title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: Jethro Tull released their debut album "This Was" in October 1968. During the recording of "This Was", frontman Ian Anderson began writing new material which differed from the straight blues/jazz fusion style which the band were known for at the time. Anderson estimated that he wrote "50 percent" of "Stand Up" during the summer of 1968. Anderson wrote the album's songs on an acoustic guitar in his bedsit in Kentish Town, London, and cited Roy Harper, Ornette Coleman, Charlie Parker, Bert Jansch, Pentangle, Blind Faith and Jimi Hendrix as inspirations. The new material's departure from the band's blues-based style caused conflict with guitarist Mick Abrahams, who was a blues purist: Anderson recalled "running some of [the new songs] by Mick Abrahams, and coming to the conclusion that they weren't going up to be up his street at all" while drummer Clive Bunker stated that "when Ian started to write new and different stuff, that's when we realised we were going to have serious problems, because Mick just didn't want to do it." The stylistic clash resulted in Abrahams' departure from the band in December 1968. The band initially began rehearsals for "Stand Up" with Black Sabbath guitarist Tony Iommi, however Iommi left the band after only a few weeks as he felt he did not fit in well with the group. The job eventually went to Martin Barre, who immediately joined rehearsals for "Stand Up" before making his live debut with the band on 30 December 1968.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The band then embarked on a short Swedish tour to support Jimi Hendrix in January 1969 before embarking on a three-month U.S. tour (the band's first) during which the band recorded the non-album single "Living in the Past" and B-side "Driving Song" at the behest of manager Terry Ellis to "keep the pot boiling" in the UK. Following the end of the tour in April, the band returned to the UK to begin recording sessions for the new album.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The band began recording the album on 17 April 1969, recording "A New Day Yesterday" and finished on 21 May 1969, finishing "Look Into the Sun". Recording was briefly paused in early-mid May for the band to embark on a joint headlining tour of the UK and France with Ten Years After. All of the songs were recorded at Studio 2 of Morgan Studios, except for "Bourée" which was recorded at Olympic Studios because Morgan was already booked for the day (although takes of the song were also recorded at Morgan). The general routine was that the band would arrive at the studio at 9:00 am to work on one or two songs which would be finished by 4:00 or 5:00 pm. Anderson cited Morgan Studios' modern 8-track recording facilities as "a big help", saying that "8-track was the beginning of that creative freedom without which it would have been much harder to have made the "Stand Up" album." The band praised recording engineer Andy Johns, who they found easy to work with. Johns tried some innovative recording techniques on the album; for example on "A New Day Yesterday" he achieved a swirling, stereo-shifting guitar effect by swinging an expensive Neumann U67 microphone on its cable in wide circles around the studio.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The majority of the album was recorded live with the entire band, with minimal overdubs, however primarily acoustic songs such as "Look Into the Sun" and "Fat Man" were recorded mostly solo by Anderson. The song "Bourée" proved the most difficult to record, with the band unsatisfied with any of the takes they recorded. The final version of the song was compiled later from several takes, with additional overdubs added by Anderson. Bass guitar on "Look Into the Sun" was recorded by Johns, as bassist Glenn Cornick was not present at the session (Johns' performance was uncredited on the album). One song titled "Early in the Morning" had its backing track recorded but was aborted during the sessions and was never released. The band also recorded the backing track for "Play in Time" during the sessions, a song which would later be finished and released on the band's next album "Benefit".


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The design of the album cover started with a visit to New Haven, Connecticut during a concert tour in late February 1969. Under the direction of producer Terry Ellis, the band met a woodcarver named James Grashow who followed them for a week in order to properly represent them in wood. The resulting gatefold album cover, in a woodcut style designed by Grashow, originally opened up like a children's pop-up book so that a cut-out of the band's personnel stood up, evoking the album's title. "Stand Up" won "New Musical Express"'s award for best album artwork in 1969. The pop-up was not carried over to the 1973 album reissue.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The album still shows a great blues influence, as in the first track "A New Day Yesterday". Some songs on the album exhibit unusual instrumentation, such as "Fat Man" played on a mandolin and "Jeffery Goes to Leicester Square" played on a balalaika. The acoustic pieces, like "Reasons for Waiting", already show Anderson under the influence of Roy Harper. The instrumental "Bourée" (one of Jethro Tull's popular concert pieces) is a jazzy re-working of "Bourrée in E minor" by Johann Sebastian Bach. On the other hand, "Nothing Is Easy" is a jazz-rock song with drums and electric guitar that contrasts with the acoustic material on the album.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: Ian Anderson has speculated that the chord progression in "We Used to Know" was picked up subconsciously by the Eagles when they toured together in 1971 or 1972 and used in their song "Hotel California". However Don Felder, who wrote the music for "Hotel California", did not join Eagles until 1974. In a 2016 interview, Anderson stated that the chord progression had likely been used in earlier songs and also called "Hotel California" a "much better song" than "We Used to Know".


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: Anderson has described the album's lyrics as composing of a mixture of made up scenarios, occasionally mixed with biographical anecdotes or experiences from his personal life. Songs like "Back to the Family" and "For a Thousand Mothers" were influenced by Anderson's rocky relationship with his parents at the time, while "We Used to Know" describes the band's difficult life of financial hardship before finding success. Anderson has denied that songs concerning relationships such as "A New Day Yesterday", "Look Into the Sun" and "Reasons for Waiting" were inspired by real life experiences, saying that "I've always had a feeling that you don't talk about real stuff when it comes to that, and that you shouldn't betray real relationships in songs." Anderson wrote "Fat Man" as a reference to former guitarist Mick Abrahams (who was the largest member of the group), however Anderson has denied that the song was intended as an insult. "Jeffrey Goes to Leicester Square" references Anderson's friend Jeffrey Hammond, who was also referenced on "This Was" and would later join Jethro Tull as bassist in 1970.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: "Stand Up" received mixed reviews upon its release, but more recent evaluations praised the album as a whole, for the production and musicianship.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The 1969 "Rolling Stone" review was quite positive, stating that the album "has a fairly low raunch quotient, true to form, but it is quite marvellous" and also that "the album is not really funky; rather, it is a meticulously crafted work (no sterility implied) which deserves careful listening. At a time when many of the established stars are faltering, it is a particular pleasure to hear an important new voice." The contemporary "Disc and Music Echo" review was less favourable; it considered the expensive cover the "most impressive" part of the album and Jethro Tull a good live band but still incapable of producing a "musically interesting" release. American critic Robert Christgau reiterated his dislike of the band, but judged the album "adequate" in his "Village Voice" review.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: A retrospective AllMusic review was positive, saying that the band had "solidified their sound" with the album, bringing an "English folk music" influence to several of the songs, atop an overall blues rock foundation. Sean Murphy of "PopMatters" more emphatically wrote that "Stand Up" was a "meaningful document from what turned out to be a very transitional moment in rock history... a document created in a rapidly closing artistic window, pre-prog but post-British blues and psychedelic rock." He praised the musicianship of the players and remarked the first examples of "the first-rate lyricist Anderson would quickly become." The "Record Collector" review highlights how "the album captured the band on a vertiginous upswing, jubilant with confidence following the drafting in of guitarist Martin Barre" and contained "a fresh batch of diverse but uniformly strong compositions".


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: A variety of rock artists have cited "Stand Up" as an all-time favourite album over the years, including Pearl Jam's Eddie Vedder, Aerosmith's Tom Hamilton, Joe Bonamassa, and Joe Satriani.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: During an interview with "BraveWords" in 2015, Anderson selected "Stand Up" as his favourite Tull album: "I suppose if you were to really twist my arm, I would probably go back to 1969, with the "Stand Up" album, because that was my first album of first really original music. It has a special place in my heart." Barre and Bunker have also ranked it as being among their favorite Tull albums.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: In 1989 a MFSL remaster was released, with catalogue number UDCD 524. The booklet featured the pop-up woodcut band.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: It was reissued on 5 October 2010 as a deluxe edition, including six bonus tracks on disc one, and two additional discs: a CD of live material recorded at Carnegie Hall on 4 November 1970, and a DVD with a DTS surround mix of the concert as well as an Interview with Ian Anderson. The material was mixed by Peter Mew at the Abbey Road studios.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: It was released again in November 2016 in a box set with two CDs and one DVD, named Stand Up - The Elevated Edition. The box contains rare and previously unreleased music (such as an alternate take of "Bourée", BBC tracks, radio spots and vintage stereo promo mixes of "Living in the Past" and "Driving Song" previously unreleased on CD) including new stereo and 5.1 mixes of the album and bonus tracks by Steven Wilson, and a live presentation, from a concert in Sweden in 1969 (original mono mix). It also includes a 112-page booklet featuring track-by-track annotations by Ian Anderson, an extensive history of the album, rare and unseen photographs and a reproduction of the original pop-up book artwork designed by James Grashow.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: It was re-released again on 180 gram vinyl with the original tracks in February 2017. This time it came with the gatefold cover and the "pop up" band inside.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: Reissued on 2 LPs at 45RPM in October 2022 by Analogue Productions. Mastered and cut by Kevin gray from the original U.K. Island analog tape. Plated at QRP with Initial press run at RTI. Gatefold "tip on" jacket manufactured by Stoughton Printing, faithfully reproducing the original pop-up of the band members from the initial release.


