title: Dr. Alban

text: Dr. Alban founded his own record label "Dr. Records", whereon he released his 1996 album "Born in Africa". The album was unable to match the success of his previous releases. It only reached No.12 in Finland, while it peaked at No.37 in Switzerland and Sweden, No.52 in Germany, and No.41 in Austria. The single "Born in Africa" went to number 1 in Finland.


title: Dr. Alban

text: In 1997, Alban released the compilation album "The Very Best of 1990–1997", which only charted in Austria, Sweden, and Germany. The same year, the artist also released the studio album "Believe", which peaked at No.27 in Sweden, No.30 in Finland, and No.41 in Austria. In late 1998, Dr. Alban released a single with German-based artist Sash!, entitled "Colour the World", which experienced moderate chart success in Europe.


title: Dr. Alban

text: In 2000, Alban released the single "What Do I Do", which charted only in Sweden at No.43; it spent only two weeks on the charts there. The album "Prescription" was a flop as it failed to chart anywhere.


title: Dr. Alban

text: In 2007, after years of absence from the music scene, Dr. Alban released the studio album "Back to Basics". It was sold on the internet only through Dr. Alban's official website. In Russia, however, physical CDs and cassettes were released.


title: Dr. Alban

text: In 2010, Alban collaborated once again with Sash! to produce a remake of "Hello Afrika", "Hello South Afrika", dedicated to the 2010 FIFA World Cup. It was followed by a single consisting of 16 remixes.


title: Dr. Alban

text: On 15 February 2014 at the Scandinavium arena in Gothenburg, Dr. Alban teamed up with Jessica Folcker and arrived in fifth place in the third heat of Melodifestivalen 2014, with the song "Around the World", to win the right to represent Sweden at the Eurovision Song Contest 2014 in Copenhagen, Denmark.


title: Dr. Alban

text: In May 2020, Alban released the song "Hello Sverige" (in Swedish) to encourage the population of Sweden to respect social distancing measures put in place to counteract the COVID-19 pandemic. The next month, he released an English version titled "Hello Nations". The song is another remake of his classic hit "Hello Afrika".


title: Dr. Alban

text: In June 2020, Alban released the single "Drama", also in Swedish, in collaboration with singer Folkhemmet. The song talks about Alban's long-running acrimonious relationship with Swedish tabloid journalists.


title: Dr. Alban

text: Alban met his future wife, Swedish teacher Katrine Hermansson, in 2004, through footballer Tomas Brolin. The couple had two daughters together, Jane (2005) and Julia (2008). The relationship ended in 2021. Since his divorce, Alban has continued to live in Stockholm.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Alport syndrome is a genetic disorder affecting around 1 in 5,000-10,000 children, characterized by glomerulonephritis, end-stage kidney disease, and hearing loss. Alport syndrome can also affect the eyes, though the changes do not usually affect vision, except when changes to the lens occur in later life. Blood in urine is universal. Proteinuria is a feature as kidney disease progresses.


title: Alport syndrome

text: The disorder was first identified in a British family by the physician Cecil A. Alport in 1927. Alport syndrome once also had the label hereditary nephritis, but this is misleading as there are many other causes of hereditary kidney disease and 'nephritis'.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Alport syndrome is caused by an inherited defect in type IV collagen—a structural material that is needed for the normal function of different parts of the body. Since type IV collagen is found in the ears, eyes, and kidneys, this explains why Alport syndrome affects different seemingly unrelated parts of the body (ears, eyes, kidneys, etc.).


title: Alport syndrome

text: Depending on where the mutation is located in the genome, Alport syndrome can present itself in many forms. This includes X-linked Alport syndrome (XLAS), autosomal recessive Alport syndrome (ARAS), and autosomal dominant Alport syndrome (ADAS).


title: Alport syndrome

text: These descriptions refer to 'classic' Alport syndrome, which usually causes significant disease from young adult or late childhood life. Some individuals, usually with milder mutations or 'carrier' status, develop disease later, or show only some of the features of classic disease.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Blood in urine is a usual feature of Alport syndrome from early infancy, identifiable on urine dipsticks. In young children, episodes of visible (macroscopic) haematuria may occur. Protein begins to appear in urine as the disease progresses. This is now regarded as an indication for treatment with ACE inhibitors. Progressive loss of kidney function (reflected clinically by increases in serum creatinine or decreases in estimated glomerular filtration rate) can occur and may require treatment with renal replacement: dialysis or a kidney transplant.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Alport syndrome can also cause hearing loss although some patients are not affected. Hearing in Alport syndrome patients is normal at birth. Hearing loss in affected patients develops progressively, usually at the stage when kidney function is normal, but there is substantial proteinuria. However, in some patients, hearing loss is only noted after kidney function has been lost. Characteristically the early changes are reduced ability to hear high-frequency sounds, 'sensorineural deafness'. This becomes more severe and affects lower frequencies too. Hearing loss is not usually complete in Alport syndrome; good communication is almost always possible with the use of hearing aids.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Various eye abnormalities are often seen including lenticonus, keratoconus, cataracts and corneal erosion as well as retinal flecks in the macula and mid-periphery. These rarely threaten vision. Lenticonus (cone-shaped lens) can be treated by replacement of the lens, as for cataracts. Mild keratoconus can be managed with hard, scleral, piggy-back or other specialty medical contact lenses; progressive cases may be halted with corneal collagen cross linking; and severe cases may require a corneal transplant. Macular abnormalities such as incomplete foveal hypoplasia or staircase foveopathy are common in Alport syndrome.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Diffuse leiomyomatosis of the oesophagus and tracheobronchial tree has been reported in some families with Alport syndrome. Symptoms usually appear in late childhood and include dysphagia, postprandial vomiting, substernal or epigastric pain, recurrent bronchitis, dyspnea, cough, and stridor. Leiomyomatosis is confirmed by computed tomography (CT) scanning or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).


title: Alport syndrome

text: Aortic dissection has been described very rarely in patients with early-onset disease. Leiomyomas, tumours of smooth muscle affecting the oesophagus and female genital tract, may occur in a rare overlap syndrome involving the adjacent "COL4A5" and "COL4A6" genes.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Alport syndrome is caused by mutations in "COL"4A3, "COL4A4", and "COL4A5", three of six human genes involved in basement membrane (type IV) collagen biosynthesis. Mutations in any of these genes prevent the proper production or assembly of the specialised type IV collagen '345' network which is an important structural component of basement membranes in the kidney, inner ear, and eye. It is also found in other locations, including the alveoli of the lungs. Basement membranes are thin, sheet-like structures that separate and support cells in many tissues. Type IV collagen '112' type is found in both vertebrates and invertebrates and is the major isoform in most human basement membranes. When mutations prevent the formation of 345 type IV collagen network in the glomerulus, the 112 network, which is formed in fetal development but usually replaced by 345, persists into adult life.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Alport syndrome can have different inheritance patterns depending on which specific mutation is present.


title: Alport syndrome

text: To be helpful, kidney biopsies need to be taken before the disease is too advanced. Changes on conventional (light) microscopy are not characteristic, and the possibility of other diagnoses, particularly focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS), may be raised. Electron microscopy shows a characteristic sequence of changes from thinning of the glomerular basement membrane (GBM), developing into areas of thinning and thickening, and finally into a complex appearance with apparent splitting, often described as a 'basketweave' appearance. Early or very localised changes on this spectrum are not diagnostic, but the later changes are considered diagnostic.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Immunohistochemistry or immunofluorescence studies to identify the COL3-4-5 proteins in GBM can be helpful. However, these studies may be normal in some patients with Alport syndrome, especially milder variants.


title: Alport syndrome

text: The skin contains type IV collagen in a '556' network. Skin biopsies have been used to show the absence of the "COL4A5" gene product, but these techniques are not straightforward, only apply to patients with severe "COL4A5" mutations, and are not widely available. Genetic testing is now a better alternative if kidney biopsy is not possible.


title: Alport syndrome

text: A family history of end-stage renal disease with hearing impairment is suggestive of Alport syndrome, but other conditions can cause this combination of abnormalities. Most can be distinguished by clinical features. The finding of haematuria in relatives is suggestive.


title: Alport syndrome

text: While X-linked inheritance is the most common pattern, genetic testing is revealing that atypical presentations may be more common than currently thought.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Genetic testing plays an increasingly important role in confirming the diagnosis where the clinical features do not amount to proof.


title: Alport syndrome

text: The use of eye examinations for screening has been proposed. Other tests may include a urine or blood test.


title: Alport syndrome

text: In addition to measures for chronic kidney disease (CKD) of any cause, there is evidence that ACE inhibitors can slow the deterioration of kidney function in Alport syndrome, delaying the need for dialysis or transplantation. The development of proteinuria has been recommended as an indication for commencing treatment.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Once kidney failure has developed, patients usually do well on dialysis or with a kidney transplant. Transplantation can rarely be associated with the formation of antibodies to type IV collagen in the donor kidney resulting in progressive graft failure as a result of Goodpasture syndrome ('Alport post-transplant anti-GBM disease').


title: Alport syndrome

text: Gene therapy has been frequently discussed, but delivering it to the podocytes in the glomerulus that normally produce the type IV collagen in the glomerular basement membrane is challenging.


title: Alport syndrome

text: It is not known whether ACE inhibitors or other treatments affect hearing loss. For those with classic Alport syndrome, hearing aids are often required in teenage or young adult years.


title: Alport syndrome

text: Studies of the life expectancy of patients with Alport syndrome are rare, but one 2012 study found that Alport patients receiving renal replacement therapy (dialysis or kidney transplantation) exhibited, on average, better survival compared with matched controls who had other renal diseases (and who also received renal replacement therapy).


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: "Rhinestone Cowboy" is a song written by Larry Weiss and recorded by American country music singer Glen Campbell. When released on May 26, 1975, as the lead single and title track from his album "Rhinestone Cowboy", it enjoyed huge popularity with both country and pop audiences.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: Weiss wrote and recorded "Rhinestone Cowboy" in 1974, and it appeared on his 20th Century Records album "Black and Blue Suite". It did not, however, have much of a commercial impact as a single, although peaked at number 71 in Australia in August 1974.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: In late 1974, Campbell heard the song on the radio and, during a tour of Australia, decided to learn it. Soon after his return to the United States, Campbell went to Al Coury's office at Capitol Records, where he was approached about "a great new song" – "Rhinestone Cowboy".


