title: Emma Darwin

text: In 1825 Josiah took his daughters on a grand tour of Europe, via Paris to near Geneva to visit their Aunt Jessie (Madame de Sismondi, née Allen, wife of the historian Jean Charles Leonard de Sismondi) and then on In the following year the Sismondis visited Maer, then took Emma and her sister Fanny back to near Geneva to stay with them for eight months. When her father went to collect them he was accompanied by their cousin, Caroline Darwin, and also took Charles Darwin, Caroline's brother, as far as Paris, where they all met up again before returning home in July 1827. She was keen on outdoor sports and became a "Dragoness" at archery.


title: Emma Darwin

text: At Maer on 31 August 1831 she was with her family when they helped Charles Darwin to overturn his father's objections to letting Charles go on an extended voyage on the "Beagle". During the voyage Charles' sisters kept him informed of news including the death of Emma's sister Fanny at the age of 26, and the gossip that his brother Erasmus Alvey Darwin was "paired off" with Emma to avert "an "action" in the Papers" over his "carrying on" with Hensleigh Wedgwood's wife, Frances "Fanny" Mackintosh. When Charles returned he was quick to visit Maer, where Emma shared in the interest of his travels.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Emma herself had turned down several offers of marriage, and after her mother suffered a seizure and became bedridden Emma had to nurse her, as well as care for her elder sister Elizabeth, who suffered from dwarfism and severe spinal curvature.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Emma Wedgwood accepted Charles' marriage proposal on 11 November 1838 at the age of 30, and they were married on 29 January 1839 at St. Peter's Anglican Church in Maer. Their cousin, the Reverend John Allen Wedgwood, officiated the marriage.


title: Emma Darwin

text: After a brief period of residence in London, they moved permanently to Down House, located in the rural village of Down, around from St Paul's Cathedral and about two hours by coach and train to London Bridge. The village was later renamed Downe.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Charles and Emma raised their 10 children in a distinctly non-authoritarian manner, and several of them later achieved considerable success in their chosen careers: George, Francis and Horace became Fellows of the Royal Society.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Emma Darwin is especially remembered for her patience and fortitude in dealing with her husband's long-term illness. She also nursed her children through frequent illnesses, and endured the deaths of three of them: Anne, Mary, and Charles Waring. By the mid-1850s she was known throughout the parish for helping in the way a parson's wife might be expected to, giving out bread tokens to the hungry and "small pensions for the old, dainties for the ailing, and medical comforts and simple medicine" based on Dr. Robert Darwin's old prescription book.


title: Emma Darwin

text: In a letter dated 5 July 1844, Charles Darwin entrusted to Emma the responsibility of publishing his work, in the case of his sudden death. In the event, Darwin lived to publish "The Origin" in 1859.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Emma often played the piano for Charles, and in Charles' 1871 "The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex", Darwin spent several pages on the evolution of musical ability by means of sexual selection.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Emma's religious beliefs were founded on Unitarianism, which emphasises inner feeling over the authority of religious texts or doctrine. Her views were not simple and unwavering, and were the result of intensive study and questioning.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Darwin was open about his scepticism before they became engaged, and she discussed with him the tension between her fears that differences of belief would separate them, and her desire to be close and openly share ideas. Following their marriage, they shared discussions about Christianity for several years. She valued his openness, and his genuine uncertainty regarding the existence and nature of God, which gradually developed into agnosticism. This may have been a bond between them, without necessarily resolving the tensions between their views.


title: Emma Darwin

text: By early 1837 Charles Darwin was already speculating on transmutation of species. Having decided to marry, he visited Emma on 29 July 1838 and told her of his ideas on transmutation. On 11 November 1838, he returned and proposed to Emma. Again he discussed his ideas, and about ten days later she wrote to him: "When I am with you I think all melancholy thoughts keep out of my head but since you are gone some sad ones have forced themselves in, of fear that our opinions on the most important subject should differ widely. My reason tells me that honest & conscientious doubts cannot be a sin, but I feel it would be a painful void between us. I thank you from my heart for your openness with me & I should dread the feeling that you were concealing your opinions from the fear of giving me pain. It is perhaps foolish of me to say this much but my own dear Charley we now do belong to each other & I cannot help being open with you. Will you do me a favour? yes I am sure you will, it is to read our Saviour's farewell discourse to his disciples which begins at the end of the 13th Chap of John. It is so full of love to them & devotion & every beautiful feeling. It is the part of the New Testament I love best. This is a whim of mine it would give me great pleasure, though I can hardly tell why I don't wish you to give me your opinion about it."


title: Emma Darwin

text: Darwin had already wondered about the materialism implied by his ideas. The letter shows Emma's tension between her fears that differences of belief would separate them, and her desire to be close and openly share ideas. Emma cherished a belief in the afterlife, and was concerned that they should "belong to each other" for eternity. The passage in the Gospel of John referred to in Emma's letter says "Love one another" (13:34), then describes Jesus saying "I am the way, the truth and the life: no man cometh unto the Father, but by me" (14:6). Desmond and Moore note that the section continues: "Whoever does not abide in me is thrown away like a branch and withers; such branches are gathered, thrown into the fire and burned" (15:6). As disbelief later gradually crept over Darwin, he could "hardly see how anyone ought to wish Christianity to be true; for if so the plain language of the text seems to show that the men who do not believe, and this would include my Father, Brother and almost all my best friends, will be everlastingly punished. And this is a damnable doctrine."


title: Emma Darwin

text: Following their marriage in January 1839, they shared discussions about Christianity for many years. They socialised with the Unitarian clergymen James Martineau and John James Tayler, and read their works as well as those of other Unitarian and liberal Anglican authors such as Francis William Newman whose "Phases of faith" described a spiritual journey from Calvinism to theism, all part of widespread and heated debate on the authority of Anglicanism. In Downe Emma attended the Anglican village church, but as a Unitarian had the family turn round in silence when the Trinitarian Nicene Creed was recited.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Soon after their marriage, Emma wrote to Charles "while you are acting conscientiously & sincerely wishing, & trying to learn the truth, you cannot be wrong", and although concerned at the threat to faith of the "habit in scientific pursuits of believing nothing till it is proved", her hope that he did not "consider his opinion as formed" proved correct. Methodical conscientious doubt as a state of inquiry rather than disbelief made him open to nature and revelation, and they remained open with each other.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Shortly before she turned 74, her husband Charles died at 73 on 19 April 1882. Subsequently, Emma spent the summers in Down House. She bought a large house called The Grove on Huntingdon Road in Cambridge, and lived there during the winters. Emma Darwin died in 1896. Her son Francis had a house, which he named Wychfield, built in the grounds of The Grove. He lived there during most winters, spending summers in Gloucestershire. Emma's son Horace also had a house built in the grounds, and named it The Orchard.


title: Emma Darwin

text: The Grove is now the central building of Fitzwilliam College, and provides common room facilities for graduates, Fellows and senior members. In January 2009, Cambridge City Council gave the College planning permission to demolish its gatehouse, Grove Lodge, which now forms part of Murray Edwards College. After local residents and academics expressed concern and there was a campaign against the demolition, the college council decided to reconsider possible alternative uses; their decision at the end of September 2009 was to keep and refurbish Grove Lodge. Architects, consultants and builders were appointed for conversion work, which when completed in September 2011 provided five new studies for Fellows.


title: Emma Darwin

text: The Darwins (after Charles' death in 1882, Emma and Francis) also brought up Francis' son Bernard Darwin (1876-1961) after the death of Bernard's mother a few days after he was born.


title: Emma Darwin

text: In 2001 a biography of Emma was published written by Edna Healey, though it has been criticised for attempting to give credit to Emma for her husband's ideas, whereas other historians agree she had little, if any, scientific input.


title: Emma Darwin

text: In 2008 "Mrs Charles Darwin's Recipe Book" was published, with profits going to the Darwin Correspondence Project at Cambridge University.


title: Emma Darwin

text: The 2009 film "Creation" focuses in part on the relationship between Charles and Emma. Emma was played by Jennifer Connelly.


title: Emma Darwin

text: Eight members of the Darwin family are buried at St Mary's Church, Downe. Darwins buried at Downe include: Bernard Darwin and his wife Elinor Monsell, who taught her husband's cousin Gwen (Darwin) Raverat, engraver and author of Period Piece; Charles Waring Darwin; Elizabeth Darwin, "Aunt Bessy"; Emma Darwin, Charles Darwin's wife; Erasmus Alvey Darwin; Mary Eleanor Darwin; Henrietta Etty Darwin, later Litchfield, "Aunt Etty". Emma Darwin's sister Elizabeth Wedgwood and Aunt Sarah Wedgwood are also buried together at St Mary's.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: The Process Church of the Final Judgment, also known as the Process Church, was a British religious group established in 1966 and disestablished in the 1970s. Its founders were the English couple Mary Ann MacLean and Robert de Grimston, who spread the group's practices across parts of the United Kingdom and United States in the late 1960s and early 1970s. While relying heavily on tenets of Christianity, scholars of religion have classified it as a form of Satanism because of its expanded belief system.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: MacLean and de Grimston initially met as members of the Church of Scientology in the early 1960s; the duo were ejected from the Church in 1962 and married the following year. They started a brief Scientology splinter group named Compulsions Analysis, which incorporated new religious elements; this developed into the Process Church, which was established in London in 1966. Its members initially lived in a commune in Mayfair, West London before moving to Xtul in Mexico's Yucatan peninsula. They later established a base of operations in the United States in New Orleans. Prosecutors investigating the Los Angeles murders committed by the Manson Family in 1969 suggested that there were links between Charles Manson and the Process Church, and despite the connection being unproven, the allegations subsequently damaged the Church's reputation.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In the early 1970s, the sociologist William Sims Bainbridge studied the group, producing an in-depth account of its activities. In 1974, MacLean and de Grimston separated. The latter tried to continue the group with a small following, but this folded in 1979. However, MacLean retained the allegiance of the majority of Church members, later reforming the group as the Foundation Church of the Millennium which focused explicitly on Christian faith.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Mary Ann MacLean, born in 1931, grew up in Glasgow. Various accounts have said that she had spent a year in the United States, had a relationship with the boxer Sugar Ray Robinson, and worked as a high-end prostitute in London, servicing prominent figures in British business and politics.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Robert Moore was born in Shanghai in 1935, relocating to Britain in his infancy. Moore joined the Cavalry, serving from 1954 to 1958.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: MacLean joined Scientology, and began working as an auditor at the London branch of the Church of Scientology. In 1962, Maclean and Moore met for the first time at the London Branch.The two split with the Church of Scientology in 1962, and in 1963, the couple married.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Together they set up Compulsions Analysis, a group which utilised both the methods of Scientology and the ideas of the psychologist Alfred Adler. In establishing this company, they were financially assisted by a lawyer friend. Moore changed his name to Robert de Grimston.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Moore distinguished the methods of Compulsions Analysis from Scientology in that it did not claim that its benefits were "infinite", stating that "we are not offering super powers, but a means that people can live on this side more effectively".


