title: Memory paging

text: The Linux kernel supports a virtually unlimited number of swap backends (devices or files), and also supports assignment of backend priorities. When the kernel swaps pages out of physical memory, it uses the highest-priority backend with available free space. If multiple swap backends are assigned the same priority, they are used in a round-robin fashion (which is somewhat similar to RAID 0 storage layouts), providing improved performance as long as the underlying devices can be efficiently accessed in parallel.


title: Memory paging

text: From the end-user perspective, swap files in versions 2.6.x and later of the Linux kernel are virtually as fast as swap partitions; the limitation is that swap files should be contiguously allocated on their underlying file systems. To increase performance of swap files, the kernel keeps a map of where they are placed on underlying devices and accesses them directly, thus bypassing the cache and avoiding filesystem overhead. When residing on HDDs, which are rotational magnetic media devices, one benefit of using swap partitions is the ability to place them on contiguous HDD areas that provide higher data throughput or faster seek time. However, the administrative flexibility of swap files can outweigh certain advantages of swap partitions. For example, a swap file can be placed on any mounted file system, can be set to any desired size, and can be added or changed as needed. Swap partitions are not as flexible; they cannot be enlarged without using partitioning or volume management tools, which introduce various complexities and potential downtimes.


title: Memory paging

text: "Swappiness" is a Linux kernel parameter that controls the relative weight given to swapping out of runtime memory, as opposed to dropping pages from the system page cache, whenever a memory allocation request cannot be met from free memory. Swappiness can be set to a value from 0 to 200. A low value causes the kernel to prefer to evict pages from the page cache while a higher value causes the kernel to prefer to swap out "cold" memory pages. The default value is codice_4; setting it higher can cause high latency if cold pages need to be swapped back in (when interacting with a program that had been idle for example), while setting it lower (even 0) may cause high latency when files that had been evicted from the cache need to be read again, but will make interactive programs more responsive as they will be less likely to need to swap back cold pages. Swapping can also slow down HDDs further because it involves a lot of random writes, while SSDs do not have this problem. Certainly the default values work well in most workloads, but desktops and interactive systems for any expected task may want to lower the setting while batch processing and less interactive systems may want to increase it.


title: Memory paging

text: When the system memory is highly insufficient for the current tasks and a large portion of memory activity goes through a slow swap, the system can become practically unable to execute any task, even if the CPU is idle. When every process is waiting on the swap, the system is considered to be in "swap death".


title: Memory paging

text: The original description of the "swapping to death" problem relates to the X server. If code or data used by the X server to respond to a keystroke is not in main memory, then if the user enters a keystroke, the server will take one or more page faults, requiring those pages to read from swap before the keystroke can be processed, slowing the response to it. If those pages don't remain in memory, they will have to be faulted in again to handle the next keystroke, making the system practically unresponsive even if it's actually executing other tasks normally.


title: Memory paging

text: macOS uses multiple swap files. The default (and Apple-recommended) installation places them on the root partition, though it is possible to place them instead on a separate partition or device.


title: Memory paging

text: AmigaOS 4.0 introduced a new system for allocating RAM and defragmenting physical memory. It still uses flat shared address space that cannot be defragmented. It is based on slab allocation method and paging memory that allows swapping. Paging was implemented in AmigaOS 4.1 but may lock up system if all physical memory is used up. Swap memory could be activated and deactivated any moment allowing the user to choose to use only physical RAM.


title: Memory paging

text: The backing store for a virtual memory operating system is typically many orders of magnitude slower than RAM. Additionally, using mechanical storage devices introduces delay, several milliseconds for a hard disk. Therefore, it is desirable to reduce or eliminate swapping, where practical. Some operating systems offer settings to influence the kernel's decisions.


title: Memory paging

text: Many Unix-like operating systems (for example AIX, Linux, and Solaris) allow using multiple storage devices for swap space in parallel, to increase performance.


title: Memory paging

text: In some older virtual memory operating systems, space in swap backing store is reserved when programs allocate memory for runtime data. Operating system vendors typically issue guidelines about how much swap space should be allocated.


title: Memory paging

text: Paging is one way of allowing the size of the addresses used by a process, which is the process's "virtual address space" or "logical address space", to be different from the amount of main memory actually installed on a particular computer, which is the physical address space.


title: Memory paging

text: In most systems, the size of a process's virtual address space is much larger than the available main memory. For example:


title: Memory paging

text: A computer with true "n"-bit addressing may have 2 addressable units of RAM installed. An example is a 32-bit x86 processor with 4 GB and without Physical Address Extension (PAE). In this case, the processor is able to address all the RAM installed and no more.


title: Memory paging

text: However, even in this case, paging can be used to create a virtual memory of over 4 GB. For instance, many programs may be running concurrently. Together, they may require more than 4 GB, but not all of it will have to be in RAM at once. A paging system makes efficient decisions on which memory to relegate to secondary storage, leading to the best use of the installed RAM.


title: Memory paging

text: Although the processor in this example cannot address RAM beyond 4 GB, the operating system may provide services to programs that envision a larger memory, such as files that can grow beyond the limit of installed RAM. The operating system lets a program manipulate data in the file arbitrarily, using paging to bring parts of the file into RAM when necessary.


title: Memory paging

text: A few computers have a main memory larger than the virtual address space of a process, such as the Magic-1, some PDP-11 machines, and some systems using 32-bit x86 processors with Physical Address Extension. This nullifies a significant advantage of paging, since a single process cannot use more main memory than the amount of its virtual address space. Such systems often use paging techniques to obtain secondary benefits:


title: Memory paging

text: The size of the cumulative total of virtual address spaces is still limited by the amount of secondary storage available.


title: John Myung

text: John Ro Myung (; born January 24, 1967) is an American bassist and a founding member of the progressive metal group Dream Theater.


title: John Myung

text: Born in Chicago to South Korean parents, Myung grew up with John Petrucci on Long Island. After taking violin lessons from the age of five, he started playing bass guitar at fifteen. After graduating from high school, he and Petrucci enrolled at the Berklee College of Music, where they met Mike Portnoy. The trio became the nucleus of Dream Theater, which became Myung's primary professional focus.


title: John Myung

text: Myung mainly uses a two or three finger picking style in his playing. He sometimes uses slapping and popping on some songs, such as "The Dark Eternal Night", and also uses tapping and harmonics in his bass playing. Myung's use of harmonics is frequently accompanied by a chorus effect, as in the opening of "Lifting Shadows off a Dream". The songs "These Walls" and "The Dark Eternal Night" feature Myung using a pick. Myung uses both tapping and fingerstyle to play the Chapman Stick.


title: John Myung

text: Myung's favorite bands include the Beatles, Black Sabbath, the Who, Iron Maiden, Rush, Yes, Jethro Tull and Genesis. He cites bassists Geezer Butler, John Entwistle, Chris Squire, Steve Harris, Geddy Lee and Jaco Pastorius as main influences on his playing style.


title: John Myung

text: Myung is known for his rigorous practicing schedule; producer Kevin Shirley and keyboardist Derek Sherinian have said that Myung is the only musician they know who "warms down" after a show. Petrucci has said that when he and Myung were at the middle school, they had an agreement to practice at least six hours every day.


title: John Myung

text: Dream Theater's group writing process makes it difficult to identify which member of the band authored a particular song or song section, but on DVD commentaries, the band members have sometimes identified certain parts as "a John Myung riff," such as parts of "Fatal Tragedy" and the introduction to "The Glass Prison". Myung wrote the lyrics to one song per album from "Images and Words" to "", but thereafter did not contribute any lyrics until "A Dramatic Turn of Events". Portnoy has claimed that this was because Myung's lyrics usually needed some work by the rest of the band to fit the song. As a result, the band eventually imposed an unwritten lyric rule that required lyrics to be "properly formed, phrased, constructed, etc. to go with the melodies," and, "since then, John has kind of backed off."


title: John Myung

text: For "When Dream and Day Unite", Dream Theater's debut, Myung played a modified Music Man StingRay four-string bass and a Fender Jazz Bass. The StingRay (his main live instrument in that period) was customized with an added front pickup driving a clean bass amp, while the bridge signal was sent to the effects chain. A four-string Spector NS-2 was used for tracking 1992's "Images and Words".


title: John Myung

text: Myung switched to six-string basses for Dream Theater's subsequent tours, using several high-end Tobias "Basic" models. These can be seen in videos from "Images and Words" and heard on "Live at the Marquee". He has primarily used six-string basses ever since.


title: John Myung

text: For the "Awake" album and tours, Myung used basses produced by a small company formed by former Tobias luthier Nicholas Tung. Myung owned at least three of the only 100 instruments constructed, two "Wingbass II Bolt-on" six-strings (one Natural and one Sunburst), and one "Wingbass II Hybrid (a "half neck-through"). The natural-finish Wingbass II was his main live instrument in this period, and all three appear in his "Progressive Bass Concepts" instructional video.


title: John Myung

text: After Tung ceased production, Myung began endorsing Yamaha instruments, using its TRB and John Patitucci six-string fretted and fretless basses live while working with Yamaha's Artist Custom Shop on what would become his signature instrument. Prototypes of the RBX6JM along with his TRB basses were used for the recording of 1997's "Falling into Infinity". A bolt-on bass with alder body with flame-maple top, 35" scale, and "Infinity" dot inlay on the fretboard, various Red and Blue RBX6JM models were thereafter his main studio and live instruments until 2002, although he experimented with a Hamer 8-string bass and Music Man StingRay five-string while recording "Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence".


title: John Myung

text: In 2002, Myung and Yamaha unveiled the RBX-JM2, an updated version of his signature bass that echoed the redesign of Yamaha's entire RBX-series of basses. A 34" scale was used instead of the 35" scale used on the RBX6JM had, and a single Seymour Duncan Music Man-type humbucking pickup was used, influenced by Myung's use of the StingRay on "Six Degrees of Inner Turbulence". (Myung's personal RBX-JM2 differed from the production model, having a second pickup and additional controls.) This instrument was used on Dream Theater's "Train of Thought" and "Octavarium" albums and tours.


