backed by a number of Saudi-based experts in Quranic history who deny that the manuscript could have been written during the lifetime of Muhammad. They emphasize that while Muhammad was alive, Quranic texts were written without any chapter decoration, marked verse endings or use of coloured inks, and did not follow any standard sequence of surahs. Some suggest the writing could date to the reign of caliph Uthman, while others suggest a date as late as the Umayyad period.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Süleyman Berk of the faculty of Islamic studies at Yalova University has noted the strong similarity between the script of the Birmingham leaves and those of a number of Hijazi Qurans in the Turkish and Islamic Arts Museum, which were brought to Istanbul from the Great Mosque of Damascus following a fire in 1893. Berk recalls that these manuscripts had been intensively researched in association with an exhibition on the history of the Quran, "The Quran in its 1,400th Year", held in Istanbul in 2010, and the findings published by François Déroche as "Qur’ans of the Umayyads" in 2013. In that study, the Paris Quran, BnF Arabe 328(c), is compared with Qurans in Istanbul, and concluded as having been written "around the end of the seventh century and the beginning of the eighth century."


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Joseph E. B. Lumbard of Brandeis University has written in the "Huffington Post" in support of the dates proposed by the Birmingham scholars. Lumbard notes that if the discovery of a Quranic text that may be confirmed by radiocarbon dating as having been written in the first decades of the Islamic era, while presenting a text substantially in conformity with that traditionally accepted, reinforces a growing academic consensus that many Western sceptical and 'revisionist' theories of Quranic origins are now untenable in the light of empirical findings – whereas, on the other hand, counterpart accounts of Quranic origins within classical Islamic traditions stand up well in the light of ongoing scientific discoveries.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: David Thomas pointed out that the radiocarbon testing found the death date of the animal whose skin made up the Quran, not the date when the Quran was written. Since blank parchment was often stored for years after being produced, he said the Quran could have been written as late as 650–655, during the Quranic codification under Uthman. Other experts consulted by the BBC said that "nothing should be ruled out" and that the date could be early as the first written Qurans under Abu Bakr.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: In December 2015 François Déroche of the Collège de France confirmed the identification of the two Birmingham leaves with those of the Paris Qur'an BnF Arabe 328(c), as had been proposed by Alba Fedeli. Deroche, however, expressed reservations about the reliability of the radiocarbon dates proposed for the Birmingham leaves, noting instances elsewhere in which radiocarbon dating had proved inaccurate in testing Qurans with an explicit endowment date, and also that none of the counterpart Paris leaves had yet been carbon-dated. Mustafa Shah, Senior Lecturer in Islamic Studies at the School of Oriental and African Studies, has suggested that the grammatical marks and verse separators in the Birmingham leaves are inconsistent with the proposed early radiocarbon dates. Jamal bin Huwareib, managing director of the Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum Foundation, has proposed that, if the radiocarbon dates to be confirmed, the Birmingham/Paris Quran might be identified with the text known to have been assembled by the first Caliph Abu Bakr, between 632 and 634 CE.


title: Birmingham Quran manuscript

text: Marijn van Putten, who has published work on idiosyncratic orthography common to all early manuscripts of the Uthmanic text type has stated and demonstrated with examples that due to a number of these same idiosyncratic spellings present in the Birmingham fragment (Mingana 1572a + Arabe 328c), it is "clearly a descendant of the Uthmanic text type" and that it is "impossible" that it is a pre-Uthmanic copy, despite the parchment's early radiocarbon dating.


title: Justin Langer

text: Justin Lee Langer (21 November 1970) is an Australian cricket coach and former cricketer. He is the former coach of the Australia men's national team, having been appointed to the role in May 2018 and leaving in February 2022. A left-handed batsman, Langer is best known for his partnership with Matthew Hayden as Australia's test opening batsmen during the early and mid-2000s, considered one of the most successful ever. Representing Western Australia domestically, Langer played English county cricket for Middlesex and also Somerset. He holds the record for the most runs scored at first-class level by an Australian.


