title: Korea Train Express

text: In the first two months after the launch of the second phase of the Gyeongbu HSR, passenger numbers on flights between Gimpo and Ulsan Airports dropped 35.4% compared to the same period a year earlier, those between Gimpo and Pohang Airports 13.2%. Between Gimpo Airport and Busan's Gimhae International Airport, airline passenger numbers remained stable (+0.2%), as a consequence of a budget airline competing with large discounts and aggressive marketing. In the first month of Gyeongjeon KTX service, express bus services between Seoul and Masan or Changwon experienced 30–40% drops in ridership.


title: Korea Train Express

text: Lawmakers criticised the safety of Korail's tunnels after the Ministry of Construction and Transportation submitted data to the National Assembly on June 13, 2005. The ministry added fire prevention standards to high-speed line design standards only in November 2003, thus they weren't applied to the by then finished tunnels of the first phase of KTX. Consequently, few tunnels had emergency exits, and in high-speed railway tunnels, the average walking distance in case of an emergency was , with a maximum of , against a norm of emergency exits every in other countries. A contingency plan for fires in KTX tunnels was incorporated into a national disaster manual in November 2005.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On October 5, 2008, it was revealed by lawmakers that inside Hwanghak Tunnel, from December 2004, inspectors have monitored the progression of several cracks and minor track displacements, which continued after maintenance work in March–April 2007 and again in March 2008. The operator claimed that a February 2007 on-site inspection found the problems not safety-relevant, but pledged further maintenance, and an investigation into the causes was launched. Tunnel reinforcement was under way in 2010.


title: Korea Train Express

text: Operation irregularities mostly concerned the rolling stock, but also signalling, power glitches and track problems. The number of incidents decreased from 28 in the first month to 8 in the fifth. The failure rate decreased sharply by the fifth year of operation. Later, in the first eight months of regular service until October 2010, KTX-II trains broke down 12 times. Causes for breakdowns in the first years of operation involved inexperienced staff and insufficient inspection during maintenance.


title: Korea Train Express

text: Lawmakers from the Grand National Party published an investigation in October 2006 and expressed concern about the practice to use parts from other trains for spare parts, but Korail stated that that is standard practice in case of urgency with no safety effect, and the supply of spare parts is secured. Korail is also conducting a localisation program to develop replacements for two dozen imported parts.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On June 13, 2007, near Cheongdo on the upgraded Daegu–Busan section, a damper acting between two cars of a KTX train got free at one end due to a loose screw and hit the trackbed, throwing up ballast that hit cars and caused bruises to two people on the parallel road, until the train was stopped when passengers noticed smoke.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On November 3, 2007, an arriving KTX-I train collided with a parked KTX-I train inside Busan Station, resulting in material damage of 10 billion won and light injuries to two persons. The accident happened because the driver had fallen asleep and disabled the train protection system, and led to the trial and conviction of the driver. The railway union criticised single driver operation in conjunction with the two and a half hours rest time the driver had between shifts.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On February 11, 2011, a KTX-Sancheon train bound for Seoul from Busan derailed on a switch in a tunnel before Gwangmyeong Station, when travelling at around . No casualties were reported, only one passenger suffered slight injury, but KTX traffic was blocked for 29 hours while repairs were completed. Preliminary investigation indicated that the accident resulted from a series of human errors. Because workers improperly repaired a point along the tracks. Investigators found that the derailment was caused by a switch malfunction triggered by a loose nut from track, and suspected that a repairman failed to tighten it during maintenance the previous night. The switch's detectors signalled a problem earlier, however, a second maintenance crew failed to find the loose nut and didn't properly communicate the fact to the control center, which then allowed the train on the track. The rail union criticised Korail's use of hired repairmen. there were no problems with the train according to investigation.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On July 15, 2011, 150 passengers were evacuated from a train when smoke started coming out of the train when it arrived at Miryang station at 11:30 AM. On July 17, 2011, at around 11 AM, a train stopped abruptly and stranded some 400 passengers in the Hwanghak Tunnel for over an hour. The train resumed service after emergency repairs to a malfunctioning motor. A Korail spokesperson stated that the reason for the stop was due to "faults in the motor block that supplies power to the wheels". The same day, the air conditioning broke down on another train leaving Busan at 1:45 PM. Over 800 passengers were transferred to another train at Daejeon when the problem could not be fixed.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On December 7, 2018, a KTX train carrying 198 passengers derailed about five minutes after leaving Gangneung for Seoul injuring 15 passengers. The train was traveling at about 103 km/h when almost all of its cars left the rails.


title: Korea Train Express

text: On January 5, 2022, a KTX-Sancheon train bound for Busan from Seoul carrying 303 passengers and crew derailed at 12:58 PM while passing a tunnel in Yeongdong of North Chungcheong Province, about 215 kilometers south of Seoul, injuring 7 passengers. The train was traveling at about 200 km/h when it partially derailed, resulting in a bogie wheel from car number 4 running off the track before being violently ejected from the train, throwing up ballast and causing structural damage to train cars. Subsequent KTX traffic was rerouted via the standard line, resulting in severe delays. Initially, it was believed that the derailment was caused by the train colliding with debris while passing Yeongdong Tunnel. However, evidence gathered from further investigation show that the missing bogie wheel was found inside Otan Tunnel, which is about 4 km before Yeongdong Tunnel, leading the investigating team to believe the train derailed due to faults within the wheel bogie assembly rather than from impact with debris. The exact cause and sequence of the derailment is still under investigation.


title: Korea Train Express

text: Passenger surveys in the first months found that the limited capacity of bus connections and the lack of subway connections for intermediate stations, especially the newly built stations Gwangmyeong and Cheonan-Asan, was the problem mentioned most often. A better connection to Cheonan-Asan Station was provided by an extension of Seoul Subway Line 1 along the Janghang Line, opened on December 14, 2008. Gwangmyeong Station was linked to the same subway line by a shuttle service on December 15, 2006, but it made little impact due to the longtime differences between KTX and subway train schedules.


title: Korea Train Express

text: The noise level in the trains during tunnel passages was also subject to passenger complaints. This was referred to as a tunnel effect; it referred to both noise and vibration of the train when traveling through two specific tunnels. The tunnel effect was specifically noted as a reason for passenger dissatisfaction. Sound waves that are generally dispersed in an open environment are reflected against the tunnel walls, which causes the sound waves to come in contact with the passenger cabin and produces noise.


title: Korea Train Express

text: A reduction by 3–4 dB was achieved by retrofitting all trains with longer mud flaps at car ends until May 2006 to smooth the airflow at the articulated car joints. However, measurements in 2009 found significantly higher interior noise levels at some locations in two tunnels. Window thickness and sound insulation was improved in the KTX-II. The rails for high-speed trains like the KTX are welded together via a special techniques that make the rail a solid continuous rail; this method reduces the noise volume, which is produced by the wheels' contact with the rail, but it is not fully eliminated.


title: Korea Train Express

text: The isolation of KTX-I trains against pressure variations during tunnel passages was insufficient for some passengers, leading to efforts to reinforce pressurization in newer generations of trains. Pressure variations have been known to cause passengers to experience ringing in their ears; the ventilation systems on the passenger cabins are sealed when the train enters a tunnel in order to reduce the pressure changes. Pressure variations were not the only train cabin-associated complaint; KTX passengers were also known to have been negatively affected by inconsistent speeds of the trains.


title: Korea Train Express

text: Some KTX passengers found high-speed travel in backwards facing seats dizzying. Along with dizziness, feelings of nausea, headache, and sleepiness could also be experienced. Motion sickness was also noted as having had a minimal effect on KTX passengers; however, it still made an impact on passenger ride comfort. When the original seats were selected for the KTX trains, the anthropometry of the main consumers, who were largely expected to be Korean, were not considered. The seat design was found to have a significant effect on how passengers on the KTX trains rated the experience of their trip. Among the various factors that were considered to be vectors of discomfort were the angle of joints and specific areas of pressure, which were discovered to be present after an analysis of questionnaires that were completed by recent passengers. The factors of the seats of concern to KTX passengers were the shape, pitch, width, and the amount of legroom between the rows of seats. Swivel seats, which can be turned into the direction of travel, installed only on First Class in KTX-I trains, were made standard on both classes on newer generations of trains.


title: Korea Train Express

text: Studies have shown that term "ride comfort" has been used as an all-encompassing term for the KTX passengers' over all experience on the trains. While the KTX train is based on the French TGV model, it is considered to be more comfortable. The passengers' overall experience with regards to over-all ride comfort has been looked at as a combination of their physical health and emotional state. Fares were not included in the aforementioned questionnaires on ride comfort as there were variations in pricing due to seat arrangement, as well as weekday/weekend rates.


title: Louis Bell

text: Louis Russell Bell (born May 27, 1982) is an American record producer, vocal producer, songwriter, and mixing engineer. Bell's work includes production for Post Malone, Camila Cabello, Halsey, Justin Bieber, Miley Cyrus, 5 Seconds of Summer, Taylor Swift, Juice Wrld, DJ Khaled, Kanye West and Frank Dukes among others. A producer and writer specializing in various genres, Bell has 18 US top 10 hits to his credit, including eight number ones, all since 2018. "Billboard" called Bell's impact on the top of the charts "historic" and labeled him "pop's most prolific, accomplished and untethered freelancer of 2019".


title: Louis Bell

text: Louis Bell was born on May 27, 1982, in Quincy, Massachusetts. He began taking piano lessons at the age of 11 and used this skill to make beats with a keyboard and the audio software Fruity Loops, which led to him developing himself as a rapper and recording himself on the computer and eventually opening his own studio in Boston where he worked with dozens of artists.


title: Louis Bell

text: In 2013, Bell moved to Los Angeles after signing with his manager Austin Rosen, CEO/Founder of Electric Feel Management. After some time working together in the studio, Bell and artist Post Malone quickly realized they had a great chemistry, and the same vision musically. The duo continued to work together on Post Malone's debut album "Stoney" and multiple singles including "Congratulations" that gained popularity in late 2015.


