title: Butea monosperma

text: In villages of many parts of India, for example in Maharashtra, this tree provides the leaves that are used either with many pieced together or singly (only in case of a banana leaf) to make a leaf-plate for serving a meal. Up until a century ago, a would-be-son-in-law was tested on his dexterity in making this plate and bowl (used to serve daal, gravy dishes) before being declared acceptable by the father-in-law-to-be.


title: Butea monosperma

text: The flowers are used to prepare a traditional Holi colour called "Kesari". It is also used as a dye for fabric. Butein, a vibrant yellow to deep orange-red dye made from the flowers, is used mostly for dying silk and occasionally for dying cotton. Hindus ink their foreheads with this colour.


title: Butea monosperma

text: Best grown in sunny tropical locations. Best performance occurs in deep, fertile, organically rich, well-drained soils in full sun to part shade. Add surface mulch. Needs consistent moisture, but soils should begin to dry as winter approaches to encourage leaf drop by the beginning of winter. Plants should be sited in areas protected from strong winds.


title: Butea monosperma

text: References to this tree are often found in Punjabi literature. The Punjabi poet Harinder Singh Mahboob employed its symbolism in his poems.


title: Butea monosperma

text: "A History of the Sikhs Vol. 1", written by famous Punjabi writer Khushwant Singh, describes Punjab's landscape as: ""While the margosa is still strewing the earth with its brittle ochre leaves, the silk cotton, the coral and the flame of the forest burst into flowers of bright crimson, red, and orange.""


title: Butea monosperma

text: In Rudyard Kipling's short story "Beyond the Pale" (contained in Plain Tales from the Hills, published in 1888), he says of the dhak: "The flower of the dhak means diversely "desire", "come", "write", or "danger", according to the other things with it." The tree was also featured in The Jungle Book in the story "Tiger! Tiger!" as the tree Mowgli instructs his wolf-brother Grey Brother to wait under for a signal that Shere Khan has returned.


title: Butea monosperma

text: The first sloka of the Sukla Yajurveda speaks about the Palasa tree. The Palasa tree branch is cut and trimmed by the Adhvaryu priest who performed the practical part of sacrifice, the day before a new moon or a full moon, and used it to drive the calves away from cows whose milk was to form a part of the offerings for the next day's special ceremony.


title: Butea monosperma

text: According to legend, the tree sprang from a falcon's feather that was infused with soma. The right side of Yama's body is where the plant, according to Vayupurana, had its start. This lovely tree is revered by both Hindus and Buddhists. Legend has it that Queen Mahamaya grabbed a limb from this tree as soon as her son Gautam Buddha was born.


title: Butea monosperma

text: In West Bengal, it is associated with spring, especially through the poems and songs of Nobel Laureate Rabindranath Tagore, who likened its bright orange flame-like flower to fire. In Santiniketan, where Tagore and Vishalnarayan lived, this flower has become an indispensable part of the celebration of spring. The plant has lent its name to the town of Palashi, famous for the historic Battle of Plassey fought there.


title: Butea monosperma

text: In the state of Jharkhand, palash is associated with folk tradition. Many folk literary expressions describe palash as the forest fire. The beauty of dry deciduous forests of Jharkhand reach their height when most trees have shed their leaves and the Palash is in its full bloom. Palash is also the State Flower of Jharkhand.


title: Butea monosperma

text: It is said that the tree is a form of Agni, the God of fire and war. In Telangana, these flowers are specially used in the worship of Shiva on occasion of Shivaratri. In Telugu, this tree is called "Moduga chettu".


title: Butea monosperma

text: In Kerala, it is called "plasu", "chamata" or "vishalnarayan". "Chamata" is the vernacular version of Sanskrit word "harinee", small piece of wood that is used for "agnihotra" or the fire ritual. In most of the old Nambudiri (Kerala Brahmin) houses, one can find this tree because this is widely used for their fire ritual. Tamil Brahmins have a daily agnihotra ritual called "Samidha Dhanan", where barks of this tree is a main component for agnihotra, and this ritual is very essential for "brahmachari"s during the first year of "brahmacharya".


title: Butea monosperma

text: In Theravada Buddhism, called "Medhankara" – මේධංකර, "Butea monosperma" is said to have been used as the tree to achieve enlightenment, or Bodhi, by Buddha. The plant is known as කෑල in Sinhala.


title: Butea monosperma

text: Flame-of-the-forest is otherwise known as tamāla (तमाल) (Sanskrit), ḍhāk (ढाक) (Nepali), bastard teak, parrot tree (Eng.), chichra tesu, desuka jhad, dhaak, palash, chalcha, kankrei, chheula (छेउला) (Hindi), paḷas (पळस) (Marathi), kesudo (કેસુુડો) (Gujarati), palashpapra (Urdu), Muthuga (ಮುತ್ತುಗ) (Kannada), kinshuk, polash (পলাশ) Bengali, pauk (Burmese), polāx (পলাশ) in Assamese, porasum, parasu (Tamil), muriku, shamata (Mal.), moduga (మోదుగ) (Telugu), khakda (Guj.), kela (Sinh.), ploso (Javanese), palash ପଳାଶ (Odia), semarkat api (Malay), Palay (Pushto).


title: Butea monosperma

text: In Sanskrit, the flower is extensively used as a symbol for the arrival of spring and the colour of love. Jayadeva in the Gita Govinda compares these blossoms to the red nails of Kamadeva or Cupid, with which the latter wounds the hearts of lovers. The imagery is all the more appropriate as the blossoms are compared to a net of kimsuka flowers (किंशुकजाले). In a completely leafless tree, the blossoms look like a net.


title: Butea monosperma

text: The following stanza is translated here by Barbara Stoller Miller, for kimsuka blossoms, she uses the common name "flame tree petals":


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: The North-West Frontier Province (NWFP; , ) was a Chief Commissioner's Province of British India, established on 9 November 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province. Following the referendum in 1947 to join either Pakistan or India, the province voted hugely in favour of joining Pakistan and it acceded accordingly on 14th August, 1947. It was dissolved to form a unified province of West Pakistan in 1955 upon creation of One Unit Scheme and was re-established in 1970. It was known by this name until 19 April 2010, when it was redesignated as the province of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa following the passing of the Eighteenth Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan by erstwhile President Asif Ali Zardari.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: The province covered an area of , including much of the current Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province but excluding the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and the former princely states of Amb, Chitral, Dir, Phulra and Swat. Its capital was the city of Peshawar, and the province was composed of six divisions (Bannu, Dera Ismail Khan, Hazara, Kohat, Mardan, and Peshawar Division; Malakand was later added as the seventh division). Until 1947, the province was bordered by five princely states to the north, the minor states of the Gilgit Agency to the northeast, the province of West Punjab to the east and the province of Balochistan to the south. The Kingdom of Afghanistan lay to the northwest, with the Federally Administered Tribal Areas forming a buffer zone between the two.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: The northwestern frontier areas were annexed by the East India Company after the Second Sikh War (1848–49). The territories thenceforth formed a part of Punjab until the province, then known as North-West Frontier Province, was created in 1901 from the north-western districts of the Punjab Province.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: Before the Partition of India, the 1947 North-West Frontier Province referendum was held in July 1947 to decide the future of NWFP, in which the people of the province decided in favor of joining Pakistan. However, the then Chief Minister Dr Khan Sahib, along with his brother Bacha Khan and the Khudai Khidmatgars, boycotted the referendum, citing that it did not have the options of the NWFP becoming independent or joining Afghanistan.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: As a separate province, the NWFP lasted until 1955 when it was merged into the new province of West Pakistan, under the One Unit policy announced by Prime Minister Chaudhry Mohammad Ali. It was recreated after the dissolution of the One Unit system and lasted under its old nomenclature until April 2010, when it was renamed as the 'Khyber Pakhtunkhwa' province.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: The offices of Governor and Chief Minister of the North-West Frontier Province lasted until 14 October 1955.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: Historical population and religious counts in North-West Frontier Province were taken in all districts (Hazara, Mardan, Peshawar, Kohat, Bannu, and Dera Ismail Khan), and also included small Trans-Frontier Posts in the Agencies and Tribal Areas.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: At independence, there was a clear Muslim Pashtun majority in the North-West Frontier Province, although there were also Hindu and Sikh Pashtun, Hindkowan and Punjabi minorities scattered across the province.


title: North-West Frontier Province

text: The languages of the North-West Frontier Province included Pashto, Hindko, Kohistani and others, although most of the population spoke Pashto. Prior to the arrival of the British, the "official language", for governmental uses and such, was Persian.


title: Gary Bond

text: Gary James Bond (7 February 1940 – 12 October 1995) was an English actor and singer. He is known for originating the role Joseph in Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat", his performances in several high-profile West End plays and musicals, and his portrayal of protagonist John Grant in the Australian film "Wake in Fright" (1971).


title: Gary Bond

text: Bond was born in the village of Liss, Hampshire, England. He was the first born child of his parents. He was born into a family in which the army was the destined career for any family member, with his father and numerous uncles being in the army. As a result, it was always assumed that he would follow in this tradition and was frequently persuaded by his family that this was his career path. Yet Bond from a young age had always harboured a love for acting.


title: Gary Bond

text: He was educated in Churcher's College in Petersfield and later Portsmouth College of Technology. His father died in December 1956 when Bond was aged just 16, as a result, the young Bond was able to pursue his preferred path without any interference by family members. After leaving education he moved to Johannesburg, South Africa for a gap year.


title: Gary Bond

text: However, he soon returned to England, after he won a scholarship at London's prestigious Central School of Speech & Drama. During his three years there, he gained several awards, including the Margaret Rawlings Cup, shared with Angela Morant, and the Elsie Fogerty Prize for the Best Individual Performance by a Man.


title: Gary Bond

text: At the age of 23, Bond gained his first acting job with the Connaught Theatre, Worthing. His debut performance was in a play titled "Not in the Book" and was followed by "Doctor in the House", where Bond appeared as Dr Simon Sparrow.