title: Justin Langer

text: Born in Perth, Western Australia, Langer excelled at cricket from an early age, representing Western Australia at under-age level, as well as the Australia under-19 team. He also won a scholarship to the Australian Cricket Academy at the Australian Institute of Sport in 1990. Langer made his first-class debut for Western Australia during the 1991–92 Sheffield Shield, and, after good form at state level, made his Test debut for Australia the following season at the age of 22, during the West Indies' 1992–93 tour. Although maintaining his place in the side, he struggled for form, and only made sporadic appearances for Australia until his selection for Australia's 1998–99 tour of Pakistan, in which he scored his first Test century. Establishing himself at number three in the batting order, Langer maintained this role until the 2001 Ashes series. Having been injured for the first four Tests, he replaced Michael Slater as Matthew Hayden's opening partner for the final Test, and scored a century in Australia's innings win. This was the first of three centuries in consecutive matches that secured Langer's position at the top of the order.


title: Justin Langer

text: Except for injuries, the partnership between Hayden and Langer (with Ricky Ponting moving to Langer's previous position at number three) persisted until Langer's retirement at the conclusion of the 2006–07 Ashes series. Their partnership included a total of 5,655 runs over a period of 113 innings, second only to the partnership between West Indians Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes. Langer's retirement came after several injuries had restricted his batting, including a concussion sustained during Australia's 2005–06 tour of South Africa. Despite having been one of the leading runscorers in Australia's domestic limited-overs competition, he only played eight One Day International matches for Australia, all during a period from 1994 to 1997. After his retirement, Langer played one final season with Western Australia (having served as the state's captain since the 2002–03 season), as well as continuing as captain of Somerset in English domestic cricket. He retired from all forms of the cricket at the end of the 2009 English cricket season. Langer was the Australian national cricket team's batting coach and senior assistant coach from November 2009 until November 2012, when he was appointed senior coach of the Perth Scorchers and Western Australia.


title: Justin Langer

text: In 2016, Langer became interim coach for the Australian team while then coach Darren Lehmann took leave to scout for the Ashes and away matches late in 2016. In a fan poll conducted by the CA in 2017, he was named in the country's best Ashes XI in the last 40 years.


title: Justin Langer

text: On 3 May 2018, Langer was announced as coach of the Australian national cricket team, following a ball tampering scandal which led to the resignation of Darren Lehmann. His four-year term began on 22 May 2018.


title: Justin Langer

text: On 4 February 2022, Langer announced his resignation as head coach of the Australia men's team. His contract was set to expire in June 2022, and he turned down a short-term extension.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer made his Test debut against the West Indies at the Adelaide Oval, in January 1993. He received a rough welcome against an in-form West Indian bowling attack, and along with the rest of the Australian team, he took numerous blows from their pace bowlers. After only managing to score 20 in the first innings, Langer top-scored for Australia with 54 in the second, a famous chase by Australia that fell just 2 runs short. In the fifth and final Test of the series, Langer only managed to score 11 runs between his two innings in a match that was dominated by the bowling of Curtly Ambrose and Ian Bishop.


title: Justin Langer

text: He retained his place for the following tour of New Zealand. After decent but not awe-inspiring totals in the first two Tests (63 & 24), Langer suffered the indignity of getting a pair in the third Test, falling for a duck in both innings. He was subsequently dropped, and other than a few scattered appearances did not return to the Australian Test team until October 1998, for the tour of Pakistan.


title: Justin Langer

text: In November 1999 at Bellerive Oval in Hobart, he shared a match-winning 238-run partnership with Adam Gilchrist to rescue Australia from 126/5 chasing a victory target of 369 against Pakistan. The century scored in this innings was scored in 388 minutes, an Australian record for the slowest century.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer was a number three batsman until 2001 when he was dropped after failing to convert a series of starts during Australia's 2–1 loss in India. During the second Test in Kolkata, he bowled a single over when V. V. S. Laxman and Rahul Dravid defied the Australian attack for the entirety of the fourth day, forcing captain Steve Waugh to try almost all his players as bowlers; it was the only time Langer ever bowled at Test level. Shortly after though, he replaced Michael Slater as an opening batsman for the final 2001 Ashes series Test at The Oval where he celebrated his return with a century. He did not get dropped again and as an opening batsman he averaged 52.38 and scored 14 centuries in 44 matches; previously he scored 7 centuries in 41 matches at an average of 39.04. Langer returned to Australia in the 2002–03 Ashes series, where his very successful partnership with Matthew Hayden developed. In this series, Langer scored his top score of 250 against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer personally outscored the entire Pakistan side in the Perth Test of 2004. He scored 191 and 97 while Pakistan made 179 and 72. It was the first occasion of a player being dismissed in both the 190s and 90s in a Test.