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: Several music writers noted that Campbell identified with the subject matter of "Rhinestone Cowboy" – survival and making it, particularly when the chips are down – very strongly. As Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic put it, the song is about a veteran artist "who's aware that he's more than paid his dues during his career ... but is still surviving, and someday, he'll shine just like a rhinestone cowboy."


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: Released in May 1975, "Rhinestone Cowboy" immediately caught on with both country and pop audiences. The song spent that summer climbing both the "Billboard" Hot Country Singles and "Billboard" Hot 100 charts before peaking at No. 1 by season's end – three nonconsecutive weeks on the country chart, two weeks on the Hot 100. "Billboard" ranked it as the No. 2 for 1975. It also topped the charts in Canada and several other countries.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: During the week of September 13 – the week the song returned to No. 1 on the "Billboard" country chart, after having been nudged out for a week by "Feelins'" by Conway Twitty and Loretta Lynn – "Rhinestone Cowboy" topped both the country and Hot 100 charts simultaneously. This was the first time a song had accomplished the feat since November 1961, when "Big Bad John" by Jimmy Dean did so.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: "Rhinestone Cowboy" was one of six songs released in 1975 that topped both the "Billboard" Hot 100 and Hot Country Singles charts. The other songs were "Before the Next Teardrop Falls" by Freddy Fender, "(Hey Won't You Play) Another Somebody Done Somebody Wrong Song" by B. J. Thomas, "Thank God I'm a Country Boy" and "I'm Sorry"/"Calypso," both by John Denver, and "Convoy" by C. W. McCall.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: The song was also the sole Glen Campbell track in a promotional-only compilation album issued by Capitol records titled "The Greatest Music Ever Sold" (Capitol SPRO-8511/8512), that was distributed to record stores during the 1976 holiday season as part of Capitol's "Greatest Music Ever Sold" campaign, which promoted 15 "Best Of" albums released by the record label.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: After Campbell's death in August 2017, "Rhinestone Cowboy" charted on the Country Digital Song chart at No. 12. , the song had been downloaded more than 368,000 times in the digital era in the United States.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: "Rhinestone Cowboy" was certified gold for sales of 1 million units by the Recording Industry Association of America.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: The song became one of Glen Campbell's signature songs and won numerous awards from the Country Music Association, Academy of Country Music, and American Music Awards. It also obtained nominations for a Grammy Award for Best Pop Vocal Performance, Male, as well as for Record of the Year, but did not win.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: "Rhinestone Cowboy" served as the basis for the film "Rhinestone" (1984), starring Sylvester Stallone and Dolly Parton


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: The song also made the soundtracks of the films "High School High" (1996) and "Daddy Day Care" (2003).


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: "Rhinestone Cowboy", along with several other Glen Campbell tracks, was used in "War on Everyone" (2016)


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: A cover of “Rhinestone Cowboy” is the last song played in Bruce Springsteen’s companion film of his 2019 album "Western Stars".


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: "Rhinestone Cowboy" has been covered by artists including Thom Yorke and Radiohead, Troy Cassar-Daley and Adam Harvey, Soul Asylum, Belle and Sebastian, Lloyd Green, Charley Pride, Chris LeDoux, Loretta Lynn and White Town.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: The American country singer Slim Whitman covered the song in 1976 on his "Red River Valley" album. Also in 1976, Canadian comedian Nestor Pistor recorded a parody version, "Winestoned Plowboy", which was itself a modest hit on Canada's country music charts in 1977.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: Johnny Carson performed a comedic cover version to open the March 4, 1976, broadcast of "The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson". The episode was released on DVD in 2016 along with other episodes from that particular week, with Carson referencing his preparations for the performance and Doc Severinsen and the NBC Orchestra performing instrumental versions of the song each night. After his performance, Carson announced that songwriter Larry Weiss was in the audience, a fact he claimed to be unaware of when he sang it a few minutes earlier.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: In 2019, Bruce Springsteen covered the song in his documentary film and live album promoting his studio album "Western Stars."


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: Belgian singer Claire recorded the song in 1975 as "Vreemde Vogels" ("Strange Birds") and had a hit with her version in Flanders. It made it to No. 14 on the Ultratop Flanders chart, staying in the chart for 5 weeks. It also made it to No. 2 on the Vlaamse Top 10 chart.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: In 1975, with lyrics more in line with the English original lyrics, it was recorded as "Cowgirl dorée" by the Canadian French singer Renée Martel. The French lyrics of Martel's version were written by Robert Charlebois. The song was later covered in 1976 in French as "Je m'appelle Michèle", interpreted as an autobiographical piece by French singer Michèle Torr.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: The song 'Rhinestone Cowboy' is also the walk-on song of darts phenomenon Steven Conboy. However, the fans sing along to alternative lyrics, 'like a Steven Conboy.'


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: The late Filipino singer comedian Fred Panopio also covered his parody song version entitled "Ang Kawawang Cowboy" was released in 1976.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: In 1977 it was released as a duo by Peter Belli & Ulvene in Danish under the title "Verdens bedste kone", and again in 1977 in Finnish as "Muukalainen oon kai" interpreted by Kari Tapio.


title: Rhinestone Cowboy

text: In 2002, the British duo Rikki & Daz (made up of Daz Sampson and Ricardo Autobahn (real name John Matthews) released a revamped version of the song with additional lyrics and music plus arrangement from the original. Titled "Rhinestone Cowboy (Giddy Up Giddy Up)", the single actually features Glen Campbell singing in the refrain. A music video was also released including Campbell.


title: Jay Moriarity

text: Jay Moriarity (June 16, 1978 – June 15, 2001) was a surfer from Santa Cruz, California. He was an accomplished surfer, waterman, and adventurer. As a surfer, he made his reputation surfing Mavericks in Half Moon Bay, California. At age 16, he was made internationally famous when his wipeout at Mavericks was caught on film and made the cover of "Surfer" magazine. Although a successful competitor, Jay is remembered as a soul surfer, winning many sportsmanship awards throughout his career. A biopic of his life, "Chasing Mavericks", was released in 2012.


title: Jay Moriarity

text: Born in Augusta, Georgia on June 16, 1978, Jay and his family moved to Santa Cruz, California, when he was just a baby. His father was an army ranger and traveled most of the time. Jay began surfing at age 9 and rode his first waves at Sewer Peak. Not limited to either a shortboard or a longboard, he was known as a versatile surfer who appreciated all aspects of surfing. This appreciation was rooted in an overall love for the ocean, seen in his accomplishments as a swimmer, paddler, diver, and fisherman. Achieving success in surfing as a youngster, he became increasingly interested in surfing Mavericks, north of Santa Cruz in Half Moon Bay. After intense physical and mental training with his master, close friend and Mavericks regular Frosty Hesson, Jay began surfing Mavericks at just 15 years of age, and soon became a respected regular in the line-up.


title: Jay Moriarity

text: In 2001, Moriarity co-authored a book with Chris Gallagher entitled, "The Ultimate Guide to Surfing". A film, "Chasing Mavericks", directed by Curtis Hanson, chronicling the life of Moriarity was released on October 26, 2012, with Jonny Weston playing the role of Moriarity.


title: Jay Moriarity

text: Moriarity died a day before his 23rd birthday on Friday, June 15, 2001, in the Indian Ocean off the coast of the island Lohifushi in the Maldives, drowning in a freediving accident. Moriarity was in Lohifushi for an O'Neill photo shoot, went free-diving alone and was not seen after. A search party recovered his body late Friday night.


title: Jay Moriarity

text: Moriarity left behind his wife Kim Moriarity, his mother Kristy, father Doug, sister Daniela, brother Sean, and five nephews and nieces.


title: Jay Moriarity

text: Moriarity has an annual paddleboard race in his memory, the annual Jay Moriarity Paddleboard Race aka "The Jay Race" is held in Capitola. After his death a memorial was held for him at Pleasure Point. All of Jay's family, friends, his wife, Kim, and mentor Frosty, attended.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Hess Corporation (formerly Amerada Hess Corporation) is an American global independent energy company involved in the exploration and production of crude oil and natural gas. It was formed by the merger of Hess Oil and Chemical and Amerada Petroleum in 1968. Leon Hess served as CEO from the early 1960s through 1995, after which his son John B Hess succeeded him as chairman and CEO.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Headquartered in New York City, the company ranked 394th in the 2016 annual ranking of Fortune 500 corporations. In 2020, Forbes Global 2000 ranked Hess as the 1,253rd largest public company in the world.


title: Hess Corporation

text: The company has exploration and production operations on-shore in the United States (North Dakota) and Libya, and off-shore in the United States (Gulf of Mexico), Canada, South America (Guyana and Suriname), and Southeast Asia (Malaysia and the Joint Development Area of Malaysia and Thailand).


