title: 1996 World Series

text: Lloyd retired Klesko to lead off the bottom of the tenth, then gave way to closer John Wetteland, who gave up a single to Andruw Jones but recorded two flyouts from Dye and Terry Pendleton to get his second save of the postseason. Lloyd was credited with the win, with Avery suffering the loss. "It was our game to win and we had our chances," Avery said. "I ended up costing us the game."


title: 1996 World Series

text: This was the second biggest comeback in World Series history. In 1929, the Philadelphia Athletics scored 10 runs in the seventh inning to defeat the Chicago Cubs 10–8 in Game 4. This was also the last time the first four games were won by the road team until the 2019 World Series between the Houston Astros and Washington Nationals.


title: 1996 World Series

text: With the series tied and both teams guaranteed to return to New York, the Yankees and Braves took to the field for what was to be the final game ever played inside Atlanta-Fulton County Stadium. As part of the planning that went into Atlanta's winning bid for the 1996 Summer Olympics, the main venue for the Games, Centennial Olympic Stadium, would be immediately reconfigured as a baseball stadium once the Olympics and Paralympics were over; the stadium, which was placed adjacent to its soon-to-be predecessor, would be renamed Turner Field and the Braves would begin play there once the 1997 season began.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The pitching matchup featured a rematch of the Game 1 starters, with John Smoltz looking to give the Braves the series lead while Andy Pettitte sought to atone for his poor performance in Game 1 and give the Yankees the opportunity to clinch the series at home in Game 6.


title: 1996 World Series

text: Unlike in Game 1, where the Braves routed the Yankees by a 12–1 margin, Game 5 proved to be a classic pitcher's duel. In fact, only one run was scored by either team. That came in the top of the fourth inning, with Charlie Hayes leading off. He lifted a fly ball to right center field that Marquis Grissom seemed to have an easy play on. However, as he was coming toward right field, Jermaine Dye was coming from the left and crossed in front of Grissom. Grissom consequently lost sight of the ball and it dropped between him and Dye, and Hayes advanced to second base on the error. Two batters later, Cecil Fielder hit a double to drive in Hayes and give the Yankees the lead.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Yankees threatened again in the sixth. After Bernie Williams struck out to start the inning, Fielder singled. Darryl Strawberry drew a walk, and Paul O'Neill grounded out to advance the runners to second and third. Smoltz struck out Mariano Duncan to end the inning.


title: 1996 World Series

text: Through five innings Pettitte had only allowed one hit, a single off the bat of Andruw Jones, and Grissom had been the only other Brave to reach base. But in the home half of the sixth, Atlanta threatened. Smoltz and Grissom reached base and Mark Lemke was asked to bunt to try and advance the runners so that Chipper Jones, batting next, could come up with an opportunity to drive them both in.


title: 1996 World Series

text: Facing the possibility of having the go-ahead runs in scoring position with one out, Pettitte got Lemke to bunt the ball to the third base side of the mound. Since Pettitte was left-handed, this meant he had an easier shot at getting the lead runner than he might have of throwing to first in time and he used that advantage to beat a sliding Smoltz to third with his throw. Jones then hit Pettitte's first pitch right back to him, starting a 1-4-3 double play to retire the side.


title: 1996 World Series

text: Smoltz would pitch two more innings, allowing two baserunners in the seventh; he retired Jim Leyritz on a fielder's choice play with Pettitte batting and then got Derek Jeter to lineout to Fred McGriff at first, who doubled off Pettitte to end the inning. After retiring the Yankees in order in the eighth he was lifted for a pinch hitter; he only would allow four hits and strike out ten batters, with the lone unearned run counting against him.


title: 1996 World Series

text: For the ninth inning, Braves manager Bobby Cox brought in his closer, Mark Wohlers, to try and hold the Yankees to the one-run lead they'd held since the fourth. After retiring Strawberry on a groundout, he walked O'Neill. Duncan followed with a fielder's choice that retired O'Neill, then stole second base to put himself in scoring position.


title: 1996 World Series

text: That made for a shift in strategy for the Braves. With Leyritz standing in the batter's box and two out, first base was open. The pitcher's spot was due next, and Pettitte was in fact standing in the on deck circle. Cox decided to call Joe Torre's bluff, since closer John Wetteland was loosening up in the Yankee bullpen, and called for an intentional walk to see what Torre was going to do. The call did not


title: 1996 World Series

text: go completely as planned, as Wohlers threw a wild pitch on the intended play and Duncan advanced to third.


title: 1996 World Series

text: Torre elected not to go to his bench, and sent up his ace to face the hard-throwing Wohlers. Although Pettitte was retired on a flyout to end the inning, it was not a matter of whether or not he would reach base. Instead, it showed that Torre had enough confidence in Pettitte to at least send him out for the bottom of the ninth to finish the shutout.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Braves immediately responded in their half. Chipper Jones hit a line drive to left field and was able to reach second easily, putting the tying run in scoring position. After McGriff grounded out, Torre decided to make the change and brought Wetteland into the game to face Javy López.


title: 1996 World Series

text: After he induced a groundout off the bat of López, Wetteland faced Ryan Klesko, came up to pinch hit for Andruw Jones, but Torre decided to walk him intentionally. With the winning runs now on base, Cox again went to his bench and called back the young outfielder Dye. Luis Polonia, a former Yankee, was sent up to pinch hit.


title: 1996 World Series

text: After fighting off six pitches, all foul balls, Polonia lifted a fly ball deep to right. O’Neill, who was playing with sore legs the entire series, was able to chase down the ball and caught it on the warning track, then slapped the wall with his glove in celebration as the Yankees took the victory.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The loss suffered by Smoltz was his first in seven career World Series starts; he had two victories, in Game 5 in 1992 and Game 1 of this series, and four no-decisions prior to this. It was also only his second post-season loss of his career, and in both of these losses up to that point, all the runs he surrendered were unearned. He would only pitch in one more World Series, the 1999 rematch between these two teams; he took the loss in the decisive fourth game at Yankee Stadium despite another quality start in that game.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Yankees became the first team to sweep the middle three games of the World Series since the Braves themselves did it in (although the Braves "won" all three games at Fulton County Stadium in the 1991 World Series, the home team won all seven games of that series).


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Braves joined the 1905 Philadelphia Athletics, the 1921 New York Yankees and the World Series champion New York Mets as the only teams to lose a 1–0 World Series game on an unearned run.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Yankees, seeking to clinch their first world championship since and the first for a New York City baseball team since the Mets won in , faced off against Greg Maddux in a rematch of the Game 2 starters, as Jimmy Key took to the hill for the Yankees. The Braves, for the third time in their four World Series visits thus far in the 1990s, were facing an elimination game.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Yankees struck against Maddux in the bottom of the third inning. Paul O'Neill led off the frame with a double and advanced to third on a groundout by Mariano Duncan. Joe Girardi then hit a flyball to center field that Marquis Grissom misjudged, which scored O'Neill and gave Girardi a triple. He scored on a single by Derek Jeter, and after stealing second Jeter scored on a single by Bernie Williams. These were the only three runs Maddux gave up in the series, but they were costly. Maddux pitched the next innings without giving up another run.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Braves got a run back in the top of the fourth as Fred McGriff reached on a walk. Javy López and Andruw Jones followed with back to back singles to load the bases, and Jermaine Dye drew a walk to force in the run. Key got out of the bases loaded jam by getting designated hitter Terry Pendleton to ground into a double play to end the inning.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The top of the fifth inning saw another umpiring controversy. With Mark Lemke at the plate and one out, Girardi dropped a pitch from Key. Grissom tried to advance and Girardi's throw was late and replays clearly showed Grissom to be safe, but umpire Terry Tata called Grissom out. Atlanta manager Bobby Cox emerged from the dugout and began arguing the call to no avail. On his way back to the dugout Cox turned his ire to third base umpire Tim Welke, with the incident involving Welke's accidental interference in Game 4 still fresh in his mind. Welke threw Cox out of the game, marking the first managerial ejection in the World Series since . Incidentally, Cox was also on the receiving end in the previous instance; he had been ejected for throwing a batting helmet from the dugout to protest a strikeout call (Fox and the video recap of the series erroneously reported that Whitey Herzog's ejection in the 1985 World Series had been the last time). It was the last ejection of a manager in a World Series game until the 2019 World Series, when Dave Martinez of the Washington Nationals was also thrown out of the game in game 6.


title: 1996 World Series

text: New York manager Joe Torre pulled Key from the game in the top of the sixth with one out and Chipper Jones--who had opened the inning with a double--on third. David Weathers came in to pitch to Lopez and retired him. Then after a walk to Andruw Jones and Ryan Klesko coming in to pinch hit for Dye the Yankees went to Graeme Lloyd to pitch to Klesko, who did not have a hit against Lloyd in the series. Lloyd retired Klesko to end the inning and Mariano Rivera got the next six outs to send the game to the ninth. Maddux came out of the game one out away from a complete game in the eighth, and Mark Wohlers retired Cecil Fielder to end it.


title: 1996 World Series

text: John Wetteland was called on again for his fourth save of the series, but the Braves tried to rally. After he struck out Andruw Jones to lead off the inning, Klesko and Pendleton got back to back singles off Wetteland. With one out and runners at the corners, Luis Polonia came off the bench to pinch hit for Jeff Blauser, but failed to produce a hit and struck out swinging. Grissom then followed with another single, scoring Klesko and giving the Braves at least one more chance with Lemke at the plate. However, Lemke popped out to Charlie Hayes in foul territory to end the game, series, baseball season, and Atlanta's reign as world champions. Wetteland became the second pitcher to record four saves in a single postseason series, following Dennis Eckersley's feat in the 1988 ALCS and since matched by Greg Holland in the 2014 ALCS. He also set a new record for most saves in one postseason, with 7, since tied by 5 other pitchers (Robb Nen, Troy Percival, Brad Lidge, and Koji Uehara, besides Holland). The Yankees had waited 18 years to see another title come to the Big Apple.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Braves, who were playing in their 4th World Series since 1991, were in the midst of an unprecedented run of success, winning their division every full season from 1991 to 2005 (not including 1994 because of the player's strike that canceled that season in August). During that period, the Braves would play in the National League Championship Series (NLCS) nearly every season from 1991 to 2001 (the lone exception being 2000). However, the Braves would make the World Series only one more time in that time, winning their fifth National League pennant in 1999. They were again defeated by the Yankees in a 4-game sweep. The Braves would not return to the World Series until 2021, and have made only three appearances in the NLCS since (in 2001, 2020, and 2021). The Braves' 2-game lead in the 1996 World Series marked the closest the Braves would come to a second World Series title in the Bobby Cox era.