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: All songs written by Ian Anderson, unless otherwise indicated. (Original LP album states "All titles written by Ian Anderson").


title: Stand Up (Jethro Tull album)

text: The album reached No. 1 on the British charts, also selling well in the United States, where it reached No. 20. In the Norwegian charts (where the band toured along with Jimi Hendrix), the album charted at No. 5.


title: Naresh Trehan

text: Naresh Trehan (born 12 August 1946) is an Indian cardiovascular and cardiothoracic surgeon. After graduating from King George Medical College, Lucknow, India, he went on to practice at New York University Medical Center Manhattan USA from 1971 to 1988. He returned to India and started Escorts Heart Institute and Research Centre. He serves as the chairman and managing director and chief cardiac surgeon of Medanta™-The Medicity. He has served as personal surgeon to the President of India since 1991, has received numerous awards, including the Padma Shri, Padma Bhushan, Lal Bahadur Shastri National Award and Dr. B. C. Roy Award.


title: Naresh Trehan

text: In 1963 Dr. Trehan got admission in King George's Medical College in Lucknow. In November 1969 he moved to USA and became a first-year resident at the Thomas Jefferson University Hospital in Philadelphia.


title: Naresh Trehan

text: Trehan was the founder, director and chief cardiovascular surgeon of Escorts Heart Institute and Research Center (EHIRC), which opened on Okhla Road, Delhi in 1988. Presently, Trehan is the Founder Chairman of Medanta - The Medicity one of the largest multi-specialty hospital at Gurgaon, Haryana established in 2009. Trehan has been president of the International Society for Minimally Invasive Cardiac Surgery.


title: Naresh Trehan

text: As chairman of Global Health Private Ltd., Trehan has overseen the building of an integrated health care facility in Gurgaon, India, currently referred to as Medanta - The Medicity. Medicity is spread across of land. Collaborating with Siemens and other financial partners, Medicity combines modern medicine with traditional medicine and holistic therapies.


title: Naresh Trehan

text: His mother was a gynaecologist and father was an ENT specialist, both of them practised in Lyallpur until the partition of India his family belonged to Sri Hargobindpur, Batala He was born left-handed but due to stigma, his Hindi tutor broke his left hand to force Trehan to write with the right hand. In September 1969 he married and moved to USA in November. They have two daughters. His wife, Madhu Trehan, is a journalist and writer.


title: Post office box

text: A post office box (commonly abbreviated as P.O. box, or also known as a postal box) is a uniquely addressable lockable box located on the premises of a post office.


title: Post office box

text: In some regions, particularly in Africa, there is no door to door delivery of mail; for example, in Kenya. Consequently, renting a PO box has traditionally been the only way to receive mail in such countries.


title: Post office box

text: Generally, post office boxes are rented from the post office either by individuals or by businesses on a basis ranging from monthly to annual, and the cost of rent varies depending on the box size. Central business district (CBD) PO boxes are usually more expensive than rural PO boxes.


title: Post office box

text: In the United States, the rental rate used to be uniform across the country. Now, however, a postal facility can be in any of seven fee groups by location; in addition, certain customers qualify for free box rental, usually because the Postal Service does not offer carrier-route delivery to their physical addresses.


title: Post office box

text: In the United Kingdom, Royal Mail PO boxes are often little more than pigeon-holes in the secure section of a sorting office and are accessible only by staff. In such cases, the renter of the PO box will be issued with a card showing the PO box number and delivery office name and must produce this to the desk staff when collecting mail. For an additional fee, the Royal Mail will deliver received items to the renter's geographical address.


title: Post office box

text: Some private companies (e.g., United Parcel Service and commercial mail receiving agencies) offer similar services of renting a mailbox in a public location. The difference is that mail sent there is addressed to a street address (along with the private box number), instead of just addressed to "PO Box CSX". Virtual mailboxes are similar to P.O. boxes but usually provide additional services such as scanning or forwarding.


title: Post office box

text: Post office boxes are usually mounted in a wall of the post office, either an external wall or a wall in a lobby, so that staff on the inside may deposit mail in a box, while a key holder (some older post office boxes use a combination dial instead of a key) in the lobby or on the outside of the building may open their box to retrieve the mail.


title: Post office box

text: In many post offices in the United States, the PO box lobby is separate from the window-service lobby, so that the former may be kept open for longer hours or around the clock, while the latter is locked after business hours. In the U.S. since the 1980s, in cities and large urban areas, post offices have tended to close box lobbies overnight because of the tendency of homeless people to use them for sleeping quarters. As a result, some box lobbies are accessible after hours by customers who are provided a code to a door keypad. In addition, some post offices are located in rented facilities such as shopping malls. As a result, PO boxes can only be accessed while that facility is open.


title: Post office box

text: If a parcel does not fit in a PO box, the postmaster will leave a note advising that customer to pick up that parcel from the counter. In some post offices, a key will be left in the PO box that corresponds to a larger, locked box (parcel locker) where the patron may pick up their package if a signature is not required. Most often, in this case, once the key is used to open the larger, locked box, the key cannot be removed again by the patron, but the door cannot be secured either. Notes will also be left in the PO box in respect of cash on delivery (COD) and registered mail that has to be signed for.


title: Post office box

text: In 2011, the United States Postal Service began a pilot program called "gopost" which installed larger boxes to handle package pickup from an unstaffed station. A given box can be used by multiple customers thanks to the integration of a computer which accepts a delivery code. Deutsche Post started a similar concept called a Packstation in 2001.


title: Post office box

text: The privately operated Amazon Locker, started in 2011, is a similar one-time-use pickup (and return) facility for parcels sent to and from the company.


title: Post office box

text: Until 2012, package delivery to USPS post office boxes was not available from private carriers like UPS, FedEx and others. In early 2012, the Postal Service introduced a P.O. Box Street Address (PBSA) service that allows box-holders to combine the street address of the post office where their box is located with their post office box number into a street address format. A mailing industry publication called the new service "a great service for people who already have a PO Box and don't want their packages delivered to their home."


title: Post office box

text: Users receiving very large quantities of mail can use "locked bags", which are numbered like PO boxes. In the United States, this service is called caller service, and the assigned number is called a caller number, although mail is typically addressed to "PO Box (caller number)."


title: Post office box

text: Each country has its own rules and regulations as to how one can retrieve mail at a PO Box. Some countries, such as the United States or the United Kingdom, may require one or more forms of identification. Not all countries offer locked PO Boxes.


title: Post office box

text: In the United States, two forms of identification are required when signing up for a PO Box; one of which must be a photo ID.


title: Post office box

text: Many countries offer some type of PO Boxes for different uses. There are an increasing number of private companies that provide similar PO Box services to the official postal service privately under the guise of mail forwarding.


title: Post office box

text: In Namibia, PO boxes are the only form of mail delivery to private individuals. Even small settlements feature a block of PO boxes for rent. In Windhoek, capital and the only large town, blocks of PO boxes are scattered all over the city and not necessarily located at post offices but at shopping malls, in pedestrian zones or on public places.


title: Post office box

text: The South African Post Office has Post Boxes available for rent. These are usually attached to or close to a post office. In urban areas with PO Boxes for rent there also may be home delivery of mail. In rural areas Post Boxes are often compulsory as no street deliveries take place. In the areas for which there is no street delivery, Post Boxes are not charged for. Boxes and Street delivery postal codes may be the same in an area, or may differ. Private Bags are available for recipients of large mail volumes.


title: Post office box

text: In Hong Kong, PO boxes are available in two different sizes. They are available in many post offices throughout the territory.


title: Post office box

text: In Japan, PO boxes are available at most post office locations. There is no cost to rent a post office box as the box is provided to ease the effort to deliver postal items to regular customers. Therefore, renters must receive at least one postal item every day and expected to visit and retrieve mails regularly (daily, in principle) from the box. The renter must also rent the box for 6 months or more. Boxes in the metropolitan areas are often full and a new user expects to wait for years or more.


title: Post office box

text: In the Philippines, PO boxes are available for rent in selected post offices. PO boxes, also known as lock boxes, are available in three sizes: small, medium and large.


title: Post office box

text: In South Korea, PO boxes are available in one size at selected post offices. There is no charge for renting PO box, but renter must fetch mail at least once in 30 days. Application is only available at post office with valid ID, seal for receiving registered mail, and key fee (usually around 10,000 won). Seoul CPO box room is the only PO box in Korea with fully automated mail retrieving system.


title: Post office box

text: Only mail from Austrian Post can be delivered to an Austrian Post PO Box, but there are also private companies offering the same services.


title: Post office box

text: In Serbia, anyone can apply for Post Office Box (in Serbian: Поштански фах) for very small yearly fee (curentlly, cost is two standard postal stamps). Application contains identification and address information of a user. User may choose what mail should be delivered to postal office Box and what should be delivered to the real address. If not specified otherwise, all mail goes to Post Office Box.


title: Post office box

text: In the United Kingdom, anyone applying for a Royal Mail PO box must produce documentation to verify their home or business address.


title: Post office box

text: In Canada and the United States, Postal Boxes are available in five different sizes (A, B, C, D, and E). They are generally available in all post offices throughout the country.


title: Post office box

text: In the United States, PO Boxes are generally available through the United States Postal Service (USPS). They are usually arranged from the smallest boxes at the top to the largest boxes at the bottom. The two largest sizes may be configured as drawers. To rent a PO Box, two different forms of identification are required. At least one of them must be a valid photo ID. This also applies to others who wish to share the box with the original subscriber's permission, and are of legal age. The post office will "not" forward mail from a PO Box until the box is closed, and then only to one address for all subscribers. As part of the agreement to rent a PO Box, if the PO Box is used for business, the Post Office will provide, upon request, the geographical (street) address of the business.


title: Post office box

text: Until 2012, only items mailed or shipped via USPS could be received at a USPS PO Box. However, a service called "Street Addressing" has begun to change this. Once a permission form is completed by the box holder, Street Addressing allows private shippers, such as United Parcel Service (UPS) or FedEx, to ship items to a modification of the actual street address of the Post Office where the PO Box is located. The Post Office accepts the item, and places it in the PO Box or, for larger items, handles them the same way they would a package sent via USPS. (Some have storage lockers.) Only certain Post Offices offer Street Addressing, and even for ones that do, it may not be available to all of its PO Box customers (e.g., boxes without a fee). Other restrictions also exist, including the same limitations on items that cannot otherwise be mailed by "ground service" though USPS. (Not to be confused with items that cannot be shipped by air.) In many cases, the package may require one additional business day for delivery, and the service was never intended for overnight delivery. Also, federal holidays not observed by the private shipper might cause a delay. If an item is shipped using Street Addressing in which the box holder did not properly sign up for, it will be returned to sender.