title: Hess Corporation

text: In 1919, British oil entrepreneur Lord Cowdray formed the Amerada Corporation to explore oil production in North America. The firm was incorporated on February 7, 1920, in Delaware as a holding company for its principal subsidiary, the Amerada Petroleum Corporation. The oil producer experienced growth during most of the 1920s, hitting a peak in 1926 with a net income of US$4.9 million. However, in the years leading to the Great Depression, weakness in the oil markets contributed to sluggish profits. The aftermath of the market crash aggravated an already unsteady oil industry. In the first quarter of 1930, the company experienced a minor loss. The early years of the Depression were a struggle against wavering demand and overproduction in some regions. Later into the 1930s, financial forecasts for Amerada became more positive.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In December 1941, the company reorganized by merging the holding company and the principal operating subsidiary, Amerada Petroleum Corporation, into a simplified operating company. The new entity also adopted the former subsidiary's name.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Hess Oil and Chemical, an oil refiner and marketer, founded by Leon Hess, acquired 10% of the company for US$100 million in 1966 from the British government. Albert Levinson became the senior vice president and designed the modern-day Hess logo. In December 1968, Hess and Amerada would announce plans for a merger. Some Amerada stockholders led by Morton Adler criticized the arrangement as being too favorable for Hess. Adler argued that Amerada's oil reserves would contribute the lion's share of assets for the proposed company, and that Amerada stockholders should retain greater control of the new company. Before the stockholder vote on the matter, Phillips Petroleum, an integrated oil firm, approached Amerada with its merger proposal, but the offer was declined in March 1969. Still interested, Phillips nonetheless stated it would not carry out a lawsuit against the proposed Hess deal. Hess, fearing such a strategy, made a cash tender offer of US$140 million for an additional 1.1 million shares of Amerada, which would double its holding in the company. The new claims would be employed in a May stockholder vote deciding the merger's fate. The voting took place amidst shareholder rancor that, in addition to echoing Adler's arguments, objected to Amerada's financing of the recently completed tender offer. Hess planned to cancel the shares, and the newly formed company would absorb the cost of the acquisition. One shareholder at the meeting quipped, "It looks to me as if Hess is buying Amerada with Amerada's money." Proponents of the deal won and the US$2.4 billion mergers combining a pure production company with a refinery and marketer operation was completed. However, the controversy was not yet extinguished by the stockholder confirmation. A federal class-action lawsuit was filed in 1972, which claimed that the proxy vote information was misleading. In 1976, a court agreed that the company falsely claimed to have considered each company's assets as a reason for the merger.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In February 2000, Hess acquired the Meadville Corporation and rebranded all 178 Merit gas stations as Hess. The Merit gas station chain was primarily located in the Boston, New York, and Philadelphia markets.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In 2001, Amerada Hess purchased Triton Energy Limited in a cash tender deal valued at approximately US$3.2 billion. Triton, one of the largest independent oil and natural gas exploration and production companies in the United States, had earned a reputation as a maverick oil company due to its highly successful yet potentially risky overseas exploration. According to contemporary Amerada Hess press releases, Triton's major oil and gas assets in West Africa, Latin America, and Southeast Asia would strengthen its exploration and production business and provide access to long life international reserves. Hess also stated that the purchase was expected to immediately increase the company's per-day barrel output by more than 25 percent.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Similarly in 2001, Amerada Hess entered into a joint venture with A.T. Williams Oil Co. of Winston-Salem, North Carolina. The company and the gas stations were changed and called WilcoHess. After the joint merger, there existed some 1200 WilcoHess stations.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Following on the heels of the Triton purchase, energy prices fell and global economies weakened. Amerada Hess struggled through the following years, and in 2002 posted a US$218 million loss due primarily to a US$530 million charge relating to its write-down of the Ceiba oil field. In March 2002, TXU Europe bought the UK retail gas and electricity business of Amerada Hess. However, from 2003 through 2006, Amerada Hess posted steadily increasing profits as the company reported US$1.920 billion in net income.


title: Hess Corporation

text: On January 18, 2012, the company announced that it would close the Hovensa refinery in St. Croix, United States Virgin Islands by mid-February 2012. The refinery would continue to serve as a storage terminal.


title: Hess Corporation

text: By the end of February 2013, Hess permanently closed its Port Reading, New Jersey petroleum refinery. Gas prices had risen to their highest levels since October 2012 and Hess said it would lay off 170 of 217 employees at the plant, exit the refinery business and look for a buyer for its 19 storage terminals. The company decided that going forward, it would focus on exploration and production. A Hess press release announced the company's plans for "Fully exiting the Company's downstream businesses, including retail, energy marketing, and energy trading." There was no link between the announcement of the closing of the Woodbridge (Port Reading) NJ facility and the rise in gas prices afterwards, as the output of that facility was more geared to the aviation and specialty fuels markets and not automotive grade products.


title: Hess Corporation

text: On March 4, 2013, Hess announced that it would sell its domestic refineries and retail operations. The "New York Times" reported that Hess retail and refinery operations contributed about 4 percent of the company's revenue. It also noted that Hess would sell its holdings in Indonesia and Thailand. The company would focus exclusively on oil production, following a trend in the oil industry for companies to spin off their downstream assets and focus on their more profitable upstream business; ConocoPhillips and Marathon Oil also made similar spinoffs in recent years with Phillips 66 and Marathon Petroleum, respectively.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In April 2013, Hess Corp announced it would be selling its Russian unit to Lukoil for $2.05 billion. In July 2013, Hess Corp said it would sell its energy marketing unit to UK firm Centrica for around $1.03 billion.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In October 2013, Hess Corp announced plans to sell its East Coast and St. Lucia storage terminal network to Buckeye Partners LP for $850 million.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In December 2013, Hess Corp announced that it was selling its Indonesian assets to an Indonesian petroleum consortium.


title: Hess Corporation

text: On January 8, 2014, Hess filed for a tax-free spin-off of its gas station network. The newly formed company was to be known as Hess Retail and would include over 1,200 stores throughout the Eastern United States. Before completing the spin-off, Marathon Petroleum subsidiary Speedway LLC announced on May 22, 2014, that it would acquire the retail unit of Hess Corp for $2.87 billion. Following the closure of the acquisition in late 2014, all Hess gas stations were rebranded as Speedway gas stations by the end of 2017. The transaction completed the transformation of Hess into an energy company focused solely on exploration and production, effectively reversing the Amerada merger of almost 50 years prior.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In 2014, Hess completed a multi-year transformation to be recognized as an exploration and production company by exiting all downstream operations, generating approximately $13 billion from assets sales beginning in 2013. Hess sold its gas station network to Marathon Petroleum (which operates under the retail brand Speedway) and sold its wholesale and retail oil, natural gas and electricity marketing business to Direct Energy. It also closed its refineries in Port Reading, NJ and St. Croix, USVI (Hovensa JV with PDVSA), sold most of its bulk storage and terminaling business to Buckeye Partners, and sold its 50% interests in two New Jersey power plants to their respective JV partners (Bayonne Energy Center: ArcLight Capital and Newark Energy Center: Ares EIF). Hess also sold its 50% interest in its JV commodities trading arm HETCO (Hess Energy Trading Company) to Oaktree Capital. HETCO is now known as Hartree Partners.


title: Hess Corporation

text: On October 28, 1990, "The New York Times" reported that a barge containing of kerosene struck a reef in the Hudson River, spilling of fuel. Immediately, Hess assumed responsibility for the cleanup; the Coast Guard worked alongside the Red Star company to clean and to contain the spill to one area. Coast Guard official Mr. Holmes said "The weather and wind conditions are almost as close to perfect as they could get," and this contributed to a quicker and surer cleanup than would otherwise be the case. According to "The New York Times", Mr. Holmes also said that 70 percent of the spill would be gone in three days due to the natural evaporation rate of kerosene. Even though most kerosene evaporates, toxic chemicals such as benzene stay in the water and harm certain fish. Hess claimed that their corporate policy has "long stressed" their "fundamental commitment to comply with applicable environment, health and safety laws and regulations," and they claimed to clean every spill that occurred.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Following a New York State Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) agreement, the Hess Corporation would pay $1.1 million in fines and also "bring 65 gasoline stations and oil storage facilities into compliance with state requirements." The agreement addressed more than 100 violations at 65 gas stations and Hess's Brooklyn major oil storage facility. The agreement was aimed at resolving Hess's violations in the DEC's New York City and lower Hudson Valley regions.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In a recent water contamination case against several major US oil companies, the Hess Corporation was forced to pay part of a $422 million settlement. The case was filed by 153 public water providers in 17 states against the oil companies "over drinking water contamination caused by the gasoline additive Methyl Tertiary Butyl Ether (MTBE)." The settlement also stipulated that the settling parties pay their share of treatment costs of the plaintiff's wells that may become contaminated or require treatment for the next 30 years.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Hess outlined in their 2006 Corporate Sustainability Report a "four-element" strategy to reduce and control greenhouse gas emissions. The strategy's steps included monitoring, measuring, managing, and mitigating the emissions. The company intended to improve its environmental impact through reporting results, increasing energy efficiency and recovery, and participating in carbon capture and trading.


title: Hess Corporation

text: Before the March 4, 2013 announcement of its withdrawal from refining and retail sales of petroleum products, Hess operated gas stations in Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, and Virginia.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In May 2014, Speedway LLC, a subsidiary of Marathon Petroleum Company, announced they would purchase Hess Corporation's retail business for $2.6 billion. Hess had 1,342 locations across the Eastern United States. The conversion from Hess branding to Speedway branding took place over the course of 2015. This also included all the WilcoHess locations, which Hess had acquired outright shortly before exiting the retail business. Subsequently, in 2016 Speedway and Pilot Flying J entered into a joint venture called PFJ Southeast LLC, which manages all of the former WilcoHess truck stops; the locations are managed by Pilot and were rebranded as either Pilot or Flying J.