title: Louis Bell

text: Bell's career took off in January 2016 when Justin Bieber visited him, Malone, and fellow producer Frank Dukes in the studio while finishing the "Stoney" album and the resulting product was the hit song "Deja Vu".


title: Louis Bell

text: In August 2016, Bell's first hit song, "Let Me Love You" by Justin Bieber, DJ Snake, and co-written with a longtime collaborator Andrew Watt, made its chart-topping debut. Bell co-wrote and vocal produced the Frank Dukes & Metro Boomin co-production "Congratulations", "Stoney"'s lead single, which debuted at Top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 Chart followed by "Rockstar", the lead single of Malone's second album, "Beerbongs & Bentleys", which held the No. 1 spot on "Billboard"'s Hot 100 chart for eight straight weeks.


title: Louis Bell

text: Bell has also collaborated with numerous artists including PartyNextDoor, Tyga, Juvenile, Sugar Ray, Mike Stud, OMI, Joe Budden, Andrew Watt, and many more. Bell earned a spot on "Variety"'s 2017 Hitmakers list for his work on Malone's "Congratulations", Kygo's collaboration with Selena Gomez's "It Ain't Me", and Camila Cabello's and Young Thug's "Havana".


title: Louis Bell

text: On July 6, 2019, Bell became only the second person to top "Billboard"'s newly launched Hot 100 Producer chart. This was thanks to four Hot 100 charting titles, on which Bell is credited as a producer. He also reached number 3 on the Hot 100 Songwriters chart, thanks to his five songwriting credits on the Hot 100.


title: The Age of Shadows

text: The Age of Shadows (; lit. "Emissary") is a 2016 South Korean period action thriller film directed by Kim Jee-woon and written by Lee Ji-min and Park Jong-dae. The film is set in Shanghai and Seoul in the 1920s and stars Song Kang-ho and Gong Yoo. It was selected as the South Korean entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 89th Academy Awards, but it was not nominated.


title: The Age of Shadows

text: The film won the Best Picture award in the Action Features category at the 2016 Fantastic Fest held in Austin, Texas.


title: The Age of Shadows

text: Korean police captain Lee Jung-chool (Song Kang-ho) has been charged by the Japanese colonial government with rooting out members of the country's resistance movement. But while Lee has a history of selling out his own people to secure a favorable position with the Japanese, he’s been hit harder than usual by the death of Kim Jang-ok (Park Hee-soon), a resistance fighter who used to be his classmate. The leader of the resistance, Che-san (Lee Byung-hun), senses that this turncoat, if approached and handled properly, might be turned once more — this time in their favor. And so begins an incremental, coded psychological dance between Lee and a key resistance figure named Kim Woo-jin (Gong Yoo), whose antique shop is a front for a scheme to smuggle explosives from Shanghai into Seoul.


title: The Age of Shadows

text: On August 3, 2015, it was announced that Warner Bros. would finance and distribute its first ever Korean-language 1930s set drama "Secret Agent," and the $8.62 million budgeted film would also be produced by Grimm Pictures. The project and script was developed by Lee Ji-min and Park Jong-dae, which Kim Jee-woon would direct and the cast would be Song Kang-ho and Gong Yoo. A trailer was released on July 14, 2016, revealing the new title as "The Age of Shadows".


title: The Age of Shadows

text: The film has received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, it holds an approval rating of 100%, based on 41 reviews with an average rating of 7.3/10. On Metacritic, it holds a weighted average score of 78/100, based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Age of Shadows

text: The Film Stage gave the film a positive review, writes "In short, mainstream audiences should get a kick out of this polished, often exciting patriotist drama. But those looking for a deeper, mightier resonance would be well advised to keep their expectations in check."


title: The Age of Shadows

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" describes the film as "a patriotic costumer" and says, "Several impressive action scenes sustain the tension and electrify this overlong, often hard-to-follow story".


title: The Age of Shadows

text: "Variety" wrote, "Cult director Kim Jee-woon delivers the goods with an ultra-stylish cloak-and-dagger actioner".


title: The Age of Shadows

text: "Screendaily" noted that, "Local audiences should respond well to the stirring patriotic sentiment on display here".


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The Royal Library of Ashurbanipal, named after Ashurbanipal, the last great king of the Assyrian Empire, is a collection of more than 30,000 clay tablets and fragments containing texts of all kinds from the 7th century BC, including texts in various languages. Among its holdings was the famous "Epic of Gilgamesh".


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Ashurbanipal's Library gives modern historians information regarding people of the ancient Near East. In his "Outline of History", H. G. Wells calls the library "the most precious source of historical material in the world."


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The materials were found in the archaeological site of Kouyunjik (ancient Nineveh, capital of Assyria) in northern Mesopotamia. The site is in modern-day northern Iraq, near the city of Mosul.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The library is an archaeological discovery credited to Austen Henry Layard; most tablets were taken to England and can now be found in the British Museum, but the first discovery was made in late 1849 in the so-called South-West Palace, which was the Royal Palace of king Sennacherib (705–681 BC).


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Three years later, Hormuzd Rassam, Layard's assistant, discovered a similar library in the palace of King Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC), on the opposite side of the mound. Unfortunately, no record was made of the findings, and soon after reaching Europe, the tablets appeared to have been irreparably mixed with each other and with tablets originating from other sites. Thus, it is almost impossible today to reconstruct the original contents of each of the two main libraries.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Ashurbanipal was known as a tenacious martial commander; however, he was also a recognized intellectual who was literate, and a passionate collector of texts and tablets. In collecting texts for his library, he wrote to cities and centers of learning across Mesopotamia, instructing them to send him copies of all work written in the region.As an apprentice scribe he mastered both the Akkadian and the Sumerian languages. He sent scribes into every region of the Neo-Assyrian Empire to collect ancient texts. He hired scholars and scribes to copy texts, mainly from Babylonian sources.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Ashurbanipal used war loot as a means of stocking his library. Because he was known for being cruel to his enemies, Ashurbanipal was able to use threats to gain materials from Babylonia and surrounding areas. Ashurbanipal's intense interest in collecting divination texts was one of his driving motivations in collecting works for his library. His original motive may have been to "gain possession of rituals and incantations that were vital to maintain his royal power."


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The royal library consists of approximately 30,000 tablets and writing boards with the majority of them being severely fragmented. Many of these tablets contain a stamp stating that they belonged to his palace. It can be gleaned from the conservation of the fragments that the number of tablets that existed in the library at the time of destruction was close to two thousand and the number of writing boards within the library can be placed at a total of three hundred. The majority of the tablet corpus (about 6,000) included colloquial compositions in the form of legislation, foreign correspondences and engagements, aristocratic declarations, and financial matters. The remaining texts contained divinations, omens, incantations and hymns to various gods, while others were concerned with medicine, astronomy, and literature. For all these texts in the library only ten contain expressive rhythmic literary works such as epics and myths.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The Babylonian texts of the Ashurbanipal libraries can be separated into two different groups: the literary compositions such as divination, religious, lexical, medical, mathematical and historical texts as well as epics and myths, on the one hand, and the legal documents on the other hand. The group of the legal documents covers letters, contracts and administrative texts and consists of 1128 Babylonian tablets and fragments. Within the group of the literary compositions, of which 1331 tablets and fragments are classified so far, the divination texts can further be differentiated between 759 so-called library texts, such as tablets of the various omen series and their commentaries, and 636 so-called archival texts such as omen reports, oracle enquiries and the like.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The "Epic of Gilgamesh", a masterpiece of ancient Babylonian poetry, was found in the library, as was the "Enûma Eliš" creation story, the myth of Adapa, the first man, and stories such as the Poor Man of Nippur.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Another group of literary texts is the lexical texts and sign lists. There are twenty fragments of different tablets with archaic cuneiform signs arranged according to the syllabary A, whereas one is arranged according to the syllabary B. The Assyrian scribes of the Ashurbanipal Libraries needed sign lists to be able to read the old inscriptions and most of these lists were written by Babylonian scribes. The other groups of Babylonian written texts in Nineveh are the epics and myths and the historical texts with 1.4% each. There is only one mathematical text that is said to be excavated at Nineveh.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The texts were principally written in Akkadian in the cuneiform script; however many of the tablets do not have an exact derivation and it is often difficult to ascertain their original homeland. Many of the tablets are indeed composed in the Neo-Babylonian script, but many were also known to be written in Assyrian as well.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The tablets were often organized according to shape: four-sided tablets were for financial transactions, while round tablets recorded agricultural information.(In this era, some written documents were also on wood and others on wax tablets.) Tablets were separated according to their contents and placed in different rooms: government, history, law, astronomy, geography, and so on. The contents were identified by colored marks or brief written descriptions, and sometimes by the "incipit," or the first few words that began the text.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Nineveh was destroyed in 612 BC by a coalition of Babylonians, Scythians and Medes, an ancient Iranian people. It is believed that during the burning of the palace, a great fire must have ravaged the library, causing the clay cuneiform tablets to become partially baked. This potentially destructive event helped preserve the tablets. As well as texts on clay tablets, some of the texts may have been inscribed onto wax boards which, because of their organic nature, have been lost.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: The British Museum’s collections database counts 30,943 "tablets" in the entire Nineveh library collection, and the Trustees of the Museum propose to issue an updated catalogue as part of the Ashurbanipal Library Project. If all smaller fragments that actually belong to the same text are deducted, it is likely that the "library" originally included some 10,000 texts in all. The original library documents however, which would have included leather scrolls, wax boards, and possibly papyri, contained perhaps a much broader spectrum of knowledge than that known from the surviving clay tablet cuneiform texts. A large share of Ashurbanipal's libraries consisted of writing-boards and not clay tablets.


