title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: The forces under his command, known as L Force, campaigned in Libya in 1943, covered the Eighth Army's inland flank during its advance into Tunisia, and participated in the attack on the Mareth Line. L Force was then transformed into the "2e Division Blindée", although it was often referred to as "La Division Leclerc". It fought under Leclerc's command in the Battle of Normandy, and participated in the liberation of Paris and Strasbourg.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: After the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, he was given command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps ("Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient", CEFEO). He represented France at the surrender of the Japanese Empire in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. He quickly perceived the necessity for a political solution to the nascent conflict in Indochina, but once again was ahead of his countrymen, and was recalled to France in 1946. He was killed in an air crash in Algeria in 1947.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Philippe François Marie de Hauteclocque was born on 22 November 1902 at Belloy-Saint-Léonard in the department of Somme, France. He was the fifth of six children of Adrien de Hauteclocque, comte de Hauteclocque (1864–1945), and Marie-Thérèse van der Cruisse de Waziers (1870–1956). Philippe was named in honour of an ancestor killed by Croatian soldiers in service of Habsburg monarchy during Thirty Years' War in 1635.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Hauteclocque came from an old line of country nobility. His direct ancestors had served in the Fifth Crusade against Egypt, and again in the Eighth Crusade of Saint Louis against Tunisia in 1270. They had also fought at the Battle of Saint-Omer in 1340 and the Battle of Fontenoy in 1745. The family managed to survive the French Revolution. Three members of the family served in Napoleon's "Grande Armée" and a fourth, who suffered from weak health, served in the supply train. The third son, Constantin, who had served in Napoleon's Russian Campaign, was created a "chevalier" by King Louis XVIII, and a Papal count by Pope Pius IX in 1857. Constantin had two sons. The older, Alfred François Marie (1822–1902), died childless. The younger, Gustave François Marie Joseph (1829–1914), became a noted Egyptologist.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Gustave, in turn, had three sons. The first, Henry (1862–1914), and third, Wallerand (1866–1914), became officers in the French Army, serving during the colonial campaigns, including fighting Samory in the Sudan. Both were killed in the early fighting of the First World War. The second son was Adrien, who enlisted in August 1914 as a trooper in the "", the regiment in which his son Guy was a cornet. Adrien was later commissioned, and was twice awarded the "Croix de Guerre" for gallantry. He survived the war, and inherited the family title and estate in Belloy-Saint-Léonard.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Philippe de Hauteclocque was homeschooled until he was 13, when he was sent to " L'école de la Providence", a Jesuit school in Amiens. In 1920, at the age of 17, he went to "Lycée privé Sainte-Geneviève", known as "Ginette", a preparatory school in Versailles. He then entered the "École spéciale militaire de Saint-Cyr", the French military academy. Each class has a name; his was "Metz et Strasbourg" after towns in Alsace and Lorraine returned to France by the Treaty of Versailles. He graduated on 1 October 1924, and was commissioned as a "sous lieutenant" in the French Army. Having chosen the cavalry branch, he then had to attend the Cavalry School in Saumur, from which he graduated first in his class on 8 August 1925.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Hauteclocque's older brother Guy had married Madeleine de Gargan, the daughter of the Baron de Gargan. Philippe became a frequent visitor to the Gargan household, and became enchanted by Madeleine's youngest sister Thérèse. The two courted while he was at Saint-Cyr. In the tradition of old noble families, Count Adrien asked Baron de Gargan for permission for Philippe to marry Thérèse. The wedding ceremony took place in the Church of St Joan of Arc in Rouen on 10 August 1925. For a wedding present, Adrien gave them a chateau in Tailly. They had six children: Henri (1926–1952), who was killed in the First Indochina War; Hubert (1927–), who served as mayor of Tailly from 2001 to 2008; Charles (1929–); Jeanne (1931–); Michel (1933–2014); and Bénédicte (1936–). Philippe and Thérèse hired an Austrian governess, and spoke German in front of their children to improve their command of the language.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Having graduated from Saumur, Hauteclocque joined his regiment, the ', which was then on occupation duty in Trier as part of the Franco-Belgian occupation of the Ruhr. Garrison duty was not to his liking, so he volunteered for service with the ', based at Taza in Morocco. He was promoted to "lieutenant" in October 1926. In 1927, he was posted as an instructor at the "Military School of Dar El-Beida" at Meknes, the military academy of French Morocco. Here, he met , a First World War veteran eight years his senior, who would later volunteer to serve under his command. In 1929, he was attached to the "38e Goum Mixte Marocains", a Moroccan Goumier unit at M'Zizel in the Atlas Mountains. He saw action in the fighting against the Ait Hammou guerrillas. In one action, two horses were shot out from under him. Afterwards, he was posted to the ", "the senior cavalry regiment of the "Armée d'Afrique", based at Rabat.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: In February 1931, Hauteclocque went back to Saint-Cyr as an instructor, but wanted to return to active service. During the summer break in 1933, he flew south to Africa, where he reported to "Général de brigade" Henri Giraud on 11 July. Giraud sent him into the field as a liaison officer with a "goum". He was awarded the "croix de guerre des théâtres d'opérations extérieures" for leading "goumiers" in an attack on caves and ravines on Bou Amdoun on 11 August. The Commander in Chief in Morocco, "Général de division" Antoine Huré, felt that Hauteclocque should not have been there, and held the award up for three years. Others felt differently, and Hauteclocque was given early admission to the course for promotion to "capitaine". He placed fourth in the class, and was promoted on 25 December 1934. Promotion was slow in the inter-war French Army, especially in the cavalry, and he was only the second in his Saint-Cyr class to reach that rank. Most had to wait until 1936. He was also made a "Chevalier de la Légion d'Honneur".


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Although they were devout Catholics, Hauteclocque and Thérèse subscribed to "Action Française", the journal of a far-right political organisation of the same name, despite a papal interdict against it, and continued to do so even after Thérèse was refused absolution. In contrast, his cousin was an award-winning journalist who covered the rise of the Nazi Party in Germany, visited the concentration camp at Dachau, and wrote about the Night of Long Knives. Xavier died in April 1935, convinced that he had been poisoned by the Nazis. After the Second World War, Hauteclocque destroyed his copies of "Action Française".


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Hauteclocque broke his leg in two places in a fall from his horse in 1936. He told his company that it was his own fault for riding on the shoulder of the road. Thereafter he frequently walked with a cane. After another mishap involving losing his way during a tactical exercise and getting stuck in a field cordoned off with barbed wire, he told them that when you have done something really stupid, it is best to admit it.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: In November 1938, Hauteclocque entered the "École supérieure de guerre", the French Army's staff college, as part of its 60th class. On graduating in July 1939, he was ordered to report to the "" (4e DI) as its chief of staff.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: On 10 May 1940, Germany invaded Luxembourg, the Netherlands, and Belgium. The 4e DI was ordered to hold the line of the Sambre river. Hauteclocque was placed in charge of three infantry battalions. To his dismay, orders came to pull back to the Canal de l'Escaut. From there the 4e DI retreated northward, becoming encircled in the Lille pocket on 28 May. Hauteclocque received permission to escape through German lines. He attempted to make his way back to the French lines by pretending to be a civilian refugee, but was apprehended by a German patrol and taken prisoner when they discovered an old military pay receipt. He was taken back to a German command post, where he secretly destroyed the receipt. He convinced a German colonel that he had been wounded in Morocco, suffered from malaria, and had six children, all of which was true, and he was thus exempted from military service, which was false. The Germans let him go. He then made his way to the Crozat Canal, swam across, and encountered a French patrol.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Hauteclocque reported to the headquarters of "Général d'armée" , the commander of the Seventh Army, who gave him permission to visit his home at Tailly, which was still behind French lines. When he got there, however, he found that Thérèse had fled to Sainte-Foy-la-Grande in the southwest of France, where she had relatives. On returning to the Seventh Army, he was ordered to join the "2ème groupement cuirassé," a scratch force of armoured and mechanised units that included Brigadier General Stanisław Maczek's Polish 10th Armoured Cavalry Brigade. The "groupement " launched a series of counter-attacks. Lacking a radio, Hauteclocque gave directions to the Char B1 tanks with his cane. On 15 June, he was wounded in the head during a German air attack, and was taken to a hospital in a convent in Avallon. There he was again taken prisoner when the area was overrun by the Germans.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: This time, Hauteclocque escaped by jumping out a window. After the armistice was signed on 22 June, French soldiers who had not been captured were simply allowed to go home, and the Germans were friendly towards Hauteclocque, especially when they discovered that he spoke fluent German. He made his way to rejoin his family by car and bicycle. So that he could cross from the zone occupée into the zone libre where Thérèse and the children were, his sister Yvonne obtained an identity card for him in the name of "Leclerc". It was his first use of this name. He also told Yvonne that he intended to join "Général de brigade" Charles de Gaulle in Britain. He was reunited with his family in Saint-Germain-les-Vergnes on 30 June but stayed with them for only four days before setting out for Spain. He managed to obtain a visa on the second attempt, being refused the first time for carrying too much money with him. Once in Spain he took a train to Madrid, and then to Lisbon, where he went to the British embassy, which arranged his passage to Britain on a merchant ship, the SS "Hillary".