title: John Myung

text: Footage from the recording of "Systematic Chaos" in 2006 showed Myung playing various Music Man basses. Early in the 2007 "Chaos in Motion Tour", he was seen playing a MusicMan Bongo 5 HS in a signature "Inca Silver" (flat gray) finish on stage, the first time since before "Images and Words" that Myung had toured with a five-string.


title: John Myung

text: On July 23, 2007, Sterling Ball announced that Myung was moving to Music Man, writing that "John has fallen in love with the prototypes that we made of the Bongo 6 and is now playing them exclusively." Ball added that the Bongo 6 "is not a signature bass", but "part of the regular line."


title: John Myung

text: In an interview with MusicRadar in 2010, Myung stated that he was working with Music Man on a modified Bongo. The finished product was a bass with a six-string body but with the six strings accommodating a five-string neck, resulting in a tighter string spacing. In a later interview, he said that this will not be considered a signature model, per Music Man's company policy.. In 2020, Ernie Ball Music Man released the all-new John Myung Signature Bongo Bass.


title: John Myung

text: Myung has used a twelve-string Grand Chapman Stick on two songs on "Falling Into Infinity", "Take Away My Pain" and most prominently "New Millennium", which he performs live on Stick. Dream Theater sources report that Myung Stick routinely brings the Stick to the studio and has sometimes made it so far as tracking (the song "Home" from "Scenes from a Memory" was originally recorded with a Stick, being replaced with a bass guitar for the final version), but it has not appeared on a Dream Theater studio album since "Falling into Infinity". Myung did, however, use the Stick on several tracks on Sean Malone's second album Gordian Knot including "Srikara Tal" and "Redemption's Way." Myung used a fretless bass on the Dream Theater songs "Through Her Eyes", "Far From Heaven", "Hollow Years", "Peruvian Skies", "Hell's Kitchen" and "The Silent Man". He has also used Moog Taurus 3 Bass Pedals since 2011.


title: Hail to the King (Avenged Sevenfold album)

text: Hail to the King is the sixth studio album by American heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold, released on August 23, 2013, through Warner Bros. Records. The album was produced by Mike Elizondo. "Hail to the King" is the only Avenged Sevenfold album to feature drummer Arin Ilejay, prior to his departure in July 2015. It is also the first Avenged Sevenfold album without musical contributions from Ilejay's late predecessor, Jimmy "The Rev" Sullivan; the bonus track, "St. James", was written in his memory.


text: The album was a commercial and critical success, reaching number one on the "Billboard" 200. This marks Avenged Sevenfold's second album to top the "Billboard" chart (after "Nightmare"), as well as their first to reach number one in the UK, topping the UK Albums Chart. It also topped the Canadian, Brazilian, Finnish and Irish album charts. Also, the album spawned two number one singles on Billboard's Mainstream Rock, Hail to the King, and Shepherd of Fire. The former spent 11 weeks on the top of the chart. On April 15, 2021, the album was certified Platinum by the RIAA for sales of over 1,000,000 copies.


text: On November 15, 2012, vocalist M. Shadows said that the band has been working on a new album since the recording of "Carry On" in August 2012. In December, the band said that it plans to begin recording material for their next album in January 2013, with release planned for later in the year. In January 2013 the band started recording their new album. The band started streaming snippets of their new album in May 2013 on their new radio app. It was on the app that Arin Ilejay was confirmed as an official band member and replacement of deceased drummer and founding member The Rev. In an interview with "Metal Hammer" about the new album, M. Shadows said that the album would sound more blues rock-influenced and more like classic rock and classic metal in the vein of Black Sabbath and Led Zeppelin.


text: The band released four teasers on YouTube showing the band going through the recording process as well as providing snippets of songs off the album. On June 26, 2013, the band revealed the title, cover art and release date of album. In July, the band revealed the complete track list of the album.


text: On August 8, 2013, "Shepherd of Fire" was revealed to be the theme song of the "" Zombies map "Origins", included in its final downloadable content pack titled "Apocalypse".


text: Synyster Gates stated of the album: "I think our songwriting has improved by leaps and bounds. Sonically, this record is our biggest record by far. When you turn this thing on, it blasts your head off." M. Shadows stated about the album's music: "On this record, we want a very bare bones, riff-oriented approach. Because it's really easy for us to say 'That melody would sound great here, throw this background vocal here, here's this harmony.' We had to restrain ourselves from doing that just to keep it more badass and just more straightforward rock."


text: Zacky Vengeance stated: "We styled everything back and went to the core of heavy metal instead of trying to overcomplicate it. We wrote and wrote, and felt we really achieved what we were going for (...) we're really proud of what we've come up with." Johnny Christ stated about the album's musical style in an interview with Bravewords: "It's definitely us. It's just the next progression. It's probably the heaviest record that we've put out - in its own right. It's been a great response for the single [Hail to the King] so far, which I feel is a good way to see what the rest of the record is going to sound like. There will be some surprises in there for fans, but overall, I'm just excited." He also said the album is more groove metal-oriented. The album also shows a thrash metal sound, with fast to mid-paced tempos, heavily distorted guitars and war, religious intolerance or corruption themed lyrics.


text: On July 15, 2013, the album was made available for pre-order and the title track, "Hail to the King", was released.


text: The same day, the band revealed a Limited Edition of "Hail to the King" for pre-order available on their website, much as they did with their previous album, "Nightmare". The limited edition set included:


text: "Hail to the King" received positive reviews upon release. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream music critics, the album received an average score of 70, based on 9 reviews, which indicates "generally favorable" reviews. At AnyDecentMusic?, that collates critical reviews from more than 50 media sources, the album scored 6.7 points out of 10, based on eight reviews.


text: In a summary of his review, Chris Epting of "Loudwire" called the album "a modern metal classic that reflects the past while very much embracing the present". Artistdirect's Rick Florino stated, "Hail to the King doesn't just raise the bar for the band, but it raises the bar for everyone else to follow and compete with." In a very positive review, Dom Lawson of "The Guardian" judged, "Stripped down to a core of thudding Sabbath-like grooves and brash, spiky vocal refrains, Avenged now sound every bit as vital and imperious as the bands they aspire to emulate." ""Hail to the King" represents a clean sweep, a divergence into classic metal and their best chance of hitting the heights they've always longed for", according to "Q". "The next giant crossover metal band has arrived", reviewer Tom Bryant concluded, giving the album a 4 stars out of 5 rating.


text: Not all critics were as enthusiastic. In a mixed review, Jason Lymangrover of AllMusic remarked: "Unfortunately, once they tried to take inspiration from other bands, they mimicked them so well that they lost their sense of identity in the process". He also accused "This Means War" of ripping off Metallica's song "Sad but True". In a more negative review, Bradley Zorgdrager of "Exclaim!" said: "After it concludes, "Hail to the King" makes it challenging for listeners to recall any specific moment, which defeats the purpose of a pop (metal) album". The album also has been compared to bands like Iron Maiden, Metallica, and Pantera.


text: In a blog post, Machine Head frontman Robb Flynn was also very critical of the album, denouncing it as a mere "cover album" and making several jokes about the similarities a selection of songs share with those by Metallica, Megadeth, and Guns N' Roses. Flynn later revealed he was joking and was actually "happy" for their success, saying "It's time to poke a little fun at A7X." M. Shadows responded to the criticism saying that he "read it as a joke", but noted that "if it is a joke, it was kind of overboard".


text: "Hail to the King" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart on September 1, 2013. It also debuted at number two on the Official Finnish Albums Chart and at number five in Germany.


text: The album sold 159,000 copies in the United States in its first week of release to debut at number one on the "Billboard" 200 chart.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Anne Tyler (born October 25, 1941) is an American novelist, short story writer, and literary critic. She has published twenty-four novels, including "Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant" (1982), "The Accidental Tourist" (1985), and "Breathing Lessons" (1988). All three were finalists for the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction, and "Breathing Lessons" won the prize in 1989. She has also won the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize, the Ambassador Book Award, and the National Book Critics Circle Award. In 2012 she was awarded "The Sunday Times" Award for Literary Excellence. Tyler's twentieth novel, "A Spool of Blue Thread", was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize in 2015, and "Redhead By the Side of the Road" was longlisted for the same award in 2020. She is recognized for her fully developed characters, her "brilliantly imagined and absolutely accurate detail", her "rigorous and artful style", and her "astute and open language."


title: Anne Tyler

text: The oldest of four children, she was born in Minneapolis, Minnesota. Her father, Lloyd Parry Tyler, was an industrial chemist and her mother, Phyllis Mahon Tyler, a social worker. Both her parents were Quakers who were very active with social causes in the Midwest and the South. Her family lived in a succession of Quaker communities in the South until they settled in 1948 in a Quaker commune in Celo, in the mountains of North Carolina near Burnsville. The Celo Community settlement was populated largely by conscientious objectors and members of the liberal Hicksite branch of the Society of Friends. Tyler lived there from age seven through eleven and helped her parents and others care for livestock and organic farming. While she did not attend formal public school in Celo, lessons were taught in art, carpentry, and cooking in homes and in other subjects in a tiny school house. Her early informal training was supplemented by correspondence school.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Her first memory of her own creative story-telling was of crawling under the bed covers at age three and "telling myself stories in order to get to sleep at night." Her first book at age seven was a collection of drawings and stories about "lucky girls ... who got to go west in covered wagons." Her favorite book as a child was "The Little House" by Virginia Lee Burton. Tyler acknowledges that this book, which she read many times during this period of limited access to books, had a profound influence on her, showing "how the years flowed by, people altered, and nothing could ever stay the same." This early perception of changes over time is a theme that reappears in many of her novels decades later, just as "The Little House" itself appears in her novel "Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant". Tyler also describes reading "Little Women" 22 times as a child. When the Tyler family left Celo after four years to move to Raleigh, North Carolina, eleven-year-old Tyler had never attended public school and never used a telephone. This unorthodox upbringing enabled her to view "the normal world with a certain amount of distance and surprise."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler felt herself to be an outsider in the public schools she attended in Raleigh, a feeling that has followed her most of her life. She believes that this sense of being an outsider has contributed to her becoming a writer: "I believe that any kind of setting-apart situation will do [to become a writer]. In my case, it was emerging from the commune ... and trying to fit into the outside world." Despite her lack of public schooling prior to age eleven, Anne entered school academically well ahead of most of her classmates in Raleigh. With access now to libraries, she discovered Eudora Welty, Gabriel García Márquez, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and many others. Eudora Welty remains one of her favorite writers, and "The Wide Net and Other Stories" is one of her favorite books; she has called Welty "my crowning influence." She credits Welty with showing her that books could be about the everyday details of life, not just about major events. During her years at Needham B. Broughton High School in Raleigh, she was inspired and encouraged by a remarkable English teacher, Phyllis Peacock. "Mrs. Peacock" had previously taught the writer Reynolds Price, under whom Tyler would later study at Duke University. Peacock would also later teach the writer Armistead Maupin. Seven years after high school, Tyler would dedicate her first published novel to "Mrs. Peacock, for everything you've done."