title: Library of Ashurbanipal

text: Created in collaboration with the University of Mosul and funded by the Townley group, the British museum has been compiling a catalogue record of artifacts from Ashurbanipal’s library since 2002. The goal is to document the library in as much detail as possible in texts and images including sign-transliterations, hand-drawn copies, translations, and high-quality digital images. The project was undertaken in three stages with published results coming out in 2003, 2004, and 2014. Dr. Jeanette C. Fincke studied ancient oriental studies, Hittitology and Egyptology at the University of Hamburg was involved heavily during the first two stages. During the first stage, Fincke compiled an authoritative list of the 3500 library tablets in Babylonian scripts. During the second stage, Fincke also compiled several astrological texts from Nineveh. The third stage was completed with the help of Professor Riekel Borger, who died mid-catalogue in December 2010, and completed with the help of Andrew Mellon Foundation from 2009 to 2013 under the direction of Jon Taylor. During this last stage, the library produced high resolution digital images of all the library tables. Each image is created using 14 images which allows a virtual two-dimensional representation of the three-dimensional tablets. The images have been released on the Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative website and British Museum Collections online site. The catalogue is still being updated and was made possible by contribution of material from several colleagues and projects including: State Archives of Assyria, Cuneiform Commentaries Project, Digital Corpus of Cuneiform Lexical Texts, and Royal Inscriptions of the Neo-Assyrian Period.


title: Urinary retention

text: Urinary retention is an inability to completely empty the bladder. Onset can be sudden or gradual. When of sudden onset, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections.


title: Urinary retention

text: Causes include blockage of the urethra, nerve problems, certain medications, and weak bladder muscles. Blockage can be caused by benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), urethral strictures, bladder stones, a cystocele, constipation, or tumors. Nerve problems can occur from diabetes, trauma, spinal cord problems, stroke, or heavy metal poisoning. Medications that can cause problems include anticholinergics, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants, cyclobenzaprine, diazepam, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID), amphetamines, and opioids. Diagnosis is typically based on measuring the amount of urine in the bladder after urinating.


title: Urinary retention

text: Treatment is typically with a catheter either through the urethra or lower abdomen. Other treatments may include medication to decrease the size of the prostate, urethral dilation, a urethral stent, or surgery. Males are more often affected than females. In males over the age of 40 about 6 per 1,000 are affected a year. Among males over 80 this increases 30%.


title: Urinary retention

text: Onset can be sudden or gradual. When the onset is sudden, symptoms include an inability to urinate and lower abdominal pain. When of gradual onset, symptoms may include loss of bladder control, mild lower abdominal pain, and a weak urine stream. Those with long-term problems are at risk of urinary tract infections.


title: Urinary retention

text: Chronic urinary retention that is due to bladder blockage which can either be as a result of muscle damage or neurological damage. If the retention is due to neurological damage, there is a disconnect between the brain to muscle communication, which can make it impossible to completely empty the bladder. If the retention is due to muscle damage, it is likely that the muscles are not able to contract enough to completely empty the bladder.


title: Urinary retention

text: Analysis of urine flow may aid in establishing the type of micturition (urination) abnormality. Common findings, determined by ultrasound of the bladder, include a slow rate of flow, intermittent flow, and a large amount of urine retained in the bladder after urination. A normal test result should be 20-25 mL/s peak flow rate. A post-void residual urine greater than 50 ml is a significant amount of urine and increases the potential for recurring urinary tract infections. In adults older than 60 years, 50-100 ml of residual urine may remain after each voiding because of the decreased contractility of the detrusor muscle. In chronic retention, ultrasound of the bladder may show massive increase in bladder capacity (normal capacity is 400-600 ml).


title: Urinary retention

text: Non-neurogenic chronic urinary retention does not have a standardized definition; however, urine volumes >300mL can be used as an informal indicator. Diagnosis of urinary retention is conducted over a period of 6 months, with 2 separate measurements of urine volume 6 months apart. Measurements should have a PVR (post-void residual) volume of >300mL.


title: Urinary retention

text: Determining the serum prostate-specific antigen (PSA) may help diagnose or rule out prostate cancer, though this is also raised in BPH and prostatitis. A TRUS biopsy of the prostate (trans-rectal ultra-sound guided) can distinguish between these prostate conditions. Serum urea and creatinine determinations may be necessary to rule out backflow kidney damage. Cystoscopy may be needed to explore the urinary passage and rule out blockages.


title: Urinary retention

text: In acute cases of urinary retention where associated symptoms in the lumbar spine are present such as pain, numbness (saddle anesthesia), parasthesias, decreased anal sphincter tone, or altered deep tendon reflexes, an MRI of the lumbar spine should be considered to further assess cauda equina syndrome.


title: Urinary retention

text: Acute urinary retention is a medical emergency and requires prompt treatment. The pain can be excruciating when urine is not able to flow out. Moreover, one can develop severe sweating, chest pain, anxiety and high blood pressure. Other patients may develop a shock-like condition and may require admission to a hospital. Serious complications of untreated urinary retention include bladder damage and chronic kidney failure. Urinary retention is a disorder treated in a hospital, and the quicker one seeks treatment, the fewer the complications.


title: Urinary retention

text: In acute urinary retention, urinary catheterization, placement of a prostatic stent, or suprapubic cystostomy relieves the retention. In the longer term, treatment depends on the cause. BPH may respond to alpha blocker and 5-alpha-reductase inhibitor therapy, or surgically with prostatectomy or transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP).


title: Urinary retention

text: Use of alpha-blockers can provide relief of urinary retention following de-catheterization for both men and women. In case, if catheter can't be negotiated, suprapubic puncture can be done with lumbar puncture needle.


title: Urinary retention

text: Some people with BPH are treated with medications. These include tamsulosin to relax smooth muscles in the bladder neck, and finasteride and dutasteride to decrease prostate enlargement. The drugs only work for mild cases of BPH but also have mild side effects. Some of the medications decrease libido and may cause dizziness, fatigue and lightheadedness.


title: Urinary retention

text: Acute urinary retention is treated by placement of a urinary catheter (small thin flexible tube) into the bladder. This can be either an intermittent catheter or a Foley catheter that is placed with a small inflatable bulb that holds the catheter in place.


title: Urinary retention

text: Intermittent catheterization can be done by a health care professional or by the person themselves (clean intermittent self catheterization). Intermittent catheterization performed at the hospital is a sterile technique. Patients can be taught to use a self catheterization technique in one simple demonstration, and that reduces the rate of infection from long-term Foley catheters. Self catheterization requires doing the procedure periodically during the day, the frequency depending on fluid intake and bladder capacity. If fluid intake/outflow is around 1.5 litres per day, this would typically be performed roughly three times per day, i.e. roughly every six to eight hours during the day, more frequently when fluid intake is higher and/or bladder capacity lower.


title: Urinary retention

text: For acute urinary retention, treatment requires urgent placement of a urinary catheter. A permanent urinary catheter may cause discomfort and pain that can last several days.


title: Urinary retention

text: Older people with ongoing problems may require continued intermittent self catheterization (CISC). CISC has a lower infection risk compared to catheterization techniques that stay within the body. Challenges with CISC include compliance issues as some people may not be able to place the catheter themselves.


title: Urinary retention

text: The chronic form of urinary retention may require some type of surgical procedure. While both procedures are relatively safe, complications can occur.


title: Urinary retention

text: In most patients with benign prostate hyperplasia (BPH), a procedure known as transurethral resection of the prostate (TURP) may be performed to relieve bladder obstruction. Surgical complications from TURP include a bladder infection, bleeding from the prostate, scar formation, inability to hold urine, and inability to have an erection. The majority of these complications are short lived, and most individuals recover fully within 6–12 months.


title: Urinary retention

text: A meta-analysis on the influence of voiding position on urodynamics in males with lower urinary tract symptoms showed that in the sitting position, the residual urine in the bladder was significantly reduced, the maximum urinary flow was increased, and the voiding time was decreased. For healthy males, no influence was found on these parameters, meaning that they can urinate in either position.


title: Urinary retention

text: Urinary retention is a common disorder in elderly males. The most common cause of urinary retention is BPH. This disorder starts around age 50 and symptoms may appear after 10–15 years. BPH is a progressive disorder and narrows the neck of the bladder leading to urinary retention. By the age of 70, almost 10 percent of males have some degree of BPH and 33% have it by the eighth decade of life. While BPH rarely causes sudden urinary retention, the condition can become acute in the presence of certain medications including antihypertensives, antihistamines, and antiparkinson medications, and after spinal anaesthesia or stroke.


title: Urinary retention

text: In young males, the most common cause of urinary retention is infection of the prostate ("acute prostatitis"). The infection is acquired during sexual intercourse and presents with low back pain, penile discharge, low grade fever and an inability to pass urine. The exact number of individuals with acute prostatitis is unknown, because many do not seek treatment. In the US, at least 1–3 percent of males under the age of 40 develop urinary difficulty as a result of acute prostatitis. Most physicians and other health care professionals are aware of these disorders. Worldwide, both BPH and acute prostatitis have been found in males of all races and ethnic backgrounds. Cancers of the urinary tract can cause urinary obstruction but the process is more gradual. Cancer of the bladder, prostate or ureters can gradually obstruct urine output. Cancers often present with blood in the urine, weight loss, lower back pain or gradual distension in the flanks.


title: Urinary retention

text: Urinary retention in females is uncommon, occurring 1 in 100,000 every year, with a female-to-male incidence rate of 1:13. It is usually transient. The causes of UR in women can be multi-factorial, and can be postoperative and postpartum. Prompt urethral catheterization usually resolves the problem.


title: Strait of Messina

text: The Strait of Messina (, Sicilian: Strittu di Missina) is a narrow strait between the eastern tip of Sicily (Punta del Faro) and the western tip of Calabria (Punta Pezzo) in Southern Italy. It connects the Tyrrhenian Sea to the north with the Ionian Sea to the south, within the central Mediterranean. At its narrowest point, between Torre Faro and Villa San Giovanni, it is wide. At the city of Messina, it is wide. The strait's maximum depth is about .


title: Strait of Messina

text: The strait has strong tidal currents that create a unique marine ecosystem. A natural whirlpool in the northern portion of the strait has been linked to the Greek legend of Scylla and Charybdis. In some circumstances, the mirage of Fata Morgana can be observed when looking at Sicily from Calabria. With its bottleneck shape, it is also a compulsory point of transit in the migration of many bird species.