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Leclerc arrived in London on 25 July 1940, and met with de Gaulle, who announced that he was promoting him to "Chef d'escadrons" (major). He also encountered his cousin Pierre de Hauteclocque, Xavier's brother, who was serving with the "13e Demi-Brigade de Légion Étrangère" (13e DBLE, an infantry regiment of the French Foreign Legion). This was the largest unit that had joined the Free French Forces. After participating in the Battles of Narvik, it had found itself in Britain when France surrendered. Formed after the war began, it contained many men who had fought for the Republican cause in the Spanish Civil War, and many refugees from Nazi and Fascist countries. Leclerc then offered his own services to the unit, but its commander, "Colonel" Raoul Magrin-Vernerey, rejected his offer on the grounds that he was high-born, over-qualified and a cavalryman.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Instead, in August 1940, de Gaulle ordered Leclerc to French Equatorial Africa, where the local leaders had declared themselves for Free France, as the governor of French Cameroon. At this time he adopted Leclerc as his "nom de guerre", so that Thérèse and their children would not be put at risk if his name appeared in the papers. He quickly secured the Free French grip on Cameroon. He then led a force consisting of the 13e DBLE and Senegalese Tirailleurs against Gabon, whose local leader supported Vichy France. The Battle of Gabon lasted from 12 October to 12 November 1940, and ended with 20 dead and Gabon in Free French hands. Vichy prisoners were held as hostages in case Vichy France tried to retaliate against the families of Free Frenchmen. When Louis-Michel-François Tardy, the Bishop of Libreville, refused to conduct a mass to celebrate the victory, Leclerc had him arrested. "Capitaine de corvette" Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu conducted the service in his capacity as a Carmelite priest.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: With Gabon in hand, de Gaulle sent Leclerc to Chad, the only Free French territory that shared a border with territory controlled by Axis Powers, along its Sahara Desert border with Italian-controlled Libya. Leclerc's attention was drawn to two Italian outposts in the desert, Murzuk in southwestern Libya and Kufra in the southeast. Both were over from his base at Fort Lamy in Chad. He started with a small raid on Murzuk by eleven men of the "Régiment de Tirailleurs Sénégalais du Tchad" (RTST) and two troops of the British Long Range Desert Group (LRDG) on 11 January 1941. In February, he led a much larger operation that captured Kufra. After the battle, he had his men swear an oath known today as the "Serment de Koufra" ("Oath of Kufra"):


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Leclerc learnt a great deal about how to handle and supply a force advancing across the desert, and was rewarded with the British Distinguished Service Order. He began planning a far more ambitious advance into Libya. This was delayed by a year due to "Generalfeldmarschall" Erwin Rommel's defeat of the British Eighth Army in the Battle of Gazala, and the subsequent German and Italian advance into Egypt. Leclerc was promoted to "Général de brigade" in August 1941, and pinned two metal stars captured from the Italians on his "kepi".


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: De Gaulle ordered the plan for an advance into Libya to be put in motion in the wake of the Eighth Army's victory in the Second Battle of El Alamein in November 1942. Leclerc set out from Fort Lamy on 16 December 1942 with 500 European and 2,700 African troops in 350 vehicles. He captured Sebha on 12 January 1943, and Mizdah on 22 January. He reached Tripoli on 26 January, where he was greeted by the Eighth Army's commander, General Bernard Montgomery. Leclerc's command, now reinforced by the Greek Sacred Squadron, and known as L Force, covered the Eighth Army's inland flank during its advance into Tunisia. L Force beat off a German counterattack on 10 March, and participated in the attack on the Mareth Line.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: After the fighting in North Africa ended, Leclerc's L Force, now about 4,000 strong, became the "2e Division Française Libre" (2e DFL). In June 1943, de Gaulle informed him the 2e DFL would be re-equipped by the Americans as an armoured division, the "2e Division Blindée" (2 DB). It was often called "La Division Leclerc". Although organised along American lines, its units had French titles. The non-white units were transferred elsewhere. The remainder of 2e DFL became the "Regiment de Marche du Tchad" (RMT), 2e DB's motorised infantry regiment. Free French armoured units serving with the Eighth Army became the 501e Régiment de chars de combat (501 RCC). The artillery and the other two armoured regiments of 2e DB, the "12e Régiment de Cuirassiers" (12e RC) and the "" (12e RCA), were drawn from the Vichy "Armée d'Afrique". Perhaps the most unusual unit in the division was the "Régiment Blindé de Fusiliers-Marins" (RBFM), sailors who served as a tank destroyer regiment. Leclerc had to weld the various units, some of whom had recently been fighting against the Allies, into a team. This was no easy task. When two men from the 501e RCC upset a former Vichy officer by singing a disrespectful song about "Général d'armée" Henri Giraud, resulting in a fight, he told the officer concerned that respect had to be earned.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: In April 1944, 2e DB was shipped to Britain to participate in Operation Overlord, the Allied invasion of northern France. Leclerc and his staff travelled by air in a converted B-24 Liberator bomber. The division moved to training areas in Yorkshire, where Leclerc established his headquarters on the estate of Henry Frederick Hotham, 7th Baron Hotham, at Dalton Hall, Beverley. Training was conducted in concert with Maczek's 1st Polish Armoured Division.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: On 1 August 1944, 2e DB landed at Utah Beach in Normandy as part of Major General Wade Haislip's United States XV Corps of Lieutenant General George S. Patton, Jr.'s United States Third Army. Both of these American generals spoke French fluently. Later that month, 2e DB participated in the Battle of the Falaise Pocket, which inflicted a major defeat on the German Army. Like most new division commanders, Leclerc also made errors, in his case by allowing 2e DB to use roads that had been earmarked for American units, thereby causing traffic jams and holding up the American advance.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: The next assignment for 2e DB, and the one that it had been brought from Africa for, was the liberation of Paris. Allied troops initially avoided the historic city, moving around it to minimise the danger of destruction if the Germans sought to defend it. When Parisians rose against the Germans, de Gaulle and Leclerc persuaded General Dwight D. Eisenhower to help. Leclerc's men had to fight their way into Paris, and when they got there they found German infantry and tanks still holding parts of the city. The German commander, "General der Infanterie" Dietrich von Choltitz, was inclined to surrender, and did so to Leclerc and Henri Rol-Tanguy of the French Forces of the Interior at the Gare Montparnasse on 25 August 1944. Leclerc arranged for Ensign Philippe de Gaulle, who was serving in the RBFM, to be in attendance, but the elder de Gaulle was annoyed that Leclerc had allowed the communist Rol to co-sign the surrender. The next day de Gaulle held a triumphal parade, accompanied by senior military figures including Leclerc, Alphonse Juin, Marie-Pierre Kœnig and Georges Thierry d'Argenlieu.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Montgomery's troops liberated Tailly, allowing Leclerc to return home to see Thérèse and the children again on 6 September 1944. His oldest sons, Henri and Hubert, now 18 and 17 years old respectively, lied about their ages to volunteer for service with 2e DB. Henri went on to serve with the RMT, while Hubert became a Sherman tank gunner with the 12e RCA. Other relatives also served with the division, including two nephews. The fighting in Paris cost 2e DB 97 killed and 238 wounded; nearly twice that number were lost in the fighting in surrounding areas. These were replaced by men and women who, like Leclerc's sons, offered themselves at a recruitment office the 2e DB established near the Bois de Boulogne.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: After Paris, 2e DB returned to XV Corps at Leclerc's request. He won a notable victory on 12–16 September 1944 against the Panzer IVs and Panther tanks of the German 112th "Panzer" Brigade by using manoeuvre and air power to compensate for the numerical and technical inferiority of his tanks. American historian Hugh M. Cole wrote that "this fight, characterised warmly by the XV Corps commander as a 'brilliant example' of perfect air-ground co-ordination, not only was an outstanding feat of arms but also dealt a crippling blow to Hitler's plans for an armoured thrust into the Third Army flank."