title: 1996 World Series

text: It took Yankees manager Joe Torre a record 4,272 games to make it to the World Series in his combined careers as a player and a manager, but he would not have to wait very long to go back. The Yankees would win the American League pennant five more times in the next seven seasons (only falling short of making the World Series in 1997 and 2002), which included the Yankees winning three consecutive World Series championships from 1998 to 2000. This gave the Yankees four championships in five years. The 1996 championship was the 23rd in franchise history and the first of five that Derek Jeter, Mariano Rivera, and Andy Pettitte won with the Yankees.


title: 1996 World Series

text: On October 11, 2005, A&E Home Video released the "New York Yankees Fall Classic Collectors Edition (1996–2001)" DVD set, featuring one World Series Game apiece from 1996, 1998, 1999, 2000, and 2001. Game 4 from the 1996 World Series is included in the set. On September 23, 2008, "The Essential Games of Yankee Stadium" DVD set was released, featuring six games that were played in Yankee Stadium, which were determined via fan voting. Game 6 of the 1996 Series is included in this set.


title: 1996 World Series

text:
This World Series is notable for being one of the few six-game Series in which the winning team was outscored.
It happened previously in 1918, 1959, 1977, and 1992, and would later occur in 2003.


title: 1996 World Series

text: This was the first World Series to be televised by the Fox Broadcasting Company. Fox's play-by-play man Joe Buck became the second youngest person (at the age of 27) to broadcast a World Series. Vin Scully, who this year called the World Series over CBS Radio Sports, is still the youngest at 25, when he called the 1953 World Series for NBC television. Buck, however, became the youngest person to ever broadcast all nine innings of a World Series while being a full-time network employee (surpassing CBS' Sean McDonough, who was 30 years of age when he called the 1992 World Series). In 1953, Vin Scully split play-by-play duties with Mel Allen. Also, the network television policy back then allowed announcers representing the participating World Series teams (in the case of 1953, Vin Scully's Brooklyn Dodgers and Mel Allen's New York Yankees) to call the action.


title: 1996 World Series

text: Having called Games 1, 4-5 of the 1995 World Series for ABC, and the World Series prior to that in 1993 for CBS, Tim McCarver had the unique distinction of serving as a television color commentator for at least three consecutive World Series on three different networks. During Game 6 at Yankee Stadium, a fan behind home plate held up a sign that said """". McCarver made mention of this sign, saying that the fan was a true Yankees fan because he knew Tommy John's career ERA. John's career ERA is actually 3.34, not 3.16.


title: 1996 World Series

text: The Atlanta Braves became the first Major League Baseball team to appear in World Series broadcast on all four major networks (NBC in 1957-58 and 1995, ABC in 1995, CBS in 1991-92 and Fox in 1996; they would appear with NBC again in 1999 and with Fox in 2021). The Philadelphia Phillies have since duplicated this feat (NBC in 1950 and 1980, ABC in 1983, CBS in 1993 and Fox in 2008-09.)


title: 1996 World Series

text: In a notable scene from the episode "The Abstinence" of the American television series "Seinfeld", George Costanza gives batting advice to Derek Jeter and Bernie Williams. When Jeter protests that they "won the World Series", referring to the 1996 Series, George derisively replies, "In six games."


title: Placental abruption

text: Placental abruption is when the placenta separates early from the uterus, in other words separates before childbirth. It occurs most commonly around 25 weeks of pregnancy. Symptoms may include vaginal bleeding, lower abdominal pain, and dangerously low blood pressure. Complications for the mother can include disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and kidney failure. Complications for the baby can include fetal distress, low birthweight, preterm delivery, and stillbirth.


title: Placental abruption

text: The cause of placental abruption is not entirely clear. Risk factors include smoking, pre-eclampsia, prior abruption (most important and predictive risk factor), trauma during pregnancy, cocaine use, and previous cesarean section. Diagnosis is based on symptoms and supported by ultrasound. It is classified as a complication of pregnancy.


title: Placental abruption

text: For small abruption, bed rest may be recommended, while for more significant abruptions or those that occur near term, delivery may be recommended. If everything is stable, vaginal delivery may be tried, otherwise cesarean section is recommended. In those less than 36 weeks pregnant, corticosteroids may be given to speed development of the baby's lungs. Treatment may require blood transfusion or emergency hysterectomy.


title: Placental abruption

text: Placental abruption occurs in about 1 in 200 pregnancies. Along with placenta previa and uterine rupture it is one of the most common causes of vaginal bleeding in the later part of pregnancy. Placental abruption is the reason for about 15% of infant deaths around the time of birth. The condition was described at least as early as 1664.


title: Placental abruption

text: In the early stages of placental abruption, there may be no symptoms. When symptoms develop, they tend to develop suddenly. Common symptoms include:


title: Placental abruption

text: A placental abruption caused by arterial bleeding at the center of the placenta leads to sudden development of severe symptoms and life-threatening conditions including fetal heart rate abnormalities, severe maternal hemorrhage, and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). Those abruptions caused by venous bleeding at the periphery of the placenta develop more slowly and cause small amounts of bleeding, intrauterine growth restriction, and oligohydramnios (low levels of amniotic fluid).


title: Placental abruption

text: Risk factors for placental abruption include disease, trauma, history, anatomy, and exposure to substances. The risk of placental abruption increases sixfold after severe maternal trauma. Anatomical risk factors include uncommon uterine anatomy (e.g. bicornuate uterus), uterine synechiae, and leiomyoma. Substances that increase risk of placental abruption include cocaine and tobacco when consumed during pregnancy, especially the third trimester. History of placental abruption or previous Caesarian section increases the risk by a factor of 2.3.


title: Placental abruption

text: In the vast majority of cases, placental abruption is caused by the maternal vessels tearing away from the decidua basalis, not the fetal vessels. The underlying cause is often unknown. A small number of abruptions are caused by trauma that stretches the uterus. Because the placenta is less elastic than the uterus, it tears away when the uterine tissue stretches suddenly. When anatomical risk factors are present, the placenta does not attach in a place that provides adequate support, and it may not develop appropriately or be separated as it grows. Cocaine use during the third trimester has a 10% chance of causing abruption. Though the exact mechanism is not known, cocaine and tobacco cause systemic vasoconstriction, which can severely restrict the placental blood supply (hypoperfusion and ischemia), or otherwise disrupt the vasculature of the placenta, causing tissue necrosis, bleeding, and therefore abruption.


title: Placental abruption

text: In most cases, placental disease and abnormalities of the spiral arteries develop throughout the pregnancy and lead to necrosis, inflammation, vascular problems, and ultimately, abruption. Because of this, most abruptions are caused by bleeding from the arterial supply, not the venous supply. Production of thrombin via massive bleeding causes the uterus to contract and leads to DIC.


title: Placental abruption

text: The accumulating blood pushes between the layers of the decidua, pushing the uterine wall and placenta apart. When the placenta is separated, it is unable to exchange waste, nutrients, and oxygen, a necessary function for the fetus's survival. The fetus dies when it no longer receives enough oxygen and nutrients to survive.


title: Placental abruption

text: Placental abruption is suspected when a pregnant mother has sudden localized abdominal pain with or without bleeding. The fundus may be monitored because a rising fundus can indicate bleeding. An ultrasound may be used to rule out placenta praevia but is not diagnostic for abruption. The diagnosis is one of exclusion, meaning other possible sources of vaginal bleeding or abdominal pain have to be ruled out in order to diagnose placental abruption. Of note, use of magnetic resonance imaging has been found to be highly sensitive in depicting placental abruption, and may be considered if no ultrasound evidence of placental abruption is present, especially if the diagnosis of placental abruption would change management.


title: Placental abruption

text: Although the risk of placental abruption cannot be eliminated, it can be reduced. Avoiding tobacco, alcohol and cocaine during pregnancy decreases the risk. Staying away from activities which have a high risk of physical trauma is also important. Women who have high blood pressure or who have had a previous placental abruption and want to conceive must be closely supervised by a doctor.


title: Placental abruption

text: The risk of placental abruption can be reduced by maintaining a good diet including taking folate, regular sleep patterns and correction of pregnancy-induced hypertension.


title: Placental abruption

text: Use of aspirin before 16 weeks of pregnancy to prevent pre-eclampsia also appears effective at preventing placental abruption.


title: Placental abruption

text: Treatment depends on the amount of blood loss and the status of the fetus. If the fetus is less than 36 weeks, and neither mother or fetus are in any distress, then they may simply be monitored in hospital until a change in condition or fetal maturity whichever comes first.


title: Placental abruption

text: Immediate delivery of the fetus may be indicated if the fetus is mature or if the fetus or mother is in distress. Blood volume replacement to maintain blood pressure and blood plasma replacement to maintain fibrinogen levels may be needed. Vaginal birth is usually preferred over Caesarean section unless there is fetal distress. Caesarean section carries an increased risk in cases of disseminated intravascular coagulation. The mother should be monitored for 7 days for postpartum hemorrhage. Excessive bleeding from uterus may necessitate hysterectomy. The mother may be given Rhogam if she is Rh negative.


title: Placental abruption

text: The prognosis of this complication depends on whether treatment is received by the patient, on the quality of treatment, and on the severity of the abruption. Outcomes for the baby also depend on the gestational age.


title: Placental abruption

text: In the Western world, maternal deaths due to placental abruption are rare. The fetal prognosis is worse than the maternal prognosis; approximately 12% of fetuses affected by placental abruption die. 77% of fetuses that die from placental abruption die before birth; the remainder die due to complications of preterm birth.


title: Placental abruption

text: Without any form of medical intervention, as often happens in many parts of the world, placental abruption has a high maternal mortality rate.