title: Strait of Messina

text: In 1957, a 220 kV overhead power line was built across the Strait of Messina. Its pylons are among the highest in the world. This power line has since been replaced by a submarine power cable, but the pylons remain and are protected as historical monuments (see Pylons of Messina).


title: Strait of Messina

text: The Strait of Messina is a focal point in the migrations of birds every year, who mainly cross the strait to reach their breeding grounds in northern Europe. Due to this form of bottleneck more than 300 species are recorded in the area, which is a major European hot spot for raptors, with a record of 35.000 in a spring.


title: Strait of Messina

text: Among them the European honey buzzard and the marsh harrier are the most frequent, species like Bonelli's eagle and Egyptian vulture are less frequent but regular. In the coastal salt lakes of the Strait of Messina species like glossy ibis, flamingos and black-winged stilt stop to rest. The site is also favorable for observing storks. The Monte Dinnammare and the other Peloritani mountains overlooking the Strait are a natural theatre for birdwatching.


title: Strait of Messina

text: Due to its unique hydrogeological conditions the Strait of Messina has high levels of biodiversity and multiple endemic species. In its waters there is a strong presence of deep sea fish like the Sloane's viperfish which, due to the particular and peculiar currents of the strait, are occasionally found stranded on the shore at sunrise. The strait is also an important point of migration of many species of fish in the Mediterranean Sea.


title: Strait of Messina

text: A ferry service connects Messina on Sicily with the mainland at Villa San Giovanni, which lies several kilometers north of the large city of Reggio Calabria; the ferries hold the cars (carriages) of the mainline train service between Palermo and Naples. There is also a hydrofoil service between Messina and Reggio Calabria.


title: Strait of Messina

text: For decades, the possibility of building a bridge across the Messina Strait has been under discussion. In 2006, under Prime Minister Romano Prodi the project was cancelled. On 6 March 2009, however, as part of a massive new public works program, Silvio Berlusconi's government announced that plans to construct the Messina Bridge had been fully revived, pledging €1.3 billion as a contribution to its estimated cost of €6.1 billion Some 3.3 km long and 60 m wide, the bridge would be supported by two 382 m pillars, each higher than the Empire State Building, and accommodate six freeway lanes, a railway (for up to 200 trains a day), and two walkways.


title: Strait of Messina

text: Supporters perceive the bridge as an opportunity for job creation and potential for an increase in tourism to the island. Opponents see it as an ecological disaster, a structure at risk due to especially strong winds and earthquakes (the area having an intense seismic record), and a potential increase in Sicilian and Calabrian organized crime. Berlusconi claimed in 2009 that work would be completed by 2016 although in February 2013, the project was cancelled again.


title: Huna people

text: Hunas or Huna (Middle Brahmi script: "Hūṇā") was the name given by the ancient Indians to a group of Central Asian tribes who, via the Khyber Pass, entered the Indian subcontinent at the end of the 5th or early 6th century. The Huna Kingdom occupied areas as far south as Eran and Kausambi, greatly weakening the Gupta Empire. The Hunas were ultimately defeated by a coalition of Indian princes that included an Indian king Yasodharman and the Gupta emperor, Narasimhagupta. They defeated a Huna army and their ruler Mihirakula in 528 CE and drove them out of India. The Guptas are thought to have played only a minor role in this campaign.


title: Huna people

text: The Hunas are thought to have included the Xionite and/or Hephthalite, the Kidarites, the Alchon Huns (also known as the Alxon, Alakhana, Walxon etc.) and the Nezak Huns. Such names, along with that of the Harahunas (also known as the Halahunas or Harahuras) mentioned in Hindu texts, have sometimes been used for the Hunas in general; while these groups (and the Iranian Huns) appear to have been a component of the Hunas, such names were not necessarily synonymous. Some authors suggest that the Hunas were Ephthalite Huns from Central Asia. The relationship, if any, of the Hunas to the Huns, a Central Asian people who invaded Europe during the same period, is also unclear.


title: Huna people

text: In its farthest geographical extent in India, the territories controlled by the Hunas covered the region up to Malwa in central India. Their repeated invasions and war losses were the main reason for the decline of the Gupta Empire.


title: Huna people

text: Chinese sources link the Central Asian tribes comprising the Hunas to both the Xiongnu of north east Asia and the Huns who later invaded and settled in Europe. Similarly, Gerald Larson suggests that the Hunas were a Turkic-Mongolian grouping from Central Asia. The works of Ptolemy (2nd century) are among the first European texts to mention the Huns, followed by the texts by Marcellinus and Priscus. They too suggest that the Huns were an inner Asian people.


title: Huna people

text: The 6th-century Roman historian Procopius of Caesarea (Book I. ch. 3), related the Huns of Europe with the Hephthalites or "White Huns" who subjugated the Sassanids and invaded northwestern India, stating that they were of the same stock, "in fact as well as in name", although he contrasted the Huns with the Hephthalites, in that the Hephthalites were sedentary, white-skinned, and possessed "not ugly" features:


title: Huna people

text: The Kidarites, who invaded Bactria in the second half of the 4th century, are generally regarded as the first wave of Hunas to enter Indian Subcontinent.


title: Huna people

text: The Gupta empire under Skandagupta in the 5th century had successfully repulsed one Hun attack in the northwest in 460 CE. However, over the period of the next several years, the Hunas under successive kings were able to make inroads into the subcontinent.


title: Huna people

text: They were initially based in the Oxus basin in Central Asia and established their control over Gandhara in the northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent by about 465 CE. From there, they fanned out into various parts of northern, western, and central India. The Hūṇas are mentioned in several ancient texts such as the Rāmāyaṇa, Mahābhārata, Purāṇas, and Kalidasa’s Raghuvaṃśa.


title: Huna people

text: In Buddhist sources, Huna kings are described as 'rude and cruel'. They were responsible for the destruction of Buddhist monasteries and centers of learning in the Northwest regions of the country. In 528 CE, another campaign led by a coalition of Indian kings finally defeated king Mihirakula and his Huna army. The victory was inscribed on a stone pillar and erected in honor of (and in praise for) one of the leaders of the coalition, king Yashodharman, in Mandasaur in Central India.


title: Huna people

text: The Mongolian-Tibetan historian (writing in the 18th century) lists the Hunas alongside other peoples found in Central Asia since antiquity, including the Yavanas (Greeks), Kambojas, Tukharas, Khasas and Daradas.


title: Huna people

text: The Gurjara-Pratiharas suddenly emerged as a political power in north India around sixth century CE, shortly after the Hunas invasion of that region. The Gujara-Pratihara were "likely" formed from a fusion of the Alchon Huns ("White Huns") and native Indian elements, and can probably be considered as a Hunnic state, although its precise origins remain unclear. In Bana's "Harshacharita" (7th century CE), the Gurjaras are associated with the Hunas.


title: Huna people

text: The religious beliefs of the Hunas is unknown, and believed to be a combination of ancestor worship, totemism and animism.


title: Huna people

text: Song Yun and Hui Zheng, who visited the chief of the Hephthalite nomads at his summer residence in Badakshan and later in Gandhara, observed that they had no belief in the Buddhist law and served a large number of divinities."


title: Ali Asgar (actor)

text: Ali Asgar is an Indian actor and stand-up comedian. He has appeared in many Indian TV serials and movies. Asgar appeared as Kamal Agarwal in Star Plus TV show "Kahaani Ghar Ghar Ki". He also appeared in SAB TV's show F.I.R. as Inspector Raj Aryan. He is commonly known for his role in Colors TV show "Comedy Nights with Kapil" as Dadi.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif (; born February 11, 1991) is a Canadian football guard for the New York Jets of the National Football League (NFL). He played university football and attended medical school at McGill University in Montreal, Canada, before being drafted by the Kansas City Chiefs in the sixth round of the 2014 NFL Draft. Duvernay-Tardif is only the fourth medical school graduate to play in the NFL. He was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec in 2019 and enrolled at Harvard University to get a Master of Public Health degree the following year.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif opted out of the 2020 NFL season due to concerns over the COVID-19 pandemic and returned to Canada to work in a care facility. As a result of his efforts on and off the field in 2020, he was named a co-winner of the Lou Marsh Award, given annually to Canada's top athlete, as well as the "Sports Illustrated" Sportsperson of the Year. He returned to the NFL in 2021 after being traded to the New York Jets.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif was born in Mont-Saint-Hilaire, Quebec, and grew up in Montreal. He started playing football at the age of 14, until his family went on a year long sailing trip to the Bahamas. After their return, he resumed playing football at age 16 for his high school. His native language is French.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif attended McGill University, where he was member of the McGill Men's football team from 2010 to 2013. In his final year, he won the J. P. Metras Trophy, recognizing the best lineman in the Canadian Interuniversity Sport (now U Sports) system, and was named an All-Canadian for the second consecutive season.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: He balanced university football with medical school. In a 2014 article in "Sports Illustrated", Joan Niesen said that he "was practicing just once a week—and he was still the best college player in Canada."


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif played in the 2014 East-West Shrine Game, in which he was part of Jerry Glanville's East team that defeated the West 23–13. Duvernay-Tardif did not receive an invitation to the NFL Scouting Combine. On March 27, 2014, Duvernay-Tardif held a personal pro day in Montreal that was attended by nine NFL teams and four Canadian Football League (CFL) teams.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: In the CFL's Amateur Scouting Bureau final rankings, Duvernay-Tardif was ranked as the best eligible player for the 2014 CFL Draft, a position he held throughout the entirety of the season. However, due to the uncertainty as to his availability as a result of his selection in the NFL Draft, he fell in the draft. He was drafted by the Calgary Stampeders in the third round (19th overall).