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Patton personally pinned a Silver Star on Leclerc, and brought with him another six Silver Stars and 25 Bronze Star Medals for other members of the 2e DB. Patton then gave Leclerc his next objective: the town of Baccarat and the bridge there over the Meurthe River. The bridge was captured before the Germans could destroy it. Haislip's XV Corps was transferred to the Seventh United States Army on 29 September, and Leclerc feared that 2e DB would be transferred to "Général d'armée" Jean de Lattre de Tassigny's French First Army. Leclerc regarded the First Army as being full of traitors who had supported Vichy France. Moreover, de Lattre had sacked "Général de division" Edgard de Larminat for Gaullist sentiments, and Leclerc had good reason to fear that he might meet a similar fate.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: On 22 November, Haislip gave Leclerc permission to advance on Strasbourg. Leclerc surprised the Germans by advancing over country roads and tracks to bypass their defences. Strasbourg was reached on 25 November, and that afternoon the Tricolour flew over the Strasbourg Cathedral. The German offensive in the Ardennes in December and in Alsace in January led Eisenhower to consider abandoning Strasbourg, but strong opposition to the idea from the French caused him to back down. As a result, the 2e DB was transferred to de Lattre's command to assist in the reduction of the Colmar Pocket.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Leclerc objected to the use of his troops in the attack on Royan in April 1945. As a result, only part of 2e DB was employed. The division rejoined Seventh Army, crossing the Rhine on 25 April, and joining the pursuit into Bavaria. Leclerc visited Dachau concentration camp after its liberation by the Americans. In an incident that took place 8 May 1945 at Karlstein near Bad Reichenhall in Bavaria, he was presented with a defiant group of captured Frenchmen of the SS "Charlemagne" Division. He asked them why they wore a German uniform, to which one of them replied by asking why Leclerc wore an American one. Leclerc told his men to get rid of them. That was taken as a death sentence. The group of French Waffen-SS men was summarily executed by the RMT without any form of military tribunal procedure, and their bodies left where they fell until an American burial team collected them three days later. On 2 June 1949 the bodies were exhumed and buried in the St. Zeno cemetery in Bad Reichenhall. For his services leading the 2e DB, Leclerc was awarded the Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: At the end of the Second World War in Europe in May 1945, Leclerc received command of the French Far East Expeditionary Corps ("Corps expéditionnaire français en Extrême-Orient", CEFEO). He represented France at the surrender of the Japanese Empire in Tokyo Bay on 2 September 1945. On 28 November 1945, he legally changed his name to Jacques-Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque, incorporating his Free French pseudonym.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Although he had never before served in the Far East, as CEFEO commander, Leclerc was charged with recovering French Indochina. This territory, comprising the present day states of Vietnam, Cambodia and Laos, had been conquered by the French during the late 19th and early 20th centuries. The Vichy regime had allowed the Japanese to use Indochina as a base from which to attack the Allies in Malaya, Burma and China. On 9 March 1945, the Japanese had deposed the French colonial government, taken direct control of Indochina, defeated the French army in several engagements, and imprisoned surviving French soldiers.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: With the end of the war, Indochina was divided in two, with the area north of the 16th parallel occupied by 150,000 Nationalist Chinese troops, while the part to the south was occupied by 20,000 British and Indian troops of Major General Douglas Gracey's 20th Infantry Division. Meanwhile, the Vietnamese nationalist leader Ho Chi Minh had declared Vietnamese independence. Leclerc arrived in Saigon with a first contingent of French soldiers on 5 October 1945. He was dependent on the British for equipment and shipping. He did not get along well with D'Argenlieu, whom de Gaulle had appointed French High Commissioner for Indochina.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Leclerc heeded the advice he was given by United States General of the Army Douglas MacArthur to bring as many soldiers as possible. He broke the Vietminh blockade around Saigon, then drove through the Mekong delta and up into the Central Highlands. This was possible because Ho feared Chinese domination far more than French colonialism, which he perceived to be in decline. Ho's first priority was getting rid of the Chinese, and for this he needed French help. Leclerc quickly perceived the necessity for a political solution to the conflict.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: The French government negotiator Jean Sainteny flew to Saigon to consult Leclerc, who was acting as high commissioner in the absence of d'Argenlieu. Leclerc approved Sainteny's proposal to negotiate with Ho because he preferred a diplomatic solution to a larger conflict, but he still dispatched a flotilla with shiploads of French soldiers to northern Vietnam ready to attack if the talks failed. At that time, Ho felt that negotiations with the French constituted his best option because the Soviet Union had not yet endorsed the Vietminh or the Vietnamese nationalist party (VNQDD), and the French Communist Party chose to support French rule in Vietnam.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: On 6 March 1946, a tentative agreement was reached at the last minute (with Leclerc's fleet already in the Gulf of Tonkin) between Sainteny and Ho. The agreement stated that France would recognise Vietnam as a free state within the French Union, a new name for the French empire broadly similar to the British Commonwealth, and that Ho would allow France to base 25,000 soldiers in Vietnam for five years. The Ho-Sainteny agreement was never confirmed because it disappointed people on both sides. Ho's immense prestige largely silenced Vietnamese dissent, but the agreement caused a serious split within the French side. French businessmen, planters, and officials in Saigon were "indignant at the prospect of losing their colonial privileges."


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: D'Argenlieu bluntly denounced Leclerc. "I am amazed – yes, that is the word, amazed", he said, "that France's fine expeditionary corps in Indochina is commanded by officers who would rather negotiate than fight". D'Argenlieu stated that a higher level meeting in Paris would be required. He then unilaterally declared a French-controlled Autonomous Republic of Cochinchina without asking either Paris or the Vietnamese. In July 1946, Leclerc was replaced as commander of the French forces by Jean-Étienne Valluy. At the time many French and American politicians were willing to believe that Ho was part of a Soviet plan to dominate the world, but Leclerc warned that "anti-communism will be a useless tool unless the problem of nationalism is resolved." His advice was simple: "Negotiate at all costs!"


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Leclerc was appointed Inspector of Land Forces in North Africa. On 28 November 1947, his North American B-25 Mitchell, "Tailly II", carrying Leclerc and his staff, crashed near Colomb-Béchar in French Algeria, killing everyone on board. His body was returned to France, where it was taken to Paris along the route that 2e DB had followed in August 1944. A funeral service was held at Notre Dame de Paris, and he was interred in a crypt at "Les Invalides".


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: Leclerc was posthumously created a Marshal of France on 23 August 1952, the anniversary of the day that 2e DB had entered Paris. Today his marshal's baton is displayed in the Leclerc room of the Musée de l'Armée at "Invalides", as is his battered képi with the Italian stars that he wore at Kufra.


title: Philippe Leclerc de Hauteclocque

text: The Leclerc tank built by GIAT Industries ("Groupement Industriel des Armements Terrestres") of France is named after him. There is a monument to Leclerc in the Petit-Montrouge quarter of the 14th arrondissement in Paris, between "Avenue de la Porte d'Orléans" and "Rue de la Légion Étrangère", and near the "Square du Serment-de-Koufra". Two streets in Paris are named for him: "Avenue du Général Leclerc" in the 14th arrondissement and "Rue du Maréchal Leclerc" in the 12th arrondissement, between the "Bois de Vincennes" and the Marne River.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Killer Instinct is a fighting video game, the third in the "Killer Instinct" series, originally developed by Double Helix Games, followed by Iron Galaxy under supervision of Ken Lobb and Rare, and published by Microsoft Studios, released as a free-to-play launch game for the Xbox One in 2013. The game is a reboot of the series, though some plot elements from "Killer Instinct" and "Killer Instinct 2" have been retained. Development of the game involves individuals with histories in fighting games on both the developmental and competitive sides. It received positive reviews for its mechanics and engine, but was criticized for its initial lack of content. A second season of characters was released between 2014 and 2015. A third season, along with a port of the game for Windows 10, was released in 2016.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The gameplay in "Killer Instinct" retains its traditional combo-based mechanics. The basic elements of combos are Openers, special attacks that start combos; Auto-Doubles, button presses following special attacks that create automatic hit sequences; Linkers, required to join several auto-doubles together; Enders, a sequence which finalizes the combo with increased damage; and Manuals, attacks chains entered outside of the traditional combo structure. Like in previous titles, players can finish their opponent using an Ultra Combo, an automatic sequence of attacks that can only be used to end a match. Season Two later added Stage Ultras, environmental finishing moves that can be triggered on specific stages. The game also features the return of Combo Breakers, attacks that can interrupt an opponent's combo when executed properly, as well as the new addition of Counter Breakers, which can cancel out an opponent's Combo Breaker while leaving the character vulnerable if improperly performed. Players who fail their Combo Breaker attempt or are attacked with a Counter Breaker enter a Lockout state, preventing another breaker from being attempted for three seconds or until the combo ends. The Season Two update added the ability to use Combo Breakers and Counter Breakers even while airborne, as well as an "Aerial Recapture" option that allows certain characters to attack opponents in the air and pull them down to the ground to continue their combos. A two-segmented meter enables the use of "Shadow" moves that have upgraded hit properties and can cause more damage and combo hits, though certain characters' meters function differently. All characters can use a Shadow Counter technique while blocking to instantly cancel into a shadow attack.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Another new feature to the "Killer Instinct" gameplay is the addition of "Instinct Mode". By filling up a secondary bar beneath the character's lifebar, each character can trigger a unique enhancement for a limited period, such as Glacius covering himself in ice armor for better damage resistance, or Thunder's dash becoming invincible and moving farther. The enhancements are built around complementing the character's playstyle traits. Instinct Mode can be used to perform an instantaneous cancel during a combo and also reset the "knockdown value", a meter that appears during a combo that determines how close the combo is to being automatically ended by the game. Instinct Mode can also be used to stop an Ultra Combo in order to chain it to other moves and even into another Ultra for an even more stylish finish than a simple Ultra Combo can provide. An update in February 2017 brought the return of the series' "Ultimate" attacks, cinematic finishing moves for certain characters that can be used in place of an Ultra Combo.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: "Killer Instinct" features an in-depth "Dojo" tutorial mode that not only introduces new players to Killer Instinct's systems, but also the basics of fighting game gameplay up through the intermediate and higher levels. A training mode is also included, which features a recordable CPU dummy, in-game frame data, as well as viewable hit-boxes.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The game's online multiplayer features a monthly tier-based ranked league. Four tiers are available, named Bronze, Silver, Gold and Killer. After first reaching the landing page, a player plays 10 qualifying matches to determine their initial tier placement on the ladder system. Afterwards, players only play against other players of the same tier until they rank up. 'Killer vs. Killer' matches feature a best '2-out-of-3' match setup. After each month, the Killer tier is reset and the top 32 Killer players at the end of the month are rewarded PRO Status, which immortalizes them in that month's leaderboards, in addition to unlocking special 'Player Card PRO' stars. The game's online netcode, developed with assistance from the creator of GGPO, is based on GGPO-style rollback functionality.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: "Killer Instinct" also features the "Shadow Lab", a mode that studies how a player plays the game and then uses that information to create a 'Shadow' fighter, an AI for any character which is specifically based on that player's playstyle and techniques for that specific character, complete with that player's gameplay mannerisms and flaws. Players can create Shadows to play against other players online, even when the player is not present. Shadows attempt to adapt to fights the way their owner would. Shadows for a player's specific character grow stronger the more that player plays.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: An additional single player mode, "Shadow Lords", was added to the game via a free update in September 2016. Serving as the story mode to Season Three, Shadow Lords requires players to assemble a team of three playable characters and choose between a series of procedurally-generated scenarios and battles against Gargos's mimic fighters, similar to a roguelike. Winning these battles will grant the player additional rewards, including items that provide temporary stat boosts when used, Guardians that provide new abilities when equipped such as parrying and armor, and exclusive character skins. Defeating certain opponents will also allow players to remove abilities and effects from Gargos, making him easier to defeat in the mode's final battle. Rewards are carried over between playthroughs of Shadow Lords, and additional content was added to the mode via several updates following its launch. An accompanying multiplayer mode allows players to use their items and guardians earned in Shadow Lords during online player battles.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The game features the ability to unlock and use retro "Killer Instinct" music in the game's training mode, as well as character accessories and classic costumes for use in place of characters' standard appearances. Chris Sutherland, the announcer from the first two "Killer Instinct" titles, is featured as an optional announcer available for use, while original "Killer Instinct" art director Kevin Bayliss designed a set of eight costumes for the game's second season. The game uses Kinect's facial recognition software to save players' personalized game settings.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: "Killer Instinct" runs at 90 FPS (frames per second) while rendering at 60 FPS in order to make both offline local and online play more fluid. "Killer Instinct"’s input lag is limited to 81 milliseconds (compared to 122 ms for "Street Fighter V" for PlayStation 4, 89 ms for "Guilty Gear Xrd -SIGN-" for PS4, and 105 ms and 107 ms for the Xbox One and PS4 versions of "Mortal Kombat X", respectively).