title: Justin Langer

text: In the 2005 Ashes series, Langer top-scored for an unsuccessful Australian team, with 391 in the series. His top score was 105, scored in the final test.


title: Justin Langer

text: After this, pressure was mounting on the opening partnership of Hayden and Langer. Calls were coming to have the pair replaced by a younger duo, that would ensure the future and stability of the team to come. However, the partnership had support from the Australian selectors and was only disrupted in the 2006 Summer series when Langer was out with injury. He was replaced by Mike Hussey and Phil Jaques for two tests.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer then suffered a number of injuries, increasing the pressure on selectors to drop him for rising star Phil Jaques. Langer was selected over Jaques for the 2007 Ashes series, which turned out to be his last. Langer scored an 80 and a century in the first test, but it was slim pickings to follow for him.


title: Justin Langer

text: Despite success in the Australian Test team, he did not get recalled to the one-day team, even after he was named as the domestic ING Cup's player of the season in 2002/03.


title: Justin Langer

text: On 1 January 2007, Langer announced his retirement from Test cricket after the fifth Ashes Test against England, starting at the Sydney Cricket Ground the following day. In doing so, he joined Shane Warne and Glenn McGrath who had both announced their retirements earlier in the month, and it came only three matches after the surprise departure of Damien Martyn. He came to the decision during the previous match in Melbourne, having earlier decided against retiring after the tour of South Africa to help Australia reclaim the Ashes. He said of his decision: "Everyone keeps saying 'you'll know when it's time'. Well, at one o'clock two days ago I knew it was time – it just came to me."


title: Justin Langer

text: Despite his retirement from international cricket, Langer opted to continue to play first-class cricket, with Somerset announcing on the same day that Langer had agreed to return to the English county in 2007 as captain. Langer had said during his retirement announcement that he was relishing returning to Somerset: "There's an amazing challenge at Somerset. They're at the bottom of everything, and I've got a great regard for the coach over there and I'm looking forward to that challenge." Langer also stayed on with Western Australia for a final season in 2007–08.


title: Justin Langer

text: He scored his first Test century against Pakistan at the Arbab Niaz Stadium, Peshawar on 15 October 1998, scoring 116. He scored his final Test century against England at The Gabba, Brisbane on 23 November 2006 and his final Test match was at the Sydney Cricket Ground, Sydney on 2 January 2007, having played 105 matches. His highest score in Tests is 250, scored against England at the Melbourne Cricket Ground, Melbourne on 26 December 2002.


title: Justin Langer

text: He never made a century in the ODI format; his highest score was 36, which he made against India at the Sharjah Cricket Stadium, Sharjah on 19 April 1994.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer was the captain of the Western Warriors until the end of the 2006/2007 season. He became the highest run-scorer for Western Australia in 4-day matches, after passing Tom Moody's old record of 8853 runs on 5 December 2007 against Tasmania at Bellerive Oval. On 5 March 2008, Langer announced his retirement from Australian first-class domestic cricket. Earlier in the year, Langer had announced his retirement from the Australian domestic one-day cricket. However, Langer said that he would play another season for Somerset in county cricket. Langer played for Western Australia in a career spanning 17 years, leaving as the highest run-scorer in Western Australia's history.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer played county cricket for Middlesex County Cricket Club from 1998 to 2000, captaining the side in 2000. In his first season, he scored his maiden century in English domestic cricket in superb fashion with 233 not out against Somerset at Lord's, in the same match that he was awarded his county cap. He went on to score centuries in his next two County Championship matches, and achieved 1,000 runs for the season after only eight matches. He finished the season with the second highest runs total and batting average in the Championship, behind John Crawley on both counts.


title: Justin Langer

text: In June 2006 it was announced that he would join Somerset later that month for six weeks, while fellow countryman Dan Cullen was on duty with Australia A. On 20 July 2006, he made his highest first-class score of 342 playing for Somerset in a County Championship match against Surrey at the Woodbridge Road ground in Guildford. This was also the highest score ever by a Somerset batsman, breaking the record of Sir Viv Richards who made 322 against Warwickshire at Taunton in 1985, and is the 10th highest score in a first-class match in England. During his six-week spell at the club, Langer also enjoyed particular success in the Twenty20 competition, topping the batting charts along with fellow Australian Cameron White.