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: The Kansas City Chiefs selected Duvernay-Tardif in the sixth round (200th overall) of the 2014 NFL Draft. Duvernay-Tardif was the 15th offensive tackle drafted in 2014. Since the inception of the NFL Draft, Duvernay-Tardif is the tenth player to be chosen from a Canadian university.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: On May 14, 2014, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Duvernay-Tardif to a four-year, $2.34 million contract that includes a signing bonus of $100,300.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Throughout training camp, Duvernay-Tardif competed to be a starting guard against Zach Fulton, Jeffrey Linkenbach, Rishaw Johnson, Mike McGlynn, and Rokevious Watkins. Head coach Andy Reid named Duvernay-Tardif the fifth offensive guard on the depth chart to start the regular season, behind Jeff Allen, Zach Fulton, Jeff Linkenbach, and Mike McGlynn.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: On September 13, 2015, Duvernay-Tardif made his first career start for the Chiefs in the season opener against the Houston Texans. He went on to play all 16 games with 13 starts for the Chiefs in 2015.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: On February 28, 2017, the Kansas City Chiefs signed Duvernay-Tardif to a five-year, $42.36 million contract that includes $20.20 million guaranteed and a signing bonus of $10 million.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif started the first five games of the 2018 season at right guard before suffering a fractured fibula in Week 5. He was placed on injured reserve on October 9. Chiefs head coach Andy Reid said he will not be out for the season and will be reactivated at some point later in the season. However, his injury was worse than originally thought, and he didn't start practicing again until the last week of the schedule. He was activated off injured reserve on January 15, 2019, prior to the Chiefs AFC Championship matchup against the New England Patriots.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: In 2019, Duvernay-Tardif played 14 games. On February 2, 2020, the Chiefs went on to win Super Bowl LIV, their first championship in 50 years.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: On July 24, he announced via his Twitter account he chose to opt-out of playing during the 2020 season as a precaution due to COVID-19. Duvernay-Tardif had been working as an orderly at a Montreal long-term care facility during the pandemic. He was the first NFL player to announce he would not play the season because of COVID-19. His role in fighting COVID off the field in 2020 resulted in "Sports Illustrated" naming Duvernay-Tardif one of their Sportspeople of the Year. For his efforts both on and off the field in 2020, he was named a co-winner of the Lou Marsh Trophy, which is awarded annually to Canada's top athlete for the year.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: On July 10, 2021, Duvernay-Tardif was named the recipient of the Muhammad Ali Sports Humanitarian Award at the 2021 ESPYs for his decision to opt out of the 2020 NFL season to help fight the global COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif was traded to the New York Jets on November 2, 2021, in exchange for tight end Daniel Brown.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: On November 18, 2022, after going unsigned all offseason and into the season, Duvernay-Tardif was signed to the Jets practice squad. He was promoted to the active roster on December 7.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: Duvernay-Tardif is the fourth NFL player to have graduated from medical school, and as of the 2018 season, the only active player. He graduated from McGill University Faculty of Medicine in May 2018 with a Doctor of Medicine and Master of Surgery (M.D., C.M.). He primarily studied during the off-season prior to mandatory off-season workouts. He had the support of the Chiefs coaching staff, especially head coach Andy Reid, whose mother also graduated from McGill's medical school. Following his graduation, he petitioned the NFL to add the title "M.D." on the back of his jersey. The league denied his request, prompting fans and writers to criticize the league's decision. He has not yet completed his postgraduate medical training. Duvernay-Tardif provided the convocation address at McGill's 2020 graduation ceremony. In 2020, he also started studying at Harvard University to get a Master of Public Health.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: During the 2018 offseason, Duvernay-Tardif worked as a feature reporter for the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) during its coverage of the 2018 Winter Olympics. He is also a member of the NFLPA Health and Safety Committee to protect the health of players.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: In 2019, Duvernay-Tardif was made a Knight of the National Order of Quebec. He is the grandson of former Quebec cabinet minister Guy Tardif.


title: Laurent Duvernay-Tardif

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic, Duvernay-Tardif wanted to help combat the pandemic and returned to Quebec to work at CHSLD Gertrude-Lafrance, a long-term care facility in Saint-Jean-sur-Richelieu. He was profiled in a "TSN" documentary, "Front Line", which was later nominated for the best sports feature segment at the 9th Canadian Screen Awards.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Christian Lee (Chinese: 李胜龙, Korean: 이승용, born June 21, 1998) is a Canadian and American mixed martial artist who competes in Featherweight, Lightweight, and Welterweight divisions in ONE Championship. He is the current ONE Welterweight World Champion and ONE Lightweight World Champion and won the 2019 ONE Lightweight World Grand Prix.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: On May 17, 2019, Lee defeated Shinya Aoki to win the ONE Lightweight World Championship as well as becoming the first brother-sister pair of mixed martial arts world champions with his sister Angela Lee holding the ONE Atomweight World Championship.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Born in Vancouver to a Chinese-Singaporean father and a South Korean-born Canadian mother, Lee moved to Hawaii when he was five years old. As both his parents are decorated martial artists, Lee started training in the sport from a young age. Lee's older sister Angela (born July 8, 1996, in Vancouver) is also an MMA fighter with ONE Championship and his two younger siblings, Victoria and Adrian (born in Waipahu), also train in martial arts.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: At the 2012 USA Pankration national championships, Lee won two national titles and one silver medal. He also won the World Championship in the MMA division at the 2012 World Pangration Athlima Federation Championships.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee trains out of United MMA in Waipahu, Hawaii and Evolve MMA in Singapore, alongside his teammate and sister, Angela and her husband (and also his brother-in-law), Bruno Pucci, who also competes in ONE Championship's bantamweight division.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee made his amateur debut in 2015 at Star Elite Cage Fighting, where he defeated Avery Sanchis via first-round submission.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: At the age of 17, Lee signed with ONE Championship and made his promotional debut at on December 11, 2015, earning his first career win with a 29-second TKO of David Meak.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee followed that up by submitting Mahmoud Deab Mohamed in the first round with a kimura at on January 29, 2016.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: On March 18, 2016, he earned another first-round win against Anthony Engelen at with a TKO stoppage by punches and elbow


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: At on May 6, 2016, Lee improved to 4-0 when he submitted Cary Bullos in the opening round with a brabo choke.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee continued his streak of first-round finishes when he stopped Rocky Batolbatol by TKO at on May 27, 2016.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: In his next match on August 13, 2016, Lee suffered his first professional defeat to rising featherweight Martin Nguyen at , losing in the first-round via a guillotine choke.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: For the first time in his career, Lee was pushed to three rounds before finally submitting Keanu Subba with an armbar at on August 18, 2017.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: On December 9, 2017, at , Lee defeated former ONE Lightweight World Champion Kotetsu Boku in the first round by TKO.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee submitted Kazunori Yokota in the second round at on March 9, 2018 to clinch his fourth straight win.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: After his strong run of performances, Lee would earn a title shot against ONE Featherweight World Champion Martin Nguyen at on 18 May 2018. Following a five-round back-and-forth battle, Lee would lose by a narrow split-decision, marking his second defeat to the Vietnamese-Australian featherweight.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee dropped another match against Filipino Edward Kelly at on September 8, 2018 after he was disqualified under the promotion's global martial art ruleset. During his takedown of Kelly, Lee was judged to have used an illegal belly-to-back suplex that caused Kelly to land on his head and neck.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: He got back on the win sheet against former Pancrase Lightweight Champion Kazuki Tokudome in a 73 kg catchweight bout at on 9 November 2018, defeating the Japanese fighter in the first-round via TKO. The match was added to the card on short notice after his sister Angela Lee, who was scheduled to face Xiong Jing Nan for the ONE Strawweight Championship, was forced to pull out due to a back injury.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: In his anticipated rematch against Edward Kelly at on January 19, 2019, Lee stopped Kelly via first-round TKO and pushed his overall record to 14–3.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee agreed to an open challenge for the title from ONE Lightweight World Champion Shinya Aoki, issued in March 2019 just after Aoki had won the Lightweight title himself. Lee, a featherweight, would be moving up a division in order to challenge for the belt. On May 17, 2019, at , Lee survived an armbar submission attempt to upset the Japanese grappling legend in the second-round via TKO finish and win his first mixed martial arts world title. His victory also made him the youngest ever male mixed martial arts world champion, as well as the first ever brother-sister pair of world champions in the history of mixed martial arts, with his sister Angela Lee holding the ONE Atomweight Championship.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: On September 26, 2019, ONE Championship Chairman and founder Chatri Sityodtong announced that Lee had accepted an offer to serve as a late-notice replacement for the injured Eddie Alvarez in the ONE Lightweight World Grand Prix Championship Final. The match would be against Turkish finalist Saygid Guseyn Arslanaliev at on 13 October 2019, after initial replacement Filipino fighter Edouard Folayang had trouble with visa issues. The late insertion into the event would allow Lee to fight on the same card as his sister Angela Lee, who was defending her Atomweight title that night. Lee would go on to win by unanimous decision, earning the ONE Lightweight Word Grand Prix Championship.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee defended his ONE Lightweight Championship against Iuri Lapicus at on October 30, 2020. After surviving an initial barrage, he won the fight in the first round by TKO via punches on the ground.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee next defended his ONE Lightweight Championship against Timofey Nastyukhin at ONE on TNT 2 on April 14, 2021. He won the fight via TKO just over a minute into the first round.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee was scheduled to defend his ONE Lightweight World Championship against Ok Rae Yoon at on September 24, 2021. Lee lost the fight by a unanimous decision. Due to the controversial nature of the decision, it was reviewed by the ONE Competition Committee which ultimately upheld the result.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee rematched Ok Rae Yoon on August 26, 2022 at . Lee recaptured the title after dropping Yoon in the second round and finishing him on the ground with knees. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee move up to 185 lbs(and also his Welterweight debut) and challenge for the ONE Welterweight World Championship against reigning champion Kiamrian Abbasov on November 18, 2022 at . At weigh-ins, Abbasov missed weight, coming in at 186.25 lbs, 1.25 pounds over the limit. Abbasov was stripped of the title and the bout proceeded at a catchweight with only Lee being able to win the title. He won the fight via technical knockout in the fourth round. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Christian Lee (fighter)

