title: Side-channel attack

text: In all cases, the underlying principle is that physical effects caused by the operation of a cryptosystem ("on the side") can provide useful extra information about secrets in the system, for example, the cryptographic key, partial state information, full or partial plaintexts and so forth. The term cryptophthora (secret degradation) is sometimes used to express the degradation of secret key material resulting from side-channel leakage.


title: Side-channel attack

text: A works by monitoring security critical operations such as AES T-table entry or modular exponentiation or multiplication or memory accesses. The attacker then is able to recover the secret key depending on the accesses made (or not made) by the victim, deducing the encryption key. Also, unlike some of the other side-channel attacks, this method does not create a fault in the ongoing cryptographic operation and is invisible to the victim.


title: Side-channel attack

text: In 2017, two CPU vulnerabilities (dubbed Meltdown and Spectre) were discovered, which can use a cache-based side channel to allow an attacker to leak memory contents of other processes and the operating system itself.


title: Side-channel attack

text: A timing attack watches data movement into and out of the CPU or memory on the hardware running the cryptosystem or algorithm. Simply by observing variations in how long it takes to perform cryptographic operations, it might be possible to determine the entire secret key. Such attacks involve statistical analysis of timing measurements and have been demonstrated across networks.


title: Side-channel attack

text: A power-analysis attack can provide even more detailed information by observing the power consumption of a hardware device such as CPU or cryptographic circuit. These attacks are roughly categorized into simple power analysis (SPA) and differential power analysis (DPA). Example of machine learning approaches are in.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Fluctuations in current also generate radio waves, enabling attacks that analyze measurements of electromagnetic (EM) emanations. These attacks typically involve similar statistical techniques as power-analysis attacks.


title: Side-channel attack

text: A deep-learning-based side-channel attack, using the power and EM information across multiple devices has been demonstrated with the potential to break the secret key of a different but identical device in as low as a single trace.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Historical analogues to modern side-channel attacks are known. A recently declassified NSA document reveals that as far back as 1943, an engineer with Bell telephone observed decipherable spikes on an oscilloscope associated with the decrypted output of a certain encrypting teletype. According to former MI5 officer Peter Wright, the British Security Service analyzed emissions from French cipher equipment in the 1960s. In the 1980s, Soviet eavesdroppers were suspected of having planted bugs inside IBM Selectric typewriters to monitor the electrical noise generated as the type ball rotated and pitched to strike the paper; the characteristics of those signals could determine which key was pressed.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Power consumption of devices causes heating, which is offset by cooling effects. Temperature changes create thermally induced mechanical stress. This stress can create low level acoustic emissions from operating CPUs (about 10 kHz in some cases). Recent research by Shamir et al. has suggested that information about the operation of cryptosystems and algorithms can be obtained in this way as well. This is an acoustic cryptanalysis attack.


title: Side-channel attack

text: If the surface of the CPU chip, or in some cases the CPU package, can be observed, infrared images can also provide information about the code being executed on the CPU, known as a thermal-imaging attack.


title: Side-channel attack

text: An optical side-channel attack examples include gleaning information from the hard disk activity indicator to reading a small number of photons emitted by transistors as they change state.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Allocation-based side channels also exist and refer to the information that leaks from the allocation (as opposed to the use) of a resource such as network bandwidth to clients that are concurrently requesting the contended resource.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Because side-channel attacks rely on the relationship between information emitted (leaked) through a side channel and the secret data, countermeasures fall into two main categories: (1) eliminate or reduce the release of such information and (2) eliminate the relationship between the leaked information and the secret data, that is, make the leaked information unrelated, or rather "uncorrelated", to the secret data, typically through some form of randomization of the ciphertext that transforms the data in a way that can be undone after the cryptographic operation (e.g., decryption) is completed.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Under the first category, displays with special shielding to lessen electromagnetic emissions, reducing susceptibility to TEMPEST attacks, are now commercially available. Power line conditioning and filtering can help deter power-monitoring attacks, although such measures must be used cautiously, since even very small correlations can remain and compromise security. Physical enclosures can reduce the risk of surreptitious installation of microphones (to counter acoustic attacks) and other micro-monitoring devices (against CPU power-draw or thermal-imaging attacks).


title: Side-channel attack

text: Another countermeasure (still in the first category) is to jam the emitted channel with noise. For instance, a random delay can be added to deter timing attacks, although adversaries can compensate for these delays by averaging multiple measurements (or, more generally, using more measurements in the analysis). When the amount of noise in the side channel increases, the adversary needs to collect more measurements.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Another countermeasure under the first category is to use security analysis software to identify certain classes of side-channel attacks that can be found during the design stages of the underlying hardware itself. Timing attacks and cache attacks are both identifiable through certain commercially available security analysis software platforms, which allow for testing to identify the attack vulnerability itself, as well as the effectiveness of the architectural change to circumvent the vulnerability. The most comprehensive method to employ this countermeasure is to create a Secure Development Lifecycle for hardware, which includes utilizing all available security analysis platforms at their respective stages of the hardware development lifecycle.


title: Side-channel attack

text: In the case of timing attacks against targets whose computation times are quantized into discrete clock cycle counts, an effective countermeasure against is to design the software to be isochronous, that is to run in an exactly constant amount of time, independently of secret values. This makes timing attacks impossible. Such countermeasures can be difficult to implement in practice, since even individual instructions can have variable timing on some CPUs.


title: Side-channel attack

text: One partial countermeasure against simple power attacks, but not differential power-analysis attacks, is to design the software so that it is "PC-secure" in the "program counter security model". In a PC-secure program, the execution path does not depend on secret values. In other words, all conditional branches depend only on public information. (This is a more restrictive condition than isochronous code, but a less restrictive condition than branch-free code.) Even though multiply operations draw more power than NOP on practically all CPUs, using a constant execution path prevents such operation-dependent power differences (differences in power from choosing one branch over another) from leaking any secret information. On architectures where the instruction execution time is not data-dependent, a PC-secure program is also immune to timing attacks.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Another way in which code can be non-isochronous is that modern CPUs have a memory cache: accessing infrequently used information incurs a large timing penalty, revealing some information about the frequency of use of memory blocks. Cryptographic code designed to resist cache attacks attempts to use memory in only a predictable fashion (like accessing only the input, outputs and program data, and doing so according to a fixed pattern). For example, data-dependent table lookups must be avoided because the cache could reveal which part of the lookup table was accessed.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Other partial countermeasures attempt to reduce the amount of information leaked from data-dependent power differences. Some operations use power that is correlated to the number of 1 bits in a secret value. Using a constant-weight code (such as using Fredkin gates or dual-rail encoding) can reduce the leakage of information about the Hamming weight of the secret value, although exploitable correlations are likely to remain unless the balancing is perfect. This "balanced design" can be approximated in software by manipulating both the data and its complement together.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Several "secure CPUs" have been built as asynchronous CPUs; they have no global timing reference. While these CPUs were intended to make timing and power attacks more difficult, subsequent research found that timing variations in asynchronous circuits are harder to remove.


title: Side-channel attack

text: A typical example of the second category (decorrelation) is a technique known as "blinding". In the case of RSA decryption with secret exponent formula_1 and corresponding encryption exponent formula_2 and modulus formula_3, the technique applies as follows (for simplicity, the modular reduction by "m" is omitted in the formulas): before decrypting, that is, before computing the result of formula_4 for a given ciphertext formula_5, the system picks a random number formula_6 and encrypts it with public exponent formula_2 to obtain formula_8. Then, the decryption is done on formula_9 to


title: Side-channel attack

text: obtain formula_10. Since the decrypting system chose formula_6, it can compute its inverse modulo formula_3 to cancel out the factor formula_6 in the result and obtain formula_4, the actual result of the decryption. For attacks that require collecting side-channel information from operations with data "controlled by the attacker", blinding is an effective countermeasure, since the actual operation is executed on a randomized version of the data, over which the attacker has no control or even knowledge.


title: Side-channel attack

text: A more general countermeasure (in that it is effective against all side-channel attacks) is the masking countermeasure. The principle of masking is to avoid manipulating any sensitive value formula_5 directly, but rather manipulate a sharing of it: a set of variables (called "shares") formula_16 such that formula_17 (where formula_18 is the XOR operation). An attacker must recover all the values of the shares to get any meaningful information.


title: Side-channel attack

text: Recently, white-box modeling was utilized to develop a low-overhead generic circuit-level countermeasure against both EM as well as power side-channel attacks. To minimize the effects of the higher-level metal layers in an IC acting as more efficient antennas, the idea is to embed the crypto core with a signature suppression circuit, routed locally within the lower-level metal layers, leading towards both power and EM side-channel attack immunity.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell is a book by the English poet and printmaker William Blake. It is a series of texts written in imitation of biblical prophecy but expressing Blake's own intensely personal Romantic and revolutionary beliefs. Like his other books, it was published as printed sheets from etched plates containing prose, poetry, and illustrations. The plates were then coloured by Blake and his wife Catherine.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: It opens with an introduction of a short poem entitled "Rintrah roars and shakes his fires in the burden'd air".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: William Blake claims that John Milton was a true poet and his epic poem "Paradise Lost" was "of the Devil's party without knowing it". He also claims that Milton's Satan was truly his Messiah.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: The work was composed between 1790 and 1793, in the period of radical ferment and political conflict during the French Revolution. The title is an ironic reference to Emanuel Swedenborg's theological work "Heaven and Hell", published in Latin 33 years earlier. Swedenborg is directly cited and criticized by Blake in several places in the "Marriage". Though Blake was influenced by his grand and mystical cosmic conception, Swedenborg's conventional moral strictures and his Manichaean view of good and evil led Blake to express a deliberately depolarized and unified vision of the cosmos in which the material world and physical desire are equally part of the divine order; hence, a marriage of heaven and hell. The book is written in prose, except for the opening "Argument" and the "Song of Liberty". The book describes the poet's visit to Hell, a device adopted by Blake from Dante's "Divine Comedy" and Milton's "Paradise Lost".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: Unlike those of Milton and Dante, Blake's conception of Hell begins not as a place of punishment, but as a source of unrepressed, somewhat Dionysian energy, opposed to the authoritarian and regulated perception of Heaven. Blake's purpose is to create what he called a "memorable fancy" in order to reveal the repressive nature of conventional morality and institutional religion, which he describes thus:


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: In the most famous part of the book, Blake reveals the Proverbs of Hell. These display a very different kind of wisdom from the Biblical Book of Proverbs. The diabolical proverbs are provocative and paradoxical. Their purpose is to energise thought. Several of Blake's proverbs have become famous:


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: Blake's theory of contraries was not a belief in opposites but rather a belief that each person reflects the contrary nature of God, and that progression in life is impossible without contraries. Moreover, he explores the contrary nature of reason and of energy, believing that two types of people existed: the "energetic creators" and the "rational organizers", or, as he calls them in "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell", the "devils" and "angels". Both are necessary to life according to Blake.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: Blake's text has been interpreted in many ways. It certainly forms part of the revolutionary culture of the period. The references to the printing-house suggest the underground radical printers producing revolutionary pamphlets at the time. Ink-blackened printworkers were comically referred to as a "printer's devil", and revolutionary publications were regularly denounced from the pulpits as the work of the devil.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: The book includes "If the doors of perception were cleansed every thing would appear to man as it is, Infinite. For man has closed himself up, till he sees all things thro' narrow chinks of his cavern". This has similarities with Huxley's concept of "Mind at Large".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell" is probably the most influential of Blake's works. Its vision of a dynamic relationship between a stable "Heaven" and an energized "Hell" has fascinated theologians, aestheticians and psychologists.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: Aldous Huxley took the name of one of his most famous works, "The Doors of Perception", from this work. "The Doors of Perception", in turn, inspired the name of the American rock band The Doors. Huxley's contemporary C. S. Lewis wrote "The Great Divorce" about the "divorce" of Heaven and Hell, in response to Blake's "Marriage".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: According to Michel Surya, French writer Georges Bataille threw pages of Blake's book into the casket of his friend and lover Colette Peignot on her death in 1938.


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: An allusion from "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell", depicting Aristotle's skeleton, is present in Wallace Stevens's poem "Less and Less Human, O Savage Spirit".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: Benjamin Britten included several of the "Proverbs of Hell" in his 1965 song cycle "Songs and Proverbs of William Blake".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: "Infinite Jest" by David Foster Wallace features in it an avant-garde film called "The Pre-Nuptial Agreement of Heaven and Hell".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: "Drive Your Plow Over the Bones of the Dead" by Olga Tokarczuk takes its title from one of the "Proverbs of Hell".


title: The Marriage of Heaven and Hell

text: Allusions to the work have often been made within aspects of popular culture, notably in the counterculture of the 1960s. The Norwegian experimental band Ulver released an album that was a musical setting of Blake's book, titled "Themes from William Blake's The Marriage of Heaven and Hell". The American black metal band Judas Iscariot extensively quotes parts of "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell" in their song "Portions of Eternity Too Great for the Eye of Man" (whose title itself was taken from a quote from Blake's work). The American power metal band Virgin Steele released two albums based on Blake's work, 1995's "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part I" and 1996's "The Marriage of Heaven and Hell Part II". "The road of excess leads to the palace of wisdom" is also seen printed out and displayed in one of the scenes of David Cronenberg's 1975 film "Shivers".


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings is a 2011 American slasher film written and directed by Declan O'Brien. It is the fourth installment of the "Wrong Turn" film series and served as a prequel to the original "Wrong Turn" film.


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: In 1974, at the Glenville Sanatorium in West Virginia, Three Finger, Saw Tooth, and One Eye, known as the Hillicker Brothers, escape from their cells and release the other patients. Together, they cause a riot and brutally massacre the orderlies and doctors.


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: Twenty-nine years later, in 2003, nine Weston University students – Kenia, Jenna, Vincent, Sara, Bridget, Kyle, Claire, Daniel, and Lauren – spend their winter break snowmobiling to their friend Porter's cabin in the mountains. However, they get lost in a snowstorm and are forced to take shelter in the Glenville Sanatorium for the night, where the Hillickers are living. Lauren remembers her brother's stories about the sanatorium and the cannibals, but her friends don't believe her. As the group goes to bed, Vincent continues to explore the asylum, where he finds Porter's corpse before Saw Tooth kills him with a metal spike. The next day, with the storm still in full effect, the teens remain trapped. Jenna comes across the Hillickers butchering Porter's body in the kitchen and runs back to warn the others. After Porter's severed head is thrown at the group, Claire is hanged from a balcony with barbed wire by the trio and decapitated. The group attempts to flee the building, but their snowmobiles' spark plug wires have been taken out. Lauren skis down the mountain to seek help while the others barricade themselves in the doctor's office.


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: Kyle, Daniel, and Sara go into the basement to get weapons, but Daniel gets abducted, tied to a table in the kitchen, and slowly butchered and eaten alive. The rest of the group chases the cannibals and locks them in a cell as Kyle stays behind to watch the brothers while the others search for the spark-plug wires. When Kyle falls asleep, the brothers escape their cell, and the girls accidentally stab Kyle to death after mistaking him for one of the Hillickers. The brothers appear and chase the girls through the building, forcing them to exit through a window, but Jenna is killed before she can escape. The remaining girls are ambushed by the cannibals who used the group's snowmobiles to chase them outside, where Kenia gets injured, and One Eye kills Bridget.


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: As the day dawns, Lauren has frozen to death not far from a highway. Kenia is still being chased by One Eye when Sara reappears and knocks the cannibal off the snowmobile, allowing the pair to steal it and escape. They drive into a razor-wire trap set up by the cannibals, which decapitates them. Three Finger picks up their heads and puts them in their tow truck before moving away from the sanatorium with his brothers.


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: "Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings" was released to DVD and Blu-ray on October 25, 2011. To date the film earned $3.5 million.


title: Wrong Turn 4: Bloody Beginnings

text: Rotten Tomatoes, a review aggregator, reports that 20% of five surveyed critics gave the film a positive review; the average rating is 5.2/10. Steve Barton of Dread Central rated it 2.5/5 stars and called it "the "Congo" of slasher movies", an objectively bad film that is still enjoyable to watch. Anton Bitel of "Little White Lies" wrote that although the film delivers what fans want, the characters are interchangeable and the plot is derivative. William Bibbiani of CraveOnline rated it 7.5/10 and wrote, ""Wrong Turn 4" is the kind of movie that knows exactly what it is and offers nothing less, and occasionally a little more." Charles Webb of Twitch Film wrote, "There's not much to recommend the latest entry in this franchise, which, like all long-running horror series has already reached its point of diminishing returns."


title: Cross-link

text: In chemistry and biology a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins).


title: Cross-link

text: In polymer chemistry "cross-linking" usually refers to the use of cross-links to promote a change in the polymers' physical properties.


title: Cross-link

text: When "crosslinking" is used in the biological field, it refers to the use of a probe to link proteins together to check for protein–protein interactions, as well as other creative cross-linking methodologies.


title: Cross-link

text: Although the term is used to refer to the "linking of polymer chains" for both sciences, the extent of crosslinking and specificities of the crosslinking agents vary greatly. As with all science, there are overlaps, and the following delineations are a starting point to understanding the subtleties.


title: Cross-link

text: Crosslinking is the general term for the process of forming covalent bonds or relatively short sequences of chemical bonds to join two polymer chains together. The term "curing" refers to the crosslinking of thermosetting resins, such as unsaturated polyester and epoxy resin, and the term "vulcanization" is characteristically used for rubbers. When polymer chains are crosslinked, the material becomes more rigid.


title: Cross-link

text: In polymer chemistry, when a synthetic polymer is said to be "cross-linked", it usually means that the entire bulk of the polymer has been exposed to the cross-linking method. The resulting modification of mechanical properties depends strongly on the cross-link density. Low cross-link densities increase the viscosities of polymer melts. Intermediate cross-link densities transform gummy polymers into materials that have elastomeric properties and potentially high strengths. Very high cross-link densities can cause materials to become very rigid or glassy, such as phenol-formaldehyde materials.


title: Cross-link

text: Cross-links can be formed by chemical reactions that are initiated by heat, pressure, change in pH, or irradiation. For example, mixing of an unpolymerized or partially polymerized resin with specific chemicals called crosslinking reagents results in a chemical reaction that forms cross-links. Cross-linking can also be induced in materials that are normally thermoplastic through exposure to a radiation source, such as electron beam exposure, gamma radiation, or UV light. For example, electron beam processing is used to cross-link the C type of cross-linked polyethylene. Other types of cross-linked polyethylene are made by addition of peroxide during extruding (type A) or by addition of a cross-linking agent (e.g. vinylsilane) and a catalyst during extruding and then performing a post-extrusion curing.


title: Cross-link

text: The chemical process of vulcanization is a type of cross-linking that changes rubber to the hard, durable material associated with car and bike tires. This process is often called sulfur curing; the term vulcanization comes from Vulcan, the Roman god of fire. This is, however, a slower process. A typical car tire is cured for 15 minutes at 150 °C. However, the time can be reduced by the addition of accelerators such as 2-benzothiazolethiol or tetramethylthiuram disulfide. Both of these contain a sulfur atom in the molecule that initiates the reaction of the sulfur chains with the rubber. Accelerators increase the rate of cure by catalysing the addition of sulfur chains to the rubber molecules.


title: Cross-link

text: Cross-links are the characteristic property of thermosetting plastic materials. In most cases, cross-linking is irreversible, and the resulting thermosetting material will degrade or burn if heated, without melting. Especially in the case of commercially used plastics, once a substance is cross-linked, the product is very hard or impossible to recycle. In some cases, though, if the cross-link bonds are sufficiently different, chemically, from the bonds forming the polymers, the process can be reversed. Permanent wave solutions, for example, break and re-form naturally occurring cross-links (disulfide bonds) between protein chains in hair.


title: Cross-link

text: Where chemical cross-links are covalent bonds, physical cross-links are formed by weak interactions. For example, sodium alginate gels upon exposure to calcium ion, which allows it to form ionic bonds that bridge between alginate chains. Polyvinyl alcohol gels upon the addition of borax through hydrogen bonding between boric acid and the polymer's alcohol groups. Other examples of materials which form physically cross-linked gels include gelatin, collagen, agarose, and agar agar.