title: Justin Langer

text: On 20 April 2007 he became the first Somerset player to score two triple centuries in the County Championship when he hit 315 against Middlesex in a match noted for its batting. Responding to a Middlesex first innings of 600, Somerset set a new ground record at the County Ground, Taunton with 850–7 declared. On 19 September 2007 it was announced that Langer would stay with Somerset (as captain) for the 2008 season. In 15 first-class matches for the county in 2007, Langer scored 1215 runs at 57.85 and a further 764 in one-day competitions.


title: Justin Langer

text: Early in the 2008 season, Langer and Marcus Trescothick put on a 272-second wicket partnership during the second innings against Hampshire at the County Ground, Taunton; falling just 18 short of the 1924 ground record.


title: Justin Langer

text: On 23 July 2009, playing his 615th innings, he surpassed Sir Donald Bradman as the leading Australian first-class run scorer when he scored his 86th century while playing Worcestershire. At the end of the 2009 season, Langer announced that he would not be returning to Taunton in a playing capacity the following season, and retiring from all competitive cricket. He commented in an interview with BBC Somerset that he was in discussions to potentially return at some point to the county in the future in a coaching capacity. Langer played his last home game in English domestic cricket on 27 September 2009, captaining Somerset against Durham in the Nat West Pro40. A game which Somerset lost by two runs. Langer's last act as Somerset captain was to lead the side to the second stage of the 2009 Twenty20 Champions League.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer through to the end of his career remained publicly undecided about what he wanted to do after his retirement. Speculation hence rose in the media with suggestions of a coaching position with Middlesex, and an open invitation to return to Somerset in some capacity. In November 2009, Cricket Australia announced the appointment of Langer as assistant coach of their Test team under national boss Tim Nielsen, as a batting coach and mentor. In November 2012, Langer was appointed to the position of senior coach of Western Australia and the Perth Scorchers, after the resignation of Lachlan Stevens, with a contract until the end of the 2015–16 season.


title: Justin Langer

text: In May 2018, Langer was announced as the coach of the Australian national cricket team, and then in October 2019, Andrew McDonald was appointed as his assistant coach. In 2019, he coached Australia to the semi-finals of the 2019 Cricket World Cup, losing to England by 8 wickets. It was noted before the game that Langer had got Australia to walk barefoot around the edge of Edgbaston before the match in a bid to capture "positive energy coming out of the earth".


title: Justin Langer

text: In his 100th test, Langer was hit by a bouncer from Makhaya Ntini (South Africa v Australia, 3rd Test, Johannesburg, 2nd day). He suffered concussion and underwent scans in hospital. Despite the risk of being killed if hit on the head again, Langer padded up to bat in the second innings if it was required of him. Captain Ricky Ponting wrote in his diary that because of Langer's intention of defying medical advice, he would have had to declare the run chase and forfeit the match to prevent Langer from facing the bowling. Brett Lee scored the winning runs before Langer was needed.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer's most notable opening batting partner was Matthew Hayden. The opening pair represented Australia in more than 100 Test innings. The pair made 5654 runs while batting together in partnerships, with an average of 51 runs per partnership; only Gordon Greenidge and Desmond Haynes of the West Indies have scored more Test runs as a partnership, with 6482.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer is an alumnus of Perth schools Newman College and Aquinas College. The Justin Langer Shield is played between year sevens of Newman and Aquinas.


title: Justin Langer

text: He is the nephew of Rob Langer, a left-handed batsman for Western Australia during the 1970s and 1980s. Langer is married to his high school sweetheart, Sue, and has four daughters. When resident in Somerset, the family stayed in a rented home in Hatch Beauchamp: "Mate, I say this with the utmost affection and respect, but it's like living in the olden days."


