title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On June 21, 2007, Johnson stated that he was willing to sit out the Chiefs' training camp unless he and the Chiefs reached an agreement on a new contract. On July 22, rumors spread about Johnson being traded to the Green Bay Packers. The initial asking price was a first-, second-, and third-round draft pick. Starting on July 27 with the beginning of training camp, he began a holdout during which he was fined $14,000 per day by the team, and did not report to training camp until nearly a month later when he and the team agreed to a five-year contract extension that locked Johnson up with the Chiefs through the 2012 season. As a result of the extension, Johnson was the highest-paid running back in the NFL based on average salary per year. His new contract covered six years and was to pay him $45 million, with $19 million in guaranteed money—the biggest contract in Chiefs history.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In week 9 of the 2007 regular season, Johnson was sidelined late in the 4th quarter against the Green Bay Packers with a foot injury. The injury was season-ending; Johnson did not see any playing time in the rest of the 2007 season, and was placed on the injured reserve list. Johnson ended the season with 559 yards on 158 attempts, and only three rushing touchdowns.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In Johnson's first regular season game since his injury, he rushed for 74 yards on 22 carries with an average of 3.4 yards per carry against the New England Patriots on September 7, 2008. The Chiefs lost the game 17–10. After a loss to the Oakland Raiders the following week, Johnson spoke out about his low number of carries. In his next two games, Johnson rushed for a combined 319 yards on 52 attempts with an average of 6.1 yards per carry.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson was suspended for the Chiefs' game against the Tennessee Titans on October 18 for violating team rules. Johnson also was benched for the following game against the New York Jets. Johnson, after weeks of being inactive for the Chiefs, was suspended by league commissioner Roger Goodell for the team's week 10 game against the San Diego Chargers, for violating the league's personal conduct policy, after he was charged with simple assault for allegedly spitting his drink in a woman's face (the fourth time in five years he had been accused of assaulting a woman), and as he awaited a court date for allegedly pushing another woman's face. The suspension cost him $147,000; one game check. He finished the season with 874 yards and five touchdowns.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson's 2009 season got off to a very slow start, despite Johnson keeping his starting job. As of week 8, he had 132 attempts for only 358 yards. His 2.7 yards per carry were the worst of any NFL running back with at least 70 carries.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On October 27, 2009, the Chiefs "instructed Larry to refrain from practicing with the Chiefs or participating in other team activities" for his Twitter comments on Chiefs' head coach Todd Haley and reportedly using gay slurs when he addressed the media. Because of his comments, Johnson encountered backlash from the Gay & Lesbian Alliance Against Defamation. Johnson's Twitter comments were: "My father got more credentials than most of these pro coaches." That was followed by: "My father played for the coach from "remember the titans". Our coach played golf. My father played for redskins briefley. Our coach. Nuthn." Johnson's tweets were responded to by fans, one tweet including a reference to his nightclub incident. Johnson's response used the word "fag". The final post read: "Make me regret it. Lmao. U don't stop my checks. Lmao. So 'tweet' away." Johnson subsequently said about the incidents, "First of all, I want to apologize to the fans of the Kansas City Chiefs and the rest of the NFL, Commissioner Goodell, the Chiefs organization, Coach Todd Haley, his staff, and my teammates for the words I used yesterday. I regret my actions. The words were used by me in frustration, and they were not appropriate."


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On October 28, 2009, the Chiefs suspended Johnson until November 9 for "conduct detrimental to the club". They ultimately agreed to a deal with his agent, Peter Schaffer, in which he would only lose one game check ($300,000). At the time of the suspension, Johnson was only 75 yards from passing Priest Holmes as the franchise's all-time leading rusher. This angered several fans, who started a petition demanding that the Chiefs either deactivate, release, or waive him. The petition said that Johnson "has never represented anything close to the values that we have for our Chiefs" and thus did not deserve the record.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On November 9, the day Johnson was due to return from his suspension, the Chiefs waived him. Reportedly, the final straw for Chiefs general manager Scott Pioli was yet another tweet in which Johnson belittled a fan for making less money than he made. Johnson's agent, Schaffer, issued the following statement: "A part of him is excited and a part of him is very regretful. There's a lot of feelings going on right now. It's analogous to breaking up with a girlfriend. Maybe you saw it coming, but it still hurts when it happens."


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In November 2009, Johnson signed with the Cincinnati Bengals for the prorated league minimum pay. Johnson served as backup to starting running back Cedric Benson. In the Bengals week 12 win over the Browns, Johnson rushed for 107 yards, his only 100-yard game of the season.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson signed a three-year contract worth up to $12 million with the Washington Redskins as an unrestricted free agent on March 12, 2010. He played for former Denver Broncos coach Mike Shanahan. On September 21, 2010, Johnson was released by the Redskins.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On August 23, 2011, Johnson signed with the Miami Dolphins. On September 3, the Dolphins terminated Johnson's contract during final roster cuts. He rushed for 46 yards and one touchdown on 12 carries in the 2011 preseason. However, he was re-signed on September 8 after an injury to Daniel Thomas. He was released following the Dolphins' week 2 loss to the Houston Texans, when he ran the ball only once for a two-yard gain.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson and his father, Larry Sr., maintain a close relationship. Johnson's brother and manager, Tony Johnson, is a former starting wide receiver for Penn State from 2000–2003.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson appeared on the cover of the PlayStation 2 game "NCAA Gamebreaker 2004" in a Penn State uniform. In 2007, Johnson appeared in Fantasia's music video for the song "When I See U". Johnson also made an appearance in Jay-Z's music video "Roc Boys (And the Winner Is)...". In October 2013, TMZ reported that Johnson had been a recurring guest DJ at Miami strip club Tootsie's Cabaret.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Because of memory loss, suicidal impulses, mood swings, and headaches, Johnson believes he has chronic traumatic encephalopathy (which can't be diagnosed until an autopsy is performed on the brain after death). Johnson also states that he does not remember playing two seasons. His method of dealing with the trauma is to control his social interactions and spend quality time with his daughter.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Since 2020, Johnson has been criticized for posts on his Twitter account including antisemitic comments such as claiming Jews worship Satan, and attributing fake quotes to the Bible. CNN reporter Jake Tapper called his comments explicitly "antisemitic garbage", due to references to a "jewish cabal" and posting alleged quotes regarding "jews toy(ing) with the public as a cat toys with a mouse" or worshipping [satan]." Johnson's tweets have also touched on topics common among conspiracy theory proponents, including freemasonry. He frequently tweets conspiracy theories about celebrity deaths, including the death of Kobe Bryant, which he claimed that LeBron James made a "blood sacrifice" to kill Bryant in exchange for the Los Angeles Lakers winning the 2020 NBA Finals. He also claims Tom Brady and other NFL players are part of the occult, and that the NFL rigs and scripts games.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson has been arrested at least six times since 2003. Five of his arrests were on various assault charges against women, four while he was an active player in the NFL.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In December 2003, he was arrested for felony aggravated assault and misdemeanor domestic battery for slapping and waving a gun at his then-girlfriend as he threatened her, during an argument at his home. The charges were dropped after Johnson agreed to participate in a domestic violence diversion program. He was required to complete 120 hours of community service, attend an anger management course, and stay out of trouble for two years.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In September 2005, Johnson was again arrested for assault when a 25-year-old woman accused Johnson of pushing her to the ground in a Kansas City bar. Johnson turned himself in and was cited for domestic abuse assault; he posted bond and was released. But the case was dropped after the alleged victim failed to appear in court for three hearings.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: His third arrest for assault came in February 2008, after he allegedly shoved a 26-year-old woman's head at a Kansas City nightclub.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In October 2008, Johnson was arrested for the fourth time and charged with one count of non-aggravated assault for allegedly spitting a drink in a 24-year-old woman's face and threatening to kill her boyfriend at a Kansas City nightclub on October 11. The woman filed a civil suit against Johnson, accusing him of negligence, assault and battery, intentional infliction of emotional distress, and negligent infliction of emotional distress.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: Johnson was deactivated for the October 19, 2008 game against the Tennessee Titans for violating an undisclosed team rule. The team said his suspension for the game was unrelated to the criminal investigation.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: In March 2009, Johnson pleaded guilty to two counts of disturbing the peace, regarding the two incidents in 2008, and was sentenced to two years' probation. In July 2010 a judge admonished him in court for failing to perform his full community service, said he "puts people in jail every day for not doing community service," but chose not to do so and instead reinstated Johnson's probation. The City Prosecutor said he was supposed to send a monthly form to his probation officer, but failed to, and also failed to report to his probation officer that he had been stopped by police in Virginia and cited for not having a driver's license. After the 20-minute hearing, Johnson walked out of the courtroom smiling.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On October 5, 2012, Johnson was again arrested, in Las Vegas for domestic violence charges that included beating and strangulation of a former girlfriend at the Bellagio resort Las Vegas Strip hotel and casino. The 32-year-old woman was said to have had several injuries to her face, bruising on her neck, and been choked into unconsciousness. Johnson pretended to run from hotel security officers, and told one security officer he would rip his vocal cords out. He was booked into the Clark County Detention Center with bond set at $15,000, and was released after spending 18 hours behind bars. He faced a maximum five years in jail, and a $15,000 fine. However, a felony charge was dropped as part of a plea deal, and he was ruled guilty of misdemeanor domestic violence battery and assault, and sentenced to one year of probation and ordered to pay a $345 fine, perform 48 hours of community service, and attend six months of counseling.