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The game is a reboot of the series' fiction, though several elements of the prior games' plots, such as a previous Killer Instinct tournament and Jago and Orchid's knowledge that they are siblings, have been retained. Arcade Mode in Season One features story-based campaigns for each character, culminating in a final battle with Fulgore. Fulfilling certain conditions allows players to access a secret battle against Shadow Jago in its place. Season Two added "Rivals" Story Mode, an expanded campaign that continues after the events of Season One, with more story content and unique sequences of opponents for each character. Like "Killer Instinct 2", the game features multiple endings in Season One based on the player's actions, with multiple cinematic sequences in both story modes.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The game features 29 playable characters, with 24 characters spread across three "Seasons" of content and five additional characters exclusively available separately or via special offers. The roster includes every playable character from the previous "Killer Instinct" titles, along with several new characters and a small number of guest characters from other franchises. For the first two seasons, each character was given an accompanying stage, while only four stages were added in Season Three.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: For many years after "Killer Instinct 2"'s 1996 release, rumors of a possible follow-up continued to swirl around the Internet. In 1997 "Electronic Gaming Monthly" reported that Rare were deep into development on a "Killer Instinct 3" which would likely be released in 1998. Years after Microsoft's acquisition of Rare, several individuals from Rare expressed interest to revive "Killer Instinct" franchise, such as Ken Lobb - Microsoft Studios creative director and co-designer of the original "Killer Instinct" games, Rare studio manager Mark Betteridge (who wished to bring "Killer Instinct" to the Xbox Live Arcade) and Rare veteran Donnchadh Murphy.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Microsoft applied for renewal of the "Killer Instinct" trademark in September 2012. Rare veteran Lee Musgrave, who was the former head of art at Rare, spoke on the issues of making "Killer Instinct" for XBLA: "We came close to firing off a conversion of "Killer Instinct" a few times, but there were licensing obstacles to that, and it never really had enough perceived interest to push it forward". Three months after applying "KI" trademark, Microsoft's renewal for the "Killer Instinct" trademark was rejected by the United States Patent and Trademark Office due to the possibility of the game being confused with the unrelated TV series of the same name that lasted for one season in 2005. Microsoft had six months to respond to the ruling. The trademark dispute was settled when Microsoft and Fox reached an agreement in April the next year.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: At the Electronic Entertainment Expo 2013, Microsoft and Double Helix Games announced "Killer Instinct" exclusive for the Xbox One. Rare was also involved in the development. A trailer showed the series' mainstays Jago, Sabrewulf and Glacius. Ken Lobb said more characters were to be revealed at then-upcoming events such as Evolution Championship Series 2013, during which Chief Thunder's return was teased. Two polls conducted by Double Helix asked fans what characters they would like to see return. The development team also expressed a desire to introduce brand new characters into the franchise, particularly female ones.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Development of the game involved individuals with histories in fighting games on both the developmental and competitive sides. They include former Capcom developer and "Weaponlord" co-creator James Goddard and former competitive player and tournament organizer Adam "Keits" Heart as combat designers, former "Street Fighter" developer and Weaponlord co-creator Dave Winstead as character designer, competitive "Street Fighter" player Campbell "Buktooth" Tran as a producer, and former "Tekken" community manager Rich "FilthieRich" Bantegui and tournament organizer Alex Jebailey as community managers.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: A live demonstration of the title at E3 2013 between producer Torin Rettig and Xbox community manager Ashton Williams was poorly received by a number of bloggers, journalists and developers, including Jonathan Blow. The demonstration had the two competing against one another and exchanging banter in a manner that some viewers interpreted as scripted and alluding to assault. Williams later commented that the dialogue was unscripted and no ill intent was meant on the part of either individual. Nevertheless, Microsoft's Phil Spencer issued an official apology stating in part that at Microsoft "bullying and harassment of any kind is not condoned and is taken very seriously".


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Following the announcement that Double Helix Games had been purchased by Amazon, Microsoft confirmed that support for "Killer Instinct" would continue, later putting Iron Galaxy Studios as the developer of its Season Two content. A port of the game for Windows 10 was unveiled at E3 2015; the PC version was developed in-house by Iron Galaxy and supports cross-play and cross-buy with the Xbox One version.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: At Gamescom 2015, a third season was announced, which was released in March 2016 alongside the PC version; Rash from the "Battletoads" series was also announced as a playable character for Season Three, and was made available to existing "Killer Instinct" players or owners of the "Rare Replay" compilation for a brief test period prior to the season's launch. The second guest character, the Arbiter from "Halo", was announced at the 2016 Halo Regional World Championships. The final guest character, "Gears of War"'s General RAAM, was announced during Microsoft's E3 2016 press briefing and released following the presentation's conclusion. Mick Gordon, the composer for the first two seasons, did not return for Season Three, with Atlas Plug and Celldweller assuming the role in his stead.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The "Definitive Edition" version of the game was released via Steam in September 2017. This version of the game adds support for Windows 7, and players on Steam can also play users on both Xbox One and Windows 10 in Exhibition matches, Lobbies, and Shadow Lords multiplayer, expanding the number of Killer Instinct players to over 10 million.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: "Killer Instinct" was released on November 22, 2013, as a free-to-play game that includes all available game modes but only one playable character, with the ability to purchase additional fighters individually. The sole playable character in the free version rotates on a regular basis. "Season Two" was released on October 15, 2014, and "Season Three" was made available for pre-order March 18, 2016, then released later that month on March 29.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Players who purchased a 12-month Xbox Live subscription during the launch of the Xbox One received access to Shadow Jago, a variation of Jago with the same moves but unique voice and visual effects. The character was later integrated as a secret boss, given unique moves and properties not accessible by the playable version. In May 2015, Microsoft began a fundraising campaign to raise money for supporting "Killer Instinct" tournaments, making Shadow Jago available for purchase for two weeks as an incentive. The fund ultimately raised $100,000 in three days; as a result of its success, Iron Galaxy confirmed that they would be updating Shadow Jago later in the year, giving him the moves used by his boss incarnation. The new version of Shadow Jago was released on December 4 and was made available for general purchase between December 18 and January 15, 2016, then permanently available on April 5.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: While most characters can be purchased separately, "Killer Instinct" also offers season-based character bundles for a discounted price; these bundles unlocked each character from the season as they were completed, allowing players to access them two weeks before they were released to the general public. Each season offers a "Combo Breaker Pack", which includes all eight characters for that season, as well as an "Ultra Edition", which includes the same eight characters as well as their respective retro costumes and premium accessories. The character Omen is only available as part of the Season Two bundles and is not available for separate purchase, while Shadow Jago is not included as part of any bundle release. Each season's Ultra Edition bundle also includes a unique bonus: Season One and Season Two include digital Xbox One ports of the arcade titles "Killer Instinct" and "Killer Instinct 2" respectively, while Season Three offers additional colors for its eight new characters and a double XP booster. A "Supreme Edition" was released alongside Season Three, containing all the content featured in the three Ultra Editions, with the exception of "Killer Instinct Classic" and "Killer Instinct 2 Classic" for the PC release. Players who purchased the Season 3 Ultra Edition or the Supreme Edition within a limited window received 18,000 "KI Gold" currency for use in the in-game store.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: A retail version of "Killer Instinct" was released on September 23, 2014. This physical release includes all the content included in the Season One Combo Breaker Pack, as well as early access to Season Two fighter T.J. Combo. A second retail release, "Killer Instinct: Definitive Edition" was released on September 20, 2016, for Xbox One. This release includes all the content and characters featured in the digital Supreme Edition bundle, along with additional behind-the-scenes content, a soundtrack disc, and early access to gold and silver character colors for Gargos. Following the release of "Definitive Edition" on Steam, all "Definitive Edition" owners received every downloadable skin pack and the Post-Season Three characters for free.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: An official arcade stick made by Mad Catz was released to coincide with the game's launch. Beginning in 2016, a series of collectible character figures was released by Ultimate Source, with each figure including a code to unlock an exclusive in-game color for their respective character. Dynamite Comics published a "Killer Instinct" comic book miniseries, written by Ian Edginton with art by Cam Adams. Set after the events of Season Three, the miniseries ran for six issues from September 2017 to April 2018. A trade paperback of all six issues was released on September 11, 2018.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: The soundtracks for Seasons One and Two were composed by Mick Gordon, and Season Three by Celldweller and Atlas Plug, based on the originals by Graeme Norgate and Robin Beanland. A double-album set, containing the official Season One soundtrack and the "Killer Cuts" album, was released digitally on October 14, 2014. A second double-album set, including the Season Two soundtrack and the "Killer Instinct Gold Cuts" album, was released on August 4, 2015. The soundtrack to Season Three was later released on October 25, 2016. Singles for the themes of Killgore, Shin Hisako and Eagle were released on August 25, 2017. A digital compilation of all the soundtracks was released via Steam on September 27, 2017, alongside the game's release on the platform.