title: Justin Langer

text: He is a martial artist and has obtained the rank of Shodan-Ho (probationary 1st degree black belt) in Zen Do Kai.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer has written five books. His first was entitled "From Outback to Outfield: A Revealing Diary of Life on the County Cricket Circuit". His second, an autobiography released after his return from rock bottom in 2001, entitled "The Power of Passion". He also released a book with Steve Harmison entitled "Ashes Frontline: The Ashes War Diaries of Steve Harmison and Justin Langer" about the 2006–07 Ashes series in Australia. He also wrote "Seeing the Sunrise" which has been described as "a handbook for overcoming self-doubt, for revelling in success, for aiming high. It is about mastering physical and mental goals, enjoying victories and fighting adversity." His most recent book is "Keeping My Head: A Life in Cricket".


title: Justin Langer

text: Melbourne rock band Telemachus Brown wrote a song about Langer entitled "(Wrong about) Justin Langer". It was released on their 2006 EP "Medicine Songs" and was a hit for the band on Melbourne university radio. The song could be a reference to Langer's transformation from being an average Test batsman in his early career to a world-class opener later in his career.


title: Justin Langer

text: Langer is a devout Catholic, as was his Australian opening batsman partner Matthew Hayden. Politically, he is conservative, an admirer of former Liberal Australian Prime Minister John Howard, and considered running for office as a member of the Liberal Party of Australia.


title: Alec Utgoff

text: Alec Utgoff (; born 1 March 1986) is a Ukrainian born British actor. He pursued acting and graduated from the prestigious Drama Centre London. He is known for playing the role of Aleksandr Borovsky in "" and Dr. Alexei in the third season of "Stranger Things". His other notable roles include Alexi in "San Andreas" (2015), Dmitri in "Mortdecai" (2015) and Yuri/Dimitri in "The Wrong Mans" (2015).


title: Alec Utgoff

text: Utgoff was born in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR, Soviet Union (now Kyiv, Ukraine) to Roza, a musical conductor, and Vladimir, a heart surgeon who is an honored doctor of modern-day Ukraine. In 1996, at the age of 10, he moved to London, England. His brother Alan, an economist, lives in Moscow and his parents still live in Kyiv. Ethnically he is half Russian, half Ossetian with some ethnic German ancestry on his father's side. He is fluent in Russian, Ukrainian and English.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: Göztepe Spor Kulübü (, Göztepe Sports Club), also known as Göztepe, is a Turkish sports club based in the Göztepe and neighborhoods of İzmir. The "AŞ" refers to "incorporated company", as besides football, the club also has departments in fencing, triathlon, handball, sailing, swimming, and windsurfing.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: Domestically, the greatest success was achieved when the club became Turkish champions in 1950. In 1969 Göztepe became the first Turkish football team to play a semi-final in European competitions.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: Göztepe are one of the last examples of an authentic neighborhood club. They have one of the most devoted and die-hard fan bases in Turkey, despite their downfall between 2002–2008. Their games in the İzmir Super Amateur League attracted more fans than most clubs in the Süper Lig.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: The club was founded in 1925 as a breakaway from Altay. Their colours are red and yellow. They merged with İzmirspor and Egespor and were renamed as Doğanspor in 1937. Some supporters of İzmirspor opposed the merger and founded Ateşspor in 1938. Doğanspor was renamed again as Göztepe in 1939. Ateşspor was also renamed as İzmirspor the same year.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: The club's greatest success was the win of the former Turkish Football Championship in 1950, where the football team won the Final Group in their own city, İzmir. With that, they became the first and only football club from İzmir to become Turkish football champions. Göz Göz also became runners-up in 1942.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: Göztepe enjoyed a successful period between the years of 1963 and 1971 under the supervision of coach Adnan Süvari. Their common starting line-up during that period of success are still remembered today: Ali Artuner, Mehmet Işıkal, , Hüseyin Yazıcı, Mehmet Aydın, Nevzat Güzelırmak, , Ertan Öznur, Fevzi Zemzem, Gürsel Aksel, .