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In 1966, the regular clients of Compulsions Analysis formed into a new group, The Process, which took on an increasingly religious character. In March 1966, twenty-five members of the Process moved into a commune at 2 Balfour Place in Mayfair, an affluent area in the West End of London. In May, the group left London and relocated to a remote area. On 23 June, around 30 Church members—accompanied by their six Alsatian dogs—moved to Nassau in the Bahamas. From there, they spent the rest of the summer seeking a more permanent location.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In September 1966, the group members moved to Mexico City. They obtained an old bus and began driving across the Yucatan Peninsula for a place to settle. They found a location known as Xtul; its name meant "the end" in the Mayan language, and the group took this as a portent that they should settle there. They set about establishing a community, although would only remain there for a month. They faced opposition from both locals and from the parents of several Church members, who enlisted anti-cult groups to try and recuperate their children through legal means. It was while there that the group clarified its hierarchical structure, with the De Grimstons at the top, who were referred to as "the Omega", followed by those regarded as masters, then priests, then prophets, and finally "messengers". In late September, a tropical hurricane devastated their settlement, and while some of them elected to stay, the De Grimstons and most of their followers decided to leave. The Yucatan experience remained an important part of the Process Church's own mythology. After that point, there would be a crucial division within the group between those who had gone through the Xtul experience and those who did not.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: By November 1966, most of the Process members were back in London. Between the end of that year and 1967, the Process began to operate as a church. It became increasingly evangelistic and focused on attracting new members. It opened a library and an all-night coffee shop known as Satan's Cavern. It also began issuing a magazine, at first titled "The Common Market" and later renamed "The Process". The Church's activities attracted the interest of a number of celebrities active in the realms of music and cinema, among them Marianne Faithfull.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In 1967 and 1968, the De Grimstones made various further international travels, spending time in East Asia, the United States, Germany and Italy; in the latter they visited the ruins of the Abbey of Thelema on Cefalu, the commune established in the 1920s by British occultist Aleister Crowley. From late 1968 onward, they began spending most of their time in the United States. The Church opened chapters in many U.S. cities, the first of which was in New Orleans, where the remaining members of the Xtul colony settled. Several European chapters followed, in Munich, Rome, and London.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Introvigne thought that at its maximum capacity, the Process Church had "a few hundred active members."


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In urban myth, the Process Church came to be associated with ritual murders, although no evidence of any such connection was ever forthcoming. Rumours spread that a number of Alsatians had been sacrificed around San Francisco, with these actions sometimes being associated with the Process Church, which kept Alsatians as pets. Nothing was ever proved that substantiated any of these rumours.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Baddeley later related that the Process Church "has become legendary, both in the annals of hippie history and Satanic lore".


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Police investigating the Tate-LaBianca Murders which were carried out by members of the Manson Family suspected a possible connection between the Family's leader Charles Manson and the Process Church. When they asked Manson if he knew Moore, he responded: "You're looking at him. Moore and I are one and the same". Two members of the Church subsequently visited the district attorney to stress that the group had nothing to do with Manson or his Family. The Church then included a brief article on Manson in the 1971 "Death" issue of its magazine, in which it included a short essay by Manson himself next to another by the Roman Catholic writer Malcolm Muggeridge.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Vincent Bugliosi, the prosecutor of the Manson trial, later suggested in his book "Helter Skelter" that Manson may have borrowed philosophically from the Process Church. Although no connection between the Process Church and Manson was ever substantiated, the group's reputation was damaged by the association. The number of donations received began to decline and Church members sometimes received abuse in public. To shift the group's image, its leaders played down their image of black garments and Alsatians and presented a softer interpretation of their four divinities doctrine to limit the Satanic elements.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In his 1972 book "The Family", Ed Sanders alleged that Manson had been a member of the Process Church, as evidence citing the fact that Manson once lived in the same road as the Church's San Francisco location. That year, the Church took legal action against Sanders and his U.S. publisher E. P. Dutton in the District Court of Chicago; the allegation was subsequently retracted from future printings of "The Family". It also brought legal action with the book's British publisher, although in a British court, the publisher won the case.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: By the late 1970s—when the Church itself had disbanded—it was common for anti-Satanist literature to allege that Manson was a member of the group and that both were linked to blood sacrifices. In his 1974 book "America Bewitched", the journalist Daniel Logan cited the Process Church alongside Manson, the Church of Satan, and the British occultist Aleister Crowley. The journalist Maury Terry—whom Baddeley described as "a sensationalist reporter with a nose for good scare stories"—linked the Process Church to the Ordo Templi Orientis and claimed both as part of a grand Satanic conspiracy in his 1987 book "The Ultimate Evil". Claims about the Process Church being linked to a vast Satanic conspiracy and wide range of crimes were also endorsed by members of the LaRouche movement.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: A detailed account of the history of and life within the Process Church as told by a participant-observer is contained in William S. Bainbridge's book "Satan's Power". A sociologist, Bainbridge encountered the Process Church in 1970, while he was studying Scientology. Bainbridge had conducted several months of fieldwork with the group during the early 1970s, particularly in its Boston branch. His observation took place largely in 1970–71, when he was an active group member, but became episodic between 1972 and 1974. In his book, he disguised the names of people to preserve their identities.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Adam Parfrey noted that Bainbridge provided a "more even-handed view" of the Church than that provided by the likes of Sanders and Terry.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Bainbridge's study was later described as "the main source of information" about the group by La Fontaine.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: The relationship between MacLean and De Grimston grew strained; De Grimston had begun a relationship with a younger woman, Morgana, who later became his third wife. They also disagreed on the direction of the Process Church; MacLean believed that they should declare the "Satanic" phase to be over, to be replaced by a "Christian" phase, although De Grimston disagreed. In 1974, the De Grimstons separated. De Grimston took a minority of the group members with him, seeking to continue the Process Church in a manner akin to his original form, although abandoned the project in 1979, when he moved professionally into business.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Most of the Church's members retained their allegiance to MacLean. She renamed the Church as the Foundation Church of the Millennium, which in 1977 became the Foundation Faith of the Millennium, and in 1980 the Foundation Faith of God; followers generally referred to it simply as "The Foundation." The group defined itself as "a Christian church" which required its members to believe in the Trinity, the divinity of Jesus Christ, and his second coming. It also promoted a healing ministry which was influenced by Pentecostalism. Like the Process Church, membership was organised according to a hierarchical system of degrees, and it was led by a nine-member Council of Luminaries. MacLean's principal collaborator in the group was longstanding Church member Timothy Wyllie. In 1977, he founded a group in New York City called the Unit, which he regarded as being part of the Foundation. MacLean disagreed with this move and sued Wyllie, although she lost. The Unit soon disbanded. Wyllie then pursued an independent career in the New Age milieu, with a focus on communicating with extraterrestrials, angels, and dolphins.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In 1982, the Foundation Faith of God moved its base to Utah, where it established an animal rescue refuge in Kanab. In 1993, the organisation changed its name to Best Friends Animal Society; it removed all reference to religious ideas from its statutes. In 2004, a feature article in "Rocky Mountain News" publicly revealed Best Friends' origins in the Process Church. In 2005, MacLean died, and the management of her charity was left to her second husband, Gabriel De Peyer, a former Foundation Faith of God Church member.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Various commentators have described the Process Church as a religion, and it has also been characterised as a new religious movement.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: There has been some debate as to whether to categorise the Process Church as a form of Satanism or not; the anthropologist Jean La Fontaine noted that it was "difficult to decide whether it was a truly Satanist organization". The Process Church's beliefs have been described as "a kind of neo-Gnostic theology".


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In the initial phase of the group's beliefs, Moore and MacLean taught that there was only one supreme divinity, God, and the focus of the group's activities was to transform those aspects of human nature which defied God. Many of the group's therapeutic practices or "processes" (hence the name) and concepts were derived from Scientology, including the term "processing." In these therapy sessions, the group utilised an electronic meter titled the "P-Scope", which was based on the Scientology E-meter.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: The Process Church preached the existence of four gods, who were regarded not as literal entities but as inner realities existing within each human personality. Accordingly, these deities were not worshipped. The names of its deities were drawn from traditional Judeo-Christian religion. They were known as Jehovah, Lucifer, Satan, and Christ, and were collectively referred to as the "Great Gods of the Universe." The Church stated that "Jehovah is strength. Lucifer is light. Satan is separation. Christ is unification."