title: Gary Bond

text: In 1962, he made his big break when he was cast in the role of Pip in the Royal Court's production of Arnold Wesker's "Chips with Everything", directed by John Dexter, it became one of the theatrical landmarks of the 1960s. As result of the play's success, he made his Broadway debut when the production transferred the following year in 1963.


title: Gary Bond

text: In 1968, Bond was invited to join the Prospect Theatre Company, where he, relishing the opportunity to appear in classical roles, appeared in numerous productions including, Sebastian in "Twelfth Night", Sergius in Shaw's "Arms and the Man" and "No Man's Land".


title: Gary Bond

text: In 1970, at the Open Air Theatre, Regent's Park, he played Benedick in "Much Ado About Nothing" and the one man show "Lord Byron".


title: Gary Bond

text: In late August 1972, he created the role of Joseph in Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat". Premiering at the Edinburgh International Festival by the Young Vic Theatre Company, it was directed by Frank Dunlop. He later joined the London production at the Albery Theatre to great acclaim.


title: Gary Bond

text: Tim Rice and Andrew Lloyd Webber wrote a song for Bond titled "Disillusion Me", which he recorded as a single.


title: Gary Bond

text: In 1976, he joined the Royal Shakespeare Company;, where he played Hevern in Maxim Gorky's "The Zykovs" and Willy Oban in "The Iceman Cometh". He played opposite Ralph Richardson in "Alice's Boys" and in Noël Coward's "Tonight at Eight", in which he co-starred with Millicent Martin. He also joined seasons at the Chichester Festival Theatre and the Bristol Old Vic, including a production of Old Flames which transferred to the Arts Theatre. He played Brutus in Julius Caesar and starred in the world premiere of Jean Anouilh's play "Scenario in Canada".


title: Gary Bond

text: When David Essex planned to leave Rice and Lloyd Webber's musical "Evita", they looked for someone to play the part of Che. After being introduced by Lloyd Webber, producer Hal Prince and Bond "hit it off famously and very soon Gary was cast as David Essex's takeover in "Evita"." He succeeded him as Che Guevara in the 1978 London production, initially opposite Elaine Paige. However, in Andrew Lloyd Webber's 2018 memoirs, he recalls that, when performing eight shows a week, playing "Evita" became a strain for Elaine Paige: "Help came from Gary Bond. Had anybody thought of his friend Marti Webb? Marti, like Gary, was a veteran of stacks of West End musicals. They had both been in a show called "On the Level" which, although a flop, had a cast which spawned a bevy of West End musical talent." Bond brought Webb round to Lloyd Webber's flat to sing for him, and suitably impressed, by November Bond was cast as Che and his friend Marti was his leading lady. Over the years, Bond became close friends with both Lloyd Webber and his then wife Sarah Brightman and often provided a "lifeline to the goings on backstage."


title: Gary Bond

text: In 1993, despite struggling with failing health after being diagnosed HIV positive, he achieved one final triumph in the theatre as George in "Aspects of Love", which toured the UK that same year before a short season at the Prince of Wales Theatre in London.


title: Gary Bond

text: Although probably best known as a theatrical actor in England, he also played a number of roles in feature films. Having made his screen debut when he appeared in "Zulu" (1964) as Private Cole, he starred as Mark Smeaton in "Anne of the Thousand Days" (1969) and the Australian film "Wake in Fright" (1971).


title: Gary Bond

text: He made his professional screen debut in 1963, in a BBC production of "War and Peace". Other television roles include Pip in the 1967 television production of "Great Expectations" and Antonio in BBC Television's 1972 production of "The Duchess of Malfi". In 1985 he starred as John Worthing to Jeremy Clyde's Earnest and Wendy Hiller's Lady Bracknell in "The Importance of Being Earnest". He also appeared in "Variation on a Theme", as Boswell in "The Highland Jaunt", starred in the series "Frontier", "The Linden Tree", "Affairs of the Heart", "Wings of Song" and a recorded version of "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat".


title: Gary Bond

text: Bond had cameos in "Z-Cars", "The Avengers", "The Main Chance", "Hart to Hart" and a major role in “All the sad songs” - an episode of "Bergerac".


title: Gary Bond

text: Although his film output is small, consisting of only three films, Bond is perhaps best remembered for appearing in the Australian film "Wake in Fright" (occasionally renamed "Outback") as teacher John Grant.


title: Gary Bond

text: A film version of "Wake in Fright", based on the 1961 novel by Kenneth Cook, was linked with the actor Dirk Bogarde and the director Joseph Losey as early as 1963. However, Group W purchased the rights, hiring Canadian director Ted Kotcheff to direct the film.


title: Gary Bond

text: Kotcheff asked multiple British actors to play the part of John Grant, and he particularly wanted Michael York. Eventually he cast a 29-year-old Bond, persuaded by his audition and his strong CV. He later commented that "Gary was magnificent so I hired him for this. I thought he had such a likability to him that it would make it easy for audiences to want to follow him on this terrifying journey."


title: Gary Bond

text: Anthony Buckley, the film's editor, later said the producers "NLT and Group W pushed him as the 'new Peter O'Toole'". Also commenting that Bond was "affable, likeable and somewhat shy, but crew members found him diffident." Monica Dawkins, the film's make-up artist, remembered that "out of hours he was very nice but during shooting he kept himself apart, he wasn't comfortable around people".


title: Gary Bond

text: He dyed his hair blonde for the part; as a result comparisons were made between him and Peter O'Toole.


title: Gary Bond

text: The world premiere of "Wake in Fright" (as "Outback") occurred on opening night of the 1971 Cannes Film Festival on 13 May. Ted Kotcheff was nominated for a Golden Palm Award. The film opened commercially in France on 22 July 1971, Great Britain on 29 October 1971, Australia during the same month, and the United States on 20 February 1972.


title: Gary Bond

text: The film was deemed lost for years, until a copy of it was rediscovered and, following its restoration, it was screened at the 2009 Cannes Film Festival on 15 May 2009 when it was selected as a Cannes Classic title by the head of the department, Martin Scorsese. "Wake in Fright" is one of only two films ever to screen twice in the history of the festival. Consequently, Bond's performance was once again praised.


title: Gary Bond

text: Within the theatrical profession, Bond was openly gay and from 1969 to 1976 was the partner of actor Jeremy Brett.


title: Gary Bond

text: In Garry O'Connor's 2019 biography of Ian McKellen, he mentions that the two were in a relationship early in both of their careers, but it came to an end in 1972 when Bond was about to open in "Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat".


title: Gary Bond

text: In the same biography, a former lover of Bond said that He was part of one of the first relatively out [gay] couples with Jeremy Brett, but theirs was an on-off liaison which lasted for years...Bond was irresistible, with an easy warmth of manner, wonderful humour and sometimes a wicked sense of fun. He was divine, lovely and wonderful in bed.


title: Gary Bond

text: Agent David Graham mentions in his book "Casting About: A Memoir" that Had it been within my power to choose, Gary Bond would have become my life’s companion. When "Chips with Everything" was brought to New York [which was in 1963], he was among the original British cast that came with it. Ashley-Steiner had been asked by his agent to represent him, and I was the lucky bloke assigned to look after him. Young blonde and handsome, he struck me as the most beautiful man I had ever seen. One Saturday afternoon between performances, Gary came to my apartment for a drink and a snack. We ended up in bed together and I was completely smitten. It was only afterwards I learned he was in a relationship with Jeremy Brett at the time.


title: Gary Bond

text: From 1979, he lived with American artist and illustrator E.J. Taylor, following their initial meeting in Fire Island, New York, later moving to Barnes and then to Ealing, London.


title: Gary Bond

text: Bond died of AIDS related causes on 12 October 1995 in Ealing Hospital at the age of 55. He had been with his partner E.J. Taylor for 16 years, and he died exactly one month after Jeremy Brett's death.


title: Gary Bond

text: His alma mater of Central School of Speech and Drama, established The Gary Bond Memorial Award which is "awarded annually to a BA (Hons) Acting student who is facing financial hardship".


title: Conformal map

text: In mathematics, a conformal map is a function that locally preserves angles, but not necessarily lengths.


title: Conformal map

text: More formally, let formula_1 and formula_2 be open subsets of formula_3. A function formula_4 is called conformal (or angle-preserving) at a point formula_5 if it preserves angles between directed curves through formula_6, as well as preserving orientation. Conformal maps preserve both angles and the shapes of infinitesimally small figures, but not necessarily their size or curvature.


title: Conformal map

text: The conformal property may be described in terms of the Jacobian derivative matrix of a coordinate transformation. The transformation is conformal whenever the Jacobian at each point is a positive scalar times a rotation matrix (orthogonal with determinant one). Some authors define conformality to include orientation-reversing mappings whose Jacobians can be written as any scalar times any orthogonal matrix.


title: Conformal map

text: For mappings in two dimensions, the (orientation-preserving) conformal mappings are precisely the locally invertible complex analytic functions. In three and higher dimensions, Liouville's theorem sharply limits the conformal mappings to a few types.


title: Conformal map

text: The notion of conformality generalizes in a natural way to maps between Riemannian or semi-Riemannian manifolds.


title: Conformal map

text: If formula_1 is an open subset of the complex plane formula_8, then a function formula_9 is conformal if and only if it is holomorphic and its derivative is everywhere non-zero on formula_1. If formula_11 is antiholomorphic (conjugate to a holomorphic function), it preserves angles but reverses their orientation.


title: Conformal map

text: In the literature, there is another definition of conformal: a mapping formula_11 which is one-to-one and holomorphic on an open set in the plane. The open mapping theorem forces the inverse function (defined on the image of formula_11) to be holomorphic. Thus, under this definition, a map is conformal if and only if it is biholomorphic. The two definitions for conformal maps are not equivalent. Being one-to-one and holomorphic implies having a non-zero derivative. However, the exponential function is a holomorphic function with a nonzero derivative, but is not one-to-one since it is periodic.