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: Starting with 2002–03 season which brought relegation from Süper Lig, Göztepe struggled with financial problems. Due to the inability to reduce their outstanding debt, the football club was banned from signing new players, which resulted in a free-fall with the team being relegated four times in the next five seasons. On 21 April 2007 they lost their last home game 2–0 against in TFF Third League and were relegated to the İzmir Super Amateur League.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: On 20 August 2007, the club was sold in an auction to an Istanbul-based business conglomerate . The owner, businessman İmam Altınbaş, vowed to take Göztepe back to the Süper Lig, making them one of the top five clubs in Turkish football. The owners of the club were met by the local fan base with initial suspicion. Altınbaş Holdings sold the club to Mehmet Sepil in June 2014, for a sum rumored to be around $9 million.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: The team competed in the İzmir Super Amateur League for the 2007–08 season but were eliminated by after a 6–5 penalty kick shootout in Eskişehir. However, on 18 June 2008 merged with Göztepe, so that they took place of in the TFF Third League. They played in TFF Third League Group 2 in 2008–09 season and finished 1st in group as qualified to Promotion Group. Göztepe secured promotion to TFF Second League after beating 2–0 away from home with 3 weeks remaining before the end of the season. On 19 May 2009, Göztepe defeated Tepecik Belediyespor 2–0 at home and crowned as Third League champions.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: After finishing TFF Second League as 8th placed in 2009–10, Göztepe won the TFF Second League White Group trophy and were promoted to TFF First League at the end of 2010–11 season. On 3 May 2015, Göztepe won the TFF Second League and were promoted to TFF First League. On 4 June 2017, Göztepe advanced to the Süper Lig for the first time since the 2002–03 season.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: On 19 August 2022, Göztepe became the first Turkish football club to be majority owned by foreign investors with the London based sports investment firm, Sport Republic, purchasing a 70% stake in the club.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: The main rivals of Göztepe are another İzmir club, Karşıyaka. When the two teams played on 16 May 1981 while chasing the TFF First League title, the game attracted a crowd of 80,000 Persons. The Guinness Book of World Records recognizes this milestone as a world record for a Second Division football game and "The Guardian" published an article named "The biggest non-top-flight attendance ever" including this match. It is one of the most fiercely contested derbies in the world. They also have a rivalry with the other large clubs in İzmir, Altay, Altınordu, İzmirspor and also Bucaspor.


title: Göztepe S.K.

text: Starting from 1 October 2016, Göztepe ground-shared with Altınordu F.K. and used the Bornova Stadium until their new and very own stadium was built. On 26 January 2020, Göztepe played the first game of their own Gürsel Aksel Stadium against Beşiktaş and they are still using this stadium as their home ground.


title: Brianna Brown

text: Brianna Lynn Brown (born October 2, 1979) is an American actress and producer. She is known for her television roles as Lisa Niles in the ABC soap opera "General Hospital", and as Taylor Stappord in the Lifetime series "Devious Maids".


title: Brianna Brown

text: Brown was born in Saint Paul, Minnesota and grew up in the Twin Cities suburb of Apple Valley. She briefly attended St. Olaf College before moving to Los Angeles when she was 19.


title: Brianna Brown

text: Brown married film director Richie Keen near Santa Barbara in May 2017. In March 2018, it was reported that the couple was expecting their first child; Brown gave birth to a son in July 2018.


title: Brianna Brown

text: Brown made her first on-screen appearance in 1999 in an episode of NBC series "Freaks and Geeks", and in later years acted in many films and television series. On television, she guest starred in "", "Smallville", "Entourage", "Without a Trace", "The Closer", "Joey", and "Criminal Minds". She has played the lead roles in the horror films "Night of the Living Dead 3D" (2006) and "Timber Falls" (2007). Brown also co-starred in horror film "The Lost Tribe" and the Judd Apatow comedies "The 40-Year-Old Virgin" and "Knocked Up".


title: Brianna Brown

text: From 2010 to 2011, Brown portrayed Lisa Niles in ABC daytime soap opera "General Hospital". Later in 2011, she played Lynne Reed in the Showtime thriller series "Homeland". In 2012, Brown was cast in a series regular role in the first season of the prime time comedy-drama series "Devious Maids". Her character was written out after season one, but returned for the series' third season. In 2014, Brown was cast as regular in ABC drama pilot "The Whispers" opposite Lily Rabe and Milo Ventimiglia. On June 11, 2014, it was announced that Brown had left "The Whispers" and that her role would be recast. She later went to appear on "Revenge", "The Mentalist", "Graceland", and "".