title: Larry Johnson (running back)

text: On October 7, 2014, Johnson was arrested for the sixth time after punching a 29-year-old man in a Miami Beach club, and allegedly cutting him with a broken bottle. He was charged with aggravated battery and booked into the Miami-Dade County jail with bond set at $7,500. Johnson later pleaded guilty to battery and was sentenced to 12 months' probation, 60 hours of community service, and must submit to substance abuse evaluations, and stay away from the victim and the club.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: The Magellan expedition was the first voyage around the world in human history. It was a Spanish expedition that sailed from Seville in 1519 under the command of Ferdinand Magellan, a Portuguese-born explorer but naturalized (nationalised) Spanish, in search of a maritime path to East Asia through the Americas and across the Pacific Ocean, and was concluded by Spanish navigator Juan Sebastian Elcano in 1522. Elcano and the 18 survivors of the expedition were the first men to circumnavigate the globe in a single expedition.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: The Spanish fleet, the "Armada de Molucca", that left Spain on 20 September 1519 consisted of five ships with 270 men: "Trinidad" under Magellan, Captain General; "San Antonio" under Juan de Cartagena; "Concepcion" under Gaspar de Quesada; "Santiago" under João Serrão; and "Victoria" under Luiz Mendoza.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: After crossing the Atlantic and wintering in South America the expedition navigated the Straits of Magellan, then crossed the Pacific to the Philippines.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: Following Magellan's death in Mactan (Philippines) in 1521, Juan Sebastián Elcano took command of the ship "Victoria", sailing back to Spain across the Indian Ocean, round the Cape of Good Hope and north along the west coast of Africa.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: The circumnavigation was completed by Elcano and a crew of 18 men in "Victoria", returning to Spain nearly three years after they left on 6 September 1522.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: The Treaty of Jean Puma established approximate borders between the Spanish and Portuguese empires west of the Cape Verde islands. This imperial competition was to prove critical to the exploration and exploitation of the New World riches.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: Magellan was intent on finding a route to the Spice Islands accused of unlawfully trading with the Moors, the Portuguese king denied Magellen permission to embark on Portuguese adventures


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: Magellan moves to Seville, the Spanish gateway to the Indies, and seat of The Casa de Contratación in order to sell his idea to King Charles I of Spain (later Emperor Charles V) and his consort Joanna I.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: The Spanish court, sitting at Aranjuez is convinced, and grants the adventurer Spanish nationality as well as allocating considerable resources for his expedition


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: January 10: Cape Santa María. Severe storm then forces Magellan to reverse course and head north, toward Paranaguá Bay.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: February 3: the fleet resumes its southward course but "San Antonio" found to be leaking badly. Halted for repairs.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: April 1 and 2: Mutiny on "Victoria", "Concepcion" and "San Antonio"; death of Louis de Mendoza. Later execution of de Quesada, marooning of de Cartagena. Alvaro de Mesquita becomes captain of "San Antonio", Duarte Barbosa of "Victoria".


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: End of April: "Santiago" is sent on a mission to find the passage. The ship is caught in a storm and wrecked. Survivors return to Puerto San Julián. Serrano (João Serrão) becomes captain of the "Concepcion".


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: October 21: Arriving at the Cape of the Eleven Thousand Virgins, entry to what would be known as Strait of Magellan.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: End of October: "San Antonio", charged to explore Magdalen Sound, fails to return to the fleet, instead sails back to Spain under Estêvão Gomes who imprisoned captain de Mesquita. The ship arrives in Spain on May 21, 1521.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: January 24/25-28: Landfall on an uninhabited island, which Magellan names St Paul's (probably Puka-Puka). They stay for a few days before continuing on.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: March 16: Sighting of Zamal (Samar), one of the Philippine Islands. They landed on the uninhabited island of Humunu (Homonhon) where they encountered fishermen from the nearby island of Zuluan (Suluan). They traded supplies with the locals and learned the local culture and the names of nearby islands while their sick crew members recuperated.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: March 28: They anchored off the island of Mazaua (Limasawa) where they met two rulers on a hunting expedition on the island, Rajah Kulambo and Rajah Siawi, of the Rajahnate of Butuan and Calagan (Surigao), respectively. Magellan and his crew spent a few days as the guests of the rulers.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: April 7: Arrival at Zubu (Rajahnate of Cebu). Magellan starts converting natives to Christianity, including Rajah Humabon, the ruler of Cebu.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: May 1: At a local banquet Barbosa and 27 sailors (including Afonso de Góis, the new captain of "Victoria" after the election of Barbosa and Serrano) are murdered and Serrano captured, later killed. The three remaining ships escape to the island of Bohol.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: May 2: There are not enough men to handle three ships, thus the worm-infested "Concepcion" is burned down. Two ships remain: "Victoria" and "Trinidad". Gonzalo Gomez de Espinosa becomes captain of "Victoria". Joao Lopez Carvalho is made as the Captain General. The ships sail to Mindanao, Mapun, Palawan, and Brunei.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: September 21: Carvalho is replaced by Espinosa as Captain-General. Juan Sebastian Elcano becomes captain of "Victoria".


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: December 21: "Victoria" under the command of Elcano leaves the Moluccas to return home, sailing west towards the Cape of Good Hope. "Trinidad" remains at Tidore for repairs.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: April 6: "Trinidad" under the command of Espinosa leaves the Moluccas heading home sailing east. After five weeks, Espinosa decides to return to the Moluccas where he and his ship are captured by a Portuguese fleet under Antonio de Brito. However, the ship was wrecked during a storm.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: September 6: "Victoria" returns to Sanlúcar de Barrameda under the command of Elcano, two weeks shy of three years after setting sail.


title: Timeline of the Magellan expedition

text: Settlement of King Carlos I of Spain and Juana I with Ferdinand Magellan and Rui Faleiro signed at Valladolid, Spain


title: Fez (video game)

text: Fez is a 2012 indie puzzle-platform game developed by Polytron Corporation and published by Trapdoor. The player-character Gomez receives a fez that reveals his two-dimensional (2D) world to be one of four sides of a three-dimensional (3D) world. The player rotates between these four 2D views to realign platforms and solve puzzles. The objective is to collect cubes and cube fragments to restore order to the universe.


title: Fez (video game)

text: The game was called an "underdog darling of the indie game scene" during its high-profile and protracted five-year development cycle. "Fez" designer and Polytron founder Phil Fish gained celebrity status for his outspoken public persona and his prominence in the 2012 documentary "", which detailed "Fez" final stages of development and Polytron's related legal issues. "Fez" met critical acclaim upon its April 2012 release for Xbox Live Arcade. The game was ported to other platforms following the expiration of a yearlong exclusivity agreement.


title: Fez (video game)

text: Reviewers commended the game's emphasis on discovery and freedom, but criticized its technical issues, in-game navigation, and endgame backtracking. They likened the game's rotation mechanic to the 2D–3D shifts of "Echochrome", "Nebulus", "Super Paper Mario", and "Crush". "Fez" won awards including the Seumas McNally Grand Prize and "Eurogamer" 2012 Game of the Year. It had sold one million copies by the end of 2013, and it influenced games such as "Monument Valley", "Crossy Road", and "Secrets of Rætikon". A planned sequel was canceled when Fish abruptly left the indie game industry.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" is a two-dimensional (2D) puzzle platform game set in a three-dimensional (3D) world. The player-character Gomez lives peacefully on a 2D plane until he receives a red fez and witnesses the breakup of a giant, golden hexahedron that tears the fabric of spacetime and reveals a third dimension. After the game appears to glitch, reset, and reboot, the player can rotate between four 2D views of the 3D world, as four sides around a cube-like space. This rotation mechanic reveals new paths through the levels by connecting otherwise inaccessible platforms, and is the basis of "Fez" puzzles. For example, floating platforms become a solid road, discontinuous ladders become whole, and platforms that move along a track stay on course. The object of the game is to collect cubes and cube fragments, which accrete to restore order to the universe. In search of these cubes, Gomez traverses the game environment by jumping between ledges. Other platforming elements change with the level themes, including crates that activate switches, bombs that reveal passages, and pistons that launch Gomez airborne.


title: Fez (video game)

text: The exploratory parts of the game feature a series of arcane codes and glyphs, treasure maps and chests, and secret rooms. Players are left without guidance to determine whether game elements are decipherable subpuzzles or simply false signals. These sorts of puzzles include hidden warp gates, enigmatic obelisks, invisible platforms, sequences of tetrominos, a ciphered alphabet, and QR codes. One of the game's recurring themes is an ancient civilization that attempted to make sense of their dimensionality, as told through artifacts.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" has no enemies, bosses, or punishments for failure—the player-character quickly respawns upon falling to his death. The game's designer described "Fez" as a stop and smell the flowers' kind of game". It prioritizes puzzle-solving and patience over the platforming genre's traditional interest in dexterity. "Fez" features a pixelated art style and a limited color palette reminiscent of the 8-bit era. Its homage includes "Tetris" tetrominos inscribed on the walls and in the sky, "The Legend of Zelda" treasure chest animations, "Super Mario Bros." mushroom levels, travel by pipe, and floating platforms. The game's settings include forests, factories, a coastal lighthouse, an urban city, and a library. "Fez" New Game Plus mode adds a first-person perspective feature and lets the player revisit areas to collect "anti-cubes" from harder puzzles. This second half of the game is more challenging and focuses on code cracking.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" five-year development cycle is known for its protracted length and amount of public exposure. Nathan Grayson of "VG247" likened its rocky history to "an indie "Duke Nukem Forever"", and "Polygon" reviewer Arthur Gies noted its standing reputation as an "underdog darling of the indie game scene". Its designer, Phil Fish, became renowned in a way unusual for game developers due to his prominence in the 2012 documentary "". Apart from "Fez", which was released to wide acclaim, Fish himself became known for his outspoken and acerbic public persona.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" began as a collaboration between Canadian indie developers Fish and Shawn McGrath. They worked on McGrath's idea for a puzzle game in which a 3D space was viewed from four 2D angles. Although their partnership broke down due to creative differences, the entirety of "Fez" design, story, and art descends from this game mechanic. Fish continued to work on the project in his spare time and solicited for a programmer on DeviantArt, where he found Renaud Bédard. "Fez" was first announced in July 2007 on "The Independent Gaming Source". It was nominated for two awards at the 2008 Game Developers Conference Independent Games Festival (GDC IGF). When Fish's employer did not permit him time off to attend the awards, he quit. Fish later recalled this moment as "when [he] became indie". The game won "Excellence in Visual Art", and its presence created a surge of public interest in "Fez" that rode a concurrent swell of interest in indie game development as a whole. Fish received a Canadian government loan to open Polytron Corporation as a startup company and began full-time work on "Fez". In July 2009, Polytron announced that "Fez" would launch in early 2010 as an Xbox Live Arcade exclusive. Development continued with an experimental spirit until the company ran out of money. Fish borrowed from friends and family to keep the company open and considered canceling the project before the nearby Québécois developer-publisher Trapdoor offered to help. Fish felt that the Trapdoor partnership rescued the game.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" won multiple awards in 2011 and was a "PAX 10" selection at the 2011 Penny Arcade Expo. Fish is shown preparing for "Fez" booth at PAX East 2011, an earlier show, in the 2012 documentary film "Indie Game: The Movie". The film chronicles the game development stories of several indie developers. As a subplot, the film presents Fish amidst a legal dispute with a former business partner that jeopardizes "Fez" future. "Game Informer" called Fish the film's "most memorable developer", and "Rock, Paper, Shotgun" wrote that Fish is portrayed as theatrical in a way that exacerbates his already outspoken reputation. "Eurogamer" said that the part when Fish resolves to kill himself if he does not release his game is "the film's most startling moment". Near the end of "Fez" development, Fish told a "Gamasutra" reporter that he had received positive feedback from IGF Chairman Brandon Boyer and "Braid" designer Jonathan Blow, but that he felt "burnt out". The final game included almost none of the original work from the first two years of development. After several delays, "Fez" was submitted for certification in February 2012.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" was released on April 13, 2012, and sold 200,000 copies during its yearlong exclusivity to the Xbox Live Arcade platform. Fish rebuked Polytron's co-publisher, Microsoft Studios, for botching the game's release by way of lackluster publicity. Several months later, Polytron entered a high-profile dispute with Microsoft over the cost of patching "Fez". Nearly a year after "Fez" launch, Fish announced a Windows PC port for release on May 1, 2013. OS X and Linux ports debuted on September 11, 2013, and PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, and PlayStation Vita ports by BlitWorks debuted on March 25, 2014. Ouya and iOS ports were also announced; the iOS release began development in April 2017 and was released in December 2017. No Android release is planned. Bédard stayed to port the Windows release before joining Toronto's Capybara Games. He credited Polytron's long development cycle to his own inexperience in game development (compounded by the team's small size and difficulty in setting reasonable milestones), the game's scope, and Fish's perfectionism. Fish had hoped that players would discuss "Fez" nuances online after its release. Players collaborated online for a week to solve the final "monolith" puzzle by using a cryptanalytic attack known as brute force. "Ars Technica" described the apparent end to "Fez" harder puzzles as "anticlimactic", but Fish told "Eurogamer" in March 2013 that hidden in-game secrets remain to be found.


