title: Herman Wouk

text: While writing his next novel, Wouk read each chapter to his wife as it was completed. At one point she remarked that if they did not like this one, he had better take up another line of work (a line he would give to the character of the editor Jeannie Fry in his novel "Youngblood Hawke", 1962). The novel, "The Caine Mutiny" (1951), went on to win the Pulitzer Prize for Fiction. A best-seller, drawing from his wartime experiences aboard minesweepers during World War II, "The Caine Mutiny" was adapted by the author into a Broadway play called "The Caine Mutiny Court-Martial" and, in 1954, Columbia Pictures released a film version with Humphrey Bogart portraying Lt. Commander Philip Francis Queeg, captain of the fictional USS "Caine".


title: Herman Wouk

text: His first novel after "The Caine Mutiny" was "Marjorie Morningstar" (1955), which earned him a "Time" magazine cover story. Three years later Warner Bros. made it into a movie starring Natalie Wood, Gene Kelly and Claire Trevor. His next novel, a paperback, was "Slattery's Hurricane" (1956), which he had written in 1948 as the basis for the screenplay for the film of the same name. Wouk's first work of non-fiction was 1959's "This is My God: The Jewish Way of Life".


title: Herman Wouk

text: In the 1960s, he authored "Youngblood Hawke" (1962), a drama about the rise and fall of a young writer modeled on the life of Thomas Wolfe, and "Don't Stop the Carnival" (1965), a comedy about escaping mid-life crisis by moving to the Caribbean (loosely based on Wouk's own experience). "Youngblood Hawke" was serialized in "McCall's" magazine from March to July 1962. A movie version starred James Franciscus and Suzanne Pleshette and was released by Warner Brothers in 1964. "Don't Stop the Carnival" was turned into a short-lived musical by Jimmy Buffett in 1997.


title: Herman Wouk

text: In the 1970s, Wouk published two monumental novels, "The Winds of War" (1971) and its sequel, "War and Remembrance" (1978). He described the latter, which included a devastating depiction of the Holocaust, as "the main tale I have to tell." Both were made into successful television miniseries, the first in 1983 and the second in 1988. Although they were made several years apart, both were directed by Dan Curtis and both starred Robert Mitchum as Captain Victor "Pug" Henry, the main character. The novels are historical fiction. Each has three layers: the story told from the viewpoints of Captain Henry and his circle of family and friends, a more or less straightforward historical account of the events of the war, and an analysis by a member of Adolf Hitler's military staff, the insightful fictional General Armin von Roon. Wouk devoted "thirteen years of extraordinary research and long, arduous composition" to these two novels, noted Arnold Beichman. "The seriousness with which Wouk has dealt with the war can be seen in the prodigious amount of research, reading, travel and conferring with experts, the evidence of which may be found in the uncatalogued boxes at Columbia University" that contain the author's papers.


title: Herman Wouk

text: "Inside, Outside" (1985) is the story of four generations of a Russian Jewish family and its travails in Russia, the U.S. and Israel. "The Hope" (1993) and its sequel, "The Glory" (1994), are historical novels about the first 33 years of Israel's history. They were followed by "The Will to Live On: This is Our Heritage" (2000), a whirlwind tour of Jewish history and sacred texts and companion volume to "This is My God".


title: Herman Wouk

text: In 1995, Wouk was honored on his 80th birthday by the Library of Congress with a symposium on his career. In attendance were David McCullough, Robert Caro, and Daniel Boorstin, among others.


title: Herman Wouk

text: "A Hole in Texas" (2004) is a novel about the discovery of the Higgs boson, whose existence was proven nine years later, while "The Language God Talks: On Science and Religion" (2010) is an exploration into the tension between religion and science that originated in a discussion Wouk had with the theoretical physicist Richard Feynman.


title: Herman Wouk

text: "The Lawgiver" (2012) is an epistolary novel about a contemporary Hollywood writer of a movie script about Moses, with the consulting help of a nonfictional character, Herman Wouk, a "mulish ancient" who gets involved despite the strong misgivings of his wife.


title: Herman Wouk

text: Wouk's memoir entitled "Sailor and Fiddler: Reflections of a 100-Year-Old Author" was published in January 2016 to mark his 100th birthday. NPR called it "a lovely coda to the career of a man who made American literature a kinder, smarter, better place." It was his last book.


title: Herman Wouk

text: Wouk kept a personal diary from 1937. On September 10, 2008, Wouk presented the Library of Congress with his journals, which number more than 100 volumes , at a ceremony that honored him with the first Library of Congress Lifetime Achievement Award for the Writing of Fiction (now the Library of Congress Prize for American Fiction). Wouk often referred to his journals to check dates and facts in his writing, and he was hesitant to let the originals out of his personal possession. A solution was negotiated: a scanning service bureau was selected to scan the entire set of volumes into digital formats.


title: Herman Wouk

text: In late 1944 Wouk met Betty Sarah Brown, a Phi Beta Kappa graduate of the University of Southern California, who was working as a personnel specialist in the navy while the "Zane" was undergoing repairs in San Pedro, California. The two quickly fell in love and after his ship went back to sea, Betty, who was born a Protestant and was raised in Grangeville, Idaho, began her study of Judaism and converted on her twenty-fifth birthday. They were married on December 10, 1945.


title: Herman Wouk

text: With the birth of the first of their three children the next year, Wouk became a full-time writer to support his growing family. His first-born son, Abraham Isaac Wouk (Sept. 2, 1946–July 27, 1951), was named after Wouk's late father. He drowned in a swimming pool accident in Cuernavaca, Mexico shortly before his fifth birthday. Wouk later dedicated "War and Remembrance" to him with the Biblical words "בלע המות לנצח – He will destroy death forever" (Isaiah 25:8). Their second and third children were Iolanthe Woulff (born 1950 as Nathaniel Wouk, a Princeton University graduate and an author) and Joseph (born 1954, a Columbia graduate, an attorney, a film producer, and a writer who served in the Israeli Navy). He had three grandchildren.


title: Herman Wouk

text: The Wouks lived in New York, Saint Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands (where he wrote "Don't Stop the Carnival") and at 3255 N Street N.W. in the Georgetown section of Washington, D.C. (where he researched and wrote "The Winds of War" and "War and Remembrance") before settling in Palm Springs, California. His wife, who served for decades as his literary agent, died in that city on March 17, 2011.


title: Herman Wouk

text: "I wrote nothing that was of the slightest consequence before I met Sarah," Wouk recalled after her death. "I was a gag man for Fred Allen for five years. In his time, he was the greatest of the radio comedians. And jokes work for what they are but they're ephemeral. They just disappear. And that was the kind of thing I did up until the time that I met Sarah and we married. And I would say my literary career and my mature life both began with her."