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Each member was instructed to follow the god, or gods, which were best suited to them. Each individual was understood as a combination of two of these gods. The Church taught that an individual's personality and relationships could be explained by reference to which gods he manifested. Moore, for instance, described himself as a blend of Luciferian and Christian traits, while MacLean regarded herself as a combination of Jehovan and Satanic traits. None of the deities was considered evil, but "basic patterns of human reality." Moore taught the real "devil" was humanity or the "Grey Forces", which were understood as representing the compromise and conformity typical of the masses.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: As indicated by the group's name, The Process Church of The Final Judgment, the Church taught a form of millennialism. According to Process eschatology, the four separate divinities would be unified in the endtimes. The reconciliation of opposites was seen by Moore in , where Christ tells his followers to love their enemies. Moore taught Christ's enemy was Satan, and the "reuniting of the Gods" was achieved through love.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Among group members, sex and the use of drugs and alcohol (with the exception of caffeine and nicotine) were strictly rationed, with these practices being regarded as a distraction from spiritual work. Unlike other Satanic groups active during the same period, the Process Church did not practice magic.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: The Church held public rituals similar to Christian practices, such as baptisms, marriages and a weekly gathering titled the Sabbath Assembly. Baptisms were performed at every elevation of status in the hierarchy of the Church. The Processeans sang solemn hymns to the four deities during the assemblies.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: The group used a swastika-like symbol ("the P-Sign") as its insignia. The symbol had four superimposed P letters, and was also seen as representing the trumpets of the four "Great Gods." The group also used a second symbol, "the Sign of the Union", which featured the letter Alpha inside the letter Omega, representing the intercourse of male Lucifer with female Jehovah.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: In 1989 and 1990, several former members of the Church attempted to recreate it in Round Lake, New York. There were also reports of a revival group being based in Yorkshire, England.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: American funk group Funkadelic included an excerpt from the group's "Process Number Five on Fear" in the liner notes for their seminal album "Maggot Brain".


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: The industrial music group Skinny Puppy released an album titled "The Process" that contained lyrics espousing anti-vivisection themes. The Process Church's rituals were later adopted and utilised by the band Psychic TV and the group that formed around it, Thee Temple ov Psychick Youth (TOPY). Several TOPY members had previously been involved with the Process Church. Genesis P-Orridge worked with longstanding church member Timothy Wyllie to produce a book featuring reproductions of the church's magazines and reminiscences of several members. It was published as "Love, Sex, Fear, Death: The Inside Story of The Process Church of the Final Judgment" by Feral House in 2009.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: American band Sabbath Assembly formed in 2009 recorded three albums consisted of reinterpreted the Church hymns Genesis P-Orridge performed guest vocal on one of those records.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Robert de Grimston's writings and the Writ of The Process Church have long outlived the original cult. His 'Brethren Information' (those speeches meant for members of the church at the time) are widely available online.


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Alessandro Papa founded the New Processean Order in Italy 2014 by recording the album "Hymns to the Great Gods of the Universe"


title: Process Church of the Final Judgment

text: Integrity founder Dwid Hellion founded The Holy Terror of the Final Judgment label, releasing music by many bands influenced by the Process. Holy Terror and associated artists include Integrity themselves (who released the album Humanity is the Devil, based on Process Writ, in 1996), Gehenna (band), Rot In Hell, Psywarfare, Lay It on the Line, Ringworm, Sutekh Hexen and others.


title: Defence in depth

text: Defence in depth (also known as deep defence or elastic defence) is a military strategy that seeks to delay rather than prevent the advance of an attacker, buying time and causing additional casualties by yielding space. Rather than defeating an attacker with a single, strong defensive line, defence in depth relies on the tendency of an attack to lose momentum over time or as it covers a larger area. A defender can thus yield lightly defended territory in an effort to stress an attacker's logistics or spread out a numerically superior attacking force. Once an attacker has lost momentum or is forced to spread out to pacify a large area, defensive counter-attacks can be mounted on the attacker's weak points, with the goal being to cause attrition or drive the attacker back to its original starting position.


title: Defence in depth

text: A conventional defence strategy would concentrate all military resources at a front line, which, if breached by an attacker, would leave the remaining defenders in danger of being outflanked and surrounded and would leave supply lines, communications, and command vulnerable.


title: Defence in depth

text: Defence in depth requires that a defender deploy their resources, such as fortifications, field works and military units at and well behind the front line. Although attackers may find it easier to breach the more weakly defended front line, as they advance, they continue to meet resistance. As they penetrate deeper, their flanks become vulnerable, and, should the advance stall, they risk being enveloped.


title: Defence in depth

text: The defence in depth strategy is particularly effective against attackers who are able to concentrate their forces and attack a small number of places on an extended defensive line.


title: Defence in depth

text: Defenders that can fall back to a succession of prepared positions can extract a high price from the advancing enemy while themselves avoiding the danger of being overrun or outflanked. Delaying the enemy advance mitigates the attacker's advantage of surprise and allows time to move defending units to make a defence and to prepare a counter-attack.


title: Defence in depth

text: A well-planned defence in depth strategy will deploy forces in mutually supportive positions and in appropriate roles. For example, poorly trained troops may be deployed in static defences at the front line, whereas better trained and equipped troops form a mobile reserve. Successive layers of defence may use different technologies against various targets; for example, dragon's teeth might present a challenge for tanks but is easily circumvented by infantry, while another barrier of wire entanglements has the opposite effects on the respective forces. Defence in depth may allow a defender to maximise the defensive possibilities of natural terrain and other advantages.


title: Defence in depth

text: The disadvantages of defence in depth are that it may be unacceptable for a defender to plan to give ground to an attacker. This may be because vital military or economic resources are close to the front line or because yielding to an enemy is unacceptable for political or cultural reasons. In addition, the continuous retreats that are required by defence in depth require the defender to have a high degree of mobility in order to retreat successfully, and they assume that the defender's morale will recover from the retreat.


title: Defence in depth

text: A possible early example of this came at the Battle of Cannae in 216 BC, when Hannibal employed this manoeuvre in order to encircle and destroy eight Roman legions, but that is disputed by some historians.


title: Defence in depth

text: Edward Luttwak used the term to describe his theory of the defensive strategy employed by the Late Roman army in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD.


title: Defence in depth

text: Later examples of defence in depth might be European hill forts and the development of concentric castles. These castles utilized many layers, including ditches, outer walls, towers, inner walls, and a keep, with some layers like the outer ditch intended to only slow attackers and reduce their coordination. In those examples, the inner layers of defence can support the outer layers with projectile fire and an attacker must breach each line of defence in turn with the prospect of significant losses, and the defenders have the option of falling back to fight again. On a strategic level, defence in depth was employed by the Byzantine military.


title: Defence in depth

text: In the American Revolutionary War's Battle of Cowpens, the American forces were positioned in three lines which soaked up the shock of the British charge and inflicted heavy casualties before the Americans were able to overrun the British who, at this point, had lost their cohesion.


title: Defence in depth

text: More recent examples of defence in depth include the multiple lines of trenches of the First World War and the following Turkish War of Independence where the Turks stopped the advance of the Greeks towards Ankara. Also plans for the defence of Britain against a potential German invasion in the Second World War. During the Battle of Normandy, Wehrmacht forces utilized the bocage of the area, flooding of fields, and strategic placement of defences to create successive lines of defences to slow the attacking Allies in hopes that reinforcements would arrive.


title: Defence in depth

text: The Pacific Theatre also had many examples of defence in depth, with the Japanese inflicting heavy casualties on the Americans in the Battles of Tarawa, Saipan, Peleliu, Iwo Jima, and Okinawa.


title: Defence in depth

text: The best modern example of a successful defence in depth is that of the Battle of Kursk. During the battle, the Red Army deliberately drew the Germans into an attritional battle in multiple, well-prepared defensive lines, before launching massive counter-attacks on either side of the 9th Army in the north and the 4th Panzer Army in the south. The initial German offensive never fully penetrated the Red Army lines. By contrast, the subsequent Red Army counter-offensive pushed the front line hundreds of miles westwards.


title: Defence in depth

text: Colonel Francis J. Kelly discussed the employment of defence in depth in Army Special Forces camps during the Vietnam War. Kelly, a former U.S. Army Special Forces commander and author of "Vietnam Studies U.S. Army Special Forces 1961–1971", stated in his work that the austere Special Forces fighting camps were highly functional and easily defended.


title: Defence in depth

text: While untested, this was also the planned NATO strategy in Europe during the Cold War at the Fulda Gap. However by the 1980s, West Germany eventually pressured NATO to abandon this orthodox doctrine as it would have entailed allowing the country to be overrun by Warsaw Pact forces before they would be finally stopped. Instead, NATO agreed to an alternative doctrine of "Forward defence," which was criticized for not only being militarily senseless that would have quickly forced NATO to resort to tactical nuclear weapons when Warsaw Pact broke through with their considerable conventional forces, but also that enemy considered the doctrine so provocative that striking first seemed a more viable option as a result.


title: Defence in depth

text: The concept of Defence-in-Depth (DiD) is also applied in the fields of life-threatening technologies where it is critical to avoid a disaster, or to save lives.


title: Defence in depth

text: The safety of nuclear reactors and radioactive waste repositories also fundamentally relies on multiple systems and redundant barriers. The principle of redundancy is essential to prevent the occurrence of dramatic failures and in case where a failure would develop to retard the progression of a potentially disastrous event and to give extra time for taking again the control of the failed system. Ultimately, if a failure cannot be avoided, DiD also contributes to mitigate the consequences and to attenuate the negative impacts of the failure.


title: Defence in depth

text: Defence-in-Depth is required to guarantee the robustness of vital systems, "e.g." in nuclear technologies and for aerospace systems where safety is critical. The DiD approach can be applied to any sensitive technology: submarines and naval systems, biotechnology, pharmaceutic industry, informatics, bank and financial systems, etc.


title: Defence in depth

text: In nature, the immune system of most evolved organisms also appeals to multiple lines of defence in case a pathogen would defeat the first line of defence of cells, tissues and organs.


title: Defence in depth

text: The robustness of the scientific method also relies on multiple lines of evidence and multiple lines of reasoning: strong claims require strong and multiple evidence. The repeatability and the reproducibility of experimental and calculations results are essential to guarantee their robustness and correctness. This associated with the scientific questioning and a constant interrogative attitude is at the core of the self-correcting process guiding the science.


title: Defence in depth

text: Academics from Oxford University's Future of Humanity Institute also applied the concept of defence in depth to designing strategies for the prevention of existential catastrophes, especially those involving human extinction.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: Anna Mouglalis (; born 26 April 1978) is a French actress and model. She is known for being a house ambassador for Chanel since 2002, and for portraying the fashion designer Coco Chanel in the 2009 film "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky", and actress Paula Maxa in the 2018 film "The Most Assassinated Woman in the World".