title: Cross-link

text: Chemical covalent cross-links are stable mechanically and thermally, so once formed are difficult to break. Therefore, cross-linked products like car tires cannot be recycled easily. A class of polymers known as thermoplastic elastomers rely on physical cross-links in their microstructure to achieve stability, and are widely used in non-tire applications, such as snowmobile tracks, and catheters for medical use. They offer a much wider range of properties than conventional cross-linked elastomers because the domains that act as cross-links are reversible, so can be reformed by heat. The stabilizing domains may be non-crystalline (as in styrene-butadiene block copolymers) or crystalline as in thermoplastic copolyesters.


title: Cross-link

text: Note: A rubber which cannot be reformed by heat or chemical treatment is called a thermoset elastomer. On the other hand, a thermoplastic elastomer can be molded and recycled by heat.


title: Cross-link

text: Many polymers undergo oxidative cross-linking, typically when exposed to atmospheric oxygen. In some cases this is undesirable and thus polymerization reactions may involve the use of an antioxidant to slow the formation of oxidative cross-links. In other cases, when formation of cross-links by oxidation is desirable, an oxidizer such as hydrogen peroxide may be used to speed up the process.


title: Cross-link

text: The aforementioned process of applying a permanent wave to hair is one example of oxidative cross-linking. In that process the disulfide bonds are reduced, typically using a mercaptan such as ammonium thioglycolate. Following this, the hair is curled and then "neutralized". The neutralizer is typically an acidic solution of hydrogen peroxide, which causes new disulfide bonds to form under conditions of oxidation, thus permanently fixing the hair into its new configuration.


title: Cross-link

text: Proteins naturally present in the body can contain crosslinks generated by enzyme-catalyzed or spontaneous reactions. Such crosslinks are important in generating mechanically stable structures such as hair, skin, and cartilage. Disulfide bond formation is one of the most common crosslinks, but isopeptide bond formation is also common. Proteins can also be cross-linked artificially using small-molecule crosslinkers. Compromised collagen in the cornea, a condition known as keratoconus, can be treated with clinical crosslinking.


title: Cross-link

text: In biological context crosslinking could play a role in atherosclerosis through advanced glycation end-products (AGEs), which have been implicated to induce crosslinking of collagen, which may lead to vascular stiffening.


title: Cross-link

text: The interactions or mere proximity of proteins can be studied by the clever use of crosslinking agents. For example, protein A and protein B may be very close to each other in a cell, and a chemical crosslinker could be used to probe the protein–protein interaction between these two proteins by linking them together, disrupting the cell, and looking for the crosslinked proteins.


title: Cross-link

text: A variety of crosslinkers are used to analyze subunit structure of proteins, protein interactions, and various parameters of protein function by using differing crosslinkers, often with diverse spacer arm lengths. Subunit structure is deduced, since crosslinkers bind only surface residues in relatively close proximity in the native state. Protein interactions are often too weak or transient to be easily detected, but by crosslinking, the interactions can be stabilized, captured, and analyzed.


title: Cross-link

text: Examples of some common crosslinkers are the imidoester crosslinker dimethyl suberimidate, the N-Hydroxysuccinimide-ester crosslinker BS3 and formaldehyde. Each of these crosslinkers induces nucleophilic attack of the amino group of lysine and subsequent covalent bonding via the crosslinker. The zero-length carbodiimide crosslinker EDC functions by converting carboxyls into amine-reactive isourea intermediates that bind to lysine residues or other available primary amines. SMCC or its water-soluble analog, Sulfo-SMCC, is commonly used to prepare antibody-hapten conjugates for antibody development.


title: Cross-link

text: "In-vitro" cross-linking method, termed PICUP (photo-induced cross-linking of unmodified proteins), was developed in 1999. They devised a process in which ammonium persulfate (APS), which acts as an electron acceptor, and [[tris(bipyridine)ruthenium(II) chloride|tris-bipyridylruthenium (II) cation () are added to the protein of interest and irradiated with UV light. PICUP is more expeditious and high yielding compared to previous chemical cross-linking methods.


title: Cross-link

text: "In-vivo" crosslinking of protein complexes using [[photo-reactive amino acid analog]]s was introduced in 2005 by researchers from the [[Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics]]. In this method, cells are grown with [[photoreactive]] [[diazirine]] analogs to [[leucine]] and [[methionine]], which are incorporated into proteins. Upon exposure to ultraviolet light, the diazirines are activated and bind to interacting proteins that are within a few [[ångström]]s of the photo-reactive amino acid analog (UV cross-linking).


title: Cross-link

text: Wide usage of the term cross-linking is also described as vulcanization in material science and engineering, mainly addressing the fast reaction between monomers and polymers and branches of rubber. Cross-linking or interlinking m of polymers can improve the mechanical properties of the polymeric material and also can improve the adhesion between two interfaces of the coating.


title: Cross-link

text: Cross-linked polymers, monomers, and branches can improve the bulk mechanical properties of the material and mostly decrease the viscosity of non-solid materials.


title: Cross-link

text: The earliest examples of crosslinking, linking long chains of polymers together to increase strength and mass, involved tires. Rubber was vulcanized with sulfur under heat, which created a link between latex models.


title: Cross-link

text: Synthetically crosslinked polymers have many uses, including those in the biological sciences, such as applications in forming [[polyacrylamide]] gels for [[gel electrophoresis]]. Synthetic rubber used for [[tire]]s is made by crosslinking rubber through the process of [[vulcanization]]. This crosslinking makes them more elastic. Hard-shell kayaks are also often manufactured with crosslinked polymers.


title: Cross-link

text: In many hydraulic fracturing treatments, a delayed gel-cross-linker fluid is used to carry out fracture treatment of the rock.


title: Cross-link

text: Two interlinked layers of the interface can increase the adhesion strength of the coating to the surface.


title: Cross-link

text: Other examples of polymers that can be crosslinked are [[ethylene-vinyl acetate]] – as used in [[solar panel]] manufacturing – and [[polyethylene]].


title: Cross-link

text: [[Enamel paint|Alkyd enamels]], the dominant type of commercial oil-based paint, cure by oxidative crosslinking after exposure to air.


title: Cross-link

text: Crosslinking is often measured by [[swelling capacity|swelling]] tests. The crosslinked sample is placed into a good solvent at a specific temperature, and either the change in mass or the change in volume is measured. The more crosslinking, the less swelling is attainable. Based on the degree of swelling, the Flory Interaction Parameter (which relates the solvent interaction with the sample), and the density of the solvent, the theoretical degree of crosslinking can be calculated according to Flory's Network Theory. Two ASTM standards are commonly used to describe the degree of crosslinking in thermoplastics. In ASTM D2765, the sample is weighed, then placed in a solvent for 24 hours, weighed again while swollen, then dried and weighed a final time. The degree of swelling and the soluble portion can be calculated. In another ASTM standard, F2214, the sample is placed in an instrument that measures the height change in the sample, allowing the user to measure the volume change. The crosslink density can then be calculated.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: Oleg Aleksandrovich Prudius (; , "Oleh Oleksandrovych Prudius"; born April 27, 1979) better known by his ring name Vladimir Kozlov, is a Ukrainian-American former professional wrestler currently signed with Impact Wrestling as its Russian-language commentator. He is best known for his time in WWE, where he won the WWE Tag Team Championship once with Santino Marella. He is trained in freestyle wrestling, rugby, football, sambo, kickboxing, judo, jujutsu, Brazilian jiu-jitsu and mixed martial arts.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: Prudius signed a development contract with World Wrestling Entertainment in 2006 and was assigned to WWE’s developmental system, Deep South Wrestling. He would later be reassigned to Ohio Valley Wrestling, where he won the OVW Heavyweight Championship. He made his debut on SmackDown as Vladimir Kozlov on April 4, 2008. He was given a big push during his first few months on SmackDown, including a clean victory over The Undertaker. At Survivor Series 2008, Kozlov faced Triple H and Edge for the WWE Championship in a losing effort. At the end of 2008, he received the Slammy Award from WWE as the Breakout Star of the year. However, in the awards voting for the independent Wrestling Observer Newsletter, Kozlov was voted as the Most Overrated Wrestler of the year, and his match at Survivor Series match was voted as the Worst Match of the Year. In 2009, Kozlov was assigned to WWE's third brand, ECW, where he teamed with William Regal and Ezekiel Jackson. After the ECW brand was dissolved, he was assigned to Raw and started a tag team with Santino Marella, winning the WWE Tag Team Championships. Prudius left WWE in 2011.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: Prudius has also worked as a stage and screen actor, notably having a small role in Spike Lee's "25th Hour" and a walk-on role in the second season of the HBO series "The Wire". Prudius also had a role in "Grindhouse", appearing in the "Werewolf Women of the SS" trailer; in addition to his credit under his real name and his WWE persona for the appearance as well as being a former Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW) Heavyweight Champion, Prudius was the first Ukrainian to ever wrestle for the WWE.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: and a United States Kick-Boxing Association (USKBA) International Heavyweight Grappling Champion. He has also played American football for the Ukrainian National Team as well as Santa Barbara City College.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On January 17, 2006, World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) announced that Prudius had signed a developmental deal and was sent to Deep South Wrestling (DSW). On April 7, 2006, he debuted under his real name and had his first match in DSW against Bobby Walker.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On May 5, 2006, Prudius had his first untelevised WWE match during a house show in San Jose, California, defeating Rob Conway. The next night, at another house show in Sacramento, California, Matt Striker cut a promo on Prudius, calling him a "filthy immigrant", causing Prudius to attack him. Prudius then picked up the microphone and said he that he is "proud to be in America".