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Season One received fairly positive reception at launch, scoring a 73/100 approval rating from aggregate review site Metacritic. Lucas Sullivan of "GamesRadar" called the gameplay "accessible enough for a newcomer while still providing the depth that the hardcore scene craves", while Vince Ingenito for "IGN" enjoyed it more than the original titles, calling it "fluid, deep, and well informed by the mistakes of its predecessors". Jeff Gerstmann of "Giant Bomb" stated that the game is "still ridiculous, the announcer still screams his head off, and the combos are wild... but actually executing KI's combos is a good time, too, making this download-only fighting game an exciting turnaround for the series". Chris Carter for "Destructoid" did not take issue with the game's new pricing model, calling it "a far cry from an abusive free-to-play scheme" yet still criticized the initial content at launch as "bare-bones". Anthony Severino, reviewing for Game Revolution concluded that "if only there were more of it across more characters that had a story, "Killer Instinct" would be gold".


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Season Two was more positively received, scoring 85/100 on Metacritic. Season Three was also similarly positively received with Patrick Hancock for Destructoid praising the new addition and overall, the development the game had made since its original release, stating that ""Killer Instinct" has slowly become one of the most competent fighters in the genre".


title: Killer Instinct (2013 video game)

text: Orchid's theme ("Touch Me and I'll Break Your Face") won 'Best Original Vocal Song: Pop' at the 12th Annual Game Audio Network Guild Awards.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: The Battle of Brovary was a military engagement during the Kyiv offensive of the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine for control of the suburb of Brovary, to the east of the capital city of Ukraine, Kyiv. Russian forces advanced west from southern Chernihiv Oblast and were engaged by Ukrainian forces. Control of the suburb was contested until Russian forces withdrew on 2 April 2022.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: On the evening of 9 March 2022, a column of Russian armored vehicles advanced into Brovary from the north via Highway M01. The column, consisting of the 6th and 239th Tank Regiments of the 90th Guards Tank Division, moved very slowly and included many highly outdated vehicles such as T-72 tanks, described as ill-suited to modern warfare by analysts. In addition, the convoy was headed by self-propelled artillery such as TOS-1, which were especially vulnerable targets.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: At a village near Brovary, Ukrainian forces saw an opportunity to ambush the Russian troops and attacked. Using artillery and antitank missiles, the Ukrainians disabled several tanks and armored personnel carriers. A Ukrainian soldier later stated that the ambushers initially targeted the first and last vehicles in the convoy to trap the rest in the middle. In this regard, the attack was not entirely successful, as the Ukrainians were unable to cut off the Russians' route of retreat. The Russian column suffered heavy losses and was forced to retreat. Ukrainian officials claimed that the commander of the 6th Tank Regiment, Colonel Andrei Zakharov, was killed in the skirmish. Some Russian soldiers reportedly fled on foot into the nearby woods and villages.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: Despite the retreat of the 90th Guards Tank Division, heavy fighting erupted in villages east of the ambush site, where fighting lasted for several days between Russian and Ukrainian troops. Russian survivors of the ambush shot civilians in the villages, suspecting them of aiding the local defenders.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: On 12 March, Russia claimed that its troops had disabled the Ukrainian military's main centre for communications and intelligence, located in Brovary. The mayor of Brovary, Ihor Sapozhko however stated "We are ready for them."


title: Battle of Brovary

text: On 29 March, Russia started to shell the Brovary area. A warehouse was set ablaze and nearby villages sustained heavy damage.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: On 30 March, Sapozhko stated that Ukrainian forces had pushed back Russian troops and recaptured the villages of Ploske, Svetilny, and Hrebelky, with ongoing clashes in Nova Basan.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: On 1 April, Ukraine claimed the recapture of the villages of Rudnya, Shevchenkove, Bobryk, Stara Basan, Nova Basan, Makiyivka, Pohreby, Bazhanivka, Volodymyrivka, Shnyakivka, Salne, Sofiyivka, and Havrylivka. Sapozhko claimed that Russian forces had "almost left" the entire Brovary district. With Ukrainian forces engaging in "mopping up" operations.


title: Battle of Brovary

text: On 2 April 2022 the whole of Kyiv Oblast, where Brovary is located in, was declared free of Russian troops by the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: The Outer Ring Road, officially as, Jawaharlal Nehru Outer Ring Road and abbreviated as, O.R.R., is a 158 kilometer, 8-lanes ring road expressway encircling Hyderabad, capital of the Indian state of Telangana. The expressway is designed for speeds up to 100 km/h. A large part, 124 km (covering urban nodes viz., Hi- Tech city, Nanakramguda Financial District, Rajiv Gandhi International Airport, IKP Knowledge park, Hardware Park, Telangana State Police Academy, Singapore Financial District, and Games village) of the 158-km was opened by December 2012.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: It gives an easy connectivity between NH 44, NH 65, NH 161, NH 765 and NH 163 from Hyderabad to Vijayawada and Warangal as well as state highways leading to Vikarabad Nagarjuna Sagar and Karimnagar /Mancherial. The Outer Ring Road also helps in reducing the travel time from Rajiv Gandhi International Airport to cities like Nizamabad & Adilabad as it connects to NH44. The expressway is fenced and 33 radial roads connect it with the Inner Ring Road, and the upcoming Regional Ring Road.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: Initially this project was taken up by HUDA (Hyderabad Urban Development Authority), through its internal funding without political intervention of state government.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: The ORR passes through the villages in Ranga Reddy and Sangareddy districts viz. Ghatkesar, Shamshabad, Tukkuguda, Kollur, Narsingi, Gachibowli, Patancheru, Bowrampet, Gowdavelli, Shamirpet, Pedda Amberpet, Bongloor and Medchal.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: The traffic studies on NH 44 and NH 65 concluded that a 4/6 lane road is due. The traffic movement on the existing inner ring road proved that the existing 4-lane road was inadequate. Due to the anticipated growth in the region and the development of proposed satellite townships around the ring road and beyond, an 8-lane carriageway was planned with a design life of 20 years.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: The conclusion was to develop a highway with access control provides highway grade separations or interchanges for all intersecting highways. Once it had been decided to develop the route as an expressway, all intersecting highways should be terminated, rerouted or provided with a grade separation. The proposed corridor was access-controlled and limited access was to be provided at National Highway/SHI Major road crossings. A 2-lane service roads designed to carry two-way traffic, were proposed on both sides of the corridor. Low level underpasses were to be provided for connecting both the service roads at every 1–2 km, where the terrain permits.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: The First Phase land required was , out of which the private land acquired was . The land required for Second Phase is about , of which the Govt. land is about . The estimated Cost of Acquisition was ₹250 Crores.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: Much before the outer ring road (ORR) became a ring road, it underwent several changes in the road alignments. Influential farmers and realtors changed the alignment to best serve their interests at the cost of small and marginal farmers.


title: Outer Ring Road, Hyderabad

text: The High Court of Andhra Pradesh passed a landmark judgement on 9 September 2010 in which the land acquisition proceedings were quashed for various reasons.


Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast is a 2015 American computer-animated fantasy film directed by Steve Loter. It is the sixth and final installment in the "Tinker Bell" film series, based on the character Tinker Bell from J. M. Barrie's "Peter and Wendy". This was the final feature film to be produced by Disneytoon Studios three years before its closure on June 28, 2018. It is also the last of the Direct to video Disney sequels after a 21-year-long run.


title: Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast

text: Mae Whitman, Lucy Liu, Raven-Symoné, Megan Hilty, Pamela Adlon, and Anjelica Huston reprise their roles of Tinker Bell, Silvermist, Iridessa, Rosetta, Vidia and Queen Clarion. Ginnifer Goodwin joins the cast, replacing Angela Bartys as the voice of Fawn in this film, Rosario Dawson joins the cast as new character Nyx. Singer Mel B also joins the cast as new character Fury in the British release while Danai Gurira voices her in the American release.


text: Fawn is reprimanded by Queen Clarion for an incident involving a baby hawk the former kept from everyone. After helping the baby hawk return to its rightful home, Fawn hears an unfamiliar roar and upon investigation, she finds a massive, unusual creature lying in a cave beneath the earth. Fawn tries to help the beast, during which, she discovers that the beast is not vicious and is moving some rocks for building purposes. Fawn stays to observe the beast, which she names Gruff, and helps it build some structures around Pixie Hollow, but has no idea why it was doing so.


text: Meanwhile, an ambitious scout fairy named Nyx investigates the situation, researching in the library to find out what she's up against. Using some information gathered from several torn pages of an undisclosed animal book, she discovers that Gruff is a creature that awakens about once every millennium when he will transform into a terrifying beast that could destroy Pixie Hollow with a mysterious series of events that culminate in a deadly storm.


text: Fawn reveals Gruff to her friends and explains that he is actually friendly. She wants to show him to Queen Clarion and reveal the truth about him, but after Nyx beats her to the Queen, Fawn decides not to tell her about the beast. Queen Clarion urges both Fawn and Nyx to work together and "do the right thing" regarding the protection of Pixie Hollow. As such, Fawn sets out to relocate and keep Gruff from the Scouts, while Nyx is determined to capture him and prevent the impending storm.


text: The next day, before Fawn could move him, Gruff disappears and indeed transforms into the monster depicted in the fairy lore, growing wings and horns. Fawn and Tinker Bell set out to find him before the Scouts do. Tinker Bell finds him first but he doesn't seem to recognize her. He turns and accidentally knocks Tinker Bell away, knocking her unconscious. Fawn finds Tinker Bell and lures Gruff to be captured by Nyx and the other Scouts, grieved by the fact that Nyx was right. Tinker Bell wakes up and explains that Gruff saved her from getting crushed by a falling tree. Fawn realizes she misunderstood the whole thing and sets off to free Gruff with some of their friends.


text: Tinker Bell, Fawn and their friends successfully free Gruff, and though he is weak from the ordeal of being captured, he and Fawn start the defensive ritual. Gruff redirects and takes in lightning from the crumbling towers, but Nyx destroys the last one before Gruff can get to it. As the incoming lightning strikes ravage Pixie Hollow, Gruff saves Nyx who finally sees the truth about him.


text: With no time to rebuild the towers, Fawn leads Gruff into the eye of the storm where he absorbs every single lightning strike, ending the storm. Despite the success of the new plan, Fawn is seemingly killed. As Gruff mourns her, the lightning he absorbed makes a spark which revives the fairy.


text: For the next few days, Gruff helps rebuild Pixie Hollow until the time when he must hibernate arrives. The fairies sadly guide him to his cave in a sendoff ceremony and try to make his slumber as comfortable as possible, while Fawn passes on his legend to future generations of fairies.


text: The film was released theatrically in selected markets including the United Kingdom on December 12, 2014. In the United States, it had a limited theatrical release, opening on January 30, 2015, at the El Capitan Theatre for a 13-day engagement, and was released direct-to-video on March 3, 2015.


text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a rating of 75%, based on 20 reviews, with an average rating of 5.59/10. Metacritic reports a 52 out of 100 rating, based on 5 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


text: In addition to "Tinker Bell and the Legend of the NeverBeast", Disney also had plans for a seventh and eighth film. In 2014, "The Hollywood Reporter" stated that the seventh film was cancelled due to story problems. The title of the film and the release date was unknown. In addition, Disneytoon Studios was closed on June 28, 2018.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Reverse psychology is a technique involving the assertion of a belief or behavior that is opposite to the one desired, with the expectation that this approach will encourage the subject of the persuasion to do what is actually desired. This technique relies on the psychological phenomenon of reactance, in which a person has a negative emotional reaction to being persuaded, and thus chooses the option which is being advocated against. This may work especially well on a person who is resistant by nature, while direct requests work best for people who are compliant. The one being manipulated is usually unaware of what is really going on.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Susan Fowler writes, "Beware that such strategies [of reverse psychology] can backfire. Children can sense manipulation a mile away." She instead recommends leading by example.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Reverse psychology is often used on children due to their high tendency to respond with reactance, a desire to restore threatened freedom of action. Questions have, however been raised about such an approach when it is more than merely instrumental, in the sense that "reverse psychology implies a clever manipulation of the misbehaving child"


title: Reverse psychology

text: The psychology professor John Gottman advises against using reverse psychology on teens on the presumption that they will rebel, stating that "such strategies are confusing, manipulative, dishonest, and they rarely work." A typical example of using reverse psychology among adolescents is a parent openly disapproving of their child's romantic relationship, with the objective being to encourage the pursuit of the opposite behavior.


title: Reverse psychology

text: This psychological approach has proven to be particularly effective with adolescents as many of these are prone to rebellious tendencies and will frequently behave in a manner antithetical to the advice of well-meaning authority figures.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Reverse psychology can fall under many different psychological influence techniques. Reverse psychology is sometimes referred to as psychological reactance, the aroused state that occurs when freedom is threatened or eliminated. The higher stake or more freedoms that are threatened, the more arousal that can be expected. People prefer to be free to select what they like. When that freedom is taken away, they are motivated to restore it. Psychological reactance can be better explained as the idea that an item will be wanted more if people are told they cannot have it, which can relate to reverse psychology on some levels. Another influence technique that relates to reverse psychology is strategic self-anticonformity. Strategic self-anticonformity is when a person advocates a position opposite of their true thought while hiding the fact that they are using a persuasion tactic. A typical example of such is marketing techniques or tricks such as ""do not click this link"" or ""do not push this button"." Strategic self-anticonformity and psychological reactance relate to their expected negativity or disagreeableness from their influence target.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Closely associated with reverse psychology in psychotherapy is the technique of "the "Paradoxical intervention"...This technique has also been called 'prescribing the symptom' and 'antisuggestion. The therapist frames their message so that resistance to it promotes change.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Such interventions "can have a similar impact as humor in helping clients cast their problems in a new light...By going "with", not against, the client's resistance, the therapist makes the behavior less attractive". This is referred to as reframing. This means pretending to agree with clients' thoughts and beliefs; reaffirming them out loud to make the clients themselves realize their fallibility.


title: Reverse psychology

text: In personal interpersonal relationships, reverse psychology can be implemented from two perspectives. On the one hand, it can be used as a manipulative "persuasion tactic" in a negative fashion. Alternatively, it can also be used as a helpful method to benefit relationships


title: Reverse psychology

text: Psychology is another word to refer to "perception, analyzing and focusing on other people's decisions." Throughout history, this has been utilized in many ways. A common one would be games. In certain card games, the idea is to make the person focus on the REVERSE of what they think they are paying attention to.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Modern marketing and advertising strategies use similar techniques. Although these studies have not been consistently shown in laboratory settings, and the results are often inconclusive, reverse psychology is often considered a controversial topic, and results from experiments are not always consistent. Nevertheless, it has still profoundly impacted how we study perception in psychology and behavior."""


title: Reverse psychology

text: "In a world where it is expected that all things should be available ... less availability" has emerged as a new selling point: "by engaging in such a restricted anti-marketing ploy, the brand has won kudos." The result can be "what the Japanese call a secret brand ... no regular retail outlets, no catalog, no web presence apart from a few cryptic mentions ... people like it because it's almost impossible to find". Such an example of a brand is Cayce Pollard's "The Gabriel Hounds".


title: Reverse psychology

text: Theodor Adorno and Max Horkheimer characterized the effect of the culture industry as "psychoanalysis in reverse". Their analysis began with the dialectic which operated in Germany when heirs of the Romantic movement became seekers of "Strength through Joy", only to have their movement co-opted by a combination of the mass media and National Socialism. A modern example begins with the "fitness and jogging" boom in the United States in the 1970s. The "running craze" at the Boston Marathon and in California, dialectically, was the thesis that one did not have to be "Rocky" in a sweaty gym to be physically fit, and that body acceptance was the key to effective aerobic training. The culture industry responded to the thesis with major advertising campaigns from Calvin Klein and others, using images featuring exceptionally toned models. People compared themselves to these models, which created a sense of competition, and many high school students avoid jogging because of the resultant body shame.


title: Reverse psychology

text: The culture industry mass-produces standardized material. This would not be dangerous if the material was meaningless, but it frequently offers and reinforces ideals and norms representing implied criticism of those who fail to match up. Empirical studies show that mass culture products can lower confidence and self-esteem, and cause humiliation among men and women whose particular characteristics fall outside the normalized range for appearance, behaviour, religion, ethnicity, etc. Similarly, advertising frequently seeks to create a need to buy by showing differences between "actual" and "ideal" situations. The intention is usually to induce dissatisfaction with the present situation and to induce expectations of satisfaction through the acquisition of products that will transform the actual reality into the idealized reality. Hence, if the peer group buys, all those who cannot afford the products will feel additional unhappiness and frustration until they eventually join the group. Thus, sometimes the process of advocacy for one outcome intends to produce the opposite outcome as the motivation for purchase.


title: Reverse psychology

text: However, more often than not, the cause and effect are unintended. Marxist logic applied to the culture industry indicates that it is, "per se", a dialectic in which declining profit margins and increasing costs make investors anxious for "sure things". Repeating winning formulas and stereotyping create the lowest common denominator products with the lowest costs. But the less creative the input, the more likely it becomes that roles will be cast in ways that match, rather than challenge, common prejudices which can inadvertently (or quite deliberately) damage the esteem of those in the marginalized groups.


title: Reverse psychology

text: Classic examples of reverse psychology in popular culture include a large, bright red button with a sign next to it saying "Do not push", or a sign saying "Jump at your own risk".