title: Hess Corporation

text: In 2021, 7-Eleven acquired Speedway from Marathon, bringing the former Hess locations in the fold. Due to antitrust reasons, the Federal Trade Commission forced 7-Eleven and Marathon to divest 291 Speedway locations to third party buyers; the majority of those locations were former Hess locations in Florida and New York, as well as several in California that Marathon had acquired in its 2018 acquisition of Andeavor.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: New Looney Tunes, originally titled Wabbit: A Looney Tunes Production in the US and Bugs! in some markets for its first season, is an American animated television series from Warner Bros. Animation based on the characters from "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies". The series debuted on September 21, 2015, on Cartoon Network, and continued with new episodes beginning on October 5, 2015, on Boomerang. Part way through the first season, new episodes would premiere on Boomerang's video on demand service before airing on television.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: On May 23, 2018, the Boomerang streaming service announced that "New Looney Tunes" would continue into 2019, with the third season being the show's last. The final episodes were released on January 30, 2020. The series was followed by the more traditionally formatted "Looney Tunes Cartoons" on May 27, 2020, which is streaming on HBO Max.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: After "The Looney Tunes Show" ended production in 2013, concepts for a new show featuring the Looney Tunes led to the decision for a reboot of the characters. At the time, the idea of making a reboot of all of the Looney Tunes focused mainly on Bugs Bunny and in March 2014, it was announced that the reboot would be known as "Wabbit" or "Bugs!" depending in the region. Sam Register, promoted to president of Warner Bros. Animation and Warner Digital Series a month prior, became supervising producer for the series. The animation was done by Yearim and Rough Draft Studios from South Korea (the latter only working on the first season) and Snipple Animation from the Philippines.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: The aim of the reboot was for its cartoons to match the tone of the Looney Tunes shorts in their earlier days. This led to the characters returning to their slapstick comedy roots, but with producers seeking to avoid their clichés, such as the anvil gag. The show's production team placed their emphasis on writing original stories, as well as devising "modern heavy objects to cause pain", according to producer Erik Kuska, with each episode featuring a few shorts in which one or a number of characters became caught up in a situation that they would handle in their own personal way. Despite that, some classic objects can occasionally be seen, such as boulders or safes. Similarly, some classic expressions can be heard, such as Bugs forgetting to "make that left turn at Albuquerque", or uttering "of course you know, this means war". The characters themselves saw some alterations to their appearances, with some also reverting to personality traits they originally had in their earliest appearances. For example, Daffy Duck was reverted to his original screwball personality from his early shorts.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: The first season of the show was known as "Wabbit" and focused on the misadventures of Bugs Bunny, with a supporting cast of Yosemite Sam, Wile E. Coyote and Porky Pig, and cameo appearances by Daffy Duck, Foghorn Leghorn, Elmer Fudd, the Tasmanian Devil and Michigan J. Frog. Like his early shorts, Bugs mostly finds himself in a battle of wits with opponents either because they seek to hurt him or have done something to wreck his peaceful life. The first season saw the introduction of a few new characters to the Looney Tunes franchise, many of them being new villains Bugs faces.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: According to Kuska, the focus on new enemies for Bugs to face off against was described as allowing him to do his "best when he's up against a really good adversary". As a result of the inclusion of new villains, Kuska felt that Elmer Fudd might not be "the man" anymore, having often been a common rival that Bugs fought with in many shorts, despite appearing later on in the series.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: After the first season ended, the production team decided to expand the focus to other Looney Tunes stars, thus the show was retooled and renamed "New Looney Tunes" for the second season and featured a new intro with music based on the classic "Looney Tunes" theme song, "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down". The second season saw the addition of stories centering around Daffy Duck, Porky Pig, Sylvester, Tweety, Granny, Elmer Fudd, Yosemite Sam, Wile E. Coyote and the Road Runner, the Tasmanian Devil, Foghorn Leghorn, Speedy Gonzales, Pepé Le Pew, Marvin the Martian, Witch Hazel, Petunia Pig, and Lola Bunny. Some episodes saw characters operating as a double act (a plot mechanic mainly used for Daffy and Porky, as had been done in the classic shorts). Several supporting, recurring and minor figures from the classic Looney Tunes shorts such as Michigan J. Frog, Sniffles, Hubie and Bertie, the Goofy Gophers, Claude Cat, Marc Antony and Pussyfoot, Cecil Turtle, Gabby Goat, and Blacque Jacque Shellacque also made appearances.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: Season 3 featured Axl Rose as a guest star in the episode "Armageddon Outta Here" and featured his first studio recording since 2008.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: "Wabbit" premiered on September 21, 2015, on Cartoon Network and on Boomerang beginning October 5, 2015, then went on hiatus for over a year and return on April 7, 2017. The series premiered on November 2 on Boomerang in Australia and New Zealand and on Boomerang in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It premiered on November 6, 2015, on Teletoon in Canada and debuted on December 19 on Boomerang in the Middle East and Africa. In India, the series premiered on Pogo TV on December 19, 2015. The series premiered on January 17, 2016, on Cartoon Network Arabic in the Middle East.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: The show streams on the Boomerang premium subscription service, available on Android, iOS, desktop, Apple TV, Amazon Fire TV, Amazon Kindle Fire Tablet, Roku and Chromecast. As of July 4, 2020, the show is available for streaming on HBO Max in the United States. However, a few episodes from seasons 1 and 2 and the entire third season is not yet on the platform.


title: New Looney Tunes

text: The first half of Season 1 of "Wabbit" was released onto DVD on April 26, 2016, in the United States. Despite being half of a season, the DVD is subtitled, "Hare-Raising Tales". The DVD contains the first 26 episodes (52 segments) but is labeled on the side as "Season 1 – Part 1". The DVD contains episodes 23–26 which did not air in the United States until April 7, 2017. Disregarding the show's European name, "Wabbit: Season 1 – Part 1" was also released on June 15, 2016, in Australia, and on July 25, 2016, in the United Kingdom.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: In computer science, a Fibonacci heap is a data structure for priority queue operations, consisting of a collection of heap-ordered trees. It has a better amortized running time than many other priority queue data structures including the binary heap and binomial heap. Michael L. Fredman and Robert E. Tarjan developed Fibonacci heaps in 1984 and published them in a scientific journal in 1987. Fibonacci heaps are named after the Fibonacci numbers, which are used in their running time analysis.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: For the Fibonacci heap, the find-minimum operation takes constant ("O"(1)) amortized time. The insert and decrease key operations also work in constant amortized time. Deleting an element (most often used in the special case of deleting the minimum element) works in "O"(log "n") amortized time, where "n" is the size of the heap. This means that starting from an empty data structure, any sequence of "a" insert and decrease key operations and "b" delete operations would take "O"("a" + "b" log "n") worst case time, where "n" is the maximum heap size. In a binary or binomial heap, such a sequence of operations would take "O"(("a" + "b") log "n") time. A Fibonacci heap is thus better than a binary or binomial heap when "b" is smaller than "a" by a non-constant factor. It is also possible to merge two Fibonacci heaps in constant amortized time, improving on the logarithmic merge time of a binomial heap, and improving on binary heaps which cannot handle merges efficiently.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Using Fibonacci heaps for priority queues improves the asymptotic running time of important algorithms, such as Dijkstra's algorithm for computing the shortest path between two nodes in a graph, compared to the same algorithm using other slower priority queue data structures.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: A Fibonacci heap is a collection of trees satisfying the minimum-heap property, that is, the key of a child is always greater than or equal to the key of the parent. This implies that the minimum key is always at the root of one of the trees. Compared with binomial heaps, the structure of a Fibonacci heap is more flexible. The trees do not have a prescribed shape and in the extreme case the heap can have every element in a separate tree. This flexibility allows some operations to be executed in a lazy manner, postponing the work for later operations. For example, merging heaps is done simply by concatenating the two lists of trees, and operation "decrease key" sometimes cuts a node from its parent and forms a new tree.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: However, at some point order needs to be introduced to the heap to achieve the desired running time. In particular, degrees of nodes (here degree means the number of direct children) are kept quite low: every node has degree at most "log n" and the size of a subtree rooted in a node of degree "k" is at least "F", where "F" is the "k"th Fibonacci number. This is achieved by the rule that we can cut at most one child of each non-root node. When a second child is cut, the node itself needs to be cut from its parent and becomes the root of a new tree (see Proof of degree bounds, below). The number of trees is decreased in the operation "delete minimum", where trees are linked together.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: As a result of a relaxed structure, some operations can take a long time while others are done very quickly. For the amortized running time analysis, we use the potential method, in that we pretend that very fast operations take a little bit longer than they actually do. This additional time is then later combined and subtracted from the actual running time of slow operations. The amount of time saved for later use is measured at any given moment by a potential function. The potential of a Fibonacci heap is given by


title: Fibonacci heap

text: where "t" is the number of trees in the Fibonacci heap, and "m" is the number of marked nodes. A node is marked if at least one of its children was cut since this node was made a child of another node (all roots are unmarked).


title: Fibonacci heap

text: The amortized time for an operation is given by the sum of the actual time and "c" times the difference in potential, where "c" is a constant (chosen to match the constant factors in the "O" notation for the actual time).


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Thus, the root of each tree in a heap has one unit of time stored. This unit of time can be used later to link this tree with another tree at amortized time 0. Also, each marked node has two units of time stored. One can be used to cut the node from its parent. If this happens, the node becomes a root and the second unit of time will remain stored in it as in any other root.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: To allow fast deletion and concatenation, the roots of all trees are linked using a circular doubly linked list. The children of each node are also linked using such a list. For each node, we maintain its number of children and whether the node is marked. Moreover, we maintain a pointer to the root containing the minimum key.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Operation find minimum is now trivial because we keep the pointer to the node containing it. It does not change the potential of the heap, therefore both actual and amortized cost are constant.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: As mentioned above, merge is implemented simply by concatenating the lists of tree roots of the two heaps. This can be done in constant time and the potential does not change, leading again to constant amortized time.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Operation insert works by creating a new heap with one element and doing merge. This takes constant time, and the potential increases by one, because the number of trees increases. The amortized cost is thus still constant.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Operation extract minimum (same as "delete minimum") operates in three phases. First we take the root containing the minimum element and remove it. Its children will become roots of new trees. If the number of children was "d", it takes time "O"("d") to process all new roots and the potential increases by "d"−1. Therefore, the amortized running time of this phase is "O"("d") = "O"(log "n").


title: Fibonacci heap

text: However to complete the extract minimum operation, we need to update the pointer to the root with minimum key. Unfortunately there may be up to "n" roots we need to check. In the second phase we therefore decrease the number of roots by successively linking together roots of the same degree. When two roots "u" and "v" have the same degree, we make one of them a child of the other so that the one with the smaller key remains the root. Its degree will increase by one. This is repeated until every root has a different degree. To find trees of the same degree efficiently we use an array of length "O"(log "n") in which we keep a pointer to one root of each degree. When a second root is found of the same degree, the two are linked and the array is updated. The actual running time is "O"(log "n" + "m") where "m" is the number of roots at the beginning of the second phase. At the end we will have at most "O"(log "n") roots (because each has a different degree). Therefore, the difference in the potential function from before this phase to after it is: "O"(log "n") − "m", and the amortized running time is then at most "O"(log "n" + "m") + "c"("O"(log "n") − "m"). With a sufficiently large choice of "c", this simplifies to "O"(log "n").


title: Fibonacci heap

text: In the third phase we check each of the remaining roots and find the minimum. This takes "O"(log "n") time and the potential does not change. The overall amortized running time of extract minimum is therefore "O"(log "n").