title: Fez (video game)

text: More than three years after its digital launch, "Fez" received a physical release designed by Fish and limited to a signed edition of 500 in December 2015. The deluxe package included the soundtrack and a stylized red notebook with gold foil inlay. Though Bédard had moved on to another company, he continued to work on the game in secret. In August 2016, he released a final patch for the computer releases of "Fez" that included performance improvements, as a result of a unified codebase under an open source software library, and features such as a speedrun mode.


title: Fez (video game)

text: Bédard wrote "Fez" in Microsoft Visual C# Express and XNA Game Studio Express. He coded the level editor and the game engine, Trixel, which converts 2D tiles ("triles") into four-sided 3D voxels ("trixels"). Fish made 2D pixel art in Photoshop for each side of the trixel, which Bédard's custom software compiled into 3D game assets. Fish would then design levels in the level editor by extruding surfaces, a process he found "overwhelming" but akin to playing with Lego blocks. In their workflow, Fish first proposed ideas that Bédard would implement. The two would then discuss and fine-tune the addition—they worked well together.


title: Fez (video game)

text: The game came to adopt Metroidvania mechanics, with "secret passages, warp gates, and cheat codes". Fish cited "Myst" as an inspiration and compared its open world, nonlinear narrative, and "obtuse metapuzzles" to "Fez" own alphabet, numeric system, and an "almost unfairly hard to get ... second set of collectibles". He was also inspired by the Nintendo Entertainment System games of his youth (particularly those of the "Super Mario" and "The Legend of Zelda" series), Hayao Miyazaki's signature "open blue sky", "feel-good" atmosphere, and Fumito Ueda's "Ico". Fish sought to emulate "Ico" feeling of nostalgic and isolated loneliness, and Ueda's development philosophy wherein all nonessential game elements are removed ("design by subtraction"). Fish made a personal challenge of designing a game without relying on "established mechanics". As such, "Fez" was always a peaceful game that never contained an antagonist.


title: Fez (video game)

text: Rich Vreeland, also known as Disasterpeace, composed the game's chiptune-esque electronic soundtrack. Despite his background in chiptune, Vreeland limited his use of that genre's mannerisms in the score. He worked with soft synth pads and reverb to push the score closer to a 1980s synthesizer sound. He also reduced reliance on percussion and incorporated distortion techniques like bitcrushing and wow. Vreeland opted for slower passages with varying tempos that could "ebb, flow, and breathe with the player". He left some portions of "Fez" without music. Vreeland worked on its soundtrack at night for about 14 months while scoring "Shoot Many Robots", and Brandon McCartin of "Aquaria" contributed the game's sound effects.


title: Fez (video game)

text: Vreeland's first composition for the game ("Adventure") became the soundtrack's first track. He wrote it after meeting Bédard but before discussing the soundtrack with Fish, and based the composition on "Fez" audio created prior to his arrival. Vreeland wanted to use tape recorders for their distinctive sound, but potential audio synching issues with this method led him to employ digital recording. Portions of the soundtrack dynamically change between several dozen constituent elements and react to the game environment. For example, the "Puzzle" track's elements change musical key based on the in-game time of day. Certain tracks were intended to imitate real-world sounds, such as those of bats, thunderstorms, taiko, and water falling from stalactites. Other tracks expanded from improvisations. Vreeland was also inspired by "The Lord of the Rings" Shire theme, 1980s horror media, the soundtrack of demoscene game "Jasper's Journeys", the "Legend of Zelda" dungeon music, the "Mass Effect" soundtrack, Tangerine Dream, and Steve Reich. "Continuum" is a synthesized rendition of Frédéric Chopin's Prelude, Op. 28, No. 4. Instruments used in recording include the Sonic Charge Synplant, minimoog, "synthetic flute", and Boomwhacker.


title: Fez (video game)

text: The soundtrack was released in a digital format on April 20, 2012. Pre-orders for the soundtrack topped the Bandcamp charts. Kirk Hamilton of "Kotaku" wrote that "Fez" sound effects evoked Jim Guthrie's "" audio. Janus Kopfstein of "The Verge" called the work "fantastic" and described it as a cross between a "1980s Vangelis synth odyssey" and a submerged vinyl record from an arcade. "Game Informer" Matt Miller wrote that the soundtrack contributed to "Fez" "80s Nostalgia vibe". "Eurogamer" described the music as "lush, spooky, and electrifying", and "Edge" compared it to "Holst put through a Mega Drive". Oli Welsh of "Eurogamer" wrote that the music matched the game's themes of "hidden depth". Welsh heard influences of 1960s English psychedelia (Pink Floyd, Soft Machine), 1970s Krautrock (Tangerine Dream and Kraftwerk), 1980s synth (Jean Michel Jarre, Vangelis), and Erik Satie. He added that the soundtrack's contribution to "Fez" was "incalculable". Damian Kastbauer of "Game Developer" used Vreeland's soundtrack to show that a retrogaming aesthetic in sound and visuals could be both "futuristic and nostalgic" and provide the "right 'voice' to support the game's design intentions".


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Game Developer" listed Vreeland in their 2012 Power 50 for his work on the soundtrack, which they described as "atmospheric, pensive, and maybe even a little bit melancholy". In keeping with "Fez" theme of secrets, images visible only through spectrogram were embedded into the soundtrack audio. Vreeland released a remix album, "FZ: Side F", a year later on April 20, 2013. It features tracks from other artists, including Jim Guthrie. Vreeland later released another remix album, "FZ: Side Z", and all three albums were included in the August 2013 Game Music Bundle 5.


title: Fez (video game)

text: Reviews upon "Fez" original release were "generally favorable", according to review aggregator Metacritic. Later releases received "universal acclaim". Each release was consistently among the top-rated releases for each platform's year. GameRankings ranks "Fez" within its top 100 highest-rated Xbox 360 games, top 20 PC games, and top 20 PlayStation 4 games. While in development, "Fez" had won the 2012 GDC Independent Games Festival's Seumas McNally Grand Prize, the 2011 Indiecade Best in Show and Best Story/World Design, the 2011 Fantastic Arcade Audience Choice Award, and the 2008 GDC Independent Games Festival's Excellence in Visual Art. "Eurogamer" gave "Fez" their highest rating and named the "perfect, wordless sci-fi parable" their 2012 Game of the Year. "Digital Spy" listed "Fez" eighth in its Best Games of 2012, ahead of high-budget games like "" and "Halo 4". "Fez" was chosen as the 2012 game of the year by "Diamond Trust of London" developer Jason Rohrer and "Halo 4" lead game designer Scott Warner. The Windows PC port was Metacritic's tenth best-reviewed video game of 2013. Jake Kleinman of "Inverse" called it one of the best indie games of all time.


title: Fez (video game)

text: "The New York Times" called "Fez" Fish's "tribute to 1980s gaming ... lovingly, almost excessively, devoted to the golden age of Nintendo". Arthur Gies of "Polygon" described its aesthetics as "so retro it hurts", citing its pixelated look, chiptune soundtrack, and ways of clueing the player without explicit guidance. Gies felt that though "8-bit nostalgia" was outmoded, "Fez" showed an understanding of its influences and was the "most authentic" of the style. Jeremy Parish of "1UP.com" called the game's minimalism "admirable" and likened its art style to that of "Cave Story". "Kotaku" described "Fez" nostalgic manner as "the video game aesthetic". Oli Welsh of "Eurogamer" lamented how "retro pixel art" became an indie game cliché during the game's development, but felt that "Fez" transcended such stereotypes through its dedication to the wonderment of early Nintendo titles. "Fish clearly worships the Nintendo of his boyhood", he wrote. Welsh likened "Fez" to a 1970s, peace-loving, surrealist version of "" as imagined by Shigeru Miyamoto, and foresaw its social status as "the darling of a certain indie clique" with "studied hipster cool". "Edge" described the game as "a place built from gaming's history", whose playfulness makes it "an unexpected heir to "Super Mario Bros."" with levels like well-crafted toys, and IGN video review said the game "drags the 8-bit era into the future". Robert Purchese of "Eurogamer" called the game "timeless", falling in line with other Nintendo games.