title: Placental abruption

text: Placental abruption occurs in approximately 0.2–1% of all pregnancies. Though different causes change when abruption is most likely to occur, the majority of placental abruptions occur before 37 weeks gestation, and 12–14% occur before 32 weeks gestation.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The Réseau Express Régional (), commonly abbreviated RER (), is a hybrid commuter rail and rapid transit system serving Paris and its suburbs. It acts as a combined city-centre underground rail system and suburbs-to-city-centre commuter rail. In the city centre it acts much like the Paris Métro, though faster, having fewer stops. This has made it a model for proposals to improve transit within other cities.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The network consists of five lines: A, B, C, D and E. The network has 257 stations and has interchanges with the Métro and commuter rail within the City of Paris and the suburbs. The lines are identified by letters to avoid confusion with the Métro lines, which are identified by numbers. The network is still expanding: RER E, which opened in 1999, is planned for westward extension toward La Défense and Mantes-la-Jolie in two phases by 2024–2026.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The RER contains 257 stations, 33 of which are within the city of Paris, and runs over of track, including underground. Each line passes through the city almost wholly underground and on dedicated tracks. The RER is operated partly by RATP, the authority that operates most public transport in Paris, and partly by SNCF, the national rail operator. The system uses a single fare structure and operates a through-service. Total traffic on the central sections of lines A and B, operated by RATP, was 452 million people in 2006; in the same year, total traffic on all lines operated by SNCF (both RER and Transilien trains) was 657 million.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: RATP manages 65 RER stations, including all stations on Line A east of Nanterre-Préfecture and those on the branch to Saint-Germain-en-Laye. It also operates stations on Line B south of Gare du Nord. Other stations on the two lines and those on lines C, D and E are operated by SNCF. Of the RER stations operated by RATP, 9 have interchanges with Métro lines, and 9 allow transfer to SNCF's Transilien service.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Its roots are in the 1936 "Ruhlmann-Langewin" plan of the Compagnie du chemin de fer métropolitain de Paris (Metropolitan Railway Company of Paris) for a ""métropolitain express"" (express metro). The company's post-war successor, RATP, revived the scheme in the 1950s, and in 1960 an interministerial committee decided to go ahead with the construction of an east-west line. Subsequently, the central part of the RER was completed between 1962 and 1977 in a large-scale civil engineering project whose chief supervisor was Siavash Teimouri. As its instigator, RATP was granted authority to run the new link. The embryonic (and as yet unnamed) RER was not properly conceived until the 1965 "Schéma directeur d'aménagement et d'urbanisme" (roughly: "master plan for urban development"), which envisioned an H-shaped network with two north-south routes. Between 1969 and 1970 RATP purchased the Vincennes and Saint-Germain lines from SNCF, as the basis for the east-west link. Only a single north-south route crossing the Left Bank has so far come to fruition, although the Métro's line 13 has been extended to perform a similar function.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: In the first phase of construction, the Vincennes and Saint-Germain lines became the ends of the east-west Line A, the central section of which was opened station by station between 1969 and 1977. On its completion, Line A was joined by the initial southern section of the north-south Line B. During this first phase, six new stations were built, three of which are entirely underground.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Construction was inaugurated by Robert Buron, then Minister for Public Works, at the Pont de Neuilly on 6 July 1961, four years before the publication of the official network blueprint. The rapid expansion of the La Défense business district in the west made the western section of the first line a priority. Nation, the first new station, was opened on 12 December 1969 and temporarily became the new western terminus of the Vincennes line. The section from Étoile (not yet renamed after Charles de Gaulle) to La Défense was opened a few weeks later. It was later extended eastward to the newly built Auber station on 23 November 1971, and westward to Saint-Germain-en-Laye on 1 October 1972. The latter extension was achieved by a connection to the existing Saint-Germain-en-Laye line, the oldest railway line into Paris, at Nanterre.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The RER network came into being on 9 December 1977 with the joining of the eastern Nation-Boissy segment and the western Auber-Saint-Germain-en-Laye segment at Châtelet – Les Halles. The southern "Ligne de Sceaux" was simultaneously extended from Luxembourg to meet Line A at "Châtelet – Les Halles", becoming the new Line B. The system of line letters was introduced to the public on this occasion, though it had been used internally by RATP and SNCF for some time.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: A second phase, from the end of the 1970s, was carried out more slowly. SNCF gained the authorisation to operate its own routes, which became lines C, D and E. Extensive sections of suburban tracks were added to the network, but only four new stations were built. In this time period, the network was completed in the following stages:


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The RER's first phase of construction during the 1960s and 1970s was marked by scale and expense. In 1973 alone, FRF 2 billion were committed to the project in the budget. This equates to roughly €1.37 billion in 2005 terms, and closer to double that as a proportion of the region's (then much smaller) economic output. This and subsequent spending was partly sustained by the "versement transport", a local tax levied on businesses. The tax was introduced in July 1971 and remains in effect.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The predominance of suburban SNCF track on the RER network explains why RER trains use overhead line power and run on the left, like SNCF trains (except in Alsace-Moselle), contrary to the Métro where trains use third rail power and run on the right. RER trains run by the two different operators share the same track infrastructure, a practice called interconnection. On the RER, interconnection required the development of specific trains (MI 79 series for "Materiel d'Interconnexion" 1979, and MI 2N series for "Materiel d'Interconnexion à 2 niveaux" (double-deck interconnection stock)) capable of operating under both 1.5 kV direct current on the RATP network and 25 kV / 50 Hz alternating current on the SNCF network. The MS 61 series ("Matériel Suburbain 1961") can be used only on the 1.5 kV DC network.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The RER's tunnels have unusually large cross-sections. This is due to a 1961 decision to build according to a standard set by the Union Internationale des Chemins de Fer, with space for overhead catenary power supply to trains. Single-track tunnels measure 6.30 m across and double-track tunnels up to 8.70 m, meaning a cross-sectional area of up to 50 square metres, larger than that of the "stations" on many comparable underground rail networks.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The first RER rolling stock in fact predated the formation of the RER by 40 years, with the Z 23000 stock used on the "ligne de Sceaux" (which was thereafter integrated into RER B) from 1937 until 27 February 1987. In 1965 the Z 5300 train was introduced, followed by the MS 61 in 1967 (refurbished 1985-1987 and 2006-2009), MI 79 in 1980, MI 84 and Z 8800 in 1985, Z 20500 in 1998, MI 2N in 1996, Z 20900 in 2001, MI 09 on 5 December 2011, Z 50000 (Francilien) in 2015 and Regio 2N (Z 57000) in 2019.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Ten new stations have been built under the heart of Paris since the 1960s as part of the RER project. The six stations of Line A opened between 1969 and 1977 are:


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Some controversy followed the construction of the Line A. Using the model of the existing Métro, and unlike any other underground network in the world, engineers elected to build the three new deep stations (Étoile, Auber and Nation) as single monolithic halls with lateral platforms and no supporting pillars. A hybrid solution of adjacent halls was rejected on the grounds that it "completely sacrificed the architectural aspect" of the oeuvre. The scale in question was vast: the new "stations cathédrales" were up to three times longer, wider and taller than Métro stations, and hence 20 or 30 times more voluminous. Most importantly, unlike the Métro they were to be constructed deep underground. The decision turned out to be expensive: around 8 billion francs for the three stations, equivalent to €1.2 billion in 2005 terms, with the two-level Auber the costliest of the three. The comparison was obvious and unfavourable with London's Victoria line, a deep line of constructed during the same period using a two-tunnel approach at vastly lower cost. However, the three stations represent undeniable engineering feats and are noticeably less claustrophobic than traditional underground stations.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Two stations were added to the network as part of Line E in the 1990s. They are notable for their lavishly spacious deep construction, a technique not used since Auber. Although similar to the three 1960s "cathedral stations" of Line A, their passenger traffic has so far proved vastly lower.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Journey times, particularly on east-west and north-south routes, have been cut by the RER (and thanks to the cross-platform connection at Châtelet - Les Halles, even certain "diagonal" trips have reduced journey times).


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Lines A and B reached saturation relatively quickly, exceeding by far all traffic expectations: up to 55,000 passengers per hour in each direction on Line A (1992), the highest such figure outside of East Asia. Despite a frequency of more than one train every two minutes, made possible by the installation of digital signalling in 1989, and the gradual introduction of double-decker trains from 1998 to 2017, the central stations of Line A are critically crowded at peak times.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Used for leisure journeys, the RER has had a major social impact. By bringing far-flung suburbs within easy reach of central Paris, the network has aided the reintegration of the traditionally insular capital with its periphery. The evidence of this social impact can be seen at Châtelet - Les Halles, whose neighbourhood and Forum des Halles leisure and shopping facilities are popular among "banlieusards" (suburbanites), in particular from eastern suburbs.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Extensions to the RER focus on Line E, which ends at Haussmann - Saint-Lazare, serving only one side of Paris, unlike all other RER lines. Various Line E extensions have been proposed:


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: Until the western section is in service, neither of the eastern extensions can be put into service, as the Haussmann - St Lazare station is at maximum capacity because all trains are currently forced to turn around at this station. Once the western extension is in service, Haussmann - St Lazare will become a through station and the eastern extensions will be possible. One of the primary reasons for the completion of Line E through Paris is to relieve overcrowding on Line A, especially during peak commute periods. Construction of the westward extension began in 2013, with the inauguration currently planned for 2023.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: A new Line E station initially proposed at "Rue de l'Évangile" (eventually officially called "Rosa Parks") on the approach to Gare de l'Est, opened in December, 2015.


title: Réseau Express Régional

text: The RER has received criticism for its high level of particle pollution during busy periods, essentially due to train braking. Pollution by PM10 particles regularly reaches 400 μg/m at Auber, much more than at neighboring metro stations and eight times the EU Commission's daily average limit of 50 μg/m.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Reuben Foster (born April 4, 1994) is an American football linebacker who is a free agent. A consensus All-American in high school, Foster was regarded as the best linebacker prospect of his class before committing to Alabama, where he played from 2013 to 2016. In his final season there he was awarded the Butkus Award, which is given to the nation's best linebacker.


title: Reuben Foster

text: He was then drafted by the San Francisco 49ers in the first round of the 2017 NFL Draft. During his professional career, Foster has been involved with a number of legal issues and other controversies, including multiple arrests, which led to his release from the 49ers in just his second season. He was claimed off waivers by the Washington Redskins shortly after, a move that was met with criticism.