title: Conformal map

text: The Riemann mapping theorem, one of the profound results of complex analysis, states that any non-empty open simply connected proper subset of formula_8 admits a bijective conformal map to the open unit disk in formula_8.


title: Conformal map

text: The complex conjugate of a Möbius transformation preserves angles, but reverses the orientation. For example, circle inversions.


title: Conformal map

text: In plane geometry there are three types of angles that may be preserved in a conformal map. Each is hosted by its own real algebra, ordinary complex numbers, split-complex numbers, and dual numbers. The conformal maps are described by linear fractional transformations in each case.


title: Conformal map

text: In Riemannian geometry, two Riemannian metrics formula_16 and formula_17 on a smooth manifold formula_18 are called conformally equivalent if formula_19 for some positive function formula_20 on formula_18. The function formula_20 is called the conformal factor.


title: Conformal map

text: A diffeomorphism between two Riemannian manifolds is called a conformal map if the pulled back metric is conformally equivalent to the original one. For example, stereographic projection of a sphere onto the plane augmented with a point at infinity is a conformal map.


title: Conformal map

text: One can also define a conformal structure on a smooth manifold, as a class of conformally equivalent Riemannian metrics.


title: Conformal map

text: A classical theorem of Joseph Liouville shows that there are much fewer conformal maps in higher dimensions than in two dimensions. Any conformal map from an open subset of Euclidean space into the same Euclidean space of dimension three or greater can be composed from three types of transformations: a homothety, an isometry, and a special conformal transformation.


title: Conformal map

text: In cartography, several named map projections, including the Mercator projection and the stereographic projection are conformal. They are specially useful for use in marine navigation because of its unique property of representing any course of constant bearing as a straight segment. Such a course, known as a rhumb (or, mathematically, a loxodrome) is preferred in marine navigation because ships can sail in a constant compass direction.


title: Conformal map

text: Conformal mappings are invaluable for solving problems in engineering and physics that can be expressed in terms of functions of a complex variable yet exhibit inconvenient geometries. By choosing an appropriate mapping, the analyst can transform the inconvenient geometry into a much more convenient one. For example, one may wish to calculate the electric field, formula_23, arising from a point charge located near the corner of two conducting planes separated by a certain angle (where formula_24 is the complex coordinate of a point in 2-space). This problem "per se" is quite clumsy to solve in closed form. However, by employing a very simple conformal mapping, the inconvenient angle is mapped to one of precisely formula_25 radians, meaning that the corner of two planes is transformed to a straight line. In this new domain, the problem (that of calculating the electric field impressed by a point charge located near a conducting wall) is quite easy to solve. The solution is obtained in this domain, formula_26, and then mapped back to the original domain by noting that formula_27 was obtained as a function ("viz"., the composition of formula_28 and formula_27) of formula_24, whence formula_26 can be viewed as formula_32, which is a function of formula_24, the original coordinate basis. Note that this application is not a contradiction to the fact that conformal mappings preserve angles, they do so only for points in the interior of their domain, and not at the boundary. Another example is the application of conformal mapping technique for solving the boundary value problem of liquid sloshing in tanks.


title: Conformal map

text: If a function is harmonic (that is, it satisfies Laplace's equation formula_34) over a plane domain (which is two-dimensional), and is transformed via a conformal map to another plane domain, the transformation is also harmonic. For this reason, any function which is defined by a potential can be transformed by a conformal map and still remain governed by a potential. Examples in physics of equations defined by a potential include the electromagnetic field, the gravitational field, and, in fluid dynamics, potential flow, which is an approximation to fluid flow assuming constant density, zero viscosity, and irrotational flow. One example of a fluid dynamic application of a conformal map is the Joukowsky transform that can be used to examine the field of flow around a Joukowsky airfoil.


title: Conformal map

text: Conformal maps are also valuable in solving nonlinear partial differential equations in some specific geometries. Such analytic solutions provide a useful check on the accuracy of numerical simulations of the governing equation. For example, in the case of very viscous free-surface flow around a semi-infinite wall, the domain can be mapped to a half-plane in which the solution is one-dimensional and straightforward to calculate.


title: Conformal map

text: For discrete systems, Noury and Yang presented a way to convert discrete systems root locus into continuous root locus through a well-know conformal mapping in geometry (aka inversion mapping).


title: Conformal map

text: Maxwell's equations are preserved by Lorentz transformations which form a group including circular and hyperbolic rotations. The latter are sometimes called Lorentz boosts to distinguish them from circular rotations. All these transformations are conformal since hyperbolic rotations preserve hyperbolic angle, (called rapidity) and the other rotations preserve circular angle. The introduction of translations in the Poincare group again preserves angles.


title: Conformal map

text: A larger group of conformal maps for relating solutions of Maxwell's equations was identified by Ebenezer Cunningham (1908) and Harry Bateman (1910). Their training at Cambridge University had given them facility with the method of image charges and associated methods of images for spheres and inversion. As recounted by Andrew Warwick (2003) "Masters of Theory":


title: Conformal map

text: Warwick highlights this "new theorem of relativity" as a Cambridge response to Einstein, and as founded on exercises using the method of inversion, such as found in James Hopwood Jeans textbook "Mathematical Theory of Electricity and Magnetism".