title: Brianna Brown

text: In 2017, Brown was cast as Claudia Blaisdel in The CW television series "Dynasty", a reboot of the 1980s series of the same name.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi Karunanidhi (born 5 January 1968) is an Indian politician, poet and journalist. She is a Member of Parliament, representing Thoothukkudi constituency in the Lok Sabha (the lower house of India's Parliament). She was also a former MP, represented Tamil Nadu in the Rajya Sabha (the upper house of India's Parliament). Kanimozhi is the daughter of the former Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu M. Karunanidhi and his third wife Rajathi Ammal.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi belongs to the Indian political party Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam (DMK), where she functions as the deputy general secretary and women's wing secretary. Her half-brothers M. K. Alagiri and M. K. Stalin are the former Minister of Chemicals and Fertilizers of the Republic of India and the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu respectively.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Before her entry into politics, Kanimozhi was involved in journalism, such as sub editor for "The Hindu", editor in charge of "Kungumam" (a Tamil weekly magazine) and a features editor for a Singapore based Tamil newspaper called "Tamil Murasu".


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi has been known to support pan-Tamil issues. She takes part in organising women empowerment programs and is interested in the welfare of differently abled people and transgender people. In 2005, with Karthi Chidambaram, she founded a portal supporting free speech.


title: Kanimozhi

text: In 2007, Kanimozhi conceived the idea of the Chennai Sangamam, an annual open Tamil cultural festival, usually held during the Pongal season.


title: Kanimozhi

text: She spearheads DMK efforts to organise job fairs, under the banner 'Kalaignar 85' across rural Tamil Nadu to facilitate employment opportunities for young people in smaller cities, towns and villages. She plans to conduct similar fairs all over Tamil Nadu.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi has worked on a production titled "Silappadikaram, A woman of Substance" based on a Tamil epic of the same name with Bombay Jayashri.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi was a student of Presentation Convent, Church Park in Chennai and later did her master's degree in economics in Ethiraj College for Women from the Madras University. She has been married twice; firstly in 1989 to Athiban Bose, a businessman from Sivakasi (since divorced), and then to G. Aravindan, a Singapore-based Tamil writer, in 1997. She has a son named Aditya Aravindan.


title: Kanimozhi

text: In May 2007, the DMK nominated Kanimozhi as one of the party's candidates for the Rajya Sabha. She became a Rajya Sabha member for the second time in 2013. Kanimozhi was the leader of the DMK in the house and was the voice of the state of Tamil Nadu in the Upper house.


title: Kanimozhi

text: She was elected from Thoothukkudi as the first female MP of that constituency for the 17th Lok Sabha, which was held in the year 2019, and was elected as the DMK's deputy leader of the Lok Sabha. As of September 2019 and September 2022, Kanimozhi works as the chairperson of the Parliament Standing Committee on Chemicals and Fertilizers and Rural Development and Panchayati Raj, respectively.


title: Kanimozhi

text: She is the president of The Hindu National Press employees union. She is the first woman to be elected to that post.


title: Kanimozhi

text: She was the women's wing secretary of the DMK party and encourages women to enter politics. She has organised training camps for the district-level office-bearers of the women's wing. She also organised a rally in Delhi, demanding that the women's reservation bill be passed by the parliament.


title: Kanimozhi

text: On 9 October 2022, the Chief Minister of Tamil Nadu and the DMK President M. K. Stalin, announced and appointed Kanimozhi as the deputy general secretary to the DMK party in the presence of the party's general secretary Durai Murugan at the General Council Meeting held in Chennai.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi has been elected as M.P. of Lok Sabha from Thoothukkudi constituency. This was her first direct electoral performance.


title: Kanimozhi

text: As per the chargesheet filed by CBI, Kanimozhi has 20% stake in her family owned Kalaignar TV, her step-mother Dayalu Ammal owns 60% stake in the same channel. CBI alleged that Kanimozhi was an "active brain" behind the channel's operations and she worked along with former telecom minister A. Raja to get DB Realty promoter Shahid Balwa to circuitously route 2 billion (US$36.2 million) to Kalaignar TV. According to CBI, Kanimozhi was in regular touch with A. Raja regarding launching of Kalaignar TV channel and its other pending works. A. Kanimozhi had spent 190 days in Tihar Jail in 2011 after the CBI named her an "active brain" behind the functioning and setting up of Kalaignar TV.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Raja was further pursuing the cause of Kalaignar TV not only for getting registration of the company from Ministry of Information and Broadcasting but also for getting it in the DTH operator TATA Sky's bouquet. She was also summoned by the Income Tax Department, Chennai for alleged tax evasion charges.