title: Anne Tyler

text: When Tyler graduated from high school at age sixteen, she wanted to attend Swarthmore College, a school founded in 1860 by the Hicksite branch of the Society of Friends. However, she had won a full AB Duke scholarship to Duke University, and her parents pressured her to go to Duke because they needed to save money for the education of her three younger brothers. At Duke, Tyler enrolled in Reynolds Price's first creative writing class, which also included a future poet, Fred Chappell. Price was most impressed with the sixteen-year-old Tyler, describing her as "frighteningly mature for 16," "wide-eyed," and "an outsider." Years later Price would describe Tyler as "one of the best novelists alive in the world, ... who was almost as good a writer at 16 as she is now." Tyler took an additional creative writing course with Price and also studied under William Blackburn, who also had taught William Styron, Josephine Humphreys, and James Applewhite at Duke, as well as Price and Chappell.


title: Anne Tyler

text: As a college student, Tyler had not yet determined she wanted to become a writer. She loved painting and the visual arts. She also was involved in the drama society in high school and at Duke, where she acted in a number of plays, playing Laura in "The Glass Menagerie" and Mrs. Gibbs in "Our Town". She majored in Russian Literature at Duke—not English—and graduated in 1961, at age nineteen, having been inducted into Phi Beta Kappa. With her Russian Literature background she received a fellowship to graduate school in Slavic Studies at Columbia University.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Living in New York City was quite an adjustment for her. There she became somewhat addicted to riding trains and subways: "While I rode I often felt like I was ... an enormous eye taking things in, turning them over and sorting them out ... writing was the only way" [to express her observations]. Tyler left Columbia graduate school after a year, having completed course work but not her master's thesis. She returned to Duke, where she got a job in the library as a Russian bibliographer. It was there that she met Taghi Modarressi, a resident in child psychiatry in Duke Medical School and a writer himself, and they were married a year later (1963).


title: Anne Tyler

text: While an undergraduate at Duke, Tyler published her short story "Laura" in the Duke literary journal "Archive", for which she won the newly created Anne Flexner award for creative writing. In college and prior to her marriage, she wrote many short stories, one of which impressed Reynolds Price so that he later stated that it was the "most finished, most accomplished short story I have ever received from an undergraduate in my thirty years of teaching." "The Saints in Caesar's Household" was published in "Archive" also and won her a second Anne Flexner award. This short story led to her meeting Diarmuid Russell, to whom Price had sent it with kudos. Russell, who was an agent for both Reynolds Price and for Tyler's "crowning influence" Eudora Welty, later became Tyler's agent.


title: Anne Tyler

text: While working at the Duke library—before and after marrying Modarressi—Tyler did continue to write short stories and started work on her first novel, "If Morning Ever Comes". During this period her short stories appeared in "The New Yorker", "The Saturday Evening Post", and "Harpers". After the couple moved to Montreal—Modarressi's U. S. visa had expired and they moved there so he could finish his residency—Tyler continued writing while looking for work. Her first novel was published in 1964 and "The Tin Can Tree" was published the next year. Years later she disowned both of these novels, as well as many of the short stories she wrote during this period. She has even written that she "would like to burn them." She feels that most of this early work suffers from the lack of thorough character development and her failure to rework material repeatedly.


title: Anne Tyler

text: In 1965 (age 24), Tyler had her first child, a daughter they named Tezh. Two years later a second daughter, Mitra, was born. About this time, the couple moved to Baltimore, MD as Taghi had finished his residency and obtained a position at the University of Maryland Medical School. With the moves, the changes in jobs, and the raising of two young children, Tyler had little time or energy for writing and published nothing between 1965 and 1970. She settled comfortably in the city of Baltimore where she has remained and where she has set most of her subsequent novels. Baltimore is generally considered to have a true mix of Southern and Northern culture. It also is an area of considerable Quaker presence, and Tyler eventually enrolled both her daughters in a local Friends school. During this period she began writing literary reviews for journals, newspapers, etc. to provide the family with additional income; she would continue this employment until the late 1980s, writing approximately 250 reviews in total. While this period was not productive for her writing career, Tyler does feel like this time enriched her spirit and her experience and in turn gave her subsequent writing greater depth, as she had "more of a self to speak from."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler began writing again in 1970 and had published three more novels by 1974—"A Slipping-Down Life", "The Clock Winder", and "Celestial Navigation". In her own opinion, her writing improved considerably during this period; with her children entering school, she was able to devote a great deal more focus to it than had been possible since she graduated from Duke. With "Celestial Navigation", Tyler began to get national recognition: Gail Godwin gave it a very favorable review in the "New York Times Review of Books". While she is not proud of her first four novels, Tyler considers this fifth novel one of her favorites. It was a difficult book to write she notes, since it required rewriting draft after draft to truly develop her understanding of the characters. John Updike gave a favorable review to her next novel, "Searching for Caleb", writing: "Funny and lyric and true, exquisite in its details and ambitious in its design ... This writer is not merely good, she is wickedly good." Afterwards he proceeded to take an interest in her work and reviewed her next four novels as well. "Morgan's Passing" (1980) won the Janet Heidinger Kafka Prize for Fiction and was nominated for both the American Book Awards and the National Book Critics Circle Award. Joyce Carol Oates gave it good review in "Mademoiselle": "Fascinating ... So unconventional a love story that it appears to take its protagonists themselves by surprise."


title: Anne Tyler

text: With her next novel, Tyler truly arrived as a recognized artist in the literary world. Tyler's ninth novel, "Dinner at the Homesick Restaurant", which she considers her best work, was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize, PEN/Faulkner Award, and the American Book Award for Fiction in 1983. In his review in "The New Yorker", John Updike wrote, "Her art needed only the darkening that would give her beautifully shaped sketches solidity ... In her ninth novel, she has arrived at a new level of power." Her tenth novel, "The Accidental Tourist", was awarded the National Book Critics Circle Award for Fiction in 1985, the Ambassador Book Award for Fiction in 1986, and was a finalist for the Pulitzer Prize in 1986. It was also made into a 1988 movie starring William Hurt and Geena Davis. The critical and commercial success of the film further increased the public awareness of her work. Her 11th novel, "Breathing Lessons", received the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction in 1989 and was "Time" magazine's "Book of the Year". It was adapted into a 1994 TV movie, as eventually were four other of her novels.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Since her Pulitzer Prize with "Breathing Lessons", Tyler has written 13 more novels; many have been Book of the Month Club Main Selections and have become "New York Times" Bestsellers. "Ladder of Years" was chosen by "Time" as one of the ten best books of 1995. "A Patchwork Planet" was a "New York Times" Notable Book (1999). "Saint Maybe" (1991) and "Back When We Were Grownups" (2001) were adapted into TV movies in 1998 and 2004, respectively. In her 2006 novel "Digging to America", she explored how an immigrant from Iran, who has lived in the U. S. for 35 years, deals with her "outsiderness," perspectives with which Tyler is familiar due to her marriage to Iranian psychiatrist Taghi Mohammad Modarressi.


title: Anne Tyler

text: In addition to her novels, Tyler has published short stories in "The New Yorker", "The Saturday Evening Post", "Redbook", "McCall's", and "Harper's", but they have never been published as a collection. Her stories include "Average Waves in Unprotected Waters" (1977), "Holding Things Together" (1977), and "Teenage Wasteland" (1983). Between 1983 and 1996, she edited three anthologies: "The Best American Short Stories 1983", "Best of the South", and "Best of the South: The Best of the Second Decade".


title: Anne Tyler

text: In 1963, Tyler married Iranian psychiatrist and novelist Taghi Mohammad Modarressi. Modarressi, 10 years her senior, had left Iran and his family as a political refugee at age 25. After a year and a half internship in Wichita, Kansas, he obtained a residency in child psychiatry at Duke University Medical School. There he met Tyler and discovered their common interest in literature. Modarressi had written two award-winning novels in Persian and so was quite an accomplished writer himself. He later wrote three more novels, two of which Tyler helped to translate to English ("The Book of Absent People" and "The Pilgrim's Rules of Etiquette"). In the 1980s, Modarressi founded the Center for Infant Study in Baltimore and the Cold Spring Family Center Therapeutic Nursery in Pimlico, Maryland, which dealt with children who had experienced emotional trauma. Modarressi died in 1997 at the age of 65, from lymphoma.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler and Modarressi had two daughters, Tezh and Mitra. Both share their mother's interest in, and talent for, painting. Tezh is a professional photographer, and an artist who works primarily in oils, who painted the cover of her mother's novel, "Ladder of Years". Mitra is a professional illustrator working primarily in watercolors. She has illustrated seven books, including two children's books co-authored with Tyler ("Tumble Tower" and "Timothy Tugbottom Says No!").


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler resides in the Roland Park neighborhood of Baltimore, Maryland, where most of her novels are set. Today tourists can even take an "Anne Tyler tour" of the area. For some time she was noteworthy among contemporary best-selling novelists, for she rarely granted face-to-face interviews nor did book tours nor made other public appearances. In 2012 she broke with this policy and gave her first face-to-face interview in almost 40 years; subsequently, Mark Lawson interviewed her on BBC Radio in 2013 about her approach to writing. In 2015, she discussed her 20th novel, "A Spool of Blue Thread", in a live radio interview with Diane Rehm and callers on "The Diane Rehm Show".