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Operation decrease key will take the node, decrease the key and if the heap property becomes violated (the new key is smaller than the key of the parent), the node is cut from its parent. If the parent is not a root, it is marked. If it has been marked already, it is cut as well and its parent is marked. We continue upwards until we reach either the root or an unmarked node. Now we set the minimum pointer to the decreased value if it is the new minimum. In the process we create some number, say "k", of new trees. Each of these new trees except possibly the first one was marked originally but as a root it will become unmarked. One node can become marked. Therefore, the number of marked nodes changes by −("k" − 1) + 1 = − "k" + 2. Combining these 2 changes, the potential changes by 2(−"k" + 2) + "k" = −"k" + 4. The actual time to perform the cutting was "O"("k"), therefore (again with a sufficiently large choice of "c") the amortized running time is constant.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Finally, operation delete can be implemented simply by decreasing the key of the element to be deleted to minus infinity, thus turning it into the minimum of the whole heap. Then we call extract minimum to remove it. The amortized running time of this operation is "O"(log "n").


title: Fibonacci heap

text: The amortized performance of a Fibonacci heap depends on the degree (number of children) of any tree root being "O"(log "n"), where "n" is the size of the heap. Here we show that the size of the (sub)tree rooted at any node "x" of degree "d" in the heap must have size at least "F", where "F" is the "k"th Fibonacci number. The degree bound follows from this and the fact (easily proved by induction) that formula_1 for all integers formula_2, where formula_3. (We then have formula_4, and taking the log to base formula_5 of both sides gives formula_6 as required.)


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Consider any node "x" somewhere in the heap ("x" need not be the root of one of the main trees). Define size("x") to be the size of the tree rooted at "x" (the number of descendants of "x", including "x" itself). We prove by induction on the height of "x" (the length of a longest simple path from "x" to a descendant leaf), that size("x") ≥ "F", where "d" is the degree of "x".


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Inductive case: Suppose "x" has positive height and degree "d" > 0. Let "y", "y", ..., "y" be the children of "x", indexed in order of the times they were most recently made children of "x" ("y" being the earliest and "y" the latest), and let "c", "c", ..., "c" be their respective degrees. We claim that "c" ≥ "i"-2 for each "i" with 2 ≤ "i" ≤ "d": Just before "y" was made a child of "x", "y"...,"y" were already children of "x", and so "x" had degree at least "i"−1 at that time. Since trees are combined only when the degrees of their roots are equal, it must have been that "y" also had degree at least "i"-1 at the time it became a child of "x". From that time to the present, "y" can only have lost at most one child (as guaranteed by the marking process), and so its current degree "c" is at least "i"−2. This proves the claim.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Since the heights of all the "y" are strictly less than that of "x", we can apply the inductive hypothesis to them to get size("y") ≥ "F" ≥ "F" = "F". The nodes "x" and "y" each contribute at least 1 to size("x"), and so we have


title: Fibonacci heap

text: A routine induction proves that formula_8 for any formula_2, which gives the desired lower bound on size("x").


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Although the total running time of a sequence of operations starting with an empty structure is bounded by the bounds given above, some (very few) operations in the sequence can take very long to complete (in particular delete and delete minimum have linear running time in the worst case). For this reason Fibonacci heaps and other amortized data structures may not be appropriate for real-time systems. It is possible to create a data structure which has the same worst-case performance as the Fibonacci heap has amortized performance. One such structure, the Brodal queue, is, in the words of the creator, "quite complicated" and "[not] applicable in practice." Created in 2012, the strict Fibonacci heap is a simpler (compared to Brodal's) structure with the same worst-case bounds. Despite having simpler structure, experiments show that in practice the strict Fibonacci heap performs slower than more complicated Brodal queue and also slower than basic Fibonacci heap. The run-relaxed heaps of Driscoll et al. give good worst-case performance for all Fibonacci heap operations except merge.


title: Fibonacci heap

text: Fibonacci heaps have a reputation for being slow in practice due to large memory consumption per node and high constant factors on all operations. Recent experimental results suggest that Fibonacci heaps are more efficient in practice than most of its later derivatives, including quake heaps, violation heaps, strict Fibonacci heaps, rank pairing heaps, but less efficient than either pairing heaps or array-based heaps.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: Psychotria viridis, also known as chacruna, chacrona, or chaqruy in the Quechua languages, is a perennial, shrubby flowering plant in the coffee family Rubiaceae. It is a close relative of "Psychotria carthagenensis" (a.k.a. "samiruka" or "amiruca") of Ecuador. It is one half of ayahuasca, a decoction with a long history of its entheogenic (connecting to spirit) use and its status as a "plant teacher" among the Indigenous peoples of the Amazon rainforest.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: "P. viridis" is a perennial shrub that grows to a height of approximately . Its branches span a diameter of about


title: Psychotria viridis

text: In the middle and lower parts of the stem, situated between the insertion points of the two opposite leaves there is a horizontal scar wide that extends between the leaves (or leaf scars) and sometimes also connects over the tops of these scars, and along the top side of this scar there is a dense, usually furry line of fine trichomes (i.e., plant hairs) usually long that are reddish brown when dried. This combination of features is diagnostic for many species in the genus "Psychotria", though not for any individual species. These features distinguish "Psychotria" L. Subg. Psychotria; other subgenera of "Psychotria" lack the well developed reddish brown trichomes inserted above the stipule scars. On the upper stems of "P. viridis" these features are obscured by a stipule (see below), which covers the trichomes; the scar actually marks the point where this structure has fallen off.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: Stipules are leafy structures that cover and protect the young developing leaves. They may persist or fall off, leaving scars on the stem. The stipules in "P. viridis" are produced in pairs and their form is distinctive. They are by , elliptic in outline, sharply angled at the apex, papery to membranaceous in texture, ciliate (i.e., fringed) along the upper margins, and longitudinally flanged or winged along the middle.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: Leaves are opposite in arrangement (i.e., produced in pairs along the stems), generally by , in outline generally elliptic or often widest above the middle, usually sharply angled at base and apex, papery in texture, overall smooth or infrequently with microscopic plant hairs on the lower surface, have 5–10 pairs of secondary veins, and on the lower surface usually have foveolae (see next item). The leaves are borne on petioles (i.e., leaf stalks) generally long. When dry, the leaves of "Psychotria viridis" usually are gray or reddish brown and are similar to those of a few other New World species of "Psychotria".


title: Psychotria viridis

text: These are small pockets found on the lower leaf surface near the junction of the secondary (i.e., side) veins with the central vein. They function as shelter for tiny invertebrates such as mites that live on the plant leaf. These mites apparently often are symbiotic with the plant, taking shelter in these structures and eating fungi and herbivorous invertebrates that can damage the leaf. The foveolae (also called domatia) are distinctive for "Psychotria viridis" and a few related species: They are generally long and wide at the top, conical and tapered to a closed base, open and truncate or variously ornamented at the top, and situated along the sides of the central vein with the opening usually near a secondary vein . These foveolae vary in shape among different plants, and in number on individual leaves, and may not even be present on some leaves. Most often each leaf bears at least one pair of foveolae, which may be close to the apex; the foveolae are often more numerous on leaves from vegetative stems than on those from reproductive stems.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: The leaves differ from "Psychotria carthagenensis" in having leaf edges that extend all the way to the base of the leaf stem.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: Cultivation from cuttings is easiest. A single leaf (or even part of a leaf slightly covered with soil) can be sufficient for a cutting. Propagation from seed is extremely difficult. The germination rate can be as low as 1%. There are approximately 50 seeds/g.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: Indoor hydroponic cultivation of "Psychotria viridis" requires a light cycle. The plant will not utilize its root system as often in daylight hours. Optimal water garden pH is 5.5 to 6.1. The level of nutrient in the solution should be 300 to 500 parts per million (ppm). Nutrient solution burning can occur at levels as low as 800 ppm.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: Dried "P. viridis" contains approximately 0.3% dimethyltryptamine (DMT). Other alkaloids such as beta-carbolines and "N"-methyltryptamine (NMT) have been found.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: "P. viridis" contains the hallucinogenic—or entheogenic—indole alkaloid dimethyltryptamine (DMT) in levels varying from 0.1% to 0.61% dried mass. It is known primarily as an additive to the ayahuasca brew used in South and Central America. The mechanism of action is via the monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI) present in "Banisteriopsis caapi", which allows ayahuasca to be effective in oral doses (unlike smoking DMT crystals which requires no conditioning partner substance). This use was made legal in Brazil in 1992 when "B. caapi", "P. viridis", and the ayahuasca tea were exempted from the list of illicit drugs.


title: Psychotria viridis

text: "Vegetalistas", healers in the Amazon regions of Peru, Ecuador, and Colombia, recognize different sub-varieties of "Psychotria viridis", based on the location of glands on the back of the leaves.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: La Rinconada is a town in the Peruvian Andes near a gold mine. At up to above sea level, it is the highest permanent settlement in the world. Between 2001 and 2009, the population was estimated by "National Geographic" to have increased to 30,000 people from just a small gold prospector camp because the price of gold rose 235% over that period, although this number has not been reflected by the 2007 or 2017 censuses.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: La Rinconada is a populated center, within the jurisdiction of Ananea District, in San Antonio de Putina Province, Puno Department, Peru. La Rinconada is located in the Janca region, according to the classification of Pulgar Vidal, thus being the highest permanent town in the world. According to the May 2003 issue of "National Geographic" magazine, La Rinconada is 5,100 meters above sea level. Occasionally sources claim falsely that it is almost 5,300 meters above sea level.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: The town is in the Ananea District, San Antonio de Putina Province. The town lies at a height of to with the center at above sea level, on the side of Mount Ananea and at the foot of a glacier called Auchita, otherwise known as La Bella Durmiente (The Sleeping Beauty). Some successful miners in La Rinconada have homes in Juliaca, which has municipal services and is "only" above sea level.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: High in the Andes, La Rinconada has an alpine tundra climate ("ET", according to the Köppen climate classification), with no month having mean temperatures even close to the threshold that would permit tree growth and a subtropical highland classification for the city. Far above the tree line, La Rinconada is unique in its high elevation and population, with the highest city of comparable population (Nagqu) being over closer to sea level.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: Owing to the extreme elevation of the town, climatic conditions more closely resemble that of the west coast of Greenland than somewhere only 14° from the equator. The town has rainy summers and dry winters with a large diurnal variation seeing cool to cold days and freezing night time temperatures throughout the year, with snowfalls common. The average annual temperature in La Rinconada is and the average annual precipitation is .


