title: Cordell Hull

text: When the Free French Forces of Charles de Gaulle occupied the islands of Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, south of Newfoundland, in December 1941, Hull lodged a very strong protest and even went as far as referring to the Gaullist naval forces as "the so-called Free French." His request to have the Vichy governor reinstated was met with strong criticism in the American press. The islands remained under the Free French until the end of the war. Hull, who always held general de Gaulle in disregard, if not detestation, even before the incident, would never cease trying to maneuver against him during the rest of the war.


title: Cordell Hull

text: In 1939, Hull advised President Roosevelt to reject the SS "St. Louis", a German ocean liner carrying 936 Jews seeking asylum from Germany. Hull's decision sent the Jews back to Europe on the eve of the Holocaust. Some historians estimate that 254 of the passengers were ultimately murdered by the Nazis.


title: Cordell Hull

text: Okay ...there were two conversations on the subject between (Secretary of the Treasury) Morgenthau and Secretary of State Cordell Hull. In the first, 3:17 PM on 5 June 1939, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the passengers could not legally be issued U.S. tourist visas as they had no return addresses. Furthermore, Hull made it clear to Morgenthau that the issue at hand was between the Cuban government and the passengers. The U.S., in effect, had no role. In the second conversation at 3:54 PM on June 6, 1939, Morgenthau said they did not know where the ship was and he inquired whether it was "proper to have the Coast Guard look for it". Hull responded by saying that he didn't see any reason why it could not. Hull then informed him that he did not think that Morgenthau would want the search for the ship to get into the newspapers. Morgenthau said "Oh no. No, no. They would just—oh, they might send a plane to do patrol work. There would be nothing in the papers." Hull responded "Oh, that would be all right."


title: Cordell Hull

text: In September 1940, First Lady Eleanor Roosevelt maneuvered with another State Department official to bypass Hull's refusal to allow Jewish refugees aboard a Portuguese ship, the SS "Quanza", to receive visas to enter the U.S. Through her efforts, the Jewish refugees disembarked on September 11, 1940, in Virginia. In a similar incident, American Jews sought to raise money to prevent the mass murder of Romanian Jews but were blocked by the State Department. "In wartime, in order to send money out of the United States, two government agencies had to sign a simple release-the Treasury Department under Henry Morgenthau and the State Department under Secretary Cordell Hull. Morgenthau signed immediately. The State Department delayed, delayed, and delayed, as more Jews were dying in the Transnistria camps."


title: Cordell Hull

text: In 1940 Jewish representatives in the USA lodged an official complaint against the discriminatory policies the State Department was using against the Jews. The results were fatal: the Secretary of State Cordell Hull gave strict orders to every USA consulate worldwide forbidding the issuing of visas to Jews ... At the same time a Jewish congressman petitioned President Roosevelt, requesting his permission to allow twenty thousand Jewish children from Europe to enter the USA. The President did not respond to the petition.


title: Cordell Hull

text: Hull was the underlying force and architect in the creation of the United Nations, as recognized by the 1945 Nobel Prize for Peace, an honor for which Franklin D. Roosevelt nominated him. During World War II, Hull and Roosevelt had worked toward the development of a world organization to prevent a third World War. Hull and his staff drafted the "Charter of the United Nations" in mid-1943.


title: Cordell Hull

text: Hull resigned on November 30, 1944, due to failing health. To this day he remains the longest-serving US Secretary of State, having served for eleven years and nine months in the post. Roosevelt described Hull upon his departure as "the one person in all the world who has done his most to make this great plan for peace (the United Nations) an effective fact". The Norwegian Nobel Committee honored Hull with the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945 in recognition of his efforts for peace and understanding in the Western Hemisphere, his trade agreements, and his work to establish the United Nations.


title: Cordell Hull

text: In January 1948, Hull published his two-volume memoirs, an excerpt from which appeared in "The New York Times".


title: Cordell Hull

text: At the age of 45, in 1917, he married a widow, Rose Frances (Witz) Whitney Hull (1875–1954), of an Austrian Jewish family of Staunton, Virginia. The couple had no children. Mrs. Hull died at age 79, in Staunton, Virginia, in 1954. She is buried in Washington D.C. at Washington National Cathedral.


title: Cordell Hull

text: Hull died on July 23, 1955, at age 83, at his home in Washington, D.C., after a lifelong struggle with familial remitting-relapsing sarcoidosis (often confused with tuberculosis). He is buried in the vault of the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in the Washington National Cathedral.


title: Cordell Hull

text: Hull's memory is preserved by Cordell Hull Dam on the Cumberland River near Carthage, Tennessee. The dam impounds Cordell Hull Lake, covering approximately 12,000 acres (49 km).


title: Cordell Hull

text: His law school, Cumberland School of Law, continues to honor him with a Cordell Hull Speaker's Forum and the Moot Court Room.


title: Cordell Hull

text: Cordell Hull Birthplace State Park, near Byrdstown, Tennessee, was established in 1997 to preserve Hull's birthplace and various personal effects Hull had donated to the citizens of Pickett County, including his Nobel Peace Prize.


title: Cordell Hull

text: A segment of Kentucky highway routes 70, 90, 63, and 163, from Mammoth Cave National Park near Cave City south to the Tennessee State Line near Hestand, is named "Cordell Hull Highway", and is part of that state's scenic byway system.


title: Cordell Hull

text: The Cordell Hull Building, on Capital Hill in Nashville, Tennessee, is a secure 10 story building that contains the offices of the Tennessee Legislature.


title: Cordell Hull

text: The Eisenhower Executive Office Building (formerly the Old Executive Office Building) in Washington, DC, next to the White House, contains the ornately decorated "Cordell Hull Room" on the second floor, which is used for meetings. The room was Cordell Hull's office when he served as U.S. Secretary of State.


title: Cordell Hull

text: The U.S. Postal Service issued a 5-cent commemorative stamp honoring Cordell Hull on October 5, 1963.


title: Brill Building

text: The Brill Building is an office building at 1619 Broadway on 49th Street in the New York City borough of Manhattan, just north of Times Square and further uptown from the historic musical Tin Pan Alley neighborhood. It was built in 1931 as the Alan E. Lefcourt Building, after the son of its builder Abraham E. Lefcourt, and designed by Victor Bark Jr. The building is 11 stories high and has approximately of rentable area.


title: Brill Building

text: The Brill Building is famous for housing music industry offices and studios where some of the most popular American songs were written. It is considered to have been the center of the American music industry that dominated the pop charts in the early 1960s. The "Brill" name comes from a haberdasher who operated a store at street level and subsequently bought the building. The Brill Building was purchased by 1619 Broadway Realty LLC in June 2013 and underwent renovation during the 2010s. A CVS Pharmacy opened on the first two floors of the building in 2019.


title: Brill Building

text: Before World War II, the Brill Building became a center of activity for the popular music industry, especially music publishing and songwriting. Scores of music publishers had offices in the Brill Building. Once songs had been published, the publishers sent song pluggers to the popular bands and radio stations. These song pluggers would sing and/or play the song for the band leaders to encourage bands to play their music.


title: Brill Building

text: During the ASCAP strike of 1941, many of the composers, authors and publishers turned to pseudonyms in order to have their songs played on the air.


title: Brill Building

text: Brill Building songs were constantly at the top of "Billboard"'s Hit Parade and played by the leading bands of the day:


title: Brill Building

text: The Brill Building's name has been widely adopted as a shorthand term for a broad and influential stream of American popular music (strongly influenced by Latin music, Traditional black gospel, and rhythm and blues) which enjoyed great commercial success in the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s. Many significant American and international publishing companies, music agencies, and record labels were based in New York, and although these ventures were naturally spread across many locations, the Brill Building was regarded as probably the most prestigious address in New York for music business professionals. The term "Brill Building Sound" is somewhat inaccurate, however, since much of the music so categorized actually emanated from other locations — music historian Ken Emerson nominated buildings at 1650 Broadway and 1697 Broadway as other significant bases of activity in this field.


title: Brill Building

text: By 1962, the Brill Building contained 165 music businesses. A musician could find a publisher and printer, cut a demo, promote the record and cut a deal with radio promoters, all within this one building. The creative culture of the independent music companies in the Brill Building and the nearby 1650 Broadway came to define the influential "Brill Building Sound" and the style of popular songwriting and recording created by its writers and producers.


title: Brill Building

text: The Brill Building approach—which can be extended to other publishers not based in the Brill Building—was one way that professionals in the music business took control of things in the time after rock and roll's first wave. In the Brill Building practice, there were no more unpredictable or rebellious singers; in fact, a specific singer in most cases could be easily replaced with another. These songs were written to order by pros who could custom fit the music and lyrics to the targeted teen audience. In a number of important ways, the Brill Building approach was a return to the way business had been done in the years before rock and roll, since it returned power to the publishers and record labels and made the performing artists themselves much less central to the music's production.


title: Brill Building

text: Many of the best works in this diverse category were written by a loosely affiliated group of songwriter-producer teams—mostly duos—that enjoyed immense success and who collectively wrote some of the biggest hits of the period. Many in this group were close friends and/or (in the cases of Goffin-King, Mann-Weil and Greenwich-Barry) married couples, as well as creative and business associates—and both individually and as duos, they often worked together and with other writers in a wide variety of combinations. Some (Carole King, Paul Simon, Burt Bacharach, Neil Sedaka, Neil Diamond, Boyce and Hart) recorded and had hits with their own music.


title: Brill Building

text: Among the hundreds of hits written by this group are "Maybe I Know" (Barry-Greenwich), "Yakety Yak" (Leiber-Stoller), "Save the Last Dance for Me" (Pomus-Shuman), "The Look of Love" (Bacharach-David), "Breaking Up Is Hard to Do" (Sedaka-Greenfield), "Devil in Disguise" (Giant-Baum-Kaye), "The Loco-Motion" (Goffin-King), "Supernatural Thing" (Haras Fyre-Gwen Guthrie), "We Gotta Get Out of This Place" (Mann-Weil), and "River Deep, Mountain High" (Spector-Greenwich-Barry).