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler's novels have been reviewed and analyzed by numerous fellow authors, scholars and professional critics. The summary that follows of the nature of her work relies upon selected descriptions and insights by a limited number of the many distinguished literati who have reviewed her works. Also Tyler herself has revealed much about her own writing through interviews. Although she has refused to participate in face-to-face interviews until very recently, she has participated in numerous e-mail interviews over the years. These e-mail interviews have provided material for biographies, journal articles, reader's guides, and instructional materials.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler has occasionally been classified as a "Southern author" or a "modern American author." The Southern category apparently results from the fact that she grew up and went to college in the South. Also she admired and/or studied under well-known Southern authors Eudora Welty and Reynolds Price. In a rare interview with "The New York Times", Tyler cited Eudora Welty as a major literary influence: "Reading Eudora Welty when I was growing up showed me that very small things are often really larger than the large things". However, poet and author Katha Pollitt notes, "It is hard to classify Anne Tyler's novels. They are Southern in their sure sense of family and place but lack the taste for violence and the Gothic that often characterizes self-consciously southern literature. They are modern in their fictional techniques, yet utterly unconcerned with contemporary moment as a subject, so that, with only minor dislocations, her stories could just as well have taken place in twenties or thirties."


title: Anne Tyler

text: It is also difficult to classify Tyler in terms of themes; as she herself notes, "I don't think of my work in terms of themes. I'm just trying to tell a story." Tyler goes on to say, "Any large 'questions of life' that emerge in my novels are accidental—not a reason for writing the novel in the first place but either (1) questions that absorb my characters, quite apart from me, or (2) on occasion, questions that may be thematic to my own life at the moment, even if I'm not entirely aware of them. Answers, if they come, come from the characters' experiences, not from mine, and I often find myself viewing those answers with a sort of distant, bemused surprise."


title: Anne Tyler

text: In Tyler's works, the characters are the driving forces behind the stories and the starting point for her writing: "I do make a point of writing down every imaginable facet of my characters before I begin a book, trying to get to know them so I can figure out how they'll react in any situation ... My reason for writing now is to live lives other than my own, and I do that by burrowing deeper and deeper ... till I reach the center of those lives."


title: Anne Tyler

text: The magic of her novels starts with her ability to create those characters in the reader's mind through the use of remarkably realistic details. As early as 1976, Pollitt described her skill in this way: "Tyler [is] polishing brighter and brighter a craft many novelists no longer deem essential to their purpose: the unfolding of character through brilliantly imagined and absolutely accurate detail." Twelve years later, Michiko Kakutani, in her review of "Breathing Lessons", extolled "her ability to select details that reveal precisely how her characters feel and think" and her "gift for sympathy, for presenting each character's case with humor and compassion." Kakutani later went on to note that "each character in "Saint Maybe" has been fully rendered, fleshed out with a palpable interior life, and each has been fit, like a hand-sawed jigsaw-puzzle piece, into the matrix of family life." Carol Shields, also writing about her characters, observes: "Tyler has always put her characters to work. Their often humble or eccentric occupations, carefully observed and threaded with humor, are tightly sewn to the other parts of their lives, offering them the mixed benefit of tedium and consolation, as well as a lighted stage for the unfolding of their dramatic selves. She also allows her men and women an opportunity for redemption."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler has clearly spelled out the importance of her characters to her stories: "As far as I'm concerned, character is everything. I never did see why I have to throw in a plot, too." In an earlier (1977) interview, she stated that "the real joy of writing is how people can surprise one. My people wander around my study until the novel is done. It's one reason I'm very careful not to write about people I don't like. If I find somebody creeping in that I'm not really fond of, I usually take him out." Pollitt had even earlier noted how Tyler's characters seem to take on a life of their own that she doesn't seem to totally control: "Her complex, crotchety inventions surprise us, but one senses they surprise her too."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Just as Tyler is difficult to categorize as a novelist, it is also challenging to label her style. Novelist Cathleen Schine describes how her "style without a style" manages to pull the reader into the story: "So rigorous and artful is the style without a style, so measured and delicate is each observation, so complex is the structure and so astute and open the language, that the reader can relax, feel secure in the narrative and experience the work as something real and natural -- even inevitable." The "San Francisco Chronicle" made a similar point: "One does not so much read a Tyler novel as visit it. Her ability to conduct several conversations at once while getting the food to the table turns the act of reading into a kind of transport." Reviewer Tom Shone put it this way: "You're involved before you ever notice you were paying attention." Joyce Carol Oates, in her review of "The Amateur Marriage", perhaps described the phenomenon best: "When the realistic novel works its magic, you won't simply have read about the experiences of fictitious characters, you will have seemed to have lived them; your knowledge of their lives transcends their own, for they can only live in chronological time. The experience of reading such fiction when it's carefully composed can be breathtaking, like being given the magical power of reliving passages of our own lives, indecipherable at the time of being lived."


title: Anne Tyler

text: While Tyler herself does not like to think of her novels in terms of themes, numerous reviewers and scholars have noted the importance of family and marriage relationships to her characters and stories. Liesl Schillinger summarized: "Taken together, the distinct but overlapping worlds of her novels have formed a Sensurround literary record of the 20th century American family—or, at least, of the proud but troubled archetypal families that ... interested her most." "New York Times" critic Michiko Kakutani has been reviewing Tyler's novels for over 25 years. She has frequently noted Tyler's themes with regard to family and marriage.Reviewing "Noah's Compass", Kakutani states that "the central concern of most of this author's characters has always been their need to define themselves in terms of family — the degree to which they see themselves as creatures shaped by genetics, childhood memories and parental and spousal expectations, and the degree to which they are driven to embrace independent identities of their own.". This is an example of where Anne Tyler got some of her characteristics from, being able to be independent and get to know herself through her writing.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Reviewing "Saint Maybe", Jay Parini describes how Tyler's characters must deal with "Ms. Tyler's oddball families, which any self-respecting therapist would call 'dysfunctional' ... An inexplicable centripetal force hurls these relatives upon one another, catches them in a dizzying inward spiral of obligation, affection and old-fashioned guilt—as well as an inexpressible longing for some perfect or "normal" family in a distant past that never really was. Almost every novel by Anne Tyler begins with a loss or absence that reactivates in the family some primordial sense of itself." Larry McMurtry wrote, "in book after book, siblings are drawn inexorably back home, as if their parents or (more often) grandparents had planted tiny magnets in them which can be activated once they have seen what the extrafamilial world is like. ... sooner or later a need to be with people who are really familiar – their brothers and sisters – overwhelms them."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Novelist Julia Glass has similarly written about Tyler's characters' families: "What makes each story distinctive is the particular way its characters rebel against hereditary confines, cope with fateful crises or forge relationships with new acquaintances who rock their world." In the same way, Glass mentions the frequent role of marriage struggles in her work: "Once again, Tyler exhibits her genius for the incisive, savory portrayal of marriage, of the countless perverse ways in which two individuals sustain a shared existence." McMurtry puts it this way, "The fates of [Tyler's] families hinge on long struggles between semiattentive males and semiobsessed females. In her patient investigation of such struggles, Miss Tyler has produced a very satisfying body of fiction.


title: Anne Tyler

text: The role of the passage of time and its impact on Tyler's characters is always present. The stories in many of her novels span decades, if only by flashbacks. Joyce Carol Oates emphasized the role of time in this manner: "[Tyler's novels] move at times as if plotless in the meandering drift of actual life, it is time itself that constitutes "plot": meaning is revealed through a doubling-back upon time in flashes of accumulated memory, those heightened moments which James Joyce aptly called epiphanies. The minutiae of family life can yield a startling significance seen from the right perspective, as Tyler shows us." With regard to those minutiae, Tyler herself comments: "As for huge events vs. small events: I believe they all count. They all reveal character, which is the factor that most concerns me ... It does fascinate me, though, that small details can be so meaningful."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Kakutani described "Saint Maybe" in a similar manner: "Moving back and forth among the points of view of various characters, Ms. Tyler traces two decades in the lives of the Bedloes, showing us the large and small events that shape family members' lives and the almost imperceptible ways in which feelings of familial love and obligation mutate over the years." Again in her review of "Breathing Lessons", Kakutani perceives that "she is able, with her usual grace and magnanimity, to chronicle the ever-shifting covenants made by parents and children, husbands and wives, and in doing so, to depict both the losses – and redemptions – wrought by the passage of time."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler herself further weighs in upon how small events can impact relationships: "I love to think about chance -- about how one little overheard word, one pebble in a shoe, can change the universe ... The real heroes to me in my books are first the ones who manage to endure."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler is not without her critics. The most common criticism is that her works are "sentimental," "sweet," and "charming and cosy." John Blades, literary critic for the "Chicago Tribune", skewered "The Accidental Tourist" (as well as all her earlier novels) as "artificially sweet" and "unrealistic." "The Observer"s Adam Mars-Jones stated, in his review of "The Amateur Marriage": "Tyler seems to be offering milk and cookies." Kakutani has also occasionally bemoaned a "cloying cuteness," noting that "her novels—with their eccentric heroes, their homespun details, their improbable, often heartwarming plots—have often flirted with cuteness."


title: Anne Tyler

text: In a recent interview, Tyler responded to such criticisms: "For one thing I think it is sort of true. I would say piss and vinegar for [Philip] Roth and for me milk and cookies. I can't deny it ... [However] there's more edge under some of my soft language than people realize." Because almost all of Tyler's work covers the same territory—family and marriage relationships—and are located in the same setting, she has come under criticism for being repetitive and formulaic. Reviewing "The Patchwork Planet", Kakutani states: "Ms. Tyler's earlier characters tended to be situated within a thick matrix of finely nuanced familial relationships that helped define both their dreams and their limitations; the people in this novel, in contrast, seem much more like lone wolves, pulled this way and that by the author's puppet strings ... Ms. Tyler's famous ability to limn the daily minutiae of life also feels weary and formulaic this time around ... As for the little details Ms. Tyler sprinkles over her story ... they, too, have a paint-by-numbers touch. They add up to a patchwork novel that feels hokey, mechanical ... and yes, too cute.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Tyler has also been criticized for her male characters' "Sad Sack" nature and their "lack of testosterone." Tyler has disagreed with this criticism: "Oh that always bothers me so much. I don't think they are wimps. People are always saying we understand you write about quirky characters, and I think, isn't everybody quirky? If you look very closely at anybody you'll find impediments, women and men both."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Over the last couple of decades, Tyler has been quite forthcoming about her work habits—both in written articles and in interviews. She is very disciplined and consistent about her work schedule and environment. She starts work in the early morning and generally works until 2 pm. Since she moved to the Roland Park neighborhood of Baltimore, she has used a small, orderly corner room in her house, where the only distractions are the sounds of "children playing outside and birds." She has noted that at the beginning of her day, taking the first step—that is, entering her corner room—can be difficult and daunting. She begins her writing by reviewing her previous days' work and then by sitting and staring off into space for a time. She describes this phase of writing as an "extension of daydreaming," and it focuses on her characters.