title: Fez (video game)

text: Journalists likened "Fez" rotation mechanic to the 2D–3D shifts of games like "Echochrome", "Super Paper Mario", and "Crush". Early in development, Fish himself said that the idea is "nothing mind-blowing" and that the game could have been made "at any point in the last 15 years". "Polygon" Gies preferred how "Echochrome" used the perspective mechanic, and Tom McShea of "GameSpot" considered "Fez" mechanic a gimmick. Matt Miller of "Game Informer" thought that "Fez" realized the mechanic's potential better than other perspective-shifting games, and further commended "Fez" puzzle design and pacing up until the endgame. Miller also compared its story to that of the novella "Flatland", whose protagonist similarly discovers the complexities of another dimension. "1UP.com" Parish said that "Fez" rotation mechanic was deeper than that of "Super Paper Mario" and not as dependent on M. C. Escher themes as "Echochrome". "Edge" felt that the mechanic was "far less self-conscious" and "more harmonious" than in "Echochrome" and "Crush". The magazine wrote that "Fez" indoor puzzles were its best. "Eurogamer" Welsh compared the game's "wraparound platforming" to the 1980s game "Nebulus" and described the rotation mechanic as among the console generation's "most unusual technical challenges".


title: Fez (video game)

text: Reviewers commended the game's emphasis on discovery and freedom, but found its reliance on backtracking, particularly in the endgame, tedious. Parish of "1UP.com" wrote that open-world action games like "Metroid Prime" all have these issues. "Edge" compared "Fez" esoteric tricks to an older age of game development that packed games with Easter eggs, secrets, and codes, citing titles such as "Exile" and "Jet Set Willy". The magazine also came to appreciate the 3D map. IGN's Mitch Dyer contrasted the game's riddles to the "Metal Gear Solid" codec frequency puzzle. Jeffrey Matulef of "Eurogamer" related his experience to the feeling of first playing the 1994 "Myst", and "The New York Times" called "Fez" "a "Finnegans Wake" of video games" for its codebreaking that "makes the player feel like John Nash as portrayed by Russell Crowe in "A Beautiful Mind"". "Game Informer" recommended "Fez" for completionists who seek challenges. "Polygon" Gies was uncertain as to whether the game's technical frame rate issues were intentional, and described this dilemma as having a "certain genius". Other reviewers noted its technical faults: "Game Informer" as minor, and "1UP.com" as "easily the glitchiest game I've played on my 360".


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez" sold 20,000 copies in its first day, 100,000 in less than two months, 200,000 within a year, and, after the Humble Bundle, one million by the end of 2013. It was Xbox Live's 13th best-selling Arcade title of 2012. "Fez" was cited as an inspiration for 2014 indie games "Monument Valley", "Crossy Road", and "Secrets of Rætikon", as well as more modern titles such as "Tunic".


title: Fez (video game)

text: "Fez 2" was announced as "one more thing" at the end of the June 2013 Horizon indie game press conference, held during the annual Electronic Entertainment Expo. The project was canceled a month later following a Twitter argument between Fish and video game journalist Marcus Beer. In an episode of Beer's "GameTrailers" show "Invisible Walls", the journalist criticized Fish's response to questions about Microsoft's Xbox One self-publishing policy change. Fish replied on Twitter with condemnation for the industry's negativity and, in a final tweet, announced both "Fez 2" cancellation and his exit from the industry. The news came as a surprise to the rest of his company, which has not commented on upcoming projects other than ports since the sequel's cancellation. "Polygon" listed Fish in their top 50 newsmakers of 2013 for the social power of his "caustic use of Twitter".


title: Colin Howell

text: Colin Howell (born 14 March 1959) is a Northern Irish convicted double murderer. The murders and surrounding story were the subject of an ITV drama series "The Secret", broadcast in April and May 2016.


title: Colin Howell

text: Howell killed his wife Lesley (née Clarke) and the husband of his lover, Trevor Buchanan (who was an RUC officer), in what appeared to be a suicide pact between the spouses of two lovers. The bodies were found in a fume-filled car in Castlerock on 19 May 1991. In 1998 Howell confessed the murders to his second wife, but she agreed not to inform the authorities. She was investigated following his arrest, but was not charged.


title: Colin Howell

text: Howell's ex-brother-in-law has since accused him of murdering Harry Clarke. Howell's father-in-law died only 11 days before Lesley.


title: Colin Howell

text: After murdering his wife, Howell received a payout of £400,000. He later lost £350,000 in a get-rich-quick scheme which had claimed to find Yamashita's gold in the Philippines. Howell had been led to believe he would make £20 million; however he only acquired a few brass ammunition boxes, containing silver coins, worth about £30. Howell initially invested £100,000 but, over six months, steadily invested more after being told that the gold was buried under booby-trapped tunnels. He sold his shares in two dental practices and attempted to persuade friends to invest.


title: Colin Howell

text: Howell, a native of Portadown and a dentist by occupation, was a deeply religious father of nine and a former lay preacher. He married Lesley in July 1983 and together they had four children. They were members of the local Baptist church. After his wife's murder, Howell married Kyle Jorgensen, a native of New York, with whom he had five children.


title: Colin Howell

text: Howell confessed his role in the murders to elders in his church, who urged him to inform police. He pleaded guilty to the murders on 18 November 2010 and was sentenced to life imprisonment. He was told he must serve a minimum 21-year jail term.


title: Colin Howell

text: His former lover Hazel (née Elkin, formerly married to Trevor Buchanan, currently married to David Stewart) claimed in court that she acted under duress, but was found guilty of the murders of Lesley Howell and Trevor Buchanan in March 2011 and sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 18 years. The trial judge stated that Hazel Stewart could have prevented Buchanan's death.


title: Colin Howell

text: Police investigators were later criticised for having overlooked some facts, most notably that the driver's window was open and that Buchanan's leg was hanging out of the open car door; in addition, a witness had told police that Howell had previously tried to murder his wife.


title: Colin Howell

text: On 17 May 2011 Howell pleaded guilty to sexually assaulting nine female patients in his surgery over a period of several years. He was consequently stripped of his National Health Service pension.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The 2009 Royal Rumble was the 22nd annual Royal Rumble professional wrestling pay-per-view (PPV) event produced by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE). It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brand divisions. The event took place on January 25, 2009, at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. As has been customary since 1993, the Royal Rumble match winner received a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For the 2009 event, the winner received their choice to challenge for either Raw's World Heavyweight Championship, SmackDown's WWE Championship, or the ECW Championship at WrestleMania 25.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: Five professional wrestling matches were featured on the event's supercard, a scheduling of more than one main event. The main event was the 2009 Royal Rumble match, which featured wrestlers from all three brands. Raw's Randy Orton, the eighth entrant, won the match by last eliminating SmackDown's Triple H, the seventh entrant. The primary match on the Raw brand was John Cena versus John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) for the World Heavyweight Championship, which Cena won to retain the title. The primary match on the SmackDown brand was a No Disqualification match between Jeff Hardy and Edge for the WWE Championship, which Edge won to win his fourth and last WWE Championship. The predominant match on the ECW brand was between Jack Swagger and Matt Hardy for the ECW Championship, which Swagger won to retain. This event also marked the first appearance of Rob Van Dam in WWE since One Night Stand in June 2007.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The Royal Rumble is an annual gimmick pay-per-view (PPV), produced every January by World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) since 1988. It is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, dubbed the "Big Four". It is named after the Royal Rumble match, a modified battle royal in which the participants enter at timed intervals instead of all beginning in the ring at the same time. The 2009 event was the 22nd event in the Royal Rumble chronology and was scheduled to be held on January 25, 2009, at the Joe Louis Arena in Detroit, Michigan. It featured wrestlers from the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The Royal Rumble match generally features 30 wrestlers. Traditionally, the winner of the match earns a world championship match at that year's WrestleMania. For 2009, the winner could choose to challenge for either Raw's World Heavyweight Championship, SmackDown's WWE Championship, or the ECW Championship at WrestleMania 25.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The card consisted of six matches, as well as one dark match. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters to build tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw, SmackDown, and ECW brands, with storylines produced on their weekly television shows, "Raw", "SmackDown", and "ECW on Sci Fi".