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: According to a report by "National Geographic", the 235% increase in the price of gold between 2001 and 2009 caused a strong growth in the local population, which reached 30,000 inhabitants in 2009. However, these numbers could be overestimated, since the 2007 National Census indicated the population of the Ananea District (which, to a large extent, is found in the La Rinconada settlement) was 20,572 people (16,907 classified as urban), and the 2017 National Census recorded 12,615 people (11,307 classified as urban). By comparison, the population of the Ananea District in 1981 was 2,707 people.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: Many miners work at the gold mine owned by Corporación Ananea. Under the "cachorreo" system they work for 30 days without payment and for one day they are allowed to work for themselves. At this day of the month, the miners are allowed to take with them as much ore as they can carry on their shoulders. Whether the ore contains any gold or not is a matter of luck. Pocketing of nuggets or promising chunks of rich ore is tolerated. This system sometimes ends with miners not being compensated for their work. While women are banned from working directly in the mines, "pallaqueras", women who work on the outside of the mines, sift through what has been discarded hoping to find something of value.


title: La Rinconada, Peru

text: The town lacks plumbing and sanitation systems. Hypoxia is a significant health problem due to the low oxygen level of the high altitude. There is also significant contamination by mercury, due to the mining practices. Local miners refine the ore by grinding and treating it with mercury and pressing the mass through a cloth to filter it. The resulting amalgam is heated, to remove the mercury.


title: Karunas

text: Karunas (born 21 February 1970 as Karunanidhi Sethu) is an Indian actor, politician and comedian in the Tamil film industry. Appearing mostly in supporting roles, he has also played lead roles in films including "Dindigul Sarathy" (2008) and "Ambasamudram Ambani" (2008). Apart from acting, Karunas has also been credited in films as a producer, music composer and a singer, while he continues to serve as the Vice-President of the Nadigar Sangam, after being elected in October 2015.


title: Karunas

text: Karunas was born in Kuruvikkarambai, a village in Thanjavur, Tamil Nadu, India. He did his schooling at Palangudi Bharathi School and later studied at Nandanam Arts, Presidency College. Karunas began his career as pop singer and dancer, working extensively on Tamil folk music. He then gradually appeared in films as a comedian.


title: Karunas

text: Karunas began work as a gaana singer aged 12, earning the moniker "Gaana" Karunas, and made his television debut through Yuhi Sethu's "Naiyaandi Darbar" show in the late 1990s as a musician. Director Bala heard one of his songs and subsequently signed Karunas on for an acting role in his second directorial venture, the drama film "Nandha" (2001). He was cast as the comedian and his role as 'Lodukku' it was successful , prompting him to accept further film offers. He subsequently went on to appear in notable films including "Baba" (2002), "Pithamagan" (2003), "Vasool Raja MBBS" (2004) and "Polladhavan" (2007) in supporting comedy roles. Karunas has also distributed two films, "Pori" (2007) and "Kattradhu Thamizh" (2007), but the failure of both films has prompted him to stay away from distributing any further ventures.


title: Karunas

text: Karunas first appeared in the lead role in the comedy drama, "Dindigul Sarathy" (2008), portraying an insecure man with an inferiority complex. With heavy promotions by Sun Pictures, the film became a surprise success at the box office and prompted Karunas to appear in further lead roles in the comedy films "Ambasamudram Ambani" (2010), "Chandhamama" (2013), "Ragalaipuram" (2013) and "Lodukku Pandi" (2015). In between the films, he also essayed serious performances, and was briefly involved in the making of "Thanga Meengal" (2013) before it underwent a change of cast, while he was successful for his role in Santosh Sivan's war drama film, "Ceylon" (2014). His films as the lead hero, gradually had lower key promotions than the previous ones, and in 2015, Karunas announced he would not appear in any further lead roles. He subsequently made a return to starring supporting roles thereafter, being successful for his performance of a suicidal man in "Darling" (2015) and as a villager in "Komban" (2015), which became his hundredth film. In "Azhagu Kutti Chellam" (2016), Karunas has given one of his career best performances . He subsequently changed his mind about not appearing in leading roles, and began work on the sequel to "Dindigul Sarathy" in September 2016. In 2016, he has also continued to act in comedy films including "Jithan 2", "Enakku Innoru Per Irukku", "Dhilluku Dhuddu" and "Ka Ka Ka Po". Karunas plays the responsible uncle, more than a comedian in "Soorarai Pottru" (2020) which has been a commercial success.


title: Karunas

text: He was the leader of Mukkulathor Pulipadai, a Thevar political outfit. He contested for the Tamil Nadu State Legislative Assembly from Thiruvadanai in the Tamil Nadu Legislative Assembly election 2016 with AIADMK's Twin Leaf (Irratai Ilai) as his election symbol. He won it with a margin of over 10,000 votes.


title: Karunas

text: On 25 February 2017, an unidentified person threw footwear at Karunas' car while out to garland a statue of freedom fighter U. Muthuramalingam Thevar. It is believed that the incident could be connected to his support of AIADMK leader V. K. Sasikala.


title: Karunas

text: Karunas is married to Grace, a playback singer in the Tamil film industry. The pair had met when Karunas was the guest judge at an inter-collegiate singing competition, and after being impressed, Karunas asked her to sing in his personal music album. The couple have a daughter and a son named Ken Karunas who is a child artist in the movie industry, who was born in 2001, making his debut in "Nedunchaalai".


title: Karunas

text: Karunas's younger brother, Nagas, was set to making his acting debut through C. Ranganathan's "Vantharu Jaicharu", but the film eventually did not release.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Bartok the Magnificent is a 1999 American direct-to-video animated adventure comedy film directed by Don Bluth and Gary Goldman. It is a prequel to the 1997 film "Anastasia" which was also directed by Bluth and Goldman.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: The film centers on the kidnapping of the young czar prior to the Russian Revolution. Hank Azaria reprises his role from the previous film as Bartok, Grigori Rasputin's former bumbling small albino bat who becomes a magician.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: While several of Bluth's films have received sequels, spin-offs and television shows, this is the only such project he has been involved with.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Bartok the Magnificent, an albino bat magician and a con artist, arrives in Moscow and makes himself known by performing for the locals. His grand finale involves defeating a savage grizzly bear. Delighted with Bartok's bravery, the young czar Ivan Romanov gifts Bartok with a royal ring, much to the chagrin of Ivan's assistant, Ludmilla. After the show, Bartok counts his earnings and is startled by the stirring bear, revealed to be his business partner, Zozi. Although Zozi is apprehensive about the ring and tells Bartok that he should return it, Bartok refuses stating that it was a gift.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: When Ivan is captured by the witch Baba Yaga, there is an immediate investigation. In seeking a rescuer, two children nominate Bartok, who, with Zozi, was already on his way to St. Petersburg when spotted by Cossacks. Bartok is brought before the townspeople, who are relying on his courage to save Ivan. Reluctantly, Bartok accepts, and he and Zozi set out for the Iron Forest. Upon arriving at Baba Yaga's hut, the duo must answer a riddle given by the entrance, a giant skull. With the riddle solved, Bartok is then captured by Baba Yaga, who explains that, in order to save Ivan, Bartok must retrieve three artifacts from the forest, without any assistance: her pet Piloff, Oble's Crown and the Magic Feather. However, Bartok quickly finds that these tasks are difficult, as Piloff is frozen to a boulder; Oble, a giant blacksmith surrounded by an aura of fire, must be tricked into letting his crown be stolen; and the Magic Feather must be obtained without flight, utilizing only the previous two items.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Returning to Baba Yaga with the objectives completed, the witch reveals that she needs something from Bartok himself. Baba Yaga rejects all his offers and, outraged, Bartok lashes out at her, accusing her of lying and cheating, and claiming that everyone hates her. Suddenly stricken with guilt, Bartok apologizes and cries, allowing Baba Yaga to obtain the most important ingredient: tears from the heart. She conjures up a potion from the objects, and reveals that she never kidnapped Ivan and that the potion was intended for Bartok himself; it will make whatever he is in his heart ten times on the outside. Bartok and Zozi return to town and lead Ludmilla and Vol, the Captain of the Guard, up to the top of the tower, where Ivan is imprisoned.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Ludmilla locks Bartok and Vol in with Ivan, revealing that she had Vol kidnap the prince while she framed Baba Yaga as part of her plan to steal the throne. She steals Bartok's potion and leaves her prisoners in a well tower, which quickly floods with water. Ludmilla consumes the potion, thinking that her beauty will become tenfold. The potion, in fact, causes her to transform into a dragon, as it unveils her true wickedness. After seeing her reflection, Ludmilla's mind degrades to a mere beast, and she goes on a rampage, burning the town with her fiery breath.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Zozi comes and rescues Bartok, Ivan and Vol. Bartok battles Ludmilla and tricks her into climbing the tower. When she reaches the top, the tower crumbles, crushing Ludmilla and unleashing a wave of gushing water that douses the flames. As the townsfolk gather around the wreckage, Zozi hails Bartok as a true hero, not only for defeating Ludmilla but also for showing Baba Yaga compassion. Bartok returns Ivan's ring and Bartok bids Baba Yaga and Piloff goodbye, undoubtedly counting on seeing him again someday.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Bartok's future master Grigori Rasputin makes a silent cameo appearance among the many townsfolk who gather around the wreckage of Ludmilla's crashed tower during the film's epilogue.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: A spin-off film was devised as "Hollywood audiences went batty over the impish Bartok in Fox's 1997 animated musical "Anastasia"". Chris Meledandri, then-president of 20th Century Fox Animation said: "Once we thought about a lot of ideas, our favorite idea was the one you see".