title: Reverse psychology

text: There are numerous examples of reverse psychology in fiction, cinema, and cartoons, including William Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar" where Mark Antony uses reverse psychology to get the townspeople to cause a riot. Mark Antony pretends to side with Brutus by complimenting his deeds which have led to Caesar's murder, while actually inciting the crowd's anger.


title: Reverse psychology

text: In one of Joel Chandler Harris's Uncle Remus stories, Br'er Rabbit escaped from Br'er Fox by repeatedly pleading "Please, Br'er Fox, don't fling me in that briar patch." "The fox did so, which allowed the rabbit to escape: The Rabbit used 'reverse psychology' to outsmart the Fox."


title: Reverse psychology

text: In Edgar Allan Poe's "The Cask of Amontillado", Montresor uses reverse psychology to persuade Fortunato to enter his vaults. He says that Fortunato is too tired and should get some rest and that he should find someone else to help him with his wine tasting problem. Montresor knew that Fortunato would disagree and insisted on entering the vault, leading him into his death by immurement.


title: Reverse psychology

text: The Swedish fictional character Alfie Atkins uses reverse psychology in the children's book "You're a Sly One, Alfie Atkins!" from 1977. He exaggerates his own childishness in order to convince his older cousins to sit at the grown-up table.


title: Reverse psychology

text: One of the most famous examples of reverse psychology in popular culture is a gag in the "Looney Tunes" cartoon "Rabbit Fire". While Bugs Bunny and Daffy Duck are arguing over whether it's Duck Season or Rabbit Season, Bugs suddenly switches sides and says "Rabbit Season", throwing Daffy off and resulting in him arguing for Duck Season, and getting himself shot.


title: Reverse psychology

text: In the 1988 film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit", Eddie Valiant, in order to save Roger from being executed by Judge Doom, tricks him into drinking liquor (which Roger is allergic to) by using reverse psychology. It is done in the same manner as the "Looney Tunes" example above, and it's most likely a reference.


title: Reverse psychology

text: In the 1992 Disney film "Aladdin", the titular character, upon freeing the Genie from the lamp, uses reverse psychology to trick the Genie into freeing him from the Cave of Wonders, without using one of his three wishes to do so.


title: Reverse psychology

text: A popular example of reverse psychology in media is the release of Queen's hit song "Bohemian Rhapsody". Upon release, the band was told the song was too long to ever be played on the radio, running at 5 minutes and 55 seconds. To overcome this, the band gave the song to Kenny Everett of Capital Radio and made him promise not to play it. Everett in fact did play the song, and the band's plan worked, with the song becoming number one on the UK singles chart for nine weeks.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: New York City is home to one of the largest LGBTQ populations in the world and the most prominent. Brian Silverman, the author of "Frommer's New York City from $90 a Day," wrote the city has "one of the world's largest, loudest, and most powerful LGBT communities", and "Gay and lesbian culture is as much a part of New York's basic identity as yellow cabs, high-rise buildings, and Broadway theatre". LGBT travel guide "Queer in the World" states, "The fabulosity of Gay New York is unrivaled on Earth, and queer culture seeps into every corner of its five boroughs". LGBT advocate and entertainer Madonna stated metaphorically, “Anyways, not only is New York City the best place in the world because of the queer people here. Let me tell you something, if you can make it here, then you must be queer.”


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In 2022, comedian Jerrod Carmichael joked, "That's actually why I live here...if you say you're gay in New York, you can ride the bus for free and they just give you free pizza. If you say you're gay in New York, you get to host "Saturday Night Live". This is the gayest thing you can possibly do. We're basically in an Andy Warhol fever dream right now." In 2022, New York City Mayor Eric Adams announced a billboard campaign to woo Floridians


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: to a significantly more supportive environment for LGBTQ+ residents in New York. LGBT Americans in New York City constitute the largest self-identifying lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender communities by a significant margin in the United States, and the 1969 Stonewall riots in Greenwich Village are widely considered to be the genesis of the modern gay rights movement. The New York metropolitan area has an estimated 756,000 LGBTQ+ residents - the most in the United States, including the largest transgender population in the United States, estimated at 50,000 in 2018, concentrated in Manhattan and Queens.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Charles Kaiser, author of "The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America", wrote that in the era after World War II, "New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from both within and without the United States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame." Comedian Jerrod Carmichael joked, "That's actually why I live here...if you say you're gay in New York, you can ride the bus for free and they just give you free pizza. if you say you're gay in New York, you get to host "Saturday Night Live". This is the gayest thing you can possibly do. We're basically in an Andy Warhol fever dream right now." In 2022, New York City Mayor Eric Adams announced a billboard campaign to woo Floridians


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53 Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by the Genovese crime family. In 1966, three members of the Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub for heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff; the Stonewall Inn had no liquor license. It had no running water behind the bar—used glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused. There were no fire exits, and the toilets overran consistently. Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other "cash transactions" took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed; dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by a bouncer who inspected them through a peephole in the door. The legal drinking age was 18, and to avoid unwittingly letting in undercover police (who were called "Lily Law", "Alice Blue Gown", or "Betty Badge"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman, or look gay. The entrance fee on weekends was $3, for which the customer received two tickets that could be exchanged for two drinks. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private "bottle club", but rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall; the interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights or black lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In the rear of the bar was a smaller room frequented by ""queens""; it was one of two bars where effeminate men who wore makeup and teased their hair (though dressed in men's clothing) could go. Only a few transvestites, or men in full drag, were allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were "98 percent male" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearby Christopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks. The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties, and the racial mix was evenly distributed among white, Black, and Hispanic patrons. Because of its even mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized. Bar management usually knew about raids beforehand due to police tip-offs, and raids occurred early enough in the evening that business could commence after the police had finished.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: During a typical raid, the lights were turned on, and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used their draft cards as identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing, and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Employees and management of the bars were also typically arrested. The period immediately before June 28, 1969, was marked by frequent raids of local bars—including a raid at the Stonewall Inn on the Tuesday before the riots—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn was the first landmark in New York City to be recognized by the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on the basis of its status in LGBT history, and on June 24, 2016, the Stonewall National Monument was named the first U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform, and Detective Charles Smythe and Deputy Inspector Seymour Pine arrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced "Police! We're taking the place!" Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom. According to Duberman (p. 194), there was a rumor that one might happen, but since it was much later than raids generally took place, Stonewall management thought the tip was inaccurate. Days after the raid, one of the bar owners complained that the tipoff had never come, and that the raid was ordered by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, who objected that there were no stamps on the liquor bottles, indicating the alcohol was bootlegged.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Historian David Carter presents information indicating that the Mafia owners of the Stonewall and the manager were blackmailing wealthier customers, particularly those who worked in Lower Manhattan's Financial District. They appeared to be making more money from extortion than they were from liquor sales in the bar. Carter deduces that when the police were unable to receive kickbacks from blackmail and the theft of negotiable bonds (facilitated by pressuring gay Wall Street customers), they decided to close the Stonewall Inn permanently.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Two undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen had entered the bar earlier that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once inside, they called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 205 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. As Michael Fader remembered,


