title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: Neil McCormick of "The Telegraph" criticized the "recycling" of older songs and excessive use of auto-tune in the album, concluding that "Romance" is "state-of-the-art pop yet it lacks the real romance of music made from the heart." Alexis Petridis of "The Guardian" deemed the songwriting "so-so" and questioned the production including the "distracting" use of auto-tune "not as a special effect but as a kind of cure-all lotion slathered over every syllable that passes Cabello's lips." Chantel Ouellet of "Exclaim!" felt the album's "overall overproduction and focus on chasing an earworm makes it impossible to retain the authenticity found on her previous hits" while feeling that it "still relies on a structure that is becoming increasingly irrelevant, which ultimately overshadows many of the album's redeemable moments."


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: "Romance" debuted and peaked at number three on the US "Billboard" 200 dated December 21, 2019, with 86,000 album-equivalent units, including 54,000 pure album sales, 30,000 stream-equivalent sales (resulting from 40.6 million on demand streams), and 2,000 track-equivalent sales. "Romance"s streaming start is the third-largest streaming debut for a 2019 female pop album, behind Ariana Grande's "Thank U, Next" and Taylor Swift's "Lover". The album's debut numbers include sales from concert ticket/album and merchandise/album bundles. The album was certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) in May 2020, for selling 1,000,000 album-equivalent units.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: In Canada the album debuted at number one on Canadian Albums Chart with 14,000 total consumption units and the highest sales total for the week. The record also became Cabello's second album to do so, following 2018's "Camila". It descended to number seven during its second week on the chart and stayed in the top 10 for the next four weeks. The album has been certified Platinum by Music Canada in January 2020. In the UK the album debuted and peaked at number fourteen becoming Cabello's second top twenty album there. It then fell down to number twenty-nine the following week. it has been certified Silver in the UK for selling 60,000 units.


title: Romance (Camila Cabello album)

text: The album reached the top ten in 11 countries including Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Mexico and the United States and the top twenty in 6 countries including the UK. Additionally, the album received a Platinum certification in Brazil for selling 40,000 units, it has been certified Gold in Mexico for selling 30,000 units and 3× Platinum in Norway.


title: Marion Marshall

text: Marshall's first film appearances were in the 20th Century Fox films "Gentleman's Agreement" and "Daisy Kenyon" in 1947 (although they were both uncredited). She went on to play roles (many minor) in over 25 more films until 1967.


title: Marion Marshall

text: Marshall had a small but significant role in "I Was a Male War Bride" (1949) as the best friend of Ann Sheridan's leading character. She was featured prominently in three Martin and Lewis comedy films, "The Stooge", "Sailor Beware" and "That's My Boy", with stars Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis. Among her television appearances, she guest starred twice on "Perry Mason" in 1959. She played murderer Irene Bedford in "The Case of the Shattered Dream," and title character Ginny Hobart in "The Case of the Spurious Sister".


title: Marion Marshall

text: Marshall married three times, her first husband being the cameraman Allen Davey. In 1950 she was engaged to director Howard Hawks, but a wedding never took place. Her second husband (from May 20, 1952, until 1959) was director Stanley Donen, with whom she had two sons, Peter and Joshua.


title: Marion Marshall

text: On July 21, 1963, in New York City, she married actor Robert Wagner following a 20-month engagement. They had one daughter, Katie, before divorcing in 1971.


title: Marion Marshall

text: Marshall died on September 24, 2018, at a retirement community in Missoula, Montana, at the age of 89.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Bans on communist symbols have been introduced or proposed in a number of countries as part of their decommunization policies.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: "Communism / Marxism–Leninism" (official terminology) was banned in Indonesia following the aftermath of the 30 September coup attempt and the subsequent anti-communist killings, by the adoption of "TAP MPRS" no. 25/1966 in the 1966 MPRS General Session and "Undang Undang" no. 27/1999 in 1999 (the corresponding explanatory memorandums of whom explain that "[Communism / Marxism-Leninism includes] the struggle fundaments and tactics taught by... Stalin, "et cetera"..."), which are still in force. The law does not explicitly declare a ban on symbols of communism, but Indonesian police frequently use the law to arrest people displaying them. Some of its violators were people with no knowledge of symbols of communism, in which cases the authorities frequently freed them with only minor punishment or small fine applied. The display of such symbols in an attempt to propagate "Communist / Marxist-Leninist" ideals are considered a high treason, and could be punished by up to 20 years imprisonment. This makes Indonesia a country with a very strict anti-communist policy compared to other countries that also practiced anti-communism.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Other socialist and left-wing related symbols, while not officially prohibited by law (as democratic socialism itself remained acceptable in the country) are still widely condemned by the Indonesian government and considered as being closely related to Communism in general. These include the red star, the socialist heraldry, the red flag, and anthems or slogans such as "The Internationale" and "Workers of the world, unite!". Despite this, "The Internationale" was still remained in use during International Labour Day.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In addition, since the New Order regime took power in 1967, the hammer and sickle has been highly stigmatized in the country, similar to the stigma surrounding Nazi symbolism in the Western world and the Imperial Japanese flag in South Korea. As such, displaying the symbol in public, even without any political intentions, is still regarded as highly offensive, especially among Muslims and political Islamists due to alleged religious persecution by the Indonesian Communist Party in the years leading up to the 1965 unrest, which primarily targets Muslims.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Indonesia is the one of the first countries in the world to ban communist symbols, not including the Axis countries during World War II.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In April 2017, Indonesian police detained a Malaysian tourist at a hotel in Mataram for wearing a T-shirt with an image of the hammer and sickle symbol. The tourist was not aware that communist symbols were banned in Indonesia. The police seized the T-shirt and released the tourist after giving him a warning. In May 2018, a Russian tourist was also detained by police in Bali for displaying a Soviet victory banner, which also contains the symbol.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In April 2015, the Verkhovna Rada passed a law banning communist and Nazi symbols following worsening tensions with Russia. Earlier, in 2012, the city of Lviv in Western Ukraine banned the public display of communist symbols. On 17 December 2015, all communist parties were officially banned in Ukraine. Singing or playing the former anthem of the Soviet Union, any other former anthems of the Soviet Republics, or The Internationale is punishable with a sentence of up to five years in prison. In July 2019, the Constitutional Court upheld the law, equating communism to Nazism.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In Georgia the use of Soviet-era symbols on government buildings is prohibited, as is their display in public spaces, although this law is rarely enforced by authorities. A ban on communist symbols was first proposed in 2010, but it failed to define the applicable sanctions. In 2014, there was a proposal to amend the ban to introduce clearer parameters.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: The flag of the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) was outlawed as an unconstitutional and criminal symbol in West Germany and West Berlin, where it was referred to as the (secessionist flag) until the late 1960s, when the ban was lifted. The flag and emblem of the defunct Communist Party of Germany (KPD) is still banned in the country under section 86a of the German criminal code, while the hammer and sickle symbol itself is considered a universal symbol and is legally used by the contemporary German Communist Party (DKP) and various other organisations and media.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In June 2013, the Latvian parliament approved a ban on the display of Soviet and Nazi symbols at all public events. The ban involves flags, anthems, uniforms, Nazi swastika, and the Soviet hammer and sickle.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Lithuania banned Soviet and Nazi symbols in 2008 (Article 188 of the Code of Administrative Offences) under the threat of a fine. Collection, antiquarian trade and educational activities are exempt from the ban. Article 5 of the Law on Meetings prohibits meetings involving Nazi and Soviet imagery.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Similar to West Germany's ban on the East German flag, the North Korean flag and the flag of the Workers' Party of Korea are prohibited in South Korea as an unconstitutional symbol though some exceptions exist.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Hungary had a law (Article 269/B of the Criminal Code (2000)) that banned the use of symbols of fascist and communist dictatorships. The same year the Constitutional Court upheld the law when it was challenged, claiming that the involved restriction of the freedom of expression was justified. In July 2008 the European Court of Human Rights considered the challenge of Attila Vajnai who was charged with a misdemeanor for use of the red star and declared the Hungarian law to be in violation of the freedom of expression. The Court recognised the gross violations by the Nazi and communist regimes; however, it noted that modern Hungary is a stable democracy with negligible chance of dictatorship, therefore restrictions on the freedom of expression have no justification in the country in the form of a "clear, pressing and specific social need". Eventually the law was annulled in 2013 by the Constitutional Court, citing the lack of precise definition and the European Court of Human Rights. In March 2017, Prime Minister Viktor Orbán introduced a draft law that outlaws merchandise featuring "totalitarian symbols", which includes symbols like the Nazi swastika or the communist five-pointed red star. This included the red star on the logo of the Dutch brewing company Heineken, which the company claimed has no communist origins or political connotations, and which the company will defend like all other trademarks.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In 2009, such a ban was proposed in Moldova by parliamentarian Oleg Serebryan, and the law came into effect in 2012. The Constitutional Court of Moldova found it unconstitutional and overturned it in 2013.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: The Kuomintang government in Taiwan outlawed the flag of the People's Republic of China in 1952, pursuant to the Temporary Provisions against the Communist Rebellion in the country's constitution. The temporary provisions were repealed in 1991, but a general ban on communist ideology and symbolism in the , promulgated in 1976, was not annulled until 2011.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In late 2020, a legislator from the Democratic Progressive Party proposed an amendment to the National Security Law which would ban the public display of the flag of the People's Republic of China. However, , no such legislation has been passed.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: During the Red Scare of 1919–20 in the United States, many states passed laws forbidding the display of red flags, including Minnesota, South Dakota, Oklahoma, and California. In "Stromberg v. California", the United States Supreme Court held that such laws were unconstitutional.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Albania's Institute for Communist Crimes (ICC) proposed a ban on communist-era films, sparking hostile reactions from the public.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In 2016, Eduardo Bolsonaro, a federal deputy for São Paulo and the son of then-deputy and future president Jair Bolsonaro, proposed a bill to criminalize the promotion of communism. The draft proposed that offenders be given two to five years in prison and a fine if they manufacture, commercialize, distribute or convey symbols or propaganda that use the hammer or sickle or any other means of dissemination favourable to communism. , the bill is in the Constitution and Justice Commission of the Chamber of Deputies of Brazil.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In Bulgaria, lawmakers voted on first reading of a proposed law on 24 November 2016 to make the public display of communist symbols illegal. The law, known as the "Criminal Nature of the Communist Regime", requires that signs and items created during the communist regime glorifying the former communist party and its leaders be removed from public places. The proposal, however, was never put to a second reading, never signed by the President of Bulgaria nor published in Bulgaria's State Gazette and hence never became law. Both the parliamentary session and convocation in which the law was proposed later ended, thus rendering the proposal dead.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: As of 2017, the use of fascist and communist symbols was under review in Croatia, and one of the discussions was the banning of the red star, a symbol of the Yugoslav Partisans during the World War II, the flag of SFR Yugoslavia during its existence, and temporarily retained by the Yugoslav People's Army during the Croatian War of Independence.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In 1991, in Czechoslovakia the criminal code was amended with w § 260 which banned propaganda of movements which restricted human rights and freedoms, citing Nazism and communism. Later the specific mentions of these were removed citing their lack of clear legal definition. Nevertheless, the law itself was recognised as constitutional. However, in 2005, there was a petition in the Czech Republic to ban the promotion of communism and in 2007, there was a proposed amendment to the law to ban communist symbols. Both attempts failed.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In early 2007 the Riigikogu was proceeding a draft bill amending the Penal Code to make the public use of Soviet and Nazi symbols punishable if used in a manner disturbing the public peace or inciting hatred. The bill did not come into effect as it passed only the first reading in the Riigikogu.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In January 2005, Vytautas Landsbergis, backed by other Members of the European Parliament, such as József Szájer from Hungary, urged a ban on the communist symbols in the European Union, in addition to Nazi symbols.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In February 2005, the European Commission rejected calls for a proposed Europe-wide ban on Nazi symbols to be extended to cover communist symbols as well on the basis that it was not appropriate to deal with this issue in rules aimed at combatting racism. However, this rejection did not rule out the individual member states having their own laws in this respect.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In December 2010, the European Commission published a report titled "The memory of the crimes committed by totalitarian regimes in Europe" addressed to the European Parliament and the Council of the European Union, in which it mentions the banning of communist symbols by some Member states (Czech Republic, Poland, Hungary, and Lithuania) and concludes that "the European Union has a role to play, within the scope of its powers in this area, to contribute to the processes engaged in the Member States to face up to the legacy of totalitarian crimes".