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On the December 18, 2006 episode of "Raw", Prudius made an appearance as a WWE prospect named Vladimir Kozlov or Moscow Mauler, which became his ring name. For the next several weeks, Kozlov was interviewed on WWE programming, proclaiming his love for "Double Double E" (WWE), but also began drawing a villainous response after declaring his superiority over whatever wrestlers were competing at the time, saying "I could beat both of them". He then was taken off television for over a year while working in the developmental system and participating in a number of dark matches, including one at Armageddon 2006, all of which he won.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On July 28, 2007 in Louisville, Kentucky, Kozlov won the OVW Heavyweight Championship by defeating Paul Burchill, but gave the championship the same night to Michael W. Kruel due to an agreement they made before.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On the April 4, 2008 episode of "SmackDown", Kozlov made his official WWE debut as a heel, with the unique quirk of having no entrance music and no Titantron video – his "entrance" consisted of complete darkness except for a solitary spotlight following him to the ring. He defeated Matt Bentley in his first match, and over the following weeks, Kozlov would go on to easily win several matches, first against local talent and then established names including Colin Delaney, Funaki, Nunzio, Shannon Moore, Jimmy Wang Yang, Jamie Noble, and Domino. On the July 11 episode of "SmackDown", Kozlov debuted an entrance theme and Titantron video as he defeated Stevie Richards.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: In the following weeks, as Kozlov continued to easily win matches, he began demanding "better competition". On the September 12 episode of "SmackDown", he started to seek that competition, attacking Jeff Hardy. Over the following weeks, Kozlov would continue attacking both Hardy and the WWE Champion Triple H, eventually starting a loose feud between the three of them over the WWE Championship. On the November 7 episode of "SmackDown", Kozlov earned a match against Triple H for the WWE title at Survivor Series after defeating The Undertaker by disqualification after he was attacked by Jeff Hardy. The match was originally intended to include Kozlov, Jeff Hardy, and Triple H, although Hardy was removed due to a storyline injury. The result of this was the addition of Edge to the match while it was in progress, and ultimately Edge would go on to pin Triple H and win the title.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: Continuing his pursuit of the WWE Championship, Kozlov competed in and was unsuccessful in winning a Beat the Clock Challenge match against ECW Champion Matt Hardy for another title shot. This led to the two meeting at Armageddon, where Kozlov gained his first pay-per-view win by defeating Hardy in a non-title match. Kozlov competed in the 2009 Royal Rumble match, entering as the sixth participant, but was eliminated by Triple H after eliminating The Great Khali, Carlito, and Montel Vontavious Porter. He then qualified to be part of the No Way Out Elimination Chamber match, where he was pinned for the first time after receiving a Last Ride from The Undertaker, though he still remained unpinned in one-on-one competition. Kozlov's undefeated streak in televised singles competition ended on the March 2, 2009 episode of "Raw", in which he was defeated by Shawn Michaels; this match was for the opportunity to face The Undertaker at WrestleMania 25. His first televised singles loss on "SmackDown" came against The Undertaker himself on March 13.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On April 13, 2009, Kozlov was drafted to the ECW brand as part of the 2009 WWE draft, as ECW's only pick of the night. Shortly after the draft, his character was tweaked to further highlight the training he received within the Russian military. He won his first match on the brand when he easily defeated a local competitor. On the June 30 episode of "ECW on Syfy", he teamed with William Regal to defeat Christian and Tommy Dreamer. His first defeat in singles competition on ECW came on the July 7 episode of "ECW", where he lost a #1 contenders match to Christian for Tommy Dreamer's ECW Championship at Night of Champions.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On July 21, Kozlov began an angle with Ezekiel Jackson in which, week after week, after one of them had easily defeated a local competitor, the other would come out and execute their finishing move on the fallen opponent in a game of one-upmanship. On the August 18 episode of "ECW", Jackson was set to team with ECW Champion Christian against the team of Kozlov and number-one contender William Regal. Jackson turned on Christian, forming an alliance with Regal and Kozlov. Kozlov and Jackson aided Regal in his feud with Christian over the ECW Championship, but Regal was unable to capture the title.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On the December 15 episode of "ECW", Kozlov came out with Regal to face Jackson in an ECW Homecoming battle royal qualifying match. During the match, Regal turned on Kozlov by pulling his feet while at ringside, which ultimately cost him the match. After the match, Kozlov attempted to attack Regal, but Jackson jumped him from behind and both proceeded to attack Kozlov. This split Kozlov from the Ruthless Roundtable.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: When the "ECW" brand came to an end, Kozlov, along with all other "ECW" talent, became a free agent. Kozlov would make his debut for the "Raw" brand on March 8, 2010 in a handicap gauntlet match with John Cena competing against Kozlov, Mr. McMahon, Batista, Mark Henry, Drew McIntyre and Jack Swagger. On the May 3 episode of "Raw", he would team again with his former tag team partner William Regal to face the WWE Tag Team Champions The Hart Dynasty, Kozlov and Regal were defeated when Regal tapped out to David Hart Smith's Sharpshooter.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On the May 10 episode of "Raw", he appeared backstage with Santino Marella, William Regal, and Flavor Flav in a backstage segment, where Marella asked to join him in a tag team. However, Kozlov refused to join, stating that "he (Marella) always loses". On the May 31 episode of "Raw", Kozlov turned face for the first time when he slammed William Regal behind the referee's back during a mixed tag team match, allowing Santino Marella and Eve Torres to pick up the win. On the June 7 episode of "Raw", he and Santino Marella were forced to compete in a dance-off, which Kozlov won. On June 14 episode of "Raw", Kozlov served as a special referee for the match between Regal and Marella which Marella won after Kozlov intentionally gave him a fast count. On the June 28 episode of "Raw", he fought Marella one on one with the stipulation being if Kozlov loses he would become Marella's tag team partner. He won, however, with Regal interfering after the match, Kozlov stopped Regal with a big boot to the chest and then carried Marella backstage. The following week, Kozlov teamed with Marella, defeating William Regal and The Great Khali. In the following weeks, Kozlov and Santino would continue their undefeated streak on both "Raw" and "Superstars".


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: At the Night of Champions, Kozlov and Marella competed in a tag team turmoil match for the WWE Tag Team Championship, but were unsuccessful as the titles were won by Drew McIntyre and Cody Rhodes. On the November 15 episode of "Raw", Kozlov and Marella defeated The Usos (Jimmy and Jey) to be number one contenders for WWE Tag Team Championship. Kozlov and Marella challenged Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel for the WWE Tag Team Championship at Survivor Series, but were unsuccessful.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On the December 6 episode of "Raw", Kozlov and Marella captured the WWE Tag Team Championship by defeating the defending champions Heath Slater and Justin Gabriel, Mark Henry and Yoshi Tatsu, and The Usos in a four-way elimination tag team match. At , Kozlov and Marella defeated Slater and Gabriel via disqualification to retain the title. The duo lost the tag team titles back to Slater and Gabriel at 2011 Elimination Chamber. Kozlov was supposed to be a part of an eight-man tag match at WrestleMania XXVII. However, during a WrestleMania Axxess match, he was attacked by The Corre, Kofi Kingston took his place at the event.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On March 8, Kozlov then became the Pro to Conor O'Brian on "NXT Redemption". On the March 22 episode of "NXT Redemption", Kozlov and his rookie O'Brian defeated JTG and his rookie Jacob Novak in a dance-off. Afterwards, Kozlov began teaching O'Brian sambo-like dancing and board breaking. O'Brian was eliminated on the June 28, episode of "NXT", being the fourth rookie eliminated from the competition. Kozlov would then go on to feud with JTG on "NXT", defeating JTG on three occasions. Kozlov's last WWE match was on the August 5 episode of "SmackDown", where he lost to Mark Henry. After the match, Henry (kayfabe) broke Kozlov's left leg before Sheamus came down to the ring and saved him from Henry. On the same day, WWE announced that Kozlov was released from his WWE contract. His release (as well as the releases of Chris Masters and David Hart Smith) was referenced in a worked shoot moment on the August 8 episode of "Raw" by WWE Champion CM Punk.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On August 30, 2011, it was announced that Prudius would be making his first post-WWE appearance on September 3, working for the Japanese promotion Inoki Genome Federation (IGF) under his new ring name Alexander Kozlov. He made his debut on September 3 at "Genome17", losing to Eric Hammer in under three minutes. On December 2, Kozlov defeated Montanha Silva. On May 26, 2012, at the IGF Genome 20, Prudius battled Jérôme Le Banner for the IGF Championship, but lost in three minutes. On July 10, Prudius got a rematch for the title, but lost again to Jerome Le Banner. He has not wrestled since his last match for IGF, electing to focus on work as an actor and stuntman.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: On April 26, 2021, Prudius joined Impact Wrestling as a Russian-language commentator via Rutube. His debut at the 2021 Rebellion event was his first wrestling appearance in eight years.


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: Prudius has made many television and film appearances and is actively pursuing an acting career in Hollywood. He appeared in the second season of the HBO drama series "The Wire", as well as "Roksalana" and "It's Not To Easy" on Ukrainian TV. In 2002, he appeared in Spike Lee's film "25th Hour", playing a Russian mafia enforcer. He appeared in the Russian military theatre play "Victory Day" and a Ukraine University play "Three Musketeers". In 2013 he was also featured in season 7, of USA Network's TV series, "Burn Notice". He was also a Stuntman for The Rock's movie "Fast & Furious 6", and for "John Wick 2". Oleg received his biggest acting break in the 2017 Chinese Blockbuster "Wolf Warriors 2".


title: Vladimir Kozlov

text: In 2014, Prudius opened Quasar Entertainment, a full service production company where he's the company's Vice President. In 2019, he appeared in the Marvel series "The Punisher" in season 2.


title: Mills bomb

text: "Mills bomb" is the popular name for a series of British hand grenades which were designed by William Mills. They were the first modern fragmentation grenades used by the British Army and saw widespread use in the First and Second World Wars.


title: Mills bomb

text: William Mills, a hand grenade designer from Sunderland, patented, developed and manufactured the "Mills bomb" at the Mills Munitions Factory in Birmingham, England, in 1915. The Mills bomb was inspired by an earlier design by Belgian captain Leon Roland, who later engaged in a patent lawsuit. Col. Arthur Morrow, a New Zealand Wars officer, also believed aspects of his patent were incorporated into the Mills Bomb. The Mills bomb was adopted by the British Army as its standard hand grenade in 1915 as the No. 5.


title: Mills bomb

text: The Mills bomb underwent numerous modifications. The No. 23 was a No. 5 with a rodded base plug which allowed it to be fired from a rifle. This concept evolved further with the No. 36, a variant with a detachable base plate for use with a rifle discharger cup. The final variation of the Mills bomb, the No. 36M, was specially designed and waterproofed with shellac for use in the hot climate of Mesopotamia in 1917 at first but remained in production for many years. By 1918 the No. 5 and No. 23 had been declared obsolete and the No. 36 (but not the 36M) followed in 1932.