title: Reuben Foster

text: A native of Roanoke, Alabama, Foster moved across the border to LaGrange, Georgia, after sixth grade. He attended Troup County High School, where he played high school football and was teammates with Quan Bray and J. C. Copeland. During his freshman year in a game against Columbus (GA) Carver, Foster had a heralded performance against blue chip running back Isaiah Crowell. "That was my coming out party. That's when they started calling me 'freakish freshman'", said Foster. He completed his freshman season with 110 tackles, and added 112 as a sophomore.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Foster finished his junior season at Troup County High School with 185 tackles, including 34 tackles for loss and 18 sacks. In February 2012, Troup County head coach Charles Flowers was dismissed, allegedly due to a rumor that he paid a football player to move from Lanett, Alabama, to West Point, Georgia, in order to play for Troup. Immediately afterwards, Foster announced his intention to transfer to another high school for his senior season.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Foster eventually moved back to Alabama and enrolled at Auburn High School in April 2012, where he became teammates with Rashaan Evans. Along with the transfer came a switch in commitment from Alabama to Auburn, which triggered an NCAA investigation.


title: Reuben Foster

text: In his senior year at Auburn High, Foster recorded 80 tackles (70 solo) and two sacks, helping the Tigers advance to the quarterfinals of the Class 6A playoffs. Auburn High School lost 7–8 in a grueling, defensive battle to rival Opelika High School at Duck Samford Stadium. Foster participated in the 2013 Under Armour All-America Game, finishing with six tackles and 2.5 for loss, earning Defensive MVP honors.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Regarded as a four-star recruit by ESPN, Foster was listed as the top inside linebacker of his class. Chris Yeager, who coached the Alabama All-Stars in the 2012 Alabama-Mississippi Classic, compared Foster to Cornelius Bennett.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Since his sophomore year, Foster was recruited by a number of SEC schools. In July 2011, Foster verbally committed to Alabama, citing the NFL pedigree of head coach Nick Saban and defensive coordinator Kirby Smart as the decisive factor. However, Foster was not firm on his commitment, so other schools continued to recruit him. After transferring to Auburn High School prior to his senior year, Foster decided to de-commit from Alabama, and switched to Auburn University. "At the end of the day, I feel like Auburn University is the place for me and my family. I am 100 percent confident with my final decision", said Foster. He went so far to have the Auburn University emblem tattooed on his right arm.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Foster's commitment to the Tigers, however, only lasted until December 2012, when Auburn dismissed head coach Gene Chizik, and assistant coach Trooper Taylor, to whom Foster had developed a personal relationship. Foster went through January looking at different schools, including Alabama, Auburn, South Carolina, Georgia, Washington, Miami (FL), and LSU, with Georgia believed to be the favorite. On National Signing Day however, Foster re-committed to Alabama.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Foster debuted as a true freshman for Alabama in the season-opener against Virginia Tech, registering one assisted tackle. He appeared in a total of nine games over the season, registering 12 tackles (four solo), including one tackle for a loss of yardage. Competing to fill the vacancy at inside linebacker left by Butkus Award winner C. J. Mosley, Foster was injured during spring practice on April 5, 2014.


title: Reuben Foster

text: The starting linebacker job eventually went to Reggie Ragland, but Foster still played in 11 games and had the third-most special teams tackles on the team with eight. He made his first career start at the middle linebacker position against West Virginia, compiling seven total tackles with two solo stops and a tackle for loss (−2 yards). Foster finished his sophomore season with 22 tackles including 11 solo stops, two tackles for loss (−5 yards) and one sack (−3 yards, against Texas A&M).


title: Reuben Foster

text: In his junior year, Foster took over as starting inside linebacker from Trey DePriest, and finished second on the team with 73 total tackles, eight for a loss (−24 yards), on the season. He also registered two sacks (−7 yards), three quarterback hurries, and nine pass breakups. Returning for his senior season, he was widely regarded as one of the best linebackers in college football. "Sports Illustrated", "USA Today", "The Sporting News", and numerous other outlets named him a midseason All-American. After the season, he was awarded the Butkus Award, given to the nation's best linebacker. As a senior in 2016, Foster finished with 115 tackles, 13 for losses, and five sacks.


title: Reuben Foster

text: On January 18, 2017, it was reported that Foster and Alabama teammate Jonathan Allen declined their invitations to play in the 2017 Senior Bowl.


title: Reuben Foster

text: On February 13, 2017, it was revealed that Foster underwent surgery on his right shoulder to repair a torn rotator cuff. Foster was one of 19 collegiate linebackers to attend the NFL Scouting Combine in Indianapolis, Indiana, but was sent home after getting into a heated argument with a student hospital worker while receiving his medical examination at the combine. Foster objected to the way he was being treated and was


title: Reuben Foster

text: sent home before being able to meet with team representatives from any NFL teams. During the combine, it was announced that Foster had failed a drug test. On March 8, 2017, Foster attended Alabama's pro day and set scheduled private meetings with NFL teams to discuss the incident that took place at the combine. On April 20, 2017, it was revealed that Foster's urine sample was reported as dilute, which is treated like a positive test. At the conclusion of the pre-draft process, Foster was projected to be a first round pick by NFL draft experts and scouts. He was ranked as the top inside linebacker prospect in the draft by NFLDraftScout.com, was ranked the top linebacker by NFL analysts Mike Mayock and Gil Brandt,


title: Reuben Foster

text: The San Francisco 49ers selected Foster in the first round (31st overall) of the 2017 NFL Draft. He was the third inside linebacker, behind Haason Reddick and Jarrad Davis, and the fifth linebacker selected in 2017. Foster was also the first of two linebackers drafted by the 49ers in 2017, along with Pita Taumoepenu. On June 9, 2017, the 49ers signed Foster to a four-year, $9.03 million contract with $6.87 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $4.71 million.


title: Reuben Foster

text: He joined a revamped linebacker corp that consisted of NaVorro Bowman, Ahmad Brooks, Elvis Dumervil, and Malcolm Smith. Foster was slated to backup newly acquired free agent Malcolm Smith, but was named the starting right outside linebacker after Smith suffered a torn pectoral during training camp.


title: Reuben Foster

text: He made his professional regular season debut and first career start in the San Francisco 49ers' season-opener against the Carolina Panthers and recorded three solo tackles and deflected a pass during their 23-3 loss. He left the game after suffering an apparent ankle injury. He suffered the injury in the first quarter while pursuing Christian McCaffrey and was inactive for the next five games (Weeks 2-6). Foster's first career tackle came on the first drive after he tackled McCaffrey on a seven-yard reception. He returned in Week 7 and was named the starting middle linebacker after the 49ers released the veteran NaVorro Bowman. Foster finished the 49ers' 40-10 loss to the Dallas Cowboys with five combined tackles, but left in the third quarter after suffering a rib injury. On November 5, 2017, Foster recorded a season-high 14 combined tackles in the 20–10 loss to the Arizona Cardinals. He finished his rookie season with 72 combined tackles (59 solo) and a pass deflection in ten games and ten starts. Pro Football Focus gave Foster an overall grade of 90.7 for 2017. His overall grade ranked first among all rookie linebackers and fourth amongst all linebackers.


title: Reuben Foster

text: On July 3, 2018, Foster was suspended two games for violating the league's personal conduct policy, stemming from a weapons offense and a misdemeanor drug offense. Following another arrest for domestic violence on November 24, 2018, Foster was released by the 49ers. 49ers head coach Kyle Shanahan stated that the decision was made as the arrest and all other previous issues made him "very hard to trust".


title: Reuben Foster

text: Foster was claimed off of waivers by the Washington Redskins on November 27, 2018. Regarding the decision to claim him, Redskins senior vice president of player personnel, Doug Williams, stated that he and the rest of the team were fully aware of the allegations that led to his arrest, adding that Foster would have to go through the legal process and accept any other punishment, from the league or elsewhere, before he could ever play in a game for them. He added that the Redskins decided to take a chance on him after consulting with a number of his ex-Alabama teammates on the team, and hoped that being around them would provide him with the "best possible" environment to succeed on and off the field. He was then placed on the commissioner's exempt list by the league. Head coach Jay Gruden further added that it was not guaranteed he would ever play for the team, saying that Foster had "a lot of work to do" before they would accept him playing for them. In April 2019, an internal NFL investigation found no evidence to support his suspension, with his reinstatement to the team's active roster. Instead, he was fined two game checks and put into an accountability plan developed in conjunction with the NFLPA and the Redskins, which included counseling, a living arrangement, weekly meetings, and community service to help him avoid future incidents.


title: Reuben Foster

text: During his first practice with the team in May 2019, Foster fell and suffered a torn ACL and LCL and was subsequently placed on injured reserve. Still recovering from the injury, he was placed on the physically unable to perform list on July 27, 2020 and activated on August 9, 2020, before being placed on injured reserve again on September 5, 2020. His contract with the team expired after the 2020 season.


title: Reuben Foster

text: Foster was born to Inita Berry Paige and Danny Foster on April 4, 1994. His parents were estranged in November 1995 when Foster shot Paige in the back. She was holding her 18-month-old son, Reuben Foster. Danny Foster was indicted by a grand jury in 1996 but fled the state before being arrested in California. He was extradited to Randolph County but escaped from jail in December 1996. He took on a new identity in Miami but was arrested after spending 16 years on the run and was extradited to Randolph County, Alabama. Foster has a daughter, A‘Zyia, who was born in 2009.


title: Reuben Foster

text: On January 13, 2018, Foster was arrested in Alabama by the Tuscaloosa County Sheriff's Office for possession of marijuana. On February 11, 2018, Foster was arrested on suspicion of domestic violence, threats, and assault weapon possession charges. On April 12, he was charged with felony counts of multiple domestic violence, possession of a weapon, and infliction of bodily harm. On April 25, Foster's girlfriend through her lawyer made a statement saying “(Foster) did not strike her, injure her or threaten her,” and that the domestic violence claims were made after Foster attempted to end the relationship after she told him her injuries resulted from a fight with another woman. On May 17, Elissa Ennis testified under oath that she had fabricated the story "as a money scheme".


title: Reuben Foster

text: On November 24, 2018, Foster was arrested again on probable cause misdemeanor domestic violence charges, and was released by the 49ers the following day. Shortly after his release, he was claimed off waivers by the Washington Redskins, a move that was criticized by many. In January 2019, the State Attorney's Office in Florida dropped the charges, claiming that there was insufficient evidence against him after reviewing the case.


title: Esther Freud

text: Born in London, Freud is the daughter of Bernardine Coverley and painter Lucian Freud. She is also a great-granddaughter of Sigmund Freud and niece of Clement Freud. She travelled extensively with her mother as a child, returning to London at 16 to train as an actress at The Drama Centre.