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In September 2019, the European Parliament approved a joint motion for a "Resolution on the importance of European remembrance for the future of Europe" with 535 votes in favour, 66 against and 52 abstentions. Specifically, in points 17 and 18 of the resolution "expresses concern about the continued use of symbols belonging to totalitarian systems in the public sphere and for commercial purposes", as well as noting "the continued existence in public spaces in some Member States of monuments and memorials (parks, squares, streets etc.) glorifying totalitarian regimes, which paves the way for the distortion of historical facts about the consequences of the Second World War and for the propagation of the totalitarian political system".


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: In 2009, in Poland § 2 to 4 were added to Article 256, which ban "fascist, communist or other totalitarian symbols" unless used "as part of artistic, educational, collecting or academic activity." On 19 July 2011, the Constitutional Tribunal of Poland found this ban partly unconstitutional due to the violation of freedom of expression. In June 2017, Poland updated its "decommunization" legislation to include Soviet propaganda monuments, prompting negative reactions from the Russian government. However, communist symbols are not prohibited by law in Poland.


title: Bans on communist symbols

text: Law 51/1991, article 3. h) on the National Security of Romania considers the following as threats to national security: "the initiation, organisation, perpetration, or the supporting in any way of the totalitarian or extremist actions of a communist, fascist, iron guardist, or of any other origin, of the racial, anti-Semitic, revisionist, separatist actions that can endanger in any way the unity and territorial integrity of Romania, as well as the instigation to deeds that can put in, danger the order of the state governed by the rule of law". However, symbols are not specifically mentioned in the law.


title: Shapefile

text: The shapefile format is a geospatial vector data format for geographic information system (GIS) software. It is developed and regulated by Esri as a mostly open specification for data interoperability among Esri and other GIS software products. The shapefile format can spatially describe vector features: points, lines, and polygons, representing, for example, water wells, rivers, and lakes. Each item usually has attributes that describe it, such as "name" or "temperature".


title: Shapefile

text: The shapefile format is a digital vector storage format for storing geographic location and associated attribute information. This format lacks the capacity to store topological information. The shapefile format was introduced with ArcView GIS version 2 in the early 1990s. It is now possible to read and write geographical datasets using the shapefile format with a wide variety of software.


title: Shapefile

text: The shapefile format stores the geometry as primitive geometric shapes like points, lines, and polygons. These shapes, together with data attributes that are linked to each shape, create the representation of the geographic data. The term "shapefile" is quite common, but the format consists of a collection of files with a common filename prefix, stored in the same directory. The three "mandatory" files have filename extensions , , and codice_1. The actual "shapefile" relates specifically to the file, but alone is incomplete for distribution as the other supporting files are required. Legacy GIS software may expect that the filename prefix be limited to eight characters to conform to the DOS 8.3 filename convention, though modern software applications accept files with longer names.


title: Shapefile

text: In each of the , , and files, the shapes in each file correspond to each other in sequence (i.e., the first record in the file corresponds to the first record in the and files, etc.). The and files have various fields with different endianness, so an implementer of the file formats must be very careful to respect the endianness of each field and treat it properly.


title: Shapefile

text: The main file () contains the geometry data. Geometry of a given feature is stored as a set of vector coordinates. The binary file consists of a single fixed-length header followed by one or more variable-length records. Each of the variable-length records includes a record-header component and a record-contents component. A detailed description of the file format is given in the "ESRI Shapefile Technical Description". This format should not be confused with the AutoCAD shape font source format, which shares the extension.


title: Shapefile

text: The 2D axis ordering of coordinate data assumes a Cartesian coordinate system, using the order (X Y) or (Easting Northing). This axis order is consistent for Geographic coordinate systems, where the order is similarly (longitude latitude). Geometries may also support 3- or 4-dimensional Z and M coordinates, for elevation and measure, respectively. A Z-dimension stores the elevation of each coordinate in 3D space, which can be used for analysis or for visualisation of geometries using 3D computer graphics. The user-defined M dimension can be used for one of many functions, such as storing linear referencing measures or relative time of a feature in 4D space.


title: Shapefile

text: The main file header is fixed at 100 bytes in length and contains 17 fields; nine 4-byte (32-bit signed integer or int32) integer fields followed by eight 8-byte (double) signed floating point fields:


title: Shapefile

text: The file then contains any number of variable-length records. Each record is prefixed with a record header of 8 bytes:


title: Shapefile

text: The variable-length record contents depend on the shape type, which must be either the shape type given in the file header or Null. The following are the possible shape types:


title: Shapefile

text: The index contains positional index of the feature geometry and the same 100-byte header as the file, followed by any number of 8-byte fixed-length records which consist of the following two fields:


title: Shapefile

text: Using this index, it is possible to seek backwards in the shapefile by, first, seeking backwards in the shape index (which is possible because it uses fixed-length records), then reading the record offset, and using that offset to seek to the correct position in the file. It is also possible to seek forwards an arbitrary number of records using the same method.


title: Shapefile

text: It is possible to generate the complete index file given a lone file. However, since a shapefile is supposed to always contain an index, doing so counts as repairing a corrupt file.


title: Shapefile

text: This file stores the attributes for each shape; it uses the dBase IV format. The format is public knowledge, and has been implemented in many dBase clones known as xBase. The open-source shapefile C library, for example, calls its format "xBase" even though it's plain dBase IV.


title: Shapefile

text: The names and values of attributes are not standardized, and will be different depending on the source of the shapefile.


title: Shapefile

text: This is a binary spatial index file, which is used only by Esri software. The format is not documented by Esri. However it has been reverse-engineered and documented by the open source community. The 100-byte header is similar to the one in . It is not currently implemented by other vendors. The file is not strictly necessary, since the file contains all of the information necessary to successfully parse the spatial data.


title: Shapefile

text: The shapefile format does not have the ability to store topological information. The ESRI ArcInfo coverages and personal/file/enterprise geodatabases do have the ability to store feature topology.


title: Shapefile

text: The edges of a polyline or polygon are composed of points. The spacing of the points implicitly determines the scale at which the feature is useful visually. Exceeding that scale results in jagged representation. Additional points would be required to achieve smooth shapes at greater scales. For features better represented by smooth curves, the polygon representation requires much more data storage than, for example, splines, which can capture smoothly varying shapes efficiently. None of the shapefile format types supports splines.


title: Shapefile

text: The size of both and component files cannot exceed 2 GB (or 2 bytes) — around 70 million point features at best. The maximum number of feature for other geometry types varies depending on the number of vertices used.


title: Shapefile

text: The attribute database format for the component file is based on an older dBase standard. This database format inherently has a number of limitations:


title: Shapefile

text: Because the shape type precedes each geometry record, a shapefile is technically capable of storing a mixture of different shape types. However, the specification states, "All the non-Null shapes in a shapefile are required to be of the same shape type." Therefore, this ability to mix shape types must be limited to interspersing null shapes with the single shape type declared in the file's header. A shapefile must not contain both polyline and polygon data, for example, the descriptions for a well (point), a river (polyline), and a lake (polygon) would be stored in three separate datasets.