title: Post office box

text: Street Addressing will have the same street address of the post office, plus a "unit number" that matches the P.O. Box number. As an example, in El Centro, California, the post office is located at 1598 Main Street. Therefore, for P.O. Box 9975 (fictitious), the Street Addressing would be: 1598 Main Street Unit 9975, El Centro, CA. Nationally, the first five digits of the ZIP Code "may or may not" be the same as the P.O. Box address, and the last four digits (Zip + 4) are virtually always different. Except for a few of the largest post offices in the U.S., the 'Street Addressing' (not the P.O. Box address) nine digit Zip + 4 is the same for all boxes at a given location.


title: Post office box

text: In Australia, wall-mounted PO boxes come in five sizes: small, medium, large, jumbo and A4. The different sizes boxes can be mixed almost completely arbitrarily on the wall. There is also an option for locked private bag which comes in two different sizes as well: small and large.


title: Post office box

text: In New Zealand, customers have the option to select between two sizes of PO Boxes: small and large. There is also an option to hire a Private Bag similar to "locked bags" in other countries. The annual fee is paid annually in advance.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The "Hamina"-class missile boat is a class of fast attack craft of the Finnish Navy. They are classified as "missile fast attack craft" or "ohjusvene", literally "missile boat" in Finnish.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The "Hamina" FACs are based at Upinniemi, and form the 7th Surface Warfare Squadron, part of the Finnish Coastal Fleet, together with the minelayers MLC "Hämeenmaa", "Porkkala" and "Pyhäranta".


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The vessels were built in the late 1990s, early 2000s, and are the fourth generation of Finnish missile craft. The first vessel was ordered in December 1996 and the fourth was handed over on 19 June 2006. Since the launch of the s, all fast attack craft have been named after Finnish coastal cities. The class was previously known also as Rauma 2000 following its predecessor the .


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The four vessels form what the Finnish Navy calls "Squadron 2000" (). Initially the Finnish Navy considered several different compositions for the new squadron, and at one point only two "Hamina"-class vessels and four ACV were to have been built. After a strategic shift of the Finnish Navy's role, the composition of the Squadron 2000 followed suit. The "Tuuli"-class prototype was never fully equipped, nor fitted for operational use and its three sisters were cancelled, instead two more "Hamina"-class boats have been built; with some of the equipment intended for the "Tuuli"s being used in the "Hamina"s. The fourth and final "Hamina"-class vessel was delivered in summer 2006.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The squadron reached its full operational capability in 2008 and have greatly improved the surface- and air surveillance as well as air defense capability of the Finnish Navy. Their electronic surveillance suite also increases the quality of information available to military leaders.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: All ships were built at Rauma shipyard by Aker Finnyards in Rauma, Finland. The vessels have their home base at Upinniemi.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: In March 2014 it was announced that the "Hamina"-class missile boats will be upgraded in the near future.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: Modernization of the four "Hamina"-class ships began in 2018 and was completed in April 2022, The MLU programme will enable the "Haminas" to continue their service into the mid 2030's.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The main gun armament is being changed from 57mm to 40mm in order to save weight. The vessels were already at maximum weight and in order to introduce torpedoes this had to be changed.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The vessel's hull is constructed of aluminum and the superstructures are constructed of reinforced carbon fiber composite. The vessels have a very low displacement and are very maneuverable. They are equipped with water jets instead of propellers, which allow them to operate in very shallow waters and accelerate, slow down and turn in unconventional ways.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The "Hamina" class are very potent vessels, boasting surveillance and firepower capacities which are usually found in ships twice the size.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The "Hamina" class has been designed and constructed as stealth ships with minimal magnetic, heat and radar signatures.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The shape of the vessel has been designed to reduce radar signature. Metal parts have been covered with radar absorbent material, and the composite parts have radar absorbent material embedded in the structure. Radar transparent materials have been used where applicable.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: Unlike glass fiber, carbon fiber blocks radio waves. This protects ship's electronics against electromagnetic pulse. In addition, it stops any radio frequency signals generated by ships electronic devices escaping outside.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The vessel contains hardly any steel parts, thus generating very low magnetic field. The remaining magnetic field is actively canceled with electromagnets.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: Exhaust gases can be directed underwater to minimize thermal signature, or up in the air to minimize sound in submarines direction.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: 50 nozzles around the decks and upper structures can be used to spray seawater on the vessel to cool it.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: In addition, the nozzles can be used to clean the ship after chemical attack or radioactive fall-out.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The "Hamina" class have the latest in surveillance and weapons technology all integrated into an intelligent command system. A Hamina class vessel can monitor about of air space and its Umkhonto surface-to-air missile system can simultaneously engage a maximum of eight aircraft, up to away, while the vessel's anti-ship missiles have a range in excess of over .


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The "Hamina" class' primary weaponry is four RBS-15 Mk.3 anti-ship missiles. The vessels are further equipped with a Bofors 57 mm gun against surface and aerial targets as well as the Umkhonto-IR surface-to-air missiles, MASS decoy system and two 12.7 mm heavy machine guns. It is also possible to use the ships for mine-laying.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: The software of the centralized combat control system is COTS oriented, built on top of Linux running on redundant x86 rack servers, which makes maintenance and future updates and optimizations simpler.


title: Hamina-class missile boat

text: In early 2018, Finland announced the mid-life upgrade program, which will equip all four boats in the class with new Swedish lightweight anti-submarine warfare torpedoes in the years 2023−2025 and extend the life of the boats to 2035.


title: Cost to company

text: Cost to company (CTC) is a term for the total salary package of an employee, used in countries such as India and South Africa. It indicates the total amount of expenses a company (organisation) spends on an employee during one year. It is calculated by adding salary to the cost of all additional benefits an employee receives during the service period. If an employee's salary is £50,000 and the company pays an additional £5,000 for their health insurance, the CTC is £55,000. Employees may not directly receive the CTC amount.


title: Cost to company

text: The CTC can include many elements in addition to salary/wages, such as health care, pension and allowances for housing, travel and entertainment. Tax is also deducted from the cash amount the employee receives directly. The term CTC is used by companies to more accurately reflect the incremental spend per employee (the concept of Direct Cost) from the perspective of an organisation. Another way to look at CTC is: all the money that would not need to be spent if the number of employees is reduced by one. Obviously, the indirect cost like the cost of facility, the support teams like HR, IT, Management, etc would still be incurred and hence not included in CTC? Therefore, the CTC should not include any component, that can not be attributed directly to the employee.


title: Cost to company

text: If a company provides an annual performance based variable payout (also known as a bonus or commission), this will also get included in the CTC. The variable payout is usually a certain percentage of Gross Salary and typically varies from 5% - 30%. Since it is performance based, the employee may be eligible for anywhere from 50% to 150% of their variable payout based on their performance for the year.


title: Cost to company

text: In India, the CTC is usually expressed as LPA (Lakhs Per Annum). Other terms in common use are CCTC (Current CTC) and ECTC (Expected CTC). A common ratio used by many recruiters is the CTC to Total Experience. For example, a person with 4 years of experience earning 6 LPA has a ratio of 6/4 = 1.5


title: Sade Sati

text: Sade-Sati is the years long period of Shani. This astrological phase is much feared by those in India who believe Indian Astrology. This is a period with many challenges, but also a time of great achievements and recognition.


title: Sade Sati

text: The period of Sade-sati starts when Saturn enters the zodiac sign immediately before the zodiac sign of Moon at the time of the birth of the individual. That is, if the Moon sign (Ayamsha) at the time of birth of the native was Taurus, then the Sadesati will begin when Saturn enters sign Aries. The Sadesati will continue while Saturn transits over this sign and the next two signs, i.e. the birth sign and the sign after it. Saturn spends around years in each sign. To cross these three signs it takes about years. Thus the name Sadesati which literally means seven and a half.


title: Sade Sati

text: Of all transits in traditional Indian, Vedic astrology, which is based on the SIDEREAL zodiac as against the tropical zodiac, Saturn transit is a solely emotional / mental transit. In that, it is the only transit that affects the emotions. In some ways of computation, Sade Sati is said to begin when the Moon is transiting the asterism 45 degrees prior to the position of the natal moon and ends when Saturn transits the asterism 45 degrees past the position of the natal moon.


title: Sade Sati

text: Using the same example, if someone is born with Moon at 3 degrees in sign of Taurus, SadeSati may be assumed to begin, when Saturn is transiting 18 degrees of Pisces (in the asterism of Revati). This would mean that Sade Sati ends when Saturn transits 18 degrees in Gemini / Mithuna.


title: Sade Sati

text: It is believed that worshipping Lord Hanuman and Lord Ganesha greatly reduces any malefic effects of Sade Sati.


title: Sade Sati

text: Sadesati is a concentrated period of the repayment of karmic debts from the past. Depending on one's birth chart, it can bestow benefits and achievements and take one to heights, or it can utterly destroy a person's material life but with the purpose of uplifting spiritually. It could also be moderate with mixed results. It all depends on one's birth chart and the dynamics of planetary movements.


title: Sade Sati

text: According to folk astrologers of Vedic astrology this is a troublesome time for the individual who is going through it. There may be a lot of challenges in a person's life. If Saturn is ill-placed in bad houses, he may face challenges that reflect this bad placement. However, there's another school of astrology that believes that though the sadesati period is challenging, it is not as damaging as folk astrologers claim and that many people achieve great success during the period of Sadesati. For example, Jawaharlal Nehru, Trump and Modi all became head of states during Sade Sati.


title: Sade Sati

text: Saturn, the karaka for hard work, discipline, old age and authority, will show results based on how the individual has lived his/her life up till that point. If the person has been disciplined and worked hard, this is the moment Saturn shows its rewards. Sade sati's heaviest challenges during this time, and how the individual deals with it, sets the tone for the next 22.5 years as Saturn starts to move around the twelve houses again.