title: Mills bomb

text: The Mills was a classic design; a grooved cast iron "pineapple" with a central striker held by a close hand lever and secured with a pin. According to Mills's notes, the casing was grooved to make it easier to grip, not as an aid to fragmentation; and it has been shown that it does not shatter along the segmented lines. The Mills was a defensive grenade meant to be thrown from behind cover at a target in the open, wounding with fragmentation, as opposed to an offensive grenade, which does not fragment, relying on short-range blast effect to wound or stun the victim without endangering the thrower with fragments, which travel a much longer distance than blast. Despite the designations and their traits, "defensive" grenades were frequently used offensively and vice versa. A competent thrower could manage with reasonable accuracy, but the grenade could throw lethal fragments farther than this. The British Home Guard were instructed that the throwing range of the No. 36 was about with a danger area of about .


title: Mills bomb

text: At first the grenade was fitted with a seven-second fuse but in the Battle of France in 1940 this delay proved to be too long, giving defenders time to escape the explosion, or even to throw the grenade back. Therefore, the delay was reduced to four seconds. The British Army continued to use grenades with a seven second fuse for use in rifle mounted grenade projectors where the fuse time was required to allow the grenade to reach its full range.


title: Mills bomb

text: The heavy segmented bodies of "pineapple" type grenades result in an unpredictable pattern of fragmentation. After the Second World War, Britain adopted grenades that contained segmented coiled wire in smooth metal casings. The No. 36M Mk.I remained the standard grenade of the British Armed Forces and was manufactured in the UK until 1972, when it was replaced by the L2 series. The 36M remained in service in some parts of the world such as India and Pakistan, where it was manufactured until the 2000s. Mills bombs were still being used in combat as recently as 2004, for example in the incident which killed US Marine Jason Dunham and wounded two of his comrades. The last major operator of the Mills bomb was India who only replaced it in August 2021 with a new Multi-Mode Hand Grenade (MMHG).


title: Mills bomb

text: The Mills bomb was developed into a rifle grenade by attaching a metallic rod to its base. This rod-type rifle-grenade had an effective range of about . The operating procedure was to insert the Mills bomb rod down the barrel of a standard rifle, put a special blank cartridge (Ballistite cartridge) in the rifle's chamber, place the rifle stock on the ground, then pull the Mills bomb's safety pin, releasing the safety lever and immediately fire the rifle. If the soldier did not launch the grenade quickly, the grenade's fuse would time out and explode. The British soon developed a simple cradle attached to the rifle's bayonet lug to hold the safety-lever in place and prevent accidental detonations. However, it was found that the repeated launching of rod-type grenades caused damage to the rifle's barrel, causing the middle to bulge out due to the prolonged pressure spike from driving the much heavier, larger projectile up the barrel (typically a much faster process with a normal bullet); a rifle cartridge rapidly burns up all the available powder, which fills the volume behind the bullet with extremely high pressure gases (tens of thousands of PSI), the pressure rising as the bullet moves up the barrel, peaking at some point before the bullet leaves the muzzle. With the much heavier grenade and rod, the cartridge had to accelerate a much heavier mass, which resulted in the powder burning up and the pressure peaking before the rod had got more than a part of the way up the barrel, putting peak pressure on sooner and sustaining it for longer.


title: Mills bomb

text: The British subsequently developed a cup-type launcher to replace the rod-type rifle-grenade. In this design, a can-shaped launcher was attached to the muzzle of the rifle and a gas check disc was screwed onto the base of the grenade before the grenade was placed in the launcher. The safety pin could then be removed as the launcher cup kept the safety-lever in place. The operator inserted the ballistite cartridge into the rifle before setting the stock, angled on the ground to absorb the recoil of the weapon. When the cartridge was fired it pushed the grenade out of the cup releasing the lever. The cup-type launcher could launch the grenade about . Lee–Enfield rifles equipped with the cup launcher were sometimes modified with copper wire wrapped around the stock, to prevent the wood from splitting under the increased recoil. If necessary, both the rod and the gas check grenade could be thrown as a standard hand-grenade. The cup discharger was typically on issue to the British Home Guard rather than the regular British Army.


title: Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi

text: Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi is a 2019 Indian Hindi-language family drama film directed by Seema Pahwa and produced by Jio Studios and Drishyam Films. It features an ensemble cast of Naseeruddin Shah, Vikrant Massey, Konkona Sen Sharma, Parambrata Chatterjee, Vinay Pathak, Supriya Pathak, Manoj Pahwa, and Vineet Kumar. The film also marks the directorial debut for actress Seema Pahwa, who also wrote the film, based on her own play, "Pind Daan".


title: Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi

text: The film premiered at the Mumbai Film Festival on 17 October 2019. It was released theatrically on 1 January 2021. The movie received critical acclaim from the critics who praised the story, screenplay, performances, themes and the family dynamic at play.


title: Ramprasad Ki Tehrvi

text: Ramprasad's entire family gathers at their ancestral home in Lucknow for 13 days after his death, to perform and observe the Hindu traditions and death rituals called the tehrvi. During the course, the family’s dynamics, politics, and insecurities come out, and then they realise that the importance of people and things are only evident in retrospect.


title: Disk Utility

text: Disk Utility is a system utility for performing disk and disk volume-related tasks on the macOS operating system by Apple Inc.


title: Disk Utility

text: Disk Utility functions may also be accessed from the macOS command line with the codice_1 and codice_2 commands. It is also possible to create and manage RAM disk images by using codice_2 and codice_1 in terminal.


title: Disk Utility

text: In the classic Mac OS, similar functionality to the verification features of Disk Utility could be found in the Disk First Aid application. Another application called Drive Setup was used for drive formatting and partitioning and the application Disk Copy was used for working with disk images.


title: Disk Utility

text: Before Mac OS X Panther, the functionality of Disk Utility was spread across two applications: Disk Copy and Disk Utility. Disk Copy was used for creating and mounting disk image files whereas Disk Utility was used for formatting, partitioning, verifying, and repairing file structures. The ability to "zero" all data (multi-pass formatting) on a disk was not added until Mac OS X 10.2.3. Further changes introduced in Mac OS X Tiger, specifically version 10.4.3, allowed Disk Utility to be used to verify the file structure of the current boot drive. Mac OS X Leopard added the ability to create, resize, and delete disk partitions without erasing them, a feature known as live partitioning. In OS X El Capitan, Disk Utility has a different user interface and lost the abilities to repair permissions due to obsolescence, create and manage disks formatted as RAID, burn discs, and multi-pass format internal solid-state drives and encrypted external drives.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: Dennis Milton Chambers (born May 9, 1959) is an American drummer. He was inducted into the "Modern Drummer" Hall of Fame in 2001.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: Chambers was born on May 9, 1959. He began drumming at the age of four years, and was gigging in Baltimore-area nightclubs by the age of six. He was recruited in 1981 by the Sugar Hill Label to be their "house drummer." Chambers played on many Sugar Hill releases. Contrary to popular belief he did not play on "Rapper's Delight" which was revealed in an interview with Drumeo on 8/16/2017.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: In an interview by Bonedo in 2011, Chambers was asked who some of his influences and favorite drummers were and he mentioned Clyde Stubblefield, Al Jackson Jr., Steve Gadd, Vinnie Colaiuta, Gary Husband, Jack Dejohnette, Billy Cobham, Buddy Rich, Elvin Jones, Roy Haynes, and Tony Williams.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: In 1978 (at 18 years old) he joined Parliament/Funkadelic, and stayed with them until 1985. In 1986 he joined the John Scofield band. Since then he has played with most of the major figures in jazz fusion music.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: He has recorded and performed with Tom Coster, John Scofield, George Duke, Victor Wooten, Brecker Brothers, Santana, Parliament/Funkadelic, John McLaughlin, Niacin, Mike Stern, CAB, Greg Howe, and many others.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: In December 2004, Chambers was awarded an Honorary Doctorate of Music from Berklee College of Music during the inauguration of former president Roger H. Brown.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: In 2013 Chambers recorded the album "Groove and More", produced by Lino Nicolosi and Pino Nicolosi, for the Italian company Nicolosi Productions, published by Soul Trade.


title: Dennis Chambers

text: He plays and endorses Pearl drums, pedals, hardware & racks, Zildjian cymbals, drumsticks & general accessories, LP percussion, Ddrum electronics and Evans Drumheads.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: Low Orbit Ion Cannon (LOIC) is an open-source network stress testing and denial-of-service attack application written in C#. LOIC was initially developed by Praetox Technologies, however it was later released into the public domain and is currently available on several open-source platforms.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: LOIC performs a DoS attack (or, when used by multiple individuals, a DDoS attack) on a target site by flooding the server with TCP, UDP, or HTTP packets with the intention of disrupting the service of a particular host. People have used LOIC to join voluntary botnets.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: The software inspired the creation of an independent JavaScript version called "JS LOIC", as well as LOIC-derived web version called "Low Orbit Web Cannon". These enable a DoS from a web browser.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: Security experts quoted by the BBC indicated that well-written firewall rules can filter out most traffic from DDoS attacks by LOIC, thus preventing the attacks from being fully effective. In at least one instance, filtering out all UDP and ICMP traffic blocked a LOIC attack. Firewall rules of this sort are more likely to be effective when implemented at a point upstream of an application server's Internet uplink to avoid the uplink from exceeding its capacity.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: LOIC attacks are easily identified in system logs, and the attack can be tracked down to the IP addresses used.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: LOIC was used by Anonymous (a group that spawned from the /b/ board of 4chan) during Project Chanology to attack websites from the Church of Scientology, once more to (successfully) attack the Recording Industry Association of America's website in October 2010, and it was again used by Anonymous during their Operation Payback in December 2010 to attack the websites of companies and organizations that opposed WikiLeaks.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: In retaliation for the shutdown of the file sharing service Megaupload and the arrest of four workers, members of Anonymous launched a DDoS attack upon the websites of Universal Music Group (the company responsible for the lawsuit against Megaupload), the United States Department of Justice, the United States Copyright Office, the Federal Bureau of Investigation, the MPAA, Warner Music Group and the RIAA, as well as the HADOPI, all on the afternoon of January 19, 2012, through LOIC. In general, the attack hoped to retaliate against those who Anonymous members believed harmed their digital freedoms.