title: Diamond DA62

text: The Diamond DA62 is a five- to seven-seat, twin-engine light aircraft produced by Diamond Aircraft Industries and first announced in March 2012.


title: Diamond DA62

text: The prototype, designated as the DA52, first flew on 3 April 2012 after six months of development. In June 2014 it was announced the production aircraft would be designated the DA62.


title: Diamond DA62

text: The DA62 development team is headed by Diamond managing director Manfred Zipper. It is based upon the fuselage of the single-engine Diamond DA50, but with two Austro AE300 Diesel engines burning Jet A fuel. Company CEO Christian Dries indicated that the engines may be replaced with turboprops.


title: Diamond DA62

text: In flying the prototype from Diamond's Wiener Neustadt plant to the 2012 AERO Friedrichshafen aviation trade show, the aircraft achieved 16.6 mpg (14.2 litres/100 km) fuel efficiency, the result of improvements in cooling drag and aerodynamic drag made during its development.


title: Diamond DA62

text: The company originally intended to have the aircraft available for sale in July 2013 and expected to offer fly-by-wire controls as an option by 2014, but development was delayed and those dates were not met. The DA62 was European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA)-certified on 16 April 2015. By September 2015, the company was preparing to deliver the first production DA62s to customers the following month and was manufacturing the first aircraft destined for the United States market — the tenth DA52/DA62 to be built and the third production aircraft — for an appearance at that year's National Business Aviation Association Convention in November. American Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certification was received on 23 February 2016 The FAA certification came ten months after EASA certification. At the 2016 AERO Friedrichshafen show, Diamond's CEO Christian Dries reported that production would be increased to 60–62 aircraft per year to meet strong demand.


title: Diamond DA62

text: The aircraft is available in two weight versions. The "European" version has five seats and a maximum takeoff weight (MTOW) of , the "US" version has seven seats and a MTOW of . The lower MTOW of the "European" version is to allow operators to avoid higher weight-based air traffic control user charges. The third row of seating and increased MTOW of the "US" version are available as factory options at extra cost. At the 2016 AERO Friedrichshafen, Christian Dries said a special version with an additional baggage belly pod was under consideration for the air charter market.


title: Diamond DA62

text: Notable owners include German Leader of the Opposition Friedrich Merz, who, controversially flew to the wedding of Minister of Finance Christian Lindner in July 2022, claiming that the DA62 consumed less fuel than official limousines. Media fact checking disputed that claim.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The Unification of Saudi Arabia was a military and political campaign in which the various tribes, sheikhdoms, city-states, emirates, and kingdoms of most of the Arabian Peninsula were conquered by the House of Saud, or "Al Saud". Unification started in 1902 and continued until 1932, when the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was proclaimed under the leadership of King Abdulaziz, creating what is sometimes referred to as the "Third Saudi State", to differentiate it from the Emirate of Diriyah, the "First Saudi State" and the Emirate of Nejd, the "Second Saudi State", also House of Saud states.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The Al-Saud had been in exile in the British-protected Emirate of Kuwait since 1893, after their second episode of removal from power and dissolution of their polity, this time by the Al Rashid Emirate of Ha'il. In 1902, Abdulaziz Al Saud recaptured Riyadh, the Al Saud dynasty's former capital. He went on to subdue the rest of Nejd, al-Hasa, Jebel Shammar, Asir, and Hejaz (the location of the Muslim holy cities of Mecca and Medina) between 1913 and 1926. The resultant polity was named the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz from 1927 until it was further consolidated with al-Hasa into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1932.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: It has often been claimed that this process caused some 400,000 to 800,000 casualties. However, recent research suggests that though bloody, the number of deaths and injuries was significantly lower.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: Following the Diriyah agreement between Muhammad ibn Abdul Wahhab and Muhammad ibn Saud, the Al Saud clan founded the First Saudi State, a state based on a strict interpretation of Islam. The ideology born of this period was later dubbed Wahhabism. Originating in the Nejd region of central Arabia, the First Saudi State conquered most of the Arabian Peninsula, culminating in the capture of the Muslim holy city of Mecca in 1802.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The loss of Mecca was a significant blow to the prestige of the Ottoman Empire, which had exercised sovereignty over the holy city since 1517, and the Ottomans were finally moved to action against the Al Saud. The task of destroying the Saudis was given to the powerful viceroy of Egypt, Muhammad Ali Pasha, who sent troops to the Hejaz region and recaptured Mecca. His son, Ibrahim Pasha, meanwhile led Ottoman forces into the heart of Nejd, capturing town after town in the Nejd Expedition. On reaching the Saudi capital at Diriyah, Ibrahim placed it under siege for several months until it surrendered in the winter of 1818. He then sent many members of the clans of Al Saud and Ibn Abdul Wahhab to Egypt and the Ottoman capital of Constantinople and ordered the systematic destruction of Diriyah. The last Saudi imam (leader), Abdullah bin Saud, was later executed in Istanbul.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The Al Saud survived in exile and went on to found the Second Saudi State, which is generally considered to have lasted from Turki ibn Abdallah's capture of Riyadh (which he designated as the new capital) in 1824 until the Battle of Mulayda in 1891. The Second Saudi period was marked by instability, which the Al Rashid clan of Jebel Shammar were able to exploit. The Saudi leader, Abdul Rahman ibn Faisal, sought refuge in Ottoman Iraq in 1893.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: In 1901, Abdul Rahman's son, Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud–later to be known as Ibn Saud– asked the Emir of Kuwait for men and supplies for an attack on Riyadh. Already involved in several wars with the Rashidis, the Emir agreed to the request, giving Ibn Saud horses and arms. Although the exact number of men waxed and waned during the subsequent journey, he is believed to have left with around 40 men.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: In January 1902, Ibn Saud and his men reached Riyadh. With only a small force, he felt that the only way to take the city was to capture Masmak fort and kill Ibn Ajlan, Chief of Riyadh, and having achieved these goals they successfully took the city within the night. With the capture of his family's ancestral home, Ibn Saud proved he possessed the qualities necessary to be a sheikh or emir: leadership, courage, and luck. This marked the beginning of the third Saudi state. Ibn Saud's dominions became known as the Emirate of Riyadh which lasted until 1921.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The Saudi–Rashidi War, also referred as the "First Saudi–Rashidi War" or the "Battles for Qasim", was engaged between the Saudi loyal forces of the newborn Sultanate of Nejd versus the Emirate of Ha'il (Jabal Shammar), under the Rashidis. The warfare period of sporadic battles ended with Saudi takeover of the Al-Qassim Region, after decisive victory in Qasim on 13 April 1906, though other engagements followed into 1907.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: In 1913, Ibn Saud, with support from the Ikhwan, conquered al-Hasa from an Ottoman garrison which had controlled the area from 1871. He then integrated al-Hasa and Qatif into the Emirate. The people in these areas were Shia, whereas the Saudis were Sunni Wahhabi puritans, resulting in harsh treatment for Shi'a Muslims in Saudi Arabia, as opposed to the relatively tolerant treatment by Sunni Ottomans.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The Kuwait-Najd War occurred because Ibn Saud wanted to annex Kuwait. Ibn Saud insisted that Kuwait's territory belonged to him. The sharpened conflict between Kuwait and Najd led to the death of hundreds of Kuwaitis. The war resulted in sporadic border clashes throughout 1919–1920.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: Following Kuwait–Najd War, Ibn Saud imposed a tight trade blockade against Kuwait for 14 years from 1923 until 1937. The goal of the Saudi economic and military attacks on Kuwait was to annex as much of Kuwait's territory as possible. At the Uqair conference in 1922, the boundaries of Kuwait and Najd were set. Kuwait had no representative at the Uqair conference. Ibn Saud persuaded Sir Percy Cox to give him two-thirds of Kuwait's territory due to his de-facto control of it. More than half of Kuwait was lost due to Uqair. After the Uqair conference, Kuwait was still subjected to a Saudi economic blockade and intermittent Saudi raiding.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: In December, the British government (started early 1915) attempted to cultivate favor with Ibn Saud via its secret agent, Captain William Shakespear, and this resulted in the Treaty of Darin. After Shakespear's death at the Battle of Jarrab, the British began supporting Ibn Saud's rival Sharif Hussein bin Ali, leader of the Hejaz. Lord Kitchener also appealed to Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca for assistance in the conflict and Hussein wanted political recognition in return. An exchange of letters with Henry McMahon assured him that his assistance would be rewarded between Egypt and Persia, with the exception of imperial possessions and interests in Kuwait, Aden, and the Syrian coast. Contrary to its negotiations with Ali, the British entered into the Treaty of Darin, which made the lands of the House of Saud a British protectorate. Ibn Saud pledged to again make war against Ibn Rashid, who was an ally of the Ottomans. Ibn Saud was also given a sum of £20,000 upon signing the treaty as well as a monthly stipend of £5000 in exchange for waging war against Ibn Rashid.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The First Saudi-Hashemite War or the Al-Khurma dispute took place in 1918–1919 between Abdulaziz Al Saud of the Emirate of Nejd and the Hashemites of the Kingdom of Hejaz. The war came within the scope of the historic conflict between the Hashemites of Hejaz and the Saudis of Riyadh (Nejd) over supremacy in Arabia. It resulted in the defeat of the Hashemite forces and capture of al-Khurma by the Saudis and his allied Ikhwan, but British intervention prevented the immediate collapse of the Hashemite kingdom, establishing a sensitive cease-fire, which would last until 1924.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: Conquest of Ha'il, also referred as the Second Saudi–Rashidi War, was engaged by the Saudi forces with its ally Ikhwan tribesmen upon the Emirate of Ha'il (Jabal Shammar), under the last Rashidi rulers. On 2 November 1921, Jebel Shammar was completely conquered by Saudi forces and subsequently incorporated into the Sultanate of Nejd.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: Ikhwan raids on Transjordan were a series of plunders by the Ikhwan, irregular Arab tribesmen of Najd, on Transjordan between 1922 and 1924. Though the raids were not orchestrated by Ibn Saud, the ruler of Nejd, nothing was done by him to stop the raiding parties of his ally Ikhwanis. This however changed after the conquest of Hejaz, when the increasingly critical and negative stance of Ibn Saud on Ikhwan raids developed into an open feud and essentially a bloody conflict since 1927.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: In early 1920s, the repeated Wahhabi incursions of Ikhwan from Najd into southern parts of his territory were the most serious threat to emir Abdullah's position in Transjordan. The emir was powerless to repel those raids by himself, thus the British maintained a military base, with a small air force, at Marka, close to Amman.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: In 1921, an Ikhwan party raided southern Iraq which was under the British mandate, pillaging Shia villages, resulting in the massacre of 700 Shias.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The Saudi conquest of Hejaz was a campaign, engaged by Saudi Sultan Abdulaziz Al Saud to take over the Hashemite Kingdom of Hejaz in 1924–1925. The campaign successfully ended in December 1925, with the fall of Jeddah. Subsequently, in 1926, Abdulaziz was proclaimed king of Hejaz, and raised Nejd to a kingdom as well in 1927. For the next five-plus years, the Saudi domains were referred to as the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz, though they were administered as separate units.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: As Saudi expansion slowed in the 1920s, some among the Ikhwan pushed for continued expansion, particularly to the British-controlled territories such as Transjordan to the north - where the Ikhwan raided in 1922 and 1924. By this time, the few parts of central Arabia that hadn't been overrun by the Saudi-Ikhwan forces had treaties with Britain, and Abdulaziz was sober enough to realize the folly of a potential conflict with the British. However, the Ikhwan had been taught that all non-Wahhabis were infidels. Faisal al-Dawish of the Mutair tribe and Sultan bin Bajad of the Otaiba tribe, the leaders of the Ikhwan, were among those who accused Abdulaziz of going "soft", with the former reportedly telling the latter that the Saudis were "as much use as camel bags without handles".