title: Sade Sati

text: The impact of Sadesati is supposed to be felt differently by people of different moon signs. It is said that people of Moon sign Aquarius do not have any ill effects from Sadesati, while people of Sun sign Leo feel the most malefic impact because Saturn considers the Sun, the ruler of Leo, to be its bitter enemy..


title: Sade Sati

text: Along the same lines, even as Saturn is considered the ruler of Kanya / Virgo or even Makara / Capricornus, in both these signs it transits through Uthram astersim and Uttarashada asterism respectively. These are asterisms ruled by Sun and even while it is popularly believed that people born with the natal moon in these signs do not face significant challenges in SadeSati, it remains that Saturn is more uncomfortable in the signs / asterisms ruled by planets considered inimical to it, and Saturn is considered inimical to the Sun, in part due to the stark contrast between their ASTRONOMICAL natures themselves, but also the popular Indian mythology surrounding the origins of the enmity.


title: Sade Sati

text: Sade Sati is divided into three phases called Rising, Peak and Setting and the results of Sade Sati varies as per the phase native is going through.


title: Sade Sati

text: Vedic astrology also prescribes certain remedies and mantras that can be recited to please the lord Saturn and limit the effect of Saturn's Sadesati. remedies also include prayers to Lord Ganapathy or Vigneswara, and Hanuman or Anjaneya.


title: Sade Sati

text: Another related astrological transit of Saturn is the Dhaiyya (2.5 years), also known as Small Panoti (Small Trouble), and Kantakshani, or Ashtamshani. This transit of Saturn occurs when the Saturn is transiting through the 4th sign from the birth Moon sign (Kantak Shani), or from the 8th sign from the birth moon sign (Ashtamshani) or 7th house from Natal Moon (Kantak Shani).


title: Sade Sati

text: Specifically Hanuman Chalisa is a considered one of the most potent remedies against SadeSati. Lord Hanuman is considered an avtar of Lord Shiva by some.


title: Sade Sati

text: In South India, while the Iyers / Shaivites worship Hanuman, many Iyengars / Vaishnavites, also worship Garuda, Lord Narasimha (e.g. Sri Sanaiscara krta Sri Narasimha Stuti) as one of the remedies for SadeSati.


title: Sade Sati

text: Many Palakkad Iyers believe that worshipping Lord Ayappa for a Mandala (45 days) is a potent remedy as well in that it is believed that Lord Ayappa shows his beneficence by reducing the suffering for just a Mandala.


title: Sade Sati

text: Chanting of Vishnu Sahasranamam , Garuda Pattu (10 liner to Garuda, the King among Birds) and other hymns like Sani Vajra Panjara Kavacham are also considered effective remedies.


title: Sade Sati

text: Saturn transit being a predominantly mental / emotional transit, as stated above, it follows that worship of Lord Shiva, the prognosticator of emotional / mental health, is strongly recommended with the preferred prayer being the Mahamrityunjaya Mantra Japa.


title: Sade Sati

text: Many people light lamps with sesame oil as a remedy. Others donate sesame oil, pulses like urad (as a remedy to Lord Hanuman) and other forms of charity to under privileged people as a form of remedy.


title: Sade Sati

text: Donation to handicapped people, those handicapped in the leg, more than anything else, lepers and generally sections of society that are shunned, looked down on, segregated against, are considered the highest forms of remedy to Saturn.


title: Sade Sati

text: The genesis for this, is in the mythology surrounding the origins of how Saturn is viewed as a planet that "walks" with a limp and hence is the slowest moving planet in the traditional zodiac, in which Saturn is the outermost planet and other astral bodies are ignored for purposes of astrological interpretation. This mythology is outlined below:


title: Sade Sati

text: It is said that Sun's wife Savitri unable to bear his effulgence put a doppleganger in her place and went away to her parents' place for sometime. This doppelganger was Chhaya with whom Sun parented Saturn. The agreement between Savitri and Chaya was that she would not bear progeny which was violated by Chaya. On Savitri, knowing about this, she returned, took her place back, and sired Yama (Lord of Death) and Yamuna with Sun. As a step mother, she was not particularly kind to Saturn. Yama, is said to have hit Saturn in the leg leading to a limp, apart from a life of deliberate isolation, insult and humiliation.


title: Sade Sati

text: On Savitri's influence, Sun gave Yama the lordship over one's Karmas and hence he became the Lord of Death and gave his daughter the status of one of the most exalted rivers in India, on par with Ganges. On realizing that something was amiss about how Saturn was being treated, he realized the truth and made up for his mistake by making Saturn the lord of Karma in one's astrological chart. The difference between Saturn and Yama is that Saturn is said to govern and give the results of one's good and bad karma during one's lifetime while Lord Yama does that after the end of the life.


title: Sade Sati

text: It is on account of a harsh childhood not due to him, that Saturn and Sun do not get along and are considered astrologically warring planets and are interpreted as such, when found in the same constellation in a birth chart.


title: Ray Guy

text: William Ray Guy (December 22, 1949 – November 3, 2022) was an American professional football player who was a punter for the Oakland / Los Angeles Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). Guy was a first-team All-American selection in 1972 as a senior for the Southern Miss Golden Eagles, and was the first pure punter ever to be drafted in the first round of the NFL Draft, when the Oakland Raiders selected him with the 23rd overall pick in 1973. He won three Super Bowls with the Raiders. Guy was elected to both the College Football Hall of Fame and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2014. An eight-time All-Pro, Guy is widely considered to be the greatest punter of all time.


title: Ray Guy

text: With his induction to the Hall of Fame on August 2, 2014, he became the first pure punter to be so honored.


title: Ray Guy

text: Guy attended Thomson High School in Thomson, Georgia, where he was a four-sport star. Playing quarterback, safety, linebacker, and tailback, aside from kicking and punting duties, Guy led Thomson to the Georgia Class A state football championships in 1967 and 1968. Guy averaged 49.7 yards per punt in 1968. Playing basketball, Guy scored 39 points in a Thomson basketball game the day after the 1968 state championship football game, with no practice. In baseball, Guy pitched a 15-inning scoreless game for Thomson in the state playoff semifinals in 1969. He was also a member of the track team.


title: Ray Guy

text: Guy was both a punter and a placekicker at the University of Southern Mississippi, once kicking a then-NCAA record 61-yard field goal in a snowstorm during a game in Utah. In 1972, he kicked a 93-yard punt in a game against the University of Mississippi. He led the nation with an average of 46.2 yards per punt, earning him first-team All-American honors from the Football Writers Association of America. After his senior season, Guy was named most valuable player of the 1972 Chicago College All-Star Game, in which an all-star team of college seniors played the current Super Bowl champion. His career average of 44.7 yards per punt is still a school record. He was also a starting safety at Southern Miss; during his senior season, he set a single-season school record with eight interceptions and was named an All-American defensive back by the Walter Camp Football Foundation.


title: Ray Guy

text: Guy continued playing baseball at Southern Miss, striking out 266 in 200 innings and pitching a no-hitter.


title: Ray Guy

text: Guy was the first punter ever to be selected in the first round in the NFL Draft, when the Oakland Raiders selected him with the 23rd overall pick of the 1973 draft.


title: Ray Guy

text: In his career as a punter, Guy played his entire career with the Raiders and was selected to seven Pro Bowl teams, including six in a row from 1973 to 1978. He was named as the punter on the NFL's 75th and 100th anniversary teams. His trademark was kicking punts that stayed in the air for long periods of time. Pro Football Hall of Fame historian Joe Horrigan once said of Guy, "He's the first punter you could look at and say: 'He won games.'"


title: Ray Guy

text: In Super Bowl XVIII, Guy punted seven times for 299 yards (42.7 average), with 244 net yards (34.8 average). Five of his punts pinned the Washington Redskins inside their own 20. Due in part to his effective punting, the Los Angeles Raiders easily won the game, 38–9.


title: Ray Guy

text: After a 1977 game against Houston, Oilers coach Bum Phillips accused Guy of using footballs illegally inflated with helium. Houston returner Billy Johnson stated that he had "never seen anyone hang kickoffs like Guy did", and that the ball was "hanging up there too long". Additionally, the Raiders had used a new ball for every punt, adding to the Oilers' suspicions. Phillips said after the game that he would send the ball to Rice University for testing. Guy punted three times for 107 yards in the game, slightly less than his career average.


title: Ray Guy

text: During his career, Guy was also the Raiders' emergency quarterback. He also handled kickoffs in the first five years of his career.


title: Ray Guy

text: Guy was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame as a member of the class of 2014 on August 2, 2014. For many years before his induction, he was considered one of the most worthy players who had not yet been selected for the Pro Football Hall of Fame. He was the first punter enshrined in the Hall of Fame, and as of 2022, is still the only player at his position in the Hall. In his enshrinement speech, he proudly proclaimed, "Now the Hall of Fame has a complete team."


title: Ray Guy

text: Guy was inducted into both the Mississippi and Georgia Sports Halls of Fame, the Bay Area Sports Hall of Fame, the National High School Sports Hall of Fame, and the College Football Hall of Fame.


title: Ray Guy

text: In 2000, the Greater Augusta Sports Council instituted the Ray Guy Award, to be awarded to the nation's best collegiate punter.


title: Ray Guy

text: In 2005, Guy helped organize and participated in two-day kicking camps, held throughout the United States, for high school punters, placekickers, and long snappers.


title: Ray Guy

text: In 2011, Guy filed for bankruptcy and auctioned his three Super Bowl rings to help pay his debts. The auction of the rings brought in $96,216, exceeding the upper estimate of $90,000.


title: Ray Guy

text: After a lengthy illness, Guy died on November 3, 2022, in Hattiesburg, Mississippi, at age 72. The cause was advanced-stage chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.


title: Richard Sanders (actor)

text: Richard Kinard Sanders (born August 23, 1940) is a retired American actor and screenwriter. He played quirky news anchorman Les Nessman on the CBS sitcom "WKRP in Cincinnati" (1978–1982).