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: In late 1999, pancake purveyor IHOP started selling two versions of Bartok, as part of promotion. The company planned "to sell about 500,000 of the six-inch-high toys - Bartok Puppet and Turban Bartok - for $2.99 with any food purchase". It was "also offering $2 mail-in rebate coupons for the $20 video...and free activity books for children".


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: "Bartok the Magnificent" was first released on VHS and DVD by 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on November 16, 1999, and was later re-released in 2005 as part of a 2-disc set alongside "Anastasia" entitled Family Fun Edition. "Bartok the Magnificent" was also included as a special feature on "Anastasia" Blu-ray, released in March 2011.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: The tape and DVD conclude with sing-along segments that reprise the original tunes by Stephen Flaherty and Lynn Ahrens" - "Bartok the Magnificent", "A Possible Hero", "Someone's in My House" and "Once Upon a December" (from "Anastasia"). Other DVD extras also include "Bartok" and "Anastasia" trailers, and a Maze Game that features three mazes.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: The aspect ratio is 1.33:1 – Full Frame. The DVD release has the original aspect ratio, and it is not anamorphic. As the source is video and not film, and because there is no widescreen aspect ratio available, the quality is at the same level of the original film. Digitally Obsessed says: "The colors are nicely rendered, with a minimum of bleeding" but when viewed on "a 115 foot projection screen through a progressive scan player...the image was fairly grainy and uneven". The film has English and French audio. Digitally Obsessed says: "The DS2.0 mix is more than adequate for this fun little bat romp [though there is a] lack of directionality in the mix. The dialogue is clear and center speaker weighted". It concluded by saying "this is a great DVD for kids, because besides just watching the movie they can enjoy the three sing-alongs or try to find Prince Ivan in the mazes. Bartok teaches moral values in a way that kids can understand". According to LoveFilm, the film has been dubbed into English, German, French, Spanish, Italian, Swedish, and Dutch. It has subtitles in Dutch, French, German, Italian, Spanish, and Swedish. Fort Worth Star-Telegram implied this was one of the rare direct-to-video films that is great quality, saying "the made-for-tape bin can yield an undiscovered bargain [such as] "Bartok the Magnificent"". Lexington Herald-Leader said "to my surprise...the movie overall [is] quite good".


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: Dan Jardine of "Apollo Guide" gave the film a score of 71 out of 100. Michael Dequina of "The Movie Report" wrote a review in which he scored it 1.5 out of 4, writing the film as uninspired and short fun adventure for kids, but boring for everyone else. "Family Video" said that "the film is marked by imaginative scenery, catchy songs, comic characters and Bartok's own funny and neurotic commentary". "Hartford Courant" described the film as "enjoyable". "Indianapolis Star" said "'Bartok' is quite good for video-only release". "Digitally Obsessed" gave the film a Style grade of B+, Substance rating of A, Image Transfer rating of C, Audio Transfer rating of B, and Extras rating of B+ - averaging out to a B+ rating of the film as a whole. It said "Stephen Flaherty's score is very nice". On "Love Film", the film has a rating of three of five stars based on 222 member ratings.


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: John Laydon of "Variety" explained: "Tykes will likely be charmed by the brisk pacing, vibrant (albeit stereotypical) characters and engaging storyline, while parents may be especially grateful for a cartoon with much better production values than "Pokémon"". He noted "even very small children will notice early on that Ludmilla...a duplicitous regent, is the real villain of the piece". He said co-directors Bluth and Goldman "do a respectable job of establishing what promises to be a new direct-to-video franchise", also adding that "though certainly not as lavish as its bigscreen predecessor "Anastasia", the sequel is attractive and involving, with Tim Curry and Jennifer Tilly well cast as supporting-character voices". He said Azaria has "amusing brio", while Grammer "is the real scene-stealer this time". He described the songs as "pleasant but unremarkable". "Fort Oglethorpe Press" described the film as "spectacular", "frolicking" and "fun-filled", adding that it is "loaded with breathtaking, feature-quality animation", and "spectacular music", and "enchanting new songs".


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: "The Trades" questioned its existence, saying: "I am unsure what reason this spin-off was made, but regardless, it was a well done one". It added that "the same team directed and produced the second movie, and unlike many direct to video movies, it is animated as well as the first and uses a healthy portion of CGI, something many movies of that nature tend to lack. Backgrounds have the same detail as the original movie, making this a definite worthwhile watch". "The Dallas Morning News" notes ""Bartok the Magnificent" does even more disservice to Russian history than "Anastasia" did".


title: Bartok the Magnificent

text: "Bartok the Magnificent" was nominated for "Outstanding Achievement in an Animated Home Video Production" at the 28th Annie Awards in 2000, losing to Disney's "An Extremely Goofy Movie". It also received Gold Reel Award nominations for "Best Sound Editing" for both television films and direct-to-video presentations from the Motion Picture Sound Editors that same year, beaten by "" and "Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein", respectively.


title: Excited delirium

text: Excited delirium (ExDS), also known as agitated delirium (AgDS), is a controversial diagnosis sometimes characterized as a potentially fatal state of extreme agitation and delirium. It is typically diagnosed postmortem in young adult males, disproportionally black men, who were physically restrained at the time of death, most often by law enforcement personnel.


title: Excited delirium

text: Symptoms are said to include aggressive behavior, extreme physical strength and hyperthermia. It is not listed in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or the International Classification of Diseases, and is not recognized by the World Health Organization, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Medical Association, or the American Academy of Emergency Medicine. It is accepted primarily by the American College of Emergency Physicians.


title: Excited delirium

text: Excited delirium is particularly associated with taser use. A 2017 investigative report by "Reuters" found that excited delirium had been listed as a factor in autopsy reports, court records or other sources in at least 276 deaths that followed taser use since 2000. Manufactured by the firm Axon, the makers have been involved in police training in its use, publishing of numerous medical studies which promote their product, and other promotional activities.


title: Excited delirium

text: There have also been concerns raised over the use of sedative drugs during an arrest following claims of excited delirium. The drugs ketamine or midazolam (a benzodiazepine) and haloperidol injected into a muscle (an antipsychotic) have sometimes been used to sedate a person at the discretion of paramedics and sometimes at direct police request. Ketamine can cause respiratory arrest, and in many cases there is no evidence of a medical condition that would justify its use. The term excited delirium is sometimes used interchangeably with acute behavioural disturbance, a symptom of a number of conditions which is also responded to with involuntary injection with benzodiazapines, antipsychotics, or ketamine.


title: Excited delirium

text: A 2020 investigation by the United Kingdom's forensic science regulator found that the diagnosis should not have been used since it "has been applied in some cases where other important pathological mechanisms, such as positional asphyxia and trauma may have been more appropriate". In the U.S., a diverse group of neurologists writing for the Brookings Institution called it "a misappropriation of medical terminology, used by law enforcement to legitimize police brutality and to retroactively explain certain deaths occurring in police custody". The American Psychiatric Association's position is that the term "is too non-specific to meaningfully describe and convey information about a person."


title: Excited delirium

text: The term "excited delirium" (ExDS) was first used in a 1985 "Journal of Forensic Sciences" article, co-authored by deputy chief medical examiner for Dade County, Florida. Charles Victor Wetli (1943—2020), entitled "Cocaine-induced psychosis and sudden death in recreational cocaine users". The JFS article reported that in "five of the seven" cases they studied, deaths occurred while in police custody. Wetli determined that nineteen women, all Black prostitutes, had died of the condition due to "sexual excitement" while under the influence of cocaine. In 1992, police announced they had found a serial killer responsible for deaths determined by Wetli to be excited delirium. The legitimacy of the condition has since been under controversy with most of the medical community not recognizing it, and there is no official entry for it in the official Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Medical Disorders.


title: Excited delirium

text: The supposed risk factors vary including "bizarre behavior generating phone calls to police", "failure to respond to police presence", and "continued struggle despite restraint". It supposedly endows individuals with "superhuman strength" and being "impervious to pain". It is disproportionately diagnosed among young Black males, and has clear undertones of racial bias.


title: Excited delirium

text: In 1849, a superficially similar condition was described by Luther Bell as "Bell's mania". Bell was one of thirteen other mental hospital superintendents who met in Philadelphia in 1844 to organize the Association of Medical Superintendents of American Institutions for the Insane (AMSAII), now the American Psychiatric Association.


title: Excited delirium

text: People diagnosed with excited delirium are frequently claimed to have acute drug intoxication, generally involving phencyclidine, prolintanone, methylenedioxypyrovalerone, cocaine, or methamphetamine. Multiple other factors may be in evidence. These may include positional asphyxia, hyperthermia, drug toxicity, and/or catecholamine-induced fatal abnormal heart rhythms.


title: Excited delirium

text: Other conditions which can resemble excited delirium are mania, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, serotonin syndrome, thyroid storm, and catatonia of the malignant or excited type.


title: Excited delirium

text: A 2017 report by Reuters found that excited delirium had been listed as a factor in autopsy reports, court records or other sources in at least 276 deaths that followed Taser use since 2000, with diagnosis often based on a test conducted by Deborah Mash, a paid consultant to Axon, manufacturers of the Taser. In one case within four hours of a man dying after being Tasered, Axon had provided model press releases, instructions for gathering evidence of excited delirium, and advised that samples be sent to Mash. Amnesty International found that the syndrome was cited in 75 of the 330 deaths following police use of a Taser on suspects between 2001 and 2008, and a Florida-based study found it was listed as a cause of death in over half of all deaths in police custody, though many Florida districts do not use it at all.