text: Lee's older sister is fellow ONE FC World Champion Angela Lee, and his younger sister Victoria Lee made her successful professional MMA debut at the age of 16 on February 26, 2021.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: WarCraft III: Reforged is a remastered edition of the 2002 real-time strategy video game "" and its expansion "". Released on January 28, 2020, it adds revamped graphics, new campaign gameplay settings as well as modern online Battle.net features. The game received mixed reviews from critics and an overwhelmingly negative reception from players for its changes from the original, the lack of many announced features and technical issues.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: "Reforged" retains the gameplay of the original, but its development has spurred on further balance changes to the game's multiplayer. Players from the original client are able to access and play with "Reforged" players by being given access to the new client (after they have purchased the product). There is a Classic Graphics setting available without purchase for those owning a classic license. Similar to "", it uses the textures of the original release. Users can unlock profile icons based on per-race ratings.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: The campaign's missions were visually updated to reflect "World of Warcraft", however, the map of Azeroth and heroes' appearances were still kept closer to the original "WarCraft III" concepts than to those appearing in "WoW". Moreover, there are certain features missing from "Reforged", such as the competitive ladder, classic animated backgrounds and replay saving option. Some of them are expected to be added with the upcoming patches. Some, however, have not been included, including the "Clans" social system, and has not been mentioned by Blizzard.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: The campaign now has three difficulty settings, one of them is the "story mode" aimed at newcomers. The "hard mode" setting prevents the player from using cheat codes.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: "WarCraft III: Reforged" has the same plot as the original game, but possesses minor visual and stylistic changes.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: Blizzard intended, along with a desire from the player base, to develop "" as a generally pure remake. In contrast, "Warcraft III: Reforged" was intended to be less pure. Producer Pete Stillwell said that "When we went to Korea [for "StarCraft: Remastered"] and talked with pros and people still playing in game rooms, the overwhelming feedback was 'Please don't change the game,'" Stillwell said. "'Make it pretty, give us a modern matchmaker and then quietly step away, Blizzard.' Getting those marching orders made the endeavor not just easier but more focused. But with "Warcraft 3: Reforged", we've talked with the communities in Europe and in China [who say], 'Hey, we don't think this game is done' -- The goal is not just to give "Warcraft III" a new coat of paint, but "do more with it." Lemon Sky Studios partnered with Blizzard to provide most of the remastered 3D art assets.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: According to Jason Schreier of "Bloomberg News", the remaster had problems from the start in 2017. While the team behind the remaster had a grand scope for what they wanted to bring, the Activision management did not see much value in the remaster over new games, and pressure was placed on Blizzard to focus on these newer games. The Classic Games team at Blizzard, behind the development of the remaster, was never given the necessary budget to complete their scope. Further, with the February 2019 layoffs across Activision Blizzard, many of the staff on the Classic Games team were affected, and the change of management within the team greatly impacted the production rates. There also were issues with the management style of Rob Bridenbecker, the manager of the Classic Games group, that further impacted how the team functioned.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: Other games at development within Blizzard were canceled in favor of titles like "Overwatch", but because they had already started taking pre-orders for the remaster, the project could not be easily canceled. Instead, a decision was made by management to release the game in an early state to avoid having to refund the pre-orders, even though the Classic Games team realized the game was not ready in that state. By the end of 2019, the Classic Games team had called on other Blizzard teams to help prepare the game to a reasonable state for launch in January 2020. About eight months following release, the Classic Games team was disbanded, leaving the promised updates the responsibility of other teams within Blizzard.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: Originally, Blizzard author Christie Golden was commissioned to work on an altered campaign, while the original campaign would be partially retconned to bring it in line with the story of "World of Warcraft" and the revisions to the story made by the "World of Warcraft: Chronicle" lore series. Some original voice actors would be replaced by those currently voicing their characters. However, due to fanbase reaction, this was scrapped. Though only the original intro cinematic was recreated, the others are remastered.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: The internal scripting language of "Warcraft III", JASS, is joined by Lua, commonly used in scripting and custom content for other games, and for Blizzard's "World of Warcraft". Lua is intended to make custom content creation easier and to expand it. Blizzard has said they intend to make the editor more powerful. Other changes such as increased custom camera views and individual unit traits are introduced.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: The Acceptable User Policy claims all intellectual property rights to custom games created on "Reforged" to Blizzard Entertainment, which has been met with criticism.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: At BlizzCon 2018 on November 2, 2018, Blizzard Entertainment announced "Warcraft III: Reforged" featuring remodeled characters and graphics with a prospective release in 2019. After "Reforged"s reveal, the game's first balance changes in years were announced. During Blizzcon 2019, the beta for the game began.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: "Reforged" was originally slated to be released in 2019, however, on December 17, 2019, Blizzard announced that the release would be delayed until January 28, 2020, stating that "as we started approaching the finish line, we felt we'd need a little extra development time for finishing touches".


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: "Warcraft III: Reforged" received "mixed or average" reviews according to Metacritic. "PC Gamer"s Fraser Brown concluded that "Reforged" was still an exceptional game at its core but was plagued by bugs, a lack of features and poor design choices such as the "massive" user interface. German magazine "GameStar" opined that the remaster was still a good game in regards to its single-player, despite it not including the promised changes and additions, but its multiplayer features were now either worse than before or non-existent.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: Player response was overwhelmingly negative. On release, the game was review-bombed by users on Metacritic, temporarily becoming the lowest score ever for a Blizzard game, before being surpassed by 2022's "Diablo Immortal". Similarly, the game would temporarily become the lowest-ranked game on the site by user score, before being surpassed by "Madden NFL 21". Many criticized the remaster for its absence of features promised by Blizzard at launch, removal of previously existing features, technical issues, changes to the original game's user interface among other gameplay features, and graphical changes which some felt had either not been improved enough or looked worse. Blizzard was also criticized for their decision that, due to it sharing "Reforged"s client, all existing copies of "Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos" were required to update to a newer version, which meant that many of the gameplay changes to "Reforged" were now mandatory in the original. Additionally, there were complaints towards Blizzard's announcement that they would claim ownership over all user-created content in "Reforged".


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: On February 3, 2020, "Polygon" reported that Blizzard is offering full refunds for all players on request regardless of playtime. The next day, Blizzard announced that some technical issues and missing features will be addressed with future patches but defended their decision not to include the cutscenes showcased at BlizzCon 2018 with their wish to preserve the spirit of the original.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: Despite the negative feedback from fans, there were rare people who liked "Warcraft III: Reforged" despite most of the minuses and who decided to help this game themselves. For example, in May 2020, Chinese fans created and released a special mod for this game that updates and improves the graphics with textures in the game.


title: Warcraft III: Reforged

text: In 2021, one Italian programmer, "InsaneMonster", decided to rework and redo the entire game, chapters and cutscenes to look similar to the cutscenes shown at BlizzCon 2018 to make "Reforged" so , as Blizzard previously promised to release it. This project has been renamed "Warcraft III: Re-Reforged". "InsaneMonster" will gradually release new versions of "Re-Reforged" over many months, reworking one chapter a month or two. "InsaneMonster" presents each updated version through Patreon.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: "Mandalay" is a poem by Rudyard Kipling, written and published in 1890, and first collected in "Barrack-Room Ballads, and Other Verses" in 1892. The poem is set in colonial Burma, then part of British India. The protagonist is a Cockney working-class soldier, back in grey restrictive London, recalling the time he felt free and had a Burmese girlfriend, now unattainably far away.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The poem became well known, especially after it was set to music by Oley Speaks in 1907, and was admired by Kipling's contemporaries, though some of them objected to its muddled geography. It has been criticised as a "vehicle for imperial thought", but more recently has been defended by Kipling's biographer David Gilmour and others. Other critics have identified a variety of themes in the poem, including exotic erotica, Victorian prudishness, romanticism, class, power, and gender.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The song, with Speaks's music, was sung by Frank Sinatra with alterations to the text, such as "broad" for "girl", which were disliked by Kipling's family. Bertolt Brecht's "Mandalay Song", set to music by Kurt Weill, alludes to the poem.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The Mandalay referred to in this poem was the sometime capital city of Burma, which was part of British India from 1886 to 1937, and a separate British colony from 1937 to 1948. It mentions the "old Moulmein pagoda", Moulmein being the Anglicised version of present-day Mawlamyine, in South eastern Burma, on the eastern shore of the Gulf of Martaban. The British troops stationed in Burma travelled up and down the Irrawaddy River on paddle steamers run by the Irrawaddy Flotilla Company (IFC). Rangoon to Mandalay was a 700 km (435 mi) trip, and during the Third Anglo-Burmese War of 1885, 9,000 British and Indian soldiers were transported by a fleet of paddle steamers ("the old flotilla" of the poem) and other boats to Mandalay from Rangoon. Guerrilla warfare followed the occupation of Mandalay, and British regiments remained in Burma for several years.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Kipling mentions the Burmese royal family of the time: ""An' 'er name was Supi-yaw-lat - - jes' the same as Theebaw's Queen." " Thibaw Min (1859-1916, often spelt Theebaw at that time) was the last reigning king of Burma, with his palace in Mandalay. He married his half-sister, Supayalat, shortly before becoming king in 1878 in a bloody palace coup supposedly engineered by his mother-in-law. He introduced a number of reforms but, in 1885, made the mistake of attempting to regain control of Lower Burma from the British forces that had held it since 1824. The result was a British invasion that immediately sent Thibaw and Supayalat into exile in India. So, to the soldier in Kipling's poem, his and her names are familiar, as the last and very recent royalty of a British colony.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Rudyard Kipling's poem "Mandalay" was written between March and April 1890, when the British poet was 24 years old. He had arrived in England in October the previous year, after seven years in India. He had taken an eastward route home, travelling by steamship from Calcutta to Japan, then to San Francisco, then across the United States, in company with his friends Alex and "Ted" (Edmonia) Hill. Rangoon had been the first port of call after Calcutta; then there was an unplanned stop at Moulmein. Kipling was struck by the beauty of the Burmese girls, writing at the time:


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Kipling claimed that when in Moulmein, he had paid no attention to the pagoda his poem later made famous, because he was so struck by a Burmese beauty on the steps. Many Westerners of the era remarked on the beauty of Burmese women.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: "Mandalay" first appeared in the "Scots Observer" on 21 June 1890. It was first collected into a book in "Barrack-Room Ballads, and Other Verses" in 1892. It subsequently appeared in several collections of Kipling's verse, including "Early Verse" in 1900, "Inclusive Verse" in 1919, and "Definitive Verse" in 1940. It appears also in the 1936 "A Kipling Pageant", and T. S. Eliot's 1941 "A Choice of Kipling's Verse".