title: Herman Wouk

text: Wouk died in his sleep in his home in Palm Springs, California, on May 17, 2019, at the age of 103, ten days before his 104th birthday.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Jesse Guilmette (born June 3, 1980) is an American professional wrestler, currently signed to All Elite Wrestling (AEW) under the ring name The Blade. He is best known for his tag team work with The Butcher under the name The Butcher and the Blade. Outside of that, he is known for his work in Impact Wrestling under the ring name Braxton Sutter and on the independent promotions such as Combat Zone Wrestling (CZW) - where he was a one-time CZW World Tag Team Champion - under the ring name Pepper Parks.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Guilmette was trained by Les Thatcher. He has worked a number of matches under his legal name with the WWE, facing wrestlers such as The Boogeyman, Vladimir Kozlov and Shad Gaspard in squash matches.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: In 2000, Guilmette began appearing for the Midwestern independent promotion Heartland Wrestling Association under the ring name Pepper Parks where he would be paired up with Chet Jablonski as the tag team, The A Squad. Debuting on July 27, 2000, the team faced Astin Ambrose and JJ Duquesne in a losing effort. Parks would wrestle for HWA for six years. During this time, he won the HWA Cruiserweight Championship on June 26, 2001, defeating Matt Stryker. On January 1, 2006, Parks gained his first heavyweight championship, defeating Jon Moxley in the tournament finals for the vacant HWA Heavyweight Championship. Parks would lose the title to Moxley on May 9, 2006 and regain it once again on November 11, 2006 defeating Chad Collyer in title vs. career match. His second reign lasted 28 days before vacating the title on December 5, 2006 and leaving HWA.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Throughout 2007, Parks would primarily wrestle for the NWA New York based promotions – NWA Empire, NWA Upstate and NWA New York. On May 19, 2007, at the NWA Empire First Anniversary Show, he defeated Brodie Lee to become the NWA Empire Heavyweight Champion. On October 20, 2007 Parks would also win the vacated NWA National Heavyweight Championship.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On January 16, 2010, Parks began appearing for Empire State Wrestling, losing to Freddie Midnight in his first match. On September 11, 2010, he would go on to win the ESW Tag Team Championship with Kevin Grace. Parks and Grace would drop the titles on June 4, 2011 to The Rochester Wrecking Crew. On October 11, 2014, he unsuccessfully challenged John McChesney for the PWR Heavyweight Championship in a casket match at PWR Halloween Mayhem.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On July 18, 2015, Parks and Cherry Bomb made their debut for Tommy Dreamer's House of Hardcore at the ninth HOH event in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. They would appear at the next four HOH events, starting a feud with Dreamer and Mickie James in the process.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Guilmette first wrestled for Ring of Honor on April 13, 2007, defeating Mitch Franklin in a dark match. Years later, he would make his official debut for ROH on June 30, 2012, losing to Adam Cole. On February 16, 2013, Parks made his return, losing to former ROH World Tag Team Champion Charlie Haas. On the April 6, 2013, episode of "Ring of Honor Wrestling", Parks was defeated by Roderick Strong. He continued to wrestle matches for Ring of Honor throughout 2014 and 2015. Parks made his final appearance for Ring of Honor on September 26, 2015 losing to Caprice Coleman on the ROH Reloaded Tour.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Guilmette would make his first appearance for Combat Zone Wrestling on September 8, 2012 at the promotions annual Down with the Sickness event, defeating Kekoa. He would go on to make regular appearances for the promotion over the next four years. In 2015, Parks and his wife Cherry Bomb would align themselves with BLK Jeez, and form the villainous stable known as TV Ready. On December 12, 2015 at CZW's seventeenth annual Cage of Death event, TV Ready would go on to win the CZW World Tag Team Championship, defeating Dan Barry and Sozio. On May 14, 2016 TV Ready lost the CZW World Tag Team Championship to Da Hit Squad at Prelude to Violence 2016, the match was also Parks' final appearance for CZW after signing with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On September 10, 2016, Guilmette returned to CZW using his Braxton Sutter ring name for their annual Down with the Sickness event, teaming with BLK Jeez as TV Ready to challenge for the CZW World Tag Team Championship against Da Hit Squad, in a losing effort.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Guilmette initially appeared in Impact Wrestling through the company's One Night Only PPV's under his Pepper Parks ring name. First appearing at the 2015 One Night Only event X-Travaganza 2015, losing against Kenny King and Jay Rios, he would next appear on 2015's Gut Check PPV, losing to Drew Galloway.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: The following year on January 8, 2016; Parks appeared for the company again in the first PPV of the year losing to Trevor Lee. He appeared for the company again for the January 19 edition of "Impact Wrestling", where he suffered a loss against Mike Bennett. On March 23, Impact Wrestling announced that Guilmette had signed a contract.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On the June 7 edition of "Impact Wrestling", he made his Impact debut under the name Braxton Sutter, defeating local independent wrestler Bill Callous in a singles match. On June 12, 2016, at Slammiversary, Sutter wrestled James Storm in a losing effort. On the June 21, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter was challenged by Rockstar Spud who had interrupted Sutter's scheduled match against indy wrestler Balam, Sutter went on to defeat Spud and following his victory, was viciously attacked by Spud. On the June 28 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he won a battle-royal to become the number one contender for the Impact Wrestling X Division Championship, but was defeated by then champion Mike Bennett who invoked his match against Sutter immediately following the battle-royal. On the July 5 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he participated in an Ultimate X match for the X Division Championship, in a losing effort. During the match, he broke a tooth of Rockstar Spud's, intensifying their current feud over several months. At 2016's Destination X, he competed in a six-man ladder match to be number one contender to the X Division Championship, losing to DJZ. On the September 1 edition of "Impact Wrestling", Rockstar Spud viciously attacked Sutter with a chair during an Ultimate X match, and attacked him once again on the September 8 edition of "Impact Wrestling" after his match against Drew Galloway, breaking one of his teeth. On the September 15, Sutter defeated Rockstar Spud in an "Empty Arena, No Turnbuckles" match, ending their feud. At Bound for Glory he participated in the Bound for Gold but was eliminated first by the eventual winner Eli Drake.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On the October 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Braxton Sutter took part in the first Team X Gold match, teaming with DJZ and Mandrews, and defeated The Helms Dynasty and Marshe Rockett. On the November 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", the team, now dubbed "Go for Broke" defeated once again The Helms Dynasty and Marshe Rockett as well as Rockstar Spud and Decay in a three-way tag team match. On the December 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter faced Mandrews and DJZ for his Impact Wrestling X Division Championship, but lost the match.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On the January 12, 2017 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter inserted himself into the feud between Maria Kanellis-Bennett and Allie, losing to Maria's husband Mike Bennett. The following week, Maria would blackmail him into breaking it off with Allie, after he said that she couldn't control him like everyone else. He was then forced to drive Laurel Van Ness home and later propose to her, or else Allie would be fired. On the February 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter rejected Van Ness' marriage during the ceremony when he announced that he's in love with Allie. On the March 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter defeated DJZ, Marshe Rockett and Caleb Konley in a four-way match with the help of Allie. After the match, they were confronted by an angry Laurel Van Ness who observed them from the ramp. The following week, Sutter failed to win the X Division Championship in a four-way match against Trevor Lee, DJZ and Suicide after a distraction of Laurel Van Ness. On the March 30 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter was defeated by Sienna's cousin, KM. On the April 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Sutter and Allie defeated Sienna and KM. After the match, they were attacked by Sienna's surprise Kongo Kong and Laurel Van Ness. He continued feuding with Kongo Kong, Sienna, and KM. The feud culminated at the Slammiversary pre-show, where Sutter, Mahabali Shera, and Allie defeated Kongo Kong, KM, and Laurel Van Ness in a six-person tag-team match. While being off television for several months, he and Allie quietly ended their on camera relationship without any explanation.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Braxton Sutter returned on March 1, 2018 episode of Impact and turned heel, after losing his match, where he revealed that he dropped Allie like a bad habit, because she's no good and was holding his career back. He then went on to say that nobody is better than him, before being attacked by Brian Cage, to cheers from the crowd. Later that night Sutter came back out during Laurel Van Ness's segment, saying that he wanted back in, with her, but she refused. Then throughout the month of March, Braxton would come out after Allie's matches, offering to take her back, while Allie kept ignoring him, until the March 22 episode of Impact, where it was revealed to be a setup, when Allie was attacked from behind by Su Yung. At Redemption, Sutter accompanied Yung in her match against Allie, but she was defeated.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Guillmette made his All Elite Wrestling (AEW) debut as The Blade on the November 27 episode of "AEW Dynamite" attacking Cody Rhodes, along with The Butcher, and his real-life wife, Allie (The Bunny) establishing themselves as heels. On the December 11, 2019 episode of "AEW Dynamite", The Butcher and The Blade defeated Q. T. Marshall and Cody Rhodes. It was later revealed that The Butcher and The Blade had been hired by MJF, furthering his ongoing feud with Cody. On the December 11 episode of "Dynamite", The Butcher won his first tag match in AEW when he and The Blade defeated Cody and Q. T. Marshall, who was handpicked by MJF.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: In March 2020, The Butcher and The Blade had a brief feud with the Jurassic Express (Jungle Boy, Luchasaurus and Marko Stunt), which would lead to The Butcher and The Blade ending their alliance with MJF.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: During the summer, The Butcher and The Blade began working with Lucha Brothers (Rey Fenix and Penta El Zero Miedo) and later, formed a group, led by Eddie Kingston. However, the group disbanded on the November 18 episode of "Dynamite", after The Butcher and The Blade sided with Kingston, while the Lucha Brothers reunited their Death Triangle group with Pac, who had returned the previous week. They feuded with Pac, Penta, and Fenix for the next couple of weeks.Following AEW Revolution, The Butcher and The Blade ended their alliance with Kingston after he turned face and began teaming with Jon Moxley as they allied themselves with Matt Hardy who along with Private Party created a faction known as the Hardy Family Office.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On March 17, 2021, on a special edition of "Dynamite" called St. Patrick’s Day Slam, in their debut match with the HFO, The Butcher and The Blade teamed with Matt Hardy and Private Party in a victory over Bear Country and Jungle Express.On the September 15 episode of "Dynamite", The Butcher and The Blade, now ranked No. 1, unsuccessfully challenged the Lucha Bros. for the AEW World Tag Team Championship. After the match, the entirety of the HFO beat down the Lucha Bros before being stopped by Santana and Ortiz. The Blade did not appear on television again until the November 10 edition of "Dynamite", assisting Matt Hardy and Isiah Kassidy in assaulting Orange Cassidy, Chuck Taylor, and Wheeler Yuta after Yuta was squashed by Wardlow.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: On September 21, 2013, Guilmette married fellow professional wrestler Laura Dennis, better known as Cherry Bomb on the independent circuit, Allie in Impact Wrestling and The Bunny in AEW.


title: The Blade (wrestler)

text: Guilmette is an advocate for Mental Health awareness, as he has been open about his struggles with mental health and anxiety.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Mark Phillip Hertling (born September 29, 1953) is a former United States Army officer. From March 2011 to November 2012, he served as the Commanding General of United States Army Europe and the Seventh Army. Hertling served in Armor, Cavalry, planning, operations and training positions, and commanded every organization from Platoon to Field Army. He commanded the 1st Armored Division and Task Force Iron/Multinational Division-North in Iraq during the troop surge of 2007 to 2008.


title: Mark Hertling

text: After retirement from the army, Hertling became a Senior Vice President for the Florida Hospital organization in Orlando from 2012 to 2018. While there, he developed a successful Physician Leader Development course for that organization. In 2016, he also published the book "Growing Physician Leaders". Since 2018, he has provided leadership courses to several healthcare institutions throughout the nation, while also speaking on leadership and national security for myriad audiences.