title: Richard Sanders (actor)

text: Sanders was born in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, the son of Thelma S. and Henry Irvine Sanders. After graduating from Leavenworth High School in Leavenworth, Kansas, he was enrolled in the Fine Arts Department at Carnegie Institute of Technology (now known as Carnegie Mellon University) as an acting major. There, he was a classmate of René Auberjonois and Aubrey Wilson, among others.


title: Richard Sanders (actor)

text: After graduating from college, Sanders studied Shakespearean theatre in England on a Fulbright Scholarship, and served a stint with the Peace Corps in the states of Paraiba and Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil.


title: Richard Sanders (actor)

text: Sanders joined Gordon Jump and Frank Bonner in reprising his original "WKRP" role on "The New WKRP in Cincinnati" in the early 1990s. He has guest-appeared on other television shows, including "Lou Grant", "Kojak", "The Rockford Files", "Alice", "Newhart", "Murder, She Wrote", "Designing Women", and "Married... with Children", and has also acted in the mini-series "", the animated series "Inhumanoids", the horror film "Lovers Lane", and the Robert De Niro/Cuba Gooding Jr. film "Men of Honor".


title: Richard Sanders (actor)

text: Besides being an actor, Sanders is a screenwriter, having written, among other works, several episodes of "WKRP in Cincinnati". In 1993, he starred in the computer game "Day of the Tentacle" as the voice of Bernard Bernoulli.


title: Conkers

text: Conkers is a traditional children's game in Great Britain and Ireland played using the seeds of horse chestnut trees—the name 'conker' is also applied to the seed and to the tree itself. The game is played by two players, each with a conker threaded onto a piece of string: they take turns striking each other's conker until one breaks.


title: Conkers

text: The first mention of the game is in Robert Southey's memoirs published in 1821. He describes a similar game, but played with snail shells or hazelnuts. It was only from the 1850s that using horse chestnuts was regularly referred to in certain regions. The game grew in popularity in the 19th century, and spread beyond England.


title: Conkers

text: There is uncertainty of the origins of the name. The name may come from the dialect word "conker", meaning "knock out" (perhaps related to French "conque" meaning a conch, as the game was originally played using snail shells and small bits of string.) The name may also be influenced by the verb "conquer", as earlier games involving shells and hazelnuts have also been called "conquerors". Another possibility is that it is an onomatopoeia, representing the sound made by a horse chestnut as it hits another hard object, such as a skull (another children's "game", also called conkers, consists of simply throwing the seeds at one another over a fence or wall). Conkers are also known regionally as "cheesers", a "cheeser" being a conker with one or more flat sides, which comes about due to it sharing its pod with other conkers (twins or triplets). Also "Cheggers" was used in Lancaster, England in the 1920s. In D. H. Lawrence's book "Sons and Lovers", the game is referred to as "cobblers" by William Morel.


title: Conkers

text: The hardest conkers usually win. Hardening conkers is often done by keeping them for a year (aged conkers are called "laggies" in many areas or "seasoners" in Ireland and Liverpool), baking them briefly, soaking or boiling in vinegar, or painting with clear nail varnish. Such hardening is, however, usually regarded as cheating. At the British Junior Conkers Championships on the Isle of Wight in October 2005, contestants were banned from bringing their own conkers due to fears that they might harden them. The Campaign for Real Conkers claimed this was an example of over-regulation which was causing a drop in interest in the game. In both the World Conker Championship and the North American Championship, contestants are also restricted to using the conkers provided by the Organisers.


title: Conkers

text: One factor affecting the strength of a conker is the shape of the hole. A clean cylindrical hole is stronger, as it has no notches or chips that can begin a crack or split.


title: Conkers

text: A similar Puerto Rican game (played with the smaller seed of the jatobá, "Hymenaea courbaril") is called "gallitos" (meaning small roosters or cocks, as in cockfighting). The opponents face each other and the defending gallito is laid in the center of a circle drawn in the dirt. Not until the attacking player misses will the defending player take a turn. Upon missing, if the attacking player is quick enough, they will try to swing at the defending gallito before the defendant removes it from within the circle. If the defending gallito is struck it must remain in the circle until the attacker misses again. This move is called a ""paso de paloma"".


title: Conkers

text: In 1965 the World Conker Championships were set up in Ashton (near Oundle) Northamptonshire, England, and still take place on the second Sunday of October every year. In 2004, an audience of 5,000 turned up to watch more than 500 competitors from all over the world. The 2016 Championship was featured on the BBC programme "Countryfile".


title: Conkers

text: 1976 was the first time that a non-British contestant won the Men's World Conker Championship. The Mexican Jorge Ramirez Carrillo took the place of a contestant who was unable to arrive on time at Ashton, and defeated the 1975 champion at the finals. The Men's champion has been British in every other year except 1998, when Helmut Kern from Nauort, Germany, won.


title: Conkers

text: In 1999 the Irish Conker Championships began in Freshford, County Kilkenny in the Republic of Ireland.


title: Conkers

text: 2000 saw the first Ladies' champion from outside the UK. Selma Becker, originally from Austria, took the title. The title of Queen of Conkers has remained in the UK, except in 2001 when Frenchwoman Celine Parachou won.


title: Conkers

text: 2001 Eamonn Dooley from Freshford in Co. Kilkenny, Ireland broke the world record by smashing 306 conkers in one hour.


title: Conkers

text: In 2004 an alternative World Conker Championships was first hosted at Pill Harriers Rugby Club, Newport, Wales. This championship, known as the World Annual National Conker Championships, has been held every year since and is sanctioned by Dogfish Promotions. Contestants from America, Italy, England and Wales have taken part.


title: Conkers

text: Conkers was played during the late 1940s and early 1950s in New York in the Flatbush section of Brooklyn, and in the 1950s and early 1960s in the amalgamated section of the Bronx and nearby Mt.Vernon. A winning chestnut was referred to as a "killer" and the value of a chestnut was defined by its number of "kills." It was also played in Queens, the upper West Side of Manhattan, in the Mohawk Valley area of upstate New York and in Westmount, Quebec and other English-speaking parts of Montreal into the 1970s. It was played in the Catholic areas of North Cambridge, MA in the late 1950s, and a winning chestnut was also labeled a "killer". It was being played in the 1960s in Rhode Island. and into the early 1980s in Smithfield, RI.


title: Conkers

text: The game was also played in Leicester, Massachusetts in the late 1970s and into the 1980s (and presumably much earlier, given the town's age and predominantly English/Irish settlers) by the children of the Primary School of the town (typically 4th and 5th graders). Leicester's seat of government ("town hall") was a dual use building, serving as both town hall and school. There is a large horse chestnut tree located on the town's common (and adjacent to town hall) that was used as a source for the chestnuts. The Leicester variant on the name for the game was "Horse Cobblers"(presumably a variant of "Horse Conkers").The North American Conker Championship was inaugurated on 20 October 2012 at the Historic Gardens in the town of Annapolis Royal, Nova Scotia, Canada, hosted by the Annapolis Royal Conker Club.


title: Conkers

text: The first North American Conker Champion was Jeff Hafting, of Annapolis Royal, NS. Ryan Scranton of Granville Beach, NS, was the runner-up. The 2013 North American Championship was similarly held on the third Saturday, 19 October, and the eventual winner of an all-female final was Krystyna Schulz of Halifax, NS. The winner of the 2014 North American Championship was Julian Smith of Yarmouth, NS.


title: Conkers

text: In 2015 the Championship took place on 17 October, once more hosted at the Historic Gardens in Annapolis Royal. The coveted Crofton Chalice was almost regained by Jeff Hafting, the inaugural 2012 Champion, but he lost in the Final to Simon Bonnington of Granville Ferry, NS. This saw the return of the trophy to its home in Annapolis Royal.


title: Conkers

text: In the 2016 final Elizabeth Mount of Bear River, NS, beat Oliver Bonnington, son of the 2015 Champion. The 2017 final was a re-match between Mount and Bonnington, with Mount becoming the first North American Champion to retain the title for a second year in a row.


title: Conkers

text: In the 2018 Championship on 13 October, Mount was eliminated in the first round; the eventual Champion that year was Amanda Carson of Kingston, NS, who defeated Rikarda Albright.


title: Conkers

text: Carson was eliminated in the second round the following year, and the 2019 final saw Spike Sprague of Granville Ferry, NS, pitted against his mother, Georgette Sprague. Georgette, from Petitcodiac, New Brunswick, was the victor when Spike's chestnut shattered on delivering a powerful blow.


title: Conkers

text: In 2000 a survey of British schools by Keele University showed that many were not allowing children to play conkers, as head teachers were afraid of the legal consequences if children were injured while playing the game, or because they thought that the conkers might be used as weapons. The TV programme "Top Gear" later staged a game of conkers using caravans suspended from cranes. After putting on safety goggles, presenter James May commented "I now feel perfectly happy about being hit in the face by a caravan." "Top Gear", along with other media commentators, wrongly stated that the wearing of goggles during the game was due to an official Health and Safety Executive (HSE) edict when it was in fact due to a myth which started when a headmaster bought goggles for children to use as a parody of health and safety regulation and sponsored a Conkers tournament.


title: Conkers

text: In 2004, several schools banned conkers due to fear of causing anaphylactic shock in pupils with nut allergies. Health advisers said that there were no known dangers from conkers for nut-allergy sufferers, although some may experience a mild rash through handling them.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: Millennium Management is an investment management firm with a multistrategy hedge fund offering. It is one of the world's largest alternative asset management firms with over $50 billion assets under management. The firm operates in America, Europe and Asia.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: Israel A. Englander and Ronald Shear, an acquaintance from the American Stock Exchange (AMEX), founded the firm in 1989 with $35 million. The initial $35 million consisted of $5 million from Englander and "$2 million from the Belzberg brothers, wealthy Canadian financiers." Millennium Management initially underperformed and co-founder Ronald Shear left the firm six months after founding it.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: In the spring of 2018, Millennium launched a joint venture with WorldQuant, a quantitative investment management firm.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: In 2019 London-based investment firm LCH Investment ranked Millennium Management 12th on their ranking of most successful hedge funds of all time reporting that since its founding in 1989 the firm had made $22.4 billion for its investors, an average of 14% annually since inception. In 2019 the company raised $4.1 billion after a two-year hiatus from raising new capital. The company expects to have raised $7.1 billion by March 2020 and manages a total of nearly $50 billion in capital. The company ended the year 2020 with 265 portfolio manager teams, the most in its history. As of February 2020 Millennium managed over 2,000 data sets from close to 400 providers, for a total of about 10 trillion records of data and over 2,000 terabytes of compressed stored data.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: Israel Englander is the co-CEO and founder of Millennium Management. He began trading stocks while still in high school, and founded his first company in 1977, I.A. Englander & Company, which is still trading stocks and bonds.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: Bobby Jain - In 2016, Millennium Management hired Bobby Jain to join Israel Englander as co-CIO. He was then global head of Credit Suisse Asset Management, the money management arm of Credit Suisse.