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The poem has the rhyming scheme AABB traditional for ballad verse. However, Kipling begins the poem with the "stunningly memorable" AABBBBBBBB, the A being "sea - me", and the B including "say - lay - Mandalay". Another ballad-like feature is the use of stanzas and refrains, distinguished both typographically and by the triple end rhymes of the refrains. The poem's ending closely echoes its beginning, again in the circular manner of a traditional ballad, making it convenient to memorise, to recite, and to sing.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The metre in which the poem is written is trochaic octameters, meaning there are eight feet, each except the last on the line consisting of a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed one. The last foot is catalectic, consisting only of the stressed syllable:


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: In Kipling's time, the poem's metre and rhythm were admired; in "The Art of Verse Making" (1915), Modeste Hannis Jordan wrote: "Kipling has a wonderful 'ear' for metre, for rhythm. His accents fall just right, his measure is never halting or uncertain. His 'Mandalay' may be quoted as an excellent example of rhythm, as easy and flowing as has ever been done".


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The poet and critic T. S. Eliot, writing in 1941, called the variety of forms Kipling devised for his ballads "remarkable: each is distinct, and perfectly fitted to the content and the mood which the poem has to convey."


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The literary critic Sharon Hamilton, writing in 1998, called the 1890 "Mandalay" "an appropriate vehicle for imperial thought". She argued that Kipling "cued the Victorian reader to see it as a 'song of the Empire'" by putting it in the "border ballad" song tradition, where fighting men sang of their own deeds, lending it emotional weight. She further suggested that, since Kipling assembled his 1892 "Barrack-Room Ballads" (including "Mandalay") in that tradition during a time of "intense scrutiny" of the history of the British ballad, he was probably well aware that "Mandalay" would carry "the message of...submission of a woman, and by extension her city, to a white conqueror". She argues that the soldier is grammatically active while the "native girl" is grammatically passive, indicating "her willing servitude". Hamilton sees the fact that the girl was named Supayalat, "jes' the same as Theebaw's Queen", as a sign that Kipling meant that winning her mirrored the British overthrow of the Burmese monarchy.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Andrew Selth commented of Hamilton's analysis that "It is debatable whether any of Kipling's contemporaries, or indeed many people since, saw the ballad in such esoteric terms, but even so it met with an enthusiastic reception." In 2003, David Gilmour argued in his book "The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling" that Kipling's view of empire was far from jingoistic colonialism, and that he was certainly not racist. Instead, Gilmour called "Mandalay" "a poem of great charm and striking inaccuracy", a view with which Selth concurs. Selth notes that contemporary readers soon noticed Kipling's inaccurate geography, such as that Moulmein is 61 kilometres (38 miles) from the sea, which is far out of sight, and that the sea is to the west of the town, not east. Although the line in question may be read as describing the dawn coming out of China (sun rises in the east) as the sunrise moves across the bay (east to west), not that Kipling is saying China is to the west of Burma.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Ian Jack, in "The Guardian", wrote that Kipling was not praising colonialism and empire in "Mandalay". He explained that Kipling did write verse that was pro-colonial, such as The White Man's Burden, but that "Mandalay" was not of that kind. A similar point was made by the political scientist Igor Burnashov in an article for the "Kipling Society", where he writes that "the moving love of the Burmese girl and British soldier is described in a picturesque way. The fact that the Burmese girl represented the inferior and the British soldier superior races is secondary, because Kipling makes here a stress on human but not imperial relations."


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Hamilton noted, too, that Kipling wrote the poem soon after his return from India to London, where he worked near a music hall. Music hall songs were "standardized" for a mass audience, with "catchiness" a key quality. Hamilton argued that, in the manner of music hall songs, Kipling contrasts the exotic of the "neater, sweeter maiden" with the mundane, mentioning the "beefy face an' grubby 'and" of the British "'ousemaids". This is paralleled, in her view, with the breaking of the rhyming scheme to ABBA in the single stanza set in London, complete with slightly discordant rhymes ("tells - else; else - smells") and minor dissonance, as in "blasted English drizzle", a gritty realism very different, she argues, from the fantasizing "airy nothings" of the Burma stanzas with their "mist, sunshine, bells, and kisses". She suggests, too, that there is a hint of "Minstrelsy" in "Mandalay", again in the music hall tradition, as Kipling mentions a banjo, the instrument of "escapist sentimentality". This contrasted with the well-ordered Western musical structure (such as stanzas and refrains) which mirrored the ordered, systematic nature of European music.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Michael Wesley, reviewing Andrew Selth's book on "The Riff from Mandalay", wrote that Selth explores why the poem so effectively caught the national mood. Wesley argues that the poem "says more about the writer and his audience than the subject of their beguilement." He notes that the poem provides a romantic trigger, not accurate geography; that the name Mandalay has a "falling cadence...the lovely word has gathered about itself the chiaroscuro of romance." The name conjures for Wesley "images of lost oriental kingdoms and tropical splendour." Despite this, he argues, the name's romance derives "solely" from the poem, with couplets like


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: The literary critic Steven Moore wrote that in the "once-popular" poem, the lower-class Cockney soldier extols the tropical paradise of Burma, drawn both to an exotic lover and to a state of "lawless freedom" without the "Ten Commandments". That lover was, however, now way out of reach, "far removed from...real needs and social obligations."


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Selth identified several interwoven themes in the poem: exotic erotica; prudish Victorian Britain, and its horror at mixed marriages; the idea that colonialism could uplift "oppressed heathen women"; the conflicting missionary desire to limit the behaviour of women in non-prudish societies. In Selth's view, "Mandalay" avoids the "austere morality, hard finance, [and] high geopolitics" of British imperialism, opting instead for "pure romanticism", or — in Wesley's words — "imperial romanticism".


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Eliot included the poem in his 1941 collection "A Choice of Kipling's Verse", stating that Kipling's poems "are best when read aloud...the ear requires no training to follow them easily. With this simplicity of purpose goes a consummate gift of word, phrase, and rhythm."


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: In Jack's view, the poem evoked the effect of empire on individuals. He argued that Kipling was speaking in the voice of a Cockney soldier with a Burmese girlfriend, now unattainably far away. He argued that the poem's 51 lines cover "race, class, power, gender, the erotic, the exotic and what anthropologists and historians call 'colonial desire'." Jack noted that Kipling's contemporaries objected not to these issues but to Kipling's distortions of geography, the Bay of Bengal being to Burma's west not east, so that China was not across the Bay.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: According to Selth, "Mandalay" had a significant impact on popular Western perception of Burma and the far East. It was well known in Britain, America, and the English-speaking colonies of the British Empire. The poem was widely adapted and imitated in verse and in music, and the musical settings appeared in several films. The ballad style "lent itself easily to parody and adaption", resulting in half-a-dozen soldiers' songs, starting as early as the 1896–1896 campaign in Sudan:


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Selth noted that the poem's name became commercially valuable; some 30 books have titles based directly on the poem, with names such as "The Road from Mandalay" and "Red Roads to Mandalay". In 1907, H. J. Heinz produced a suitably spicy "Mandalay Sauce", while a rum and fruit juice cocktail was named "A Night in Old Mandalay".


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Kipling's text was adapted by Oley Speaks for what became his best-known song "On the Road to Mandalay", which was popularized by Peter Dawson. Speaks sets the poem to music in time, marked "Alla Marcia"; the key is E-flat major. This version largely replaced six earlier musical settings of "Mandalay" (by Gerard Cobb (1892), Arthur Thayer (1892), Henry Trevannion (1898), Walter Damrosch (1898), Walter Hedgcock (1899), and Arthur Whiting (1900); Percy Grainger composed another in 1898, but did not publish it). The total number of settings is now at least 24, spanning jazz, ragtime, swing, pop, folk, and country music; most of them use only the first two and the last two stanzas, with the chorus. Versions also exist in French, Danish, German, and Russian.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Arranged and conducted by Billy May, Speaks's setting appears in Frank Sinatra's album "Come Fly with Me". Kipling's daughter and heiress objected to this version, which turned Kipling's "Burma girl" into a "Burma broad", the "temple-bells" into "crazy bells", and the "man", who east of Suez can raise a thirst, into a "cat". Sinatra sang the song in Australia in 1959 and relayed the story of the Kipling family's objections to the song.


title: Mandalay (poem)

text: Bertolt Brecht referred to Kipling's poem in his "Mandalay Song", which was set to music by Kurt Weill for "Happy End" and "Rise and Fall of the City of Mahagonny".