title: Mark Hertling

text: In 2013, Hertling was also appointed by President Barack Obama to be one of 25 people serving on the President's Council on Fitness, Sports, and Nutrition. He served as a Council member until 20 January 2017. He also acts as a senior advisor to "Mission Readiness", a nonprofit, bipartisan organization of retired military leaders who call for smart investments for U.S. children. He has served as a board member for World TEAM (The Exceptional Athlete Matters) Sport, an organization providing opportunities for physically challenged athletes, and he serves as a senior advisor to "Operation Gratitude", an organization supporting deployed military, first line responders, healthcare workers and their families. In 2016, he was named as an Adjunct Scholar to the Modern War Institute at the United States Military Academy at West Point, and in 2019 he became an adjunct professor at the Crummer School of Business at Rollins College. In 2021, Hertling received a Presidential appointment to the American Battle Monuments Commission. Since June 2014, Hertling has appeared as a national security and military analyst for CNN.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Hertling was born in St. Louis, Missouri. He attended Christian Brothers College High School, then located in Clayton, Missouri, graduating in 1971. He is a member of the CBC Alumni Hall of Fame, elected in 2010. In 1975, Hertling was commissioned as a second lieutenant in the Armor Branch after graduation from the United States Military Academy at West Point. While at West Point, Hertling was on the NCAA Division I Swimming and Water Polo Team, and he was active as a member of his class committee and attained the rank of Cadet Captain.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Hertling received a Master of Science in Kinesiology from Indiana University, a Masters of Military Arts and Sciences from the Command and General Staff College at Fort Leavenworth, Kansas, and a Masters of National Security and Strategic Studies from the National War College in Washington, D.C. In May 2019 he received a doctorate in business administration from the Crummer School of Business, Rollins College, defending research regarding physician leadership in the healthcare industry.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Throughout his military career, Hertling saw alternating assignment between operational and training postings, and he gained a reputation as a skilled trainer and a soldier-focused leader and commander. He has been assigned to all of the Combat Training Centers in the United States and Germany, expanding the center in Europe. Hertling has influenced the training model in the U.S. Army at various stages of his career. He served in command and staff assignments in the continental United States and overseas.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Hertling began his professional career in Europe as a second lieutenant, leading tank and scout platoons in the 3rd Infantry Division in 1975 to 1977. In 1988, he returned to Europe as a major, serving first on the staff of the 1st Armored Division as the deputy G-3, then as the S-3 of 1st Squadron, 1st Cavalry Regiment (Blackhawks) with whom he deployed during Operation Desert Shield/Desert Storm. The 1-1 Cavalry was cited for its role in the Battle of Medina Ridge, where Hertling was wounded in action.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Hertling also commanded 1st Squadron, 16th Cavalry Regiment at Fort Knox. He also commanded 3rd Brigade, 2nd Infantry Division at Fort Lewis, Wash. when that unit was named as the Army's first Stryker Brigade. He was Commander of Operations Group, National Training Center and Fort Irwin, Fort Irwin, California, and commanded the 7th Army Training Command, transforming it to the Joint-Multinational Training Command, in Grafenwoehr, Germany. He also served as the Vice J-7 and the J-7, on the Joint Staff in Washington, D.C. from 2001 to 2003, and as the United States Army Europe G-3 from 2005 to 2007.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Hertling's overseas assignments include responsibility as the Commanding General, 1st Armored Division/Multi-National Division-North, as a major general from October 2007 to December 2008, both in Wiesbaden, Germany and in Iraq during Operation Iraqi Freedom. Prior to this, as a brigadier general, he was the assistant division commander from September 2003 to August 2004 of the 1st Armored Division, United States Army Europe and Seventh United States Army, in Baghdad, Iraq.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Before his final posting as the USAREUR Commander, Hertling commanded the 1st Armored Division from 2007 to 2009, and he was the first Deputy Commanding General for Initial Military Training (IMT) from 2009 to 2011. In the former role, he commanded the "1st Tank" in both its home location in Germany, and for 15 months as part of the surge in Iraq. In Iraq, Task Force Iron was based in Tikrit, and cooperated with five Iraqi Army divisions in security and on a "whole of government" approach. As a combined force, these units conducted many operations to strengthen the Iraqi Security Forces and the provincial governments in the four Arab and three Kurdish provinces in the north, and they contributed to significant improvement in the economic and security conditions in the region. Hertling integrated a series of named kinetic operations ("Iron") with a unique series of non-kinetic engagements ("United and Strong") to further improve stability, government, economics, and security.


title: Mark Hertling

text: As the first commander of IMT from 2009 to 2011, Hertling was responsible for integrating the initial training of about 160,000 officers and enlisted soldiers entering United States Army training every year at 27 installations across the United States. Hertling led change in several areas, including integrating new training methods into basic combat training, advanced individual training, and basic officer leadership courses. IMT revised the Army's Warrior Tasks and Battle Drills and developed further training in rifle marksmanship, combatives, values instruction, first aid, and cultural training. IMT's "Soldier-Athlete" initiative also brought about innovative changes in physical readiness training, introducing athletic trainers and physical therapists to training units, and integrating performance nutrition into Army dining facilities ("Fueling the Soldier"). Complementing Soldier Athlete, Hertling recommended change to the Army's Physical Readiness (PT) test, a recommendation which was not initially accepted by the Army.


title: Mark Hertling

text: Hertling also taught in the Department of Physical Education at the United States Military Academy, and served as a speechwriter for General Frederick M. Franks Jr. when he commanded TRADOC.


title: Mark Hertling

text: In 2018, Hertling and Molly K. McKew wrote an article for "Politico": "Putin's Attack on the U.S. Is Our Pearl Harbor", which urged the United States to respond accordingly to Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.


title: Bosnians

text: Bosnians (Bosnian language: / ; / , / ) are people identified with the country of Bosnia and Herzegovina or with the region of Bosnia. As a common demonym, the term "Bosnians" refers to all inhabitants/citizens of the country, regardless of any ethnic, cultural or religious affiliation. It can also be used as a designation for anyone who is descended from the region of Bosnia. Also, a Bosnian can be anyone who holds citizenship of the state of Bosnia and Herzegovina and thus is largely synonymous with the all-encompassing national demonym "Bosnians and Herzegovinians". This includes, but is not limited to, members of the constituent ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosniaks, Serbs, and Croats.


title: Bosnians

text: As a common demonym, the term "Bosnians" should not be confused with somewhat similar, but not identical ethnonym "Bosniaks", designating ethnic Bosniaks. The main ethnic groups of Bosnia and Herzegovina include Bosniaks, Croats, and Serbs.


title: Bosnians

text: In modern English, term "Bosnians" is the most commonly used exonym for the general population of Bosnia. In older English literature, inhabitants of Bosnia were sometimes also referred to as "Bosniacs" or "Bosniaks". All of those terms ("Bosnians", "Bosniacs", "Bosniaks") were used interchangeably, as common demonyms for the entire population of Bosnia, including all ethnic and religious groups. When pointing to different religious affiliations within the general population of Bosnia, English authors were using common terms like "Christian Bosniacs", or "Mohammedan Bosniacs", and also "Christian Bosniaks", or "Mohammedan Bosniaks".


title: Bosnians

text: Since the end of the 20th century, when the majority of ethnic Muslims in former Yugoslavia re-affirmed "Bosniak" as their ethnic designation, consequent use of that particular term in English language has gradually adapted to the new situation. Today, term "Bosniaks" (including the spelling variant "Bosniacs") is primarily used in English language as a designation for ethnic Bosniaks, while the term "Bosnians" has kept its general meaning, designating all inhabitants of Bosnia.


title: Bosnians

text: There was a case to have right for people to identify themselves as "Bosnians" in the European Court of Human Rights that won.


title: Bosnians

text: The name "Bosnia" as a polity was first recorded in the middle of the 10th century, in the Greek form "Βόσονα", designating the region. By that time, the Migration Period of the Early Middle Ages was already over. During that turbulent period, from the beginning of the 6th, up to middle of the 7th century, the Early Slavs have invaded the Byzantine Empire and settled throughout the Southeastern Europe. In many regions, they encountered various groups of the previously romanized population of the former Roman provinces of Dalmatia, Praevalitana, Pannonia Secunda, Pannonia Savia and others. The remaining romanized population retreated mainly to mountainous regions, while South Slavic tribes settled in plains and valleys, gradually coalescing into early principalities. As these expanded, they came to include other surrounding territories, and later evolved into more centralized states.


title: Bosnians

text: During the twelfth century, the Banate of Bosnia was created, centered in the valley of the river Bosna. There are several theories among linguists and other scholars regarding the origins of both terms, for the region and the river, and also regarding the relation between those two terms. It is speculated that the name Bosnia could be drawn from an older regional term, itself originally derived from the name of the Bosna river, which flows through the heart of the land. From that root, local demonym was derived in endonym form of "Bošnjani", designating the inhabitants of Bosnia.


title: Bosnians

text: During the 13th and 14th century, the Banate of Bosnia gradually expanded, incorporating regions of Soli, Usora, Donji Kraji and Zahumlje. Inhabitants of all those regions also kept their regional individuality. By 1377, the Kingdom of Bosnia was created under the Kotromanić dynasty. It also included several territories of medieval Serbia and Croatia. As a consequence, many Eastern Orthodox Christians and Roman Catholics became subjects of Bosnian rulers, along with adherents of a native Bosnian Church whose origins and nature are a subject of continued debate among scholars. Bošnjani are called that from time of Stephen II i.e. as political subjects of Bosnian rulers. Those belonging to this sect simply called themselves "Krstjani" ("Christians"). Many scholars have argued that these Bosnian "Krstjani" were Manichaean dualists related to the Bogomils of Bulgaria, while others question this theory, citing lack of historical evidence. Both Catholic and Orthodox Church authorities considered the Bosnian Church heretical, and launched vigorous proselytizing campaigns to stem its influence. As a result of these divisions, no coherent religious identity developed in medieval Bosnia, as it had in Croatia and Serbia.


title: Bosnians

text: As the centuries passed, the Bosnian kingdom slowly began to decline. It had become fractured by increased political and religious disunity. By then, the Ottoman Turks had already gained a foothold in the Balkans. First defeating the Serbs at the Battle of Kosovo and expanding westward, the Turks eventually conquered all of Bosnia and portions of neighboring Croatia. Territory that partly belonged to the medieval Croatian Kingdom and partly to the Bosnian Kingdom remained under Ottoman rule for centuries, so long that it was referred to as "Turkish Croatia" (later as "Bosanska Krajina").


title: Bosnians

text: These developments altered Bosnian history, as many residents adopted Islam, adding to the complex Bosnian ethno-religious identity. The Bosnian Church disappeared, although the circumstances of its decline has been debated as much as defining its nature and origins. Some historians contend that the Bosnian "Krstjani" converted "en masse" to Islam, seeking refuge from Catholic and Orthodox persecution. Others argue that the Bosnian Church had already ceased to operate many decades before the Turkish conquest. Whatever the case, a native and distinct Muslim community developed among the Bosnians under Ottoman rule, quickly becoming dominant. By the early 1600s, approximately two-thirds of the Bosnian population was Muslim.