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: A rebellion erupted, climaxing in a battle at Sabillah, which some have labeled a massacre but pro-Saudi sources consider to have been a fair fight. Additional battles erupted through 1929 in Jabal Shammar and in the vicinity of the Awazim tribe. The rebellion was put down in 1930, with the surrender of last opposition elements. Though the survivors were jailed, their descendants remained opposed to Saudi rule, and one such descendant, Juhayman al-Otaibi, would gain infamy in 1979 when he led the Grand Mosque Seizure.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: From 1927 to 1932, Ibn Saud administered the two main portions of his realm, Nejd and the Hejaz, as separate units. On 23 September 1932, Ibn Saud proclaimed the union of his dominions into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Ibn Saud's eldest son Saud became crown prince in 1933.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The region of Asir, in what is today southern Saudi Arabia, had been under Turkish rule from 1871 until the outbreak of the First World War, at which point its emir, Hasan ibn Ali Al Aid, "became virtually independent" and attempted to rule from Abha. However, a struggle ensued between his forces and those of Muhammad ibn Ali al-Idrisi, who eventually set up the short-lived Idrisid Emirate under Saudi tutelage. The emirate was subsumed by the Saudi state following a 1930 treaty which provided for the territory to come under Ibn Saud's direct control upon its emir's death. The Emirate was eventually incorporated into the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia in 1934.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: With the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire, a Zaidi state was forged in Yemen under Imam Muhammad bin Yahya Hamid ad-Din and his descendants. The Yemenis claimed parts of Asir and came to blows with the Saudis in 1933. Writing in the American journal "Foreign Affairs" in 1934, historian Hans Kohn noted, "Some European observers have wished to explain the armed conflict as a conflict between British and Italian policy in Arabia." Despite British ties to Saudi Arabia and Italian ties to Yemen, he concluded that "the rivalry between the two rulers is in no way caused or fostered by the rivalry of the two European states." However, in 1998, Alexei Vassiliev wrote, "The imam was instigated both by the Italians, who promoted assistance in order to increase their influence in Yemen, and by the British, who wished to detract Imam Yahya's attention from their protectorates in Aden." The Saudis struck back, reaching the Yemeni port of Al Hudaydah before signing a "treaty of Muslim friendship and Arab brotherhood" in Ta'if, which was published simultaneously in Mecca, Sanaa, Damascus, and Cairo to highlight its pan-Arabism.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: Remarking on the implications of the treaty, which stated "that [the two parties'] nations are one and agree to consider each other's interests their own", Kohn wrote, "The foreign policy of both kingdoms will be brought into line and harmonized so that both countries will act as one country in foreign affairs. Practically, it will mean a protectorate over the Yemen by Ibn Saud, the stronger and much more progressive partner." Relations indeed remained close until civil war erupted in Yemen in the 1960s, at which time the country became a staging ground for battle between conservative values and those of the Egyptian revolutionary Gamal Abdel Nasser.


title: Unification of Saudi Arabia

text: The exact circumstances under which the "Ikhwan" (brothers, brethren) arose remain unclear. However, it is known that they consisted of Bedouin who were imbued with Wahhabi zeal at settlements known as "hijras". They played an important role in the Saudi rise to power, though the extent of that role is sometimes disputed.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Non-uniform memory access (NUMA) is a computer memory design used in multiprocessing, where the memory access time depends on the memory location relative to the processor. Under NUMA, a processor can access its own local memory faster than non-local memory (memory local to another processor or memory shared between processors). The benefits of NUMA are limited to particular workloads, notably on servers where the data is often associated strongly with certain tasks or users.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: NUMA architectures logically follow in scaling from symmetric multiprocessing (SMP) architectures. They were developed commercially during the 1990s by Unisys, Convex Computer (later Hewlett-Packard), Honeywell Information Systems Italy (HISI) (later Groupe Bull), Silicon Graphics (later Silicon Graphics International), Sequent Computer Systems (later IBM), Data General (later EMC, now Dell Technologies), and Digital (later Compaq, then HP, now HPE). Techniques developed by these companies later featured in a variety of Unix-like operating systems, and to an extent in Windows NT.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: The first commercial implementation of a NUMA-based Unix system was the Symmetrical Multi Processing XPS-100 family of servers, designed by Dan Gielan of VAST Corporation for Honeywell Information Systems Italy.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Modern CPUs operate considerably faster than the main memory they use. In the early days of computing and data processing, the CPU generally ran slower than its own memory. The performance lines of processors and memory crossed in the 1960s with the advent of the first supercomputers. Since then, CPUs increasingly have found themselves "starved for data" and having to stall while waiting for data to arrive from memory (e.g. for Von-Neumann architecture-based computers, see Von Neumann bottleneck). Many supercomputer designs of the 1980s and 1990s focused on providing high-speed memory access as opposed to faster processors, allowing the computers to work on large data sets at speeds other systems could not approach.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Limiting the number of memory accesses provided the key to extracting high performance from a modern computer. For commodity processors, this meant installing an ever-increasing amount of high-speed cache memory and using increasingly sophisticated algorithms to avoid cache misses. But the dramatic increase in size of the operating systems and of the applications run on them has generally overwhelmed these cache-processing improvements. Multi-processor systems without NUMA make the problem considerably worse. Now a system can starve several processors at the same time, notably because only one processor can access the computer's memory at a time.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: NUMA attempts to address this problem by providing separate memory for each processor, avoiding the performance hit when several processors attempt to address the same memory. For problems involving spread data (common for servers and similar applications), NUMA can improve the performance over a single shared memory by a factor of roughly the number of processors (or separate memory banks). Another approach to addressing this problem is the multi-channel memory architecture, in which a linear increase in the number of memory channels increases the memory access concurrency linearly.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Of course, not all data ends up confined to a single task, which means that more than one processor may require the same data. To handle these cases, NUMA systems include additional hardware or software to move data between memory banks. This operation slows the processors attached to those banks, so the overall speed increase due to NUMA heavily depends on the nature of the running tasks.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: AMD implemented NUMA with its Opteron processor (2003), using HyperTransport. Intel announced NUMA compatibility for its x86 and Itanium servers in late 2007 with its Nehalem and Tukwila CPUs. Both Intel CPU families share a common chipset; the interconnection is called Intel QuickPath Interconnect (QPI), which provides extremely high bandwidth to enable high on-board scalability and was replaced by a new version called Intel UltraPath Interconnect with the release of Skylake (2017).