title: Conformal map

text: In general relativity, conformal maps are the simplest and thus most common type of causal transformations. Physically, these describe different universes in which all the same events and interactions are still (causally) possible, but a new additional force is necessary to effect this (that is, replication of all the same trajectories would necessitate departures from geodesic motion because the metric tensor is different). It is often used to try to make models amenable to extension beyond curvature singularities, for example to permit description of the universe even before the Big Bang.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden is a home rule city that is the county seat of Jefferson County, Colorado, United States. The city population was 20,399 at the 2020 United States Census. Golden lies along Clear Creek at the base of the Front Range of the Rocky Mountains. Founded during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush on June 16, 1859, the mining camp was originally named Golden City in honor of Thomas L. Golden. Golden City served as the capital of the provisional Territory of Jefferson from 1860 to 1861, and capital of the official Territory of Colorado from 1862 to 1867. In 1867, the territorial capital was moved about east to Denver City. Golden is now a part of the Denver–Aurora–Lakewood, CO Metropolitan Statistical Area and the Front Range Urban Corridor.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: The Colorado School of Mines, offering programs in engineering and science, is located in Golden. In addition, it is also home to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory, National Earthquake Information Center, Coors Brewing Company, CoorsTek, Boston Market, Spyderco, Software Bisque, American Mountaineering Center, and Colorado Railroad Museum. It is the birthplace of the Jolly Rancher, a candy bought out by the Hershey Foods Corporation, and home to Yeti Cycles. Western showman William F. "Buffalo Bill" Cody is buried nearby on Lookout Mountain.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Established during the Pike's Peak Gold Rush, Golden City quickly became a leading economic and political center of the region. Its geographic location made it a center of trade between the gold fields to the west and settlements to the east. Golden City was established on June 16, 1859, along Clear Creek west of Denver. The city is named after Thomas L. Golden. Other important businessmen and prospectors like William A.H. Loveland and George West were among the first people to settle in Golden.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: By the end of 1860, Golden City had been popularly elected the seat of Jefferson County and was capital of the provisional Jefferson Territory. As drafted in the territorial constitution, the capital of the Jefferson Territory was initially proposed to be Golden, then with a population of 700, as a result of its proximity to mountain mining towns, and greater ability to hold a congressional quorum than had Denver. Golden City was temporarily removed from the status of territory capital as a result of an act passed on November 5, 1861, by the territorial government.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Colorado City, a small town to the south of Denver, became the new temporary territorial capital, but saw only one short event at this location. This status was quickly revoked, however, as on August 4, 1862, the territorial government voted formally to move back to Golden.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: While the town lost much of its populace and leading citizenry during the Civil War for several reasons (ranging from military to economic), Golden City became capital of the federally recognized Colorado Territory on August 2, 1862, continuing as such until 1867.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Between 1862 and the early 1870s that a fierce railroad competition developed between Denver, to the east, and Golden. By the mid-1860s, Golden held a merely honorific status as the territorial capital, rather than serving as the legitimate source of territorial power. Denver, the increasingly larger and more-developed city, was the focused core of important territorial occasions, with the Governor residing in Denver, and territorial government meetings occurring there as well. The citizens and supporters of Golden realized that a spur from Golden to the new transcontinental railroad, running through Cheyenne, Wyoming, to the north, was the only possibility for Golden to reemerge as the dominant heart of commerce in the territory. W.A.H. Loveland founded the Colorado Central Railroad on February 9, 1865, to do just this.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: With Golden beginning talk of creating a railroad, prominent Denver residents raced to do the same. In an appeal to the residents of Denver, "The Rocky Mountain News," which was based in Denver itself"," wrote an article imploring the citizens of Denver to vote to fund a railroad; "If we vote $500,000 in bonds to the Denver Pacific railway all is well. If we defeat those bonds, all hope of a railroad for the next two years is gone... Gentlemen of Denver, what will you do? The fate of your city is in your own hands." The residents of Denver voted for the bonds, spurring construction of the Denver Pacific Railway. By 1869, the railroad race to Cheyenne was becoming less and less of a race, as the Denver Pacific Railway pulled ahead of the struggling Colorado Central Railroad. Realizing they were going to lose the race to Cheyenne, the Colorado Central began expanding west into mountain communities such as Georgetown, Black Hawk, and Central City, all areas founded on and focused in silver mining.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden, having then sidetracked into servicing various close by mountain communities, continued to fall behind the pace set by the Denver railroad, and by 1870, officially lost the race to Cheyenne. However, The Colorado Central Railroad connected directly with Cheyenne seven years later, in 1877, but by that point, the race with Denver had been lost. Although Golden's Colorado Central Railroad offered a challenge to Denver's railroad, the better funded Denver Pacific Railway was able to connect to Cheyenne far more quickly than Golden, securing for Denver its long-term status as both capital and prominent city.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden City became the "Lowell of the West", a regional center of trade and industry that boasted at various times three flour mills, five smelters, the first railroad into the Colorado mountains, the Coors Brewery, brick works, the only paper mill west of Missouri, clay and coal mines, and more. During the 1870s, it became home to three institutions of higher education, the Colorado University Schools, of which the Colorado School of Mines remains today. Golden was also home to an opera house and seven churches, including Colorado's third (Methodist) church, oldest Baptist church, likely oldest Christian (Disciples of Christ) church, and first Swedish immigrant (Lutheran) church. The town was home to sizable populations of German, Swiss, Swedish, Italian and Chinese immigrants; five immigrants became mayors of Golden.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Until the early 20th century, Golden maintained a small-town population of around 2,500 people. Several industries faded or were destroyed by tragic events, but others flourished to continue Golden's industrial legacy, including its brewing, brick making, clay mining and porcelain industries.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden became even more connected through mass transit, with two trolley lines extending to Denver, while the movie theater gradually took the place of the opera house for downtown entertainment. Downtown revitalization efforts began in the 1920s with its first streetscape and ornamental lighting project and urban renewal on its north and east, anchored by new senior high and grade schools. The historic cultural tension between the city's north and south sides gradually eased, and the town successfully endured additional major economic depressions, including the Silver Crash of 1893 and the Great Depression. The School of Mines gained a worldwide academic reputation, Coors rapidly came to the forefront of the national and international brewing and ceramics industries, and the city modernized with a recreation center, paved streets and more.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: After World War II, Golden boomed, rapidly gaining population, size and economy. In 1959, the town nearly tripled in geographic size overnight when it annexed large properties to the south, including the new Magic Mountain theme park, one of the earliest entertainment attractions of its kind. A number of new subdivisions were built and public infrastructure was modernized, including new buildings for the senior high school, city hall, recreation center, library, museum and central fire and police stations. Also built were new downtown anchors, including department stores and grocery stores, several new church buildings, new county offices, and the Horizon Plan, which transformed the School of Mines.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: The decline in the price of petroleum and near-simultaneous failure of several downtown anchors placed the central business district into recession in the 1980s. The 1990s saw the revitalization of the downtown through various initiatives, including its second streetscaping project in 1992. In 1993, the old Golden High School building was converted into the American Mountaineering Center, making Golden a research and education hub for mountaineering. The Coors Brewery had become the largest single-site brewery in the world, its porcelain subsidiary among the foremost of its kind, and Golden became home to the National Renewable Energy Laboratory.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Today Golden has a population of over 18,000 and is home to more people and businesses of national and international influence than ever before, yet maintains a small-town historic identity. A Golden mailing address may also represent one of several communities in unincorporated Jefferson County to the north and west of Golden, communities undergoing continual residential development of former farm, ranch and mining land and which possess a considerable population.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden lies just north of I-70 and west of Denver at the foot of the Rocky Mountains. It is situated between Lookout Mountain and the two Table Mountains, within a sheltered valley fed by Clear Creek. Clear Creek flows through town from the west, out of its canyon shared by US 6, and exits the valley it carved between North Table Mountain and South Table Mountain and in which is located the Coors Brewery.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: As of the census of 2010, there were 18,867 people, 7,394 households, and 3,985 families residing in the city. The population density was 2,096.3 inhabitants per square mile (809.7/km). There were 7,748 housing units at an average density of . The racial makeup of the city was 90.6% White, 1.2% Black or African American, 0.6% Native American, 3.8% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 1.4% from other races, and 2.3% from two or more races. 8.2% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: There were 7,394 households, out of which 23.7% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 43.4% were married couples living together, 7.2% had a female householder with no husband present, 3.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 46.1% were non-families. 31.6% of all households were made up of individuals, and 3.2% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.24 and the average family size was 2.8.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: In the city, the population was spread out, with 24.7% under the age of 20, 13% from 20 to 24, 27.5% from 25 to 44, 25% from 45 to 64, and 10% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33.9 years. The population was 56.6% male and 43.4% female.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: As of the census of 2000, the median income for a household in the city was $49,115, and the median income for a family was $67,414. Males had a median income of $41,822 versus $32,413 for females. The per capita income for the city was $25,257. About 3.5% of families and 11.3% of the population were below the poverty line, including 6.4% of those under age 18 and 7.6% of those age 65 or over.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden is home to numerous museums, including the Golden History Museum & Park, Rocky Mountain Quilt Museum, Colorado Railroad Museum, Colorado School of Mines Geology Museum, and the Bradford Washburn American Mountaineering Museum. There is also the Mother Cabrini Shrine.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden is home to the Jefferson Symphony Orchestra, which performs seasonally at Bunker Auditorium in the Green Center at the Colorado School of Mines, and has performed continuously since 1953. The city is also home to the Foothills Art Center, an art exhibition venue housed in a historic church. Miners Alley Playhouse in downtown Golden, is a live theater which has performed there since 2001. The 150-year-old Buffalo Rose Bar and Grill is the longest-surviving Colorado gold rush-era business and remains a popular music venue for touring rock and blues bands.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden has several annual events, including E-Days of the Colorado School of Mines in April (since 1927), the Golden Music Festival at Clear Creek History Park, Independence Day fireworks shows sponsored by the Golden Lions Club (since 1972), the largest event of the year is Buffalo Bill Days in late July (since 1946); the Golden Fine Arts Festival in August (since 1990), and Olde Golden Christmas in November to December (since 1972).


title: Golden, Colorado

text: The American Mountaineering Center is home to the American Alpine Club, The Colorado Mountain Club, and Outward Bound. The Henry S. Hall, Jr. American Alpine Club Library and Colorado Mountain Club Collection is the world's largest repository of mountaineering literature and is internationally known. The American Mountaineering Center is also home to the Bradford Washburn American Mountaineering Museum and hosts many programs and events each year. This premier facility and the town's location near plenty of world class rock climbing, skiing and mountaineering make Golden a center for mountaineering culture.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: The city's thriving beer culture supports several microbreweries, including Golden City Brewery, Mountain Toad Brewing, Cannonball Creek Brewing Company, and Barrels & Bottles Brewery. Beer festivals in Golden include the UllrGrass beer festival every January and the Knock Your Boots Off Beer Tasting and Chili Cook-off every October.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden is home to the headquarters and brewery of Coors Beer. Golden was where the beer company had its start, and it has kept its headquarters in the city ever since its founding in 1873. The brewery offers tours to the public. It is one of the leading employers in the Golden area, with 900 employees working full-time in the brewery.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden's competitive athletics go back for well over a century and feature public school and collegiate teams and athletes. Golden High School competes in various sports in 4A competition in Colorado, and its football program dates as far back as the 1890s. The Colorado School of Mines competes primarily in NCAA Division II athletics in a variety of sports including football (dating to 1888), baseball and basketball.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Clear Creek is also home to a nationally renowned kayak course, and the city is home to the American Mountaineering Center and features noteworthy rock climbing, mountain biking, hiking, and hang gliding opportunities in close proximity. Golden has to date generated three Major League Baseball players, four Olympic competitors and two Olympic medalists.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden is a home rule municipality of the city form of statutory government in Colorado. Its government is a city council/city manager form of leadership which consists of a popularly elected mayor elected by the entire citizenry, two councilors each representing a district comprising one half of the city, and four councilors each representing a ward of which each district is divided into two. These seven members of the city council are each popularly elected from their ward/district/at large and they serve as the governing body of the city. The council hires and supervises the city manager, who hires and supervises the city staff, which handles the daily operations of the city.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden was among the first municipally governed cities in Colorado and has one of the oldest continuously functioning governments in the state. To date Golden has held 91 popular elections for municipal officials since its first such election in 1860, including 85 regular elections and 6 special elections in 1860, 1879, 1882, 2005, 2006 and 2008.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden, originally home to the second school in Colorado, is today part of the Jefferson County R-1 School District, which provides public education throughout Jefferson County, Colorado. The city has four elementary schools (Mitchell, Kyffin, Shelton, and Ralston Elementary) in the foothills to the west, one middle school (Bell Middle School), and Colorado's oldest senior high school (Golden High School.)


title: Golden, Colorado

text: In higher education, Golden features the oldest public university in the state, the Colorado School of Mines, which can be found a few blocks south of downtown Golden, situated on a hill overlooking the city. Nearby is the Mountain Language Institute, an English language school providing classes both in Golden and online.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: The main part of Golden is laid out upon a historic street grid system running on an approximately northwest–southeast axis, aligned with Clear Creek upon which the heart of the city was established. Most of these are paved streets with a total right of way, including area for sidewalks which in older areas are often separated by a landscaped strip from the street featuring beautiful and historic trees. The only historic street in the grid not named as a "street" is the main thoroughfare, Washington Avenue, an right of way featuring a downtown care streetscape with trees, planters, brick, flagstone and ornamental street lights. Golden's streets are generally numbered on the east–west streets, and named on the north–south streets, and are named after pioneers, American Indian tribes and trees. The streets of the southeasterly part of town are aligned with the Denver metropolitan street grid, which are aligned directly with the true directions of the compass, and they share the names of the Denver grid. Outlying subdivisions of Golden consist of their own, often curvilinear street systems, with varying degrees of connection to the rest of the city. Golden has several main thoroughfare street connections to the east which date to the Gold Rush times, including West 44th Avenue, West 32nd Avenue and South Golden Road.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Since its beginning, Golden has been at a crossroads of major Colorado thoroughfares. Today Interstate 70 (I-70) runs through the southern part of the city, which connects to the northern terminus of SH 470 which runs to the south. U.S. Highway 6 (US 6), which turns into 6th Avenue, is a historic thoroughfare (built in 1950) which runs east–west through the southern part of the city then curves northward through the western part of Golden, ultimately arriving at the mouth of Clear Creek Canyon. State Highway 93 (SH 93), which traces its roots to the 1860s, continues north through the western part of the city from the canyon and northward towards Boulder. SH 58, which turns into Golden Freeway, bisects Golden on an east–west route between 6th and 7th Streets, and ultimately joins to go up Clear Creek Canyon. West Colfax Avenue, the historic US 40, runs on an approximately northeast–southwest route through the southern end of the city and turns westward up Mt. Vernon Canyon and parallels I-70.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Golden is part of the network of the Regional Transportation District which provides bus and light rail service throughout the Denver metropolitan area. Its bus routes 16, 16L, and GS connect Golden with other points of the Denver metropolitan area and Boulder. The West Corridor (W line) of the FasTracks light rail line, which parallels 6th Avenue into Golden to its terminal at the Jefferson County Government Center, opened to the public on April 26, 2013. This is a modern version of the historic trolley line that Golden interests spearheaded in the 1890s. At the same time the W Line opened, a Community Call-n-Ride bus launched in Golden, offering flexible service along with regular stops within the city itself. The new bus system was designed to complement the light rail, extending the transit service into the whole community, including the downtown corridor. Although passengers are no longer served by heavy rail, Golden continues to be served by railroad transportation for cargo, as it has been continuously since 1870. These lines are owned by the BNSF railroad and serve business interests in the northeastern end of the city. Within the Coors Brewery grounds it becomes the brewery's own in-house railroad.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: The closest airport to Golden is nearby Rocky Mountain Metropolitan Airport, a general aviation air transport facility located in northeastern Jefferson County. Passenger traffic generally uses Denver International Airport in northeastern Denver.