title: Esther Freud

text: She has worked in television and theatre as both actress and writer. Her first credited television appearance was as a terrified diner in "The Bill" in 1984, running frantically out of a Chinese restaurant after it had received a bomb scare. A year later she appeared as an alien in the "Doctor Who" serial "Attack of the Cybermen". Her novels include the semi-autobiographical "Hideous Kinky", which was adapted into a film starring Kate Winslet.


title: Esther Freud

text: She is also the author of "The Wild", "Gaglow", and "The Sea House". She also wrote the foreword for "The Summer Book" by Tove Jansson.


title: Esther Freud

text: Freud was named as one of the 20 "Best of Young British Novelists" by "Granta" magazine in 1993. Her novels have been translated into 13 languages. She is also the co-founder (with Kitty Aldridge) of the women's theatre company Norfolk Broads.


title: Esther Freud

text: In 2009, she donated the short story "Rice Cakes and Starbucks" to Oxfam's 'Ox-Tales' project, four collections of UK stories written by 38 authors. Her story was published in the 'Water' collection. As of 2014 Freud taught at the Faber Academy.


title: Esther Freud

text: Freud has a sister, fashion designer Bella Freud, and a half-brother, Noah Woodman. Her uncle was politician Sir Clement Freud. She has two cousins in the media industry; public relations executive Matthew and broadcaster Emma.


title: Esther Freud

text: She was married to actor David Morrissey, with whom she had three children. They married in 2006. They had separated by 2020, when Freud began living with a boyfriend. Freud maintains homes in London and Walberswick near Southwold in Suffolk.


title: Esther Freud

text: Freud's maternal grandparents were practising Irish Catholics but her mother was nonobservant, while her father's Jewish family were atheists. She identifies herself as Jewish.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 is a 2-door plug-in hybrid sports car marketed by Polestar, a brand of Volvo Cars. It is the first car produced by the company since becoming an independent car manufacturer in June 2017. Based on Volvo's Concept Coupé from 2013, the Polestar 1 is built on the Volvo Scalable Product Architecture platform and is powered by a hybrid powertrain, using a front-mounted engine and two electric motors at the rear. A limited production run has been capped to three years with a total of 1,500 units to be produced for the left-hand drive market only. Production is to take place in Chengdu, China, where the company's first production facility was built.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 started as Volvo's Concept Coupé from 2013, styled by German car designer Thomas Ingenlath, who previously worked in lead design positions at Audi, Volkswagen and Škoda. After the unveiling of the Concept Coupé, Ingenlath said that the model took inspiration from the Volvo P1800, stating that "it is a car designer’s duty to reflect and incorporate design signatures that are vital parts of the company’s heritage".


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 was unveiled on October 17, 2017 at the Shanghai Auto Show, making its world premiere and first public appearance. It came after several teasers were released from the company, including a video revealing the car's reveal date while a number of detail photographs were posted by the company's Instagram account from October 2 to 16, 2017.


title: Polestar 1

text: In June of 2019, Polestar announced that the Polestar 1 was entering its final stages of development as a prototype, before production would officially commence in the later-unveiled production site in Chengdu, China.


title: Polestar 1

text: In April of 2021, the final version of the Polestar 1 was unveiled at the 2021 Shanghai Auto Show. This matte-gold Polestar 1 was designed to commemorate the final run of production and featured no difference to the original car other than the paint. Only 25 were made, with a USD$5,000 price increase over the base MSRP.


title: Polestar 1

text: The production of the Polestar 1 has officially ended later in 2022 and the Polestar 5 and 4 is said to replace it later in 2024 or 2025.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 is powered by a hybrid powertrain, using a twincharged 2.0-litre inline four-cylinder petrol engine from the Volvo XC90 T8 to power the front wheels, with an additional two electric motors powering the rear wheels. Amongst the petrol engine and batteries, an Integrated Starter Generator is also equipped to the Volvo Scalable Product Architecture platform, acting as a starter motor and torque fill during gear changes. Polestar states overall power output comes in at with of torque. Each electric motor produces , while the integrated starter generator produces an additional , for a total of , while no figure has been listed for its engine.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 has a total capacity of 34 kWh arranged in three battery stacks (two packs). This gives the Polestar 1 an all-electric range of 150 km (NEDC). In February 2018, Polestar claimed that this was the largest electric range for any plug-in hybrid available at the time.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 has a plug-in hybrid powertrain, the supercharged and turbocharged high-performance petrol in-line four-cylinder petrol engine drives the front wheels. Two electric motors drive the rear wheels. In addition to these electric motors the Polestar 1 is equipped with an Integrated Starter Generator (ISG). Combined with the electric motors are planetary gear sets. These planetary gear sets enable torque vectoring, a technology used in racing to bring both acceleration and stability through curves.


title: Polestar 1

text: Practically all parts of the Polestar 1 upper body, including doors, bonnet and boot-lid, are made of carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP) for maximum stiffness, torsional rigidity and lightness. The Polestar 1 has a standard-fitted active rear spoiler delivering high-speed downforce on the rear axle. It automatically raises from its integrated flush position when the speed exceeds and is retracted when the speed is reduced below . Polestar 1 comes with a fixed panoramic glass roof, stretching all the way from the top of the windscreen to the upper edge of the rear window. The interior features handcrafted leather detailing and a carbon fibre wing that stretches to the full height of the instrument panel. The Polestar 1 also comes with a Bowers & Wilkins high-end sound system. The tyre sizes are 275/30 R21 for the front and 295/30 R21 for the rear. The Polestar 1 is available in six colors: Space, Snow, Midnight, Osmium, Osmium Grey, and Magnesium, with two options for the interior: Charcoal with Zink for the seats or full Charcoal. Three options are available for the rims: Diamond Cut, Glossy Black, and Matte Black.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 has double wishbone front suspension, connecting each wheel with two transverse links. This design enables the front suspension to counteract torque steer. Most suspension parts are made of aluminium. The rear suspension is an integral link design, with a transverse composite leaf spring. Polestar 1 is the first car with Öhlins Continuously Controlled Electronic Suspension (CESi). The CESi can be set to adapt instantly to road conditions and in accordance with the driver’s chosen setting. The front brakes, are specified by Polestar and manufactured by Akebono, six piston aluminium Mono block calipers on each front wheel are milled from one-piece. The calipers are coupled with 400x38mm ventilated and drilled discs.


title: Polestar 1

text: The Polestar 1 appears on the cover of and in the 2019 racing video game "Need for Speed Heat" as a playable vehicle and "hero" car. As part of a marketing promotion, Polestar encouraged fans to design their own modifications to the Polestar 1 and post renders on Instagram with the hashtag #Polestar1xNFSHeat.


title: Helvetia

text: Helvetia () is the female national personification of Switzerland, officially "Confoederatio Helvetica," the Swiss Confederation.


title: Helvetia

text: The allegory is typically pictured in a flowing gown, with a spear and a shield emblazoned with the Swiss flag, and commonly with braided hair, commonly with a wreath as a symbol of confederation. The name is a derivation of the ethnonym "Helvetii", the name of the Gaulish tribe inhabiting the Swiss Plateau before the Roman conquest.


title: Helvetia

text: The fashion of depicting the Swiss Confederacy in terms of female allegories arises in the 17th century. This replaces an earlier convention, popular in the 1580s, of representing Switzerland as a bull ("Schweizer Stier").


title: Helvetia

text: In the first half of the 17th century, there was not a single allegory identified as "Helvetia". Rather, a number of allegories were shown, representing both virtues and vices of the confederacy. On the title page of his 1642 "Topographia", Matthäus Merian shows two allegorical figures seated below the title panel: one is the figure of an armed "Eidgenosse", representing Swiss military prowess and sovereignty, the other is a female "Abundantia" allegory crowned with a city's ramparts.


title: Helvetia

text: Female allegories of individual cantons predate the single "Helvetia" figure. There are depictions of a "Respublica Tigurina Virgo" (1607), a "Lucerna" shown in 1658 with the victor of Villmergen, Christoph Pfyffer, and a "Berna" of 1682.


title: Helvetia

text: Over the next half-century, Merian's "Abundantia" would develop into the figure of "Helvetia" proper. An oil painting of 1677/78 from Solothurn, known as "Libertas Helvetiae", shows a female "Libertas" allegory standing on a pillar.


title: Helvetia

text: In 1672, an oil painting by Albrecht Kauw shows a number of figures labelled "Helvetia moderna". These represent vices such as "Voluptas" and "Avaritia", contrasting with the virtues of "Helvetia antiqua" (not shown in the painting).


title: Helvetia

text: On 14 September 1672, a monumental baroque play by Johann Caspar Weissenbach was performed in Zug, entitled "Eydtgnossisch Contrafeth Auff- und Abnemmender Jungfrawen Helvetiae".


title: Helvetia

text: The play is full of allegories illustrating the raise of "Helvetia" and her decadence after the Reformation. In the 4th act, the "Abnemmende Helvetiae" or "Waning Helvetia" is faced with "Atheysmus" and "Politicus" while the old virtues leave her. In the final scene, Christ himself appears to punish the wayward damsel, but the Mother of God and Bruder Klaus intercede and the contrite sinner is pardoned.


title: Helvetia

text: Identification of the Swiss as "Helvetians" ("Hélvetiens") becomes common in the 18th century, particularly in the French language, as in François-Joseph-Nicolas d'Alt de Tieffenthal's very patriotic "Histoire des Hélvetiens" (1749–53)


title: Helvetia

text: followed by Alexander Ludwig von Wattenwyl's "Histoire de la Confédération hélvetique" (1754). Helvetia appears in patriotic and political artwork in the context of the construction of a national history and identity in the early 19th century, after the disintegration of the Napoleonic Helvetic Republic, and she appears on official federal coins and stamps from the foundation of Switzerland as a federal state in 1848.


title: Helvetia

text: The Swiss Confederation continues to use the name in its Latin form when it is inappropriate or inconvenient to use any or all of its four official languages. Thus, the name appears on postage stamps, coins and other uses; the full name, "Confœderatio Helvetica", is abbreviated for uses such as the ISO 3166-1 alpha-2 and vehicle registration code CH, and the ccTLD, .ch.