title: Kanimozhi

text: On 3 July 2012, briefing the joint parliamentary committee probing the scam, ED claimed that it has enough evidence to convict DMK chief Karunanidhi's wife and daughter Kanimozhi.


title: Kanimozhi

text: Kanimozhi has defended herself by arguing that she is only a 20% shareholder in the company, who has no involvement in the financial aspects or the liability of a director.


title: Kanimozhi

text: During the course of the trial, Kanimozhi's name was cleared by at least one witness who deposed that she had no involvement in the day-to-day affairs of Kalaignar TV and that she was initially reluctant to join the management of the channel. It was also admitted in court that Kanimozhi resigned from Kalaignar board after only two weeks to become a Member of Parliament. In an extraordinary twist, on 21 December 2017 a special CBI court acquitted her along with 19 others accused including A. Raja in 2G spectrum allocation cases. The Court said that the prosecution had failed to prove any of its charge. Thus all accused were acquitted.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) is an application programming interface (API) for the programming language Java, which defines how a client may access a database. It is a Java-based data access technology used for Java database connectivity. It is part of the Java Standard Edition platform, from Oracle Corporation. It provides methods to query and update data in a database, and is oriented toward relational databases. A JDBC-to-ODBC bridge enables connections to any ODBC-accessible data source in the Java virtual machine (JVM) host environment.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Starting with version 3.1, JDBC has been developed under the Java Community Process. JSR 54 specifies JDBC 3.0 (included in J2SE 1.4), JSR 114 specifies the JDBC Rowset additions, and JSR 221 is the specification of JDBC 4.0 (included in Java SE 6).


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: The latest version, JDBC 4.3, is specified by a maintenance release 3 of JSR 221 and is included in Java SE 9.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: JDBC ('Java Database Connectivity') allows multiple implementations to exist and be used by the same application. The API provides a mechanism for dynamically loading the correct Java packages and registering them with the JDBC Driver Manager. The Driver Manager is used as a connection factory for creating JDBC connections.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: JDBC connections support creating and executing statements. These may be update statements such as SQL's CREATE, INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE, or they may be query statements such as SELECT. Additionally, stored procedures may be invoked through a JDBC connection. JDBC represents statements using one of the following classes:


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Update statements such as INSERT, UPDATE and DELETE return an update count that indicates how many rows were affected in the database. These statements do not return any other information.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Query statements return a JDBC row result set. The row result set is used to walk over the result set. Individual columns in a row are retrieved either by name or by column number. There may be any number of rows in the result set. The row result set has metadata that describes the names of the columns and their types.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: JDBC connections are often managed via a connection pool rather than obtained directly from the driver.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: When a Java application needs a database connection, one of the codice_1 methods is used to create a JDBC connection. The URL used is dependent upon the particular database and JDBC driver. It will always begin with the "jdbc:" protocol, but the rest is up to the particular vendor.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Starting from Java SE 7 you can use Java's try-with-resources statement to make the above code simpler:


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Note that Connections, Statements, and ResultSets often tie up operating system resources such as sockets or file descriptors. In the case of Connections to remote database servers, further resources are tied up on the server, e.g., cursors for currently open ResultSets.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Data is retrieved from the database using a database query mechanism. The example below shows creating a statement and executing a query.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: If a database operation fails, JDBC raises an . There is typically very little one can do to recover from such an error, apart from logging it with as much detail as possible. It is recommended that the SQLException be translated into an application domain exception (an unchecked one) that eventually results in a transaction rollback and a notification to the user.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: JDBC drivers are client-side adapters (installed on the client machine, not on the server) that convert requests from Java programs to a protocol that the DBMS can understand.


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Commercial and free drivers provide connectivity to most relational-database servers. These drivers fall into one of the following types:


title: Java Database Connectivity

text: Note also a type called an internal JDBC driver - a driver embedded with JRE in Java-enabled SQL databases. It is used for Java stored procedures. This does not fit into the classification scheme above, although it would likely resemble either a type 2 or type 4 driver (depending on whether the database itself is implemented in Java or not). An example of this is the KPRB (Kernel Program Bundled) driver