title: Golden, Colorado

text: Notable individuals who were born in or have lived in Golden include engineer and historian Edward L. Berthoud, brewer Adolph Coors, photographer Gertrude Käsebier, and Gudy Gaskill, the driving force behind the creation of the Colorado Trail.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: Zulfiqar (ذوالفقار) is an Iranian main battle tank, conceived by Brigadier General Mir-Younes Masoumzadeh, deputy ground force commander for research and self-sufficiency of the armed forces. It is named after Zulfiqar, the legendary sword of Ali the fourth Caliph and the first Shiite Imam. It's also known as Zolfaqar.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The test prototypes of the tank were evaluated in 1993. Six semi-industrial prototypes of the tank were produced and tested in 1997.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The tank has a distinctive box-shaped, steel-welded turret of local design. The Zulfiqar is believed to be developed from major components of the Soviet T-72 and American M48 and M60 tanks. The suspension is modelled on the M48 /M60 Patton tanks supplied to Iran by the U.S. The SPAT 1200 transmission also seems to be a local development of that of the M-60. Zulfiqar-1's combat weight has been reported to be 36 tonnes with a 780 hp diesel engine; giving the tank a 21.7 hp per ton ratio. Some sources see resemblances between the Zulfiqar design and the Brazilian prototype Osório.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The Zulfiqar is operated by a crew of three personnel. The automatic loader is believed to be the same one from the T-72 tank.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: On 25 October 2016, Iran had successfully tested an active protection system on the Zulfiqar, based on pulse-doppler and phased-array radar systems equipped with four arms systems that can cover a full 360-degrees of sight.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The tank is armed with a 125 mm smoothbore gun 2A46 derived from that of the T-72, which is fitted with a fume extractor. Its secondary armament consists of a 7.62 mm coaxial and a 12.7 mm machine gun. For the Zulfiqar/T-72 fleet, the Ammunition Group of the Iranian Defense Industries Organization mass-produces a standard high explosive propellant charge which fires the 3 kg warhead at a muzzle velocity of .


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The Zulfiqar-1 uses the Slovenian EFCS-3 fire control system, the same model used on the Type 72Z ("Safir-74"), providing 'fire-on-the-move' technology. The Zulfiqar allegedly mounts a laser-warning pod on the turret. Its design enables the tank to use an Iranian-made package of reactive armor.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: In April 1997 Acting Commander of the Ground Forces of the Iranian Army, Lieutenant General Mohammad Reza Ashtiani announced that the mass production of Zulfiqar tanks, which began in 1996, was still in progress. He stated that the manufacture of 520 different kinds of tank parts, 600 artillery parts, repair of 500 tanks and armored vehicles have been carried out. In late July 1997 Iranian President Hashemi Rafsanjani formally inaugurated a production line for the domestically manufactured Zulfiqar main battle tanks and Boragh tracked armoured personnel carrier. The facility, the Shahid Kolah Dooz Industrial Complex, will also produce the BMP-2 armored personnel carrier.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The Zulfiqar-1 is based on the M48 Patton model acquired under the pre-revolution era. The Zulfiqar-1 was first revealed in public in 1994. A total of six prototypes were completed and field tested in 1997. The Zulfiqar-1 is protected by a welded steel hull and the turret is reinforced by a composite armour. The Zulfiqar-1 is armed with a 125mm Smoothbore gun taken from a T-72. At least 150 were produced.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The Zulfiqar-2 is an interim main battle tank prototype used as a test bed. This variant is fitted with a new and more powerful engine. It has an extended chassis and possibly uses an improved autoloader.


title: Zulfiqar (tank)

text: The Zulfiqar-3, the most advanced variant of the Zulfiqar family, bears a close resemblance to the American M1 Abrams. It features considerable upgrades to the fire-control system, chassis, engine and main gun. The new variant is equipped with the 2A46 125 mm smoothbore cannon with an autoloader, a laser rangefinder and a new fire-control system. It is also fitted with a reinforced turret and the wheels are covered by an armoured skirt. Research and development on the tank was completed in 1999 and the tank appeared in a military parade in 2011. Around 100 built, unknown current production status. Some estimates put it as high as 250.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: "All Summer Long" is a song by American recording artist Kid Rock. It was released in 2008 as the third single from his seventh studio album, "Rock n Roll Jesus" (2007). It was inspired by Bob Seger's song "Night Moves", and also samples "Sweet Home Alabama" by Lynyrd Skynyrd and "Werewolves of London" by Warren Zevon.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: "All Summer Long" was a number-one hit in Australia and six countries across Europe, including the United Kingdom. In the United States, it crossed over to country radio, giving Kid Rock his first top-10 country hit. Kid Rock performed the song at the 2009 Grammy Awards and at WrestleMania 25, both in medleys. He also promoted the song in Europe performing at the MTV Europe Music Awards and the World Music Awards. The song led to the TV special VH-1 Storytellers in November 2008.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: Mike E. Clark was working with both Insane Clown Posse and Kid Rock at the same time when he developed the initial track that became "All Summer Long", and listened to music on his iPod as a source of inspiration. By this point, he no longer wanted to use samples in his production. Joseph Bruce from Insane Clown Posse was a huge fan of "Werewolves of London" by Warren Zevon, so Clark had the song on his iPod, and when listening to his iPod on shuffle, Clark decided that he had to create a track sampling the song. Clark added several other elements, including a snare drum from a drum machine that Kid Rock later told Clark that he loved because it was the same brand of drum machine used on Michael Jackson's "Beat It". Clark labeled the compact disc containing the unfinished track as "Werewolf Bite" and initially planned to use it on a free single which would be released to that year's Gathering of the Juggalos, but decided to play it for Kid Rock, who was unimpressed by the track, even though Clark loved it. Later, Kid Rock insisted that Clark play the track again, and Kid Rock later came up with the idea to do a mashup of "Werewolves of London" and Lynyrd Skynyrd's "Sweet Home Alabama" and add a new melody, resulting in the new composition "All Summer Long". Clark was not credited for production on the song.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: Eight people are credited for writing "All Summer Long": the songwriters of "Werewolves of London" (Leroy Marinell, Waddy Wachtel and Warren Zevon), the songwriters of "Sweet Home Alabama" (Ed King, Gary Rossington and Ronnie Van Zant), Matthew Shafer (Uncle Kracker), and Robert Ritchie (Kid Rock).


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: "All Summer Long" was Kid Rock's fourth song to chart on the "Billboard" Hot 100, becoming his third top-40 hit on the Hot 100 and the biggest solo hit of his career. It reached number 23 on the Hot 100 based solely on airplay, since Kid Rock had not made his catalog available for legal digital download at the time (therefore, the song received no digital sales). It also became a pop crossover hit, reaching the top 10 on the Mainstream Top 40 chart. "All Summer Long" has also reached the top 10 on "Billboard"s Adult Top 40.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: The song was Kid Rock's third entry on the "Billboard" Hot Country Songs chart, after "Picture" and "Single Father" in 2003, reaching number four to become his first top-20 and top-10 single on that chart. It was a moderate hit on American rock radio, peaking at number 17 on the Mainstream Rock Tracks chart and number 38 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart. The song has sold 943,000 copies in the US as of April 2016.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: "All Summer Long" is Kid Rock's first international hit as well. In the United Kingdom, the song peaked atop the UK Singles Chart on the week of August 2, 2008, which was its only week at number one. In the rest of Europe, the song was available as a physical and digital release and topped the charts of Ireland, Austria, Germany, the Netherlands, and Switzerland. It reached the top five in Flanders, Norway, and Sweden. In addition, it topped the European Hot 100 Singles chart for four weeks, ending 2008 as Europe's eighth-most-successful single. In Australia, the song was his first top-10 hit and number-one single, while in New Zealand, the song peaked at number three.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: The music video for the song was shot in Nashville, Tennessee, and features Kid Rock driving a Grand Craft Grand Sport boat out on the Old Hickory Lake, while two teenagers are shown enacting the song's lyrics, taking place in the implied year of 1989 as mentioned in the first verse. Kid Rock is also shown partying with girls or women on a different boat, and singing the song on a platform on the lake during night time. The platform, float & lights are a homage to the ""Playboy" girls" scene in the film "Apocalypse Now". As the video ends, the small boat Kid Rock is driving can be seen with the word "cowboy" on the back.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: A recording of the song was released digitally by Hit Masters, a karaoke company whose version was made available in the iTunes Store in North America. Due to Kid Rock's decision to withhold his music from the iTunes market, sales from the karaoke version eventually caused it to overtake Kid Rock's original on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in the United States peaking at number 19. This version also peaked at number 28 on the Canadian Hot 100 due to digital downloads. As Rock's version remained in the top 30 based on radio airplay alone, Hit Masters jumped into the top 20 due to its sales strength. However, the radio success of "All Summer Long" propelled "Rock N Roll Jesus" back up to number two on the "Billboard" 200, nearly a year after its release.