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: The LOIC application is named after the ion cannon, a fictional weapon from many sci-fi works, video games, and in particular after its namesake from the "Command & Conquer" series. The artwork used in the application was a concept art for "".


title: Low Orbit Ion Cannon

text: While downloading and using the LOIC on one's own personal servers as a means of stress-testing is perfectly legal, at least in the United States, using the program to perform a DDoS attack on other parties could be considered a felony under the Computer Fraud and Abuse Act of 1986. This charge could result in up to 20 years of imprisonment, a fine or both.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 76 mm gun M1 was an American World War II–era tank gun developed by the U.S United States Ordnance Department in 1942 to supplement the 75 mm gun on the basic Medium tank M4. It was also used to arm the M18 Hellcat tank destroyer.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Although the gun was tested in early August 1942 and classified on August 17, 1942, it was not until August 1943 that the Ordnance Department developed a mounting for the M4 tank that the tank forces would accept. It was not accepted for combat until July 1944. In January 1943, the decision was made to mount the 76 mm on the vehicle that would become the M18. By May 1944, it was being combat tested as the T70.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The development of a better weapon than the 75 mm gun was foreseen before the U.S. had combat experience with well-armored German tanks. The original Ordnance Department specifications of 11 September 1941 for the M4 tank allowed for the mounting of numerous weapons including the 3 inch gun. The first specimens of the weapon that was to become the 76 mm Gun M1 were being evaluated in August 1942 while the U.S. did not enter the ground war in the European-African-Middle Eastern region until Operation Torch in November 1942.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 3 inch gun, based on the 3-inch gun M1918 anti-aircraft gun, was considered too large and heavy at about for mounting in the M4 tank. New stronger steels were used to create a weapon of similar performance weighing about . It was a new gun with a breech similar to that of the 75 mm M3 Gun but with a new tube (barrel and cartridge chamber) design to accommodate a new cartridge. It fired the same projectiles as the 3-inch Gun M1918 M7 gun mounted on the 3in Gun Motor Carriage M10 tank destroyer and towed 3-inch Gun M5 anti-tank gun, but from a different cartridge case. The "76-mm" designation was chosen to help keep the supply of ammunition from being confused between the two guns. The 76 mm also differed in that successive models received a muzzle brake and faster rifle twist.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Aberdeen Proving Ground began evaluations of the first test guns, designated the T1, around August 1, 1942. The first test guns had a bore length of 57 calibers and when tested on an M4 tank; it was found that the long barrel caused balance problems. Another T1 test gun was produced with the barrel shortened to 52 calibers and a counterweight added to the breech guard to improve balance.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: By August 17, the Ordnance Department had classified the test gun with the shorter barrel as the 76-mm M1 and set up the precedent for the designation of M4 tanks armed with the gun to include "(76M1)".


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Tests of production M1 guns revealed that the gun with its counterweight also had issues with binding when trying to rotate the turret when the tank was resting at a steep angle. An storage box was added to the turret rear to improve balance, with evaluations held in early 1943 and the final report tendered in April 1943. This worked, but was rejected by the Armored Force due to the turret being cramped.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: A more satisfactory mounting was found in August 1943 by utilizing the turret design of the T23 tank on the M4 chassis to carry the 76 mm gun. The 76 mm M1A1 version of the gun was then created, having a longer recoil surface to also help with balance by permitting the placement of the trunnions further to the front.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: By August 1943, the M4 tank armed with the 76 mm gun in the modified T23 turret was finally ready for production. A proposal was made by the Armored Force for a test run of 1,000 tanks for combat trials and, if that was successful, then devoting all M4 tank manufacturing capacity to those armed with the 76 mm gun. This was changed to a rate that would equip 1/3 of the M4 tanks with the 76 mm gun.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The production proposal was part of a memo in September 1943 pointing out various flaws of the gun that made it less desirable for tank use: muzzle blast, a weaker high explosive shell, more awkward ammunition handling, and ammunition storage. Summed up, the 76 mm offered about of added armor penetrating power for a possible loss of some high explosive firepower. In a meeting in April 1944 held to discuss the assignment of the first production M4(76M1) tanks received in Britain to units, a presentation comparing the 76 mm to the 75 mm went over similar points, adding that the 76 mm was more accurate, but did not yet have an appropriate smoke round.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The muzzle blast of early 76 mm guns obscured the target with smoke and dust. This could prevent the gunner from seeing where the projectile struck. The Ordnance Department initially reduced the amount of smoke by using a long primer that gave a more complete burn of the propellant before it exited the barrel. The revised ammunition began to be issued for use in August 1944. Muzzle brakes, that redirected the blast left and right, were tested in January 1944 and authorized in February 1944, with production starting in June 1944. Mid-production guns (M1A1C) were threaded for a muzzle brake, with the threads covered by a protector cap. Enough muzzle brakes were produced to allow them to be released onto M4 production lines in the fall.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: For those vehicles that did not have a muzzle brake, once the Armored Force began to accept M4s, it was recommended that tank commanders stand outside the tank and "spot" the strike of rounds to guide the gunner.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The situation with the high-explosive shell was that the 3 inch M42 projectile for the 76 mm gun carried a filler of about of explosives while the 75 mm gun M48 high explosive projectile carried . Far more high explosive ammunition was used by tankers than armor piercing types, the ratio being about 70% HE, 20% AP and 10% smoke overall, The ratio could vary by unit: From August 3 to December 31, 1944 the 13th Tank Battalion fired 55 rounds of M62 APC-T armor piercing versus 19,634 rounds of M42 high explosive.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The M88 smoke round for the 76 mm provided a "curtain" of smoke. The tankers found the 75 mm M64 WP (White Phosphorus) smoke projectile useful not only for providing smoke coverage but also attacking targets including enemy tanks. Some units equipped with the 76 mm preferred to maintain a 75 mm armed tank on hand to provide the M88 WP projectile.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: It was thought that the longer and heavier 76 mm might hamper handling inside the tank's turret, slowing the rate of fire. This may have been more of a concern than was warranted: on April 22, 1945, the crew of an M4 76 mm crew encountered an unidentified vehicle – which was actually a British scout car – in an ambush position, and the "76 roared twice in rapid succession". The British gunner stated that his vehicle had been destroyed, before "I could lay my hand on the trigger".


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: It was also thought that the longer 76 mm would reduce ammunition capacity. The 76 mm was first tested on the M4A1 series tank which carried 90 rounds of 75 mm ammunition, while most other models carried 97 rounds of 75 mm. The 76 mm cartridge reduced this to 83 rounds. By late 1943, the Army had adopted the wet storage system of water containers among the rounds, to reduce fires and for the 76 mm gun this provided 71 rounds of ammunition, while the 75 mm could carry 104 rounds. Storage depended on organization: The 76-mm T72 Gun Motor Carriage, designed to mount the 76-mm on the M10 GMC chassis in a T23 turret lightened for the job, carried 99 rounds (but not in wet storage).