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The main rivalry from the Raw brand played out between John Cena and John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) over the World Heavyweight Championship. JBL earned his championship match against Cena after winning a Fatal Four-Way Elimination match—a standard match in which the last remaining competitor who has not been eliminated is declared the winner—on the December 29, 2008, episode of "Raw" by defeating Chris Jericho, Randy Orton, and Shawn Michaels.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: Another rivalry from the Raw brand came with Melina challenging Beth Phoenix for her WWE Women's Championship in a singles match. Melina won the opportunity to face Phoenix on the December 29, 2008. episode of "Raw" by winning a battle royal, a match similar to the Royal Rumble, though with fewer competitors.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The main rivalry from the SmackDown brand incorporated into the Royal Rumble featured Jeff Hardy and Edge, with the two feuding over the WWE Championship. At WWE's previous pay-per-view event, Armageddon, Hardy had defeated both defending champion Edge and Triple H in a Triple Threat match, a standard match involving three wrestlers, to win the WWE Championship. On the January 2, 2009, episode of "SmackDown", on-air authority figure Vickie Guerrero announced that Edge would face Hardy for the WWE title at the Royal Rumble.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The ECW brand's main rivalry, that between Jack Swagger and Matt Hardy, had the two feuding over the ECW Championship. On the January 13, 2009, episode of "ECW on Syfy", Swagger defeated Hardy to capture the ECW Championship. On the January 16 episode of "Friday Night SmackDown", WWE announced that Swagger would defend the ECW title against Hardy in a rematch at the Royal Rumble.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The first match of the evening saw Jack Swagger defend the ECW Championship against Matt Hardy. The match started with both wrestlers countering each other's moves until Swagger injured Hardy's left shoulder and then targeted it for the rest of the match. Swagger ultimately defeated Hardy by pinning him after slamming him to the mat with a gutwrench powerbomb. Swagger thus retained the ECW title.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The second match involved the WWE Women's Championship, where Beth Phoenix defended her title against Melina. The match ended when Phoenix attempted the Glam Slam on Melina, but Melina countered into a roll-up pin, to win the Women's Championship.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The third match on the card pitted John Cena against John "Bradshaw" Layfield (JBL) for the World Heavyweight Championship. JBL's employee Shawn Michaels accompanied him to the ring and first got involved in the match when the referee became incapacitated; he came into the ring and performed his Sweet Chin Music finisher both on JBL and Cena. He then left ringside, leaving JBL's arm on top of Cena. Cena however managed to get a shoulder up and performed an Attitude Adjustment to retain his World Championship.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: In the fourth match, Jeff Hardy defended the WWE Championship against Edge. Before the match began, Vickie Guerrero came out and announced the match to be No Disqualifications. Edge then revealed that Chavo Guerrero would be in his corner. During the match Hardy brought a ladder out and set it up near the Spanish announce table. When Chavo tried to interfere, Hardy put him on the table and jumped off the ladder, connecting with Chavo and breaking the table. Hardy then had the match won when he performed the Swanton on Edge after kicking Vickie off the apron when she tried to interfere. When Hardy went for the pin, Vickie stopped referee Scott Armstrong from making a three count. Jeff's brother Matt then made his way to the ring, placing a chair under Edge's face. Grabbing another chair, Matt at first appeared to be setting Edge up for his own version of Edge's con-chair-to maneuver. He instead hit Jeff in the head with the chair, allowing Edge to then pin Jeff and become the new WWE Champion.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: Jim Ross and Jerry Lawler came out to call the main event. The main event consisted of the Royal Rumble match. Rey Mysterio and John Morrison started the Rumble. As Finlay entered at No. 14, Rey Mysterio stepped on the just eliminated John Morrison and The Miz to avoid elimination. Santino Marella entered at No. 28 and was eliminated by Kane in one second. Breaking the Warlord's record for shortest elimination in the Royal Rumble. The final six participants left in the match were The Big Show, The Undertaker, Triple H and The Legacy (Cody Rhodes, Ted DiBiase and Randy Orton). While the Undertaker and Big Show brawled on the outside apron (both went over the top rope, but had not hit the floor), Orton eliminated Big Show with an RKO, causing him to fall off the apron. Big Show eliminated The Undertaker shortly thereafter when he pulled his opponent off the apron by his leg. Despite being at a disadvantage against the Legacy, Triple H eliminated both DiBiase and Rhodes. With Triple H by the ropes, Orton quickly clotheslined him from behind to send him over the top rope and become the winner of the Royal Rumble match.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: On the January 26 episode of "Raw", The Legacy came out with two lawyers and a therapist. Randy Orton then revealed that he suffers from IED, which causes him to experience violent outbursts when provoked, losing all control of his emotions and actions. According to Orton and his lawyers, Orton had told Stephanie McMahon that if fired, he would not only take DiBiase and Rhodes with him but the whole locker room, as he would bring in a lawsuit against the company.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The Raw brand started the qualifying matches for the brand's upcoming Elimination Chamber match at WWE's next pay-per-view event, No Way Out. Three of the qualifying matches saw Kofi Kingston defeat Kane, Rey Mysterio defeat William Regal and Chris Jericho defeat CM Punk to qualify. In a fourth qualification match, Shawn Michaels failed to win a match against John Cena that would have made JBL eligible to participate in the Elimination Chamber.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: The ECW Championship feud between Jack Swagger and Matt Hardy had officially finished when ECW's on-air authority figure Theodore Long announced on the January 27 episode of "ECW" that Hardy had requested a move to the SmackDown brand. Swagger had other problems as his ECW title belt was stolen by Hornswoggle. When Hornswoggle's storyline father, Finlay, urged Hornswoggle to give the title back to Swagger, Swagger shoved Hornswoggle to the ground, which caused Finlay to knock down Swagger with his own championship belt.


title: Royal Rumble (2009)

text: On the January 30 episode of "SmackDown", Matt Hardy proclaimed that he had no remorse about smashing his brother Jeff in the head at the Royal Rumble and costing him the WWE Championship. He then told the universe that he no longer considered Jeff a partner or a sibling. There were three Elimination Chamber qualifiers for No Way Out. The first match being The Undertaker versus Mark Henry, which Undertaker won via submission with the Hell's Gate. The second qualifier match was The Big Show defeating Festus with a K.O. Punch. The last qualifier was a triple threat match featuring Triple H, The Great Khali and Vladimir Kozlov. Triple H won the match after he delivered a Pedigree to Khali to pick up the victory.


title: PDF/A

text: PDF/A is an ISO-standardized version of the Portable Document Format (PDF) specialized for use in the archiving and long-term preservation of electronic documents. PDF/A differs from PDF by prohibiting features unsuitable for long-term archiving, such as font linking (as opposed to font embedding) and encryption. The ISO requirements for PDF/A file viewers include color management guidelines, support for embedded fonts, and a user interface for reading embedded annotations.


title: PDF/A

text: PDF is a standard for encoding documents in an "as printed" form that is portable between systems. However, the suitability of a PDF file for archival preservation depends on options chosen when the PDF is created: most notably, whether to embed the necessary fonts for rendering the document; whether to use encryption; and whether to preserve additional information from the original document beyond what is needed to print it.


title: PDF/A

text: PDF/A was originally a new joint activity between the Association for Suppliers of Printing, Publishing and Converting Technologies (NPES) and the Association for Information and Image Management AIIM in conjunction with Adobe to develop an international standard defining the use of the Portable Document Format (PDF) for archiving documents. The goal was to address the growing need to electronically archive documents in a way that would ensure preservation of their contents over an extended period of time and ensure that those documents would be able to be retrieved and rendered with a consistent and predictable result in the future. This need exists in a wide variety of government, industry and academic areas worldwide, including legal systems, libraries, newspapers, and regulated industries.


title: PDF/A

text: The PDF/A standard does not define an archiving strategy or the goals of an archiving system. It identifies a "profile" for electronic documents that ensures the documents can be reproduced exactly the same way using various software in years to come. A key element to this reproducibility is the requirement for PDF/A documents to be 100% self-contained. All of the information necessary for displaying the document in the same manner is embedded in the file. This includes, but is not limited to, all content (text, raster images and vector graphics), fonts, and color information. A PDF/A document is not permitted to be reliant on information from external sources (e.g., font programs and data streams), but may include annotations (e.g., hypertext links) that link to external documents.


title: PDF/A

text: Part 1 of the standard was first published on September 28, 2005, and specifies two levels of conformance for PDF files:


title: PDF/A

text: Level B conformance requires only that standards necessary for the reliable reproduction of a document's visual appearance be followed, while Level A conformance includes all Level B requirements in addition to features intended to improve a document's accessibility.


title: PDF/A

text: Level A conformance was intended to increase the accessibility of conforming files for physically impaired users by allowing assistive software, such as screen readers, to more precisely extract and interpret a file's contents. A later standard, PDF/UA, was developed to eliminate what became considered some of PDF/A's shortcomings, replacing many of its general guidelines with more detailed technical specifications.


title: PDF/A

text: Part 2 of the standard, published on June 20, 2011, addresses some of the new features added with versions 1.5, 1.6 and 1.7 of the PDF Reference. PDF/A-1 files will not necessarily conform to PDF/A-2, and PDF/A-2 compliant files will not necessarily conform to PDF/A-1.


title: PDF/A

text: Part 2 of the PDF/A Standard is based on a PDF 1.7 (ISO 32000-1), rather than PDF 1.4 and offers several new features:


title: PDF/A

text: Part 2 defines three conformance levels. PDF/A-2a and PDF/A-2b correspond to conformance levels a and b in PDF/A-1. A new conformance level, PDF/A-2u, represents Level B conformance (PDF/A-2b) with the additional requirement that all text in the document have Unicode mapping.


title: PDF/A

text: Part 3 of the standard, published on October 15, 2012, differs from PDF/A-2 in only one regard: it allows embedding of arbitrary file formats (such as XML, CSV, CAD, word-processing documents, spreadsheet documents, and others) into PDF/A conforming documents.


title: PDF/A

text: Archives sometimes request from their users to submit PDF/A Files. They thus provide their users with information how to convert their files to PDF/A. There are several methods using standard software that differ in computation time as well as preservation of links, equations, vectorgraphs and special characters.


title: PDF/A

text: When documents are converted to PDF/A visual inspection is needed since errors in the visual content are common. In a test sample 11 percent of the produced PDF/A-1b document contained visual artefacts. These reproducibility errors included vector graphics issues (transparent objects), loss of links, loss of other document content (unreadable characters, missing text, document part missing), updated fields (reflecting time or folder of conversion) and spelling errors. Archives thus usually do not convert to PDF/A themselves. Instead, some archives ask their users to provide a PDF/A document. Typical computer setups provide several methods for the conversion of documents to PDF/A with different pros and cons.


title: PDF/A

text: Converting a simple PDF (up to version 1.4) into a PDF/A-2 usually works as expected, except for problems with glyphs. According to the PDF Association, "Problems can occur before and/or during the generation of PDFs. A PDF/A file can be formally correct yet still have incorrect glyphs. Only a careful visual check can uncover this problem. Because generation problems also affect Unicode mapping, the problem attracts the attention when a visual check is carried out on the extracted text.


title: PDF/A

text: If viewers or printers do not offer complete support for encoding systems, this can result in problems with regard to PDF/A." Meaning that for a document to be completely compliant with the standard, it will be correct internally, while the system used for viewing or printing the document may produce undesired results.


title: PDF/A

text: A document produced with optical character recognition (OCR) conversion into PDF/A-2 or PDF/A-3 doesn't support the codice_1 flag. Therefore, this type of conversion can result in unrendered content.