title: Brill Building

text: Many of these writers came to prominence while under contract to Aldon Music, a publishing company founded in 1958 by industry veteran Al Nevins, and aspiring music entrepreneur Don Kirshner. Aldon was not initially located in the Brill Building, but rather, a block away at 1650 Broadway (at 51st Street). A number of Brill Building writers worked at 1650 Broadway, and the building continued to house record labels throughout the decades.


title: Brill Building

text: The 1996 film "Grace of My Heart" is in part a fictionalized account of the life in the Brill Building. Illeana Douglas plays a songwriter loosely based on Carole King. Similarly, Broadway musical "" depicts King's early career, including her songwriting at 1650 Broadway.


title: Brill Building

text: In "Sweet Smell of Success", J.J. Hunsecker and his sister Susie live on one of the upper floors of the Brill Building. The title of the 2014 New Pornographers power pop album "Brill Bruisers" is a reference to the 1960s-era Brill Building studio sound. In the HBO series "Vinyl," the fictitious record label American Century is headquartered in the Brill Building.


title: Brill Building

text: Stephin Merritt makes reference to the Brill Building on the Magnetic Fields' "Epitaph For My Heart" from their 1999 release "69 Love Songs".


title: Brill Building

text: The New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission (LPC) designated the Brill Building as a landmark in December 2010.


title: Brill Building

text: In 2017, musician Jimmy Buffett's hospitality company considered the building for a Margaritaville restaurant. It had investigated taking across the ground floor, second floor, and 11-story roof. The deal fell through when CVS Pharmacy leased some of that space instead. The CVS opened in 2019. In 2020, the LPC approved a proposal by Bruno Kearney Architects to add LED signs to the Brill Building's facade and modify a ground-floor storefront for TD Bank.


title: Thegn

text: In Anglo-Saxon England, thegns were aristocratic landowners of the second rank, below the ealdormen who governed large areas of England. The term was also used in early medieval Scandinavia for a class of retainers. In medieval Scotland, there were local officials known as thanes.


title: Thegn

text: The Old English (, "man, attendant, retainer") is cognate with Old High German and Old Norse ("thane, franklin, freeman, man").


title: Thegn

text: The thegn had a military significance, and its usual Latin translation was , meaning soldier, although was often used. "An Anglo-Saxon Dictionary" describes a thegn as "one engaged in a king's or a queen's service, whether in the household or in the country". It adds: "the word ... seems gradually to acquire a technical meaning, ... denoting a class, containing several degrees", but what remained consistent throughout was its association with military service.


title: Thegn

text: The precursor of thegn was the "gesith", the companion of the king or great lord, a member of his "comitatus". The concept of personal association is traceable in all applications of "gesith"; 'thegn' began to be used to describe a military "gesith".


title: Thegn

text: It is only used once in the laws before the time of Aethelstan (), but more frequently in the charters. Apparently unconnected to the German and Dutch word " ", or "serve", H. M. Chadwick suggests "the sense of subordination must have been inherent ... from the earliest time".


title: Thegn

text: It gradually expanded in meaning and use, to denote a member of a territorial nobility, while thegnhood was attainable by fulfilling certain conditions. The nobility of pre-Conquest England was ranked according to the heriot paid in the following order: earl, king's thegn, median thegn. In Anglo-Saxon society, a king's thegn attended the king in person, bringing his own men and resources. A "median" thegn did not hold his land directly from the king, but through an intermediary lord.


title: Thegn

text: While inferior to the "ætheling", or of a kingly family, the thegn was superior to the ceorl. Chadwick states; "from the time of Æthelstan, the distinction between thegn and ceorl was the broad line of demarcation between the classes of society". His relative status was reflected in the level of "weregild", generally fixed at 1,200 shillings, or six times that of the ceorl. He was the "twelfhynde" man of the laws, as distinct from the "twyhynde" man, or ceorl.


title: Thegn

text: While some inherited the rank of thegn, others acquired it through property ownership, or wealth. A "hide" of land was considered sufficient to support a family; the "Geþyncðo" states; "And if a ceorl throve, so that he had fully five hides of his own land, church and kitchen, bellhouse and burh-gate-seat, and special duty in the king's hail, then was he thenceforth of thegn-right worthy." This also applied to merchants, who "fared thrice over the wide sea by his own means." In the same way, a successful thegn might hope to become an earl.


title: Thegn

text: The increase in the number of thegns produced in time a subdivision of the order. There arose a class of king's thegns, corresponding to the earlier thegns, and a larger class of inferior thegns, some of them the thegns of bishops or of other thegns. A King's Thane is a Prince and a person of great importance, who answered to no-one but the king personally. He had special privileges and no one save the king in person had the right of jurisdiction over a King`s Thane, while by a law of Canute we learn that he paid a larger heriot than an ordinary thegn.


title: Thegn

text: The Median-Thegn the contemporary idea being shown by the Latin translation of the words as "comes" (compare "count").


title: Thegn

text: The distinction between the ordinary Thanes and the King's Thanes, or those of the first class, has been defined by folklorist Sir George Laurence Gomme as "a Baron, or petty Prince, ruling under the Sovereign". This is analogous to the evolution of a warlord's henchman to vassal, one of Charlemagne's great companions.


title: Thegn

text: In Domesday Book, OE has become in the Latin form, but the word does not imply high status. "Domesday Book" lists the who hold lands directly from the king at the end of their respective counties, but the term became devalued, partly because there were so many thegns.


title: Thegn

text: After the Norman conquest of England in 1066, William the Conqueror replaced the Anglo-Saxon aristocracy with Normans, who replaced the previous terminology with their own. Those previously known as thegns became barons.


title: Thegn

text: Although their exact role is unclear, the twelve senior thegns of the hundred played a part in the development of the English system of justice. Under a law of Aethelred they "seem to have acted as the judicial committee of the court for the purposes of accusation. This indicates some connection with the modern jury trial.


title: Thegn

text: During the later part of the 10th and in the 11th centuries in Denmark and Sweden, it became common for families or comrades to raise memorial runestones, and approximately fifty of these note that the deceased was a thegn. Examples of such runestones include Sö 170 at Nälberga, Vg 59 at Norra Härene, Vg 150 at Velanda, DR 143 at Gunderup, DR 209 at Glavendrup, and DR 277 at Rydsgård.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Infective endocarditis is an infection of the inner surface of the heart, usually the valves. Signs and symptoms may include fever, small areas of bleeding into the skin, heart murmur, feeling tired, and low red blood cell count. Complications may include backward blood flow in the heart, heart failure – the heart struggling to pump a sufficient amount of blood to meet the body's needs, abnormal electrical conduction in the heart, stroke, and kidney failure.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The cause is typically a bacterial infection and less commonly a fungal infection. Risk factors include valvular heart disease, including rheumatic disease, congenital heart disease, artificial valves, hemodialysis, intravenous drug use, and electronic pacemakers. The bacteria most commonly involved are streptococci or staphylococci. Diagnosis is suspected based on symptoms and supported by blood cultures or ultrasound of the heart. There is also a noninfective form of endocarditis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The usefulness of antibiotics following dental procedures for prevention is unclear. Some recommend them for people at high risk. Treatment is generally with intravenous antibiotics. The choice of antibiotics is based on the results of blood cultures. Occasionally heart surgery is required.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The number of people affected is about 5 per 100,000 per year. Rates, however, vary between regions of the world. Infective endocarditis occurs in males more often than in females. The risk of death among those infected is about 25%. Without treatment, it is almost universally fatal.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Infective endocarditis is divided into the three categories of acute, subacute, and chronic based on the duration of symptoms. Acute infective endocarditis refers to the presence of signs and symptoms of infective endocarditis that are present for days up to six weeks. If these signs and symptoms persist for more than six weeks but less than three months, this is subacute infective endocarditis. Chronic infective endocarditis refers to the presence of such signs and symptoms when they persist for more than three months.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: This classification is now discouraged, because the ascribed associations (in terms of organism and prognosis) were not strong enough to be relied upon clinically. The terms "short incubation" (meaning less than about six weeks) and "long incubation" (greater than about six weeks) are preferred.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Infective endocarditis may also be classified as "culture-positive" or "culture-negative". By far the most common cause of "culture-negative" endocarditis is prior administration of antibiotics.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Sometimes microorganisms can take a longer period of time to grow in the culture media, for example Cutibacterium spp. and the HACEK bacteria group. Some organisms are said to be "fastidious" because they have demanding growth requirements. Some examples include pathogens like "Aspergillus" species, "Brucella" species, "Coxiella burnetii", "Chlamydia" species. Due to delay in growth and identification in these cases, patients may be erroneously classified as "culture-negative" endocarditis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Another form of endocarditis is healthcare-associated endocarditis when the infecting organism is believed to be transmitted in a health care setting like hospital, dialysis unit or a residential nursing home. Nosocomial endocarditis is a form of healthcare associated endocarditis in which the infective organism is acquired during a stay in a hospital and it is usually secondary to presence of intravenous catheters, total parenteral nutrition lines, pacemakers, etc.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Finally, the distinction between "native-valve endocarditis" and "prosthetic-valve endocarditis" is clinically important. Prosthetic valve endocarditis can be early (< 60 days of valvular surgery), intermediate (60 days to 1 year) or late (> 1 year following valvular surgery).