title: Anne Tyler

text: Over the years Tyler has kept files of note cards in which ideas and observations have been recorded. Characters, descriptions, and scenes often emerge from these notes. She says the act of putting words to paper for her is a "very mechanical process," involving a number of steps: (1) writing first in long hand on unlined paper, (2) revising long hand versions, (3) typing the entire manuscript, (4) re-writing in long hand, (5) reading into a tape-recorder while listening for "false notes," (6) playing back into a stenographer's machine using the pause button to enter changes. She can be quite organized, going so far as to map out floor plans of houses and to outline the chronology of all the characters in a given novel.


title: Anne Tyler

text: In 2013, Tyler gave the following advice to beginning writers: "They should run out and buy the works of Erving Goffman, the sociologist who studied the meaning of gesture in personal interactions. I have cause to think about Erving Goffman nearly every day of my life, every time I see people do something unconscious that reveals more than they'll ever know about their interiors. Aren't human beings intriguing? I could go on writing about them forever."


title: Anne Tyler

text: Although Tyler's short stories have been published in "The New Yorker", "The Saturday Evening Post", "Redbook", "McCall's", and "Harper's", they have not been published as a collection. Her stories include:


title: The Battle at Garden's Gate

text: The Battle at Garden's Gate is the second studio album by American rock band Greta Van Fleet, released on April 16, 2021. The album's first single, "My Way, Soon", was released on October 9, 2020 and topped the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart in January 2021.


title: The Battle at Garden's Gate

text: The album debuted at number 7 on the "Billboard" 200 and number 1 on the Top Hard Rock Albums and Top Rock Albums with first week sales of 43,000.


title: The Battle at Garden's Gate

text: The band commenced on writing material for a second studio album directly after finishing their debut album, "Anthem of the Peaceful Army", which released in October 2018. As early as January 2019, bassist Sam Kiszka indicated that the album was scheduled for sometime in 2019 as well. Recording sessions occurred in a concentrated 2-month period in mid-2019. The album was recorded with musical producer Greg Kurstin, who at the time had worked with Foo Fighters on "Concrete and Gold" and "Medicine at Midnight".


title: The Battle at Garden's Gate

text: Early 2019 commentary from the band on the album noted that it would thematically have a "more worldly" feel than their prior work, inspired by the band's seeing the world through touring. Additionally, they aimed to create "an evolution to their sound" after their prior album received a lot of commentary, both positive and negative, of being very similar to the work of other bands such as Led Zeppelin. Upon the reveal of the album's name of "The Battle at Garden's Gate" in late 2020, they expanded on the themes, noting that it was "definitely a biblical reference" but that the album expanded well beyond that, into the idea of "ancient civilizations" and "parallel universe[s]". The band explores the human experience, and how religion and war affect it. The album was described as more dark, cinematic, and complicated than their prior album. Seeing dark instances of poverty and famine while touring inspired its more dire sound.


title: The Battle at Garden's Gate

text: The band released their first single from the album, "My Way, Soon", in October 2020. The song was debuted and performed live on December 8 on "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert", complete with costumes and stage setup similar to 1970s' music programs. A second song, "Age of Machine", was released in December 2020. In January, "My Way, Soon" topped the "Billboard" Mainstream Rock songs chart, their fifth song to top the chart.


title: The Battle at Garden's Gate

text: The album was featured in multiple "Most Anticipated Albums of 2021" lists, including from publications "Rolling Stone", "Vulture", and "Ultimate Classic Rock".


title: Jim Donovan (banker)

text: James H. Donovan is an American investment banker who is Vice Chairman of Global Client Coverage at Goldman Sachs. Donovan is also an adjunct professor at the University of Virginia School of Law whose YouTube videos have racked up over two and a half million views.


title: Jim Donovan (banker)

text: On March 15, 2017, President Donald Trump nominated Donovan to serve as Deputy Secretary of the Treasury. He was nominated despite concerns within the Trump administration that with the addition of Donovan, there will be "too many Goldman guys" in top posts. Donovan withdrew from consideration on May 19, 2017.


title: Jim Donovan (banker)

text: President Trump subsequently appointed Donovan to serve as a member of the President's Intelligence Advisory Board.


title: Jim Donovan (banker)

text: Donovan earned his Bachelor of Science degree in chemical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, where he was a varsity rower, and a Master of Business Administration degree from MIT Sloan School in 1989. He earned his Juris Doctor degree from Harvard Law School in 1993.


title: Karma Police

text: "Karma Police" is a song by English alternative rock band Radiohead, released on 25 August 1997, as the second single from their third studio album, "OK Computer" (1997). It reached number one in Iceland and number eight on the UK Singles Chart. In the US, it peaked at number 14 on the US Alternative Songs chart. It was included on "" (2008). The music video, directed by Jonathan Glazer, sees singer Thom Yorke in the back of a car pursuing a man. In 2021, "Rolling Stone" placed "Karma Police" at position 279 on its ranking of the 500 greatest songs of all time.


title: Karma Police

text: "Karma Police" was released as the second single from "OK Computer" on 25 August 1997. In the UK, it was released on two CD singles and a 12-inch vinyl single, and reached number eight on the UK Singles Chart. In March 2010, almost 13 years later, "Karma Police" reached number 15 on the Danish Singles Chart. Early versions of "Karma Police" were released on the 2019 compilation "MiniDiscs [Hacked]".


title: Karma Police

text: "Karma Police" is in a time signature and played in standard tuning. The first half is in the key of A minor ('Karma Police...') and G major ('This is what you get...'). The second half (starting with the line "For a minute there") is in B minor. Acoustic guitar and piano are the most prominent instruments.


title: Karma Police

text: The song progresses from the intro into a mid-tempo section which alternates between a verse and a chorus. The verse begins with the line "Karma police", and the chorus begins with the line "This is what you'll get". After this section cycles through twice, the song switches into a second section which is based around the line "For a minute there, I lost myself". Yorke's voice is put through a reverb effect and a sliding melodic figure serves as a counterpoint to his vocals. In the final minute, Ed O'Brien distorts his guitar by driving a delay effect to self-oscillation, then lowering the delay rate, creating a "melting" effect.


title: Karma Police

text: After Yorke told producer Nigel Godrich he was not happy with the ending, the pair reconstructed it with loops and samples, a technique they developed on later Radiohead albums. Godrich said: "It was the first time we did anything like that. Just us in the studio, and a forerunner of a lot of things to come, good and bad."


title: Karma Police

text: The title lyric originates from an inside joke; the members of Radiohead would threaten to call the "karma police" if someone did something bad. Yorke explained that the song was about stress and "having people looking at you in that certain [malicious] way". He said: "It's for someone who has to work for a large company. This is a song against bosses. Fuck the middle management!"


title: Karma Police

text: Yorke and Jonny Greenwood emphasised in interviews that the song was humorous and "not entirely serious". The line "He buzzes like a fridge / He's like a detuned radio" refers to distracting, metaphorical background noise that Yorke calls "fridge buzz", one of the themes of "OK Computer". "Karma Police" also shares themes of insanity and dissatisfaction with capitalism.


title: Karma Police

text: Steve Huey from AllMusic described "Karma Police" as "haunting, mystifying, and exquisite", labelling it "one of the cornerstones of one of the greatest albums of the '90s". The "Daily Record" declared it a "superb song". A reviewer from "Music Week" rated it four out of five, picking it as one of the "standout tracks" from "OK Computer". In 2021, "Rolling Stone" placed "Karma Police" at position 279 on its ranking of the 500 greatest songs of all time.


title: Karma Police

text: The "Karma Police" music video was directed by Jonathan Glazer, who had directed the video for Radiohead's 1996 single "Street Spirit (Fade Out)". The video is shot from the perspective of the driver of a car pursuing a man along a dark road, with Yorke in the back seat. The man falls to his knees and the car reverses, revealing that it is leaking fuel. The man produces matches from his pocket and ignites the trail of fuel. Yorke vanishes and the car is engulfed in flames.


title: Karma Police

text: Glazer initially pitched the video concept to the American musician Marilyn Manson for his 1997 single "Long Hard Road Out of Hell"; Manson wanted a video similar to David Lynch's 1997 film "Lost Highway", which opens with a shot of a road rushing beneath the camera. After Manson rejected the concept, the video commissioner Dilly Gent recommended it to Radiohead for "Karma Police". According to Manson's collaborator Randy Sosin, after Manson saw the "Karma Police" video, "Manson was like, 'Fuck that.' But, you know, a good idea is a good idea."


title: Karma Police

text: Glazer said he wanted to "shoot something very simple ... Where the whole narrative could be contained within a single sentence." The running man was played by Hungarian actor Lajos Kovács. Kovács developed cramp during the running shots, and had to have injections in his leg to keep running; he also badly burnt his thumb during repeated takes lighting the book of matches behind his back.


title: Karma Police

text: The video premiered in August 1997. Glazer won MTV's Director of the Year award in 1997 for his work on the "Karma Police" as well as Jamiroquai's "Virtual Insanity". In 2001, Glazer said he regarded the video as a failure, "because I decided to do a very minimalist, subjective use of camera, and tried to do something hypnotic and dramatic from one perspective, and it was very hard to achieve and I feel that I didn't achieve it". He described his video for the 1998 single "Rabbit in Your Headlights", by Yorke and Unkle, as a more successful "partner" to the "Karma Police" video.


title: Two-body problem

text: In classical mechanics, the two-body problem is to predict the motion of two massive objects which are abstractly viewed as point particles. The problem assumes that the two objects interact only with one another; the only force affecting each object arises from the other one, and all other objects are ignored.