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: Mouglalis was born in Fréjus, Var, to a French mother and a Greek father. She spent her youth in the Var "département", before moving back to Nantes with her family. Her father is a doctor and her mother is a physical therapist.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: Until 2001 Mouglalis studied at the Conservatoire National Supérieur d'Art Dramatique de Paris (CNSAD) under the direction of Daniel Mesguich. In addition to her native French, she speaks fluent English, Italian, and Spanish, and understands Greek to a limited extent.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: In 1997, she had begun an acting career in "La Nuit du Titanic", played in Paris. In the same year she was chosen by Francis Girod for the film "Terminal". In 2000 she co-starred with Isabelle Huppert in Claude Chabrol's "Merci pour le chocolat". After appearing in "Novo" (2002) by Jean Pierre Limosin, she was cast by Roberto Andò for the thriller "Sotto falso nome". In 2003, she played in "La Maladie de la mort," a film in black and white by first-time director Asa Mader, which previewed at the Venice Film Festival. In this same year, she co-starred in a Greek film, called "Real Life" ("Alithini Zoi"), directed by Panos Koutras. In 2005 she took part in two Italian movies: "Romanzo criminale", directed by Michele Placido, and "Mare buio", where she was featured alongside Luigi Lo Cascio.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: In a TV movie called "Les Amants du Flore" and directed by Ilan Duran Cohen, Mouglalis played Simone de Beauvoir, with Jean-Paul Sartre played by co-star Lorànt Deutsch. Together they had a great public and critical triumph. Critics praised their portrayals of these literary figures, showing their romance and the birth of their careers.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: Along with her career as an actress, Mouglalis began a successful modelling career. In 2002 she was chosen by Karl Lagerfeld for the ad campaign for the Amateur Allure de Chanel perfume. He used her as one of his "muses," promoting Chanel bags, fine jewelry, and watches.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: Mouglalis was cast as Coco Chanel in the 2009 film "Coco Chanel & Igor Stravinsky", directed by Jan Kounen. The film was chosen to close the 2009 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: In 2018, she portrayed French actress Paula Maxa in the Netflix film "The Most Assassinated Woman in the World".


title: Anna Mouglalis

text: On 7 March 2007, she gave birth to her first child, a daughter named Saul, whom she had with French director Samuel Benchetrit.


title: Leadership style

text: A leadership style is a leader's method of providing direction, implementing plans, and motivating people. Various authors have proposed identifying many different leadership styles as exhibited by leaders in the political, business or other fields. Studies on leadership style are conducted in the military field, expressing an approach that stresses a holistic view of leadership, including how a leader's physical presence determines how others perceive that leader. The factors of physical presence in this context include military bearing, physical fitness, confidence, and resilience. A leader's conceptual abilities include agility, judgment, innovation, interpersonal tact, and domain knowledge. Leaders are characterized as individuals who have differential influence over the setting of goals, logistics for coordination, monitoring of effort, and rewards and punishment of group members. Domain knowledge encompasses tactical and technical knowledge as well as cultural and geopolitical awareness.


title: Leadership style

text: One of the key reasons why certain leadership styles are blocked with positive outcomes for employees and organizations is the extent to which they build follower trust in leaders. Trust in the leader has been linked to a range of leadership styles and evidence suggests that when followers trust their leaders they are more willing and able to go the extra mile to help their colleagues and organization. Trust also enables them to feel safe to speak up and share their ideas. In contrast, when a leader does not inspire trust, a follower’s performance may suffer as they must spend time and energy watching their backs.


title: Leadership style

text: Daniel Goleman (2000) in his article "Leadership that Gets Results" talks about six styles of leadership.


title: Leadership style

text: During the Covid-19, leadership styles are further developed through remote work. The development of leadership styles has led to increased efficiency and virtual team spirit in virtual teams.


title: Leadership style

text: The autocratic leadership style particularly emphasises the distinction between authoritarian leaders and their followers. These types of leaders make sure to create only a distinct professional relationship. They regard direct supervision as fundamental in maintaining a successful environment and followership. Authoritarian leadership styles often follow the vision of those that are in control, and may not necessarily be compatible with those that are being led. Authoritarian leaders focus on efficiency, potentially seeing other styles, such as a democratic style, as a hindrance to progress. Examples of authoritarian leadership include a police officer directing traffic, a teacher ordering a student to do their assignment, and a supervisor instructing a subordinate to clean a workstation. All of these positions require a distinct set of characteristics that give the leader the position to get things in order or to get a point across. Authoritarian traits include: setting goals individually, engaging primarily in one-way and downward communication, controlling discussion with followers, and dominating interactions.


title: Leadership style

text: Several studies have confirmed a relationship between bullying, on the one hand, and an autocratic leadership and an authoritarian way of settling conflicts or dealing with disagreements, on the other. An authoritarian style of leadership may create a climate of fear, leaving little or no room for dialogue, and where subordinates may regard complaining as futile. As such, authoritarian styles have sometimes been associated with reduced group-member satisfaction as compared to that in more democratic leadership styles.


title: Leadership style

text: Authoritarian leadership became trendy for a period in the inter-war years - witness for example Stalin, Mussolini and Pilsudski.


title: Leadership style

text: Paternalistic leadership is useful in advocacy and advocating on behalf of another. A paternalistic leader acts as a parental figure by taking care of their subordinates as a parent would. In this style of leadership, the leader supplies complete concern for their followers or workers. In return they receive the complete trust and loyalty of their people. Workers under this style of leadership are expected to become totally committed to what the leader believes and will forego opportunities to work independently. The relationship between these co-workers and leader are extremely solid. The workers are expected to stay with a company for a longer period of time because of the loyalty and trust. Not only do they treat each other like family inside the work force, but outside too. These workers are able to go to each other with any problems they have because they believe it will truly help them.


title: Leadership style

text: One of the downsides to a paternalistic leader is that the leader could start to play favorites in decisions. This leader would include the workers more apt to follow and start to exclude the ones who were less loyal. According to Padavic and Earnest, authors of "Business Dimensional and Organizational Counseling", paternalism is more difficult to come by in today's market. They believe this because there is a rise in lay-offs and stronger unionization. This affects paternalistic leaders because the co-workers may not believe that their jobs are 100% ensured. When this happens, workers begin to look for bigger and better job opportunities instead of staying at one company for a longer period of time. Because of this, the leader may not fully believe an employee staying with their organization when another job opportunity is discussed. This could put the workers and leader at risk for a bad situation.


title: Leadership style

text: According to B. M. Bass, who wrote "Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectations", workers who follow paternalistic leadership also have better organization skills. The leader encourages organization because they allow the workers to complete tasks so that they can stay on top of their work. The workers complete tasks this boosts self-confidence and it makes them work harder to reach a goal and exceed the goal to prove to their boss they are working hard. Having this style of leadership can also help implement a reward system. This system will allow their workers to work even better because there is something for them at the end of the tunnel. While doing this they will also be able to accomplish more work in a set time frame.


title: Leadership style

text: Even though paternalistic leadership style is practiced in majority of places such as India, South east Asia, Middle East and Africa, there hasn't been concrete empirical research on the implications of this leadership style due to the pre-conceived negative notions of the Western Literature. These negative notions arise due to differences in the intrinsic cultural aspects defined by Geert Hofstede's study (1980). He stated that North American and Western European countries classify themselves as an individualistic culture that is centred around the principles of egalitarianism, lack of in-group interdependence, direct communication and low power distance. Therefore, from a western perspective, the authoritative aspects of paternalism are not accepted innately whereas the parental aspect of this leadership style is looked upon as an invasion of privacy as personal and professional lives are two separate facets of life. On the other hand, paternalistic leadership style is quite effective and successful in non-western cultures which are collectivistic in nature as these societies look up to their leaders as a fatherly figure and rely upon him for guidance and protection in return of deference and loyalty, thereby aligning with the principles of paternalistic style.


title: Leadership style

text: It is essential that extensive research be initiated, from a Non-Western point of view to understand the implications of this leadership style on social, cultural and organisational metrics without any negative bias. This would help in better comprehension of factors which lead to successful leaders and organisations in emerging economies where paternalistic leadership style is practiced at large.


title: Leadership style

text: The democratic leadership style consists of the leader sharing the decision-making abilities with group members by promoting the interests of the group members and by practicing social equality.


title: Leadership style

text: The boundaries of democratic participation tend to be circumscribed by the organization or the group needs and the instrumental value of people's attributes (skills, attitudes, etc.). The democratic style encompasses the notion that everyone, by virtue of their human status, should play a part in the group's decisions. However, the democratic style of leadership still requires guidance and control by a specific leader. The democratic style demands the leader to make decisions on who should be called upon within the group and who is given the right to participate in, make, and vote on decisions.


title: Leadership style

text: Research has found that this leadership style is one of the most effective and creates higher productivity, better contributions from group members, and increased group morale. Democratic leadership can lead to better ideas and more creative solutions to problems because group members are encouraged to share their thoughts and ideas. While democratic leadership is one of the most effective leadership styles, it does have some potential downsides. In situations where roles are unclear or time is of the essence, democratic leadership can lead to communication failures and uncompleted projects. Democratic leadership works best in situations where group members are skilled and eager to share their knowledge. It is also important to have plenty of time to allow people to contribute, develop a plan, and then vote on the best course of action.


title: Leadership style

text: The laissez-faire leadership style is where all the rights and power to make decisions is fully given to the followers. This was first described by Lewin, Lippitt, and White in 1939, along with the autocratic leadership and the democratic leadership styles.