title: All Summer Long (Kid Rock song)

text: Another recording of the song by karaoke band The Rock Heroes was released on iTunes for digital downloads in North America in September 2008. In the U.S. it debuted at number 38 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and then rose to number 29 the next week, and also in Canada it debuted at number 16 on the Canadian Hot 100 due to digital downloads.


title: In America (film)

text: In America is a 2002 road drama film directed by Jim Sheridan. The semi-autobiographical screenplay by Jim Sheridan and his daughters, Naomi and Kirsten, focuses on an immigrant Irish family's struggle to start a new life in New York City, as seen through the eyes of the elder daughter.


title: In America (film)

text: The film was an Irish, American and British co-production, and was nominated for three Academy Awards: Best Original Screenplay for the Sheridans, Best Actress for Samantha Morton and Best Supporting Actor for Djimon Hounsou.


title: In America (film)

text: In 2002 Johnny and Sarah Sullivan and their daughters Christy and Ariel enter the United States on a tourist visa from Ireland via Canada, where Johnny was working as an actor. The family settles in New York City, in a rundown Hell's Kitchen tenement occupied by drug addicts, transvestites, and a reclusive Nigerian artist/photographer named Mateo Kuamey. Hanging over the family is the death of their five-year-old son Frankie, who died from a brain tumor discovered after a fall down the stairs. The devout Roman Catholic Johnny questions God and has lost any ability to feel true emotions, which has affected his relationship with his family. Christy believes she has been granted three wishes by her dead brother, which she only uses at times of near-dire consequences for the family as they try to survive in New York.


title: In America (film)

text: After finding the apartment, Sarah gets a job in the local ice cream parlor to support the family while Johnny auditions for any role for which he is suited, with no success. Despite their poverty, the initial joy of being in the United States and the closeness of the family gives them the energy to make the most of what they have, and Christy chronicles the events of their life with a cherished camcorder. As money runs low and the city's temperatures soar, the family dip into savings to go to the movies to see "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial" and enjoy the air conditioning to find respite from the oppressive weather. Tensions between Johnny and Sarah begin to rise with the summer heat. Not helping their financial and emotional strain is the discovery that Sarah is pregnant. Eventually Johnny finds work as a cab driver to augment their income and help pay for the girls' Catholic school tuition.


title: In America (film)

text: On Halloween, the girls become friendly with Mateo when they knock at his door to trick-or-treat. Despite Johnny's reticence about the somewhat imposing and forbidding man, Sarah invites him to their apartment for dinner, and eventually they learn that the man is sad and lonely because he is dying of AIDS.


title: In America (film)

text: Later, Mateo falls down a flight of stairs and is knocked unconscious. Christy tries to resuscitate him using CPR, although she is warned away from him by the other residents, who seem to be aware that he is HIV-positive. The man's condition continues to deteriorate as Sarah's fetus develops. The baby is born prematurely and in poor health, and is in need of a blood transfusion. Johnny and Sarah are ultimately nervous not only about the baby's survival chances, but also of the skyrocketing hospital bills that will now need to be paid following the baby's delivery, causing Sarah to have a brief nervous breakdown and blame Johnny for Frankie's death, and tearfully berate him.


title: In America (film)

text: However, after calming her down, Johnny and Sarah agree to the blood transfusion but without giving the baby "bad blood," as using hospital blood banks was the source of Mateo's contraction of HIV. Shortly, it is discovered that Christy has a compatible blood type to donate with, and Mateo's death coincides with the first healthy movements of the infant following a blood transfusion from Christy. After the successful operation, the family is startled to learn that Mateo had settled and paid for their astronomical hospital bill before he had died, upon the discovery that Mateo was in possession of a large trust fund he never spent. They give the newborn baby girl the middle name of Mateo in gratitude and to honor his memory.


title: In America (film)

text: With the birth of the new baby and the death of Mateo, Johnny finally is able to overcome his lack of emotion and put his grieving for Frankie to rest. He also finally catches a break by getting a small role in "A Chorus Line" on Broadway. The film ends after a baby shower at the apartment is held for the Sullivan family with many of the apartment tenants present to celebrate, and Christy and the rest of her family take in the view of the city and look out for Mateo in the night's sky.


title: In America (film)

text: The film is dedicated to director/screenwriter Jim Sheridan's brother Frankie, who died at the age of ten. In "The Making of in America", a featurette on the DVD release of the film, Sheridan explains Christy and Ariel are based on his daughters—and co-writers—Naomi and Kirsten. He says they wanted to make a film showing how people can learn to overcome their pain and live for the future instead of dwelling on the sadness of the past.


title: In America (film)

text: Manhattan locations include Hell's Kitchen, Times Square, the Lincoln Tunnel, and 8th Street in the East Village.


title: In America (film)

text: Interiors were filmed at the Ardmore Studios in County Wicklow in Ireland. The fairground scene was filmed on Parnell Street, Dublin.


title: In America (film)

text: The soundtrack includes songs performed by The Lovin' Spoonful, Culture Club, The Corrs, The Byrds, Kid Creole and The Coconuts, Evan Olson, and The Langhorns.


title: In America (film)

text: The film premiered at the 2002 Toronto International Film Festival. In 2003, it was shown at the Sundance Film Festival, the Boston Irish Film Festival, the Tribeca Film Festival, the Edinburgh Film Festival, the Hamburg Film Festival, the Warsaw Film Festival, the Dinard Festival of British Cinema, and the Austin Film Festival.


title: In America (film)

text: The film opened in the UK on 31 October 2003, where it earned £284,259 on its opening weekend. It opened in limited release in the US on 26 November. It eventually grossed $15,539,656 in the US and $9,843,255 elsewhere, for a total worldwide box office of $25,382,911


title: In America (film)

text: Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 89%, based on 177 reviews, and an average rating of 7.75/10. The website's critical consensus states, "A rich and moving story about an immigrant family adjusting to life in New York". Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 76 out of 100, based on 41 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: In America (film)

text: In his review in "The New York Times", A. O. Scott called it a "modest, touching film" and added, "Many of [its] elements . . . seem to promise a sticky bath of shameless sentimentality. But instead, thanks to Jim Sheridan's graceful, scrupulously sincere direction and the dry intelligence of his cast, "In America" is likely to pierce the defenses of all but the most dogmatically cynical viewers . . . Mr. Sheridan is more interested in particular people than in general plights, and what lingers in the mind after you have seen his movies is the rough, radiant individuality of his characters . . . This movie, from moment to moment, feels small, almost anecdotal. It is only afterward that, like Mr. Sheridan's other films, it starts to grow into something at once unassuming and in its own way grand."


title: In America (film)

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" observed, ""In America" is not unsentimental about its new arrivals (the movie has a warm heart and frankly wants to move us), but it is perceptive about the countless ways in which it is hard to be poor and a stranger in a new land."


title: In America (film)

text: In the "San Francisco Chronicle", Walter Addiego stated, "I fought hard against the emotionalism of "In America" . . . but I lost. There's no questioning the director's ability to wring moving moments from potentially sentimental and decidedly familiar material: the story of penniless immigrants trying to make it in Manhattan. It got to me. I'm still trying to decide whether I was won over or worn down — but why not give Sheridan the benefit of the doubt? . . . [He] is clearly drawing on deep personal reserves for this picture, and despite a few sequences when the creative hand seems intrusive, does well by his subject. When you see a director going for that lump-in-the-throat mood, instinct takes over and you want to dig in your heels. Sometimes it's best just to let yourself be swept away."


title: In America (film)

text: Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" rated the film three out of a possible four stars, calling it "forceful, funny and impassioned" and "an emotional wipeout".


title: In America (film)

text: In the "St. Petersburg Times", Steve Persall graded the film A and added, "This is a tearjerker for all the right reasons. Because it's delicately manipulative and the characters are so precisely emotional. And because Sheridan's manner with the material makes crying seem like a cleansing, an affirmation that something so simple and sweet can still move us . . . I loved this unassuming, heartfelt little gem, even if I couldn't stop sobbing for an hour after the show. It's just so beautiful."


title: In America (film)

text: Claudia Puig of "USA Today" called it "touching, but not cloying, uplifting and hopeful but never sappy and also just plain funny. There is not a false note among the five core performances, nor a false word in Sheridan's script. "In America" is a classic story of losing and finding faith told with heart, humor and emotional heft."


title: In America (film)

text: In "The Observer", Philip French said, "The movie lacks conviction from implausible beginning to sentimental end."


title: The Boys in the Boat (film)

text: The Boys in the Boat is an upcoming American drama film directed by George Clooney, based on the non-fiction novel of the same name by Daniel James Brown, starring Callum Turner.


title: The Boys in the Boat (film)

text: Joe Rantz, who was cast aside by his family at an early age, abandoned and left to fend for himself in the woods of Washington state, turns to rowing and participates in rowing at the 1936 Summer Olympics – Men's eight.


title: The Boys in the Boat (film)

text: On March 3, 2011, The Weinstein Company acquired the film rights to the novel with Kenneth Branagh set to direct and Donna Gigliotti and Judy Hofflund producing. In October 2018, Lantern Entertainment (the successor of The Weinstein Company) contracted with Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer to distribute the film worldwide. In March 2020, it was announced that George Clooney would direct and produce with Grant Heslov and Mark L. Smith writing the script.


title: The Boys in the Boat (film)

text: On November 1, 2021, it was announced that Callum Turner would portray Joe Rantz. In February 2022, additional casting was announced, with Joel Edgerton and Hadley Robinson amongst the additions. Courtney Henggeler and James Wolk would join in March, and Chris Diamantopoulos would join in April.