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: The company has a "platform model" of investing made up of approximately 280 investment teams with each portfolio manager allocated money "to deploy in a variety of trading strategies."


title: Millennium Management, LLC

text: The company has regional offices in London, Singapore, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Greenwich and Geneva, with its principal office in New York, in addition to operating smaller offices in locations around the world.


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: "Chapter 8: Redemption" is the eighth and final episode of the first season of the American streaming television series "The Mandalorian". It was written by the series' showrunner Jon Favreau, directed by Taika Waititi, and released on Disney+ on December 27, 2019. The episode stars Pedro Pascal as the Mandalorian, a lone bounty hunter on the run with "the Child". The episode was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards, winning one of them. The episode received high praise for its action sequences, emotional weight, performances, music, and Waititi's direction.


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: While the Mandalorian, Cara Dune, and Greef Karga are trapped, IG-11 rescues "the Child". The Mandalorian finds a vent into the sewers, where he hopes to find his people's hidden stronghold. Moff Gideon gives them until nightfall to surrender, or he will order his troops to fire. Gideon mentions the Mandalorian's real name, Din Djarin. The Mandalorian recognizes Gideon: Gideon had been an officer of the Empire's secret police when the Empire took over Mandalore. IG-11 arrives on a scout trooper's bike with the Child, blasting through the stormtroopers. The Mandalorian takes down several more but is almost killed by Gideon. As they take cover inside, Gideon orders a trooper with a flamethrower to burn them out; the Child uses the Force to reflect the flames back and immolate the trooper. The Mandalorian and IG-11 remain behind while Dune and Karga take the Child into the sewers. IG-11 removes the Mandalorian's helmet to treat his injuries, revealing his face for the first time, and pointing out that since he is a droid and not a living being, him seeing the Mandalorian's face is technically not in violation of the Mandalorian creed. They then join the others in the sewers.


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: Arriving at the Mandalorian enclave, they find it abandoned except for the Armorer, who explains that the Imperials found the enclave when the Mandalorian . Upon seeing the Child, the Armorer is reminded of the Jedi, whom Mandalorians see as their ancient enemies. She instructs the Mandalorian to take the Child to the Jedi, wherever they might be; she also carves a Mudhorn signet into his pauldron and gives him a jetpack. While the Armorer remains behind, the Mandalorian, Dune, Karga, IG-11, and the Child escape down an underground lava river. IG-11 decides to sacrifice himself by walking into an ambush and activating his self-destruct. After they emerge from the tunnel, Gideon attacks in the TIE fighter in which he arrived. Using his jetpack, the Mandalorian plants explosives on Gideon's fighter, which brings down the craft. With the Imperials seemingly dealt with, Karga invites the Mandalorian to return to the Guild, but he refuses as he must take care of the Child. Dune elects to remain behind to work as Karga's enforcer. The Mandalorian buries Kuiil's body beneath a cairn of stones and departs Nevarro. Meanwhile, Gideon cuts himself out of the crashed fighter with the Darksaber.


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: The co-starring actors cast for this episode are Taika Waititi as the voice of IG-11, Giancarlo Esposito as Moff Gideon, Gina Carano as Cara Dune, Carl Weathers as Greef Karga, and Emily Swallow as the Armorer. Swallow previously appeared in and , but was credited as a guest star. Additional guest starring actors cast for this episode include Jason Sudeikis and Adam Pally as two bike scout troopers, Aidan Bertola as young Din Djarin, Alexandra Manea as Din Djarin's mother, Bernard Bullen as Din Djarin's father, and Brendan Wayne as a Mandalorian warrior. Wayne and Lateef Crowder are credited as stunt doubles for the Mandalorian. Rio Hackford is credited as performance artist IG-11, while Gene Freeman and Lauren Mary Kim are credited as stunt doubles for Greef Karga and the Armorer. "The Child" was performed by various puppeteers.


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: Ludwig Göransson composed the musical score for the episode. The soundtrack album for the episode was released on December 27, 2019.


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: "Redemption" received critical acclaim. On Rotten Tomatoes, the episode holds an approval rating of 100% with an average rating of 8.4/10, based on 29 reviews. The website's critics consensus reads, ""The Mandalorian" concludes with whiz-bang action and a heartening dose of "Redemption" while teasing tantalizing new adventures to come."


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: In a positive review, Tyler Hersko, of "IndieWire", felt the episode had "heroism, sacrifice, humor, excitable nods to key franchise elements, and tantalizing teases of where the Disney+ show could go in Season 2." Alan Sepinwall, of "Rolling Stone", felt that ""The Mandalorian" season finale, "Redemption", coming up just as soon as we make the baby do the magic hands."


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: Media reported on negative fan reactions to a scene where the scout trooper played by Jason Sudeikis punched "Baby Yoda".


title: Chapter 8: Redemption

text: The episode was nominated for four Primetime Emmy Awards; Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series for Ludwig Göransson, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Single-Camera Picture Editing for a Drama Series for Jeff Seibenick, Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Guest Actor in a Drama Series for Esposito's performance as Gideon, and Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Character Voice-Over Performance for Waititi's performance as IG-11, the latter being the first nomination for a live-action series. The episode won the award for Outstanding Music Composition for a Series.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: Phase-contrast microscopy (PCM) is an optical microscopy technique that converts phase shifts in light passing through a transparent specimen to brightness changes in the image. Phase shifts themselves are invisible, but become visible when shown as brightness variations.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: When light waves travel through a medium other than a vacuum, interaction with the medium causes the wave amplitude and phase to change in a manner dependent on properties of the medium. Changes in amplitude (brightness) arise from the scattering and absorption of light, which is often wavelength-dependent and may give rise to colors. Photographic equipment and the human eye are only sensitive to amplitude variations. Without special arrangements, phase changes are therefore invisible. Yet, phase changes often convey important information.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: It reveals many cellular structures that are invisible with a bright-field microscope, as exemplified in the figure.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: These structures were made visible to earlier microscopists by staining, but this required additional preparation and death of the cells.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: The phase-contrast microscope made it possible for biologists to study living cells and how they proliferate through cell division. It is one of the few methods available to quantify cellular structure and components that does not use fluorescence.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: After its invention in the early 1930s, phase-contrast microscopy proved to be such an advancement in microscopy that its inventor Frits Zernike was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1953.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: The basic principle to make phase changes visible in phase-contrast microscopy is to separate the illuminating (background) light from the specimen-scattered light (which makes up the foreground details) and to manipulate these differently.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: The ring-shaped illuminating light (green) that passes the condenser annulus is focused on the specimen by the condenser. Some of the illuminating light is scattered by the specimen (yellow). The remaining light is unaffected by the specimen and forms the background light (red). When observing an unstained biological specimen, the scattered light is weak and typically phase-shifted by −90° (due to both the typical thickness of specimens and the refractive index difference between biological tissue and the surrounding medium) relative to the background light. This leads to the foreground (blue vector) and background (red vector) having nearly the same intensity, resulting in low image contrast.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: In a phase-contrast microscope, image contrast is increased in two ways: by generating constructive interference between scattered and background light rays in regions of the field of view that contain the specimen, and by reducing the amount of background light that reaches the image plane. First, the background light is phase-shifted by −90° by passing it through a phase-shift ring, which eliminates the phase difference between the background and the scattered light rays.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: When the light is then focused on the image plane (where a camera or eyepiece is placed), this phase shift causes background and scattered light rays originating from regions of the field of view that contain the sample (i.e., the foreground) to constructively interfere, resulting in an increase in the brightness of these areas compared to regions that do not contain the sample. Finally, the background is dimmed ~70-90% by a gray filter ring; this method maximizes the amount of scattered light generated by the illumination light, while minimizing the amount of illumination light that reaches the image plane. Some of the scattered light that illuminates the entire surface of the filter will be phase-shifted and dimmed by the rings, but to a much lesser extent than the background light,which only illuminates the phase-shift and gray filter rings.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: The above describes "negative phase contrast". In its "positive" form, the background light is instead phase-shifted by +90°. The background light will thus be 180° out of phase relative to the scattered light. The scattered light will then be subtracted from the background light to form an image with a darker foreground and a lighter background, as shown in the first figure.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: The success of the phase-contrast microscope has led to a number of subsequent phase-imaging methods.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: In 1952, Georges Nomarski patented what is today known as differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: It enhances contrast by creating artificial shadows, as if the object is illuminated from the side. But DIC microscopy is unsuitable when the object or its container alter polarization. With the growing use of polarizing plastic containers in cell biology, DIC microscopy is increasingly replaced by Hoffman modulation contrast microscopy, invented by Robert Hoffman in 1975.