title: Bosnians

text: During the Austro-Hungarian occupation of Bosnia and Herzegovina from 1878 to 1918, Benjamin Kallay, Joint Imperial Minister of Finance and Vienna-based administrator of Bosnia, promoted "Bošnjaštvo", a policy that aimed to inspire in Bosnia's people 'a feeling that they belong to a great and powerful nation'. The policy advocated the ideal of a pluralist and multi-confessional Bosnian nation and viewed Bosnians as "speaking the Bosnian language and divided into three religions with equal rights." The policy tried to isolate Bosnia and Herzegovina from its irredentist neighbors (the Eastern Orthodox in Serbia, Catholics in Croatia, and the Muslims of the Ottoman Empire). The empire tried to discourage the concept of Croat or Serb nationhood, which had spread to Bosnia and Herzegovina's Catholic and Orthodox communities from neighboring Croatia and Serbia in the mid-19th century. Croats and Serbs who opposed the imperial policy and identified with nationalist ideas, ignored claims of Bosnian nationhood and instead counted Bosnian Muslims as part of their own nations, a concept that was rejected by most Bosnian Muslims. Following the death of Kallay, the policy was abandoned. By the latter half of the 1910s, nationalism was an integral factor of Bosnian politics, with national political parties corresponding to the three groups dominating elections.


title: Bosnians

text: During the period when Yugoslavia was established as a nation, the political establishment in Bosnia and Herzegovina was dominated by Serb and Croat policies; neither of the two terms, "Bosnian" or "Bosniak," was recognized to identify the people as a constituent nation. Consequently, Bosnian Muslims, or anyone who claimed a Bosnian/Bosniak ethnicity, were classified in Yugoslav population statistics as under the category 'regional affiliation.' This classification was used in the last Yugoslav census taken in 1991 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.


title: Bosnians

text: The census classifications in former Yugoslavia were often subject to political manipulation because the counting of populations was critical to power of each group. In the constitutional amendments of 1947, Bosnian Muslims requested the option of 'Bosnian.' But, in the 1948 census, they were given only the choices to identify as 'ethnically undeclared Muslim', 'Serb-Muslim' or 'Croat-Muslim' (the vast majority chose the first option). In the 1953 census, the category "Yugoslav, ethnically undeclared" was introduced; the overwhelming majority of those who identified by this category were Bosnian Muslim.


title: Bosnians

text: In the 1961 census, the Bosniaks or Bosnian Muslims were categorized as an ethnic group defined as one of 'Muslim-Ethnic affiliation,' but not as a Yugoslav "constitutive nation" alongside Serbs and Croats. In 1964, the Fourth Congress of the Bosnian Party assured the Bosniaks' of the right to self-determination. In 1968 at a meeting of the Bosnian Central Committee, Bosniaks were accepted as a distinct nation, though the leadership decided not to use the Bosniak or Bosnian name. Hence, as a compromise, the option of "Muslims by nationality" was introduced as a category in the 1971 census. This was the official category for use by Bosniaks until the final Yugoslav census in 1991.


title: Bosnians

text: In 1990 the name Bosniaks was reintroduced to replace the term "Muslim by nationality". This resulted in Bosniak, or even Muslim, as terms being (re)coined recently as a political compromise. In the centuries of the Ottoman Empire, distinctions among citizens (for taxation purposes, military service etc.) was made based primarily on the individual's religious identity, which was closely tied to ethnicity.


title: Bosnians

text: The number of people who identified as Bosnians under the latest (2013) population census is not exactly known, however it is not above 2.73%, as this is the number of people who identified as "Others" and "Bosnians" are listed under this "Others" category.


title: Bosnians

text: According to the latest population census (2013) of Bosnia and Herzegovina, there were relatively few people who identified as "Bosnians", thereby it is difficult to establish the religious connection between this group of people and some of the religions present in that country.


title: Bosnians

text: "Neither Bosniak, nor Croat, nor Serb identities can be fully understood with reference only to Islam or Christianity respectively but have to be considered in a specific Bosnian context that has resulted in a shared history and locality among Bosnians of Islamic as well as Christian backgrounds."According to Bringa, in Bosnia there is a singular, "trans-ethnic culture" that encompassed each ethnicity and makes different faiths, including Christianity and Islam, "synergistically interdependent".


title: Bosnians

text: Still, large numbers of Bosnians are secular, a trend strengthened in the post-World War II in Bosnia and Herzegovina as they were part of the Communist political system that rejected traditional organized religion.


title: Bosnians

text: According to the latest official population census made in Bosnia and Herzegovina, most of the population identified with Bosniak, Croat or Serb ethnicity. Some people identified with "Bosnian" nationality, however these are listed under the category "Others" (along with all the other options such as ethnic Muslims, Jews, Romas etc.). According to the latest population census (2013), there were around 2.7% "Others".


title: Bosnians

text: The "CIA World Factbook", used in this article as a source for numbers, does not mention a sole "Bosnian" nationality. Instead, it mentions "Bosnian(s), Herzegovinian(s)", thereby emphasizing the regional significance and equity between the terms.


title: Bosnians

text: Ethnic minorities in this territory, such as Jews, Roma, Albanians, Montenegrins and others, may consider "Bosnian" as an adjective modifying their ethnicity (e.g. "Bosnian Roma") to indicate place of residence. Other times, they use (with equal rights) the term "Herzegovinians".


title: Bosnians

text: In addition, a sizable population in Bosnia and Herzegovina believe that the term "Bosnians" defines a people who constitute a distinct collective cultural identity or ethnic group. According to the latest (2013) census, however, this population does not rise above 2.7%.


title: Bosnians

text: In a 2007 survey conducted by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 57% of those surveyed primarily identified by an ethnic designation, while 43% opted for "being a citizen of Bosnia-Herzegovina". In addition, 75% of the surveyors answered positively to the question "As well as thinking of yourself as a [Bosniak, Croat, Serb], do you also think of yourself as being a citizen of the whole of Bosnia-Herzegovina?". In the same survey, 43% said that they identify as a citizen of Bosnia-Herzegovina as the primary identity, 14% identified with a specific ethnic or religious group, while 41% chose the dual identity.


title: Bosnians

text: According to a study conducted by the University of Montenegro, Faculty for Sport and Physical Education in Nikšić, Montenegro and the University of Novi Sad in Serbia, Bosnian people are the tallest in the world.


title: Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1856–1929)

text: Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (Russian: Николай Николаевич Романов (младший – "the younger"); 18 November 1856 – 5 January 1929) was a Russian general in World War I (1914–1918). The son of Grand Duke Nicholas Nikolaevich of Russia (1831–1891), and a grandson of Emperor Nicholas I of Russia, he was commander in chief of the Imperial Russian Army units on the main front in the first year of the war, during the reign of his first cousin once removed, Nicholas II. Although held in high regard by Paul von Hindenburg, he struggled with the colossal task of leading Russia's war effort against Germany, including strategy, tactics, logistics and coordination with the government. After the Gorlice–Tarnów offensive in 1915, Tsar Nicholas replaced the Grand Duke as commander-in-chief of the army. He later was a successful commander-in-chief in the Caucasus region. He was briefly recognized as the Emperor in 1922 in areas controlled by the White Armies movement in the Russian Far East.


text: A very tall man (1.98m / 6' 6"), Nicholas, named after his paternal grandfather, the emperor, was born as the eldest son to Grand Duke Nicholas Nicolaevich of Russia (1831–1891) and Alexandra Petrovna of Oldenburg (1838–1900) on 18 November 1856. His father was the sixth child and third son born to Nicholas I of Russia and his Empress consort Alexandra Fedorovna of Prussia (1798–1860). Alexandra Fedorovna was a daughter of Frederick William III of Prussia and Louise of Mecklenburg-Strelitz.


text: Nicholas's mother, his father's first cousin's daughter, was a daughter of Duke Konstantin Peter of Oldenburg (1812–1881) and Princess Therese of Nassau (1815–1871). His maternal grandfather was a son of Duke George of Oldenburg and Grand Duchess Catherine Pavlovna of Russia, daughter of Paul I of Russia and Maria Fedorovna of Württemberg. (Catherine was later remarried to William I of Württemberg.) His maternal grandmother was a daughter of Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau (1792–1839) and Princess Luise of Saxe-Hildburghausen. The Duke of Nassau was a son of Friedrich Wilhelm, Duke of Nassau (1768–1816) and Burgravine Louise Isabelle of Kirchberg. His paternal grandparents were Duke Karl Christian of Nassau-Weilburg (1735–1788) and Carolina of Orange-Nassau. Carolina was a daughter of William IV of Orange and Anne, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange. Anne was the eldest daughter of George II of Great Britain and Caroline of Ansbach.


text: Grand Duke Nicholas was the first cousin once removed of Tsar Nicholas II. To distinguish between them, the Grand Duke was often known within the Imperial family as "Nikolasha": the Grand Duke was also known as "Nicholas the Tall" while the Tsar was "Nicholas the Short".


text: Grand Duke Nicholas was educated at the school of military engineers and received his commission in 1873. During the Russo-Turkish War, 1877-78, he was on the staff of his father who was commander in chief. He distinguished himself on two occasions in this war. He worked his way up through all the ranks until he was appointed commander of the Guard Hussar Regiment in 1884.


text: He had a reputation as a tough commander, yet one respected by his troops. His experience was more as a trainer of soldiers than a leader in battle. Nicholas was a very religious man, praying in the morning and at night as well as before and after meals. He was happiest in the country, hunting or caring for his estates.


text: By 1895, he was inspector-general of the cavalry, a post he held for 10 years. His tenure has been judged a success with reforms in training, cavalry schools, cavalry reserves and the remount services. He was not given an active command during the Russo-Japanese War, perhaps because the Tsar did not wish to hazard the prestige of the Romanovs and because he wanted a loyal general in command at home in case of domestic disturbances. Thus, Nicholas did not have the opportunity to gain experience in battlefield command.


text: Grand Duke Nicholas played a crucial role during the Revolution of 1905. With disorder spreading and the future of the dynasty at stake, the Tsar had a choice of instituting the reforms suggested by Count Sergei Witte or imposing a military dictatorship. The only man with the prestige to keep the allegiance of the army in such a coup was the Grand Duke. The Tsar asked him to assume the role of a military dictator. In an emotional scene at the palace, Nicholas refused, drew his pistol and threatened to shoot himself on the spot if the Tsar did not endorse Witte's plan. This act was decisive in forcing Nicholas II to agree to the reforms.


text: From 1905 to the outbreak of World War I, he was commander-in-chief of the St. Petersburg Military District. He had the reputation there of appointing men of humble origins to positions of authority. The lessons of the Russo-Japanese War were drilled into his men.