title: The Boys in the Boat (film)

text: Filming began in March 2022, and was due to take place at Winnersh Film Studios in Berkshire, as well as in Los Angeles and Berlin, nowhere near the still standing original shell house on the University of Washington campus.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: Overcomer is a 2019 American Christian drama film directed by Alex Kendrick, who co-wrote the script with Stephen Kendrick. It is the Kendrick brothers' sixth film and their second through their subsidiary, Kendrick Brothers Productions. The film was released by Sony Pictures Releasing on August 23, 2019.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: It grossed $38 million worldwide against a $5 million budget and garnered Alex Kendrick's third "A+" on CinemaScore. He is the second director to have three films receive the grade, along with Rob Reiner.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: John Harrison (Alex Kendrick) is a basketball coach at a high school and married to Amy (Shari Rigby). Due to the manufacturing plant being moved to another city, all of the good basketball players, along with their families, must move also. School Principal Olivia Brooks (Priscilla Shirer) tells John that the school is losing several teachers and coaches and that she needs him to coach cross country, as she doesn’t want the school to lose another program.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: At the tryouts for cross country, only one student shows up. Nevertheless, John agrees to be the running coach for Hannah Scott (Aryn Wright-Thompson), who is asthmatic. Hannah lives with her grandmother, Barbara Scott (Denise Armstrong), who has been telling her all her life that both her parents are dead. Hannah also steals items from students at school and has a collection of them. One day, on his hospital visits to help the pastor, John accidentally enters the room of Thomas Hill (Cameron Arnett). Hill is blind and suffering from diabetic complications. Hill also had been a cross country runner. After a couple of visits to see Hill, John finds out that Hill is Hannah's father. Hill abandoned Hannah and her mother when Hannah was a baby and Barbara has been trying to protect her from being hurt by him again, albeit by lying to Hannah about him. John also later finds out that the principal was Hannah's mother's friend and has been paying her tuition fees.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: John tells Hannah about her father and he and Amy take her to meet him. Though reluctant at first, she eventually accepts him and starts visiting him more. Through the process she discovers herself and also strengthens her Christian faith and her belief in Jesus Christ as her Heavenly father. Hannah returns all of the stolen items and practices rigorously.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: Barbara finds out about her visits to her father and angrily confronts John and Amy over letting Hannah meet her father without discussing it with her. She threatens legal action until she is chastised by Hannah for lying to her all this time. John, Amy, and Barbara then each go to God in prayer about the situation, each asking Him for forgiveness and guidance.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: On the day of the State Championship race, John gives Hannah ear buds and a player. John tells her to play the player as the race begins. Through the race, Hannah hears her father's voice of coaching and encouragement, leading her to win the race and become the state champion.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: Later, Hill passes away. A couple of years later, Hannah tells her story to her cross country friends. Then Hannah puts a flash drive in the player and runs through the city while listening to the recording from her father which begins with "It's your 21st birthday".


title: Overcomer (film)

text: The idea that resulted in "Overcomer" came to Alex Kendrick in 2011 while he was visiting cross-country events for children:


title: Overcomer (film)

text: "Overcomer" was filmed mainly in Columbus, Georgia, with a few scenes shot in Nashville, Tennessee and Albany, Georgia. In the summer of 2018, Affirm Films and Provident Films announced that they had wrapped up filming and were now in post-production.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: "Overcomer" was made with a $5 million budget, which is $2 million more than their last film, "War Room"'s budget. Because of the larger budget, the film was shot with the same camera equipment used to film "The Avengers", with the indoor shots being filmed in sets built by the production crew, which was something the Kendricks had never done before in their previous films. The film's producer and co-writer Stephen Kendrick said of their work on the film: "["Overcomer" is] the best shot . . . [t]he best lighting. I would say the best acting in so many ways. The storyline has some neat twists and turns in it."


title: Overcomer (film)

text: Several actors appearing in earlier films by the Kendrick Brothers were cast for roles in "Overcomer", including Priscilla Shirer and Ben Davies. Paul Mills, who wrote the score for "War Room", also returned to compose for "Overcomer". The soundtrack includes the record setting No. 1 Christian song "You Say" by Lauren Daigle that held the top spot for 62 weeks. It also crossed over and reached No. 1 on the Adult Contemporary charts.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: "Overcomer"'s main theme is finding one's identity in Christ, and is based mainly on Ephesians 1 and 2. On the issue the film was intended to address, Alex Kendrick related the following:


title: Overcomer (film)

text: Concerning the religious nature of the film and the Kendrick Brothers' previous productions, Kendrick said:


title: Overcomer (film)

text: "Overcomer" screened early in several cities, including Atlanta, Georgia. It also received a pre-screening on March 28, 2019 at the National Religious Broadcasters' Proclaim 19. The film was theatrically released in the United States on August 23, 2019.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: It was released by Sony Pictures Home Entertainment on Digital HD on November 26, 2019, followed by a 4K Ultra HD, Blu-ray and DVD release on December 17, 2019.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: In the United States and Canada, "Overcomer" was released alongside "Angel Has Fallen", "Overcomer" was projected to gross around $6 million from 1,723 theaters in its opening weekend. Prior to its release, Fandango reported that the film's advance ticket sales were surpassing those of "Breakthrough", which debuted to $11.3 million in March 2019. "Overcomer" made $3 million on its first day, including $775,000 from Thursday night previews.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: According to the film's director, Alex Kendrick, 50 people in one theater accepted Christ after seeing the film, calling it "one of many, many stories" of people affected by the film.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews from critics and an average rating of . On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 17 out of 100, based on 5 critics, indicating "overwhelming dislike". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "A+" on an A+ to F scale. While "Deadline Hollywood" noted it had become "standard" for faith-based films, Kendrick became just the second director (after Rob Reiner) to have three different films earn the score.


title: Overcomer (film)

text: Tara McNamara of Common Sense Media rated "Overcomer" 4 out of 5 stars, writing that "Kendrick's work improves with every film, and he deserves his seat at the head of the faith-based film table." She does criticize the movie's "racial stereotypes", however, and doubts the necessity of Alex Kendrick's character. Kimber Myers of The Los Angeles Times gave the film a mixed review, saying the script "focuses more on tugging at the heartstrings instead of developing characters," but praising its "emotionally effective conclusion that might persuade even the cynics to its cause." Carlos Aguilar of TheWrap wrote "Sports-Centric Faith-Based Drama Preaches, Repetitively, to the Choir," saying that "The writing, the acting, even the lighting fails to turn the thudding messaging into something resembling cinematic entertainment."


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: Lava is a 2014 American computer-animated musical short film produced by Pixar Animation Studios. Directed and written by James Ford Murphy and produced by Andrea Warren, it premiered at the Hiroshima International Animation Festival on June 14, 2014, and was theatrically released alongside Pixar's "Inside Out", on June 19, 2015.


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: The short is a musical love story that takes place over millions of years. It is set to a song (also called "Lava") written by Murphy, and was inspired by the "isolated beauty of tropical islands and the explosive allure of ocean volcanoes." In an interview with Honolulu-based KHON-TV, Murphy explained that his interest in Hawaii began 25 years prior while honeymooning on the main island of Hawai'i. Shortly before the film production had begun, Murphy went back to Hawaii in order to "reconnect emotionally" with the land that sprung his inspiration.


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: Years later, he heard Israel Kamakawiwoʻole's rendition of "Somewhere over the Rainbow", which touched him. "I put together this fascination and love and this experience I had with my wife in Hawaii, with this feeling I had for this song and thought, wow, if I could blend those two things, it would be really—a film I would love to see."


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: The idea began to coalesce while attending the wedding of his sister, who married at the age of 43. "As my sister stood up on the altar, I thought about how happy she was and how long she'd waited for her very special day. There, at my sister’s wedding, I remembered Loihi and I had an epiphany... What if my sister was a volcano? And what if volcanoes spend their entire lives searching for love, like humans do?" Lava is unique in that it lacks any verbal communication other than the song.


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: On a tropical island in the Pacific Ocean, a lonely volcano watches the wildlife creatures frolic with their mates and wishes to find one of his own. He sings a song to the ocean each day for thousands of years, gradually venting his lava and sinking into the water, but does not realize that an undersea female volcano has heard him every day and has fallen in love with him.


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: She emerges on the day when the male volcano becomes almost extinct, but her face is turned away and she cannot see him. He sinks fully into the ocean, heartbroken, but revives when he hears her singing his song to him. His fire reignited, he erupts back to the surface alongside her, and the two merge to form a single island so they can sing together.


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: Before creating "Lava," the director, James Ford Murphy, identified characteristics in which he wanted Lava to mimic. These desired characteristics came from 5 other Disney Pixar Shorts that Murphy revealed:


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: Nicholas Garrett gave the short a positive review; he said that "it is one of their most touching and subtle (shorts)". Oliver Lyttelton said that it was "beautiful". Pat Mullen gave the short 5 stars out of 5, praising its "fantastic visuals" and its "overall originality and artistry". Nelson Rivera said "The story is told musically, which is always exciting, because music can really get to core emotions and "Lava" most certainly achieves this, almost effortlessly".