title: Helvetia

text: Notably, translations of the term Helvetia still serve as the name for Switzerland in languages such as Irish, in which the country is known as "An Eilvéis", Greek, in which it is known as "Ελβετία (Elvetia)" and Romanian, in which it is known as Elveția. In Italian "Elvezia" is seen as archaic, but the demonym noun/adjective "elvetico" is used commonly as synonym of "svizzero". In French, Swiss people may be referred to as "Helvètes". The German word "Helvetien" is used as well as synonym of "Schweiz" and has a higher poetic value. "Helvetien" is also more common in Germany; the German-speaking Swiss use simply "Helvetia" or "Helvecia" as poetic synonyms for their country.


title: Ginger Gilmour

text: Ginger Gilmour (born Virginia Hasenbein; January 19, 1949) is an American artist, sculptor, and author. Between 1975 and 1990, she was married to Pink Floyd guitarist David Gilmour. Since their divorce, she has lived in England.


title: Ginger Gilmour

text: From 1962 to 1966, Hasenbein studied at Wayne Memorial High School in Wayne, Michigan, and graduated cum laude. She then undertook a two-year foundation course in chemical engineering and art at Michigan State University.


title: Ginger Gilmour

text: Hasenbein met David Gilmour in Ann Arbor, Michigan, in October 1971, while accompanying her then boyfriend backstage at a Pink Floyd concert. She described their meeting as "love at first sight", and they married on July 7, 1975 with the wedding reception held at Abbey Road Studios. The couple had four children: Alice (born 1976), Clare (born 1979), Sara (born 1981, now a fashion stylist), and Matthew (born 1985).


title: Ginger Gilmour

text: Hasenbein is depicted on the inner sleeve of Gilmour's 1978 eponymous first solo album. They separated during Pink Floyd's 1987–89 world tour and later divorced. She published a book about her life with him, "Memoirs of the Bright Side of the Moon", in 2015.


title: Ginger Gilmour

text: Gilmour studied for eight years with the English artist Cecil Collins. She now works from her 15th-century farmhouse near Yapton, West Sussex, where she has created several studios. A recurring theme in her work is angels. She also teaches art and a form of esoteric healing called 'Mental Colour Healing'. Her work has been exhibited in a number of galleries and other venues, including Mall Galleries, London, Arundel Castle, and the German Embassy in London. She worked in partnership with California-based artists Dana Lynne Anderson and Annie Harrison under the 'Renowned Artist' brand. She has been commissioned to produce work for gardens at the Hampton Court Flower Show and Gardeners' World Live and has illustrated books by Phil Murray. As of July 2011, her 11-foot sculpture inspired by the Olympic Games is installed at Heathrow Airport's Terminal 5.


title: Ginger Gilmour

text: Gilmour is a member of the Society of Women Artists. In June 2007, she received a British Red Cross Award for 'Services to Humanity'.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: Nicholas John Smith (5 March 1934 – 6 December 2015) was an English comedian and actor. He appeared in the BBC sitcom "Are You Being Served?", playing original character Mr (Cuthbert) Rumbold, the manager of the fictional Grace Brothers department store.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: Smith, the son of a chartered surveyor, attended a preparatory school and St John's School, Leatherhead. He learned to play musical instruments, studied singing and trained as an actor at RADA. He then appeared in repertory theatres, on the West End stage, at the Bristol Old Vic and on Broadway.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: Smith's earliest TV roles were as a non-speaking extra in various ITV programmes. He had his first speaking role in the BBC's "Doctor Who" serial "The Dalek Invasion of Earth" (1964). Smith persuaded the serial's director, Richard Martin, to expand the role so that his character, Wells, appeared in three of the serial's six episodes instead of only one or two as originally scripted. This was followed by small roles in many other adventure series, such as "The Saint", "The Avengers", "The Champions" and "Ace of Wands". In 1969 he appeared in the television period drama "The First Churchills" as the historical figure of Titus Oates.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: "Are You Being Served?" began with a pilot episode in 1972, with Smith playing Mr Cuthbert "Jug Ears" Rumbold, the manager of the menswear and ladieswear departments in a large fictional London store called Grace Brothers.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: Smith remained with the programme until the end of its run in 1985, as well as appearing in the "Are You Being Served?" spin-off film in 1977 and the sitcom's sequel, "Grace & Favour" (also known as "Are You Being Served? Again!" in the United States), in 1992 and 1993. Following the death of Frank Thornton on 16 March 2013, Smith was the last surviving member of the original cast of "Are You Being Served?" The last surviving principal actor is Mike Berry, who joined the cast beginning in 1981 for series 8 in the role of Mr Spooner following actor Trevor Bannister's departure from the series.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: From September 1972, in contrast to his contemporaneous work in "Are You Being Served?", he also had a semi-regular role as PC Jeff Yates in the series "Z-Cars". His last appearance as Yates was in February 1975. His film work included appearances in "Salt and Pepper" (1968), "A Walk with Love and Death" (1969), The Champions"-Project Zero (1969), The Twelve Chairs" (1970), dubbed in an Italian version of "The Canterbury Tales" (1972) directed by Pier Paolo Pasolini, and "The Adventure of Sherlock Holmes' Smarter Brother" (1975) as Hunkston, Sigerson Holmes' servant.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: He played Mr. Simpkins (a miserable and desperately unattractive leisure centre manager who had rings run around him by two lazy, womanizing Australian criminals who had taken jobs in the leisure centre as a cover for their crimes) in the Sweeney, episode Golden Fleece in 1975.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: In 1986 he played Sir John Treymayne in the British tour of "Me and My Girl", a role played in the West End by his "Are You Being Served?" co-star Frank Thornton. In 1987 he joined the cast on "And There's More" and was paired up with Joan Sims for a number of sketches for each episodes as an old couple.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: He appeared in the TV mini-series "Martin Chuzzlewit". In 2005, Smith featured in a supporting role as vicar Clement Hedges in the Academy Award-winning film "", for which he was nominated for an Annie Award for Voice Acting in a Feature Production. In 2008, he appeared as a vicar in "Last of the Summer Wine".


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: In 2010, he appeared in children's TV programme "M.I. High" as Professor Quakermass. Smith also wrote music and poetry.


title: Nicholas Smith (actor)

text: Smith was the father of actress Catherine Russell. He died on 6 December 2015 following seven weeks of hospitalisation for a head injury from a fall at his home in Sutton, London.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Víctor Vázquez Solsona (born 20 January 1987) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as an attacking midfielder for Major League Soccer club Toronto FC.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: After starting out at Barcelona he went on to spend most of his career with Club Brugge, appearing in 165 competitive games with the latter club and winning the 2015 Belgian Cup. He also competed professionally in Mexico, Canada, the United States, and Qatar, winning a domestic treble with Toronto FC in 2017.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Born in Barcelona, Catalonia, Vázquez joined the youth system of FC Barcelona at the age of 11. At "La Masia", he was part of the iconic class of 1987 team, playing alongside future first team players Cesc Fàbregas, Lionel Messi and Gerard Piqué, and being considered at one point to be the best player of the group, ahead of Messi. He progressed through the youth ranks, making his debut for the first team on 12 April 2008 after coming on as a substitute for Santiago Ezquerro in the final 15 minutes in a 2–2 La Liga away draw against Recreativo de Huelva. Pep Guardiola called him for the team's pre-season in the following campaign, where he appeared in three official games, but none in the domestic league.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez started and finished the 3–2 home loss to FC Shakhtar Donetsk on 9 December 2008, in the last UEFA Champions League group stage match, but was again mainly registered with the reserves. On 8 February of the following year he suffered a serious knee injury in a game with the latter, going on to miss the remainder of the season in Segunda División B.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Due to the lengthy calendar in 2009–10, many first-team players were given breaks towards the end of the year. Thus, on 29 December 2009, four "Barça" B players were called by Guardiola: Thiago, Gai Assulin, Jonathan dos Santos and Vázquez; all returned to where they had come from the following month.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 7 December 2010, after coming from the bench for fellow youth graduate Jeffrén Suárez, who suffered an early injury, Vázquez scored his first goal for Barcelona's first team, contributing to a 2–0 home win against FC Rubin Kazan for the Champions League group stage, as the hosts had already secured the first place in their group.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: In late April 2011, after 14 years at the Camp Nou (including youth years), Vázquez agreed to join Club Brugge KV, and a three-year contract was signed the following month. In March 2013 he extended his link until 2016, being considered a key player and essential to the further development of the squad according to sporting director Arnar Grétarsson.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: At the end of the 2014–15 season, after again being first choice as his team won the regular season in the Belgian Pro League, eventually finishing second, and also capturing the Belgian Cup, Vázquez was voted the Belgian Professional Footballer of the Year. He also helped his side to a quarter-final run in the UEFA Europa League in his last year with the club and, across all competitions, made 173 appearances over five seasons, scored 25 goals and provided 50 assists, including seven goals and four assists in 33 matches in the latter tournament.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 30 December 2015, Cruz Azul signed Vázquez to a three-year contract for US$1.5 million. His time in Mexico was largely unsuccessful, however, and he only made a limited number of appearances before leaving; he played 23 competitive games during his spell at the Estadio Azul, scoring once and providing one assist.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez transferred to Canadian club Toronto FC on 20 February 2017. He scored his first goal on 18 March in a 2–0 away win over the Vancouver Whitecaps FC. Throughout his first season in Major League Soccer, he drew praise in the media for adding depth to his new team's attacking play, courtesy of his vision and distribution, and formed a notable partnership in midfield with captain Michael Bradley, who was in turn freed from much of the team's creative responsibilities and played more of a defensive role, while still sharing some of the playmaking duties with the Spaniard; Vázquez's playmaking ability and link-up play with forwards Sebastian Giovinco and Jozy Altidore saw him finish as the second highest assist provider of the regular season (16) while also notching eight goals, as Toronto captured the Canadian Championship followed by the Supporters' Shield for most points in the league, after a 4–2 home win over New York Red Bulls on 30 September in which he scored from an injury time penalty.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: In Toronto's last match of the regular season on 22 October 2017, a 2–2 away draw to Atlanta United FC, the former club broke the league's point record of 68 points, set by LA Galaxy in 1998, by one point. Eight days later, in the first leg of the Eastern Conference semi-finals in the play-offs, Vázquez scored the opening goal in a 2–1 away win over the New York Red Bulls. On 29 November, in the return leg of the Eastern final against Columbus Crew SC, at BMO Field, he missed a penalty in the 26th minute, but later set up the only goal of the match scored by Altidore, which saw his side emerge conference winners for the second consecutive year and earn a place in the MLS Cup Final. On 9 December, in the decisive match played at the same venue, he was involved in Altidore's opener and subsequently scored the final goal in a 2–0 win over the Seattle Sounders FC for an unprecedented domestic treble.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez's second season at the club was less successful however, as he struggled with injuries, collecting eight goals and nine assists in 21 MLS appearances and totalling matches 26 across all competitions. Although Toronto defended their Canadian Championship title, and even reached the final of the CONCACAF Champions League in 2018, with him starting in the second leg, they missed out on the playoffs for the first time in four years.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 15 January 2019, Vázquez signed with Al-Arabi SC of the Qatar Stars League. At the end of the season, he transferred to Umm Salal SC in the same competition.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez returned to the Belgian top division in August 2020, joining K.A.S. Eupen on a two-year contract. Two months later, he asked to be released for personal reasons and left the club.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: On 16 March 2021, Vázquez returned to MLS by signing with LA Galaxy, reuniting with former Toronto head coach Greg Vanney. He made his debut on 18 April against Inter Miami CF, and scored his first goal on 22 July in a 2–2 away draw with Real Salt Lake.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: In November 2022, Toronto FC claimed the negotiation rights to Vázquez at the 2022 MLS Re-Entry Draft. In December, he signed a one-year contract for the 2023 season with an option for a further season to return to the club.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: A skilful and creative playmaker, Vázquez is noted for his vision, technique, passing and his composure in possession, which enables him to link-up with other players, distribute the ball quickly and create goalscoring opportunities for his teammates. A team player, he has also drawn praise for his intelligence, work-rate, stamina, awareness, selflessness, movement off the ball and positional sense on the pitch, as well as for being a key dressing room personality. Although he is primarily known for his ability to create goals he is capable of scoring them himself, and is also an accurate free kick and penalty taker. An experienced and versatile midfielder, he usually plays as an attacking midfielder behind the strikers, but is also capable of playing in the centre in a 3–5–2 formation, or on the left wing in a 4–4–2 formation.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez has also occasionally been used in a more advanced position, operating in a free, creative role, playing behind or off of another forward as a second striker.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez is married to Andrea. Their son Leo (b. 2013) was named in honour of his childhood friend and former Barcelona teammate Messi.