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification, and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their gender, upon which any men dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. Maria Ritter, then known as Steve to her family, recalled, "My biggest fear was that I would get arrested. My second biggest fear was that my picture would be in a newspaper or on a television report in my mother's dress!" Both patrons and police recalled that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, spurred by police who began to assault some of the lesbians by "feeling some of them up inappropriately" while frisking them.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Despite playing a significant role in fighting for LGBT equality during the period of the Stonewall Riots and thereafter the transgender community in New York City had previously felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. Since then, and especially during the 21st century, New York City's transgender community has grown in size and prominence, reaching an estimated 50,000 in 2018. Brooklyn Liberation March, the largest transgender rights demonstration in LGBTQ history, took place on June 14, 2020 stretching from Grand Army Plaza to Fort Greene, Brooklyn, focused on supporting Black transgender lives.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: On June 25, 2017, the day of 2017 New York City Pride March festivities, New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the artist Anthony Goicolea had been chosen to design the first official monument to LGBT individuals commissioned by the State of New York – in contrast to the Stonewall National Monument, which was commissioned by the U.S. federal government. The State monument is planned to be built in Hudson River Park in Manhattan, near the waterfront Hudson River piers which have served as historically significant symbols of New York's role as a meeting place and a safe haven for LGBT communities.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In 2022, the LGBT community in New York City became the epicenter of the monkeypox outbreak in the Western Hemisphere. New York Governor Kathy Hochul and New York City Mayor Eric Adams declared corresponding public health emergencies in the state and city, respectively, in July 2022.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: New York City has been estimated to have become home to over 270,000 self-identifying gay and bisexual individuals, higher than San Francisco and Los Angeles combined.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: "Lonely Planet New York City" stated that of the demographics, the city's LGBT population has "one of the largest disposable incomes", encompassing professionals including physicians, attorneys, engineers, scientists, financiers, and journalists, as well as those in the entertainment industry, fashion design, and realty. Conversely, New York City is also a highly popular LGBT tourist destination, and the city actively courts LGBTQ tourism.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Chelsea in Manhattan has become a focal point of gay socialization. The Christopher Street area of the West Village portion of Greenwich Village in Manhattan was the historical hub of gay life in New York City and continues to be a cultural center for the LGBT experience. The East Village/Lower East Side area of Manhattan is also a gayborhood. Hell's Kitchen and Morningside Heights are additional Manhattan neighborhoods which have developed a significant LGBT presence of their own.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The Manhattan neighborhoods of Greenwich Village and Harlem were home to a sizable homosexual population after World War I, when men and women who had served in the military took advantage of the opportunity to settle in larger cities. The enclaves of gays and lesbians, described by a newspaper story as "short-haired women and long-haired men", developed a distinct subculture through the following two decades.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Prohibition inadvertently benefited gay establishments, as drinking alcohol was pushed underground along with other behaviors considered immoral. New York City passed laws against homosexuality in public and private businesses, but because alcohol was in high demand, speakeasies and impromptu drinking establishments were so numerous and temporary that authorities were unable to police them all. However, police raids happened, resulting in their closure, such as the Eve's Hangout at 129 MacDougal Street, after the deportation of Eva Kotchever for obscenity.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The social repression of the 1950s resulted in a cultural revolution in Greenwich Village. A cohort of poets, later named the Beat poets, wrote about the evils of the social organization at the time, glorifying anarchy, drugs, and hedonistic pleasures over unquestioning social compliance, consumerism, and closed mindedness. Of them, Allen Ginsberg and William S. Burroughs—both Greenwich Village residents—also wrote bluntly and honestly about homosexuality. Their writings attracted sympathetic liberal-minded people, as well as homosexuals looking for a community.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: By the early 1960s, a campaign to rid New York City of gay bars was in full effect by order of Mayor Robert F. Wagner, Jr., who was concerned about the image of the city in preparation for the 1964 World's Fair. The city revoked the liquor licenses of the bars, and undercover police officers worked to entrap as many homosexual men as possible. Entrapment usually consisted of an undercover officer who found a man in a bar or public park, engaged him in conversation; if the conversation headed toward the possibility that they might leave together—or the officer bought the man a drink—he was arrested for solicitation. One story in the "New York Post" described an arrest in a gym locker room, where the officer grabbed his crotch, moaning, and a man who asked him if he was all right was arrested. Few lawyers would defend cases as undesirable as these, and some of those lawyers kicked back their fees to the arresting officer. The annual New York Halloween Parade in Greenwich Village is the world's largest Halloween parade, and has its roots in New York’s queer community, standing in as an expression of LGBT pride, before the formal NYC Pride March was born.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The Mattachine Society succeeded in getting newly elected Mayor John Lindsay to end the campaign of police entrapment in New York City. They had a more difficult time with the New York State Liquor Authority (SLA). While no laws prohibited serving homosexuals, courts allowed the SLA discretion in approving and revoking liquor licenses for businesses that might become "disorderly". Despite the high population of gays and lesbians who called Greenwich Village home, very few places existed, other than bars, where they were able to congregate openly without being harassed or arrested. In 1966, the New York Mattachine held a "sip-in" at a Greenwich Village bar named Julius, which was frequented by gay men, to illustrate the discrimination homosexuals faced.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: None of the bars frequented by gays and lesbians were owned by gay people in the 1960s. Almost all of them were owned and controlled by organized crime, who treated the regulars poorly, watered down the liquor, and overcharged for drinks. However, they also paid off police to prevent frequent raids.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Greenwich Village contained the world's oldest gay and lesbian bookstore, Oscar Wilde Bookshop, founded in 1967 but permanently closed in 2009 citing the recession and the rise of online booksellers. The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center – best known as simply "The Center" – has occupied the former Food & Maritime Trades High School at 208 West 13th Street since 1984. In 2006, the Village was the scene of an assault involving seven lesbians and a straight man that sparked appreciable media attention, with strong statements both defending and attacking the parties. In June 2015, thousands gathered in front of the Stonewall Inn to celebrate the ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court affirming same-sex marriage in all fifty U.S. states, while in June 2016, thousands gathered similarly in vigil for the Orlando Pulse Nightclub massacre.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In February 2017, thousands protested at the Stonewall National Monument against the proposed policies of the administration of U.S. president Donald J. Trump affecting both LGBTQ individuals and international immigrants, including those holding the intersection of these identities. In June 2019, the New York City Commission on Human Rights partnered with MasterCard International to commemorate the Stonewall 50 - WorldPride NYC 2019 milestone by planting a new street sign pan-inclusive for sexual orientations and gender identities at the intersection of Gay Street and Christopher Street in the West Village, and renaming that portion of Gay Street as "Acceptance Street".


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Chelsea is one of the most gay-friendly neighborhoods in New York City. In the 1990s, many gay people moved to the Chelsea neighborhood from the Greenwich Village neighborhood as a less expensive alternative; subsequent to this movement, house prices in Chelsea have increased dramatically to rival the West Village area of Greenwich Village.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The same phenomenon of gentrification in Greenwich Village which created a gayborhood in Chelsea, has in turn spawned a new gayborhood in the Hell's Kitchen neighborhood on the West Side of Midtown Manhattan, just uptown, or north, of Chelsea, as gentrification has taken hold in Chelsea itself. The Metropolitan Community Church of New York, geared toward the LGBT community, is located in Hell's Kitchen.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Brooklyn is home to a large and growing number of same-sex couples. Same-sex marriages in New York were legalized on June 24, 2011, and were authorized to take place beginning 30 days thereafter. The Park Slope neighborhood spearheaded the popularity of Brooklyn among lesbians, and Prospect Heights has an LGBT residential presence. Numerous neighborhoods have since become home to LGBT communities.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Adjacent Elmhurst and Jackson Heights, Queens, are focal hubs for the transgender community of New York City and collectively constitute the largest transgender hub in the world. The Queens Pride Parade is held in Jackson Heights each year. Astoria has an emerging LGBT presence. Queens is also becoming a destination for LGBT individuals priced out of still more expensive housing in Brooklyn.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The NYC LGBT Historic Sites Project maps New York City's LGBT history, neighborhood by neighborhood; placing the city's LGBT history in a geographical context. Its interactive map features neighborhood sites important to NYC LGBT history in fields such as the arts, literature, and social justice, in addition to important gathering spaces, such as bars, clubs, and community centers.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: As the LGBTQ community has achieved higher socioeconomic status and greater political clout over the decades, it has moved beyond the boundaries of New York City and spread out across the New York metropolitan area. Westchester County in particular has spawned several gay villages concomitantly with hipster villages, notably in Hastings-on-Hudson, Dobbs Ferry, Irvington, and Tarrytown. The neighboring Fire Island communities of Cherry Grove and Fire Island Pines constitute the largest gay enclave on Long Island, followed by The Hamptons. Gayborhoods have also emerged across the Hudson River from Manhattan in the U.S. state of New Jersey, in Asbury Park, Maplewood, Montclair, and Lambertville. Trenton, the state capital of New Jersey, elected Reed Gusciora, its first openly gay mayor, in 2018.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In June 2018, suburban Maplewood, New Jersey, unveiled permanent rainbow-colored crosswalks to celebrate LGBTQ pride, a feature displayed by only a few other towns in the world, including Rahway, New Jersey, which unveiled its own rainbow-colored crosswalks in June 2019. In January 2019, New Jersey Governor Phil Murphy signed legislation mandating LGBTQ-inclusive educational curriculum in schools. In February 2019, New Jersey began allowing a neutral or non-binary gender choice on birth certificates, while New York City already had this provision.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Politics in New York City are mainly liberal. Rosenberg and Dunford stated that this political standpoint had historically been "generally beneficial to the gay community".


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In New York City, New York City Republican Party political administrations actively court LGBT voters. LGBT voters were 3.4% of New York City's electorate in 1989.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In the mid-1970s, LGBT participation in New York City politics began. In the 1977 Mayor of New York City elections, Edward Koch was the preferred candidate; there had been speculation that Koch was homosexual. However, Koch associated with religious figures opposed to homosexuality and did not pass LGBT civil rights bills, and therefore in 1981, Frank Barbaro became the candidate favored by the LGBT political groups.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In the 1985 mayoral election, Koch had almost no support; Donald P. Haider-Markel, the author of "Gay and Lesbian Americans and Political Participation: A Reference Handbook", wrote that Koch's "actions on AIDS seemed inadequate at best". In the 1989 mayoral election, David Dinkins received support from the LGBT community. Since then, every mayor has received support from the LGBT community, which included Rudy Giuliani and Mike Bloomberg.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Jimmy Van Bramer, the Majority Leader of the New York City Council in 2017, is an openly gay politician from Queens who has served in the City Council for over six years. Van Bramer was one of seven openly LGBT members of the New York City Council , alongside Rosie Mendez, Corey Johnson, Ritchie Torres, James Vacca, Daniel Dromm and Carlos Menchaca. Christine Quinn served as Speaker of the New York City Council between 2006 and 2013. Carlos Menchaca also became the first Mexican-American member of the New York City Council when elected in November 2013.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: In June 2019, in celebration of LGBT Pride Month, Governor Andrew Cuomo ordered the LGBT pride flag to be raised over the New York State Capitol for the first time in New York State history.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: New York City publishes its "LGBTQ Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Transgender & Queer Guide of Services and Resources".


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: The Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual & Transgender Community Center is located on West 13th Street in the West Village, Lower Manhattan.


title: LGBT culture in New York City

text: Services & Advocacy for GLBT Elders (SAGE) is the country's largest and oldest organization dedicated to improving the lives of lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender people. SAGE is located at 305 Seventh Avenue, 15th Floor NYC, NY 10001. SAGE has expanded throughout New York City, with additional centers now located in Harlem, the Bronx, Brooklyn, and Staten Island.