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Prosthetic valve endocarditis is commonly caused by "Staphylococcus epidermidis" as it is capable of growing as a biofilm on plastic surfaces. "Cutibacterium acnes" almost exclusively causes endocarditis on prosthetic heart valves.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Many microorganisms can cause infective endocarditis. These are generally isolated by blood culture, where the patient's blood is drawn and any growth is noted and identified. The term bacterial endocarditis (BE) commonly is used, reflecting the fact that most cases of IE are due to bacteria; however, infective endocarditis (IE) has become the preferred term.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: "Staphylococcus aureus" is the leading cause of infective endocarditis in most parts of the world and is responsible for about 31% of cases. Staphylococcus aureus is the most common cause of endocarditis in people who use intravenous drugs. Viridans streptococci and Enterococci are the second and third most common organisms responsible for infective endocarditis. Viridans streptococci are a common cause of infective endocarditis in South America. Other "Streptococci" are also a frequent cause. Infective endocarditis due to "Streptococcus bovis" occurs more commonly in Europe than in North America. HACEK group of bacteria are also rare causes of infective endocarditis in North America.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The viridans group includes "S. oralis", "S. mitis", "S. sanguis", "S. gordonii" and "S. parasanguis". The primary habitats for these organisms are the oral cavity and upper respiratory tract. These bacteria are present in the normal oral flora and enter the bloodstream due to disruption of tissues in the mouth when dental surgical procedures are performed (tooth extractions) or genitourinary manipulation. Similarly, HACEK organisms are a group of bacteria that live on the dental gums and can be seen with people who inject drugs who contaminate their needles with saliva. Patients may also have a history of poor dental hygiene or pre-existing valvular disease.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Viridans alpha-hemolytic "streptococci", that are present in the mouth, are the most frequently isolated microorganisms when the infection is acquired in a community setting. In contrast, "Staphylococcus" bloodstream infections are frequently acquired in a health care setting where they can enter the bloodstream through procedures that cause breaks in the integrity of skin, such as surgery, catheterization, or during access of long term indwelling catheters or secondary to intravenous injection of recreational drugs.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: "Enterococcus" can enter the bloodstream as a consequence of abnormalities in the gastrointestinal or genitourinary tracts.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Multiple case reports of infective endocarditis caused by unusual organisms have been published. "Cutibacterium" spp., which are normal skin flora, have been responsible for infective endocarditis, preferably in patients with prosthetic heart valves, in rare cases leading to death."Tropheryma whipplei" has caused endocarditis without gastrointestinal involvement. "Citrobacter koseri" was found in an immunocompetent adult. "Neisseria bacilliformis" was found in a person with a bicuspid aortic valve.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Fungal endocarditis (FE) is often fatal and one of the most serious forms of infective endocarditis. The types of fungi most seen associated with this disease are:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: "Candida albicans" is found as a spherical or oval budding yeast. It is associated with endocarditis in people who inject drugs, patients with prosthetic valves, and immunocompromised patients. It forms biofilms around thick-walled resting structures like prosthetic heart valves and additionally colonizes and penetrates endothelial walls. C. albicans is responsible for 24-46% of all the cases of FE, and its mortality rate is 46.6–50%.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Other fungi demonstrated to cause endocarditis are "Histoplasma capsulatum" and Aspergillus. Aspergillus contributes to roughly 25% of FE cases. Endocarditis with "Tricosporon asahii" has also been reported in a case report.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Risk factors for infective endocarditis are based on the premise that in a healthy individual, bacteremia (bacteria entering the bloodstream) is cleared quickly with no adverse consequences. However, if a heart valve is damaged, the bacteria can attach themselves to the valve, resulting in infective endocarditis. Additionally, in individuals with weakened immune systems, the concentration of bacteria in the blood can reach levels high enough to increase the probability that some will attach to the valve. Some significant risk factors are listed here:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Other conditions that result in large numbers of bacteria entering into the bloodstream include colorectal cancer (mostly "Streptococcus bovis"), serious urinary tract infections (mostly enterococci), and drug injection ("Staphylococcus aureus"). With a large number of bacteria, even a normal heart valve may become infected.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: A more virulent organism (such as "Staphylococcus aureus") can cause infective endocarditis by infecting even a normal heart valve.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: People who inject drugs tend to get their right-sided heart valves infected because the veins that are injected drain into the right side of the heart. In rheumatic heart disease, infection occurs on the aortic and the mitral valves on the left side of the heart.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Other factors that increase the risk of developing infective endocarditis are low levels of white blood cells, immunodeficiency or immunosuppression, malignancy, diabetes mellitus, and excessive alcohol use.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: In the past, one in eight cases of infective endocarditis was because of bacteremia caused by dental procedures (in most cases due to "Streptococcus viridans", which reside in the oral cavity), such as cleaning or extraction of a tooth. This was thought to be more clinically significant than it actually was. However, it is important that a dentist or a dental hygienist be told of any heart problems before commencing treatment. Antibiotics are administered to patients with certain heart conditions as a precaution, although this practice has changed in the US, with new American Heart Association guidelines released in 2007, and in the UK as of March 2008 due to new NICE guidelines. Everyday tooth brushing and flossing will similarly cause bacteremia, so a high standard of oral health should be adhered to at all times.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Although there is little evidence to support antibiotic prophylaxis for dental treatment, the current American Heart Association guidelines are highly accepted by clinicians and patients.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Damaged valves and endocardium contribute to the development of infective endocarditis. Specifically, the damaged part of a heart valve forms a local blood clot, a condition known as non-bacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE). The platelet and fibrin deposits that form as part of the blood clotting process allow bacteria to take hold and form vegetations. As previously mentioned, the body has no direct methods of combating valvular vegetations because the valves do not have a dedicated blood supply. This combination of damaged valves, bacterial growth, and lack of a strong immune response results in infective endocarditis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The risk factors for infective endocarditis provide a more extensive list of conditions that can damage the heart.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: In general, the Duke criteria should be fulfilled in order to establish the diagnosis of endocarditis. Although the Duke criteria are widely used, they have significant limitations. For example, the sensitivity of the Duke criteria for detecting infective endocarditis decreases when prosthetic heart valves are present.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: As the Duke criteria rely heavily on the results of echocardiography, research has addressed when to order an echocardiogram by using signs and symptoms to predict occult endocarditis among people who inject drugs and among non drug-abusing patients. However, this research is over twenty years old and it is possible that changes in the epidemiology of endocarditis and bacteria such as staphylococci make the following estimates incorrect.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The blood tests C reactive protein (CRP) and procalcitonin have not been found to be particularly useful in helping make or rule out the diagnosis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Echocardiography is the main type of diagnostic imaging used to establish the diagnosis of infective endocarditis. There are two main types of echocardiography used to assist with the diagnosis of IE: transthoracic echocardiography (TTE) and transesophageal echocardiography (TEE).


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The transthoracic echocardiogram has a sensitivity and specificity of approximately 65% and 95% if the echocardiographer believes there is 'probable' or 'almost certain' evidence of endocarditis. However, in endocarditis involving a prosthetic valve, TTE has a sensitivity of approximately 50%, whereas TEE has a sensitivity exceeding 90%. The TEE also has an important diagnostic role when the TTE does not reveal IE but diagnostic suspicion remains high, since TEE is more sensitive for infective endocarditis and is better able to characterize infection-related damage to the heart valves and surrounding tissues.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Guidelines support the initial use of TTE over TEE in people with abnormal blood cultures, a new heart murmur, and suspected infective endocarditis. TEE is the preferred initial form of imaging in people with suspected infective endocarditis who have a moderate to high pretest probability of infective endocarditis, including people with prosthetic heart valves, blood cultures growing "Staphylococcus", or have an intracardiac device (such as a pacemaker).


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Established in 1994 by the Duke Endocarditis Service and revised in 2000, the Duke criteria are a collection of major and minor criteria used to establish a diagnosis of infective endocarditis. According to the Duke criteria, diagnosis of infective endocarditis can be definite, possible, or rejected. A diagnosis of infective endocarditis is definite if either the following pathological "or" clinical criteria are met:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Diagnosis of infective endocarditis is possible if one of the following combinations of clinical criteria is met:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Among people who do not use intravenous drugs and have a fever in the emergency department, there is a less than 5% chance of occult endocarditis. Mellors in 1987 found no cases of endocarditis nor of staphylococcal bacteremia among 135 febrile patients "in the emergency room". The upper confidence interval for 0% of 135 is 5%, so for statistical reasons alone, there is up to a 5% chance of endocarditis among these patients. In contrast, Leibovici found that among 113 non-selected adults "admitted to the hospital" because of fever there were two cases (1.8% with 95%CI: 0% to 7%) of endocarditis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Among people who do use intravenous drugs and have a fever in the emergency department, there is about a 10% to 15% prevalence of endocarditis. This estimate is not substantially changed by whether the doctor believes the patient has a trivial explanation for their fever. Weisse found that 13% of 121 patients had endocarditis. Marantz also found a prevalence of endocarditis of 13% among such patients in the emergency department with fever. Samet found a 6% incidence among 283 such patients, but after excluding patients with initially apparent major illness to explain the fever (including 11 cases of manifest endocarditis), there was a 7% prevalence of endocarditis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Among people with staphylococcal bacteremia (SAB), one study found a 29% prevalence of endocarditis in community-acquired SAB versus 5% in nosocomial SAB. However, only 2% of strains were resistant to methicillin and so these numbers may be low in areas of higher resistance.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Not all people with heart disease require antibiotics to prevent infective endocarditis. Heart diseases have been classified into high, medium and low risk of developing IE. Those falling into high risk category require IE prophylaxis before endoscopies and urinary tract procedures.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Following are the antibiotic regimens recommended by the American Heart Association for antibiotic prophylaxis:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: In the UK, NICE clinical guidelines no longer advise prophylaxis because there is no clinical evidence that it reduces the incidence of IE and there are negative effects (e.g. allergy and increased bacterial resistance) of taking antibiotics that may outweigh the benefits.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Antibiotics were historically commonly recommended to prevent IE in those with heart problems undergoing dental procedures (known as dental antibiotic prophylaxis). There is, however, insufficient evidence to support whether antibiotics are effective or ineffective at preventing IE when given prior to a dental procedures in people at high risk. They are less commonly recommended for this procedure.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: In some countries e.g. the US, high risk patients may be given prophylactic antibiotics such as penicillin or clindamycin for penicillin-allergic people prior to dental procedures. Prophylactics should be bactericidal rather than bacteriostatic. Such measures are not taken in certain countries e.g. Scotland due to the fear of antibiotic resistance. Because bacteria are the most common cause of infective endocarditis, antibiotics such as penicillin and amoxicillin (for beta lactamase-producing bacteria) are used in prophylaxis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: High-dose antibiotics are the cornerstone of treatment for infective endocarditis. These antibiotics are administered by the intravenous (IV) route to maximize diffusion of antibiotic molecules into vegetation(s) from the blood filling the chambers of the heart. This is necessary because neither the heart valves nor the vegetations adhering to them are supplied by blood vessels. Antibiotics are typically continued for two to six weeks depending on the characteristics of the infection and the causative microorganisms. Antibiotic treatment lowers the risk of embolic complications in people with infective endocarditis.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: In acute endocarditis, due to the fulminant inflammation, empirical antibiotic therapy is started immediately after the blood has been drawn for culture to clarify the bacterial organisms responsible for the infection. This usually includes vancomycin and ceftriaxone IV infusions until the infecting organism is identified and the susceptibility report with the minimum inhibitory concentration becomes available. Once this information is available, this allows the supervising healthcare professional to modify the antimicrobial therapy to target the specific infecting microorganism. The routine use of gentamicin to treat endocarditis has fallen out of favor due to the lack of evidence to support its use (except in infections caused by "Enterococcus" and nutritionally variant "streptococci") and the high rate of complications. In cases of subacute endocarditis, where the person's hemodynamic status is usually stable, antibiotic treatment can be delayed until the causative microorganism can be identified.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Viridans group "streptococci" and "Streptococcus bovis" are usually highly susceptible to penicillin and can be treated with penicillin or ceftriaxone. Relatively resistant strains of viridans group "streptococci" and "Streptococcus bovis" are treated with penicillin or ceftriaxone along with a shorter two-week course of an aminoglycoside during the initial phase of treatment. Highly penicillin-resistant strains of viridans group "streptococci", nutritionally variant "streptococci" like "Granulicatella sp.", "Gemella sp.", "Abiotrophia defectiva", and "Enterococci" are usually treated with a combination therapy consisting of penicillin and an aminoglycoside for the entire duration of 4–6 weeks.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Some people may be treated with a relatively shorter course of treatment (two weeks) with benzyl penicillin IV if infection is caused by viridans group "streptococci" or "Streptococcus bovis" as long as the following conditions are met:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Additionally, oxacillin-susceptible "Staphylococcus aureus" native valve endocarditis of the right side can also be treated with a short 2-week course of a beta-lactam antibiotic such as nafcillin with or without aminoglycosides.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The main indication for surgical treatment is regurgitation or stenosis. In active infective endocarditis, the surgery should remove enough leaflet tissue to ensure eradication of the infectious process. Subsequent valve repair can be performed in limited disease. Replacement of the valve with a mechanical or bioprosthetic artificial heart valve is necessary in certain situations:


title: Infective endocarditis

text: The guidelines were recently updated by both the American College of Cardiology and the European Society of Cardiology. There was a recent meta-analysis published that showed surgical intervention at seven days or less is associated with lower mortality.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Infective endocarditis is associated with 18% in-hospital mortality. As many as 50% of people with infective endocarditis may experience embolic complications.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: In developed countries, the annual incidence of infective endocarditis is 3 to 9 cases per 100,000 persons. Infective endocarditis occurs more often in men than in women. There is an increased incidence of infective endocarditis in persons 65 years of age and older, which is probably because people in this age group have a larger number of risk factors for infective endocarditis. In recent years, over one-third of infective endocarditis cases in the United States was healthcare-associated. Another trend observed in developed countries is that chronic rheumatic heart disease accounts for less than 10% of cases. Although a history of valve disease has a significant association with infective endocarditis, 50% of all cases develop in people with no known history of valvular disease.


title: Infective endocarditis

text: Lazare Riviére first described infective endocarditis affecting the aortic valve in 1616. In 1806, Jean-Nicolas Corvisart coined the term "vegetation" to describe collections of debris found on a mitral valve affected by infective endocarditis. The British physician Joseph Hodgson was the first to describe the embolic complications of infective endocarditis in 1815. It was not until 1878 that Theodor Klebs first suggested that infective endocarditis had a microbial infectious origin. In 1909, William Osler noted that heart valves that experienced degeneration and were sclerotic or poorly functioning had a higher risk of being affected. Later, in 1924, Emanuel Libman and Benjamin Sacks described cases of vegetative endocarditis that lacked a clear microbial origin and were often associated with the autoimmune condition systemic lupus erythematosus. In 1944, physicians reported on the first successful use of penicillin to treat a case of infective endocarditis.


title: All-Star Superman

text: All-Star Superman is a twelve-issue American comic book series featuring Superman that was published by DC Comics. The series ran from November 2005 to October 2008. The series was written by Grant Morrison, drawn by Frank Quitely, and digitally inked by Jamie Grant. The series revolves around Superman, who is dying due to overexposure to the Sun, as he accomplishes many heroic feats (The Twelve Labors of Superman) and attempts to make peace with the world before his imminent death.


title: All-Star Superman

text: The origin of the series started with Morrison's desire to tell a "timeless" Superman story that wasn't an origin story or followed a classic narrative. Morrison originally planned a revamp of the Superman character, titled "Superman Now", but after the approach was declined, decided they wouldn't write anything related to Superman until DC Vice President Dan DiDio contacted them. Some of the ideas planned for "Superman Now" were subsequently reused for "All-Star Superman".


title: All-Star Superman

text: The series was the second to be launched in 2005 under DC's All-Star imprint, the first being "All Star Batman & Robin, the Boy Wonder". These series were attempts by DC to allow major comics creators a chance to tell stories showcasing these characters without being restricted by DC Universe continuity. "All-Star Superman" received overwhelming critical acclaim for its emotional story, characterization, writing, and artwork, and is considered to be one of the best Superman stories and one of the greatest comic books of all time.


title: All-Star Superman

text: Grant Morrison's approach to writing this series was to make the reading as universal as possible. They stated that they were not interested in "re-doing origin stories or unpacking classic narratives" but instead wanted to do "a total update, rehaul and refit". However, rather than just creating a "fresh and relevant" update for new readers, Morrison wanted to write a "collection of 'timeless' Superman issues". The origins of this lie in a revamp of Superman, "Superman Now", which began when Morrison and editor Dan Raspler were unsuccessfully brainstorming ideas for a new take on the character outside the San Diego Comic Con, when they had a "shamanic" encounter with a man dressed as Superman which helped spark the creative process and inspired the cover to the first issue. Morrison states in an interview:


title: All-Star Superman

text: The ideas generated by that meeting were refined and pitched to DC in 1998 by Morrison, Mark Millar, Mark Waid and Tom Peyer. They picked up on the fifteen-year cycle of reboots to the character, the previous one being John Byrne's "The Man of Steel", and suggested a new approach:


title: All-Star Superman

text: Although initially greenlit, it was eventually turned down and Morrison said that they "didn't expect to be doing any further work on Superman" but the chance came as they were finishing their run on "New X-Men". In an interview with Matt Brady from Newsarama, Grant Morrison said that they were contacted by DC Vice President Dan DiDio and asked "if I'd like to come back to DC to work on a Superman project with an artist of my choice". They mentioned it worked out well since they were also planning to return to DC "to do the "Seven Soldiers" project and the Vertigo books".


title: All-Star Superman

text: Morrison has confirmed that they made use of some of their "Superman Now" ideas for "All-Star Superman", like "Luthor’s heart-stopping moment of understanding", as well as drawing on their original proposal for elements later included in the "DC One Million" storyline.


title: All-Star Superman

text: In writing the character Superman, Morrison identifies different aspects of his personality: "'Superman' is an act. 'Clark Kent' in Metropolis is also an act. There are actually two Kents, at least – one is a disguise, a bumbling, awkward mask for Superman. The other is the confident, strong, good-hearted Clark Kent who was raised by his surrogate Ma and Pa in Kansas and knows how to drive a tractor. I think he's the most 'real' of all".


title: All-Star Superman

text: As the series drew to a close, writer Grant Morrison conceived of a series of one-shot specials, loose in continuity from the original series, that would depict or pay tribute to the Golden Age Superman, the Super-Sons "World's Finest Comics" team, the Superman Squad, the Superman of the 853rd Century, and the Superman dynasty. Publisher Dan DiDio has stated that there are no current plans for the specials. Morrison would later become involved as writer on a 2011 relaunch of "Action Comics" where they used their ideas about the Golden Age Superman.


title: All-Star Superman

text: Superman rescues Dr. Leo Quintum and his P.R.O.J.E.C.T. team from an exploration mission to the Sun that was remotely sabotaged by Lex Luthor, and acquires the ability to project his bio-electric aura. Luthor orchestrated this event to overwhelm Superman's cells with massive amounts of solar radiation; Quintum determines that Superman's new level of power is also killing him, and that he has one year left to live. Luthor is arrested after the publication of a Daily Planet article written by Clark Kent, while Superman decides to keep his impending death secret from the public.


title: All-Star Superman

text: Nonetheless, Superman reveals his secret identity to Lois Lane in order to spend his remaining time with her. Although Lois initially refuses to believe this, Superman treats her to a birthday dinner in the Fortress of Solitude. Superman's furtive behavior and an airborne chemical in the raised and restored RMS Titanic rouses a fit of paranoia in Lois and she accidentally attacks Superman with a Kryptonite laser, but he is unharmed by it due to his new powers. Superman calms her down and reveals that he had been preparing her birthday present: a liquefied form of his DNA that will grant her all his superpowers for 24 hours, as well as a leotard for her costume. Using the name "Superwoman", she joins Superman as he stops a monster attack in Metropolis involving Samson, Atlas and an Ultra-Sphinx. Superman drives Samson and Atlas away and he and Lois spend an eventful day that ends with them kissing on the moon before her powers fade and she falls asleep. Superman flies her back home. Meanwhile, Luthor is convicted of crimes against humanity and sentenced to death. Clark meets with Luthor for an interview at Stryker's Island. Following a violent encounter with the Parasite in which Clark manages to conceal his identity, Luthor reveals that he respects Clark as a journalist and that he has no desire to escape because he has fulfilled his dream of killing Superman.