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 76 mm gun saw first use in a test batch of M18 Hellcat gun motor carriages in Italy in May 1944, under their development designation T70. The moderate performance of the 76 mm gun by 1944 standards was one of three reasons the plans for M18 production were cut from 8,986 to 2,507, of which 650 were converted to unarmed utility vehicles. An experiment was performed mounting the 90-mm armed M36 turret on an M18 to provide more firepower than the 76-mm.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The first M4 tanks armed with 76 mm guns intended for combat were produced in January 1944. Tanks equipped with the gun began arriving in Britain in April 1944. The issue with muzzle blast had not been addressed and higher-level commanders had doubts about the use of, let alone need for, the new weapon. The medium-velocity 75 mm M3 gun, which first armed the standard M4 Sherman, was quite capable of dealing with most of the German armored fighting vehicles met in 1942 and 1943, and had better high explosive capability and fewer issues with muzzle blast. It was not until July 1944 that a call for M4s armed with 76 mm guns was put out in France after unexpectedly high losses by US tank units and the arrival of numerous Panther tanks on the US sector of the front.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Deliveries of the 76-mm armed tanks lagged such that by January 1945 they made up only 25% of the tanks in Europe. Plans were made by field units to directly replace the 75s on some tanks using a weight welded to the turret rear to balance it. A prototype was built, but the supply of ready-made tanks increased and that project ended.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 75 mm armed M4 tanks were never completely replaced during the war with some units in Europe still had about a 50/50 mix. Units in Italy readily accepted the 76 mm, but were never shipped as many as desired. The US units in the Pacific Theater relied mainly on the 75 mm gun. The 76 mm-armed M18 did see use in the Pacific late in the war.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 76 mm M1, while an improvement over the previous 75 mm, was a disappointment in its promised performance vis-à-vis the Panther tank and upgraded models of the Panzer IV "Ausf." H/J in the frontal arcs. This was the case of the 76 mm M1 versus the frontal armor of these tanks only. The other arcs did not present a problem. The cause of this was the M62A1 APC round issued with the gun. Another issue surfaces on detailed analysis with a change induced by the problem with the M18 turret and the weight of the original 76/57 development gun. The problem is that the M18 turret was strained by the forward weight of the barrel. In production, the 76mm M1 was shortened to 52 calibers to address this issue. The result was a loss in velocity and this also affected the anti-armor performance of the shell. In response to the lack of performance and displeasure expressed at high levels at the lack of performance, a new shell was developed. The 76 mm M93 High-Velocity, Armor-Piercing Tracer (HVAP-T) was a large improvement being an Armor Piercing Composite Rigid shot, where the full bore, lightweight outer shell contained a slug of tungsten alloy. This improved velocity, thus penetration, but the APCR slowed faster than the AP shot or APHE shell, such that penetration dropped below that of the previous two rounds at around 1,500 yards. The American APCR data seems to indicate that US designs were superior to German and their Soviet copies in retaining their velocity to longer ranges. The US Army did not adopt the APDS shot until the middle 1950s as the British designs had significant dispersion problems from point of aim, being less accurate. In the ETO the determination of the effective range of engagements between armor fell into at or under 890 yards. The shell brought the Panzer IV turret penetration to 1,850 yards. The Panther remained immune in the frontal arc. The side and rear arcs remained vulnerable out to 2,500 yards. What was missing to achieve the range and penetration of 890 yards that the US Army desired goal against the Panther was 500 fps in velocity, 3400 fps vs. the required 3900 fps.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The UK had developed a more effective anti-tank gun before the 76 mm gun became widely available. Although only slightly longer at 55 calibers, their Ordnance QF 17 pounder (76.2 mm) anti-tank gun had a much larger 76.2×583mmR cartridge case, which used about more propellant. The anti-tank performance of the 76 mm was inferior to the British 17-pounder, more so if the latter was using APDS discarding sabot rounds, though with that ammunition the 17-pounder was less accurate than the 76 mm. The 17-pounder was also much larger and had a longer recoil than the 76 mm, which required a redesign of the turret and despite this, made the turret very cramped. The 17-pounder also had a less effective HE round. The 76 mm gunned Shermans supplied to the British were only used in Italy or by the Polish 1st Armoured Division in north-west Europe. The British and Commonwealth units in north-west Europe supported their 75 mm gunned Shermans with 17-pounder armed Sherman Fireflies.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The first 76-mm-armed Shermans started to reach Red Army units in late summer 1944. In 1945, some units were standardized to depend mostly on them, transferring their T-34s to other units. Parts of the Polish First Army also briefly used M4A2 (76 mm) tanks, borrowed from the Red Army after heavy losses in the conquest of Danzig.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: By the end of 1950, more than 500 76mm gun M4A3E8 tanks were in Korea. These 76 mm-armed Shermans served well in the Korean War and, having better crew training and gun optics, had little problem piercing the armor of North Korean-manned T-34/85 tanks when firing HVAP rounds, which were amply supplied to units. Some 76 mm-armed M4s and M18s were distributed around the world and used by other countries post-war. The 76 mm gun was sometimes replaced by a more powerful weapon in service with other nations after World War II.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: France delivered 76 mm-gunned Sherman tanks to Israel which used them in Operation Kadesh against Egypt in 1956 and in the 1967 Six day war, particularly in the conquest of Jerusalem. Some were still used as bulldozer tanks in the Yom Kippur War in 1973.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Some M4A3E4s, retrofitted with the M1A1 76 mm gun, as well as a few M18s, were used by various sides during the civil conflicts of former Yugoslavia during the 1990s.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Pakistan bought 547 M4A1E6(76)s during the 1950s and used them in 1965 and 1971 Indo-Pakistani Wars with neighbouring India, which also fielded Sherman tanks (M4A3E4s) as well.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: Uganda purchased a few ex-Israeli M4A1(76)Ws and used them during the Idi Amin regime up until the Ugandan-Tanzanian War.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: A muzzle brake was tested in January 1944, authorized in February 1944 with production starting June 1944. Not all guns received them. The threads of those without a brake were covered by a protector visible in many pictures.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: From 1943, at the instigation of the head of the Armored Force General Jacob Devers, US Ordnance worked on a towed anti-tank gun based on the barrel of the M1, known as "76 mm gun T2 on carriage T3". Later interest in the project declined and the program was officially cancelled in 1945.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: While the 76 mm had less High Explosive (HE) and smoke performance than the 75 mm, the higher-velocity 76 mm gave better anti-tank performance, with firepower similar to many of the armored fighting vehicles it encountered, particularly the Panzer IV tank and StuG assault gun vehicles. Using the M62 APC round, the 76 mm gun penetrated of armor at 0° obliquity at , with a muzzle velocity of . The HVAP round was able to penetrate at , with a muzzle velocity of .


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The M42A1 High Explosive shell contained a explosive filler of TNT or a mixture of of cast TNT and 50/50 Amatol. A reduced charge load existed with a velocity of and range of .


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The substitute standard M79 Armor Piercing solid monobloc shot had no filler, windscreen, or penetrating cap.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The M88 H.C. B.I. Smoke Shell contained a filler of H.C. Based on a British design, it was intended to provide a slow-release "curtain" of smoke versus the exploding white phosphorus shell available to the 75-mm and other cannon originally designed for artillery spotting but which could also cause damaging burns.


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The M26 brass cartridge case was used for all loaded rounds, with a weight of and length of . It was an entirely different case from the 3-inch MKIIM2 case used for the 3-inch M3 anti-aircraft gun and 3-inch M5, M6, and M7 guns used on the a towed anti-tank gun, M6 heavy tank, and M10 Gun Motor Carriage. The 76-mm chamber capacity varied by projectile (also given is the capacities for similar 3-inch rounds to illustrate the size differences):


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 3 inch cartridge was not completely filled by the propellants used; a distance wad was used to keep the propellant pressed against the primer end. By way of comparison the 75 mm M3 gun had a chamber capacity of about for the M61 armor piercing projectile and about for the M48 high explosive projectile and the British 17pdr .


title: 76 mm gun M1

text: The 76 mm M1 was a project initiated by the Ordnance Department itself. Various entities suggested other weapon options which were not pursued.


title: Kasoor

text: Kasoor () is a 2001 Indian Hindi psychological suspense thriller film produced under Mukesh Bhatt's Vishesh Films and directed by Vikram Bhatt. It features Aftab Shivdasani in his second Bollywood appearance and Lisa Ray in her Bollywood debut. Ray's voice was dubbed by Divya Dutta. The film also stars Apoorva Agnihotri, Irrfan Khan and Ashutosh Rana in supporting roles. It was released on 2 February 2001. The film is an unofficial remake of the 1985 Hollywood film "Jagged Edge" which stars Jeff Bridges and Glenn Close. The movie was a critical and commercial success.


title: Kasoor

text: The film starts with the murder of Priti, wife of Shekhar, a wealthy and well-known journalist. Inspector Lokhande investigates the case and accuses Shekhar of the murder, saying he has enough evidence to arrest and convict him. However upon getting bail from the court, Shekhar asks his lawyer to fight his case for him however his lawyer tells him that he will not be able to fight his case because he is a corporate lawyer and only fights civil cases. He suggests Shekhar to ask Simran Bhargav, who is a skilled criminal lawyer in his firm to fight his case.


title: Kasoor

text: Shekhar goes to Simran's house to convince her to take his case. Simran tells Shekhar that she'll defend him only if she is convinced that he is innocent. Simran is battling inner demons over a case in which she got a man convicted for crime he had not committed. Her guilt increases when she learns that the innocent man had committed suicide in custody.


title: Kasoor

text: While representing Shekhar, whom she considers innocent, Simran falls in love with him – a part of Shekhar's plan to win her trust. They end up having intimate, passionate and sensual sex. Throughout the case a mysterious man sends clues to Simran which helps her prove Shekhar's innocence. It is revealed that Shekhar was having an affair with another woman and his wife Priti was having an affair with Jimmy Parena. When Simran learns this she is heartbroken and decides to leave the case but Amit tells her to keep fighting the case. After the court declares Shekhar innocent, Simran spends the night with Shekhar at his house. The next morning, while opening his closet, she finds a typewriter hidden between sheets.


title: Kasoor

text: The typewriter proved to be the one the mysterious man used to write clue letters to Simran with earlier. Simran realizes this because the typed letters all have a flyaway 't' on them.


title: Kasoor

text: Simran realizes that Shekhar is the murderer and the mysterious man who wrote the letters to her. She then contacts Inspector Lokhande about the typewriter. He tells her to come to the police station with the typewriter. She continuously ignores Shekhar who asks her for dinner. Shekhar realizes that Simran knows the truth. Shekhar quickly reaches her house and tries to kill her but Simran kills him in self-defense and reconciles with Amit.


title: Kasoor

text: The music of "Kasoor" was composed by Nadeem-Shravan. This was their second album after comeback. The lyrics were penned by Sameer. Singer such as Udit Narayan, Kumar Sanu and Alka Yagnik lent their voices for the album. The soundtrack became very popular upon release with songs like "Mohabbat Ho Na Jaaye", "Kitni Bechain Hoke", "Dil Mera Tod Diya" & the remaining becoming a rage among the people especially the youth. The soundtrack attained number 1 position on the all-time music sales music chart of 2001. The soundtrack received a rating of 8/10 from Planet Bollywood.


title: Kasoor

text: The film was worldwide released on 1st February 2001. The DVD of the film was released by Eros Home Media The distribution rights of the movie was accuired to Sony Pictures Networks India. The television premiere of the movie was occurred on SET India on 7th March 2001 . The film has been made streaming available on YouTube Premium since 2017 .


title: Kasoor

text: The film received mixed reviews from critics. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama praised the performance of the lead cast saying, ""Kasoor" scores the most in that one important department — performances. Credit for this must go primarily to the two principal performers — Aftab Shivdasani and Lisa Ray — who come up with proficient performances." Aparajita Saha of Rediff.com stated, "this is a film that attempted an intriguing premise but failed when it didn't fully explore that very premise and take it to its logical and rightful conclusion."


title: Mitsubishi F-1

text: The Mitsubishi F-1 is a Japanese swept-wing, single-seat, twin-engine supersonic strike aircraft that was in service with the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) from 1978 to 2006. It was Japan's first domestically designed and built supersonic combat aircraft, jointly developed by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries. It is essentially a T-2 trainer airframe modified for a dedicated anti-ship and ground attack role.


title: Mitsubishi F-1

text: In the mid 1960s, the Japan Air Self-Defense Force (JASDF) commenced studies into an advanced jet trainer which could also be modified to serve in the ground attack and anti-shipping roles. After considering license production of the T-38 Talon and SEPECAT Jaguar, Japan decided to develop its own trainer, the supersonic Mitsubishi T-2, this first flying on 20 July 1971. Cost over-runs in the T-2 program led to the proposed single seat attack version almost being abandoned, but the cancellation of the Kawasaki P-XL, the planned replacement for Japan's Kawasaki P-2J maritime patrol aircraft freed-up funds, while making it important to keep Japan's aviation industry employed, and contracts were awarded for the development of the attack version as the FS-T2kai in 1973.