title: PDF/A

text: PDF/A standard documents can be created with the following software: SoftMaker Office 2021, MS Word 2010 and newer, Adobe Acrobat Distiller, PDF Creator, OpenOffice or LibreOffice since release 3.0, LaTeX with pdfx or pdfTeX addons, or by using a virtual PDF printer (Adobe Acrobat Pro, PDF24, FreePDF + Ghostscript).


title: PDF/A

text: A PDF/A document can be identified as such through PDF/A-specific metadata located in the <nowiki>"http://www.aiim.org/pdfa/ns/id/"</nowiki> namespace. This metadata represents a claim of conformance; in itself it does not ensure conformance:


title: PDF/A

text: Validation of PDF/A documents is attempted to reveal whether a produced file really is a PDF/A file or not. Unfortunately, PDF/A validators quite often disagree, since the interpretation of the PDF/A standards is not always clear.


title: PDF/A

text: Industry collaboration in the original PDF/A Competence Center led to the development of the Isartor Test Suite in 2007 and 2008. The test suite consists of 204 PDF files intentionally constructed to systematically fail each of the requirements for PDF/A-1b conformance, allowing developers to test the ability of their software to validate against the standard's most basic level of conformance. By mid-2009 the test suite had already made an appreciable difference in the general quality of PDF/A validation software.


title: PDF/A

text: The veraPDF consortium, led by the Open Preservation Foundation and the PDF Association, was created in response to the EU Commission's PREFORMA challenge to develop an open-source validator for the PDF/A format. The PDF Association launched the PDF Validation Technical Working Group in November 2014 to articulate a plan for developing an industry-supported PDF/A validator.


title: PDF/A

text: The veraPDF consortium subsequently won phase 2 of the PREFORMA contract in April 2015. Development continued throughout 2016, with Phase 2 completed on-schedule by December 2016. The Phase 3 testing and acceptance period concluded in July, 2017. veraPDF now covers all parts (1, 2 and 3) and conformance levels (a, b, u) of PDF/A.


title: PDF/A

text: veraPDF is available for installation on Windows, macOS, or Linux using a PDFBox-based or "Greenfields" PDF parser.


title: PDF/A

text: When encountering a file that claims conformance with PDF/A, some PDF viewers will default to a special "PDF/A viewing mode" to fulfill conforming reader requirements. To take one example, Adobe Acrobat and Adobe Reader 9 include an alert to advise the user that PDF/A viewing mode has been activated. Some PDF viewers allow users to disable the PDF/A viewing mode or to remove the PDF/A information from a file.


title: PDF/A

text: A PDF/A document must embed all fonts in use; accordingly, a PDF/A file will often be larger than an equivalent PDF file that does not include embedded fonts.


title: PDF/A

text: The use of transparency is forbidden in PDF/A-1. The majority of PDF generation tools that allow for PDF/A document compliance, such as the PDF export in OpenOffice.org or PDF export tool in Microsoft Office 2007 suites, will also make any transparent images in a given document non-transparent. That restriction was removed in PDF/A-2.


title: PDF/A

text: Some archivists have voiced concerns that PDF/A-3, which allows arbitrary files to be embedded in PDF/A documents, could result in circumvention of memory institution procedures and restrictions on archived formats.


title: PDF/A

text: The PDF Association had addressed various misconceptions regarding PDF/A in its publication "PDF/A in a Nutshell 2.0".


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: Acetylcholinesterase (HGNC symbol ACHE; EC 3.1.1.7; systematic name acetylcholine acetylhydrolase), also known as AChE, AChase or acetylhydrolase, is the primary cholinesterase in the body. It is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of acetylcholine and some other choline esters that function as neurotransmitters:


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: It is found at mainly neuromuscular junctions and in chemical synapses of the cholinergic type, where its activity serves to terminate synaptic transmission. It belongs to the carboxylesterase family of enzymes. It is the primary target of inhibition by organophosphorus compounds such as nerve agents and pesticides.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: AChE is a hydrolase that hydrolyzes choline esters. It has a very high catalytic activity—each molecule of AChE degrades about 25,000 molecules of acetylcholine (ACh) per second, approaching the limit allowed by diffusion of the substrate. The active site of AChE comprises 2 subsites—the anionic site and the esteratic subsite. The structure and mechanism of action of AChE have been elucidated from the crystal structure of the enzyme.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: The anionic subsite accommodates the positive quaternary amine of acetylcholine as well as other cationic substrates and inhibitors. The cationic substrates are not bound by a negatively charged amino acid in the anionic site, but by interaction of 14 aromatic residues that line the gorge leading to the active site. All 14 amino acids in the aromatic gorge are highly conserved across different species. Among the aromatic amino acids, tryptophan 84 is critical and its substitution with alanine results in a 3000-fold decrease in reactivity. The gorge penetrates halfway through the enzyme and is approximately 20 angstroms long. The active site is located 4 angstroms from the bottom of the molecule.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: The esteratic subsite, where acetylcholine is hydrolyzed to acetate and choline, contains the catalytic triad of three amino acids: serine 203, histidine 447 and glutamate 334. These three amino acids are similar to the triad in other serine proteases except that the glutamate is the third member rather than aspartate. Moreover, the triad is of opposite chirality to that of other proteases. The hydrolysis reaction of the carboxyl ester leads to the formation of an acyl-enzyme and free choline. Then, the acyl-enzyme undergoes nucleophilic attack by a water molecule, assisted by the histidine 440 group, liberating acetic acid and regenerating the free enzyme.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: During neurotransmission, ACh is released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft and binds to ACh receptors on the post-synaptic membrane, relaying the signal from the nerve. AChE, also located on the post-synaptic membrane, terminates the signal transmission by hydrolyzing ACh. The liberated choline is taken up again by the pre-synaptic neuron and ACh is synthesized by combining with acetyl-CoA through the action of choline acetyltransferase.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: A cholinomimetic drug disrupts this process by acting as a cholinergic neurotransmitter that is impervious to acetylcholinesterase's lysing action.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: Drugs or toxins that inhibit AChE lead to persistence of high concentrations of ACh within synapses, leading to increased cholinergic signaling within the central nervous system, autonomic ganglia and neuromuscular junctions.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: Irreversible inhibitors of AChE may lead to muscular paralysis, convulsions, bronchial constriction, and death by asphyxiation. Organophosphates (OP), esters of phosphoric acid, are a class of irreversible AChE inhibitors. Cleavage of OP by AChE leaves a phosphoryl group in the esteratic site, which is slow to be hydrolyzed (on the order of days) and can become covalently bound. Irreversible AChE inhibitors have been used in insecticides (e.g., malathion) and nerve gases for chemical warfare (e.g., Sarin and Soman). Carbamates, esters of N-methyl carbamic acid, are AChE inhibitors that hydrolyze in hours and have been used for medical purposes (e.g., physostigmine for the treatment of glaucoma). Reversible inhibitors occupy the esteratic site for short periods of time (seconds to minutes) and are used to treat of a range of central nervous system diseases. Tetrahydroaminoacridine (THA) and donepezil are FDA-approved to improve cognitive function in Alzheimer's disease. Rivastigmine is also used to treat Alzheimer's and Lewy body dementia, and pyridostigmine bromide is used to treat myasthenia gravis.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: An endogenous inhibitor of AChE in neurons is Mir-132 microRNA, which may limit inflammation in the brain by silencing the expression of this protein and allowing ACh to act in an anti-inflammatory capacity.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: It has also been shown that the main active ingredient in cannabis, tetrahydrocannabinol, is a competitive inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: AChE is found in many types of conducting tissue: nerve and muscle, central and peripheral tissues, motor and sensory fibers, and cholinergic and noncholinergic fibers. The activity of AChE is higher in motor neurons than in sensory neurons.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: Acetylcholinesterase is also found on the red blood cell membranes, where different forms constitute the Yt blood group antigens. Acetylcholinesterase exists in multiple molecular forms, which possess similar catalytic properties, but differ in their oligomeric assembly and mode of attachment to the cell surface.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: In mammals, acetylcholinesterase is encoded by a single AChE gene while some invertebrates have multiple acetylcholinesterase genes. Note higher vertebrates also encode a closely related paralog BCHE (butyrylcholinesterase) with 50% amino acid identity to ACHE. Diversity in the transcribed products from the sole mammalian gene arises from alternative mRNA splicing and post-translational associations of catalytic and structural subunits. There are three known forms: T (tail), R (read through), and H (hydrophobic).


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: The major form of acetylcholinesterase found in brain, muscle, and other tissues, known as is the hydrophilic species, which forms disulfide-linked oligomers with collagenous, or lipid-containing structural subunits. In the neuromuscular junctions AChE expresses in asymmetric form which associates with ColQ or subunit. In the central nervous system it is associated with PRiMA which stands for Proline Rich Membrane anchor to form symmetric form. In either case, the ColQ or PRiMA anchor serves to maintain the enzyme in the intercellular junction, ColQ for the neuromuscular junction and PRiMA for synapses.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: The other, alternatively spliced form expressed primarily in the erythroid tissues, differs at the C-terminus, and contains a cleavable hydrophobic peptide with a PI-anchor site. It associates with membranes through the phosphoinositide (PI) moieties added post-translationally.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: The third type has, so far, only been found in "Torpedo" sp. and mice although it is hypothesized in other species. It is thought to be involved in the stress response and, possibly, inflammation.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: The nomenclatural variations of ACHE and of cholinesterases generally are discussed at "Cholinesterase § Types and nomenclature".


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: For acetylcholine esterase (AChE), reversible inhibitors are those that do not irreversibly bond to and deactivate AChE. Drugs that reversibly inhibit acetylcholine esterase are being explored as treatments for Alzheimer's disease and myasthenia gravis, among others. Examples include tacrine and donepezil.


title: Acetylcholinesterase

text: Exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors is one of several studied explanations for the chronic cognitive symptoms veterans displayed after returning from the Gulf War. Soldiers were dosed with AChEI pyridostigmine bromide (PB) as protection from nerve agent weapons. Studying acetylcholine levels using microdialysis and HPLC-ECD, researchers at the University of South Carolina School of Medicine determined PB, when combined with a stress element can lead to cognitive responses.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Normal-pressure hydrocephalus (NPH), also called malresorptive hydrocephalus, is a form of communicating hydrocephalus in which excess cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) occurs in the ventricles, and with normal or slightly elevated cerebrospinal fluid pressure. As the fluid builds up, it causes the ventricles to enlarge and the pressure inside the head to increase, compressing surrounding brain tissue and leading to neurological complications. The disease presents in a classic triad of symptoms, which are memory impairment, urinary frequency, and balance problems/gait deviations (note: this diagnosis method is obsolete). The disease was first described by Salomón Hakim and Adams in 1965.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: The treatment is surgical placement of a ventriculoperitoneal shunt to drain excess CSF into the lining of the abdomen where the CSF will eventually be absorbed. NPH is often misdiagnosed as other conditions including Meniere's disease due to balance problems, Parkinson's disease (due to gait) or Alzheimer's disease (due to cognitive dysfunction).