title: All-Star Superman

text: Nearing death, Superman accomplishes the "Twelve Labors of Superman" – a variety of tasks that significantly help both humans and Kryptonians – and completes his last will and testament. Meanwhile, Luthor survives and escapes his execution after taking a formula similar to what Superman made for Lois, and he begins razing Metropolis with the aid of Solaris, an artificial star that corrupts the Sun and turns it blue. After Superman defeats Solaris, Clark returns to the Daily Planet to submit his article, but falls dead. As the staff tries to save him, Superman awakes on his home planet of Krypton and meets his Kryptonian father Jor-El, who reveals that Superman's body is converting itself to a solar radio-consciousness. He offers him a choice; remain among the dead or return to life long enough to defeat Luthor. Clark wakes up, and confronts Luthor, firing a gravity gun at him. The gravity gun warps time for Luthor, speeding up the exhaustion of his powers. As his powers fade, Luthor briefly sees Superman's vision of Earth, and weeps before Superman knocks him out. Superman proclaims his eternal love for Lois and kisses her before becoming solar radio-consciousness and repairing the Sun.


title: All-Star Superman

text: One year later, Lois admires a monument dedicated to Superman and tells Jimmy that she believes Superman will return if he can create an artificial heart for the Sun. Superman, now a solar being, lives inside the Sun and maintains machinery to keep it alive. Meanwhile, Quintum reveals a new P.R.O.J.E.C.T in case something happens, and unveils it by standing before a door with Superman's characteristic emblem, with its usual "S" replaced with the number "2".


title: All-Star Superman

text: The first issue was released in November 2005 and was a sales success, ranking second in the top 300 comics for that period, with "Infinite Crisis" #2 being the top seller. The second issue also ranked second in the top 300 comics for the January 2006 period, with pre-order sales of 124,328; "Infinite Crisis" #4 being the top seller that month. The series completed its run upon publication of its final issue in October 2008.


title: All-Star Superman

text: Jeremy Estes, an early reviewer from PopMatters, notes the difficulty in revamping the character Superman in his review of the first issue of the series. The "All-Star" continuity allowed the writer Grant Morrison much more writing freedom. Frank Quitely's art is praised as "fresh and modern", while still "evoking the classic hero known around the world". At the time of writing only the first issue had been released, and so Estes was unsure of the direction of the story, noting the creative team "have set up a promising tale, but only time will tell if they take the last train to Memphis or head West, all the way to Vegas". Nicholas Labarre, writing for Sequart, argued that "All-Star Superman" "confidently exploits the near omnipotence of the main character" in contrast with other Superman stories. He compared the series favorably with Morrison's other work. Ed Mathews from PopImage reviewed the first collected trade paperback, which collects the first six issues, and praised the creative team, stating the art is "the most elegant work out of Frank Quitely I've seen to date". Mathews also singled out Grant Morrison's, saying that the series adds to the Superman mythos "by tweaking bits and parts from the character's rich history just enough to make old concepts fresh again". He recommended Volume 1 of the collected editions, and stated that ""All Star Superman" sings a hit". Another review of Volume 1 came from Danny Graydon of "The First Post", who stated that Grant Morrison's writing is "the most vigorously entertaining take on the "Man of Steel" in decades" and that the "nuanced artwork is to be savoured".


title: All-Star Superman

text: "Time" magazine's Lev Grossman ranked the graphic novel third in Top 10 Graphic Novels of 2007. He praised the storyline, noting that due to the character's strength and morality, he is a difficult character to write for. IGN's list of top 25 Superman stories ranked" All-Star Superman" as number one, describing it as "a loving and affectionate celebration of everything that Superman stands for". The pop culture commentator Comic Book Girl 19 praised the series suggesting that Grant Morrison had portrayed Superman as "emotionally intelligent, thoughtful" and "compassionate".


title: All-Star Superman

text: "All-Star Superman" won the Eisner Award for "Best New Series" in 2006, as well as "Best Continuing Series" in 2007 and 2009. It also won the Harvey Awards for "Best Artist" and "Best Single Issue" in 2008. In 2006 it won the Eagle Award for "Favourite New Comic book" and "Favourite Comics Cover" (for the first issue), as well as the 2007 "Favourite Colour Comicbook - American" Eagle.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Espírito Santo (, , ; ) is a state in southeastern Brazil. Its capital is Vitória, and its largest city is Serra. With an extensive coastline, the state hosts some of the country's main ports, and its beaches are significant tourist attractions.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The capital, Vitória, is located on an island, which borders the municipalities of Vila Velha, Cariacica and Serra. These municipalities plus the outer cities of Fundão and Guarapari constitute the state's main metro area. In the northern extremes of Espírito Santo is Itaúnas, in the municipality of Conceição da Barra, which is a tourist location known for its sand dunes and forró tradition.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The Captaincy of Espírito Santo was carved out of the Captaincy of Bahia in the 18th century, during the colonial rule of Brazil, and named after a 16th-century captaincy covering roughly the same area of coast. Following the elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves in 1815, prompted by the transfer of the Portuguese Court to Brazil, Espírito Santo was elevated to a province. After the independence of Brazil in 1822, it became a province of the newly established Empire of Brazil, and after Brazil became a republic in 1889, it was granted statehood. In the early 20th century, its current state symbols were adopted.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Debate exists as to the origin of the term "capixaba", the unofficial demonym for those born in Espírito Santo. "Capixaba" is Tupi for "corn hair", reportedly because the blond hair of the European settlers reminded the Amerindian natives of the golden color of corn. A more mainstream explanation is that the name is a metaphor for a corn-grower; Vitória Island is known to have been full of corn plantations in the early centuries of Portuguese rule in Brazil. A third etymology is from the name of a local tribe, borrowed by the Portuguese during the colonial period.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Originally, "capixaba" referred only to people from Vitória, but in common parlance, it eventually came to refer to those born anywhere in the state. The official state demonym, however, is "espírito-santense".


title: Espírito Santo

text: Espírito Santo was first inhabited by Amerindians, whose different tribes were usually semi-nomadic, but precolonial Brazil has no recorded history. The area was colonized by the Portuguese starting in the 16th century, and received African slaves, and later, European immigrants of various origins.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The Captaincy of Espírito Santo, a hereditary fief, was granted to Vasco Coutinho by Manuel I of Portugal around three decades after the Portuguese first landed in Brazil in 1500. He arrived at the captaincy to serve his term on 23 May, 1535, bringing a retinue of 60 soldiers, colonists, slaves, and servants. They settled on Vitória Island and around the Bay of Vitória.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The capital was at first established in Vila Velha, but due to frequent raids by Amerindians, it was moved to the current capital of Vitória, founded on 8 September, 1551, on an island near Vila Velha, which was later named Vitória Island.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In 1556, after the arrival of European missionaries, the cities Serra, Nova Almeida, and Santa Cruz were founded.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The captaincy remained under the influence of Coutinho's family for 140 years. It was elevated to province status in 1821, following the 1815 elevation of Brazil to a constituent kingdom of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, prompted by the 1808 transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil. The Portuguese court were fleeing the Napoleonic Invasion of Portugal (1807).


title: Espírito Santo

text: After the Independence of Brazil in 1822, Espírito Santo's provincial status was kept, and it was headed by an appointed provincial president. Emperor Pedro II, who was on good terms with the provincial president, visited the Espírito Santo in 1860, during one of his tours of Brazil.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In 1889, with the advent of the First Brazilian Republic, Espírito Santo was made one of the states of Brazil. Afonso Cláudio de Freitas Rosa was appointed the first governor of the state by the provisional government. He was followed by four other appointed governors (José Horácio Costa, Constante Gomes Sodré, Henrique da Silva Coutinho, and Antônio Gomez Aguirre) until the first elected governor of Espírito Santo, Alfeu Adolfo Monjardim de Andrade e Almeida, was inaugurated on 7 June 1891.


title: Espírito Santo

text: During the Vargas Era, state governors were indirectly elected by Congress. A short period of democracy existed during the Second Brazilian Republic; Carlos Monteiro Lindenberg was elected governor. However, after the 1964 "coup d'état", governors were once again chosen by the national assembly. After Cristiano Dias Lopes, Arthur Carlos Gerhard Santos, Élcio Álvares, and Eurico Rezende were chosen in this fashion, the military government slowly redemocratized, culminating in the adoption of Brazil's current 1988 Constitution. Democratic elections were held for the filling of every term, up to the incumbent, Renato Casagrande.


title: Espírito Santo

text: During the first three centuries of Portuguese colonialism, the main cash crop was sugarcane, until coffee, in high demand in Europe, overtook it in the mid-19th century. During the colonial era, periods of gold rush occurred, when agriculture was neglected, leading to food shortages, but not as much gold was found in Espírito Santo, as in the neighbouring states of São Paulo and Minas Gerais. Another reason for the subdued expansion was the colonial administration's prohibition of the laying roads leading into Minas Gerais, as gold could be smuggled through the state.


title: Espírito Santo

text: With , it is about the size of Estonia, or half the size of Portugal, and has a variety of habitats including coastal plains, lakes, mountainous forests, mangroves and many others.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The volcanic islands of Trindade and Martim Vaz, east of Vitória in the southern Atlantic Ocean, are part of Espírito Santo.


title: Espírito Santo

text: This Brazilian state is in the east of the southeastern subdivision of Brazil, which also contains the states of São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Rio de Janeiro. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean (E), the state of Bahia (N), the state of Minas Gerais (N and W), and the state of Rio de Janeiro (S). Espírito Santo's main cities (outside the Greater Vitória region) are Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, Colatina, Linhares, São Mateus and Aracruz.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The main river serving the state is the Doce (English: Sweet River). Other important river basins include the basin, the northern branch of the inlets flowing into the sea near Vitória, and the Jucu River Basin, which flows into the sea at roughly the same place, but corresponds to the southern branch.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Espírito Santo's climate is tropical along the coast, with dry winters and rainy summers. North of Doce River is generally drier and also hot. In the mountainous regions in the south and southwest of the state, the tropical climate is strongly influenced by altitude, and the average temperatures are lower.