title: Phase-contrast microscopy

text: Traditional phase-contrast methods enhance contrast optically, blending brightness and phase information in a single image. Since the introduction of the digital camera in the mid-1990s, several new digital phase-imaging methods have been developed, collectively known as quantitative phase-contrast microscopy. These methods digitally create two separate images, an ordinary bright-field image and a so-called "phase-shift image". In each image point, the phase-shift image displays the "quantified" phase shift induced by the object, which is proportional to the optical thickness of the object.


title: Miguel Gomez (actor)

text: Miguel Gomez (also known as Aztek Escobar; born August 20, 1985) is a Colombian-American actor and rapper. Escobar was the first artist officially signed to Jay-Z's Roc La Familia Label. From 2021 to 2022, he is starring as Ivan Ortiz on CBS crime drama series "".


title: Miguel Gomez (actor)

text: Miguel Gomez was born in Cali Colombia, he went to Clements High School (Sugar Land, TX), graduating in 2003. He played a small role in the music video for Soul Survivor by rapper Young Jeezy in 2005.


title: Miguel Gomez (actor)

text: Gomez made his television debut in the Miami episode of the FX comedy series "Louie". He got his big break in 2014 when he landed the role of Augustin "Gus" Elizalde on the FX drama series "The Strain". He first became known to film audiences for his prominent role in the 2015 boxing drama "Southpaw".


title: Miguel Gomez (actor)

text: Before acting, he rapped under the name Aztek Escobar and was the first artist signed by Jay Z's Roc La Familia label. His debut album was to be named Colombian Necktie but the label was dissolved before the album was released.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Neonatal jaundice is a yellowish discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby due to high bilirubin levels. Other symptoms may include excess sleepiness or poor feeding. Complications may include seizures, cerebral palsy, or kernicterus.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: In most of cases there is no specific underlying disorder (physiologic). In other cases it results from red blood cell breakdown, liver disease, infection, hypothyroidism, or metabolic disorders (pathologic). A bilirubin level more than 34 μmol/L (2 mg/dL) may be visible. Concerns, in otherwise healthy babies, occur when levels are greater than 308 μmol/L (18 mg/dL), jaundice is noticed in the first day of life, there is a rapid rise in levels, jaundice lasts more than two weeks, or the baby appears unwell. In those with concerning findings further investigations to determine the underlying cause are recommended.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: The need for treatment depends on bilirubin levels, the age of the child, and the underlying cause. Treatments may include more frequent feeding, phototherapy, or exchange transfusions. In those who are born early more aggressive treatment tends to be required. Physiologic jaundice generally lasts less than seven days. The condition affects over half of babies in the first week of life. Of babies that are born early about 80% are affected. Globally over 100,000 late-preterm and term babies die each year as a result of jaundice.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: The primary symptom is yellowish discoloration of the white part of the eyes and skin in a newborn baby. Other symptoms may include excess sleepiness or poor feeding.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: A bilirubin level more than 34 μmol/L (2 mg/dL) may be visible. For the feet to be affected level generally must be over 255 μmol/L (15 mg/dL).


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Prolonged hyperbilirubinemia (severe jaundice) can result in chronic bilirubin encephalopathy (kernicterus). Quick and accurate treatment of neonatal jaundice helps to reduce the risk of neonates developing kernicterus.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Infants with kernicterus may have a fever or seizures. High pitched crying is an effect of kernicterus.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: In newborns, jaundice tends to develop because of two factors—the breakdown of fetal hemoglobin as it is replaced with adult hemoglobin and the relatively immature metabolic pathways of the liver, which are unable to conjugate and so excrete bilirubin as quickly as an adult. This causes an accumulation of bilirubin in the blood (hyperbilirubinemia), leading to the symptoms of jaundice.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: If the neonatal jaundice is not resolved with simple phototherapy, other causes such as biliary atresia, Progressive familial intrahepatic cholestasis, bile duct paucity, Alagille syndrome, alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, and other pediatric liver diseases should be considered. The evaluation for these will include blood work and a variety of diagnostic tests. Prolonged neonatal jaundice is serious and should be followed up promptly.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Severe neonatal jaundice may indicate the presence of other conditions contributing to the elevated bilirubin levels, of which there are a large variety of possibilities (see below). These should be detected or excluded as part of the differential diagnosis to prevent the development of complications. They can be grouped into the following categories:


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: "Breastfeeding jaundice" (or "lack of breastfeeding jaundice") is caused by insufficient breast milk intake, resulting in inadequate quantities of bowel movements to remove bilirubin from the body. This leads to increased enterohepatic circulation, resulting in increased reabsorption of bilirubin from the intestines. Usually occurring in the first week of life, most cases can be ameliorated by frequent breastfeeding sessions of sufficient duration to stimulate adequate milk production.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Whereas breastfeeding jaundice is a mechanical problem, breast milk jaundice is a biochemical occurrence and the higher bilirubin possibly acts as an antioxidant. Breast milk jaundice occurs later in the newborn period, with the bilirubin level usually peaking in the sixth to 14th days of life. This late-onset jaundice may develop in up to one third of healthy breastfed infants.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Most infants develop visible jaundice due to elevation of unconjugated bilirubin concentration during their first week. This is called physiological jaundice. This pattern of hyperbilirubinemia has been classified into two functionally distinct periods.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Diagnosis is often by measuring the serum bilirubin level in the blood. In those who are born after 35 weeks and are more than a day old transcutaneous bilirubinometer may also be used. The use of an icterometer, a piece of transparent plastic painted in five transverse strips of graded yellow lines, is not recommended.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: This is hand held, portable and rechargeable but expensive. When pressure is applied to the photoprobe, a xenon tube generates a strobe light, and this light passes through the subcutaneous tissue. The reflected light returns through the second fiber optic bundle to the spectrophotometric module. The intensity of the yellow color in this light, after correcting for the hemoglobin, is measured and instantly displayed in arbitrary units.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: The signs which help detect pathological jaundice are the presence of intrauterine growth restriction, stigma of intrauterine infections (e.g. cataracts, small head, and enlargement of the liver and spleen), cephalohematoma, bruising, signs of bleeding in the brain's ventricles. History of illness is noteworthy. Family history of jaundice and anemia, family history of neonatal or early infant death due to liver disease, maternal illness suggestive of viral infection (fever, rash or lymphadenopathy), maternal drugs (e.g. sulphonamides, anti-malarials causing red blood cell destruction in G6PD deficiency) are suggestive of pathological jaundice in neonates.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: The bilirubin levels for initiative of phototherapy varies depends on the age and health status of the newborn. However, any newborn with a total serum bilirubin greater than 359 μmol/L ( 21 mg/dL) should receive phototherapy.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Babies with neonatal jaundice may be treated with colored light called phototherapy, which works by changing trans-bilirubin into the water-soluble cis-bilirubin isomer.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: The phototherapy involved is not ultraviolet light therapy but rather a specific frequency of blue light. The light can be applied with overhead lamps, which means that the baby's eyes need to be covered, or with a device called a biliblanket, which sits under the baby's clothing close to its skin.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: The use of phototherapy was first discovered, accidentally, at Rochford Hospital in Essex, England, when a nurse, Sister Jean Ward, noticed that babies exposed to sunlight had reduced jaundice, and a pathologist, Dr. Perryman, who noticed that a vial of blood left in the sun had turned green. Drs Cremer, Richards and Dobbs put together these observations, leading to a landmark randomized clinical trial which was published in "Pediatrics" in 1968; it took another ten years for the practice to become established.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Massage therapy could be useful in addition to phototherapy in order to reduce the phototherapy duration. However, it does not appear to reduce the requirement for phototherapy in the treatment of neonatal jaundice.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Recent studies from several countries show that phototherapy can safely and effectively be performed in the family's home, and since 2022 home phototherapy is recommended as an alternative to readmission to hospital in the American national guidelines.


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: However, there have been several reports about the possible relationship between neonatal phototherapy and the increased risk of future cancer. A recent systematic review has found that there may be a statistically significant association between phototherapy and various hematopoietic cancers (especially myeloid leukemia).


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Much like with phototherapy the level at which exchange transfusion should occur depends on the health status and age of the newborn. It should however be used for any newborn with a total serum bilirubin of greater than 428 μmol/L ( 25 mg/dL ).


title: Neonatal jaundice

text: Penicillamine was studied in the 1970s in hyperbilirubinemia due to ABO hemolytic disease. While tin mesoporphyrin IX may decrease bilirubin such use is not recommended in babies. Preclinical studies have looked at minocycline to help prevent neurotoxicity. Clofibrate may decrease the duration of phototherapy. Evidence as of 2012 however is insufficient to recommend its use.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Mervyn Laurence Peake (9 July 1911 – 17 November 1968) was an English writer, artist, poet, and illustrator. He is best known for what are usually referred to as the "Gormenghast" books. The four works were part of what Peake conceived as a lengthy cycle, the completion of which was prevented by his death. They are sometimes compared to the work of his older contemporary J. R. R. Tolkien, but Peake's surreal fiction was influenced by his early love for Charles Dickens and Robert Louis Stevenson rather than Tolkien's studies of mythology and philology.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Peake also wrote poetry and literary nonsense in verse form, short stories for adults and children ("Letters from a Lost Uncle", 1948), stage and radio plays, and "Mr Pye" (1953), a relatively tightly-structured novel in which God implicitly mocks the evangelical pretensions and cosy world-view of the eponymous hero.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Peake first made his reputation as a painter and illustrator during the 1930s and 1940s, when he lived in London, and he was commissioned to produce portraits of well-known people. For a short time at the end of World War II he was commissioned by various newspapers to depict war scenes. A collection of his drawings is still in the possession of his family. Although he gained little popular success in his lifetime, his work was highly respected by his peers, and his friends included Dylan Thomas and Graham Greene. His works are now included in the collections of the National Portrait Gallery, the Imperial War Museum and The National Archives.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Mervyn Peake was born of British parents in Kuling located on top of Mountain Lu in Jiujiang in 1911, only three months before the revolution and the founding of the Republic of China. His father, Ernest Cromwell Peake, was a medical missionary doctor with the London Missionary Society of the Congregationalist tradition, and his mother, Amanda Elizabeth Powell, had come to China as a missionary assistant. In July 1903 at Kuling (from the English word "cooling"), a summer European missionary resort in Mountain Lu about the Yangtze River in Jiujiang, Peake met his soon to be wife Amanda Elizabeth Powell who had been in China since 1901. They got married in Hong Kong in December of that same year.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: The Peakes were given leave to visit England just before World War I in 1914 and returned to China in 1916. Mervyn Peake attended Tientsin Grammar School until the family left for England in December 1922 via the Trans-Siberian Railway. He would later write a novella about this time, titled "The White Chief of the Umzimbooboo Kaffirs". Peake never returned to China but it has been noted that Chinese influences can be detected in his works, not least in the castle of Gormenghast itself, which in some respects echoes his birthplace Kuling, the ancient walled city of Beijing, as well as the enclosed compound where he grew up in Tianjin. It is also likely that his early exposure to the contrasts between the lives of the Europeans and of the Chinese, and between the poor and the wealthy in China, also exerted an influence on the Gormenghast books.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: His education continued at Eltham College, Mottingham (1923–29), where his talents were encouraged by his English teacher, Eric Drake. Peake completed his formal education at Croydon School of Art in the autumn of 1929 and then from December 1929 to 1933 at the Royal Academy Schools, where he first painted in oils. By this time he had written his first long poem, "A Touch o' the Ash". In 1931 he had a painting accepted for display by the Royal Academy and exhibited his work with the so-called "Soho Group".