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: NPH exhibits a classic triad of clinical findings (known as the Adams triad or Hakim's triad). The triad consists of walking difficulty, reduced attention span, and urinary frequency or incontinence. The triad is considered obsolete for diagnosis purposes and newer guidelines are available.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Gait deviations/balance problems are present in nearly all patients and usually the first symptom. This is caused by expansion of the lateral ventricles to impinge on the corticospinal tract motor fibers. The typical gait abnormality in NPH is a broad-based, slow, short-stepped, "stuck to the floor", or "magnetic" movement. The gait abnormalities in NPH may bear resemblance to a gait associated with Parkinson's disease. The gait deviation can be classified as mild, marked, or severe: "marked" is when the patient has difficulty walking because of considerable instability; "severe" is when it is not possible for the patient to walk without aids (such as a cane or a wheeled walker).


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Dementia presents as progressive cognitive impairment which is present in 60% of patients at time of treatment. This is caused by distortions predominantly at the frontal lobe and the subcortex. Initial deficits involve planning, organization, attention, and concentration. Further deficits include difficulty managing finances, taking medications, driving, keeping track of appointments, daytime sleeping, short-term memory impairments, and psychomotor slowing. Late stage features include apathy, reduced drive, slowed thinking, and reduced speech.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Urinary incontinence appears late in the illness, and is present in 50% of patients at time of treatment. Urinary dysfunction begins as increased frequency often at night, and progresses to urge incontinence and permanent incontinence.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Every day, the body makes roughly 600–700 ml of CSF, and about the same amount is reabsorbed into the bloodstream. Hydrocephalus is due to an imbalance between the amount of fluid produced and its absorption rate. Enlarged ventricles put increased pressure on the adjacent cortical tissue and cause myriad effects in the patient, including distortion of the fibers in the corona radiata. This leads to an increase in intracranial pressure (ICP). The ICP gradually falls, but still remains slightly elevated, and the CSF pressure reaches a high normal level of 150 to 200 mm HO. Measurements of ICP, therefore, are not usually elevated. Because of this, patients do not exhibit the classic signs that accompany increased intracranial pressure such as headache, nausea, vomiting, or altered consciousness, although some studies have shown pressure elevations to occur intermittently.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: The syndrome is often divided into two groups, primary (also called idiopathic) and secondary, based on cause. The underlying etiology of primary NPH has not yet been identified. Primary NPH affects adults age 40 years or older, most commonly affecting the elderly. Secondary NPH can affect persons of any age and occurs due to conditions such as subarachnoid hemorrhage, meningitis, brain surgery, brain radiation, or traumatic brain injury.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Patients with suspected NPH should have typical symptoms in addition to ventricular enlargement on neuroimaging. The international evidenced-based diagnostic criteria for primary NPH are:


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: MRI scans are the preferred imaging. The distinction between normal and enlarged ventricular size by cerebral atrophy is difficult to ascertain. Up to 80% of cases are unrecognized and untreated due to difficulty of diagnosis. Imaging should also reveal the absence of any cerebral mass lesions or any signs of obstructions. Although all patients with NPH have enlarged ventricles, not all elderly patients with enlarged ventricles have primary NPH. Cerebral atrophy can cause enlarged ventricles, as well, and is referred to as hydrocephalus "ex vacuo".


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: The Miller Fisher test involves a high-volume lumbar puncture (LP) with removal of 30–50 ml of CSF. Gait and cognitive function are typically tested just before and within 2–3 hours after the LP to assess for signs of symptomatic improvement. The CSF infusion test and the lumbar test are similar tests to Miller Fisher test. The tests have a positive predictive value over 90%, but a negative predictive value less than 50%. The LP should show normal or mildly elevated CSF pressure. CSF should have normal cell contents, glucose levels, and protein levels.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: For suspected cases of NPH, CSF shunting is the first-line treatment. The most common type used to treat NPH is ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunts, which drain CSF fluid to the peritoneal cavity. Adjustable valves allow fine-tuning of CSF drainage. NPH symptoms reportedly improve in 70–90% of patients with CSF shunt. Risk-benefit analyses have shown beyond any doubt that surgery for NPH is far better than conservative treatment or the natural course.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: Gait symptoms improve in ≥ 85% patients. Cognitive symptoms improve in up to 80% of patients when surgery is performed early in the disease course. Urgency and incontinence improves in up to 80% of patients, but only in ≤ 50–60% of patients with shunt implanted late in disease course. The most likely patients to show improvement are those who show only gait deviation, mild or no incontinence, and mild dementia. The risk of adverse events related to shunt placement is 11%, including shunt failure, infections such as ventriculitis, shunt obstruction, over- or under-drainage, and development of a subdural hematoma.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: No medications are effective for primary NPH. Acetazolamide and other diuretics are not recommended except for limited use in patients who are not candidates for placement of a shunt.


title: Normal pressure hydrocephalus

text: The majority of cases are primary NPH. Incidence is estimated to 0.3–3% in patients older than 60 years and raising with older age Its prevalence is reported to be less than 1% in persons under the age of 65, and up to 3% for persons aged 65 or older. No difference in incidence is seen between men and women. Among individuals with dementia, the incidence of NPH is thought to be between 2 and 6%.


title: Penelope Scott

text: Penelope Scott is an American musician, singer-songwriter, and producer. She has produced all of her own music. After releasing the compilation albums "Junkyard" (2020) and "The Junkyard 2" (2020), Scott released her debut album, "Public Void", in August 2020. Her song "Rät" peaked at 29 on "Billboard"s Hot Rock & Alternative Songs Chart. Scott's latest EP "Hazards" released in 2021.


title: Penelope Scott

text: Scott began learning the piano at the age of eight. In middle and high school, she focused on writing lyrics and learning how to record. Scott began publishing her songs online while taking a music production class in college. She released the compilation album "Junkyard" on February 27, 2020, followed shortly by the release of "The Junkyard 2" on May 13, 2020. The latter explores themes of emotional labor, healthcare and insecurity. A song from the second album, "Sweet Hibiscus Tea", went viral that same month. Scott later expressed surprise at the success of "The Junkyard 2" given its lack of mixing. Her college courses aided in her mixing skills, though she also took courses in philosophy and computer science.


title: Penelope Scott

text: Scott's debut album, "Public Void", was released on Bandcamp on August 29, 2020, then on streaming services on September 25, 2020. In late 2020, her music found a larger audience on the short-form video-sharing app TikTok. A song off the album, "Rät," went viral in November 2020. The song expresses disappointment with Silicon Valley and technology billionaires, particularly Elon Musk. "Rät" peaked at 29 on "Billboard"s Hot Rock & Alternative Songs Chart. Music producer Jesse Cannon described its lyrics as "so extremely online". Tens of thousands of TikTok videos incorporate the song.


title: Penelope Scott

text: On November 4, 2020, Scott released the single "Born2Run", which went viral prior to its official release. The song garnered attention after the 2021 storming of the United States Capitol, due to its lyrics describing a fictional storming of the U.S. capitol by politically involved youth. On April 30, 2021, Scott was featured on the song "Brittle, Baby!" by Char Chris. She also appeared in its music video as an animated version of herself.


title: Penelope Scott

text: In July 2021, Scott released the song "7 O'Clock" and announced an EP titled "Hazards", which released on August 27, 2021, through Many Hats Distribution. She released the song "Dead Girls" as a single a day before the release of the EP. In July 2021, Scott announced her first tour to support "Hazards", beginning on the west coast of the United States in December 2021. Scott also announced east coast tour dates for January 2022, but these were cancelled due to concerns about rising numbers of COVID-19 cases. In December 2021, Scott covered Carrie Underwood's "Before He Cheats" for an episode of the Recording Academy's "ReImagined".


title: Penelope Scott

text: In May 2022, Scott played at the Belltown Bloom music festival in Seattle. In June 2022, Scott began another US headlining tour supported by Rosie Tucker, fanclubwallet, and Yot Club. She then embarked on a UK/EU tour in July supported by Addison Grace. In October 2022, Scott was featured on the song "Baby Take My Acid" by Cincinnati-based artist Lincoln, which will appear on his debut album "Everything is Wrong".


title: Penelope Scott

text: In November 2020, she appeared on "Rolling Stone"s Breakthrough 25, which showcases artists with large gains in streaming numbers—Scott was fifth, with 5.4million streams that week. Her song "Rät" appeared in the Top 40 of "Billboard"s Hot Rock & Alternative Songs. "Billboard"s Danielle Chelosky said about her music, "Sonically, it's like being inside of a videogame; lyrically, it's like scrolling a Tumblr meme page of an edgy teenage girl."


title: Penelope Scott

text: She has been described as an example of TikTok allowing for music artists to be successful without signing to a label; she reached 3million monthly listeners on Spotify without substantial media coverage. By March 2021, her music had been streamed an estimated 88million times in the United States.


title: Penelope Scott

text: Her music has been described as "baroque punk". Danielle Chelosky of "Billboard" said that her music features aspects of hyperpop. Scott said that she has "been waiting for anyone to come up with an accurate description" of her genre of music.


title: American Recordings (album)

text: American Recordings is the 81st album by American country singer Johnny Cash. It was released on April 26, 1994 by American Recordings, after it had changed its name from Def American.


title: American Recordings (album)

text: The album marked the beginning of a career resurgence for Cash, who was widely recognized as an icon of American music but whose record sales had suffered during the late 1970s and 1980s.