title: Leadership style

text: Laissez-faire leaders allow followers to have complete freedom to make decisions concerning the completion of their work. It allows followers a self-rule, while at the same time offering guidance and support when requested. The laissez-faire leader using guided freedom provides the followers with all materials necessary to accomplish their goals, but does not directly participate in decision making unless the followers request their assistance.


title: Leadership style

text: This leadership style has been associated with lower productivity than both autocratic and democratic styles of leadership and with lower group member satisfaction than democratic leadership. Some researchers have suggested that laissez-faire leadership can actually be considered non-leadership or leadership avoidance.


title: Leadership style

text: Transactional leaders focus their leadership on motivating followers through a system of rewards and punishments. There are two factors which form the basis for this system: Contingent reward; and management-by-exception.


title: Leadership style

text: This type of leader identifies the needs of their followers and gives rewards to satisfy those needs in exchange for a certain level of performance. Transactional leaders focus on increasing the efficiency of established routines and procedures. They are more concerned with following existing rules than with making changes to the organization. A transactional leader establishes and standardizes practices that will help the organization reach:


title: Leadership style

text: A survey was conducted by Jun Liu, Xiaoyu Liu and Xianju Zeng on the correlation between transactional leadership and how innovations can be affected by team emotions. The research was composed of 90 work teams, with a total of 460 members and 90 team leaders. The study found that there is a relationship between emotions, labor behavior and transactional leadership that affects the team. Depending on the level of emotions of the team; this can affect the transactional leader in a positive or negative way. Transactional leaders work better in teams where there is a lower level of emotions towards a project. This is because individuals are able to think freely when setting their emotions aside from their work and place all of their focus on a given task. From this, we gather that a transactional leader is negatively affected when the emotional level is high and positively affected when the emotional level is low.


title: Leadership style

text: Transactional leadership presents a form of strategic leadership that is important for the organization's development. Transactional leadership is essential for team innovativeness. A strategic orientation encompasses the ability to link long-term ambitions with daily tasks.


title: Leadership style

text: Advocates of transformational leadership portray the transformational leader as a type of person not limited by followers' perception. Advocates should strive to assist individuals in regaining and enhancing their ideas in an efficient and timely manner which requires leadership. The main objective is to work to "change" or "transform" their followers' "needs" and "redirect" their thinking. Leaders who follow the transformation style of leading, challenge and inspire their followers ideas with a sense of purpose and excitement.


title: Leadership style

text: Transformational leaders also create a vision of what they aspire to be, and communicate this idea to others (their followers). Schultz and Schultz identify three characteristics of a transformational leader:


title: Territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire

text: This is the territorial evolution of the Ottoman Empire during a timespan of seven centuries.Ottoman empire at its extent, for a shorter period of time, reached 4730000 miles, but soon declined to 2000000 miles.


text: The origins of the Ottomans can be traced back to the late 11th century when a few small Muslim emirates of Turkic origins and nomadic nature—called Beyliks—started to be found in different parts of Anatolia Their main role was to defend Seljuk border areas with the Byzantine Empire —a role reinforced by the migration of many Turks to Asia Minor. However, in 1073 and following the victory of the Sultanate of Rum over the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, Beyliks sought an opportunity to override the Seljuk authority and declare their own sovereignty openly.


text: While the Byzantine Empire was to continue for nearly another four centuries, and the Crusades would contest the issue for some time, the victory at Manzikert signalled the beginning of Turkic ascendancy in Anatolia. The subsequent weakening of the Byzantine Empire and the political rivalry between the Seljuk Sultanate of Rum and the Fatimids in Egypt and southern Syria were the main factors that helped the Beyliks take advantage of the situation and unite their principalities.


text: Among those principalities was a tribe called Söğüt, founded and led by Ertuğrul, which settled in the river valley of Sakarya. When Ertuğrul died c. 1280 his son Osman succeeded him, establishing the state which would go on to become the Ottoman Empire.


text: Murad I (nicknamed Hüdavendigâr, from Persian: خداوندگار, Khodāvandgār, "the devotee of God" – but meaning "sovereign" in this context) () (March or June 29, 1326, Sogut or Bursa  – June 28, 1389, Battle of Kosovo) () was the ruler of the Ottoman Empire, Sultan of Rûm, from 1359 to 1389. He was the son of Orhan I and the Valide Sultan Nilüfer Hatun (whose name means Water lily in Turkish), daughter of the Prince of Yarhisar or Byzantine Princess Helen (also named Nilüfer), who was of ethnic Greek descent and became the ruler following his father's death in 1359.


text: Mehmet II (Ottoman Turkish: محمد الثانى Meḥmed-i sānī, ), (also known as "el-Fatih" (الفاتح), "the Conqueror", in Ottoman Turkish), or, in modern Turkish, "Fatih Sultan Mehmet") (March 30, 1432, Edirne  – May 3, 1481, Hünkârcayırı, near Gebze) was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire (Rûm until the conquest) for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from February 1451 to 1481. At the age of 21, he conquered Constantinople (on Tuesday, 29 May 1453), bringing an end to the Byzantine Empire.


text: Selim I (Ottoman Turkish: سليم اوّل, Modern Turkish: "I. Selim") also known as "the Grim" or "the Brave", or the best translation "the Stern", "Yavuz" in Turkish, the long name is "Yavuz Sultan Selim"; (1470/1 – September 22, 1520) was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to 1520.


text: Selim carried the empire to the leadership of the Sunni branch of Islam by his conquest of the Middle East. He represents a sudden change in the expansion policy of the empire, which before his reign had mostly worked against the West and the Beyliks. On the eve of his death in 1520, the Ottoman empire spanned almost (trebling during Selim's reign). These included some dependent, vassal states such as like Walachia from 1396, Crimea Khanate from 1475, Moldavia from 1501


text: Suleiman I ( "Süleymān", ; almost always "Kanuni Sultan Süleyman") (6 November 1494  – 5/6/7 September 1566), was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. Suleiman became a prominent monarch of 16th century Europe and personally led Ottoman armies to conquer Belgrade and Rhodes, as well as most of Hungary. In 1541 he annexed central Hungary and Transylvania became an Ottoman vassal. The Ottoman Empire had a territorial size of ~19.9 million km² (7.6 million sq mi). However, the rest of the Kingdom of Hungary, including western and northern (Upper) Hungary and Croatia, was still in Habsburg possession. Suleiman also conquered Iraq in his conflict with the Safavid dynasty. Under his rule, the Ottoman fleet dominated the seas from the Mediterranean to the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf. Places which make up modern day Kuwait, Saudi Arabia and Qatar came under the control of the Ottomans.


text: The Treaty of Zohab (or the Treaty of Qasr-e-Shirin) was an accord signed between Safavid Persia and the Ottoman Empire on May 17, 1639. This accord ended the war that had begun in 1623 and was the last conflict in almost 150 years of intermittent wars between the two states over territorial disputes. The treaty divided territories in the Middle East by granting Yerevan in the southern Caucasus to Iran and all of Mesopotamia (including Baghdad) to the Ottomans.


text: In 1672 the Ottomans under Sultan Muhammad IV and Grand Vizier Fazıl Ahmad Pasha conquered Podolia from the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


text: The Treaty of Bakhchisarai was signed in Bakhchisaray after the on January 3, 1681 by Russia, the Ottoman Empire, and the Crimean Khanate. They agreed to a 20-year truce and had accepted the Dnieper River as the demarcation line between the Ottoman Empire and Moscow's domain. All sides agreed not to settle the territory between the Southern Buh and Dnieper rivers. After the signing of the treaty, the Nogai hordes still retained the right to live as nomads in the southern steppes of Ukraine, while the Cossacks retained the right to fish in the Dnieper and its tributaries; to obtain salt in the south; and to sail on the Dnieper and the Black Sea. The sultan then recognized Muscovy's sovereignty in the Left-bank Ukraine region and the Zaporozhian Cossack domain, while the southern part of the Kiev region, the Bratslav region, and Podolia were left under Ottoman control. The 1683 battle of Vienna effectively ended Ottoman threats towards Central Europe, even though the empire remained strong in the Balkans for another hundred years. In the battle of Párkány the Ottoman lost the city of Esztergom.


text: The Treaty (Peace) of Karlowitz (Karlovci) was signed on January 26, 1699 in Sremski Karlovci (Serbian Cyrillic: Сремски Карловци, Croatian: "Srijemski Karlovci", German: "Karlowitz", Turkish: "Karlofça", Hungarian: "Karlóca"), a town in modern-day Serbia, concluding the Austro-Ottoman War of 1683–1697 in which the Ottoman side had finally been defeated at the Battle of Zenta.


text: Following a two-month congress between the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Holy League of 1684, a coalition of various European powers including the Habsburg Monarchy, the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Republic of Venice and Peter I's Alekseyevich (later known as The Great) Muscovite Russia, largely due to claims of being a self-professed defender of the Christian Slavs, a treaty was signed on January 26, 1699. The Ottomans ceded most of Hungary, Transylvania and Slavonia to Austria while Podolia returned to Poland. Most of Dalmatia passed to Venice, along with the Morea (the peninsula) and Crete, which the Ottomans regained in the Treaty of Passarowitz of 1718.


text: The Treaty of Passarowitz or Treaty of Požarevac was the peace treaty signed in Požarevac (Serbian Cyrillic: Пожаревац, German: "Passarowitz", Turkish: "Pasarofça", Hungarian: "Pozsarevác"), a town in modern Serbia, on July 21, 1718 between the Ottoman Empire on one side and the Habsburg monarchy of Austria and the Republic of Venice on the other.


text: During the years 1714–1718, the Ottomans had been successful against Venice in Greece and Crete, but had been defeated at Petrovaradin (1716) by the Austrian troops of Prince Eugene of Savoy.


text: The treaty reflected the military situation. The Ottoman Empire lost the Banat of Temeswar, over a half of the territory of Serbia (from Belgrade to south of Kruševac), a tiny strip of northern Bosnia and Lesser Walachia (Oltenia) to Austria. Venice lost its possessions on the Peloponnesus peninsula and on Crete, gained by the Treaty of Karlowitz, retaining only the Ionian Islands, cities of Preveza and Arta and Dalmatia. Northern Bosnia, Serbia including Belgrade and Lesser Walachia were regained by Ottoman Empire in 1739 by the Treaty of Belgrade.