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Nearly all CPU architectures use a small amount of very fast non-shared memory known as cache to exploit locality of reference in memory accesses. With NUMA, maintaining cache coherence across shared memory has a significant overhead. Although simpler to design and build, non-cache-coherent NUMA systems become prohibitively complex to program in the standard von Neumann architecture programming model.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Typically, ccNUMA uses inter-processor communication between cache controllers to keep a consistent memory image when more than one cache stores the same memory location. For this reason, ccNUMA may perform poorly when multiple processors attempt to access the same memory area in rapid succession. Support for NUMA in operating systems attempts to reduce the frequency of this kind of access by allocating processors and memory in NUMA-friendly ways and by avoiding scheduling and locking algorithms that make NUMA-unfriendly accesses necessary.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Alternatively, cache coherency protocols such as the MESIF protocol attempt to reduce the communication required to maintain cache coherency. Scalable Coherent Interface (SCI) is an IEEE standard defining a directory-based cache coherency protocol to avoid scalability limitations found in earlier multiprocessor systems. For example, SCI is used as the basis for the NumaConnect technology.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: One can view NUMA as a tightly coupled form of cluster computing. The addition of virtual memory paging to a cluster architecture can allow the implementation of NUMA entirely in software. However, the inter-node latency of software-based NUMA remains several orders of magnitude greater (slower) than that of hardware-based NUMA.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: Since NUMA largely influences memory access performance, certain software optimizations are needed to allow scheduling threads and processes close to their in-memory data.


title: Non-uniform memory access

text: As of 2011, ccNUMA systems are multiprocessor systems based on the AMD Opteron processor, which can be implemented without external logic, and the Intel Itanium processor, which requires the chipset to support NUMA. Examples of ccNUMA-enabled chipsets are the SGI Shub (Super hub), the Intel E8870, the HP sx2000 (used in the Integrity and Superdome servers), and those found in NEC Itanium-based systems. Earlier ccNUMA systems such as those from Silicon Graphics were based on MIPS processors and the DEC Alpha 21364 (EV7) processor.


title: Deadly Women

text: Deadly Women is an American true-life crime documentary-style television series produced by Beyond International Group and airing on the Investigation Discovery (ID) network.


title: Deadly Women

text: The series focuses on murders committed by women. It is hosted by former Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) criminal profiler Candice DeLong and narrated by Lynnanne Zager.


title: Deadly Women

text: "Deadly Women" originally aired in 2005 as a three-part miniseries under the subtitles: “Obsession”, “Greed”, and “Revenge”. It was revived as a regularly scheduled series and began airing on December 24, 2008. Two major changes were made: Lynnanne Zager replaced original narrator Marsha Crenshaw, and the number of cases in each episode was reduced from four to three. (The episodes were also recorded and presented in a widescreen format.)


title: Deadly Women

text: To date, 191 episodes have aired. Dubbed versions are also produced. A Spanish language version airs on Discovery en Español under the title "Las Verdaderas Mujeres Asesinas" ("True Killer Women"); an Italian language version airs on Real Time Italy under the title "Donne mortali" (a literal translation of the English title).


title: Deadly Women

text: Each episode has a unifying theme such as jealousy, financial gain, mental illness, or crimes committed by teenagers or the elderly. The titles of the episodes reflect the theme. The stories are told through re-enactments and interviews.


title: Deadly Women

text: Episodes also feature contributors in relevant fields (e.g. law enforcement, the law, the media, forensic medicine and medicine). Diane Fanning, M. William Phelps, Gregg Olsen, Wensley Clarkson, Joan Renner, and Dr. Janis Amatuzio have made multiple appearances. Occasionally, family or friends of the subject or their victims appear to add context and/or perspective.


title: Deadly Women

text: At the end of each segment, the actress playing the subject (and her male and female conspirators, if any) break the fourth wall and look directly at the camera as their fates are revealed. Beginning in the ninth season, photos of the actual subjects are also shown (usually mugshots taken following their arrests, or artist renditions of said subjects if they lived before the days of modern photography).


title: Joachim Rønning

text: Joachim Rønning (born 30 May 1972) is a Norwegian film director who previously worked in a partnership with Espen Sandberg, both of whom came from Sandefjord, Norway. As a directing team, they went under the name of Roenberg (a portmanteau of their surnames). They co-own one of Scandinavia's largest production companies for commercials called Motion Blur. Rønning now develops and directs film and television as a solo director.


title: Joachim Rønning

text: In 2006, Rønning and Espen Sandberg directed their feature film debut, "Bandidas", starring Penélope Cruz and Salma Hayek. The film was released worldwide through EuropaCorp and Twentieth Century Fox. The film was written and produced by French filmmaker Luc Besson.


title: Joachim Rønning

text: His 2012 film "Kon-Tiki" is the first Norwegian film to be nominated for a Golden Globe, and a Best Foreign Language Oscar at the 85th Academy Awards. The duo directed the fifth "Pirates of the Caribbean" film, "" (2017).


title: Joachim Rønning

text: In October 2017, it was announced Rønning would direct "" from a screenplay written by Linda Woolverton and Jez Butterworth, with Angelina Jolie reprising the role as the titular character. The film was released in 2019.


title: Joachim Rønning

text: In 2016, Rønning directed the pilot for a new ABC thriller drama series titled "Doomsday" starring Rochelle Aytes and produced by Carol Mendelsohn and Sony TV.