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Christopher Alan "Tricky" Stewart (born January 4, 1974) is an American record producer, record executive, songwriter, and music publisher. In a career spanning over 30 years, Stewart has won 5 Grammys and is responsible for over 50 million records sold. He is noted for producing many hip hop, R&B and pop chart topping singles, often with The-Dream. Some of Stewart's record breaking singles are: Mýa's "Case of the Ex" (2000), Britney Spears' "Me Against the Music" (2003), Rihanna's "Umbrella" (2007), Mary J. Blige's "Just Fine" (2007), Beyoncé's "Single Ladies (Put a Ring On It)" (2008), Karina Pasian's "16 @ War" (2008), Mariah Carey's "Touch My Body" (2008) and "Obsessed" (2009), Justin Bieber's "One Time" (2009) and "Baby" (2010), Ciara's "Ride" (2010), and Nicole Scherzinger's "Your Love" (2014).


title: Tricky Stewart

text: In 2012, he was included in "Billboard" 40 Under 40, a list of music executives "who are propelling our industry with their artistic and business vision."


title: Tricky Stewart

text: In 2020, Stewart signed a publishing deal with Spirit Music Group. The deal covers his future works, as Stewart sold his catalog to Hipgnosis Songs in 2018. Stewart is founder of the record label RedZone Entertainment, which has signed artists such as Frank Ocean.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Stewart was born in Markham, Illinois. Raised in a musical family, he was playing guitar, playing keyboards and writing songs by the age of 12. His older brother, record producer Laney Stewart, introduced him to one of his first music business mentors, the late Louis Silas, Jr. Silas fostered Stewart's music career by giving him the opportunity to contribute to the projects of several major artists. Before graduating high school, Stewart had placements with artists such as Aaron Hall, rhythm and blues trio IMx, and Chanté Moore. He credits working with Moore opened many doors for his burgeoning music career.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: In 1994, Stewart produced "Treat U Right" for Blackgirl. He also met Record Producer and Songwriter L.A. Reid, who offered him a deal to move his first production company to Atlanta. In 1995, with the support of Reid, in partnership with his brother Mark Stewart, and his sister-in-law Judi Stewart-RedZone Entertainment and Triangle Sound Studios were created. RedZone Entertainment is based in Atlanta, but also has a recording studio in Los Angeles.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Stewart's career and reputation continued to soar, with a major breakthrough in 1999 when he co-wrote the single "Who Dat" for JT Money. "Who Dat" was a No. 1 rap single, ASCAP's "Song of the Year", and reached No. 5 on the "Billboard" pop chart. In addition to producing and writing, he scouted new talent and managed, Stewart jump-started the careers of artists such as Solé and Blu Cantrell.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: In 2000, Tricky co-wrote and produced Interscope artist Mýa's breakthrough single "Case of the Ex", It peaked at number 2 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in December 2000, and stayed in the Top 10 for three months. While Mya's song was still on top, Stewart discovered and signed Blu Cantrell, and went on to executive produce her debut album "So Blu" on Arista Records. It peaked at No. 8 on the "Billboard" 200 album chart and spawned the No. 2 hit "Hit 'em Up Style (Oops!)".


title: Tricky Stewart

text: In 2002, Stewart co-produced and co-wrote B2K's debut single, "Uh Huh". It was No. 1 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 for 10 weeks. In 2003, Blu Cantrell's second album, "Bittersweet", was released; it features three songs produced by Stewart, "Unhappy", "Holding on to Love" and "Let Her Go". He also co-wrote and produced a number of songs for Britney Spears's fourth album, "In the Zone" (2003), including two of its singles, "Me Against the Music" and "Outrageous", as well as "Early Mornin'" and "The Hook Up".


title: Tricky Stewart

text: 2007 was a breakthrough year for Stewart and RedZone Entertainment. Rihanna's single "Umbrella", co-written with The-Dream, garnered two Grammy nominations for Record of the Year and Song of the Year, and a Grammy for "Best Rap/Song Collaboration. In an interview with MTV, Stewart said


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Released in March 2007, "Umbrella" topped the Billboard Hot 100 chart by May, rising 40 spots in one week to land and stay seven straight weeks at number one. The song also broke the iTunes music store's record for biggest debut ever. The success brought Rihanna to a new level of fame, co-writer The-Dream went on to debut his own hit record "Love Hate" (executive produced by Stewart), which included the hit single "Shawty is a 10" peaking at No. 6 on the "Billboard" Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs. He also co-wrote and produced Dream's, "Falsetto" and "I Luv Your Girl". In late 2007, Stewart was working with notable artists as Janet Jackson, Celine Dion (Skies of L.A. off her new album "Taking Chances"), and Usher ("Moving Mountains" and "This Ain't Sex" of his new album Here I Stand).


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Stewart was also nominated in 2007 for a Grammy for "Best Female R&B Vocal Performance" on Mary J. Blige's "Just Fine"; that same year, Stewart also co-wrote and produced on the album "Growing Pains", as well as the vocals were produced by his production team. The team, composed of Tricky, The-Dream, and Kuk Harrell, proved to be a winning combination. Tricky won his first Grammy for his work on "Growing Pains"in 2009.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: The single "Touch My Body" off Mariah Carey's album in 2008 "E=MC²", produced by Stewart and Carey was described as "...a No. 1 just waiting to pounce the Billboard Hot 100" by Chuck Taylor of Billboard Magazine. On April 2, 2008 it was announced that "Touch My Body" became Carey's 18th No. 1 single on the Billboard Hot 100, pushing her to second place among artists with the most No. 1 singles in the rock era and first place as a solo artist in the same category, surpassing Elvis Presley. The achievement was attributed to a record-breaking digital sales debut, as 286,000 copies were sold in its first week of availability.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Additionally, in 2008 he produced the songs, "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" for Beyoncé as well as the ballad "Smash into You". "Single Ladies" would later become a pop culture phenomenon due to its female empowerment lyrics, catchy melody and much parodied music video. The song would also win multiple Grammy and MTV Video Music Awards, and remain's Stewart's best-selling single.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: He produced a High Price featuring Ludacris for Ciara's 2009 album, Fantasy Ride. He also worked with Japanese-American singer-songwriter Utada on her third English studio album This Is The One which he produced four songs from the record.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Tricky and The-Dream almost exclusively co-wrote (with Mariah) and produced the entirety of Mariah Carey's 2009 album, "Memoirs of an Imperfect Angel".


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Tricky and The-Dream executive-produced Ciara's fourth studio album titled "Basic Instinct", which was released on December 10, 2010. The lead single from the album titled "Ride", was produced by the duo, the single was released in April 2010 and went on to become Ciara's twelfth top ten hit on the Billboard R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Stewart contributed to the Christina Aguilera album "Bionic", released in June 2010, and produced the score for her debut film, "Burlesque", released in November 2010.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Stewart produced the Katy Perry second studio album, named "Teenage Dream" and was released in 2010. The second promotional single, "Circle the Drain", produced by Tricky was released on iTunes on August 10, 2010.


title: Tricky Stewart

text: Stewart was confirmed to be taking part in Jennifer Lopez's eighth studio album "Love?" which was looking at a Summer 2010 releasing alongside The-Dream and Tricky Stewart making it her debut release with Def Jam Records after completing her 10-year contract with Epic Records in February 2010.


title: Nogai Horde

text: The Nogai Horde was a confederation founded by the Nogais that occupied the Pontic–Caspian steppe from about 1500 until they were pushed west by the Kalmyks and south by the Russians in the 17th century. The Mongol tribe called the Manghuds constituted a core of the Nogai Horde.


title: Nogai Horde

text: In the 13th century, the leader of the Golden Horde, Nogai Khan, a direct descendant of Genghis Khan through Jochi, formed an army of the Manghits joined by numerous Turkic tribes. A century later the Nogays were led by Edigu, a commander of Manghit paternal origin and Jochid maternal origin, who founded the Nogai dynasty.


title: Nogai Horde

text: In 1557, Nogai "Nur-al-Din" Qazi Mirza quarreled with Ismael Beg and founded the Lesser Nogai Horde on the steppe of the North Caucasus. The Nogais north of the Caspian were thereafter called the Great Nogai Horde. In the early 17th century, the Horde broke down further under the onslaught of the Kalmyks.


title: Nogai Horde

text: The Nogais north of the Black Sea were nominally subject to the Crimean Khanate rather than the Nogai Bey. They were divided into the following groups: Budjak (from the Danube to the Dniester), Yedisan (from the Dniester to the Bug), Jamboyluk (Bug to Crimea), Yedickul (north of Crimea) and Kuban. In particular, the Yedisans are mentioned as a distinct group, and in various locations.


title: Nogai Horde

text: There were two groups of Nogais: those north of the Caspian Sea under their own Bey (leader), and those north of the Black Sea nominally subject to the Crimean Khan. The first group was broken up circa 1632 by the Kalmyks. The second shared the fate of the Khanate of Crimea.


title: Nogai Horde

text: The Nogai language was a form of Kypchak Turkic, the same language group as that of the neighboring Kazakhs, Bashkirs and Crimean and Volga Tatars. Their religion was Muslim, but religious institutions were weakly developed.


title: Nogai Horde

text: They were pastoral nomads grazing sheep, horses, and camels. Outside goods were obtained by trade (mostly horses and slaves), raiding, and tribute. There were some subject peasants along the Yaik river. One of the main sources of income for the Nogais was raiding for slaves, who were sold in Crimea and Bukhara. Hunting, fishing, caravan taxation, and seasonal agricultural migration also played a role, although this is poorly documented.


title: Nogai Horde

text: The basic social unit was the semi-autonomous "ulus" or band. Aristocrats were called "mirza". The ruler of the Nogais was the Bey. The capital or winter camp was at Saraychik, a caravan town on the lower Yaik. From 1537 the second in rank was the "Nur-al-Din", usually the Bey's son or younger brother and expected successor. The "Nur-al-Din" held the right bank along the Volga. From the 1560s there was a second "Nur-al-Din", a sort of a war chief. Third in rank was the "Keikuvat", who held the Emba.


title: Nogai Horde

text: Political organization was fluid and much depended on personal prestige since as nomads, the Nogai subjects could simply move away from a leader who was disliked. Ambassadors and merchants were regularly beaten and robbed. Stealing horses, looked down upon in many cultures, was an important part of social and economic life on the steppe. Beys and Mirzas would often declare themselves vassals of some outside power, but such declarations had little meaning.


title: Nogai Horde

text: The Nogai Horde along with the Crimean Khanate raided settlements in Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Romania, and Poland. The slaves were captured in southern Russia, Poland-Lithuania, Moldavia, Wallachia, and Circassia by Tatar horsemen in a trade known as the "harvesting of the steppe". In Podolia alone, about one-third of all the villages were destroyed or abandoned between 1578 and 1583. Some researchers estimate that altogether more than 3 million people were captured and enslaved during the time of the Crimean Khanate.


title: Nogai Horde

text: This data is from the English-language sources below. A long list of Nogai raids on Russia and Poland, from Russian sources, can be found at Crimean-Nogai raids.


title: Nogai Horde

text: During the next 150 years, Black Sea grain ports assist massive southward expansion of Russian agriculture and population.


title: Post–Cold War era

text: The post–Cold War era is a period of history that follows the end of the Cold War, which represents history after the 1991 fall of the Soviet Union. This period saw the United States became the world's sole superpower in the world and paved the way for the 21st century.