title: Espírito Santo

text: One of the most important lake districts in Brazil lies on the banks of the Doce River. The area contains some 26 large lakes, the biggest of which is called Juparanã Lake.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The state can be divided into two areas: the low lying coastline and the highland area known as "Serra" (where one can find the 2,890 meter tall Pico da Bandeira), which is part of the larger Serra do Caparaó range.


title: Espírito Santo

text: According to the IBGE as of 2012, 3,637,000 people were residing in the state. The 2012 National Research by Household Sample census revealed: 1,835,000 White (50.45%), 1,448,000 Brown (multiracial) (39.81%), 336,000 Black (9.25%), 7,000 Asian (0.19%), and 11,000 Indigenous (0.30%).


title: Espírito Santo

text: The population density was . Urbanization: 82.2% (2006); Population growth: 2% (1991–2000); Houses: 1,056,000 (2006).


title: Espírito Santo

text: The precolonial Amerindians groups in Espírito Santo were the Tupiniquim, Temininó, Aymoré, Puri, and Botocudo. They have largely been absorbed into the Portuguese-Brazilian civilization, and few live in reservations or tribes.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Especially in the 16th century, several towns in Espírito Santo were founded with primarily Amerindian populations converted to Catholicism, such as Serra and Santa Cruz. Amerindian food has left its legacy in "capixaba" culture; the fish-based "Moqueca capixaba "is the state dish, among other local typical seafood dishes.


title: Espírito Santo

text: One large ethnic group in the state is known as Turcos. Technically from the region that is now Syria and Lebanon, they came to the state fleeing World War I. As at the time, they were Ottoman Empire citizens, they were commonly called "Turcos" (Turks). Large communities were established in the southern part of the state. Now, their descendants control a good share of the local commerce. The Arab-Brazilians of Espírito Santo are generally Maronite Christians.


title: Espírito Santo

text: About 60–75% of the population of Espírito Santo has Italian ancestry, making it the state with the highest percentage of Italian descendants in Brazil. They founded many towns in the area and have significant influence on "capixaba" society. A number of traditional Italian dance groups are still in the state, as are Italian culture festivals, such as the one held in Venda Nova do Imigrante. Italian food is also an important part of "capixaba" cuisine. Italian pasta and cheeses, such as mozzarella, are produced locally. Small-scale farming, which is turning increasingly towards agrotourism, is appealing to its Italian roots to exploit that market.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Germans were among the first colonists to cultivate land away from the coastal zone, and were a strong influence. The first German settlement, Santa Isabel, was founded in 1844, and still stands. Like today's "capixaba" Italian community, they still hold on to many aspects of their ancestors' homeland's culture, as represented in festivals such as the Sommerfest in Domingos Martins. Domingos Martins also hosts a Colonization Museum, where one can find old photos, artifacts, and documents pertaining to that settlement movement.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Espírito Santo is home to the biggest community of East Pomeranian speakers in the world. More than a century after arriving to Espírito Santo, East Pomeranian continues to be spoken and remains an important part of Espírito Santo's heritage for many people. To this day, they continue centuries-old customs within their communities.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The first African slaves in Espírito Santo arrived in Vitória in 1609, and years of slavery ensued. Espírito Santo, though, was still to play a significant part in the Brazilian abolitionist movement in the guise of its slave rebellion of 1848–1849, which required the intervention of imperial troops. Slavery began to lose its economic importance in Espírito Santo after that event.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Pinning down the exact numbers of immigrants of several ethnic groups from Europe is difficult. Many of these groups came to Espírito Santo under a common Austrian–Hungarian passport, or in the case of the Tyroleans, under an Italian passport. Tyrolean settlers were both of German and Italian language and concentrated in the region of Santa Leopoldina and Santa Teresa. Romanians (especially from Transylvania and Bukovina) and Roma usually arrived under Austrian passports. Large groups of Romani people settled in Espírito Santo's countryside in the late 19th century.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The service sector is the largest component of GDP at 50%, followed by the industrial sector at 44%. Agriculture represents 5% of GDP (2004). Espírito Santo's exports consisted mainly of manufacturing of iron and steel 35.8%, iron ore 25.2%, paper 17.6%, coffee 7.7%, and granite 6.5% (as of 2002).


title: Espírito Santo

text: Espírito Santo is Brazil's highest steel-producing state. The main crops grown are coffee, sugarcane, and fruits (mostly coconuts, bananas and papayas). The livestock industry is represented primarily by cattle raised for milk and beef. Industry consists mainly of canning, forestry, textiles, and iron and steel works. The latter two are concentrated around Cariacica and the Vale do Rio Doce ironworks.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Vitória is an important port for the exporting of iron and steel; the state is among the biggest steel-producing regions the world. In São Mateus, petroleum reserves have been found on the continental shelf, and are being commercially exploited.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In agricultural production, coffee, sugarcane, papaya, banana, and coconut stand out. It also produces cassava, oranges, and beans.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In 2020, Espírito Santo was the largest producer of "Coffea canephora" in Brazil, with a 66.3% share of the total (564.5 thousand tons, or 9.4 million 60 kg bags). In 2017, Minas accounted for 54.3% of the total national coffee production (first place), Espírito Santo accounted for 19.7% (second place) and São Paulo, 9.8% (third place).


title: Espírito Santo

text: Brazil is the world's biggest productor of sugarcane, with 672 million tons/year. In 2020, Espírito Santo harvested almost 3 million tons.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Espírito Santo was the seventh-largest national producer of bananas in 2018, with 408 thousand tons. Brazil was already the second-largest producer of the fruit in the world, currently in third place, losing only to India and Ecuador, and produced 6.7 million tons in the same year. Espírito Santo was the largest Brazilian producer of papaya in 2018, with 354 thousand tons. Brazil produced 1.06 million tons in the same year. The state was the fifth-largest producer of coconuts in Brazil in 2009, with 157 million fruits.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In 2018, the state also produced cassava, in a small amount compared to Brazilian production: 115 thousand tons, with the country producing 17 million tons. Espírito Santo had an orange production of around 18 thousand tons in 2018, the country's 14th-largest producer state.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In the north of the state, beef cattle are raised and fattened, and the meat industry was developed; the meat is mainly shipped to Rio de Janeiro, in addition to supplying the region of Vitória. In the south, dairy farming is practiced, and milk is sold, through cooperatives, in the markets of Rio de Janeiro and Vitória. More recently developed are silviculture and fruit-growing, with use for canned fruit and cellulose production.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The total number of chickens in the state is about 9.2 million birds, and that of cattle exceeds 1.8 million head. Important reserves of granite are known and used, and extraction of natural gas and oil is increasing. Sands and marbles are also important products of Espírito Santo extractivism.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The state's subsoil is rich in minerals, including oil, with considerable reserves of limestone, marble, manganese, ilmenite, bauxite, zirconium, monazites, and rare earths, although not all are being explored. In mineral extraction, exploration of reserves of marbles, limestone, and dolomite is happening in the Cachoeiro de Itapemirim area.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Although relatively small, the industrial park in Espírito Santo is home to chemical, metallurgical, food, and paper and cellulose industries.


title: Espírito Santo

text: About industry, Espírito Santo in 2017 had an industrial GDP of R$21.3 billion, equivalent to 1.8% of the national industry. It employed 168,357 workers in the industry. The main industrial sectors are: extraction of oil and natural gas (23.0%), construction (20.5%), industrial services of public utility, such as electricity and water (12.3%), metallurgy (7.5 %), and pulp and paper (6.6%). These sectors concentrate 69.9% of the state's industry.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In 2012, the export basket of Espírito Santo was based on iron ore (52.49%), crude oil (10.87%), chemical pulp made of soda or sulphate wood (10.01%), stone or construction (5.58%), and coffee (4.42%). Espírito Santo exports iron produced in Minas Gerais.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In the mineral extractive industry, in 2019, Rio de Janeiro was the largest producer of oil and natural gas in Brazil, with 71% of the total volume produced. São Paulo comes in second place, with an 11.5% share of total production. Espírito Santo was the third-largest producer state, with 9.4%. In recent years, Espírito Santo has stood out in the production of oil and natural gas. With several discoveries made, mainly by Petrobras, the state left the fifth position in the Brazilian ranking of reserves, in 2002, to become one of the largest oil province in the country, with total reserves of 2.5 billion barrels. About 140 thousand barrels a day are produced. Oil fields are located both on land and at sea, in shallow, deep, and ultra-deep waters, containing light and heavy oil and unassociated gas.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In the urban centers of the capital and Cachoeiro de Itapemirim, practically all the main units of the Espírito Santo transformation industry are concentrated. The steel industries are located in the capital Vitória: Companhia Ferro e Aço de Vitória, iron ore pelletizing plant of Companhia Vale do Rio Doce; lumber, textiles, crockery, instant coffee, chocolates and refrigerators. In the Itapemirim river valley, cement, sugar and alcohol, and canned fruit industries are developed.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The 10 largest industrial companies in Espírito Santo are: Companhia Vale do Rio Doce (mining), ArcelorMittal Tubarão (steel mill), Samarco Mineração (mining), Aracruz Celulose, Fertilizers Heringer, ArcelorMittal Sul Fluminense (steel mill), Escelsa (electricity distribution company), Garoto (the largest chocolate factory in Latin America and the most important industrial food company of the state) and Sol Coqueria. Espírito Santo is a major steel producer, due to two steel mills present in its territory: ArcelorMittal Tubarão (formerly Companhia Siderúrgica de Tubarão) in the capital Vitória, which in 2018 produced 7 million tons of crude steel of the 35.4 million produced in the country; and ArcelorMittal Sul Fluminense (formerly Votorantim Siderurgia), also in the capital, which produced 1 million tons of crude steel in the same year.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In the paper and cellulose sector, Brazilian pulp production was 19.691 million tons in 2019. The country exported US$7.48 billion in pulp this year, $3.25 billion only to China. Brazilian forest-based industry exports totaled $9.7 billion ($7.48 billion in cellulose, $2 billion in paper, and $265 million in wood panels). Paper production was 10.535 million tons in 2019. The country exported 2.163 million tons. In 2016, the paper and cellulose industry in the south of the country represented 33% of the national total. Espírito Santo stands out in this sector. In 2018, $920 million were traded in the sale of cellulose to the foreign market, the third-strongest Espírito Santo product in the export balance. In 2016, the top five states producing logs for paper and cellulose (mainly eucalyptus) were: Paraná (15.9 million m), São Paulo (14.7 million m), Bahia (13.6 million m), Mato Grosso do Sul (9.9 million m), and Minas Gerais (7.8 million m). Together, they correspond to 72.7% of the national production of 85.1 million m. Espírito Santo, 9th place, had a production of 4.1 million m. São Mateus, north of Espírito Santo, was the best-city in the Southeast, as the sixth-largest producer of roundwood for paper and cellulose in the country. The 10 largest producing municipalities had 22.9% of the country's production. They were the cities of Telêmaco Borba (PR), Três Lagoas (MS), Caravelas (BA), Mucuri (BA), Ortigueira (PR), São Mateus (ES), Dom Eliseu (PR), Nova Viçosa (BA), Water Clara (MS), and Ribas do Rio Pardo (MS).