title: Joachim Rønning

text: In 2017, it was announced that Paramount had bought an original project entitled "Origin" that will be directed by Rønning and was written by Rønning and his brother, Andreas Rønning. The film will be produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. Rønning is also set to direct an adaptation of the last Michael Crichton novel, "Micro", for Amblin Entertainment to be distributed by Universal and produced by Frank Marshall.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: , sylized as Yu-Gi-Oh! ARC-V, is a Japanese anime series animated by Gallop. It is the fourth spin-off anime series in the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" franchise following "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal". The series aired in Japan on TV Tokyo from April 6, 2014 to March 26, 2017. The series is licensed outside Japan by Konami Cross Media NY and launched internationally in 2015.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: A manga adaptation by Naohito Miyoshi began serialization in Shueisha's "V Jump" magazine in August 2015.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: In Paradise City's You Show Duel School, a second-year middle school student named Yuya Sakaki aspires to become a professional Dueltainer. Yuya awakens a new power called Pendulum Summoning, which attracted the attention of the Leo Corporation's president, Declan Akaba. Yuya later meets three Duelists who greatly resemble him: The collected Xyz duelist Yuto whom he unknowingly absorbed, the overconfident Synchro duelist Yugo, and the sadistic Fusion duelist Yuri. These look-alikes originate from other dimensions besides Yuya's Standard Dimension as he and his friends find themselves in the middle of an interdimensional conflict against the Fusion Dimension's Duel Academy, which Yuri attends. Duel Academy is led by Declan's estranged father, Leo Akaba, who seeks to unite the four dimensions. Declan formed a group of elite duelists called the Lancers to stop his father, while they build their numbers during their travels to the Synchro and Xyz Dimensions.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: Gradually recognizing a dark presence swelling inside him since absorbing Yuto, Yuya learns he has a strong psychic connection to him, Yugo, and Yuri that occurs whenever their summoned dragons are calling one another. Yuya and his friends also realized that Leo seeks to capture Yuya's childhood friend, Zuzu Boyle, and the Lancers' Fusion Dimension member, Celina, as they are identical to the Xyz Dimension's Lulu Obsidian and Rin of the Synchro Dimension who were already captured. Arriving in Fusion Dimension to save Celina, Zuzu gets captured as well with Yuya and the Lancers infiltrating Duel Academy to save the girls. When they confront Leo, he reveals the four dimensions used to be one world until the day a mad duelist named Zarc attempted to destroy everything. Leo intended to stop Zarc with the special En Cards he created. His daughter, Ray, steals the cards and sacrifices herself in his stead to defeat Zarc while splintering the world into the four dimensions.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: Leo reveals that Zarc is the darkness within Yuya and his counterparts, who are themselves remnants of Zarc's scattered essence, which has been compelling them to absorb each other so Zarc can be reconstituted and exact his revenge. Only Ray, who has been reincarnated as Zuzu and her counterparts, had been subconsciously preventing Zarc's attempts to reawaken prior to Leo having the girls abducted. Leo intends to merge them back into his daughter and reunite the 4 dimensions into the Original Dimension using his Arc-V Reactor. However, the reactor is unable to fully restore Ray's physical form as Leo planned due to lack of life energies. After Yuri absorbed Yugo, Zarc capitalized on the turn of events by taking over Yuya's body and having him absorb the willing Yuri to complete his resurrection. Yuya's friends all proceed to challenge Zarc in a series of two-on-one duels to stop him while reaching out to Yuya. With Ray possessing Declan's adopted sister, Riley, to fight Zarc, Yuya manages to regain himself to help Ray defeat Zarc with the En Cards that splits the dimensions once more.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: When Yuya awakens in the Standard Dimension that has been reborn as the Pendulum Dimension, he had no memory of his experience across the dimensions or of Zuzu until Declan restored his memories and everyone else's with a reenactment of the Arc League Championship. Declan reveals that Riley used a moment in the dimensional divide to transfer Zarc's essence from Yuya into herself to keep the evil spirit from being scattered across the dimensions again. Riley turned into a catatonic infant girl as a consequence of her action. Declan fears that Zarc may eventually take over Riley's body and resume his rampage again. Yuya is told that only he, as Zarc's essence, can stop Zarc for good by using his Dueltaining skills to make Riley smile and pacify the possessing spirit. Yuya proceeds to travel to other dimensions and defeat the other Lancers with Riley watching the footage. On his way, Yuya finds Zuzu and her counterparts still inside the Arc-V Reactor in an inactive state. Though his counterparts help him tame the Four Dragons, Yuya learns he made no progress with Riley. He convinces Declan to let him take the professional duelist test right after he got promoted into Senior class, and Declan became his opponent. Learning who Zarc was in his life, Yuya and his counterparts manage to defeat Declan and pacify their past counterpart. This act awakened Ray, who appears in the Pendulum Dimension and revives as Zuzu, with her counterparts now a part of her, similar to Yuya's case. The two of them are reunited at last, and the four dimensions are once again united into one.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: The Standard Dimension, later reborn as the Pendulum Dimension, is the dimension where Paradise City is located. It is the main setting of the first season. Originally only having users of Tribute Summoning, the Standard Dimension now contains all three summoning methods of Fusion, Synchro, and Xyz, introduced to it by Leo Akaba and his Leo Corporation. This dimension is known for its unique Action Dueling, which uses the Real Solid Vision System to give mass to its holograms and allow Duelists to interact with their monsters and the artificially created environment. The Real Solid Vision System is an evolved form of the original Solid Vision System, which only had intangible holograms. After the battle against Zarc, the Standard Dimension was reborn as the Pendulum Dimension where everyone can now use Pendulum Summoning, in addition to all the other types.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: It's the only dimension to not have versions of past "Yu-Gi-Oh!" characters. However, Yusho, Yuya's father, possesses a deck that heavily references Yugi Muto's Dark Magician based deck.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: The Synchro Dimension is a dimension where residents all use Synchro Summoning. It pays homage to "Yu-Gi-Oh! 5D's". Its setting is New Domino City (also simply referred to as just "the City"), which serves as the setting of the second season. New Domino City thrives on a free competition society consisting of two classes. The elite class of 1%, the Topsiders, are the upper class society living in wealth, while the poor Commons are the lower class 99% of society living in poverty under the Topsiders' area. Discrimination against Commons is high, and they are treated as the tools for allowing the Tops to live in wealth. In rebellion against their limited freedom, the Commons started to duel while riding Duel Runners, which are motorcycles combined with Duel Disks. These duels later became known as Turbo Duels. New Domino City is ruled by the High Council, which upholds Martial Law and Sector Security who act as police for the Topsiders. To maintain the peace of the city, the High Council holds the yearly Friendship Cup, where Duelists from both the Topsiders and Commons can fairly duel each other on Duel Runners. However, those who lose are sent to an underground garbage refinery with little to no chance of returning to the surface. After Yuya's duel against Jack in the Friendship Cup final match, the High Council retired and the social class system was abolished. Some of the characters from the "5D's" series reappear as different dimension counterparts, who are primarily the main characters, Jack Atlas, Crow Hogan, and Lazar, who only appears for one episode when Yuya duels Jack a second time.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: The Xyz Dimension is a dimension where its residents all use Xyz Summoning. It pays homage to "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal". Its setting is Heartland City, which serves as the setting of the first half of the third season. Heartland City was reduced to ruin from the invasion by the Fusion Dimension's Duel Academy with the remaining survivors forming a Resistance group based in the ruined Heartland City becoming their base. Before the invasion, there were two sections of the Heartland Duel School called Spade School and Clover School, where both became the main forces for the Resistance group. The Spade Branch was wiped out in a later assault. Kite Tenjo is one of the main characters of "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal", who makes a reappearance as a different world counterpart from the Zexal series.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: The Fusion Dimension is a dimension where its residents all use Fusion Summoning. It pays homage to "Yu-Gi-Oh! GX". It serves as the setting of the second half of the third season. When Leo comes to the Fusion Dimension upon regaining his memories, he establishes the militant-based Duel Academy and gathers many strong Duelists from all over the dimension to achieve his goal of hunting down Ray's incarnations. The students of Duel Academy are mostly children who were taken from other families once of age. They are forced to remain on the campus to be trained as child soldiers until the Arc-Area Project is completed. Those who escaped from Duel Academy are branded as traitors and will be turned into cards as punishment. Alexis Rhodes and Aster Phoenix are two of the main characters from GX, who make their reappearance as different counterparts in this dimension.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: The Original Dimension, also known as the United World, was a futuristic utopia, the original form of the Four Dimensions and where the Real Solid Vision System truly originated. When Zarc began his rampage, Ray used the Four Nature Cards her father developed to splinter this reality, dividing Zarc's being and rendering him harmless at the cost of getting herself splintered in the process. Leo's goal is to restore the Original Dimension as a new dimension that he renamed ARC-V, by fusing the four dimensions and merging Zuzu and her counterparts with the ARC-V reactor he had created, which is powered by the life energies of the people who were turned into cards, so his daughter Ray can be reborn. After Ray uses the Nature Cards to split the world back into the four dimensions, Declan reveals the dimensions are still linked by the still active remains of ARC-V serving as wormholes, with Ray's essence still in the reactor core within the Fusion Dimension, until Yuya pacifies Zarc.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc V" was first announced in December 2013 in Shueisha's "Weekly Shonen Jump" magazine. The anime series aired on TV Tokyo between April 6, 2014 and March 26, 2017, which replaced "Yu-Gi-Oh! Zexal" in its initial time slot. 4K Media Inc. acquired the series outside of Japan and planned to release the series internationally in 2015. The 4K version had its debut on March 12, 2015 in Germany, Austria and Switzerland as part of the "Yep!" anime/cartoon block on ProSieben Maxx. In North America, a localized English adaptation began airing on Canada's Teletoon on July 24, 2015, and on Nicktoons in the United States on February 21, 2016.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: A manga one-shot illustrated by Naohito Miyoshi was published in the July 2014 issue of Shueisha's "V Jump" magazine released on May 21, 2014. An English version was released on May 26, 2014 on "Weekly Shonen Jump". A full adaptation by Miyoshi began serialization in "V Jump" on August 21, 2015. It began publication in English by Viz Media in its digital "Shonen Jump" on August 24, 2015. A spin-off manga by Akihiro Tomonaga titled was serialized in "Saikyō Jump" between April 3, 2015 and August 3, 2017 and was collected in two volumes.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: "Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V" added new game elements to the "Yu-Gi-Oh!" Trading Card Game. Following the release of Starter Deck 2014, Master Rule 3 came into effect, and introduced Pendulum Monsters to the trading card game. A hybrid of Monster and Spell, they can either be summoned conventionally, or "activated" in the newly added Pendulum Zones as Spell Cards, with their own separate effect. On the Pendulum Scale, the cards have a "Scale" a number that if there are two Pendulum Cards on both zones, the player can perform a new type of summon. Known as Pendulum Summoning, one per turn, the player is allowed to simultaneously Special Summon an unlimited amount of monsters from their hand (or face-up from their Extra Deck) to the field provided their Levels are in between (and not equal to) the Scales of the cards on the Pendulum Zone. With the release of the New Master Rules that were rolled out with the premiere of "Yu-Gi-Oh! VRAINS", Pendulum Monsters from the Extra Deck can now only be summoned into either the Extra Monster Zone or under a Link Arrow. If a Pendulum Monster is destroyed or tributed while on the field, they do not go to the graveyard and instead go face-up into the Extra Deck, where the player can re-Pendulum Summon them at their next opportunity. If Pendulum Monsters are used as XYZ Material for an XYZ monster and they are removed via an XYZ Monster's effect, they go into the graveyard.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: As for competitive rules, the player that goes first can no longer draw on their first Draw Phase. Both player can now control a Field Spell simultaneously and apply both Field Spell rules to the game.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: A video game based on the series, "Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V Tag Force Special" was released in Japan on January 22, 2015. The game was released for the PSP.


title: Yu-Gi-Oh! Arc-V

text: The series ranked 64th in the Tokyo Anime Award Festival in Top 90 TV Anime 2016 category with 729 votes and ranked 250 in NHK Best 400 Anime of All Times to air on its channel. However, the series was received poorly on Japanese streaming site Niconico, taking all spots in the Top 10 Worst Rated Episodes.


title: Icelandic horse

text: The Icelandic horse ( ) is a breed of horse developed in Iceland. Although the horses are small, at times pony-sized, most registries for the Icelandic refer to it as a horse. Icelandic horses are long-lived and hardy. In their native country they have few diseases; Icelandic law prevents horses from being imported into the country and exported animals are not allowed to return. The Icelandic displays two gaits in addition to the typical walk, trot, and canter/gallop commonly displayed by other breeds. The only breed of horse in Iceland, they are also popular internationally, and sizable populations exist in Europe and North America. The breed is still used for traditional sheepherding work in its native country, as well as for leisure, showing, and racing.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Developed from ponies taken to Iceland by Norse settlers in the 9th and 10th centuries, the breed is mentioned in literature and historical records throughout Icelandic history; the first reference to a named horse appears in the 12th century. Horses were venerated in Norse mythology, a custom brought to Iceland by the country's earliest settlers. Selective breeding over the centuries has developed the breed into its current form. Natural selection has also played a role, as the harsh Icelandic climate eliminated many horses through exposure and malnourishment. In the 1780s, much of the breed was wiped out in the aftermath of a volcanic eruption at Laki. The first breed society for the Icelandic horse was created in Iceland in 1904, and today the breed is represented by organizations in 19 different nations, organized under a parent association, the International Federation of Icelandic Horse Associations.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Icelandic horses weigh between and stand an average of high, which is often considered pony size, but breeders and breed registries always refer to Icelandics as horses. The official breeding goal gives room for substantial variation in size. Several theories have been put forward as to why Icelandics are always called horses, among them the breed's spirited temperament and large personality. Another theory suggests that the breed's weight, bone structure and weight-carrying abilities mean it can be classified as a horse, rather than a pony. The breed comes in many coat colors, including chestnut, dun, bay, black, gray, palomino, pinto and roan. There are over 100 names for various colors and color patterns in the Icelandic language. They have well-proportioned heads, with straight profiles and wide foreheads. The neck is short, muscular, and broad at the base; the withers broad and low; the chest deep; the shoulders muscular and slightly sloping; the back long; the croup broad, muscular, short and slightly sloping. The legs are strong and short, with relatively long cannon bones and short pasterns. The mane and tail are full, with coarse hair, and the tail is set low. The breed is known to be hardy and an easy keeper. The breed has a double coat developed for extra insulation in cold temperatures.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Characteristics differ between various groups of Icelandic horses, depending on the focus of individual breeders. Some focus on animals for pack and draft work, which are conformationally distinct from those bred for work under saddle, which are carefully selected for their ability to perform the traditional Icelandic gaits. Others are bred solely for horsemeat. Some breeders focus on favored coat colors.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Members of the breed are not usually ridden until they are four years old, and structural development is not complete until age seven. Their most productive years are between eight and eighteen, although they retain their strength and stamina into their twenties. An Icelandic mare that lived in Denmark reached a record age of 56, while another horse, living in Great Britain, reached the age of 42. The horses are highly fertile, and both sexes are fit for breeding up to age 25; mares have been recorded giving birth at age 27. The horses tend to not be easily spooked, probably the result of not having any natural predators in their native Iceland. Icelandics tend to be friendly, docile and easy to handle, although also enthusiastic and self-assured. As a result of their isolation from other horses, disease in the breed within Iceland is mostly unknown, except for some kinds of internal parasites. The low prevalence of disease in Iceland is maintained by laws preventing horses exported from the country being returned, and by requiring that all equine equipment taken into the country be either new and unused or fully disinfected. As a result, native horses have no acquired immunity to disease; an outbreak on the island would be likely to be devastating to the breed. This presents problems with showing native Icelandic horses against others of the breed from outside the country, as no livestock of any species can be imported into Iceland, and once horses leave the country they are not allowed to return.