text: On 29 April 1907, Nicholas married Princess Anastasia of Montenegro (1869–1935), the daughter of King Nicholas I, and sister of Princess Milica, who had married Nicholas's brother, Grand Duke Peter. They had no children. She had previously been married to George Maximilianovich, 6th Duke of Leuchtenberg, by whom she had two children, until their divorce in 1906. Since the Montenegrins were a fiercely Slavic, anti-Turkish people from the Balkans, Anastasia reinforced the Pan-Slavic tendencies of Nicholas.


text: Nicholas was a hunter. Ownership of borzoi hounds was restricted to members of the highest nobility, and Nicholas's packs were well-known. After the revolution, the dogs in his kennel were sold off by the new Soviet government. In his lifetime, Nicholas and his dogs caught hundreds of wolves. A pair of borzoi were used, which caught the wolf, one on each side, while Nicholas dismounted and cut the wolf's throat with a knife. Hunting was his major recreation, and he traveled in his private train across Russia with his horses and dogs, hunting while on his rounds of inspection.


text: The Grand Duke had no part in the planning and preparations for World War I, that being the responsibility of General Vladimir Sukhomlinov and the general staff. On the eve of the outbreak of World War I, his first cousin once removed, the Emperor Nicholas II of Russia, yielded to the entreaties of his ministers and appointed Grand Duke Nicholas to the supreme command. He was 57 years old and had never commanded armies in the field before, although he had spent almost all of his life on active service. His appointment was popular in the army. He was given responsibility for the largest army ever put into the field up to that date. He recalled that "... on receipt of the Imperial order, he spent much of his time crying because he did not know how to approach his new duties."


text: Grand Duke Nicholas was responsible for all Russian forces fighting against Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Turkey. He decided that their major effort must be in Poland, which thrust toward Germany like a salient, flanked by German East Prussia in the north, and Austro-Hungarian Galicia in the south. He planned to attend first to the flanks and when they were secure to invade German Silesia. In the north poor coordination of the two invading Russian armies resulted in the disaster of Tannenberg. In the south they conquered much of Galicia. Their subsequent move toward Silesia was blocked by the Battle of the Vistula River and Battle of Łódź. The Grand Duke picked and chose from the various plans offered by his generals. The Grand Duke begged for the artillery and ammunition they desperately lacked, so he could not embark on a coherent plan for victory. Nicholas came to power because of his royal status, and the tsar's belief that God was guiding his decision. He lacked the broad strategic sense and the ruthless drive to command all the Russian armies. His headquarters had a curiously calm atmosphere, despite the many defeats and the millions of casualties. He failed in terms of strategy and tactics, as well as logistics, selection of generals, maintaining morale, and gaining support from the government. On a personal level he was well liked by both officers and men.


text: After the Great Retreat of the Russian army, the Chief of the General Staff Nikolai Yanushkevich, with the full support of the Grand Duke Nicholas, ordered the army to devastate the border territories and expel the "enemy" nations within. The Russian authorities launched pogroms against German populations in Russian cities, massacred Jews in their towns and villages and deported 500,000 Jews and 250,000 Germans into the Russian interior. On 11 June 1915, a pogrom began against Germans in Petrograd, with over 500 factories, stores and offices looted and mob violence unleashed against Germans. The Russian military leadership regarded Muslims, Germans and Poles as traitors and spies, while Jews were considered political unreliables.


text: As a result of his failure, the Tsar removed the Grand Duke as commander of the Russian armed forces on 21 August 1915 and took personal command.


text: Upon his dismissal, the Grand Duke was immediately appointed commander-in-chief and viceroy in the Caucasus (replacing Count Illarion Vorontsov-Dashkov). While the Grand Duke was officially in command, General Yudenich was the driving figure in the Russian Caucasus army, so the Grand Duke focused on the civil administration. Their opponent was the Ottoman Empire. While the Grand Duke was in command, the Russian army sent an expeditionary force through to Persia (now Iran) to link up with British troops. Also in 1916, the Russian army captured the fortress town of Erzerum, the port of Trebizond (now Trabzon) and the town of Erzincan. The Turks responded with an offensive of their own. Fighting around Lake Van swung back and forth, but ultimately proved inconclusive.


text: It is reported that, while visiting the garrison of Kostroma he met Said Nursi, a famous Muslim cleric who was a prisoner of war. Because of Nursi's disrespectful attitude (he refused to greet the Grand Duke first saying that faithful's are more senior than infidels), Grand Duke gave an order to execute him. But after seeing Nursi's devotion to his religion during his last prayer, Grand Duke changed his mind and amnestied Nursi. Nothing in the Grand Duke's record suggests that he would have even considered such a war crime. At the time he was urging the Tsar to set up colleges for training Muslim clerics so they would not have to study abroad.


text: Nicholas tried to have a railway built from Russian Georgia to the conquered territories with a view to bringing up more supplies for a new offensive in 1917. But, in March 1917, the Tsar was overthrown and the Russian army began slowly to fall apart.


text: The February Revolution found Nicholas in the Caucasus. He was appointed by the Emperor, in his last official act, as the supreme commander in chief, and was wildly received as he journeyed to headquarters in Mogilev; however, within 24 hours of his arrival, the new prime minister, Prince Georgy Lvov, cancelled his appointment. Nicholas spent the next two years in the Crimean Peninsula, sometimes under house arrest, taking little part in politics. There appears to have been some sentiment to have him head the White Army forces active in southern Russia at the time, but the leaders in charge, especially General Anton Denikin, were afraid that a strong monarchist figurehead would alienate the more left leaning constituents of the movement. He and his wife escaped just ahead of the Red Army in April 1919, aboard the British Royal Navy battleship HMS "Marlborough".


text: On 8 August 1922, Nicholas was proclaimed as the emperor of all the Russias by the Zemsky Sobor of the Priamurye region in the Far East by White Army general Mikhail Diterikhs. Nicholas was already living abroad and consequently was not present. Two months later the Priamurye region fell to the Bolsheviks.


text: After a stay in Genoa as a guest of his brother-in-law, Victor Emmanuel III, King of Italy, Nicholas and his wife took up residence in a small chateau at Choigny, 20 miles outside of Paris. He was under the protection of the French secret police as well as by a small number of faithful Cossack retainers.


text: He became the symbolic figurehead of an anti-Soviet Russian monarchist movement, after assuming on 16 November 1924 the supreme command of all Russian forces in exile and thus of the Russian All-Military Union, which had been founded in the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes by Gen Pyotr Wrangel two months prior. The monarchists made plans to send agents into Russia. Conversely a top priority of the Soviet secret police was to penetrate this monarchist organization and to kidnap Nicholas. They were successful in the former, infiltrating the group with spies. (OGPU later lured the anti-Bolshevik British master spy Sidney Reilly back to the Soviet Union (1925) where he was killed.) They did not succeed however, in kidnapping Nicholas. As late as June 1927, the monarchists were able to set off a bomb at the Lubyanka Prison in Moscow.


text: Grand Duke Nicholas died on 5 January 1929 of natural causes on the French Riviera, where he had gone to escape the rigors of winter. He was originally buried in the church of St. Michael the Archangel Church in Cannes, France. In 2014 Nicholas Romanov, Prince of Russia (1922–2014) and Prince Dimitri Romanov (1926-2016) requested the transfer of his remains. The bodies of Nicholas Nikolaevich and his wife were re-buried in Moscow at the World War I memorial military cemetery in May 2015.


text: Grand Duke Nicholas was portrayed in the 1971 film "Nicholas and Alexandra" by Harry Andrews, and in the 1974 television drama "Fall of Eagles" by John Phillips .


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: The commedia sexy all'italiana (, lit. "sex comedy Italian style"), also known as commedia scollacciata or commedia erotica all'italiana, is a subgenre of Italian "commedia all'italiana" film genre.


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: "Commedia sexy" is characterized typically by both abundant female nudity and comedy, and by the minimal weight given to social criticism that was the basic ingredient of the main "commedia all'italiana" genre. Stories are often set in affluent environments such as wealthy households. It is closely connected to the sexual revolution, and it was something extremely new and innovative for that period. For the first time, films with female nudity could be watched at the cinema. Pornography and scenes of explicit sex were still forbidden in Italian cinemas, but partial nudity was somewhat tolerated. The genre has been described as a cross between bawdy comedy and humorous erotic film with ample slapstick elements which follows more or less clichéd storylines.


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: This subgenre has its roots in several different series of films. The "mondo film" genre popularized nudity, shifting the limits of what could be shown in the Italian cinema. A series of successful "commedia all'italiana" of the sixties (such as Pietro Germi's "Signore & Signori" (1966) and Dino Risi's "Vedo nudo" (1969)) focused on Italian hypocrisy and shame about sexual taboos, popularizing sex-based plots.


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: The "commedia sexy" was very successful commercially between the 1970s and early 1980s, although it was generally panned by critics (with a few exceptions such as several comedies starring Lando Buzzanca), and then declined when female nudity became common in Italian mainstream cinema, television and magazines, and when pornographic films became more widely available.


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: Pier Paolo Pasolini's "Trilogy of Life" (consisting of "The Decameron" (1971), "Canterbury Tales" (1972) and "Arabian Nights" (1974), and inspired by the tales of Giovanni Boccaccio's "Decameron", Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Canterbury Tales" and the "One Thousand and One Nights") contained nudity and sex-based plots. The success of these films and the relaxation of Italian censors, beginning from the early 1970s, paved the way for dozens of soft-core productions set in medieval or Renaissance times, collectively known as decamerotic (singular: decamerotico; alternative terms include decameronico and decamerone, as well as boccaccesco). The wave of decamerotici lasted from 1971 (starting with "In Love, Every Pleasure Has Its Pain") until the end of 1975, with an early peak in 1972. In total, about 50 decamerotici were produced.


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: Other very popular subgenres () of the "commedia sexy all'italiana" included high school (), military (), hospital (), police () and family comedies ().