title: Víctor Vázquez (footballer, born 1987)

text: Vázquez had the words "solo el mas fuerte sobrevive" (only the strongest survives) tattooed on his arm as he recovered from his second knee surgery. He also had several other tattoos which reference his wife, son, grandmother and sister, including the text "Life is meaningless without you, forever yours" on his back, dedicated to his wife.


title: Skip Beat!

text: , abbreviated as "Sukibi", is a Japanese shōjo manga by Yoshiki Nakamura. It is the story of , a 16-year-old girl who discovers that her childhood friend and romantic goal, Shotaro Fuwa, only keeps her around to act as a maid and to earn his living expenses, while he works his way to become the top pop idol in Japan. Furious and heartbroken, she vows revenge by beating him in show business.


title: Skip Beat!

text: In Japan, the manga was first published in Hakusensha's shōjo manga magazine "Hana to Yume" in February 2002, while in the United States, it began publishing under Viz Media's Shojo Beat label in 2006. Forty-eight volumes and one fanbook have been released in Japan, and forty-six of the volumes have been released in the United States. In 2002, a drama CD adaptation was made and released by Marine Entertainment, and covers the first volume (chapters one to five) of the manga. An anime adaptation was produced by Hal Film Maker, and began airing October 5, 2008. It ended airing with episode twenty-five on July 12, 2009.


title: Skip Beat!

text: "Skip Beat!" follows the story of Kyoko Mogami, a sixteen-year-old girl who loves her childhood friend, Shotaro Fuwa, but is betrayed by him. Having spent a large part of her childhood at Shotaro's parents' inn, she learned a great deal about hostelry and other such jobs. Shotaro, not wishing to take over his parents' business, asks Kyoko to run away with him to Tokyo, leaving high school and her life in Kyoto Prefecture behind to help him pursue a career in music. Upon arrival in Tokyo, Kyoko lives an unreasonably frugal life and works multiple jobs to support Sho, as he is called by his fans, spending nothing on herself and doing whatever she can for Sho, who eventually becomes ranked seventh of the top twenty most popular male celebrities of Japan. One day, she overhears Shotaro complaining about her to his manager, saying that she is a boring and plain girl who he thinks of as a doormat. He proceeds to sweet-talk and flirt with his manager, in stark contrast to the cold and demanding attitude he usually exhibits towards Kyoko.


title: Skip Beat!

text: As she storms away, Kyoko doesn't shed many tears when she learns that Sho wanted her along only to handle housekeeping duties. Instead, her "Pandora's box" opens and she vows vengeance on Sho. As she is carried away by security, Sho mockingly tells her that if she wants revenge, she had better become a bigger star than he is. And so, Kyoko changes her appearance and enters the entertainment industry, facing many challenges along the way.


title: Skip Beat!

text: After this introduction, Skip Beat! follows Kyoko's journey climbing up the showbiz ladder at first to gain her revenge but later out of love of acting. Along the way Kyoko meets many interesting people, troublemakers, foes, and friends alike, as she develops both as a person and as an actress. Additionally, she begins to regain the sense of compassion and other tender emotions that she lost when her heart was broken by Sho (Shotaro). Once she enters show biz Kyoko meets Ren Tsuruga, who at first disapproves of Kyoko for such a silly reason to begin acting, a profession he holds semi-sacred. As Kyoko cultivates her acting and friendships, she soon discovers a sense of self separate from her initial plans for revenge.


title: Skip Beat!

text: "Skip Beat!" began as a manga series written and illustrated by Yoshiki Nakamura which started serialized in Hakusensha's shōjo manga magazine "Hana to Yume" on February 15, 2002. The first bound volume was released in Japan on July 19, 2002, and forty-eight volumes have been released to date. The manga was licensed by Viz Media for release in English in North America on Viz Media's Shojo Beat imprint. The first volume was released in English on July 5, 2006. As of April 2022, forty-six volumes were released in English. Furthermore, Viz Media has also re-released "Skip Beat!" in the VIZBIG format (3-In-1 Edition) since December 1, 2020 fourteen volumes have been released, the latest combining volumes 40-42.


title: Skip Beat!

text: The first, entitled "Skip Beat! Drama CD," was released by Marine Entertainment bearing the catalog number "MMCC-7029" on September 26, 2002. It covers the first volume (chapters one to five) of the manga.


title: Skip Beat!

text: The second, entitled "BLACK Drama CD," was released August 21, 2012 and focuses on the Dark Breath arc. The "BLACK Drama CD" feature the voice actors for the anime, with the addition of Yuki Kaida as Jelly Woods in the "BLACK Drama CD"


title: Skip Beat!

text: The third, entitled "KISS×KISS Drama CD Valentine Weapon," was released January 19, 2013 and covers Shou's kiss and Ren's cheek kiss on Valentine's Day. "KISS×KISS Drama CD Valentine Weapon" like the "BLACK Drama CD" feature the voice actors for the anime.


title: Skip Beat!

text: The fourth, entitled "DARK BREATH, Drama CD" was released in March 2017. It covers the Cain and Setsuka Heel love bite scene in chapters 194 through 196.


title: Skip Beat!

text: A fifth adaptation featuring Kyouko's reunion with Corn in Guam was bundled with the first printing of the 40th volume as a limited-edition release, on sale March 20, 2017, with Marina Inoue and Katsuyuki Konishi reprising their respective roles.


title: Skip Beat!

text: On September 20, 2019, two more drama CDs were released. One drama CD was included in a limited-edition of the 44th volume; it adapts the "Kitchen Words" short story. The other CD came with an issue of "Hana to Yume" and adapts. the short stories "Otherworld With Love" and "Until You Sleep."


title: Skip Beat!

text: Another drama adaption was released with a January 2021 issue of "Hana to Yume", covering the manga chapters 274 through 279.


title: Skip Beat!

text: The anime adaptation was directed by Kiyoko Sayama and animated by Hal Film Maker, it began airing in Japan on October 5, 2008 and ended on March 29, 2009. The first opening theme is "Dream Star" by the generous. The first ending theme is "Namida" by 2BACKKA.The second opening theme is "Renaissance" by the generous, and the second ending theme is "Eien" by Yūsaku Kiyama. Anime streaming website Crunchyroll also officially streams the anime online with English subtitles through an agreement with TV Tokyo.


title: Skip Beat!

text: Pied Piper licensed the series and launched a Kickstarter campaign to fund the series on DVD and Blu-ray with an English dub. The Kickstarter campaign was successful, meeting the goal and the stretch goal needed to produce the Blu-ray release.


title: Skip Beat!

text: In 2008, a Taiwanese drama of "Skip Beat!" was announced in a press conference in Japan, titled () or "Extravagant Challenge" in English, starring Ivy Chen as Kyōko, Choi Siwon as Tsuruga Ren, and Lee Donghae as Shō Fuwa. It was to be directed by Niu Cheng Ze (鈕承澤) and produced by Gala Television (GTV). A few days before shooting was due to begin, in January 2009, Lai Cong Bi (賴聰筆), Deputy General Manager of GTV stated that the production has been postponed indefinitely due to factors such as restructure of the joint venture company in Japan and script re-write.


title: Skip Beat!

text: In March 2011, it was announced that the project will resume filming in April 2011 with the leading role of Gong Xi (Kyōko) played by Ivy Chen, Dun He Lian (Tsuruga Ren) played by Choi Siwon, and Bu Puo Shang (Shō Fuwa) played by Lee Donghae of Korean boy band Super Junior.


title: Skip Beat!

text: The series aired from December 18, 2011 to April 1, 2012 with a total of 15 episodes. The live-action adaptation also aired in Japan, China, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines. Each episode ran about an hour long and stuck very closely to the plot line of the manga, albeit with some comedic elements added in. Given its ending (much like the anime, it left loose ends, although it still managed to get further along in the plot) and the many fans the series acquired, there has been speculation as to whether there will be a season two; many believe the producers are waiting for the manga to finish so as to provide a proper ending.


title: Skip Beat!

text: The opening song of this game is "Blow Wind" by SMILY☆SPIKY. The game takes place after the animation of Skip Beat! where the main character, Kyoko Mogami, needs to choose her next job and develop her relationships with others. The game is imported from Japan and has yet to be translated into English. Although the game is a continuation of the manga it does not follow the plot specifically.