title: Mervyn Peake

text: His early career in the 1930s was as a painter in London, although he lived on the Channel Island of Sark for a time. He first moved to Sark in 1932 where his former teacher Eric Drake was setting up an artists' colony. In 1934 Peake exhibited with the Sark artists both in the Sark Gallery built by Drake and at the Cooling Galleries in London, and in 1935 he exhibited at the Royal Academy and at the Leger Galleries in London.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In 1936 he returned to London and was commissioned to design the sets and costumes for "The Insect Play" and his work was acclaimed in "The Sunday Times". He also began teaching life drawing at Westminster School of Art where he met the painter Maeve Gilmore, whom he married in 1937. They had three children, Sebastian (1940–2012), Fabian (b. 1942), and Clare (b. 1949).


title: Mervyn Peake

text: He had a very successful exhibition of paintings at the Calmann Gallery in London in 1938 and his first book, the self-illustrated children's pirate romance "Captain Slaughterboard Drops Anchor" (based on a story he had written around 1936) was first published in 1939 by "Country Life". In December 1939 he was commissioned by Chatto & Windus to illustrate a children's book, "Ride a Cock Horse and Other Nursery Rhymes", published for the Christmas market in 1940.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: At the outbreak of World War II he applied to become a war artist for he was keen to put his skills at the service of his country. He imagined "An Exhibition by the Artist, Adolf Hitler", in which horrific images of war with ironic titles were offered as "artworks" by the Nazi leader. Although the drawings were bought by the British Ministry of Information, Peake's application was turned down and he was conscripted into the Army, where he served first with the Royal Artillery, then with the Royal Engineers. He began writing "Titus Groan" at this time.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In April 1942, after his requests for commissions as a war artist – or even leave to depict war damage in London – had been consistently refused, he suffered a nervous breakdown and was sent to Southport Hospital. That autumn he was taken on as a graphic artist by the Ministry of Information for a period of six months to work on propaganda illustrations. The next spring he was invalided out of the Army. In 1943 he was commissioned by the War Artists' Advisory Committee, WAAC, to paint glassblowers at the Chance Brothers factory in Smethwick where cathode ray tubes for early radar sets were being produced. Peake was next given a full-time, three-month WAAC contract to depict various factory subjects and was also asked to submit a large painting showing RAF pilots being debriefed. Some of these paintings are on permanent display in Manchester Art Gallery whilst other examples are in the Imperial War Museum collection.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: The five years between 1943 and 1948 were some of the most productive of his career. He finished "Titus Groan" and "Gormenghast" and completed some of his most acclaimed illustrations for books by other authors, including Lewis Carroll's "The Hunting of the Snark" (for which he was reportedly paid only £5) and "Alice in Wonderland", Samuel Taylor Coleridge's "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner", the Brothers Grimm's "Household Tales", "All This and Bevin Too" by Quentin Crisp and Robert Louis Stevenson's "Strange Case of Dr Jekyll and Mr Hyde", as well as producing many original poems, drawings, and paintings.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Peake designed the logo for Pan Books. The publishers offered him either a flat fee of £10 or a royalty of one farthing per book. On the advice of Graham Greene, who told him that paperback books were a passing fad that would not last, Peake opted for the £10.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: A book of nonsense poems, "Rhymes Without Reason", was published in 1944 and was described by John Betjeman as "outstanding". Shortly after the war ended in 1945, Edgar Ainsworth, the art editor of "Picture Post", commissioned Peake to visit France and Germany for the magazine. With writer Tom Pocock he was among the first British civilians to witness the horrors of the Nazi concentration camp at Belsen, where the remaining prisoners, too sick to be moved, were dying before his very eyes. He made several drawings, but not surprisingly he found the experience profoundly harrowing, and expressed in deeply felt poems the ambiguity of turning their suffering into art.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In 1946 the family moved to Sark, where Peake continued to write and illustrate, and Maeve painted. "Gormenghast" was published in 1950, and the family moved back to England, settling in Smarden, Kent. Peake taught part-time at the Central School of Art, began his comic novel "Mr Pye", and renewed his interest in theatre. His father died that year and left his house in Hillside Gardens in Wallington, Surrey to Peake. "Mr Pye" was published in 1953, and he later adapted it as a radio play. The BBC broadcast other plays of his in 1954 and 1956.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In 1956 Mervyn and Maeve visited Spain, financed by a friend who hoped that Peake's health, which was already declining, would be improved by the holiday. That year his novella "Boy in Darkness" was published beside stories by William Golding and John Wyndham in a volume called "Sometime, Never". On 18 December the BBC broadcast his radio play "The Eye of the Beholder" (later revised as "The Voice of One") in which an avant-garde artist is commissioned to paint a church mural. Peake placed much hope in his play "The Wit to Woo", which was finally staged in London's West End in 1957, but it was a critical and commercial failure. This affected him greatly – his health degenerated rapidly and he was again admitted to hospital with a nervous breakdown.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: He was showing unmistakable early symptoms of dementia, for which he was given electroconvulsive therapy, to little avail. Over the next few years he gradually lost the ability to draw steadily and quickly, although he still managed to produce some drawings with the help of his wife. Among his last completed works were the illustrations for Balzac's "Droll Stories" (1961) and for his own poem "The Rhyme of the Flying Bomb" (1962), which he had written some 15 years earlier.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: "Titus Alone" was published in 1959 and was revised in 1970 by Langdon Jones, editor of "New Worlds", to remove apparent inconsistencies introduced by the publisher's careless editing. A 1995 edition of all three completed Gormenghast novels includes a very short fragment of the beginning of what would have been the fourth Gormenghast novel, "Titus Awakes", as well as a listing of events and themes he wanted to address in that and later Gormenghast novels.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Throughout the 1960s, Peake's health declined into physical and mental incapacitation, and he died on 17 November 1968 at a care home run by his brother-in-law, at Burcot, near Oxford. He was buried in the churchyard of St Mary's in the village of Burpham, Sussex.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: A 2003 study published in "JAMA Neurology" assessed that Peake's death was the result of dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB).


title: Mervyn Peake

text: His work, especially the "Gormenghast" series, became much better known and more widely appreciated after his death. They have since been translated into more than two dozen languages.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Six volumes of Peake's verse were published during his lifetime; "Shapes & Sounds" (1941), "Rhymes without Reason" (1944), "The Glassblowers" (1950), "The Rhyme of the Flying Bomb" (1962), "Poems & Drawings" (1965), and "A Reverie of Bone" (1967). After his death came "Selected Poems" (1972), followed by "Peake's Progress" in 1979 – though the Penguin edition of 1982, with many corrections, including a whole stanza inadvertently omitted from the hardback edition. "The Collected Poems of Mervyn Peake" was published by Carcanet Press in June 2008. Other collections include "The Drawings of Mervyn Peake" (1974), "Writings and Drawings" (1974), and "Mervyn Peake: the man and his art" (2006). An extremely expensive limited edition of the collected works, issued to celebrate Peake's centenary year, was published by Queen Anne Press, but the editing and reproduction of drawings did not match the price asked.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In 2010 an archive consisting of 28 containers of material, which included correspondence between Peake and Laurie Lee, Walter de la Mare and C. S. Lewis, plus 39 Gormenghast notebooks and original drawings for both "Alice Through the Looking Glass" and "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", was acquired by the British Library. Access to the Archive is available through the British Library website. In July 2020 the British Library acquired, from the Peake Estate, a visual archive consisting of 300 of Peake's original illustrations for children's stories, "Gormenghast", and other works including "Treasure Island."


title: Mervyn Peake

text: Peake's three children presented on BBC Radio Four in 2018 a half-hour memoir of their father's life, emphasizing the importance of the island of Sark.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: The first blue plaque on Sark was unveiled in Peake's honour at the Gallery Stores in the Avenue on 30 August 2019.


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In 1983, the Australian Broadcasting Corporation broadcast eight hour-long episodes for radio dramatising the complete Gormenghast Trilogy. This was the first to include the third book "Titus Alone".


title: Mervyn Peake

text: In 1984, BBC Radio 4 broadcast two 90-minute plays based on "Titus Groan" and "Gormenghast", adapted by Brian Sibley and starring Sting as Steerpike and Freddie Jones as the Artist (narrator). A slightly abridged compilation of the two, running to 160 minutes, and entitled "Titus Groan of Gormenghast", was broadcast on Christmas Day, 1992. BBC 7 repeated the original versions on 21 and 28 September 2003.