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: However, Pablo Ruiz gave a negative review, describing its storytelling as "lazy" and arguing that "there's no character growth, no arc. There's no story. It's just things happening on screen." Michael Colan ranked "Lava" as one of Pixar's weakest short films based on the writing, saying it has "too much telling, not enough showing". He praised the short film for its "gorgeous animation", however, and thought that it had a "good idea."


title: Lava (2014 film)

text: The song to the short, also titled "Lava", was released on June 16, 2015, as a digital single, and as a bonus track on the CD release of "Inside Out"s soundtrack.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole, sometimes abbreviated ITZ, is an antifungal medication used to treat a number of fungal infections. This includes aspergillosis, blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and paracoccidioidomycosis. It may be given by mouth or intravenously.


title: Itraconazole

text: Common side effects include nausea, diarrhea, abdominal pain, rash, and headache. Severe side effects may include liver problems, heart failure, Stevens–Johnson syndrome and allergic reactions including anaphylaxis. It is unclear if use during pregnancy or breastfeeding is safe. It is in the triazole family of medications. It stops fungal growth by affecting the cell membrane or affecting their metabolism.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole was patented in 1978 and approved for medical use in the United States in 1992. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.


title: Itraconazole

text: Recent research works suggest itraconazole (ITZ) could also be used in the treatment of cancer by inhibiting the hedgehog pathway in a similar way to sonidegib.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole has a broader spectrum of activity than fluconazole (but not as broad as voriconazole or posaconazole). In particular, it is active against "Aspergillus", which fluconazole is not. It is also licensed for use in blastomycosis, sporotrichosis, histoplasmosis, and onychomycosis. Itraconazole is over 99% protein-bound and has virtually no penetration into cerebrospinal fluid. Therefore, it should not be used to treat meningitis or other central nervous system infections. According to the Johns Hopkins Abx Guide, it has "negligible CSF penetration, however treatment has been successful for cryptococcal and coccidioidal meningitis".


title: Itraconazole

text: It is also prescribed for systemic infections, such as aspergillosis, candidiasis, and cryptococcosis, where other antifungal drugs are inappropriate or ineffective.


title: Itraconazole

text: In the past decade, itraconazole has been explored as an anticancer agent for patients with basal cell carcinoma, non-small cell lung cancer, and prostate cancer. For example, in a phase II study involving men with advanced prostate cancer, high-dose itraconazole (600 mg/day) was associated with significant PSA responses and a delay in tumor progression. Itraconazole also showed activity in a phase II trial in men with non-small cell lung cancer when it was combined with the chemotherapy agent, pemetrexed. A recent review has also highlights its use topically and orally in conjunction with other chemotherapeutic agents for advanced and metastatic basal cell carcinomas that cannot be treated surgically.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole is produced as blue capsules with tiny blue pellets inside. Each capsule contains 100 mg and is usually taken twice a day at twelve-hour intervals. The Sporanox brand of itraconazole has been developed and marketed by Janssen Pharmaceutica, a subsidiary of Johnson & Johnson. The three-layer structure of these blue capsules is complex because itraconazole is insoluble and is sensitive to pH. The complicated procedure not only requires a specialized machine to create it, but also the method used has manufacturing problems. Also, the pill is quite large, making it difficult for many patients to swallow. Parts of the processes of creating Sporanox were discovered by the Korean Patent Laid-open No. 10-2001-2590. The tiny blue pellets contained in the capsule are manufactured in Beerse, Belgium.


title: Itraconazole

text: The oral solution is better absorbed. The cyclodextrin contained in the oral solution can cause an osmotic diarrhea, and if this is a problem, then half the dose can be given as oral solution and half as capsule to reduce the amount of cyclodextrin given. "Sporanox" itraconazole capsules should always be taken with food, as this improves absorption, however the manufacturers of "Lozanoc" assert that it may be taken "without regard to meals". Itraconazole oral solution should be taken an hour before food, or two hours after food (and likewise if a combination of capsules and oral solution are used). Itraconazole may be taken with orange juice or cola, as absorption is also improved by acid. Absorption of itraconazole is impaired when taken with an antacid, H blocker or proton pump inhibitor.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole is a relatively well-tolerated drug (although not as well tolerated as fluconazole or voriconazole) and the range of adverse effects it produces is similar to the other azole antifungals:


title: Itraconazole

text: The cyclodextrin used to make the syrup preparation can cause diarrhea. Side effects that may indicate a greater problem include:


title: Itraconazole

text: The mechanism of action of itraconazole is the same as the other azole antifungals: it inhibits the fungal-mediated synthesis of ergosterol, via inhibition of lanosterol 14α-demethylase. Because of its ability to inhibit cytochrome P450 3A4 CC-3, caution should be used when considering interactions with other medications.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole is pharmacologically distinct from other azole antifungal agents in that it is the only inhibitor in this class that has been shown to inhibit both the hedgehog signaling pathway and angiogenesis. These distinct activities are unrelated to inhibition of the cytochrome P450 lanosterol 14 alpha-demethylase and the exact molecular targets responsible remain unidentified. Functionally, the antiangiogenic activity of itraconazole has been shown to be linked to inhibition of glycosylation, VEGFR2 phosphorylation, trafficking, and cholesterol biosynthesis pathways. Evidence suggests the structural determinants for inhibition of hedgehog signaling by itraconazole are recognizably different from those associated with antiangiogenic activity.


title: Itraconazole

text: Itraconazole, like cyclosporine, quinidine, and clarithromycin, can inhibit P-glycoprotein, causing drug interactions by reducing elimination and increasing absorption of organic cation drugs. With conventional itraconazole preparations serum levels can vary greatly between patients, often resulting in serum concentrations lower than the therapeutic index. It has therefore been conventionally advised that patients take itraconazole after a fatty meal rather than prior to eating.


title: Itraconazole

text: A product (Lozanoc) licensed through the European union decentralised procedure has increased bioavailability, decreased sensitivity to co ingestion of food, and hence decreased variability of serum levels.


title: Itraconazole

text: The itraconazole molecule has three chiral carbons. The two chiral centers in the dioxolane ring are fixed in relation to one another, and the triazolomethylene and aryloxymethylene dioxolane-ring substituents are always "cis" to each other. The clinical formulation is a 1:1:1:1 mixture of four stereoisomers (two enantiomeric pairs).


title: Itraconazole

text: It was designated an orphan drug by both the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Medicines Agency (EMA).


title: Sextortion

text: Sextortion (a portmanteau of "sex" and "extortion") employs non-physical forms of coercion to extort sexual favors from the victim. Sextortion refers to the broad category of sexual exploitation in which abuse of power is the means of coercion, as well as to the category of sexual exploitation in which threatened release of sexual images or information is the means of coercion.


title: Sextortion

text: As used to describe an abuse of power, sextortion is a form of corruption in which people entrusted with power – such as government officials, judges, educators, law enforcement personnel, and employers – seek to extort sexual favors in exchange for something within their authority to grant or withhold. Examples of such abuses of power include: government officials who request sexual favors to obtain licenses or permits, teachers who trade good grades for sex with students, and employers who make providing sexual favors a condition of obtaining a job.


title: Sextortion

text: Sextortion also refers to a form of blackmail in which sexual information or images are used to extort money or sexual favors from the victim. Social media and text messages are often the source of the sexual material and the threatened means of sharing it with others. An example of this type of sextortion is where people are extorted with a nude image of themselves they shared on the Internet through sexting. They are later coerced into giving money, or performing sexual acts with the person doing the extorting or are coerced into posing or performing sexually on camera, thus producing hardcore pornography. This method of blackmail is also frequently used to out LGBT people who keep their true sexual orientation private.


title: Sextortion

text: A video highlighting the dangers of sextortion has been released by the National Crime Agency in the UK to educate people, especially given the fact that blackmail of a sexual nature may cause humiliation to a sufficient extent to cause the victim to take their own life, in addition to other efforts to educate the public on the risks of sextortion.


title: Sextortion

text: Sextortion through the use of webcams is also a concern, especially for those who use webcams for flirting and cybersex. Often this involves a cybercriminal posing as someone else – such as an attractive person – initiating communication of a sexual nature with the victim (about 95% of victims are male). Often, the cybercriminal simply shows the victim a pre-recorded video of a performer from a cybersex webcam site which they are sufficiently familiar with, then messages the victim at points in the video where the performer appears to be typing on the keyboard, to give the illusion that the performer in the video is messaging them. The victim is then persuaded to undress in front of a webcam, and may also be persuaded to engage in sexual behaviour, such as masturbation. The video is recorded by the cybercriminal, who then reveals their true intent and demands money or other services (such as more explicit images of the victim, in cases of online predation), and threatening to publicly release the video to video services like YouTube and send it to family members and friends of the victim if they do not comply. Sometimes threats to make false allegations of paedophilia against the victim are made as well. This is known as webcam blackmail. An increase in webcam blackmails have been reported, and it affects both young and old, male and female alike. Webcam blackmail is also connected with webcam trolling.


title: Sextortion

text: Since early 2009, The Institute for Responsible Online and Cell-Phone Communication (iroc2.org) began warning the public about the trend of "Sextortion" via live events and websites including www.sextortion.org. This is a trend that grew based on the birth and growth of the trend known as "sexting" whereby compromising images and videos were being shared by individuals without a real understanding of the short and long term consequences of sharing "private" content on digital tools designed for sharing.


title: Sextortion

text: In 2009, the International Association of Women Judges (IAWJ), in partnership with the Association of Women Judges in Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Philippine Women Judges Association, and the Tanzania Women Judges Association, and with funding from the Government of the Netherlands, launched a three-year program on "Stopping the Abuse of Power through Sexual Exploitation: Naming, Shaming, and Ending Sextortion." Presentations on sextortion were made to judges attending the 2010 and 2012 Biennial World Conferences of the IAWJ and to NGOs attending the 2011 and 2012 meetings of the UN Commission on the Status of Women.


title: Sextortion

text: There are also scientific studies describing the prevalence of sextortion in Europe, etc. in the Czech Republic (2017).


title: Sextortion

text: In 2022, the Canadian Centre for Child Protection noted a tripling of cases compared to previous years and a change away from female victims being sextorted for images towards young male victims being sextorted for money.


title: Sextortion

text: Incidents of sextortion have been prosecuted under various criminal statutes, including as extortion, bribery, breach of trust, corruption, sexual coercion, sexual exploitation, sexual assault, child pornography, and computer hacking and wiretapping.


title: Jerrika Hinton

text: Jerrika Hinton is an American actress, best known for her role as Stephanie Edwards in the ABC medical drama series "Grey's Anatomy".


title: Jerrika Hinton

text: Hinton was born and raised in Oak Cliff, Dallas, Texas, the daughter of Cynthia, a retired government worker, and Avaleon Hinton.


title: Jerrika Hinton

text: She graduated in 2002 with honors from Southern Methodist University's Meadows School of the Arts with a Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in theatre, studying directing and playwriting.