title: Skip Beat!

text: An original story , written by Ayuna Fujisaki, appeared in "Hana to Yume Bunkei Shōjo", vol.2. The literary adaptation centered on Kyōko's guest appearance in a cooking show and used art from the manga as illustration.


title: Skip Beat!

text: A second story, , appeared in "The Hana to Yume" released on April 25, 2015. Also written by Ayuna Fujisaki, it centered on a Love Me job for Kyōko and Kanae at a theme park.


title: Skip Beat!

text: A third story, , appeared in "The Hana to Yume" released on July 25, 2015. Written by Ayuna Fujisaki, the story has Kyōko possessed by a ghost, and features Shō, Reino, and Ren.


title: Skip Beat!

text: A fourth story, , appeared in "The Hana to Yume" released on October 25, 2015. Also written by Ayuna Fujisaki, the story features Ren's manager on a day off due to a cold.


title: Skip Beat!

text: Ayuna Fujisaki has written a fifth story featuring Kyōko working as Bō the Chicken, which appeared in "The Hana to Yume" released on January 25, 2016.


title: Skip Beat!

text: On September 20, 2016, the five short stories were published in a collection that includes another original Skip Beat! short story by Ayuna Fujisaki as well as original art by Yoshiki Nakamura.


title: Nora En Pure

text: Daniela Di Lillo (formerly Niederer, born 20 July 1990), better known by her stage name Nora En Pure is a Swiss-South African DJ and deep house producer. She first received recognition for her 2013 single "Come With Me". Further popular releases are "Morning Dew", "Lake Arrowhead", and "Tears In Your Eyes." In July 2016, she was invited to put together a two-hour long mix for Pete Tong's radio show: "BBC's Essential Mix".


title: Nora En Pure

text: Born to a South African mother and a Swiss father in Johannesburg, Di Lillo migrated to Switzerland during her infancy. Raised in a musical environment, she learned to play musical instruments at childhood.


title: Nora En Pure

text: Before engaging in the electronic music scene, she used to listen to other musical genres including classical music, pop and rock.


title: Nora En Pure

text: Being an outdoors enthusiast, Nora En Pure finds most creative inspiration in nature and travels resulting in organic and nature-infused productions and sets. Weaving her influences of South African roots with the love for classical music and soundtracks, tracks often paint a certain scenery combining tribal percussion with traditional Western instrumentation, creating emotional melodies and harmonies with piano, strings, wind instruments and synthesizers.


title: Nora En Pure

text: Being part of the Helvetic Nerds in Switzerland, Nora En Pure has a long year studio and label partnership with Enormous Tunes label owner Christian Hirt. Through the long term collaboration they developed a characteristic sound that is well recognizable, distinct and sets the electronic act apart from general dance music. Nora En Pure was one of the first artists of her kind of melodic and organic deep house sound when this genre gained popularity. However the productions and live sets always remained unique connecting dots between different and disparate sounds, styles and scenes with ease and in her own raw style setting her apart from the mainstream.


title: Nora En Pure

text: Her first steps into the global scene she started with the single "Saltwater" which contains elements of "True" by Spandau Ballet, and was included in the 2012 compilation by Buddha Bar. In 2013 the success of "Come With Me" followed, which remained in the Top 100 of Beatport's download list for more than seven months.


title: Nora En Pure

text: She gained international recognition by touring, with appearances at Coachella Festival on the Yuma stage (which hosts the best artists of deep house and techno music), at the Tomorrowland "Daybreak Session" (a 3-hour set on the mainstage of alongside Joris Voorn, Carl Cox and others), or with a whole catalogue of EPs and remixes (for artists such as Faithless, Wretch 32, Klingande, Oliver Heldens, Paul Harris and his side project Dirty Vegas).


title: 99 Songs

text: 99 Songs is an Indian Hindi-language musical romance film directed by Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy, and co-written and produced by A. R. Rahman originally in Hindi (in his maiden production banner YM Movies), who thus makes his debut in both roles, apart from composing the original score and songs. The film co-produced by Ideal Entertainment and distributed by Jio Studios, stars debutants Ehan Bhat and Edilsy Vargas in lead roles, alongside Aditya Seal, Lisa Ray and Manisha Koirala among others in supporting characters. The film is a sensual story about art and self-discovery of a struggling singer who wants to be a successful music composer.


title: 99 Songs

text: Rahman had written the script for the film in 2011, with Eros International initially announced to produce the film in August 2013. After Eros backed out of the project, Rahman stated that he will produce the film under his own banner YM Movies. This film is the debut directorial of Vishwesh, who worked as an advertisement filmmaker before Rahman offered him to direct for his production. Vishwesh, also a musician, is well known for the Mumbai-based hardcore band Scribe. The scripting and finalizing process continued till four years before the film was officially announced in June 2015. The casting process is done by Mukesh Chhabra; around 1,000 auditions took place until the makers finalized Ehan and Edilsy as the lead actors.


title: 99 Songs

text: Production of the film silently progressed in March 2017 and ended within a year. The cinematography for the film was jointly handled by Tanay Satam and James Cowley, while editing was done by Akshay Mehta and Shreyas Beltangdy. The dialogues for the film were written by Hussain Dalal while Gautham Vasudev Menon and Kiran gave the dialogues for the Tamil and Telugu versions. For the Tamil version, G. V. Prakash Kumar and Khatija Rahman gave voice-overs for the film's lead actors.


title: 99 Songs

text: The world premiere of "99 Songs" was held at the 24th Busan International Film Festival which was held at Busan, South Korea, where the film was screened in the Open Cinema category on 9 October 2019. The film was released on 16 April 2021, and was also dubbed and released in Tamil and Telugu.


title: 99 Songs

text: A. R. Rahman who had launched his newly based production company YM Movies announced in August 2013, that he will be producing a script which he had written in 2011 (which marked Rahman's maiden stint as a scriptwriter) and will also take charge of the film's music. It is touted to be a young sensual story based on love, art and self-discovery, and will feature international and local talents. Rahman decided to team up with Sunil Lulla of Eros International to co-produce the film, with Rahman stating that "It is a 16-year relation with Eros and this time it's extending the role a bit more". Despite Eros acquired some of Rahman's films including "Kochadaiiyaan" and "Lekar Hum Deewana Dil", the producers opted out of the project due to financial constraints and in July 2014, Rahman had announced that he had finalised the draft of the script being a musical film. He further stated that he will not direct this project, and may bring in a core team who have musical nuances.


title: 99 Songs

text: Rahman had planned to sign in advertisement filmmaker and Scribe band vocalist Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy on board to direct his first feature film. Vishwesh who is known for directing the teleseries "Bring on the Night" and "The Dewarist" had also expressed his interest in making a feature film, for which he left the musical band. Rahman announced the same in December 2014 at the music launch event of the Hindi version of "I", although he did not reveal the director's name in public. In June 2015, the project was officially titled as "99 Songs" after the completion of the scripting and finalizing process which took four years. In August 2015, it was confirmed that the plot would be musically laden, with film score by Rahman. However, the film won't be a biopic on him but, it features a journey of a struggling singer, with the problems faced in his quest to be a successful composer, said Rahman in an interview, further adding that, the film would have a love story inclined to art, passion and realizing one's true capabilities.


title: 99 Songs

text: After the project was announced in 2015, the makers began casting process in Mumbai for which the production house demanded a South Indian actor to play the male lead musician who had basic understanding of music too, also adding that, the supporting cast will have international musicians and actors. A first look of the poster which released in March 2016, featured a boy flying in mid-air holding a girl's hand in one and an afloat piano in the other, although the details regarding the lead pair were undeciphered.


title: 99 Songs

text: Vishwesh Krishnamoorthy had planned three Pakistani actors to play the lead role in the film, but Rahman was apprehensive that it might cause problem for the project. It was due to the 2016 Indian Line of Control strike, followed by which the Indian Motion Picture Producers Association banned all Pakistani actors and technicians from working in India and many films featuring Pakistani actors which included Karan Johar's "Ae Dil Hai Mushkil", faced threats from exhibitors and activists, citing this reason. With the help of casting director Mukesh Chhabra, more than 1,000 auditions took place before the makers finalized debutants Ehan Bhat and Edilsy Vargas, as the lead actors of the film in October 2017.


title: 99 Songs

text: Ehan Bhat was trained for composing piano at Rahman's musical institute KM Music Conservatory in Chennai for more than year, since his role required musical expertise. He was sent to Los Angeles for training from acting and success coach Bernard Hiller. The lead actors have undergone special training at a leading acting school in Hollywood. The teaser of the film released during December 2017 at a musical concert in Ahmedabad, featured the lead cast members along with Tenzin Dalha, Aditya Seal, Manisha Koirala and Lisa Ray along with renowned musicians Ranjit Barot, Rahul Ram, Thomson Andrews, Remo Fernandes among others. Rahman shared the news of the lead actor Ehan in his official Instagram post in April 2019.


title: 99 Songs

text: The project was expected to kickstart production in the end of 2015 after completing Rahman's works in "Tamasha" and "Mohenjo Daro", however the delay over the casting process had prompted the makers to put the shoot on hold. Later the principal photography of the film began on 10 March 2017. Shooting of major portions of the film had silently progressed in India, and when Rahman on announcing the cast, he further added the team had completed a long shooting schedule in Ukraine. The makers have completed 90% of portions as of October 2017, with the exception of patchwork scenes and some other sequences which were wrapped up within mid 2018.


title: 99 Songs

text: The background music and soundtrack for the film was composed by A. R. Rahman. The album which was in production since 2015, consists of 14 original compositions for each language (Hindi, Tamil and Telugu). The lyrics for the original Tamil version were penned by Madhan Karky, Thamarai and Mashook Rahman, while the lyrics for the Hindi version were penned by Navneet Virk, Abhay Jodhpurkar, Dilshaad Shabbbir Shaikh, Raftaar, Munna Shaukat and Telugu version was penned by Anantha Sriram and Rakendu Mouli.


title: 99 Songs

text: "99 Songs" became the first Indian soundtrack album to be released in Dolby Atmos Technology. After five singles – "Sai Shirdi Sai", the theme song from the film titled "The Oracle" the male and female versions of "Jwalamukhi" and "Teri Nazar" – were released on 5 April 2019, 14, 20 and 26 February and 13 March 2020, the full soundtrack in its entirety was released by Sony Music India on 20 March 2020.