title: Two-body problem

text: The most prominent case of the classical two-body problem is the gravitational case (see also Kepler problem), arising in astronomy for predicting the orbits (or escapes from orbit) of objects such as satellites, planets, and stars. A two-point-particle model of such a system nearly always describes its behavior well enough to provide useful insights and predictions.


title: Two-body problem

text: A simpler "one body" model, the "central-force problem", treats one object as the immobile source of a force acting on the other. One then seeks to predict the motion of the single remaining mobile object. Such an approximation can give useful results when one object is much more massive than the other (as with a light planet orbiting a heavy star, where the star can be treated as essentially stationary).


title: Two-body problem

text: However, the one-body approximation is usually unnecessary except as a stepping stone. For many forces, including gravitational ones, the general version of the two-body problem can be reduced to a pair of one-body problems, allowing it to be solved completely, and giving a solution simple enough to be used effectively.


title: Two-body problem

text: By contrast, the three-body problem (and, more generally, the "n"-body problem for "n" ≥ 3) cannot be solved in terms of first integrals, except in special cases.


title: Two-body problem

text: The two-body problem is interesting in astronomy because pairs of astronomical objects are often moving rapidly in arbitrary directions (so their motions become interesting), widely separated from one another (so they will not collide) and even more widely separated from other objects (so outside influences will be small enough to be ignored safely).


title: Two-body problem

text: Under the force of gravity, each member of a pair of such objects will orbit their mutual center of mass in an elliptical pattern, unless they are moving fast enough to escape one another entirely, in which case their paths will diverge along other planar conic sections. If one object is very much heavier than the other, it will move far less than the other with reference to the shared center of mass. The mutual center of mass may even be inside the larger object.


title: Two-body problem

text: For the derivation of the solutions to the problem, see Classical central-force problem or Kepler problem.


title: Two-body problem

text: In principle, the same solutions apply to macroscopic problems involving objects interacting not only through gravity, but through any other attractive scalar force field obeying an inverse-square law, with electrostatic attraction being the obvious physical example. In practice, such problems rarely arise. Except perhaps in experimental apparatus or other specialized equipment, we rarely encounter electrostatically interacting objects which are moving fast enough, and in such a direction, as to avoid colliding, and/or which are isolated enough from their surroundings.


title: Two-body problem

text: The dynamical system of a two-body system under the influence of torque turns out to be a Sturm-Liouville equation.


title: Two-body problem

text: Although the two-body model treats the objects as point particles, classical mechanics only apply to systems of macroscopic scale. Most behavior of subatomic particles "cannot" be predicted under the classical assumptions underlying this article or using the mathematics here.


title: Two-body problem

text: Electrons in an atom are sometimes described as "orbiting" its nucleus, following an early conjecture of Niels Bohr (this is the source of the term "orbital"). However, electrons don't actually orbit nuclei in any meaningful sense, and quantum mechanics are necessary for any useful understanding of the electron's real behavior. Solving the classical two-body problem for an electron orbiting an atomic nucleus is misleading and does not produce many useful insights.


title: Two-body problem

text: The complete two-body problem can be solved by re-formulating it as two one-body problems: a trivial one and one that involves solving for the motion of one particle in an external potential. Since many one-body problems can be solved exactly, the corresponding two-body problem can also be solved.


title: Two-body problem

text: Let and be the vector positions of the two bodies, and "m" and "m" be their masses. The goal is to determine the trajectories and for all times "t", given the initial positions and and the initial velocities and .


title: Two-body problem

text: where F is the force on mass 1 due to its interactions with mass 2, and F is the force on mass 2 due to its interactions with mass 1. The two dots on top of the x position vectors denote their second derivative with respect to time, or their acceleration vectors.


title: Two-body problem

text: Adding and subtracting these two equations decouples them into two one-body problems, which can be solved independently. "Adding" equations (1) and () results in an equation describing the center of mass (barycenter) motion. By contrast, "subtracting" equation (2) from equation (1) results in an equation that describes how the vector between the masses changes with time. The solutions of these independent one-body problems can be combined to obtain the solutions for the trajectories and .


title: Two-body problem

text: Let formula_1 be the position of the center of mass (barycenter) of the system. Addition of the force equations (1) and (2) yields


title: Two-body problem

text: shows that the velocity formula_5 of the center of mass is constant, from which follows that the total momentum is also constant (conservation of momentum). Hence, the position of the center of mass can be determined at all times from the initial positions and velocities.


title: Two-body problem

text: Dividing both force equations by the respective masses, subtracting the second equation from the first, and rearranging gives the equation


title: Two-body problem

text: where we have again used Newton's third law and where is the displacement vector from mass 2 to mass 1, as defined above.


title: Two-body problem

text: The force between the two objects, which originates in the two objects, should only be a function of their separation and not of their absolute positions and ; otherwise, there would not be translational symmetry, and the laws of physics would have to change from place to place. The subtracted equation can therefore be written:


title: Two-body problem

text: Solving the equation for is the key to the two-body problem. The solution depends on the specific force between the bodies, which is defined by formula_10. For the case where formula_10 follows an inverse-square law, see the Kepler problem.


title: Two-body problem

text: as may be verified by substituting the definitions of R and r into the right-hand sides of these two equations.


title: Two-body problem

text: The motion of two bodies with respect to each other always lies in a plane (in the center of mass frame).


title: Two-body problem

text: Proof: Defining the linear momentum and the angular momentum of the system, with respect to the center of mass, by the equations


title: Two-body problem

text: where is the reduced mass and is the relative position (with these written taking the center of mass as the origin, and thus both parallel to ) the rate of change of the angular momentum equals the net torque


title: Two-body problem

text: and using the property of the vector cross product that for any vectors and pointing in the same direction,


title: Two-body problem

text: Introducing the assumption (true of most physical forces, as they obey Newton's strong third law of motion) that the force between two particles acts along the line between their positions, it follows that and the angular momentum vector is constant (conserved). Therefore, the displacement vector and its velocity are always in the plane perpendicular to the constant vector .


title: Two-body problem

text: If the force is conservative then the system has a potential energy , so the total energy can be written as


title: Two-body problem

text: and in a similar way the energy "E" is related to the energies and that separately contain the kinetic energy of each body:


title: The Spine of Night

text: The Spine of Night is a 2021 American adult animated dark fantasy horror film written and directed by Philip Gelatt and Morgan Galen King. It stars Richard E. Grant, Lucy Lawless, Patton Oswalt, Betty Gabriel, and Joe Manganiello.


title: The Spine of Night

text: The film was completed using rotoscoped animation, and traces the centuries-long journey of a magical plant that bestows terrible power upon the user, as it inspires despots, empires, and black magic.


title: The Spine of Night

text: "The Spine of Night" was directed by Philip Gelatt and Morgan Galen King, who also wrote the script. While King previously worked as an animator, Gelatt is known for his previous work on live-action films. He made the cult horror film "They Remain" and wrote the script for the science fiction mystery drama "Europa Report". He also wrote the script for 15 episodes of the series "Love, Death & Robots".


title: The Spine of Night

text: They wanted to tell an adult story within the fantasy genre. The aesthetic they found appropriate for this was the hand-drawn rotoscope animation, which was preferred in the late 1970s and early 1980s. The drawings were created on the computer, but classically at 12 frames per second, as is usual in rotoscope animation. In this animation technique, artists hand-draw over live-action footage, frame by frame.


title: The Spine of Night

text: Gelatt and King drew inspiration for their work from fantasy and science fiction illustrations by Frank Frazetta and the work of Ralph Bakshi, who made animated films for adults. Especially the 1983 film "Fire and Ice" was a clear inspiration.


title: The Spine of Night

text: In 2021, RLJE Films and Shudder acquired the U.S. distribution and streaming rights. It premiered at the South by Southwest Film Festival (SXSW) on March 18, 2021, Annecy International Animation Film Festival on June 16, 2021, Art Film Fest on June 26, 2021, Neuchâtel International Fantastic Film Festival on July 4, 2021, Melbourne International Film Festival on August 7, 2021, FanTasia on August 14, 2021,


title: The Spine of Night

text: The film also screened at the Beyond Fest on October 2, 2021, Sitges Film Festival on October 8, 2021 and at the Fantasy Filmfest on October 17, 2021. It was released on digital and theatrically on October 29, 2021.


title: The Spine of Night

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 82% based on 65 reviews, with an average rating of 6.60/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "With a hard fantasy story that stands in service of its eye-catching animation, "The Spine of Night" is a distinctive treat for genre enthusiasts." According to Metacritic, which sampled seven critics and calculated a weighted average score of 60 out of 100, the film received "mixed or average reviews."


title: Akidearest

text: Agnes Yulo Diego (born February 16, 1993), known online as Akidearest, is an American YouTuber. She is best known for discussing anime, manga, otaku culture and Japanese-related content on her YouTube channel.


title: Akidearest

text: Diego was born in Bakersfield, California, on February 16, 1993, and was raised in Virginia before then eventually moving to Las Vegas, Nevada. Growing-up, Diego got into creating Anime music videos (AMV) and had a prior YouTube channel that hosted some of her work. After completing a degree in psychology at university, Diego decided to pursue YouTube as a career.


title: Akidearest

text: Diego created her second and current YouTube channel "Akidearest" on December 18, 2014, with a focus on discussing anime, manga, and otaku culture; her first video, "REACTION: DMMD Love Scene," in which Diego reacts to a scene in "Dramatical Murder", was released on December 26, 2014. Considered as her break-out video, "5 Songs That Will Change The Way You See Vocaloid," was released on January 12, 2016; the video delves into serious topics that fans to causal listeners of Vocaloid might not expect. On August 21, 2017, Akidearest hit one million subscribers. From 2017 to 2018, Diego co-hosted a weekly SBS podcast titled, The Anime Show, with Joseph Bizinger (The Anime Man), which ran for 68 episodes that discussed about anime, manga, and otaku culture.


title: Akidearest

text: In January 2019, Diego moved to Japan, at which time her channel expanded to include her experiences while living in Japan. In same year, Diego also made an in-game cameo appearance in "The World Next Door", by Rose City Games.