title: Icelandic horse

text: The Icelandic is a "five-gaited" breed, known for its sure-footedness and ability to cross rough terrain. As well as the typical gaits of walk, trot, and canter/gallop, the breed is noted for its ability to perform two additional gaits. Although most horse experts consider the canter and gallop to be separate gaits, on the basis of a small variation in the footfall pattern, Icelandic breed registries consider the canter and gallop one gait, hence the term "five-gaited".


title: Icelandic horse

text: The first additional gait is a four-beat lateral ambling gait known as the "tölt". This is known for its explosive acceleration and speed; it is also comfortable and ground-covering. There is considerable variation in style within the gait, and thus the tölt is variously compared to similar lateral gaits such as the rack of the Saddlebred, the largo of the Paso Fino, or the running walk of the Tennessee Walking Horse. Like all lateral ambling gaits, the footfall pattern is the same as the walk (left hind, left front, right hind, right front), but differs from the walk in that it can be performed at a range of speeds, from the speed of a typical fast walk up to the speed of a normal canter. Some Icelandic horses prefer to tölt, while others prefer to trot; correct training can improve weak gaits, but the tölt is a natural gait present from birth. There are two varieties of the tölt that are considered incorrect by breeders. The first is an uneven gait called a "Pig's Pace" or "Piggy-pace" that is closer to a two-beat pace than a four-beat amble. The second is called a "Valhopp" and is a tölt and canter combination most often seen in untrained young horses or horses that mix their gaits. Both varieties are normally uncomfortable to ride.


title: Icelandic horse

text: The breed also performs a pace called a "skeið", "flugskeið" or "flying pace". It is used in pacing races, and is fast and smooth, with some horses able to reach up to . Not all Icelandic horses can perform this gait; animals that perform both the tölt and the flying pace in addition to the traditional gaits are considered the best of the breed. The flying pace is a two-beat lateral gait with a moment of suspension between footfalls; each side has both feet land almost simultaneously (left hind and left front, suspension, right hind and right front). It is meant to be performed by well-trained and balanced horses with skilled riders. It is not a gait used for long-distance travel. A slow pace is uncomfortable for the rider and is not encouraged when training the horse to perform the gait. Although most pacing horses are raced in harness using sulkies, in Iceland horses are raced while ridden.


title: Icelandic horse

text: The ancestors of the Icelandic horse were probably taken to Iceland by Viking Age Scandinavians between 860 and 935 AD. The Norse settlers were followed by immigrants from Norse colonies in Ireland, the Isle of Man and the Western Isles of Scotland. These later settlers arrived with the ancestors of what would elsewhere become Shetland, Highland, and Connemara ponies, which were crossed with the previously imported animals. There may also have been a connection with the Yakut pony, and the breed has physical similarities to the Nordlandshest of Norway. Other breeds with similar characteristics include the Faroe pony of the Faeroe Islands and the Norwegian Fjord horse. Genetic analyses have revealed links between the Mongolian horse and the Icelandic horse. Mongolian horses are believed to have been originally imported from Russia by Swedish traders; this imported Mongol stock subsequently contributed to the Fjord, Exmoor, Scottish Highland, Shetland and Connemara breeds, all of which have been found to be genetically linked to the Icelandic horse.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Attempts were made to introduce eastern blood into the Icelandic, resulting in a degeneration of the stock. In 982 AD the Icelandic Althing (parliament) passed laws prohibiting the importation of horses into Iceland, thus ending crossbreeding. The breed has now been bred pure in Iceland for more than 1,000 years.


title: Icelandic horse

text: The earliest Norse people venerated the horse as a symbol of fertility, and white horses were slaughtered at sacrificial feasts and ceremonies. When these settlers arrived in Iceland, they brought their beliefs, and their horses, with them. Horses played a significant part in Norse mythology, and several horses played major roles in the Norse myths, among them the eight-footed pacer named Sleipnir, owned by Odin, chief of the Norse gods. Skalm, a mare who is the first Icelandic horse known by name, appeared in the "Book of Settlements" from the 12th century. According to the book, a chieftain named Seal-Thorir founded a settlement at the place where Skalm stopped and lay down with her pack. Horses also play key roles in the Icelandic sagas "Hrafnkel's Saga", "Njal's Saga" and "Grettir's Saga". Although written in the 13th century, these three sagas are set as far back as the 9th century. This early literature has an influence today, with many riding clubs and horse herds in modern Iceland still bearing the .


title: Icelandic horse

text: Horses were often considered the most prized possession of a medieval Icelander. Indispensable to warriors, war horses were sometimes buried alongside their fallen riders, and stories were told of their deeds. Icelanders also arranged for bloody fights between stallions; these were used for entertainment and to pick the best animals for breeding, and they were described in both literature and official records from the Commonwealth period of 930 to 1262 AD. Stallion fights were an important part of Icelandic culture, and brawls, both physical and verbal, among the spectators were common. The conflicts at the horse fights gave rivals a chance to improve their political and social standing at the expense of their enemies and had wide social and political repercussions, sometimes leading to the restructuring of political alliances. However, not all human fights were serious, and the events provided a stage for friends and even enemies to battle without the possibility of major consequences. Courting between young men and women was also common at horse fights.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Natural selection played a major role in the development of the breed, as large numbers of horses died from lack of food and exposure to the elements. Between 874 and 1300 AD, during the more favorable climatic conditions of the medieval warm period, Icelandic breeders selectively bred horses according to special rules of color and conformation. From 1300 to 1900, selective breeding became less of a priority; the climate was often severe and many horses and people died. Between 1783 and 1784, around 70% of the horses in Iceland were killed by volcanic ash poisoning and starvation after the 1783 eruption of Lakagígar. The eruption lasted eight months, covered hundreds of square miles of land with lava, and rerouted or dried up several rivers. The population slowly recovered during the next hundred years, and from the beginning of the 20th century selective breeding again became important. The first Icelandic breed societies were established in 1904, and the first breed registry in Iceland was established in 1923.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Icelandics were exported to Great Britain before the 20th century to work as pit ponies in the coal mines, because of their strength and small size. However, those horses were never registered and little evidence of their existence remains. The first formal exports of Icelandic horses were to Germany in the 1940s. Great Britain's first official imports were in 1956, when a Scottish farmer, Stuart McKintosh, began a breeding program. Other breeders in Great Britain followed McKintosh's lead, and the Icelandic Horse Society of Great Britain was formed in 1986. The number of Icelandic horses exported to other nations has steadily increased since the first exports of the mid-19th century. Since 1969, multiple societies have worked together to preserve, improve and market these horses under the auspices of the International Federation of Icelandic Horse Associations. Today, the Icelandic remains a breed known for its purity of bloodline, and is the only horse breed present in Iceland.


title: Icelandic horse

text: The Icelandic is especially popular in western Europe, Scandinavia, and North America. There are about 80,000 Icelandic horses in Iceland (compared to a human population of 317,000), and around 100,000 abroad. Almost 50,000 are in Germany, which has many active riding clubs and breed societies.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Icelandic horses still play a large part in Icelandic life, despite increasing mechanization and road improvements that diminish the necessity for the breed's use. The first official Icelandic horse race was held at Akureyri in 1874, and many races are held throughout the country from April through June. Both gallop and pace races are held, as well as performance classes showcasing the breed's unique gaits. Winter events are often held, including races on frozen bodies of water. In 2009 such an event resulted in both horses and riders falling into the water and needing to be rescued. The first shows, focused on the quality of animals as breeding stock, were held in 1906. The Agricultural Society of Iceland, along with the National Association of Riding Clubs, organizes regular shows with a wide variety of classes. Some horses are bred for slaughter, and much of the meat is exported to Japan. Farmers still use the breed to round up sheep in the Icelandic highlands, and tourism is a growing industry, but most horses are used for competition and leisure riding.