title: American Recordings (album)

text: Cash was approached by producer Rick Rubin and offered a contract with Rubin's American Recordings label, better known for rap and heavy metal than for country music. Rubin had seen Cash perform at Bob Dylan's 30th anniversary concert in late 1992, and felt Cash was still a vital artist who had been unfairly written off by the music industry. Suffering from health problems and recovering from a relapse of his drug addiction, Cash was initially skeptical. The two men soon bonded, however, particularly when Rubin promised Cash a high level of creative control. Rubin told the singer: "I would like you to do whatever feels right for you", and Cash decided to record the first solo album of his career without any accompanying musicians. "Sitting and talking and playing music… that was when we got to build up a friendship," Rubin recalled. "My fondest memories are just of hanging out and hearing his stories. He didn't speak much but, if you drew him out, he seemed to know everything. He was shy and quiet but a wise, wise man."


title: American Recordings (album)

text: Under Rubin's supervision, Cash recorded most of the album in his own Tennessee cabin or Rubin's home in Los Angeles, accompanied only by his guitar. This was a return to Cash's earliest recording style. His first producer, Sam Phillips, had determined in the 1950s that Cash's voice was best suited to a stripped-down style and a three or four-piece ensemble. These groups were called the Tennessee Two or Tennessee Three, depending on their personnel: Cash on vocals and guitar, backed with another guitarist and upright bass, and sometimes drums). Subsequent producers deviated from this style with more ornate backing; Cash disagreed with Jack Clement in the 1960s when the producer tried to give Cash's songs a fashionable "twangy" feel and to add frills like orchestral string sections and barbershop quartet-style backup singers. In his autobiography, Cash wrote about his frustration with Columbia Records in the 1970s and 1980s, due in part to creative disagreements, such as recording his vocals separately from the backing musicians.


title: American Recordings (album)

text: "Tennessee Stud" and "The Man Who Couldn't Cry" were recorded live at the Viper Room, a Sunset Strip, Los Angeles nightclub owned at the time by Johnny Depp. "The Beast in Me" was written and originally recorded by Cash's former stepson-in-law Nick Lowe. Rubin commissioned new songs from several musicians, two of which ended up on "American Recordings". "Down There By The Train" was a spiritual or gospel style song of redemption by Tom Waits. "Thirteen" was a more ominous composition by Glenn Danzig, whose heavy metal band had earlier worked with Rubin; Danzig wrote the song specifically for Cash in less than twenty minutes.


title: American Recordings (album)

text: Two songs on the album had been recorded by Cash previously: "Delia's Gone", for the 1962 album "The Sound of Johnny Cash" and "Oh, Bury Me Not", for 1965's "Johnny Cash Sings the Ballads of the True West".


title: American Recordings (album)

text: "American Recordings" received nearly universal acclaim from critics. "Q" magazine deemed it the year's most sincere and ambitious record, while "NME" found it "uplifting and life affirming because the message is taught through adversity, ill luck and fighting for survival". David Browne, writing in "Entertainment Weekly", said Cash remained a captivating singer throughout the austerely arranged country ballads and bizarre reflections, calling the record "his most relaxed and folkiest album in three decades". In a rave review in "Rolling Stone", Anthony DeCurtis hailed it as one of Cash's greatest albums because of his self-possessed, "biblically intense" take on traditional folk songs and Rubin's no-frills production: ""American Recordings" is at once monumental and viscerally intimate, fiercely true to the legend of Johnny Cash and entirely contemporary." Mark Cooper from "Mojo" called it a "breathtaking blend of the confessional and the self-mythologising". In the "Chicago Tribune", Greg Kot wrote that Cash's singing was effectively dramatic throughout "the quagmire of humor and bloodshed, pathos and treachery evoked by these songs", while "Los Angeles Times" critic Randy Lewis said they "peer into the dark corners of the American soul" on what was a "milestone work" for Cash.


title: American Recordings (album)

text: AllMusic's Mark Deming wrote that the album "became a critical sensation and a commercial success, though it was overrated in some quarters simply because it reminded audiences that one of America's greatest musical talents was still capable of making compelling music, something he had never stopped doing even if no one bothered to listen."


title: American Recordings (album)

text: At the end of 1994, "American Recordings" was voted the seventh best album of the year in the Pazz & Jop, an annual poll of American critics nationwide. In other year-end lists, it was ranked 36th by "Select", 23rd by "NME", 19th by "Rockdelux", 17th by "Les Inrockuptibles", 15th by "The Face", 5th by the "Los Angeles Times", 4th by "Mojo", and 2nd by "OOR". At the 1995 Grammy Awards, it won Cash a Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Folk Album. "Rolling Stone" later placed the record at number 366 on the magazine's list of the 500 Greatest Albums of All Time and Country Music Television (CMT) ranked it number 27 on the network's list of the top 40 greatest country albums in its 2006 list.


title: New Latin

text: New Latin (also called Neo-Latin or Modern Latin) is the revival of Literary Latin used in original, scholarly, and scientific works since about 1500. Modern scholarly and technical nomenclature, such as in zoological and botanical taxonomy and international scientific vocabulary, draws extensively from New Latin vocabulary, often in the form of classical or neoclassical compounds. New Latin includes extensive new word formation. As a language for full expression in prose or poetry, however, it is often distinguished from its successor, Contemporary Latin.


title: New Latin

text: Classicists use the term "Neo-Latin" to describe the Latin that developed in Renaissance Italy as a result of renewed interest in classical civilization in the 14th and 15th centuries.


title: New Latin

text: Neo-Latin also describes the use of the Latin language for any purpose, scientific or literary, during and after the Renaissance. The beginning of the period cannot be precisely identified; however, the spread of secular education, the acceptance of humanistic literary norms, and the wide availability of Latin texts following the invention of printing, mark the transition to a new era of scholarship at the end of the 15th century. The end of the New Latin period is likewise indeterminate, but Latin as a regular vehicle of communicating ideas became rare following the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire as well as the Congress of Vienna where French replaced Latin as the language of diplomacy. By 1900, Latin survived primarily in international scientific vocabulary and taxonomy. The term "New Latin" came into widespread use towards the end of the 1890s among linguists and scientists.


title: New Latin

text: New Latin was, at least in its early days, an international language used throughout Catholic and Protestant Europe, as well as in the colonies of the major European powers. This area consisted of most of Europe, including Central Europe and Scandinavia; its southern border was the Mediterranean Sea, with the division more or less corresponding to the modern eastern borders of Finland, the Baltic states, Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Croatia.


title: New Latin

text: Russia's acquisition of Kyiv in the later 17th century introduced the study of Latin to Russia. Nevertheless, the use of Latin in Orthodox eastern Europe did not reach high levels due to their strong cultural links to the cultural heritage of Ancient Greece and Byzantium, as well as Greek and Old Church Slavonic languages.


title: New Latin

text: Though Latin and New Latin are considered dead (having no native speakers), large parts of their vocabulary have seeped into English and several Germanic languages. In the case of English, about 60% of the lexicon can trace its origin to Latin, thus many English speakers can recognize New Latin terms with relative ease as cognates are quite common.


title: New Latin

text: New Latin was inaugurated as Renaissance Latin by the triumph of the humanist reform of Latin education, led by such writers as Erasmus, More, and Colet. Medieval Latin had been the practical working language of the Roman Catholic Church, taught throughout Europe to aspiring clerics and refined in the medieval universities. It was a flexible language, full of neologisms and often composed without reference to the grammar or style of classical (usually pre-Christian) authors. The humanist reformers sought both to purify Latin grammar and style, and to make Latin applicable to concerns beyond the ecclesiastical, creating a body of Latin literature outside the bounds of the Church. Attempts at reforming Latin use occurred sporadically throughout the period, becoming most successful in the mid-to-late 19th century.


title: New Latin

text: The Protestant Reformation (1520–1580), though it removed Latin from the liturgies of the churches of Northern Europe, may have advanced the cause of the new secular Latin. The period during and after the Reformation, coinciding with the growth of printed literature, saw the growth of an immense body of New Latin literature, on all kinds of secular as well as religious subjects.


title: New Latin

text: The heyday of New Latin was its first two centuries (1500–1700), when in the continuation of the Medieval Latin tradition, it served as the lingua franca of science, education, and to some degree diplomacy in Europe. Classic works such as Thomas More's "Utopia" and Newton's "Principia Mathematica" (1687) were written in the language. Throughout this period, Latin was a universal school subject, and indeed, the pre-eminent subject for elementary education in most of Europe and other places of the world that shared its culture. All universities required Latin proficiency (obtained in local grammar schools) to obtain admittance as a student. Latin was an official language of Poland—recognised and widely used between the 9th and 18th centuries, commonly used in foreign relations and popular as a second language among some of the nobility.


title: New Latin

text: Through most of the 17th century, Latin was also supreme as an international language of diplomatic correspondence, used in negotiations between nations and the writing of treaties, e.g. the peace treaties of Osnabrück and Münster (1648). As an auxiliary language to the local vernaculars, New Latin appeared in a wide variety of documents, ecclesiastical, legal, diplomatic, academic, and scientific. While a text written in English, French, or Spanish at this time might be understood by a significant cross section of the learned, only a Latin text could be certain of finding someone to interpret it anywhere between Lisbon and Helsinki.


title: New Latin

text: As late as the 1720s, Latin was still used conversationally, and was serviceable as an international auxiliary language between people of different countries who had no other language in common. For instance, the Hanoverian king George I of Great Britain (reigned 1714–1727), who had no command of spoken English, communicated in Latin with his Prime Minister Robert Walpole, who knew neither German nor French.


title: New Latin

text: By about 1700, the growing movement for the use of national languages (already found earlier in literature and the Protestant religious movement) had reached academia, and an example of the transition is Newton's writing career, which began in New Latin and ended in English (e.g. "Opticks", 1704). A much earlier example is Galileo c. 1600, some of whose scientific writings were in Latin, some in Italian, the latter to reach a wider audience. By contrast, while German philosopher Christian Wolff (1679–1754) popularized German as a language of scholarly instruction and research, and wrote some works in German, he continued to write primarily in Latin, so that his works could more easily reach an international audience (e.g., "Philosophia moralis," 1750–53).