title: Espírito Santo

text: The tertiary sector is underdeveloped throughout the state, but commercial activity acquires a certain importance with iron ore exports from Minas Gerais, through the Vitória a Minas Railway, and is shipped at the ports of Atalaia and Ponta do Tubarão. The connection of Cachoeiro de Itapemirim to the city of Rio de Janeiro, though, by paved highway, allowed the incorporation of the region into the Rio de Janeiro milk basin and facilitated the export of agricultural products, such as coffee, corn, manioc, rice, and vegetables.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The state's tourist activity is concentrated on the coast, where beaches, such as Itaúnas and Guarapari, are popular. The peak of Bandeira, the third-highest in the country, is another tourist destination. Lately, a new type of tourism has gained prominence: gastronomic, in which typical "capixaba" cuisine, heir to different cultures, is appreciated.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The road system is organized from the BR-101, which crosses Espírito Santo from north to south, bordering the coast. The state has 30,100 km of highways, but only 10% are paved.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Tourism plays an ever-increasing role in the state's economy and is a leading destination in Brazilian domestic tourism, although international tourism is present, though rarer. Tourist destinations include coastal areas such as Guarapari, Jacaraípe, and Manguinhos, and mountain retreats such as Domingos Martins. Guarapari is also a local tourist destination, known for its black sand beaches. Coastal cuisine is an attraction, with "moqueca capixaba" and other local seafood dishes among traditional offerings. Inland, there are many natural attractions, such as the national parks of Pedra Azul and Caparaó.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The port of Vitória is the most difficult to access among Brazilian ports. The bay on which it is located is extremely narrow with rocks, reefs and mountains, making it challenging for freighters and maritime cruisers to reach the docks. This narrow approach also results in ships passing closely to population centers. In Vitória, ships sail in close proximity to cars and pedestrians. The location of the port in the city center also results in scheduling complications with limitations resulting from traffic constraints. Currently, the main use of the port is for ship and oil-platform repairs as well as international shipping.


title: Espírito Santo

text: Eurico de Aguiar Salles Airport, which serves Vitória, is located on just over . Since construction of its first section, finished in 1946, the airport has undergone several expansions and modernizations, but current demand has surpassed its capacity of 560,000 passengers a year. The passenger terminal has a constructed area of nearly , a check-in concourse, 25 check-in counters and boarding and arrival lounges. The recent construction of new aircraft parking boxes on the aprons has increased the airport's operational efficiency.


title: Espírito Santo

text: In 2003, more than 1.2 million passengers used the airport, and in 2004 this rose to some 1.25 million. Vitória is one of the 32 airports in the Infraero network that has a cargo terminal. In May 1999, the first direct international freight connection to the United States began operating in Vitória, facilitating American imports to the state of Espírito Santo. As of 2018, there are five such flights per week. A new runway and terminal were due at the end of 2007, but several budget inconsistencies were found and construction was halted.


title: Espírito Santo

text: The flag of Espírito Santo is a horizontal triband of blue, white, and pink, with the state motto,"Trabalha e Confia" (English: "Work and trust <nowiki>[</nowiki>God<nowiki>]</nowiki>") written across the middle band. This motto is a truncated version of the Jesuit motto "work as if everything depended on you, and trust as if everything depended on God", well spread by Spanish Catholic missionary José de Anchieta, and was chosen by Jerônimo Monteiro, who was governor of Espírito Santo from 1908 to 1912. The flag was designed in 1908, with colours inspired by those of Our Lady of Victory (Portuguese: "Nossa Senhora da Vitória"), the state's patron saint, wearing traditional Portuguese clothing. It is one of the few flags in the world to use pink.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Various types of stability may be discussed for the solutions of differential equations or difference equations describing dynamical systems. The most important type is that concerning the stability of solutions near to a point of equilibrium. This may be discussed by the theory of Aleksandr Lyapunov. In simple terms, if the solutions that start out near an equilibrium point formula_1 stay near formula_1 forever, then formula_1 is Lyapunov stable. More strongly, if formula_1 is Lyapunov stable and all solutions that start out near formula_1 converge to formula_1, then formula_1 is asymptotically stable. The notion of exponential stability guarantees a minimal rate of decay, i.e., an estimate of how quickly the solutions converge. The idea of Lyapunov stability can be extended to infinite-dimensional manifolds, where it is known as structural stability, which concerns the behavior of different but "nearby" solutions to differential equations. Input-to-state stability (ISS) applies Lyapunov notions to systems with inputs.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Lyapunov stability theory has no application to conservative systems such as the restricted three-body problem which do not exhibit asymptotic stability.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Lyapunov stability is named after Aleksandr Mikhailovich Lyapunov, a Russian mathematician who defended the thesis "The General Problem of Stability of Motion" at Kharkov University in 1892. A. M. Lyapunov was a pioneer in successful endeavors to develop a global approach to the analysis of the stability of nonlinear dynamical systems by comparison with the widely spread local method of linearizing them about points of equilibrium. His work, initially published in Russian and then translated to French, received little attention for many years. The mathematical theory of stability of motion, founded by A. M. Lyapunov, considerably anticipated the time for its implementation in science and technology. Moreover Lyapunov did not himself make application in this field, his own interest being in the stability of rotating fluid masses with astronomical application. He did not have doctoral students who followed the research in the field of stability and his own destiny was terribly tragic because of the Russian revolution of 1917 . For several decades the theory of stability sank into complete oblivion. The Russian-Soviet mathematician and mechanician Nikolay Gur'yevich Chetaev working at the Kazan Aviation Institute in the 1930s was the first who realized the incredible magnitude of the discovery made by A. M. Lyapunov. The contribution to the theory made by N. G. Chetaev was so significant that many mathematicians, physicists and engineers consider him Lyapunov's direct successor and the next-in-line scientific descendant in the creation and development of the mathematical theory of stability.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: The interest in it suddenly skyrocketed during the Cold War period when the so-called "Second Method of Lyapunov" (see below) was found to be applicable to the stability of aerospace guidance systems which typically contain strong nonlinearities not treatable by other methods. A large number of publications appeared then and since in the control and systems literature.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: More recently the concept of the Lyapunov exponent (related to Lyapunov's First Method of discussing stability) has received wide interest in connection with chaos theory. Lyapunov stability methods have also been applied to finding equilibrium solutions in traffic assignment problems.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: where formula_9 denotes the system state vector, formula_10 an open set containing the origin, and formula_11 is a continuous vector field on formula_10. Suppose formula_13 has an equilibrium at formula_1 so that formula_15 then


title: Lyapunov stability

text: for all trajectories formula_35 that start close enough to formula_36, and "globally attractive" if this property holds for all trajectories.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: That is, if "x" belongs to the interior of its stable manifold, it is "asymptotically stable" if it is both attractive and stable. (There are examples showing that attractivity does not imply asymptotic stability. Such examples are easy to create using homoclinic connections.)


title: Lyapunov stability

text: If the Jacobian of the dynamical system at an equilibrium happens to be a stability matrix (i.e., if the real part of each eigenvalue is strictly negative), then the equilibrium is asymptotically stable.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Instead of considering stability only near an equilibrium point (a constant solution formula_37), one can formulate similar definitions of stability near an arbitrary solution formula_32. However, one can reduce the more general case to that of an equilibrium by a change of variables called a "system of deviations". Define formula_39, obeying the differential equation:


title: Lyapunov stability

text: This is no longer an autonomous system, but it has a guaranteed equilibrium point at formula_41 whose stability is equivalent to the stability of the original solution formula_32.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Lyapunov, in his original 1892 work, proposed two methods for demonstrating stability. The first method developed the solution in a series which was then proved convergent within limits. The second method, which is now referred to as the Lyapunov stability criterion or the Direct Method, makes use of a "Lyapunov function V(x)" which has an analogy to the potential function of classical dynamics. It is introduced as follows for a system formula_43 having a point of equilibrium at formula_44. Consider a function formula_45 such that


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Then "V(x)" is called a Lyapunov function and the system is stable in the sense of Lyapunov. (Note that formula_54 is required; otherwise for example formula_55 would "prove" that formula_56 is locally stable.) An additional condition called "properness" or "radial unboundedness" is required in order to conclude global stability. Global asymptotic stability (GAS) follows similarly.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: It is easier to visualize this method of analysis by thinking of a physical system (e.g. vibrating spring and mass) and considering the energy of such a system. If the system loses energy over time and the energy is never restored then eventually the system must grind to a stop and reach some final resting state. This final state is called the attractor. However, finding a function that gives the precise energy of a physical system can be difficult, and for abstract mathematical systems, economic systems or biological systems, the concept of energy may not be applicable.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Lyapunov's realization was that stability can be proven without requiring knowledge of the true physical energy, provided a Lyapunov function can be found to satisfy the above constraints.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: The definition for discrete-time systems is almost identical to that for continuous-time systems. The definition below provides this, using an alternate language commonly used in more mathematical texts.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Let ("X", "d") be a metric space and "f" : "X" → "X" a continuous function. A point "x" in "X" is said to be Lyapunov stable, if,


title: Lyapunov stability

text: where formula_60 is a finite matrix, is asymptotically stable (in fact, exponentially stable) if all real parts of the eigenvalues of formula_60 are negative. This condition is equivalent to the following one:


title: Lyapunov stability

text: is negative definite for some positive definite matrix formula_63. (The relevant Lyapunov function is formula_64.)