title: Akidearest

text: On November 4, 2016, both she and fellow YouTuber Joey Bizinger announced that they were in a relationship.


title: Hillah

text: Hillah ( "al-Ḥillah"), also spelled Hilla, is a city in central Iraq on the Hilla branch of the Euphrates River, south of Baghdad. The population is estimated at 364,700 in 1998. It is the capital of Babylon Province and is located adjacent to the ancient city of Babylon, and close to the ancient cities of Borsippa and Kish. It is situated in a predominantly agricultural region which is extensively irrigated with water provided by the Hilla canal, producing a wide range of crops, fruit and textiles. Its name may be derived from the word "beauty" in Arabic. The river runs exactly in the middle of the town, and it is surrounded by date palm trees and other forms of arid vegetation, reducing the harmful effects of dust and desert wind.


title: Hillah

text: The city was once a major center of Islamic scholarship and education. The tomb of the Jewish prophet Ezekiel is reputed to be located in a nearby village, Al Kifl.


title: Hillah

text: It became a major administrative centre during the rule of the Ottoman and British Empires. In the 19th century, the Hilla branch of the Euphrates started to silt up and much agricultural land was lost to drought, but this process was reversed by the construction of the Hindiya Barrage in 1911–1913, which diverted water from the deeper Hindiya branch of the Euphrates into the Hilla canal. It saw heavy fighting in 1920 during an uprising against the British, when 300 men of the Manchester Regiment were apparently defeated in the city.


title: Hillah

text: Hillah is located near the ruins of ancient Babylon. It is likely that Babylon was founded in the third millennium BC and rose to prominence over the next thousand years. By the 18th century BC the city was the centre of the empire of Hammurabi. Various empires controlled Babylon over the following centuries. Babylon briefly regained independence during the Neo-Babylonian empire towards the end of the 7th century BC, most notably under the reign of king Nebuchadnezzar II, but came under brief Persian occupation in the 6th century BC.


title: Hillah

text: The ruins of Babylon have suffered greatly due to looting and destructive policies. Parts of Nebuchadnezzar's palace and some of the old city walls still remain. Saddam Hussein commissioned a restoration of ancient Babylon on part of the site. A modern palace was restored on Nebuchadnezzar ancient palace. A reconstruction of the Ishtar Gate is displayed in the Pergamon Museum in Berlin.


title: Hillah

text: In the 10th century, the town of Al Jami'ayn was founded on the eastern bank of the Euphrates. The location of that town is in modern-day Hillah now. In 1101 AD a new town was founded near Al Jami'ayn. Bricks were taken from Babylon to build houses and so Hillah expanded. During the 18th century, the town became an administrative center in the Ottoman Empire. In the 19th century, the flow in the al-Hillah stream decreased, and that led to worsening conditions for agriculture, which affected them greatly. To solve the problem, al-Hindiya Barrage was built.


title: Hillah

text: Hillah was the scene of relatively heavy fighting in the 2003 invasion of Iraq on and around April 1, 2003. Iraqi casualties from the Medina Division of the Republican Guard were unknown but casualties reached in the several hundreds for the United States Army's 2-70th Armor. The Iraqi republican guard repulsed the attacks and the US marines never managed to establish control over the area.


title: Hillah

text: Shortly after the invasion a mass grave site was reported by locals to be in the area around Hillah. Local citizens and members of ORHA, and NMCB-15 (Naval Mobile Construction Battalion) worked together to exhume thousands of Iraqis who had been killed by Iraq's security forces during the uprising against the government in 1991.


title: Hillah

text: The 1st Marine Division had established a base at one of Saddam Hussein's palaces about one mile north of Hillah. The 372nd Military Police Company had performed law and order and Iraqi Police training in the city from June 2003 to October 2003 prior to moving on to Abu Ghraib prison. The city was part of the Polish military zone during the occupation of Iraq.


title: Hillah

text: After the initial invasion, Hilla was relatively peaceful, but it then became the scene of numerous bomb attacks.


title: Hillah

text: Hillah has a hot desert climate ("BWh") in the Köppen–Geiger climate classification system. Most rain falls in the winter. The average annual temperature in Hillah is . About of precipitation falls annually.


title: Hillah

text: A detailed scientific study at the University of Babylon proved that Babil province is rich with natural untapped oil, gas and minerals of economic and industrial rocks and sediments of rivers and groundwater that can be exploited to intensify studies, geophysical surveys and mining.


title: Hillah

text: Babil province has ten hospitals with 1,200 beds. At the beginning of 2005, the local health department announced some plans to build two hospitals with 50 beds each near Al-Khifil and Al-Shomaly. Major hospitals in Hillah, will also receive major renovations. Staff master plan is to raise the level of training of personnel in the field of nursing and re-construction of new health centers across the province.


title: Hillah

text: Hillah contains four major government hospitals and they are: Hillah General Teaching Hospital, Babylon Hospital for Women and Children, Mirjan Teaching Hospital, and Al Noor Hospital for Children.


title: Hillah

text: Since 2008, Hillah has hosted an annual medical conference under the slogan "Babylon .. cultural capital of Iraq .. the future of medicine in scientific research". The conference offers a number of scientific presentations that address the medical health and education in the country and projects to support health and medical research in the future. There is also an exhibition of modern medical devices and electric vehicles for people with disabilities, in addition to medicines and treatments.


title: Hillah

text: Hillah has a rich cultural history and widely published in history books, literature, geography, and biographies. The single most famous medieval Shia theologian, Allamah Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan al-Hilli is a native son. It was chosen as the cultural capital of Iraq in 2008 because of its large cultural gatherings and art galleries, as well as the many talents in all fields of culture and art, particularly poetry, writing, music and vocals.


title: Hillah

text: And many well known Iraqi writers have written about it, including: Mr. Abdul-Razzaq al-Husseini, Abd al-Qadir al-Zahawi, Mohammad Mehdi Aljawahiri, Rusafi, Sahtia AlHasri, Dr. Fadel Aljamali, Thi Alnun Ayoub, Dr Ali Jawad Tahir, and Ahmad al-Safi al-Najafi.


title: Hillah

text: Many writers, poets, and artists have also come from Hillah, including: Sharif Alrhdi, Dheyaa Hamio, Saifuddin Al-Hilly, Mohammed Mahdi Albasir, Ali Jawad Tahir, archaeologist Ahmed Sosa, Taha Baqer, and Ahmed Saeed.


title: Hillah

text: Jamāl ad-Dīn Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn 'Ali ibn-i Mûtahhar[1] al-Hilli (Arabic: جمال الدين الحسن بن يوسف الحلي), also known as al-Allamah al-Hilli (Arabic: العلامة الحلي, "the sage from Hilla"),[2] born December 15, 1250 CE (19 Ramadan 648 AH), died December 18, 1325, was a Twelver Shia theologian and mujtahid. Known as a Marja' (Grand Ayatollah), he was one of the well known Shia scholars of his time. His full name is Jamal al-Din Abu Mansur Hasan ibn Yusuf ibn Mutahhar al-Hilli. We know of at least one hundred books written by him, some of which are still in the form of manuscripts. Muhammad bin Al-Hassan al Hurr Al- Amili in his work Amal al Amil, p. 40, enumerated no less than 67 works of this learned author.


title: Hillah

text: The Ottomans established modern schools, including the school Al-Rashidiya where material was taught in Turkish. The first elementary school in Hillah was Madrasat Al-Sharqia, which was founded in 1918 with one class and twenty students. It was located in the top floor of the Grand Mosque and the first director of it was Mr. Abdul Mahdi al-Hilali. Later the school moved to a building on the Shatt al-Hilla with four classes, but this school was not stable because the majority of students leave these schools to study at the seminary. The first secondary school in Hillah, established in 1927, was Al-Hillah Secondary School. Another school was Moderiat Alm'arif, founded in year 1931.


title: Hillah

text: University education in Hillah started with the founding of the Institute of Management in 1976 and the foundation of the Department of Technology and Management Branch Stores. In 1980 it was called the Technical Institute; today it is called the Technical Institute in Babylon and includes the following fields: scientific (civil and space and electrical and electronic devices, computers and mechanics, machinery and equipment), administrative (accounting, management, and computer systems), and medical (community health and nursing). In 1959 the Technical Institute established a project Musayyib that included these disciplines: technological (Irrigation and mechanics, machinery and equipment), administrative (accounting, warehouse management), and agricultural (plant production, soil and land reclamation, machinery and agricultural equipment, and production of life). Starting in 1991, the University of Babylon offers education in fine arts, law, engineering, science, education, medicine, management, economy, literature, agriculture, science for girls dentistry, veterinary medicine, and nursing. The university includes several scientific centers: Center for Studies Babylonian Center, documents and studies Hillah, electronic calculators, Teaching Methods Development Center, and Continuing Education Center. The province of Babylon contains five universities: Babylon University, Alqasim Green University (introduced in 2012 in Al-Qasim), Al-Nahrain University, Almostaqbal University College, and Hillah University College.


title: Hillah

text: Located just 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the city of Hillah, Babylon was a marveled city of the ancient world, especially under the rule of king Nebuchadnezzar (605–562 BC). It was the capital of the Neo-Babylonian Empire and its walls and hanging gardens were considered one of the seven wonders of the world.


title: Hillah

text: Kish is located 13 km (8 mi) from city of Hillah and 6 km (3.7 mi) east of the ancient city of Babylon. The ruins including the ziggurat "Inner Cdermh", a ziggurat structure of "Baba deer", god of war.


title: Hillah

text: Alberes is situated south of Hillah, approximately 24 km (14.9 mi) away. It has a tower found between Hillah and Al-Khifil. Its current name is a distortion of the name Old Babylonian "بورسيا" (which is now a newspaper) and its Sumerian meaning is "sword of the sea", because it was located on the Ghadeer edge along the banks of the Sea of Najaf.


title: Riprap

text: Riprap (in North American English), also known as rip rap, rip-rap, shot rock, rock armour (in British English) or rubble, is human-placed rock or other material used to protect shoreline structures against scour and water, wave, or ice erosion. Ripraps are used to armor shorelines, streambeds, bridge abutments, foundational infrastructure supports and other shoreline structures against erosion. Common rock types used include granite and modular concrete blocks. Rubble from building and paving demolition is sometimes used, as well as specifically designed structures called tetrapods.