title: Excited delirium

text: While diagnosis is habitually of men under police restraint, medical preconditions and symptoms attributed to the syndrome are far more varied.


title: Excited delirium

text: Excited delirium is not recognized by the World Health Organization, the American Psychiatric Association, the American Medical Association, and not listed as a medical condition in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders or International Classification of Diseases. Dr. Michael Baden, a specialist in investigating deaths in custody, describes excited delirium as "a boutique kind of diagnosis created, unfortunately, by many of my forensic pathology colleagues specifically for persons dying when being restrained by law enforcement". In June 2021, the Royal College of Psychiatrists in the UK released a statement that they do "not support the use of such terminology [as ExDS or AgDS], which has no empirical evidential basis" and said "the use of these terms is, in effect, racial discrimination".


title: Excited delirium

text: A 2020 scientific literature review looked at reported cases of excited delirium and agitated delirium. The authors noted that most published current information has indicated that excited delirium-related deaths are due to an occult pathophysiologic process. A database of cases was created which included the use of force, drug intoxication, mental illness, demographics, and survival outcome. A review of cases revealed there was no evidence to support ExDS as a cause of death in the absence of restraint. The authors found that when death occurred in an aggressively restrained individual that fits the profile of either ExDS or AgDS, restraint-related asphyxia must be considered the more likely cause of the death.


title: Excited delirium

text: Following a 2009 review by an internal task force, the American College of Emergency Physicians accepted excited delirium as a "real and unique syndrome." Mark DeBard, a clinical professor of emergency medicine at Ohio State University College of Medicine who led the task force, commented, "Only two medical specialties interact with patients with this syndrome, the coroner and emergency physicians [and] only in the last two to three years have people outside of these become aware of the syndrome."


title: Excited delirium

text: Three of the members of ACEP's task force were linked to Axon, the corporation that manufactures Taser stun guns. Axon frequently blames excited delirium for stun-gun-related deaths.


title: Excited delirium

text: Males account for more documented diagnoses than females. Often law enforcement has used Tasers or physical measures in these cases, and death most frequently occurs after the person is forcefully restrained. Critics of excited delirium have stated that the condition is primarily attributed to deaths while in the custody of law enforcement and is disproportionately applied to Black and Hispanic victims. One study looking at cocaine-related deaths in the 1970s and 1980s in Florida, showed that the deaths were more likely to be diagnosed as excited delirium when involving young Black men dying in police custody and "accidental cocaine toxicity" when involving white people. A 1998 study found that "In all 21 cases of unexpected death associated with excited delirium, the deaths were associated with restraint (for violent agitation and hyperactivity), with the person either in a prone position (18 people [86%]) or subjected to pressure on the neck (3 [14%]). All of those who died had suddenly lapsed into tranquillity shortly after being restrained".


title: Excited delirium

text: In 2003, the NAACP argued that excited delirium is used to explain the deaths of minorities more often than whites, and the American Psychiatric Association also notes that "the term excited delirium is disproportionately applied to Black men in police custody". The American Civil Liberties Union argued in 2007 that the diagnosis served "as a means of white-washing what may be excessive use of force and inappropriate use of control techniques by officers during an arrest."


title: Excited delirium

text: The UK Independent Advisory Panel on Deaths in Custody (IAP) suggests that the syndrome should be termed "Sudden death in restraint syndrome" in order to enhance clarity. Some civil-rights groups have argued that excited delirium diagnoses are being used to absolve law enforcement of guilt in cases where alleged excessive force may have contributed to patient deaths.


title: Excited delirium

text: Prominent cases include Daniel Prude, who was said to be in a state of excited delirium in 2020 when police put a hood over his head and pressed his naked body against the pavement. Prude, a Black man, lost consciousness and died. Excited delirium was also cited by the defense in "State v. Chauvin", a murder trial related to the murder of George Floyd in 2020. Prosecutor Steve Schleicher refuted the defense suggestion that Floyd had "superhuman strength" during his arrest because he was suffering from the condition.


title: Excited delirium

text: Ketamine or midazolam and haloperidol injected into a muscle have frequently been used, sometimes at direct police request, to sedate the person. Ketamine can cause respiratory arrest, and in many cases there is no evidence of a medical condition that would justify its use. Following an injection the person must be transported to a hospital. In 2018 a Minneapolis hospital published a paper which reported that 57 percent of the people who had been injected for agitation needed intubation.


title: Excited delirium

text: Concern has been raised about the increasing usage of a claim of excited delirium to justify tranquilizing persons during arrest, with requests for tranquilization often being made by law enforcement rather than medical professionals. Ketamine is the most commonly used drug in these cases. There have been deaths related to use of ketamine on restrained prisoners. A controversial study into ketamine use was terminated due to ethics concerns. The study was also linked to Axon via Jeffrey Ho.


title: Excited delirium

text: In 2019 Elijah McClain, a Black man, was arrested by police officers after receiving a 911 call which reported a man walking, waving his arms and wearing a ski mask. The officers said that he was exhibiting "crazy strength" when they attempted to arrest him but all three said that their body cams had fallen off and thus there was no video of what they claimed to be a violent struggle. McClain weighed 140 pounds and was 5 feet 6 inches tall. He was handcuffed and then a choke hold was used twice, once "successfully" meaning that McClain lost consciousness. When paramedics arrived they administered enough ketamine to sedate a 220-pound man. He went into cardiac arrest a few minutes later. In a report of the case on "60 Minutes", John Dickerson interviewed the District Attorney who justified the use of ketamine, adding that since excited delirium could not be ruled out as a cause of death it would be impossible to win a homicide case because "you can't file a homicide charge without cause of death."


title: Excited delirium

text: According to an article in the "Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review", since 2000, over one thousand people in the United States have died shortly after being tased, with the deaths sharing several commonalities: "the deceased often were mentally ill or under the influence of drugs at the time of death, they tend to have been shocked multiple times by officers during arrest, and they often share an exceptionally rare cause of death, 'excited delirium.'"


title: Excited delirium

text: Axon Enterprise, formerly Taser International, provides training for police on recognizing excited delirium and several prominent proponents of the diagnosis are retained by Axon, with diagnosis often based on a test conducted by Deborah Mash, a paid consultant to Axon. In one case reported by an investigative report done by "Reuters", within four hours of a man dying after being tasered Axon had provided model press releases, instructions for gathering evidence of excited delirium, and advised that samples be sent to Mash for lab work to establish a diagnosis.


title: Excited delirium

text: Axon has paid thousands of dollars to proponents of the excited delirium diagnosis, including Charles Wetli who first proposed the term, who have repeatedly used "excited delirium" as a defense in liability suits and to shield police officers from criminal liability for deaths in custody. Harvard Civil Rights–Civil Liberties Law Review reports that "Axon has actively pursued litigation against some medical examiners who attribute deaths to Tasers rather than excited delirium. These lawsuits seem to have a chilling effect on medical examiners' work; a 2011 survey found that 14% of medical examiners had modified a diagnostic finding out of fear of litigation by the company."


title: Excited delirium

text: In Canada, the 2007 case of Robert Dziekanski received national attention and placed a spotlight on the use of tasers in police actions and the diagnosis of excited delirium. Police psychologist Mike Webster testified at a British Columbia inquiry into Taser deaths that police have been "brainwashed" by Taser International to justify "ridiculously inappropriate" use of the electric weapon. He called excited delirium a "dubious disorder" used by Taser International in its training of police. In a 2008 report, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police argued that excited delirium should not be included in the operational manual for the Royal Canadian Mounted Police without formal approval after consultation with a mental-health-policy advisory body.


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: Sweetbitter is an American drama television series, based on the 2016 novel of the same name by Stephanie Danler and inspired by her time working in New York’s well-known restaurant Union Square Café. The show premiered on May 6, 2018 on Starz. In July 2018, it was announced that Starz had renewed the series for a second season which premiered on July 14, 2019. In December 2019, the series was canceled after two seasons.


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: ""Sweetbitter" follows Tess, who shortly after arriving in New York City, lands a job at a celebrated downtown restaurant. Swiftly introduced to the world of drugs, drinking, love, lust, dive bars and fine dining, she learns to navigate the chaotically alluring, yet punishing life she has stumbled upon."


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: In July 2017, it was reported that Starz was developing a television adaptation of Stephanie Danler's novel "Sweetbitter" and considering ordering it to series. The project was based on a pilot script developed by Danler and Stu Zicherman, written by Danler, and produced by Plan B Entertainment. Starz ordered additional scripts and assembled a small writers room with an eye toward a potential straight-to-series order. Starz president and CEO Chris Albrecht said at the time, "It’s a book that several of the women at Starz had read and were excited about. When we heard it may be a project, I literally had some of my colleagues come and say this is one we’ve got to get; it plays into young female demographic but as we know women of all ages will certainly be attracted to great stories."


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: In October 2017, Starz officially ordered the show to series for a first season consisting of six half-hour episodes. It was also announced that Richard Shepard, had come on board to direct and executive produce, Donna Bloom would serve as producer on series, and that Laura Rosenthal was leading the ongoing casting search.


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: In January 2018, it was announced at the annual Television Critics Association winter press tour that the series would premiere on May 6, 2018. On July 13, 2018, it was reported that Starz had renewed the series for a second season in which is set to premiere on July 14, 2019. On December 20, 2019, Starz canceled the series after two seasons.


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: On October 6, 2017, two days after the show was ordered to series, it was announced that Ella Purnell had been cast in the series lead role as Tess. Later that month, the rest of the main cast was announced. These included Tom Sturridge, Caitlin FitzGerald, Paul Sparks, Evan Jonigkeit, Daniyar, Eden Epstein, and Jasmine Mathews. On January 17, 2018, it was announced that Jimmie Saito had been cast in a recurring role as Scott, "the restaurant’s handsome, strong-minded sous chef". On October 24, 2018, it was reported that Sandra Bernhard had been cast in a guest starring role for season two.


title: Sweetbitter (TV series)

text: Principal photography for the first season lasted from October to December 2017 in New York City, New York.