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: The "commedia sexy" launched the careers of several actresses, including Edwige Fenech, commonly considered the quintessential star of the genre; María Baxa and Gloria Guida, the staple lead actress of coming-of-age films and the popular La liceale series in the mid-1970s; and Nadia Cassini who was promoted as a successor to Fenech in the late 1970s. Many actresses who had gained earlier success in other genres moved to "commedia sexy" and became well-known within the genre, such as Femi Benussi in the mid-1970s and Barbara Bouchet in the late 1970s. The glamour models Anna Maria Rizzoli and Carmen Russo also followed this route in the early 1980s, a period when the genre was starting to fade in popularity.


title: Commedia sexy all'italiana

text: The genre is also identified with a number of prominent male comedians and actors including Lando Buzzanca, Lino Banfi, Carlo Giuffrè, Alberto Lionello, Pippo Franco, Alvaro Vitali, and Renzo Montagnani.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Jeff Loomis (born September 14, 1971) is an American musician, best known for his role as lead guitarist in the progressive metal band Nevermore during its existence from 1991 to 2011, as well as brief tenures in its precursor, Sanctuary. In 2014, he joined Swedish melodic death metal band Arch Enemy, and in 2021 he joined Graham Bonnet's Alcatrazz as well. As a solo artist he has released two albums and one EP.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Loomis got his first instrument at nine or ten years old, but did not start practicing seriously until around the age of 15. As a teenager in Wisconsin he played in a handful of cover bands and three death metal bands before joining more established bands. Guitarists whose style influenced Loomis are Yngwie Malmsteen, Ritchie Blackmore, Marty Friedman, Jason Becker, Tony Iommi and Brian May At the age of 16, Loomis won Wisconsin's "Guitar Wars" contest.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: He auditioned for Megadeth (during the "So Far, So Good...So What!" era) at the age of 16, after their lead guitarist Jeff Young was fired from the band. After they played a few songs together, Dave Mustaine, the band's frontman and other lead guitarist, thanked Loomis and told him that one day he would become a great guitar player, but because of his age he was not right for the position. Loomis saw Cacophony on tour, and told Marty Friedman, who became very interested, about the audition. Marty tried out for the position and joined the band in 1989. In 2005, Loomis would then share the stage with Megadeth, as the lead guitarist for Nevermore as part of Mustaine's Gigantour festival. Loomis began to work on his solo album "Zero Order Phase". At this time Megadeth were having tryouts for a new guitarist once again and invited Loomis to join them. He turned the band down in order to keep working on his solo album. Coincidentally, Loomis's co-guitarist in Nevermore, Chris Broderick, auditioned for Megadeth and was given the part.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Not too long after being auditioned for the lead part in Megadeth (which was also auditioned for by Steve Smyth and Chris Broderick, both playing for his later band Nevermore at different points), Loomis was unable to join the band Sanctuary after guitarist Sean Blosl had left. He was able to take his place at this time; however, because of a dispute caused by guitarist Lenny Rutledge wanting to make grunge oriented music, Sanctuary broke up four months afterwards.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: After the break-up, Loomis and former Sanctuary members Warrel Dane (vocalist) and Jim Sheppard (bassist) made plans to form Nevermore, and in late 1994, Loomis became the lead guitarist of Nevermore after the brief period being in Sanctuary. During his time in the band he was the main songwriter of Nevermore. His contributions can be found in albums such as "The Politics of Ecstasy", "Dreaming Neon Black", "This Godless Endeavor" (including Steve Smyth, who previously featured in the band Testament) and Nevermore's 2010 album, "The Obsidian Conspiracy". Loomis played an important role in developing the sound that Nevermore has today, using 7-string guitars and techniques such as sweep picking. One of his more important musical showcases is the critically acclaimed album "Dead Heart in a Dead World", for which he wrote most of the songs before Nevermore. On April 21, 2011, he and drummer Van Williams left Nevermore, citing personal and musical differences with Warrel Dane.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In 2005, Loomis reported that he would take some time as a break and then begin recording a solo album. He said, "It's something I've been wanting to do for some time ... It will be like a Jason Becker/Marty Friedman kind of thing." On April 1, 2008, Loomis said that all 10 songs which had been written had had the drum parts recorded (done by Mark Arrington pretty much overnight) and they would soon begin tracking the rhythm guitar. On July 3, 2008, it was announced that the album would be called "Zero Order Phase". It was released September 30 via Century Media Records. It features guest solos from Ron Jarzombek, Pat O'Brien, and bassist Michael Manring. During this time Dave Mustaine of Megadeth invited Loomis to join as the lead guitarist, but he declined the offer to work on his solo record.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In 2010, he played a guest guitar solo on Keith Merrow's album "Awaken the Stone King", released on January 1, 2011. He also played another guest solo in the song "Racecar" on Periphery's self-titled debut album.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: On April 10, 2012, Loomis released his second solo album "Plains of Oblivion" through Century Media Records. Marty Friedman, Tony MacAlpine and Chris Poland performed guest solos on the record.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In summer 2012, Loomis embarked on a North American tour with The Contortionist, Chimp Spanner, and 7 Horns 7 Eyes.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: It was announced in July 2013, that Loomis would be teaming up with Keith Merrow, Alex Webster of Cannibal Corpse, and Alex Rüdinger of The Faceless to record an instrumental album titled "Conquering Dystopia", the recording of which will be funded by donations.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: On November 17, 2014, Loomis was announced as the new guitarist of melodic death metal band Arch Enemy, replacing Nick Cordle. His first show with them was on November 26 in Lyon, France, when War Eternal European tour kicked off.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In 2017, Arch Enemy vocalist Alissa White-Gluz announced she was collaborating with Loomis for her upcoming solo record.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In June 2021, Graham Bonnet released a statement on Facebook that Jeff had joined Graham Bonnet’s Alcatrazz.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Loomis had a monthly column in "Guitar World" magazine titled "Merchant of Menace", where he explained how to play the riffs and solos of Nevermore. In more recent columns, his former co-guitarist in Nevermore, Steve Smyth has co-written the column, which is dubbed "The Merchants of Menace". He has also been featured in "Young Guitar Magazine", showing guitarists how to play and explain his style and signature guitar in Nevermore.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In 2006, he provided the voice of Murderface's father in "Williams Street Presents Metalocalypse" on Adult Swim.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Slated for a late 2010 release, Loomis has recorded a two-part instructional DVD series with RockHouseMethod. Recording took place late fall of 2009.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Loomis plays various Schecter seven (and occasionally six) string guitars, including the Jeff Loomis C7 FR Signature Model with EMG 707 pickups and a Floyd Rose tremolo. He also plays a Schecter C-7 Hellraiser with EMG 707 active humbucker pickups, and the C-7 Blackjack with the Seymour Duncan Blackout pickups. Prior to Schecter he played a wide variety of guitars including Ibanez ("Politics of Ecstasy" period), Gibson, Jackson ("Dreaming Neon Black" period), ESP ("Dead Heart..." period), and Warmoth. In the video for "Believe in Nothing" he can be seen using an ESP LTD H-307. He also owns a custom ESP Horizon 7. He endorsed Peavey amplifiers and used their XXX head. After that he endorsed Krank amplifiers and could be seen live using the Krankenstein heads and cabs. As of 2008 Loomis endorsed Engl Amplification and used most of their heads at one time or another, most notably the SE 670, then the Fireball then their Savage heads and then the Engl Special Edition E570 Rack-mounted Preamp with Engl 100W Stereo Poweramp.and Engl cabs loaded with Vintage 30s. Early in 2007, Schecter guitars brought out the Jeff Loomis Signature Schecter 7-string, based on the C-7 Hellraiser model. It features the EMG 707 active pickups, ash body in 'vampyre red satin' and three piece maple neck with maple fretboard and Sperzel locking tuners. At NAMM 08 a new signature model was released. It is the same as his other one but it has a fixed bridge instead of a Floyd Rose. Loomis can also been seen on YouTube playing an electro acoustic LAG Tramontane T100 ASCEBLK.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In January 2014, Schecter announced that the Loomis series had undergone a redesign. They now feature EMG 57-7H and 66-7H active-housed pickups, all-black hardware, a thinner body with a deeper archop, a thinner, un-tinted neck, repositioned volume and toggle controls, stainless steel frets, and the options of either a Hipshot hard-tail bridge (JL-7), instead of the previous TonePros Tune-O-Matic bridge, or a Floyd Rose floating bridge (JL-7FR). The neck was also repositioned for better upper-fret access. It is available in either vampyre red satin or gloss black. and for case on JLFR7 use Schecters SGR1C hard shell case. In 2016, the guitars began featuring Loomis's signature Seymour Duncan active pickups.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: As of March 2018 Loomis has left Schecter stating more freedom to play other guitars in his collection, notably Les Pauls and Strats.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: In December 2018, he became a Jackson endorsed artist and is under development of a signature model to be released in January 2019.