title: Riprap

text: Riprap is also used underwater to cap immersed tubes sunken on the seabed to be joined into an undersea tunnel.


title: Riprap

text: Ripraps cause morphological changes in the riverbeds they surround. One such change is the reduction of sediment settlement in the river channel, which can lead to scouring of the river bed as well as coarser sediment particles. This can be combatted by increasing the distance between the pieces of riprap and using a variety of sizes.


title: Riprap

text: The usage of ripraps may not even stop erosion, but simply move it downstream. Additionally, the soil beneath the riprap can be eroded if the rock was just placed on top without any buffer between the layers such as a geotextile fabric or smaller riprap (crushed stone).


title: Riprap

text: Riprap affects the amount of organic material in a waterbody by acting as a filter, catching wood and leaves before they can enter the water. Riprap also covers and prevents plants from growing through, which can reduce shade over the water.


title: Riprap

text: Introducing ripraps creates a rocky environment which can affect the ecology of a waterbody by making the ecosystem more heterogeneous. While it can negatively affect some organisms by removing shoreline vegetation, the rock can provide important refuge for invertebrates and small fish. By preventing woody plants from growing and shading the water, riprap can also increase the amount of algae and hydrophytes.


title: Max Life Insurance

text: Max Life Insurance Company Limited (formerly known as Max New York Life Insurance Company Limited) is a life insurance company in India with a joint venture (JV) between Max India Ltd and Axis Bank The company is a subsidiary of the publicly listed Max Financial Services and is the largest non-bank private-sector life insurer in India. It was founded in 2000 after the liberalization of the insurance sector in India and its operations began in 2001. Analjit Singh, founder of Max Healthcare, is the chairman of Max Life Insurance. Prashant Tripathy is Managing Director and Chief Executive officer, the company is headquartered at New Delhi.


title: Max Life Insurance

text: Max Life Insurance is a part of the Max India Ltd. Group and is India’s largest non-bank private-sector insurer, which focuses on creating both online and offline channel where customers could buy policies without any intermediaries in a safe and secured manner. It is a joint venture between Max Financial Services and Mitsui Sumitomo Insurance Company. The former owns 68% of the company while the latter owns 26%. After forming the joint venture partnership with Mitsui Sumitomo, Max Life changed its name from Max New York Life in 2012. In February 2016, Axis Bank held a 6% share in Max Life.


title: Max Life Insurance

text: Max Life's distribution channels include banks, individual agents, brokers, and corporate agents, among others. It provides linked, participating and non-participating products. Apart from life coverage, it also covers health, pension, and annuity. It offers child protection, retirement, savings, and growth plans to individuals and to groups.


title: Tooting

text: Tooting is a district in South London, forming part of the London Borough of Wandsworth and partly in the London Borough of Merton. It is located south south-west of Charing Cross.


title: Tooting

text: Tooting has been settled since pre-Saxon times. The name is of Anglo-Saxon origin but the meaning is disputed. It could mean "the people of Tota", in which context Tota may have been a local Anglo-Saxon chieftain. Alternatively it could be derived from an old meaning of the verb "to tout", to look out. There may have been a watchtower here on the road to London and hence "the people of the look-out post."


title: Tooting

text: The Romans built a road, which was later named Stane Street by the English, from London (Londinium) to Chichester (Noviomagus Regnorum), and which passed through Tooting. Tooting High Street is built on this road. In Saxon times, Tooting and Streatham (then Toting-cum-Stretham) was given to the Abbey of Chertsey. Later, Suene (Sweyn), believed to be a Viking, may have been given all or part of the land. In 933, King Athelstan is thought to have confirmed lands including Totinge (Tooting) to Chertsey Abbey.


title: Tooting

text: Tooting appears in the Domesday Book of 1086 as "Totinges": Lower Tooting was held from Chertsey Abbey by Haimo the Sheriff (of Kent) when its assets were 1 church, ploughlands of land and of meadow. Its people were called to render £4 per year to their overlords. Later in the Norman period, it came into the possession of the De Gravenel family, after whom it was named Tooting Graveney. Until minor changes in the 19th century it consisted of .


title: Tooting

text: Upper Tooting, or Tooting Bec (for centuries administered as part of Streatham), appears as a manor held by the Abbey of Hellouin Bec, in Normandy, thus acquiring the "Bec" in its name. Its domesday assets were 5 hides. It had ploughlands and so was assessed as rendering £7.


title: Tooting

text: As with many of South London's suburbs, Tooting developed during the late Victorian period. Some development occurred in the Edwardian era but another large spurt in growth happened during the 1920s and 30s.


title: Tooting

text: The Member of Parliament for Tooting is Dr Rosena Allin-Khan of the Labour Party, who was first elected in a 2016 by-election to represent the parliamentary constituency of Tooting. This followed the election of her predecessor Sadiq Khan to the role of Mayor of London in May 2016.


title: Tooting

text: Since the creation of the Tooting seat, it has been held by Labour, often with a marginal result against a Conservative Party challenge. Although the constituency boundaries include wards represented by both Labour and the Conservatives, the Tooting ward itself can be regarded as a Labour stronghold, electing a full slate of councillors from the party.


title: Tooting

text: Tooting has a large British Asian community and has gained the nickname "land of the curry mile" due to the concentration of South Asian restaurants.


title: Tooting

text: In the 2011 census, Tooting was White or White British (47%), Asian or Asian British (28.8%), Black or Black British (15.5%), Mixed/multiple ethnic groups (5%), and Other ethnic group (2.9%). The largest single ethnicity is White British (32.4%).


title: Tooting

text: Tooting is positioned on the Northern line—with stations at the top and the bottom of the hill that slopes down the High Street, Tooting Bec and Tooting Broadway. Tooting is also served by National Rail at Tooting railway station providing a direct link south to Sutton via Wimbledon, and north to Farringdon, St Pancras and on to Luton.


title: Tooting

text: It also has several bus links, with routes to and from Central London, Richmond, Croydon, Sutton and Kingston amongst others.


title: Tooting

text: Tooting Broadway tube station is currently being considered by TfL as a stop on the future Crossrail 2 development. In addition to relieving congestion on the Northern Line, this would provide Tooting with a rapid and direct connection to major London stations such as Clapham Junction, Victoria, Tottenham Court Road and Euston.


title: Tooting

text: Totterdown Fields estate was designated a conservation area on 19 September 1978. It was the first London County Council cottage estate built between 1901 and 1911, containing 1244 individual houses over . It was influenced by Ebenezer Howard's Garden city movement and the Arts and Crafts movement.


title: Tooting

text: As previously mentioned, Totterdown Fields estate has considerable historical significance, being the first "cottage estate" within London and later protected from redevelopment through its designation as a conservation area. Within the London Borough of Wandsworth, Tooting has the fourth-highest number of social housing accommodation after Roehampton, Battersea and Southfields in that order. Notable large post-modern estates within the area are the: Aboyne/Holborn and Hazelhurst with smaller estates including: Bevill Allen Close, Burtop Road, Copeland House, Flowersmead, Newlands and Tooting Grove.


title: Tooting

text: A large open area, popularly known as the Tooting Commons, lies at the northern end of Tooting. Historically this was two separate open spaces: Tooting Graveney Common (formerly part of Tooting Graveney parish), and Tooting Bec Common (formerly part of Streatham parish). The commons are home to Tooting Bec Lido, which is .


title: Tooting

text: Tooting shares two football clubs with nearby Mitcham: Tooting & Mitcham FC and Tooting & Mitcham Wanderers FC.


title: Tooting

text: A greyhound racing track, the 'Wimbledon Stadium', was narrowly in Tooting on Plough Lane. AFC Wimbledon moved to the site in 2021.


title: Tooting

text: Tooting has two indoor markets, with numbers of permanent stalls. The entrances of both are situated on the same street, Tooting High Street, only a few metres apart. They both have many types of outlets, but since the 2010s have also developed a focus on street food stalls. Tooting Market is the smaller of the two; the other, The Broadway Market, is one of the largest of London's indoor markets, having more than ninety stalls, and has been active since 1936.


title: Tooting

text: In André Charlot's West End revue "The Charlot Show of 1926", Jessie Matthews and Henry Lytton, Jnr. sang "Silly Little Hill", which features the lyric "there's no fishing, there’s no shooting dear / and no cyclists fresh from Tooting dear", which they also recorded that year.


title: Tooting

text: The Ealing Studios film "Kind Hearts and Coronets" (1949), starring Alec Guinness, references Tooting Bec as the residence of one of the characters.


title: Tooting

text: The BBC comedy series "Citizen Smith" (1977–80) was set in Tooting and popularised the cry "Freedom for Tooting!". The lead character in the series, Wolfie Smith (Robert Lindsay), was the founder of a fictional revolutionary socialist political organisation, the Tooting Popular Front.


title: Tooting

text: The Kitchens of Distinction (who formed in the area) recorded "On Tooting Broadway Station" on their album "The Death of Cool" (1992).


title: Tooting

text: In 2005, a 28 km diameter crater on Mars was named after Tooting. A geologic map of Tooting Crater was published in 2015 by the U.S. Geological Survey.


title: Tooting

text: The phrase "Ting Tong from Tooting" is associated with the character Ting Tong from the UK comedy sketch show "Little Britain".


title: Tooting

text: Tooting was the setting for the eponymous 2013 British-Tamil crime drama "Gangs of Tooting Broadway".


title: Tooting

text: Channel 4's award-winning documentary series "24 Hours in A&E" was filmed at St George's Hospital in Tooting.


title: Tooting

text: In the second season of Apple TV comedy "Ted Lasso", Tooting is referenced as the home of a fictional Greek restaurant called A Taste of Athens.


title: Fukrey Returns

text: Fukrey Returns () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language comedy film directed by Mrighdeep Singh Lamba and produced by Farhan Akhtar and Ritesh Sidhwani. The film stars Pulkit Samrat, Manjot Singh, Ali Fazal, Varun Sharma, Priya Anand, Vishakha Singh, Pankaj Tripathi, Rajiv Gupta and Richa Chadda. A sequel to "Fukrey" (2013), it was released on 8 December 2017.