title: Lyapunov stability

text: is asymptotically stable (in fact, exponentially stable) if all the eigenvalues of formula_60 have a modulus smaller than one.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: This latter condition has been generalized to switched systems: a linear switched discrete time system (ruled by a set of matrices formula_67)


title: Lyapunov stability

text: is asymptotically stable (in fact, exponentially stable) if the joint spectral radius of the set formula_67 is smaller than one.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: "stimulus", "disturbance", or "forcing function". It has been shown that near to a point of equilibrium which is Lyapunov stable the system remains stable under small disturbances. For larger input disturbances the study of such systems is the subject of control theory and applied in control engineering. For systems with inputs, one must quantify the effect of inputs on the stability of the system. The main two approaches to this analysis are BIBO stability (for linear systems) and input-to-state stability (ISS) (for nonlinear systems)


title: Lyapunov stability

text: This example shows a system where a Lyapunov function can be used to prove Lyapunov stability but cannot show asymptotic stability.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: Consider the following equation, based on the Van der Pol oscillator equation with the friction term changed:


title: Lyapunov stability

text: It seems that if the parameter formula_77 is positive, stability is asymptotic for formula_78 But this is wrong, since formula_79 does not depend on formula_80, and will be 0 everywhere on the formula_80 axis. The equilibrium is Lyapunov stable but not asymptotically stable.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: This is non-autonomous because the input formula_114 is a function of time. Assume that the input formula_115 is bounded.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: This says that formula_118 by first two conditions and hence formula_119 and formula_120 are bounded. But it does not say anything about the convergence of formula_119 to zero. Moreover, the invariant set theorem cannot be applied, because the dynamics is non-autonomous.


title: Lyapunov stability

text: This is bounded because formula_119, formula_120 and formula_114 are bounded. This implies formula_126 as formula_84 and hence formula_128. This proves that the error converges.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: KLM Cityhopper is the regional airline subsidiary of KLM, headquartered in Haarlemmermeer, North Holland, Netherlands. It is based at nearby Amsterdam Airport Schiphol. As a subsidiary of Air France–KLM, it is an affiliate of SkyTeam. The airline operates scheduled European feeder services on behalf of KLM.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: The airline was established on 1 April 1991, and started operations the same year. It was formed from the merger of NLM CityHopper and Netherlines. Following the 1991 merger, KLM Cityhopper had Europe's largest fleet composition of Fokker-built aircraft: the Fokker 50, 70 and 100.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: In November 2002, KLM merged its regional subsidiaries under the KLM Cityhopper name. It had 910 employees as of March 2007.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: In 2008 the airline announced its fleet renewal programme, starting with an order of up to 17 Embraer E190 aircraft to replace its ageing and inefficient Fokker 50 aircraft and older Fokker 100 jets. Five Fokker 70 jets would also transfer over from Air France subsidiary Regional. Deliveries of the Embraer began in 2009 and by March 2010 KLM Cityhopper had operated its last Fokker 50 flight. The carrier began to phase out its older Fokker 100 jets. Further Embraer jet orders came in 2012 and allowed KLM Cityhopper to remove the last five remaining Fokker 100 aircraft from its operation.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: In October 2012, KLM reportedly presented a plan to its unions that foresaw splitting the airline into two separate units. According to a report by Dutch newspaper "Het Financieele Dagblad", KLM was considering splitting off its European operations that would operate with a lower cost base than today and include its subsidiary KLM Cityhopper. This would effectively mean an intercontinental operation to include only the wide-body fleet of KLM and a European fleet operating the short to medium-haul routes as a separate entity, including the current KLM Boeing 737 fleet and the entire KLM Cityhopper fleet. The plan proved unpopular with unions and the CEO at the time and was parked. KLM then began the process of streamlining its operation, reducing costs and negotiating increased productivity from staff.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: In 2013, KLM Cityhopper installed brand new slim-line leather seats from British company Acro on its Fokker 70 fleet. At the same time, the seat pitch was adjusted on all Fokker & Embraer aircraft to offer a 3 tier cabin product with a Business Class, Premium Economy zone & Economy zone. Also announced in 2013 was a lease agreement with BOC to take another six Embraer E190 jets, delivery from the end of the year up to April 2014. In turn, the early retirement of 7 Fokker 70 aircraft was announced. On 30 April 2014 KLM Cityhopper took delivery of its 28th Embraer E190 making it the largest operator of the type in Europe. A brand new livery was also launched on the same day with the aircraft arriving into Amsterdam sporting a new drooped cheat line and revised titles. Fondly referred to as "the smiling Dolphin design", the adapted livery was commissioned to better suit the nose profile of modern aircraft such as the Embraer. The new look was created in-house by KLM designers and would be painted on all KLM Cityhopper aircraft and KLM aircraft in time.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: Since 2014, KLM started to add new "niche" short-haul destinations to its network, with the majority served by KLM Cityhopper. The new routes were Bilbao, Turin, Zagreb, Montpellier, Kraków and Belfast. KLM Cityhopper also increased capacity from Bristol and Leeds-Bradford - upgrading the destinations to an Embraer E190 operation instead of the Fokker 70. On 9 December 2015 KLM announced new KLM Cityhopper services to Southampton, Inverness, Dresden and Genoa. The new flights commenced in spring 2016.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: In 2015, following a long tendering process with several manufacturers, KLM Cityhopper announced that the Embraer E175+ would replace the Fokker 70 fleet overall. The last Fokker 70 was scheduled to leave on 29 October 2017. The deal with Embraer saw an acceleration of the Fokker 70 withdrawal, starting in December 2015, and the arrival of two more Embraer E190 aircraft, bringing that fleet to 30 in total. 7 Fokker 70s were sold to Air Niugini, with four going to Cypriot carrier Tus Airways and two to Peruvian start-up Wayraperú. On 20 March 2016, the first Embraer E175+ was delivered, operating in tandem on Fokker 70 routes and the Embraer E190 network when required. Its dual-type rating and commonality would allow overnight introduction of the Embraer E175+ as both flight deck & cabin staff trained on the Embraer E190 will be able to operate on the Embraer E175+ after a brief "differences" session.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: The Embraer E175+ (Enhanced or Mark II) is the second variant of the Embraer E175, differing from the original build. It is not to be confused with the E2. It has an improved angled winglet as well as other aerodynamic improvements and weight savings. KLM Cityhopper has also ordered a high density 88Y configuration with slim, lightweight seats.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: On 13 January 2016, KLM Cityhopper confirmed 2 out of 17 options for additional aircraft from Embraer – bringing the order total for the E175 to 17. The first E175 was delivered on 20 March 2016. In March 2016, KLM Cityhopper became the largest European operator of the Embraer E170/190 jet family, with 30 Embraer E190s in service as of December 2015 and an order for 17 Embraer E175+ jets. KLM Cityhopper now operates one of the youngest regional jet fleets in the world after the Fokker 70 was retired from operation.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: KLM Cityhopper's head office is in the Convair Building on the grounds of Amsterdam Airport Schiphol in Schiphol-Oost, Haarlemmermeer. In 1999 Schiphol Real Estate (SRE) contracted out a parcel of land to begin construction of the Convair Building. The building also houses the offices of KLM Recruitment Services. Originally the KLM Cityhopper head office was in the airport's Building 70.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: The company identity is identical to that of its parent carrier with the addition of “Cityhopper” after the KLM crown logo and the absence of “The Flying Dutchman” and “Royal Dutch Airlines” on its aircraft livery. A revised font style was introduced in 2010. In May 2014, KLM Cityhopper also introduced a revised livery.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: Several of KLM's intra-European routes are operated by both KLM and KLM Cityhopper. Seasonal changes are common with routes switching between the Boeing 737 fleet of KLM to KLM Cityhopper as required & usually in concert with the start/end of IATA timetable seasons. The airline had five fully crewed UK bases in operation, inherited from its purchase of Air UK and subsequent merger of the KLM UK brand. Therefore, several hundred British cockpit and cabin crews continued to operate KLM Cityhopper flights from the UK and the Netherlands throughout the carrier's network. However, all UK bases for cabin crew members were closed in 2017 with the last pilot-only bases closed in May 2020.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: KLM Cityhopper was also responsible for the operation of the state-owned Fokker 70 aircraft, registration PH-KBX. This Fokker was used by the Dutch Government and the royal family and often flown by H.M. King Willem-Alexander himself, but was sold to an Australian-based buyer in 2017. A Boeing 737-700 BBJ Boeing Business Jet, registered PH-GOV, replaced the Fokker 70 and is operated by KLM mainline.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: When KLM Cityhopper was formed in 1991, its fleet consisted of mostly Fokker types. These have later been phased out and replaced by more efficient Embraer E-Jets, with the last airframe being retired on 28 October 2017. Today the airline's fleet consists entirely of Embraer E-195 E2s, E-190s and E-175s.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: KLM Cityhopper offers passengers complimentary drinks and refreshments on all scheduled flights. Duty-free/tax-free products are not available. Business Class passengers are offered continental breakfast boxes, sandwiches & dinner salads together with bar service. Economy Class passengers are offered sandwiches or a drink and complimentary snack depending on the time of day and duration of the flight.


title: KLM Cityhopper

text: In line with its parent carrier, KLM Cityhopper offers a two-class cabin service on all of its scheduled routes. Rows 1 on all aircraft is reserved for Europe Business Class passengers, and the section can be increased to additional rows subject to demand. These classes are defined by the designation "C" - For Europe Business Class & "M" For Europe Economy - in reservation systems.