title: Jeff Loomis

text: Loomis uses Ernie Ball strings. His current gauge 9-46+62 in B♭ tuning, he used to use a heavier 10–52 (skinny top, heavy bottom) + 70 gauge along with Dunlop Tortex 1.5 mm Sharp picks. For amplification he is currently using the Line6 Helix rack with Seymour Duncan PowerStage 700.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The Royal Regiment of Scotland is the senior and only Scottish line infantry regiment of the British Army Infantry. It consists of three regular (formerly five) and two reserve battalions, plus an incremental company, each formerly an individual regiment (with the exception of the former first battalion (now disbanded and reformed into the 1st Bn Rangers based in Northern Ireland), which is an amalgamation of two regiments). However, three regular battalions maintain their former regimental pipes and drums to carry on the traditions of their antecedent regiments.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: As part of restructuring in the British Army, the Royal Regiment of Scotland's creation was announced by the Secretary of State for Defence, Geoff Hoon in the House of Commons on 16 December 2004, after the merger of several regiments and the reduction in total regular infantry battalions from 40 to 36 was outlined in the defence white paper, "Delivering Security in a Changing World", several months earlier.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The regiment consisted originally of a total of seven battalions: one of these was formed by the amalgamation of the Royal Scots and King's Own Scottish Borderers, while the others are each formed from one of the remaining single-battalion regiments of the Scottish Division. Of all of the new regiments formed following the announcement of 16 December 2004, the Royal Regiment of Scotland is the only one where the former regimental titles have been prominently retained with the new numbered battalion designations as subtitles. There is however a common regimental cap badge, tactical recognition flash (TRF), tartan, stable belt and Glengarry headdress but distinctively coloured hackles are also worn by each separate battalion on the Tam o' Shanter headdress to maintain their individual identity and the pipes and drums of each battalion continue to wear the ceremonial uniforms and tartans of their former regiments.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: Along with the Rifles, the Royal Regiment of Scotland is also one of only two line infantry regiments to maintain its own regular military band within the Royal Corps of Army Music, which was formed through the amalgamation of the Highland band and Lowland band of the Scottish Division. In addition, there are two Territorial bands, the Highland Band and the Lowland Band of the Royal Regiment of Scotland, which are administered by the regiment's two Territorial battalions. The regiment also has previously had its own Parachute Display Team, the Golden Lions (disbanded in 2011) and shinty team, the Scots Shinty Club.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: In 1948, every regiment of line infantry was reduced to a single battalion. The subsequent process of reducing the overall number of infantry regiments in the Army through disbandment or amalgamation of the traditional county regiments that were formalised in the Childers Reforms of 1881 to form larger multi-battalion regiments, has continued to affect most of the British Army Infantry since the 1957 Defence White Paper outlined the first mergers. The creation of the Royal Regiment of Scotland encountered considerable opposition amongst former soldiers, and nationalist groups.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The new regiment is also primarily a kilted one and there are concerns that the much older Lowland units, which traditionally wore trews, will be effectively absorbed into a Highland tradition. However, the Ministry of Defence's case that change was necessary to enhance operational efficiency through economies of scale, improve and create more flexible conditions of service and to resolve chronic recruiting and retention problems amongst the eight single-battalion Scottish regiments appears to have been accepted by the majority of serving personnel, and indeed was recommended by the then Chief of the General Staff, Sir Mike Jackson. Jackson delegated the decision on how the reduction of battalions would be achieved to the Council of Scottish Colonels. The Council recommended that the Royal Scots should be amalgamated with the King's Own Scottish Borderers reflecting the former regiment's long term poor recruiting record and high reliance on Commonwealth recruits.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The status of the Black Watch was particularly controversial. When the confirmed plan to amalgamate the regiments was announced, 1st Battalion The Black Watch was deployed away from Basra at Camp Dogwood in a relatively dangerous region of Iraq. Hoon was accused by the SNP of "stabbing the soldiers in the back" and being motivated purely by political and administrative concerns, with little regard to the effect on morale. This controversy was further exacerbated in the minds of some by the fact that the Colonel of the Black Watch, Lieutenant-General Alistair Irwin, was a member of the Army Board at the time that the options to change the size and structure of the infantry by forming large regiments, including to amalgamate regiments of the Scottish Division into a single regiment, were being considered in the Ministry of Defence and final decisions taken.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The regiment was initially formed of six regular and two Territorial battalions on 28 March 2006. On 1 August 2006, the Royal Scots Battalion and King's Own Scottish Borderers Battalion were amalgamated into the 1st Battalion, Royal Scots Borderers, leaving the final regular roll of five regular battalions.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: In 2012, as part of the Army 2020 programme, it was announced that the 5th Battalion, while not losing its name, connection and history as the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, would be reduced to the status of an incremental company, similar to the three companies in the Guards Division, and be transferred to become a permanent public duties unit in Scotland.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: On 1 December 2021, as part of the Future Soldier programme, the 1st Battalion (Royal Scots Borderers), was disbanded and subsequently reformed as part of the new Ranger Regiment and based in Northern Ireland.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: All battalions in the Royal Regiment of Scotland, to preserve regional ties and former regimental identities, took the name of their former individual regiments. The order of battle is as follows:


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The Band of the Royal Regiment of Scotland falls within the Royal Corps of Army Music. The reserve bands are administered by the Royal Corps of Army Music, though fall under the command of their respective battalions.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The Museum of the Royal Scots (The Royal Regiment) and the Royal Regiment of Scotland is located in Edinburgh Castle. Operating as an independent museum, the exhibits include dioramas, uniforms, medals, weapons, drums, ceremonial regalia and silver. Displays focus on the regiment's activities since its founding up to contemporary Army life.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The regiment's Colonel-in-Chief was The Queen. The colonels-in-chief of the constituent regiments making up the new regiment have become the Royal Colonels of their representative battalions:


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: In August 2005, the new regimental cap badge was unveiled at the Edinburgh Military Tattoo. The design was the result of a collaborative effort, led by Brigadier Andrew Mackay, along with other serving and retired officers and Regimental Sergeant Majors, with advice from the Lord Lyon King of Arms. The new cap badge incorporates the Saltire of St Andrew and the Lion Rampant of the Royal Standard of Scotland, which are two prominent national symbols. The cap badge is surmounted by a crown, in this case the Crown of Scotland. The regiment's motto is "Nemo Me Impune Lacessit" (No One Assails Me With Impunity)—which is the motto of the Order of the Thistle, Scotland's highest order of chivalry, and was also the motto of four of the pre-existing Scottish regiments.


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The new regiment's various Dress Uniforms incorporate a number of "golden threads" from the antecedent regiments. Some of the most prominent include:


title: Royal Regiment of Scotland

text: The official mascot is a Shetland pony named Cruachan. He was originally the regimental mascot of the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders prior to the amalgamation. The first pony mascot was presented to the Argylls in 1929 by Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll and named after Ben Cruachan, a mountain in the Argylls' namesake lieutenancy, and the war cry of Clan Campbell, of whom the Duke of Argyll was chief. The current mascot is a Shetland pony Cruachan IV who was presented in late 2012.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Water cure is a form of torture in which the victim is forced to drink large quantities of water in a short time, resulting in gastric distension, water intoxication, and possibly death.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Often the victim has the mouth forced or wedged open, the nose closed with pincers and a funnel or strip of cloth forced down the throat. The victim has to drink all the water (or other liquids such as bile or urine) poured into the funnel to avoid drowning. The stomach fills until near bursting, swelling up in the process and is sometimes beaten until the victim vomits and the torture begins again.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: While this use of water as a form of torture is documented back to at least the 15th century, the first use of the phrase "water cure" in this sense is indirectly dated to around 1898, by U.S. soldiers in the Spanish–American War, after the phrase had been introduced to America in the mid-19th century in the therapeutic sense, which was in widespread use. Indeed, while the torture sense of the phrase "water cure" was by 1900–1902 established in the U.S. Army, with a conscious sense of irony, this sense was not in widespread use. "Webster's" 1913 dictionary cited only the therapeutic sense.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Torture that makes use of water still exists under the name of waterboarding. In this variation, emphasis is placed on inducing the sensation of drowning rather than forcing the individual to consume, and subsequently regurgitate, large quantities of water.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The use of the water cure by the Dutch in the East-Indies is documented by the English merchants of the East India Company after the Amboyna massacre in February 1623 (stilo veteri). The procedure is described in great detail by the survivors of the incident.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The manner of his torture was as follows: First they hoisted him up by the hands with a cord on a large door, where they made him fast upon two staples of iron, fixed on both sides, at the top of the door posts, having his hands one from the other as wide as they could stretch. Being thus made fast, his feet hung some two foot from the ground; which also they stretched asunder as far as they would stretch, and so made them fast beneath unto the door trees on each side. Then they bound a cloth about his neck and face so close, that little or no water could go by. That done, they poured the water softly upon his head until the cloth was full, up to the mouth and nostrils, and somewhat higher; so that he could not draw breath, but he must with all suck in the water: which being still continued to be poured in softly, forced all his inward parts, come out of his nose, ears, eyes, and often as it were stifling and choking him, at length took away his breath, and brought him to a swoon or fainting. Then they took him quickly down, and made him vomit up the water. Being a little recovered, they trussed him up again, and poured water as before, taking him down as soon as he seemed to be stifled. In this manner they handled him three or four several times with water, until his body was swollen twice or thrice as big as before, his cheeks like great bladders, and his eyes staring and strutting out beyond his forehead.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Water torture was used extensively and legally by the courts of France from the Middle Ages to the 17th and 18th centuries. It was known as being put to "the question", with the ordinary question involving the forcing of one gallon (eight pints or approximately 3.6 litres) of water into the stomach and the extraordinary question involving the forcing of two gallons (sixteen pints or approximately 7.3 litres).


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The French poet and criminal François Villon was subjected to this torture in 1461. Jean Calas suffered this torture before being broken on the wheel in 1762. The true case of the Marquise of Brinvilliers was reported in fiction by Arthur Conan Doyle in "The Leather Funnel", by Alexandre Dumas, père, in "The Marquise de Brinvilliers" and by Émile Gaboriau in "Intrigues of a Poisoner".


title: Water cure (torture)

text: A form of water cure known as the Swedish drink was used by various international troops against the German population during the Thirty Years' War.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Water cure was among the forms of torture used by the Spanish Inquisition. The Inquisition at Málaga subjected the Scottish traveller William Lithgow to this torture, among other methods, in 1620. He described his ordeal in "Rare Adventures and Painful Peregrinations" (1632):


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The first and second [measures of water] I gladly received, such was the scorching drought of my tormenting pain, and likewise I had drunk none for three days before. But afterward, at the third charge, perceiving these measures of water to be inflicted upon me as tortures, O strangling tortures! I closed my lips, gainstanding that eager crudelity. Whereat the alcalde enraging, set my teeth asunder with a pair of iron cadges, detaining them there, at every several turn, both mainly and manually; whereupon my hunger-clunged belly waxing great, grew drum-like imbolstered: for it being a suffocating pain, in regard of my head hanging downward, and the water reingorging itself in my throat with a struggling force; it strangled and swallowed up my breath from yowling and groaning.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Before pouring the water, torturers often inserted an iron prong (known as the "bostezo") into a victim's mouth to keep it open, as well as a strip of linen (known as the "toca") on which the victim would choke and suffocate while swallowing the water.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The water cure was brought to the Philippines during Spanish colonial rule, and passed on to Americans by Filipinos in 1899.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The water cure was among the forms of torture used by American soldiers on Filipinos during the Philippine–American War. President Theodore Roosevelt privately assured a friend that the water cure was "an old Filipino method of mild torture. Nobody was seriously damaged whereas the Filipinos had inflicted incredible tortures on our people." The president went further, stating, "Nevertheless, torture is not a thing that we can tolerate." However, a report at the time noted its lethality; "a soldier who was with General Funston had stated that he helped to administer the water cure to one hundred and sixty natives, all but twenty-six of whom died". See the Lodge Committee for detailed testimony of the use of the water cure.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: U.S. Army Major Edwin Glenn was suspended from command for one month and fined $50 for using the water cure in an incident which occurred on November 27, 1900. The Army judge advocate said the charges constituted "resort to torture with a view to extort a confession" and recommended disapproval because "the United States cannot afford to sanction the addition of torture".