text: The Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca (also spelled "Kuchuk Kainarji") was signed on July 21, 1774, in Küçük Kaynarca, Dobruja (today Kaynardzha, Silistra Province, Bulgaria) between the Russian Empire (represented by Field-Marshal Rumyantsev) and the Ottoman Empire after the Ottoman Empire was defeated in the Russo-Turkish War of 1768–1774.


text: The treaty was by far the most humiliating blow to the once-mighty Ottoman realm. The Ottomans ceded the part of the Yedisan region between the Dnieper and Southern Bug rivers to Russia. This territory included the port of Kherson and gave the Russian Empire its first direct access to the Black Sea. The treaty also gave Russia the Crimean ports of Kerch and Enikale and the Kabarda region in the Caucasus.


text: The Ottomans also lost the , to which they were forced to grant independence. The Khanate, while nominally independent, was dependent on Russia and was formally annexed into the Russian Empire in 1783. The treaty also granted Russia several non-geographic items. It eliminated restrictions over Russian access to the Azov Sea (the 1739 Treaty of Belgrade had given Russia territory adjacent to the Azov Sea but had prohibited it from fortifying the area or using the sea for shipping.)


text: The , signed at Jassy (Iaşi) in Moldavia (presently in Romania), was a pact between the Russian and Ottoman Empires ending the Russo-Turkish War of 1787–92 and confirming Russia's increasing dominance in the Black Sea. The treaty was signed on January 9, 1792 by Grand Vizier Yusuf-Pasha and Prince Bezborodko (who had succeeded Prince Potemkin as the head of the Russian delegation when Potemkin died). The treaty recognized Russia's 1783 annexation of the Crimean Khanate and transferred to Russia making the Dniester the Russo-Turkish frontier in Europe, and leaving the Asiatic frontier (Kuban River) to the East.


text: Led by Napoleon Bonaparte in 1798 France invaded Egypt. While forced to leave in 1800, they had a great social impact on the country and its culture.


text: The Turks struggle to hold onto Egypt against a civil war between the Albanians, Mamelukes, and Turks.


text: The between the Ottoman Empire and the Russian Empire, was signed on May 28, 1812 in Bucharest at the end of the Russo-Turkish War, 1806-1812. Under its terms, the Prut River became the border between the two empires, thus leaving Bessarabia under Russian rule. Also, Russia obtained trading rights on the Danube. A truce was signed with the rebelling Serbs and autonomy given to Serbia. The treaty, signed by the Russian commander Mikhail Kutuzov, was ratified by Alexander I of Russia just one day before Napoleon launched his invasion of Russia.


text: The Second Serbian Uprising (1815–1817) was a second phase of the Serbian revolution against the Ottoman Empire, which erupted shortly after the re-annexation of the country to the Ottoman Empire, in 1813. The occupation was enforced following the defeat of the First Serbian Uprising (1804–1813), during which Serbia existed as a "de facto" independent state for over a decade. The second revolution ultimately resulted in Serbian semi-independence from the Ottoman Empire. Principality of Serbia was established, governed by its own Parliament, Constitution and its own royal dynasty. "De jure" independence followed during the second half of the 19th century.


text: But another, more serious matter enraged the Dey. France had the commercial concession of a stockhouse in La Calle, and, by the intermediary of its representative Deval, had engaged itself not to fortify it. However, Paris did not respect its engagements. The Dey first requested explanations by sending a letter to the French government, who chose not to respond to him. Thus, the Dey orally asked the reasons behind this disrespect of their conventions to the French consul, who refused to respond to him.


text: The Dey responded to French disdain by hitting the consul Deval with his fan on April 30, 1827. This led to the rupture of diplomatic relations between France and the Dey, although the financial dealings between Deval and the Bacri-Busnach, as well as the Calle fortifications affairs were the real causes of the hostility.


text: Thereafter, the government of Charles X (1824–1830) took the "fan affair" (""l'affaire de l'éventail"") as a pretext to invade Algeria and castigate the Dey for his "impudence." The French consul and residents took off for France, while the Minister of War, Clermont-Tonnerre, proposed a military expedition. The ultra-royalist Count of Villèle, President of the Council, and the monarch's heir opposed themselves to it. The Restoration finally decided to blockade Algiers for three years. But the important tonnage of French ships forced them to keep away from the coasts, while the Barbary pilots could easily exploit the geography of the coast. Before the failure of the blockade, the Restoration decided on January 31, 1830 to engage a military expedition against Algiers.


text: The French troops took the advantage on June 19, during the battle of Staoueli, and entered in Algiers on July 5, 1830, after a three-week campaign. The Dey Hussein accepted capitulation in exchange of his freedom and the offer to retain possession of his personal wealth. Five days later, he exiled himself with his family, on board of a French ship heading for the Italian peninsula, then under the control of the Austrian Empire. 2,500 janissaries also quit the Algerian territories, heading for Asia, on July 11. After 313 years of occupation, the Ottomans abandoned the Regency in Algiers and therefore the administration of the country, which they had taken care of since 1517.


text: The (1853–1856) was fought between Imperial Russia on one side and an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Kingdom of Sardinia, and the Ottoman Empire on the other. Most of the conflict took place on the Crimean Peninsula, with additional actions occurring in western Turkey, the Baltic Sea region and Kamchatka.


text: On February 5, 1862 (January 24, Old Style) the two principalities of Moldavia and were formally united to form Romania, with Bucharest as its capital.


text: Ending the the Treaty of Berlin was the final Act of the Congress of Berlin (June 13 – July 13, 1878), by which the United Kingdom, Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the Ottoman Empire under Abdul Hamid II revised the Treaty of San Stefano signed on March 3, of the same year.


text: The treaty recognized the complete independence of the principalities of Romania, Serbia and Montenegro and the autonomy of Bulgaria, though the latter remained under formal Ottoman overlordship and was divided between the Principality of Bulgaria and the autonomous province of Eastern Rumelia. The Western Great Powers immediately rejected the Treaty of San Stefano: they feared that a large Slavic country in the Balkans would serve Russian interests. Most of northern Thrace was included in the autonomous region of Eastern Rumelia, whereas the rest of Thrace and all of Macedonia were returned under the sovereignty of the Ottomans.


text: On the other hand, between 1840-1880 period; Ottoman vassal-Khedivate of Egypt and Ottoman troops conquered Soudan,some parts of Ethiophia, Eritrea and Northern Somalia. They co-administrated these places.


text: With Egypt heading towards bankruptcy, the United Kingdom seized control of Egypt's government in 1882 to protect its financial interests, especially those in the Suez Canal. Shortly after its political intervention, Britain sent troops into Alexandria and the Canal Zone, taking advantage of Egypt's weak military. With the defeat of the Egyptian army at the , British troops reached Cairo, eliminated the nationalist government and disbanded the Egyptian military. Technically, Egypt remained an Ottoman province until 1914, when Britain formally declared a protectorate over Egypt and deposed Egypt's last khedive, Abbas II. His uncle, Husayn Kamil, was appointed as Sultan in his place. But in reality Egypt and Soudan was lost to the Turks.


text: After that, Britain involved to Mehdis War in Soudan. In 3 years time, Ottoman Empire lost all co-administrated territories with Egypt in Africa such as North Somalia, Eritrea and Northern Ethiopia. The last only remnant Ottoman territory in Africa was "Ottoman Tripolitania."


text: The Young Turk revolution resulted in the loss of the Ottoman province of Bosnia-Herzegovina to Austria-Hungary, which at any rate had militarily occupied the region since 1878. Moreover, the tributary Principality of Bulgaria declared independence from the Ottoman Empire. Bulgaria simultaneously annexed the autonomous Ottoman Province of Eastern Rumelia (of which the Prince of Bulgaria had been Governor-General since 1885). Thus was Bulgaria lost to the Ottomans after more than 500 years of continuous rule.


text: The Italo-Turkish or (also known in Italy as "guerra di Libia", "the Libyan war", and in Turkey as "Trablusgarp Savaşı") was fought between the Ottoman Empire and Italy from September 29, 1911 to October 18, 1912. Italy seized the Ottoman provinces of and , together forming what became known as Libya.There was no longer any Ottoman territory left in Africa. Following the First Balkan War, the Autonomous Principality of Samos, an Ottoman tributary state, was annexed to Greece in November 1912. See figure, right.


text: Italy also gained the primarily Greek-speaking Dodecanese archipelago near Anatolia, including the Isle of Rhodes. See figure, below.


text: The Balkan Wars were two wars in Southeast Europe in 1912–1913 in the course of which the Balkan League (Bulgaria, Montenegro, Greece, and Serbia) first conquered Ottoman-held Macedonia, Albania and most of Thrace and then fell out over the division of the spoils. In the First Balkan War, the Ottomans lost practically all of their remaining territory in Europe, with the exception of Constantinople and its immediate environs. In the Second Balkan War, they recaptured some land to the north and west up to Adrianople (Edirne), comprising modern-day East Thrace.


text: After the Second Balkan War, the Ottomans were removed from and there was a possibility of some of the lands being absorbed by Serbia and the southern tip by Greece. This decision angered the Italians, who did not want Serbia to have an extended coastline, and it also angered the Austro-Hungarians, who did not want a powerful Serbia on their southern border. Despite Serbian, Montenegrin, and Greek occupation forces on the ground, and under immense pressure from Austria-Hungary, it was decided that the country should not be divided but instead consolidated into the Principality of Albania. In the aftermath of the Balkan wars, Crete joined Greece on December 1, 1913.


text: Ibn Saud completed his conquest of the Nejd and the eastern coast of Arabia in 1912 and in 1913 took Al-Hasa from Ottomans who had controlled the area since 1871.


text: Following the Ottoman declaration of war on the Allies in November 1914, Britain formally annexed Cyprus, which it had occupied since 1878. Egypt (along with the Sudan) also finally ceased to be de jure Ottoman territory at the same time, being elevated to a Sultanate.