title: Icelandic horse

text: Today, the Icelandic horse is represented by associations in 22 countries, with the International Federation of Icelandic Horse Associations (FEIF) serving as a governing international parent organization. The FEIF was founded on May 25, 1969, with six countries as original members: Austria, Denmark, Germany, Iceland, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. France and Norway joined in 1971, and Belgium and Sweden in 1975. Later, Finland, Canada, Great Britain, USA, Faroe Islands, Luxembourg, Italy, Slovenia and Ireland became members, but Ireland subsequently left because of a lack of members. New Zealand has been given the status of "associate member" as its membership base is small. In 2000, WorldFengur was established as the official FEIF registry for Icelandic horses. The registry is a web database program that is used as a studbook to track the history and bloodlines of the Icelandic breed. The registry contains information on the pedigree, breeder, owner, offspring, photo, breeding evaluations and assessments, and unique identification of each horse registered. The database was established by the Icelandic government in cooperation with the FEIF. Since its inception, around 300,000 Icelandic horses, living and dead, have been registered worldwide. The Islandpferde-Reiter- und Züchterverband is an organization of German riders and breeders of Icelandic horses and the association of all Icelandic horse clubs in Germany.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: The first version of Yoshimitsu made his debut in the original "Tekken" in 1994. The second version of Yoshimitsu appeared in every "Soulcalibur" game since the 1998 self-titled installment except for 2012's "Soulcalibur V", which instead features a third version of the character, informally known as Yoshimitsu II. All Yoshimitsus are their era's leader of the honorable Manji clan, practitioners of ninjutsu, and master swordsmen with a mask and mechanical prosthetic arms.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: As "Tekken" is set in modern times while "Soulcalibur" takes place in a medieval fantasy setting, the first "Soulcalibur" Yoshimitsu was originally considered to be an ancestor to "Tekken"s Yoshimitsu; however, the introduction of Yoshimitsu II revealed that Yoshimitsus are willingly killed and replaced by a younger protégé as part of a secret ritual, in order to make "Yoshimitsu" appear immortal to outsiders. Therefore, the "Tekken" version of the character is implied to have inherited the mantle in a similar way. The characters have been well-received by critics.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu's first appearance was in 1994's original "Tekken". Kunimitsu's story in "Tekken 2" reveals that Yoshimitsu's blade is passed down through the Manji Clan's leaders. The clan is dedicated to helping the weak and fighting oppression. Upon the inauguration of a new leader, their predecessor is ritually sacrificed, and the blade absorbs the person's power and skill. In the game's story, Yoshimitsu enters the first tournament as a decoy so as to allow other Manji to steal the tournament's funds unobserved. During the tournament, Yoshimitsu learns of Ganryu, a sumo wrestler whose disrespectful attitude in the ring cost him his promotion to the rank of yokozuna. His base disrespect for the sumo code infuriates Yoshimitsu, who defeats him. Later, Yoshimitsu leads a raid on Dr. Bosconovitch's lab in order to steal his Eternal Energy device. Though Yoshimitsu loses his arm during the operation, Bosconovitch helps him escape and fits him with a mechanical prosthetic replacement. Grateful for his help, he tells Bosconovitch that he may call on him whenever he needs help. In "Tekken 2", Yoshimitsu learns that Bosconovitch has been kidnapped by the Guiane Paklibutushitsu and enters the second Tekken tournament to rescue him. Also, Kunimitsu, Yoshimitsu's former Manji Clan second-in-command, returns to the tournament in order to steal the clan's tachi. Yoshimitsu defeats her and drops out of the tournament to rescue the doctor after learning his location.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: In "Tekken 3", Yoshimitsu visits Bosconovitch, who is suffering from a disease that he caught when he built the Cold Sleep machine. Bosconovitch tells him that the disease can only be cured using the blood of Ogre, a god recently awakened from its deep slumber. Yoshimitsu then enters the King of Iron Fist Tournament 3 in order to obtain the blood. During the tournament, he is targeted by Bryan Fury, a cyborg sent to kill him (and capture Dr. Bosconovitch) by Dr. Abel, Bosconovitch's rival. Yoshimitsu manages to defeat Bryan. The outcome of Yoshimitsu's search for Ogre's blood is unknown, though he most likely succeeds.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Two years later, during the events of "Tekken 4", Yoshimitsu realizes that the future of his clan is waning due to a lack of necessary funds and manpower. Upon learning of "The King of Iron Fist Tournament 4", he forms an alliance with Mishima Zaibatsu and enters the tournament. While Yoshimitsu is robbing the Mishima Zaibatsu mansion near the end of the tournament, he discovers an unconscious Bryan Fury. He takes him to Bosconovitch's lab so the doctor can transfer Bryan to a new body. Bosconovitch then injects Bryan with drugs to put him to a year-long sleep. However, when Yoshimitsu visits Boskonovitch's lab a month later, he finds it destroyed and many of his compatriots dead. An injured Dr. Bosconovitch tells him that Bryan woke up only a month after the injection and went on a rampage with his new body. Swearing revenge, Yoshimitsu enters the King of Iron Fist Tournament 5 ("Tekken 5") to hunt Bryan.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: While trying to find Bryan, Yoshimitsu learns that his sword is weakening. As his sword is cursed, it will lose its power and drive its user insane if it does not kill evildoers for a prolonged amount of time. He decides to adopt a second sword called Fumaken, which has the ability to suppress the cursed sword's properties, and enters the King of Iron Fist Tournament 6 ("Tekken 6") in order to restore the power of the cursed sword. Following the tournament's end and Jin Kazama's disappearance, Heihachi Mishima assumes the position of CEO of Mishima Zaibatsu. Yoshimitsu senses something amiss and decides to enter the King of Iron Fist Tournament 7 ("Tekken 7") to confirm his suspicions.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu also appears in other "Tekken" games, namely "Tekken Tag Tournament", "Tekken Card Challenge", "Tekken Advance", "Tekken Resolute", "Tekken Tag Tournament 2", "" and "Tekken Card Tournament".


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Another Yoshimitsu appears in Namco's "Soulcalibur" series, starting with 1998's "Soulcalibur". After refusing power-hungry lord Oda Nobunaga's offer of alliance, Yoshimitsu discovers his village has been destroyed. In a battle with Nobunaga's army, Yoshimitsu loses his arm. He subsequently sets out to find the fabled weapon Soul Edge in order to have revenge against Nobunaga. In meditation, Yoshimitsu decides that if he were to give in to his hatred, he would be no better than Nobunaga or Nightmare. When he reaches the castle where Soul Edge is, he discovers it has been locked away with Soul Calibur.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: In the "Soul" series, Yoshimitsu uses his beloved self-named katana and the Manji ninjutsu combat style, handed down through many generations in the Manji Clan. His weapon seems like a normal katana, but it has many unique features that accommodate the unique fighting style of the Manji. Since it was forged with secret Manji techniques, it cannot be replicated and is the last of its kind. After the massacre of his clan, Yoshimitsu swears an oath of vengeance to the weapon. He also uses the sashimono on his back as a striking weapon. In "Soulcalibur II", Yoshimitsu discovers that his katana has been impregnated with corrupted energy from the castle, and so resolves to rid his blade of the evil. The katana was stolen by Voldo when Yoshimitsu was worn out from trying to fight its corruption. Fearing what would happen if the weapon wound up in the wrong hands, Yoshimitsu sets out to retrieve the katana, and in the process discovers a fragment of the Soul Edge. Wanting to destroy the fragments spread across the earth, Yoshimitsu forms a band of chivalrous thieves, known as the Manjitou, in order to do good and to find the remaining fragments.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu returns in "Soulcalibur III", in which he plans a robbery in order to steal a fragment of the Soul Edge. The robbery fails as Tira, a servant of Soul Edge and Nightmare, ambushes the thieves and takes the fragment. Later on, Tira murders one of his clan members, causing Yoshimitsu to seek her for revenge in "Soulcalibur IV". By the time of "Soulcalibur V", the first Yoshimitsu has been ritually executed and succeeded by a younger, eerily similar protégé (hailing from Taki's Fûma village), who shares his fighting style, voice, mannerisms, and his clockwork arm. This secret line of succession makes "Yoshimitsu" appear immortal to outsiders and is implied to continue into modern times with the "Tekken" incarnation of the character.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: The original Yoshimitsu returns again in "Soulcalibur VI", where he seeks to obtain Soul Edge to avenge his slain clan members. But after an encounter with Sophitia, Yoshimitsu fights back against his possessed sword and swears to create a band of righteous thieves to help the poor.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu has appeared in other Namco games. His "Tekken 3" incarnation is a bonus character available in "Anna Kournikova's Smash Court Tennis" for the PlayStation and his "Tekken 3" "energy sword" is one of the game's unlockable secret tennis racquets. Yoshimitsu's sword is also an available weapon in the "Tekken" spin-off game "Death by Degrees". He appears in the Capcom-made crossover game "Street Fighter X Tekken", where his official tag partner is Raven. One of his alternate costumes in the game is M. Bison's uniform, and Capcom stated that a "rumor says" that after defeating Bison, Yoshimitsu also took his Psycho Power ability as his own. Despite his body being either revealed like his arms or face, his voice never changes. This was seen in the PC Mods cutscenes from "Street Fighter X Tekken". Yoshitmitsu appears as a Spirit in the Nintendo crossover video game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate".


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu has brief cameos in the animated film "". He also appears in the 2009 live-action film "Tekken", portrayed by Gary Ray Stearns, where he fights and loses against Jin Kazama.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: In 2006, Namco and MegaHouse released a Yoshimitsu figurine as part of a "Tekken 5" set based on promotional artwork for the game. While not posable, the PVC figure came with equippable clothing modeled after those in the game. Two more figurines were made by Bandai in 2009, based on his appearance in "Tekken 6". A statue of Yoshimitsu based on his appearance in "Tekken Tag Tournament 2" was produced by Kotobukiya in 2012.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu's name roughly translates to "Light of Happiness". His outfits often employ the kanji "宇" (Romaji: "u", Pinyin: "yǔ"), which means "universe". In the "Tekken" series, Yoshimitsu's sword is usually depicted as a tachi. From "Tekken 3" onwards, the sword emanates energy around the blade, giving it the appearance of a lightsaber. In some "Tekken" games, such as "Tekken 4", he wields a normal katana.


title: Yoshimitsu

text: According to Namco's official description, Yoshimitsu's fighting style "incorporates a blend of ninjutsu, sword attacks from kenjutsu, and special stances from kabuki dance. Wielding a sword, he has many attacks that utilize it. He can perform slashes with it, use it to impale his opponent, and rotate it with his mechanical left hand in a windmill manner (he can also use this method to fly)". He also possesses many moves with strange properties; his "harakiri" moves require a large portion of his own health to perform, and he and Lei Wulong are the only characters with the ability to restore health. Michael Harradence of "PlayStation Universe" considered Yoshimitsu and Bryan Fury to be a top pairing in "Tekken Tag Tournament 2", in that "Bryan is your heavy hitter, with his meaty kicks and punches delivering some health-zapping blows, while Yoshimitsu can confuse and abuse his victims with some intricate juggles and mix-up combos."


title: Yoshimitsu

text: Yoshimitsu's second sword in "Tekken 6" gives him a revamped move set, making him an even harder character to learn to play. According to IGN, in "Soulcalibur IV" "new players are often at a loss as to how to handle the character, but once they get a handle on him, Yoshimitsu becomes a true force of nature."