title: Mitsubishi F-1

text: The new aircraft was a minimum change derivative of the T-2, with the rear cockpit being converted to an avionics bay by removing the rear seat, and replacing the canopy with a simple unglazed access hatch. Two additional hardpoints were fitted under the wing to allow carriage of a heavier weapon load, and the avionics were improved, with a new J/AWG-12 radar set, similar to the AN/AWG-12 fitted in British Royal Air Force F-4M Phantom fighter jets. This set provides ranging information. Aside from the avionics changes, deletion of the rear seat, and new one-piece canopy, the only other major change from the T-2 was the strengthening of the airframe to enable it to carry a larger weapons load than the T-2. The F-1 is fitted with an internally mounted 20 mm JM61A1 Vulcan cannon with 750 rounds of ammunition. The aircraft also has seven external hardpoints for the carriage of a wide variety of stores (missiles, gun pods, etc.). The fuselage hardpoint and inboard pair of underwing hardpoints are plumbed for external fuel tanks to increase the aircraft's range. The primary weapon of the F-1 is the ASM-1 and the newer ASM-2 long-range anti-ship missile. This weapon is roughly in the class of the American AGM-84 Harpoon or French AM.39 Exocet. Other weapons carried include the all-aspect short-range heat-seeking AIM-9 Sidewinder air-to-air missile for air-to-air combat. This weapon is carried on the wingtip rails usually, but it can also be carried on the outboard underwing hardpoints for the F-1's secondary air defense role. Other air-to-ground weapons carried include rocket pods (JLAU-3/A) of 70 mm (2.75 in) size as well as bombs of 227 kg (500 lb) and 340 kg (750 lb) in size (Mk82 and M117 respectively). In addition, the Mk-82 and M117 bombs can be fitted with infrared guidance kits, turning them into precision-guided weapons that home in on heat radiation emitted from seaborne targets such as ships or other ground-based targets. When fitted with this kit, the bomb becomes known as GCS-1.


title: Mitsubishi F-1

text: The F-1 was replaced by the F-2 (Japan/U.S. developed, based on the F-16C/D), as well as upgraded F-4EJ Kai Phantom IIs. The last six active F-1s, based at Tsuiki in Fukuoka Prefecture, were retired on 9 March 2006, having reached the 4,000 hour limit of their airframes.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: The Seamless Robe of Jesus (also known as the Holy Robe, Holy Tunic, Holy Coat, Honorable Robe, and Chiton of the Lord) is the robe said to have been worn by Jesus during or shortly before his crucifixion. Competing traditions claim that the robe has been preserved to the present day. One tradition places it in the Cathedral of Trier, another places it in Argenteuil's Basilique Saint-Denys, and several traditions claim that it is now in various Eastern Orthodox churches, notably Svetitskhoveli Cathedral in Mtskheta, Georgia.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: According to the Gospel of John, the soldiers who crucified Jesus did not divide his tunic after crucifying him, but cast lots to determine who would keep it because it was woven in one piece, without seam. A distinction is made in the New Testament Greek between the


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: "himatia" (literally “over-garments”) and the seamless robe, which is "chiton", (literally "tunic" or "coat").


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: According to legend, Helena, mother of Constantine the Great, discovered the seamless robe in the Holy Land in the year 327 or 328 along with several other relics, including the True Cross. According to different versions of the story, she either bequeathed it or sent it to the city of Trier, where Constantine had lived for some years before becoming emperor. (The monk Altmann of Hautvillers wrote in the 9th century that Helena was born in that city, though this report is strongly disputed by most modern historians.)


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: The history of the Trier robe is certain only from the 12th century, when Archbishop Johann I of Trier consecrated an altar which contained the seamless robe in early 1196. Although biographies of Johann I state that this was not the first time the robe was displayed, there are no historical dates or events presented which predate 1196. Sections of taffeta and silk have been added to the robe, and it was dipped in a rubber solution in the 19th century in an attempt to preserve it. The few remaining original sections are not suitable for carbon dating. The stigmatist Therese Neumann of Konnersreuth declared that the Trier robe was authentic.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: The relic is normally kept folded in a reliquary and cannot be directly viewed by the faithful. In 1512, during an Imperial Diet, Emperor Maximilian I demanded to see the Holy Robe which was kept in the Cathedral. Archbishop Richard von Greiffenklau arranged the opening of the altar that had enshrined the tunic since the building of the Dome and exhibited it. The people of Trier heard about that and demanded to see the Holy Robe. Subsequently, pilgrimages took place at irregular intervals to view the garment: 1513, 1514, 1515, 1516, 1517, 1524, 1531, 1538, 1545, 1655, 1810, 1844, 1891, 1933, 1959, 1981, 1996, and 2012. The 1844 exhibition of the relic, on the instructions of Wilhelm Arnoldi, Bishop of Trier, led to the formation of the German Catholics ("Deutschkatholiken"), a schismatic sect formed in December of that year under the leadership of Johannes Ronge. The 1996 exhibition of the tunic was seen by over one million pilgrims and visitors. Since then, the Bishopric of Trier has conducted an annual ten-day religious festival called the "Heilig-Rock-Tage".


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: According to the Argenteuil tradition, the Empress Irene made a gift of the seamless robe to Charlemagne in about the year 800. Charlemagne gave it to his daughter Theocrate, abbess of Argenteuil, where it was preserved in the church of the Benedictines. In 1793, the parish priest, fearing that the robe would be desecrated in the French Revolution, cut the robe into pieces and hid them in separate places. Only four of the pieces remain. They were moved to the present church of Argenteuil in 1895.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: The earliest document referring to the robe at Argenteuil dates from 1156, written by Archbishop Hugh of Rouen. He described it, however, as the garment of the child Jesus. A long-running dispute claims that the Argenteuil cloth is actually not the seamless robe worn by Jesus during the crucifixion, but the garments woven for him by the Virgin Mary and worn his entire life. Advocates of the theory that the Argenteuil cloth is the seamless robe claim that the Trier robe is actually Jesus's mantle.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: The Eastern Orthodox Church has also preserved a tradition regarding the clothing of Jesus which was divided among the soldiers after the crucifixion.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: According to the tradition of the Georgian Orthodox Church, the chiton was acquired by a Jewish Rabbi from Georgia named Elioz (Elias), who was present in Jerusalem at the time of the crucifixion and bought the robe from a soldier. He brought it with him when he returned to his native town of Mtskheta, Georgia, where it is preserved to this day beneath a crypt in the Patriarchal Svetitskhoveli Cathedral. The feast day in honor of the "Chiton of the Lord" is celebrated on October 1.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: A portion of the himation was also brought to Georgia, but it was placed in the treasury of the Svetitskhoveli Cathedral, where it remained until the seventeenth century. Then the Persian Shah Abbas I, when he invaded Georgia, carried off the robe. At the insistence of the Russian ambassador and Tsar Michael Feodorovich, the Shah sent the robe as a gift to Patriarch Philaret (1619–1633) and Tsar Michael in 1625. The authenticity of the robe was attested by Nectarius, Archbishop of Vologda, by Patriarch Theophanes of Jerusalem and by Joannicius the Greek. Reports also circulated at that time of miraculous signs being worked through the relic.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: Later, two portions of the robe were taken to Saint Petersburg: one in the cathedral at the Winter Palace, and the other in Sts. Peter and Paul Cathedral. A portion of the Robe was also preserved at the Cathedral of the Dormition in Moscow, and small portions at Kyiv’s Sophia Cathedral, at the Ipatiev monastery near Kostroma and at certain other old temples.


title: Seamless robe of Jesus

text: The Russian Orthodox Church commemorates the Placing of the Honorable Robe of the Lord at Moscow on July 10 (July 25 N.S.). At Moscow annually on that day, the robe is solemnly brought out of the chapel of the Apostles Peter and Paul at the Dormition cathedral, and it is placed on a stand for veneration by the faithful during the divine services. After the Divine Liturgy the robe is returned to its former place. Traditionally, on this day the propers chanted are of "the Life-Creating Cross", since the day on which the relic was actually placed was the Sunday of the Cross, during Great Lent of 1625.


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: Edward Cedric Hardwicke (7 August 1932 – 16 May 2011) was an English actor, who had a distinguished career on the stage and on-screen. He was best known for playing Captain Pat Grant in "Colditz" (1972-73), and Dr. Watson in Granada Television's "Sherlock Holmes" (1986-94).


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke was born in London, the son of actors Sir Cedric Hardwicke and Helena Pickard. He began his film career in Hollywood at the age of 10, in Victor Fleming's film "A Guy Named Joe" which starred Spencer Tracy. He returned to England, attended Stowe School, and fulfilled his national service as a pilot officer in the Royal Air Force. He attended the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) and trained as an actor.


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: Hardwicke played at the Bristol Old Vic, the Oxford Playhouse and the Nottingham Playhouse before in 1964 joining Laurence Olivier's National Theatre. He performed regularly there for seven years. He appeared with Olivier in William Shakespeare's "Othello" and Ibsen's "The Master Builder". He also appeared in Peter Shaffer's "The Royal Hunt of the Sun" (with Robert Stephens), "Charley's Aunt", Tom Stoppard's "Rosencrantz and Guildenstern Are Dead", Congreve's "The Way of the World", Georges Feydeau's "A Flea in Her Ear" (directed by Jacques Charon of the "Comédie Française"), "The Crucible", Luigi Pirandello's "The Rules of the Game", Fyodor Dostoevsky's "The Idiot" and George Bernard Shaw's "Mrs. Warren's Profession". He returned to the National in 1977 for a production of Feydeau's "The Lady from Maxim's".


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: In 1973 he played Dr Astrov in Anton Chekhov's "Uncle Vanya" opposite Peter O'Toole at the Bristol Old Vic, and had an uncredited role as Charles Calthrop in the film "The Day of the Jackal". In 1975 he appeared in Frederick Lonsdale's "On Approval" at the Haymarket Theatre, and in 1976 he played Sir Robert Chiltern in Oscar Wilde's "An Ideal Husband" at the Yvonne Arnaud Theatre, a production with which he toured Canada.


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: In 1993 he played the role of C. S Lewis's brother Warnie opposite Anthony Hopkins in "Shadowlands", directed by Richard Attenborough.


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: In 1995 he appeared in Ian McKellen's updated film of "Richard III". His father, Sir Cedric Hardwicke, had appeared in the Laurence Olivier 1955 film version.


title: Edward Hardwicke

text: In 2001 he played Arthur Winslow in "The Winslow Boy" at the Chichester Festival Theatre, a role played by his father in the 1948 film.