text: The Treaty of Sèvres (August 10, 1920) was the peace treaty between the Ottoman Empire and Allies at the end of World War I. The Treaty of Versailles was signed with Germany before this treaty to annul the German concessions including the economic rights and enterprises. Also, France, Great Britain and Italy signed a secret "Tripartite Agreement" at the same date. The Tripartite Agreement confirmed Britain's oil and commercial concessions and turned the former German enterprises in the Ottoman Empire over to a Tripartite corporation. The open negotiations covered a period of more than fifteen months, beginning at the Paris Peace Conference. The negotiations continued at the Conference of London, and took definite shape only after the premiers' meeting at the San Remo conference in April 1920. France, Italy, and Great Britain, however, had secretly begun the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire as early as 1915. The delay was due to the fact that the powers could not come to an agreement which, in turn, hinged on the outcome of the Turkish national movement. The Treaty of Sèvres was annulled in the course of the Turkish War of Independence and the parties signed and ratified the superseding Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.


text: The Treaty of Lausanne (July 24, 1923) was a peace treaty signed in Lausanne, Switzerland, that settled the Anatolian and East Thracian parts of the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire by annulment of the Treaty of Sèvres (1920) that was signed by the Istanbul-based Ottoman government; as the consequence of the Turkish War of Independence between the Allies of World War I and the Ankara-based Grand National Assembly of Turkey (Turkish national movement) led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. Several provisions of the Lausanne Treaty support the continuity between the Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. The Treaty of Lausanne led to the international recognition of the sovereignty of the new Republic of Turkey as the successor of the Ottoman Empire.


title: Liver (food)

text: The liver of mammals, fowl, and fish is commonly eaten as food by humans (see offal). Pork, lamb, veal, beef, chicken, goose, and cod livers are widely available from butchers and supermarkets while stingray and burbot livers are common in some European countries.


title: Liver (food)

text: Animal livers are rich in iron, copper, the B vitamins and preformed vitamin A. Daily consumption of liver can be harmful; for instance, vitamin A toxicity has been proven to cause medical issues to babies born of pregnant mothers who consumed too much vitamin A. A single serving of beef liver exceeds the tolerable upper intake level of vitamin A. 100 g cod liver contains 5 mg of vitamin A and 100 µg of vitamin D. Liver contains large amounts of vitamin B, and this was one of the factors that led to the discovery of the vitamin.


title: Liver (food)

text: From Middle English liver, from Old English , from Proto-Germanic , from Proto-Indo-European "to smear, smudge, stick", from Proto-Indo-European - "to be slimy, be sticky, glide". Cognate with Saterland Frisian "liver", West Frisian "liver", Dutch "liver", German "liver", Danish , Norwegian and Swedish language lever "liver" the last three from Old Norse "liver".


title: Liver (food)

text: In the Romance languages, the anatomical word for "liver" (French , Italian , Spanish , etc.) derives not from the Latin anatomical term, , but from the culinary term , literally "stuffed with figs," referring to the livers of geese that had been fattened on figs (foie gras).


title: Liver (food)

text: Liver can be baked, boiled, broiled, fried, stir-fried, or eaten raw ("asbeh nayeh" or "sawda naye" in Lebanese cuisine, liver sashimi). In many preparations, pieces of liver are combined with pieces of meat or kidneys, like in the various forms of Middle Eastern mixed grill (e.g. "meurav Yerushalmi"). Spreads or pâtés made from liver have various names, including liver pâté, pâté de foie gras, chopped liver, liverwurst, liver spread, and Braunschweiger. Other liver sausages include mazzafegato or salsiccia matta. A traditional South African delicacy, namely skilpadjies, is made of minced lamb's liver wrapped in "netvet" (caul fat), and grilled over an open fire.


title: Liver (food)

text: Some fish livers are valued as food, especially the stingray liver. It is used to prepare delicacies, such as poached skate liver on toast in England, as well as the "beignets de foie de raie" and "foie de raie en croute" in French cuisine. Cod liver (usually tinned in its oil and served seasoned) is a popular spread for bread or toast in several European countries. In Russia, it is served with potatoes. Cod liver oil is commonly used as a dietary supplement. Liver of burbot is eaten in Finland: it is common for fish vendors and supermarket fish aisles to sell these fish with liver and roe sacks still attached. These parts are often eaten boiled or added to burbot soup. Burbot and its liver are a traditional winter food.


title: Liver (food)

text: The livers of polar bears, walruses, bearded seals, moose, and huskies can contain very high levels of preformed vitamin A, and their consumption has led to vitamin A poisoning (hypervitaminosis A) according to several anecdotal reports. The Inuit will not eat the liver of polar bears or bearded seals. It has been estimated that consumption of 500 grams of polar bear liver would result in a toxic dose for a human. Russian sailor Alexander Konrad, who accompanied explorer Valerian Albanov in a tragic ordeal over the Arctic ice in 1912, wrote about the awful effects of consuming polar bear liver. Also, in 1913, Antarctic explorers on the Far Eastern Party Douglas Mawson and Xavier Mertz were believed to have been poisoned, the latter fatally, from eating husky liver, though this has been contested recently.


title: Liver (food)

text: Mercury content in some species can also be an issue. In 2012, the Government of Nunavut warned pregnant women to lower their intake of ringed seal liver due to elevated levels of mercury.


title: Liver (food)

text: The neurotoxin in the liver of the pufferfish (which is consumed in Japanese cuisine as fugu, tightly regulated by Japanese law) contains the highest concentration of the tetrodotoxin, which characterizes the species. Consequently, the liver has been illegal to serve since 1984.


title: Liver (food)

text: Pig liver is a traditional food of immigrant Okinawans in Hawaii. It used to be eaten on New Year's Eve.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: Ramayya Vasthavayya () is a 2013 Indian Telugu-language action film written and directed by Harish Shankar. It was produced by Dil Raju and stars N. T. Rama Rao Jr., Shruti Haasan and Samantha Ruth Prabhu. The soundtrack was composed by S. Thaman while the cinematography was handled by Chota K. Naidu. The film released worldwide on 11 October 2013 to mixed reviews from critics who criticized its storyline. The film performed poorly at the box office.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: The film starts with Musallapadu Nagabhushanam (Mukesh Rishi) arranging his daughter's marriage, but two men (Ajay and Bharani) try to kill him. He manages to escape.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: The film shifts to Hyderabad where Nandu (N. T. Rama Rao Jr.), a jovial student, lives with his parents (Tanikella Bharani) and (Pragathi). He falls for Akarsha (Samantha Ruth Prabhu), who gets irritated by him. He gets her college address by his new topper neighbour Asha Jyothi (Vidyullekha Raman) by blackmailing her. As his plan fails, he gets closer to her grandmother Baby Shalini (Rohini Hattangadi). Akarsha slowly starts to fall for him. Four of them leave to Akarsha's sister's marriage, who is revealed to be Nagabhushanam's daughter.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: At the wedding, Nagabhushanam is attacked. To save himself, Nagabhushanam asks Nandu for help. Eventually, Nandu kills him, asking him to remember a mysterious girl Ammulu at Adityapuram.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: After the murder, Nandu makes sure that no clues are left at the spot. Police officer Avinash (Rao Ramesh), who is investigating the case, finds that Nandu is behind those killings. When Avinash tries to arrest Nandu, he kidnaps Akarsha at gunpoint and escapes the arrest. When she asks him why he murdered her father, he reveals his past. Nandu's real name is Ramu, who felt in love with Ammulu (Shruti Haasan), who lives in a village named Adityapuram and later gains her love too, and his parents and her parents. The unknown killers are Ramu's elder brothers. Their families also accept for their marriage. Nagabhushanam, along with Home Minister Umapathi (Kota Srinivasa Rao) and his son Bhikshapathi (P. Ravi Shankar), plans to grab a land that was very fertile. Bhikshapathi is a womanizer and lusts over Ammulu when she confronts him. When he misbehaves with her, he is attacked by Ramu, which makes them rivals. The trio resort to lot of bloodshed and finally grab the land and share among themselves.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: Later, Ammulu and Ramu's marriage is fixed by her parents and Ramu's grandfather Raja Rao Bahadur Ramchandra Naidu (Nagineedu). During the preparations, Nagabhushanam's son Vicky (Bharath Raju) and some more goons attack on Ammulu. Nagabhushanam's son kills Ammulu, and Ramu loses her and his near and dear ones. He migrates to Hyderabad and changes his name to Nandu. He also tells that he had only killed Akarsha's brother and leaves her safely at her home through his friends. Ramu and his brothers killed Nagabhushanam to lure Bhikshapathi out of hiding. In order to seek revenge, through a girl (Hamsa Nandini), Ramu plans to invite Bhikshapathi to a youth fest as the chief guest. Bhikshapathi lusts at her and accepts to attend. There, he sees Ramu and plans to attack him with his henchmen, but he escapes. Later, he informs Bhikshapathi that he kidnapped Umapathi and challenges him to face him at Adityapuram. Ramu reminds Bhikshapathi about Ammulu's death and kills him with a plough. Umapathi doesn't bear to see this and dies because of heart attack. The film ends with Nandu starting a trust in the name of his mother in the village and Akarsha teaching the children there.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: Harish Shankar announced his project with N. T. Rama Rao Jr. which was said to be produced by politician Kodali Nani. Due to political differences between them, Dil Raju replaced Kodali Nani as the film's producer on Sri Venkateswara Creations banner. The movie was officially announced by Harish Shankar in July 2012 and revealed that the project would start once N. T. Rama Rao Jr. completes his part for "Baadshah". The titles "MLA: Manchi Lakshanalu unna Abbai" and "Jana Gana Mana" were speculated as the film's titles which were later ruled out by Dil Raju and said that the movie does not have a title yet. On 18 October 2012 the film's muhurtham and pooja ceremony were held in Dil Raju's office in Hyderabad. Chota K. Naidu and S. Thaman were announced as the cinematographer and music director respectively. Ramesh Reddy and Sathish Vegnesha provided the screenplay while Gautham Raju was selected as the editor.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: Harish Shankar announced that there would be two female leads in the film and Tamannaah was rumored as one of them. Later Samantha was selected as the main female lead. Meanwhile, it was known that N. T. Rama Rao Jr. would be seen as a college student. Shruti Hassan was selected as the second female lead. Harish planned no combination scenes for both the female leads in this film and forgone his extra remuneration for casting both of them. She later confirmed it to be a special character with less length adding that it was a cameo appearance. P. Ravishankar was selected to play the role of main villain recognizing his fantastic performance in negative roles in Kannada movies. Vidyullekha Raman was selected to play the role of N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s friend which was said to be a crucial one. Hamsa Nandini was selected for an item number in the film.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: Principal photography began on 4 January 2013 in Hyderabad. The first schedule lasted for 9 days and ended on 13 January 2013. Shruti Haasan started working on this movie on 26 March 2013 and many vital scenes on herself and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. were shot. In late June, Samantha rejoined the film's sets in Hyderabad after returning from Europe. The film shoot had a night schedule where the scenes were canned till 5:30 AM. Few wedding scenes were shot at Sierra Garden and Friendly Line areas of Ramoji Film City. A song was shot at Annapurna Studios on N. T. Rama Rao Jr. The climax was shot in August 2013 at Hyderabad and 1000 Junior Artists joined the scene. 1 day talkie shoot and 3 songs were left to be shot. Out of 3, 2 songs were planned to shoot in Spain. A song on Hamsa Nandini and N. T. Rama Rao Jr. was shot at Annapoorna Studios on whose completion the filming ended.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: The film was planned for a release on 27 September 2013 to coincide with the 12th anniversary of N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s first blockbuster "Student No.1". It was postponed to 11 October 2013 due to political Disturbances prevailing in the state. The film was awarded an 'A' certificate by Central Board of Film Certification due to some heavy action sequences without any cuts and 1200 screens were locked globally. Lorgan Entertainment distributed the film in Australia. My3 Movies distributed the film in USA. A Malayalam Dubbed Version Named Sarvadhipan was released later.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: The film's first look poster was unveiled on 20 April 2013 which also confirmed the film's title. The film's teaser was unveiled on 20 May 2013 to coincide with N. T. Rama Rao Jr.'s birthday. A video teaser of the song "Jabilli Nuvve Cheppamma" was released on 30 August 2014 which became an instant hit receiving 1.2 million views and about 10,000 likes in five days of its release in YouTube. On 17 September 2013 Harish Shankar posted the making video of the song "Neneppudaina Anukunnana" on YouTube and spoke about its filming. The film's theatrical trailer was released on 21 September 2013.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: Aditya Videos released the DVD and Blu-ray of the film in India and an online version was uploaded by them in YouTube on 20 February 2014. The film's satellite rights were acquired by Zee Telugu for an undisclosed price. The film's worldwide television premiere happened on 16 March 2014. The film's overseas DVD was released in NTSC format on 21 March 2014 by Bhavani Videos while the Blu-ray Disc released two days later. The film's official online release in YouTube received a tremendous response. It received 1.2 million views in two days and increased day by day, becoming highly successful online.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: "The Times of India" wrote "The film is packaged entirely around its hero with NTR looking uber cool and as stylish as ever. He got into the skin of the character and has delivered a fantastic performance to shoulder the film. All in all, Ramayya Vasthavayya's first half is a fun-ride as you see NTR in his elements. However, the second half could be a disappointment." "The Hindu" wrote "Until a few minutes before the interval, you’re left looking beneath the surface of the comedy, songs and romance to see what the film is trying to communicate to you. And post interval, when the film takes you into a rural hamlet and recalls an ill-fated past followed by revenge, there’s way too much bloodshed that leaves you numb. Watch this film if you are an NTR fan." "Sify" wrote "Can watch it for its first half and for NTR. Other than that, the movie is just another routine revenge drama that fails to impress" and rated it 2.75/5. "IANS" called the film "a hero-worshipping, fan-appealing film that gets almost everything in the book of filmmaking wrong" in its review.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: "123telugu" stated "Ramayya Vasthavayya is a stylish mass entertainer that showcases all of NTR’s abilities very well. The superb first half is a big asset. A predictable and below par second half is a slight let down. However, the film should work well at the Box Office and NTR's fans will be a delighted lot" and rated the film 3.25/5. "Oneindia Entertainment" stated "Ramayya Vasthavayya is purely a mass masala entertainer that will impress all classes of audiences. Junior NTR's acting, Harish [sic] direction, Shruti Haasan's glamour and Thaman's music stand out in the film. It is a brilliant treat from Dil Raju team." "IndiaGlitz" wrote "In telling an outdated and damn predictable story, Harish Shankar S committed one blunder after another. His only trump card was a romantic NTR, who is seen imitating Dev Anand here and Victory Venkatesh there. A paper-thin storyline is the least of Ramayya's imperfections. Too much violence in the second half rips it of entertainment value" and rated the film 2.75/5.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: "Ramayya Vasthavayya" opened to packed houses with 90% to 100% occupancy in single screens and multiplexes. The film grossed approximately in Nizam, in Ceded, in Nellore, in Guntur, in Krishna, in West, in East, in Uttarandhra, in Karnataka, from rest of India and in Overseas on its first day taking its global first day total to . The film stood in the third spot in the list of Telugu cinema with the highest first-day share in Andhra Pradesh with "Attarintiki Daredi" and "Baadshah" standing in the first two spots. However the film's collections dropped significantly on its second day except in Guntur, Nellore, Ceded and Karnataka regions while a lukewarm response was observed at the USA box office.


title: Ramayya Vasthavayya

text: After collecting on its second day, it showed improvement in its third day by collecting taking its three-day AP share to and in four days due to Dusherra holiday. In its first week the film collected a worldwide share of but failed to surpass "Attarintiki Daredi" which collected a worldwide share of in its first week. Trade experts opined that the film's business would be closed soon due to the successful run of "Attarintiki Daredi". In its full run, the film collected a worldwide share of and performed poorly at the box office. It earned in Andhra Pradesh and also became the second biggest earner for N. T. Rama Rao Jr. in Nizam and Karnataka areas, where it fetched and , respectively.


title: Djuna Barnes

text: Djuna Barnes (, June 12, 1892 – June 18, 1982) was an American artist, illustrator, journalist, and writer who is perhaps best known for her novel "Nightwood" (1936), a cult classic of lesbian fiction and an important work of modernist literature.


title: Djuna Barnes

text: In 1913, Barnes began her career as a freelance journalist and illustrator for the "Brooklyn Daily Eagle". By early 1914, Barnes was a highly sought feature reporter, interviewer, and illustrator whose work appeared in the city's leading newspapers and periodicals. Later, Barnes's talent and connections with prominent Greenwich Village bohemians afforded her the opportunity to publish her prose, poems, illustrations, and one-act plays in both avant-garde literary journals and popular magazines, and publish an illustrated volume of poetry, "The Book of Repulsive Women" (1915).


title: Djuna Barnes

text: In 1921, a lucrative commission with "McCall's" took Barnes to Paris, where she lived for the next 10 years. In this period she published "A Book" (1923), a collection of poetry, plays, and short stories, which was later reissued, with the addition of three stories, as "A Night Among the Horses" (1929), "Ladies Almanack" (1928), and "Ryder" (1928).


title: Djuna Barnes

text: During the 1930s, Barnes spent time in England, Paris, New York, and North Africa. It was during this restless time that she wrote and published "Nightwood". In October 1939, after nearly two decades living mostly in Europe, Barnes returned to New York. She published her last major work, the verse play "The Antiphon", in 1958, and she died in her apartment at Patchin Place, Greenwich Village in June 1982.


title: Djuna Barnes

text: Barnes was born in a log cabin on Storm King Mountain, near Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York. Her paternal grandmother Zadel Barnes was a writer, journalist, and Women's Suffrage activist who had once hosted an influential literary salon. Her father, Wald Barnes (born Henry Aaron Budington), was an unsuccessful composer, musician, and painter. An advocate of polygamy, he married Barnes's mother Elizabeth J. Barnes (née Chappell) in 1889; his mistress Frances "Fanny" Clark moved in with them in 1897, when Barnes was five. They had eight children (five from Elizabeth: sons Thurn, Zendon, Saxon and Shangar and daughter Djuna; four from Fanny: sons Duane and Brian and daughters Muriel and Sheila), whom Wald made little effort to support financially. One half-sibling died in childhood. Zadel, who believed her son was a misunderstood artistic genius, struggled to provide for the entire family, supplementing her diminishing income by writing begging letters to friends and acquaintances.


title: Djuna Barnes

text: As the second oldest child, Barnes spent much of her childhood helping care for siblings and half-siblings. She received her early education at home, mostly from her father and grandmother, who taught her writing, art, and music but neglected subjects such as math and spelling. She claimed to have had no formal schooling at all; some evidence suggests that she was enrolled in public school for a time after age ten, though her attendance was inconsistent.


title: Djuna Barnes

text: It is possible that at the age of 16 she was raped, either by a neighbor with the knowledge and consent of her father, or possibly by her father. However, these are rumors and unconfirmed by Barnes, who never managed to complete her autobiography. What is known is that Barnes and her father continued to write warm letters to one another until his death in 1934. Barnes does refer to a rape obliquely in her first novel "Ryder" and more directly in her furious final play "The Antiphon". Sexually explicit references in correspondence from her grandmother, with whom she shared a bed for years, suggest incest, or overly familiar teasing, but Zadel—dead for 40 years by the time "The Antiphon" was written—was left out of its indictments. Shortly before her 18th birthday she reluctantly "married" Fanny Clark's brother Percy Faulkner in a private ceremony without benefit of clergy. He was 52. The match had been strongly promoted by her father, grandmother, mother, and brother, but she stayed with him for no more than two months.