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Lieutenant Grover Flint said during the Philippine–American War:A man is thrown down on his back and three or four men sit or stand on his arms and legs and hold him down; and either a gun barrel or a rifle barrel or a carbine barrel or a stick as big as a belaying pin,—that is, with an inch circumference,—is simply thrust into his jaws and his jaws are thrust back, and, if possible, a wooden log or stone is put under his head or neck, so he can be held more firmly. In the case of very old men I have seen their teeth fall out,—I mean when it was done a little roughly. He is simply held down and then water is poured onto his face down his throat and nose from a jar; and that is kept up until the man gives some sign or becomes unconscious. And, when he becomes unconscious, he is simply rolled aside and he is allowed to come to. In almost every case the men have been a little roughly handled. They were rolled aside rudely, so that water was expelled. A man suffers tremendously, there is no doubt about it. His sufferings must be that of a man who is drowning, but cannot drown.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: In his book "The Forging of the American Empire" Sidney Lens recounted:A reporter for the New York Evening Post (April 8, 1902) gave some harrowing details. The native, he said, is thrown on the ground, his arms and legs pinned down, and head partially raised "so as to make pouring in the water an easier matter". If the prisoner tries to keep his mouth closed, his nose is pinched to cut off the air and force him to open his mouth, or a bamboo stick is put in the opening. In this way water is steadily poured in, one, two, three, four, five gallons, until the body becomes "an object frightful to contemplate". In this condition, of course, speech is impossible, so the water is squeezed out of the victim, sometimes naturally, and sometimes—as a young soldier with a smile told the correspondent—"we jump on them to get it out quick." One or two such treatments and the prisoner either talks or dies.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The use of "third-degree interrogation" techniques in order to compel confession, ranging from "psychological duress such as prolonged confinement to extreme violence and torture", was widespread in early American policing as late as the 1930s. Author Daniel G. Lassiter classified the water cure as "orchestrated physical abuse", and described the police technique as a "modern-day variation of the method of water torture that was popular during the Middle Ages." The technique employed by the police involved either holding the head in water until almost drowning, or laying on the back and forcing water into the mouth or nostrils. Such techniques were classified as "'covert' third degree torture" since they left no signs of physical abuse, and became popular after 1910 when the direct application of physical violence in order to force a confession became a media issue and some courts began to deny obviously compelled confessions. The publication of this information in 1931 as part of the Wickersham Commission's "Report on Lawlessness in Law Enforcement" led to a decline in the use of third degree police interrogation techniques in the 1930s and 1940s.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: During World War II, water cure was among the forms of torture used by Japanese troops (especially the Kenpeitai) in occupied territory. A report from the postwar International Military Tribunal for the Far East summarized it as follows:The so-called "water treatment" was commonly used. The victim was bound or otherwise secured in a prone position; and water was forced through his mouth and nostrils into his lungs and stomach until he lost consciousness. Pressure was then applied, sometimes by jumping upon his abdomen to force the water out. The usual practice was to revive the victim and successively repeat the process.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: Chase J. Nielsen, who was captured in the Doolittle Raid, testified at the trial of his captors, "I was given several types of torture … I was given what they call the water cure" and it felt "more or less like I was drowning, just gasping between life and death."


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The water cure has had a long history of use during Philippines' colonial history, having been used during the Spanish, American, and Japanese occupations. After Philippine Independence in 1945, the most notable instances of its use by the Philippine government was by the dictatorship of former President Ferdinand Marcos.


title: Water cure (torture)

text: The water cure was one of the torture methods most used frequently by the Marcos regime in the Philippines from 1965 to 1986, whose torturers referred to the practice as NAWASA sessions—a reference to the National Waterworks and Sewerage Authority which supplied water to the Metro Manila area at the time. The practice was widely documented by organizations such as the Task Force Detainees of the Philippines, the World Council of Churches, the International Commission of Jurists, among others. Notable survivors of the torture include Loretta Ann Rosales, who eventually became the Chair of the Philippines' Commission on Human Rights, and Maria Elena Ang, who was a 23-year-old journalism student of the University of the Philippines at the time of her torture.


title: Vinaigrette

text: Vinaigrette ( , ) is made by mixing an oil with a mild acid such as vinegar or lemon juice (citric acid). The mixture can be enhanced with salt, herbs and/or spices. It is used most commonly as a salad dressing, but can also be used as a marinade. Traditionally, a vinaigrette consists of 3 parts oil and 1 part vinegar mixed into a stable emulsion, but the term is also applied to mixtures with different proportions and to unstable emulsions which last only a short time before separating into layered oil and vinegar phases.


title: Vinaigrette

text: is the diminutive form of the French word ("vinegar"). It was commonly known as "French dressing" in the 19th century.


title: Vinaigrette

text: In general, vinaigrette consists of 3 parts of oil to 1 part of vinegar whisked into an emulsion. Salt and pepper are often added. Herbs and shallots, too, are often added, especially when it is used for cooked vegetables or grains. Sometimes mustard is used as an emulsifier and to add flavour.


title: Vinaigrette

text: Vinaigrette may be made with a variety of oils and vinegars. Olive oil and neutral vegetable oils such as soybean oil, canola oil, corn oil, sunflower oil, safflower oil, peanut oil, or grape seed oil are all common.


title: Vinaigrette

text: Different vinegars, such as raspberry, create different flavors, and lemon juice or alcohol, such as sherry, may be used instead of vinegar. Balsamic vinaigrette is made by adding a small amount of balsamic vinegar to a simple vinaigrette of olive oil and wine vinegar.


title: Vinaigrette

text: Brazil: A mix between olive oil, alcohol vinegar, tomatoes, onions and sometimes bell peppers is called "vinagrete". It is served on Brazilian churrasco, commonly on Sundays. The Brazilian "vinagrete" is very similar to the Mexican pico de gallo.


title: Vinaigrette

text: China and Japan: A similar salad dressing is made with sesame oil/sesame paste and rice vinegar. In north China, sometimes mustard is added to enhance the flavor and texture of the sauce.


title: Vinaigrette

text: Southeast Asia: Rice bran oil and white vinegar are used as a foundation with fresh herbs, chili peppers, nuts, and lime juice.


title: Vinaigrette

text: United States: Vinaigrettes may include a wide range of additions such as lemon, truffles, raspberries, sugar, garlic, and cherries. Cheese, Parmesan or blue cheese being the most common, may also be added. Commercially bottled versions may include emulsifiers such as lecithin.


title: Vinaigrette

text: In classical French cuisine, a vinaigrette is used as a salad dressing and, as a cold sauce, accompanies cold artichokes, asparagus, and leek.


title: Hype man

text: A hype man, in hip hop music and rapping, is a backup rapper and/or singer who supports the primary rappers with exclamations and interjections and who attempts to increase the audience's excitement with call-and-response chants. The hype man's interjections are also planned to give the MC an opportunity to breathe, and give the illusion of an unbroken flow. Music writer Mickey Hess expands the term as follows: "a hype man is a figure who plays a central but supporting role within a group, making his own interventions, generally aimed at hyping up the crowd while also drawing attention to the words of the MC".


title: Hype man

text: Discussing the role of the hype man in the book "How to Rap", Royce da 5'9" describes how a hype man can contribute to a live performance: "a lot of my verses [can] be so constant with the flow [that] I'd need somebody to help me." Lateef the Truthspeaker has stated, "You're gonna have to have somebody say something somewhere to give you a breath... usually it's just a matter of getting somebody to hit some line or some word in a line—that's all you really need."


title: Hype man

text: Early hype men included Cowboy and Creole of Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five. Kool Moe Dee calls Creole "the original hype man".


title: Hype man

text: A well-known example was Public Enemy's hype man Flavor Flav, who established many of the conventions of the craft, such as an outlandish style (for example, by wearing large clocks around his neck) and a vocal style that contrasted dramatically with that of the MC (his rasping high voice was a counterpoint to Chuck D's booming baritone).


title: Hype man

text: Examples of hype men include Freaky Tah of the Lost Boyz, Memphis Bleek for Jay-Z, and Proof and Mr. Porter of D12 for Eminem. "Icons of Hip Hop" also notes that some producers, such as Diddy, Lil Jon, Swizz Beatz, and Jermaine Dupri, "have transitioned from a hype man role to become rappers and stars in their own right".


title: Hype man

text: Occasionally pop or rock groups include a member up front alongside the lead singer who may perform backup vocals or percussion but largely functions to excite the audience through dancing and/or stage patter. Examples include Bob Nastanovich for Pavement, Bez of The Happy Mondays and Guy Picciotto in Fugazi's earliest incarnation.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: Desiree Gruber (born June 25, 1967) is an American television producer and entrepreneur. She was the executive producer of the fashion reality television competition "Project Runway" and the co-creator of Theodora and Callum, "an accessories-based line inspired by world travel." She is also the founder and CEO of a production company, Full Picture.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: Gruber was born on June 25, 1967 in Miami, Florida. In an interview with "Daily Front Row", Gruber said that her father was a businessman and a green beret and he had her enrolled in ROTC when she was in college, which helped her build leadership skills.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: She started her professional career as an assistant in the A&R department for EMI Records in 1989, and as the general assistant on the New Music Seminar in 1990.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: In 1991, she joined the marketing agency Rogers & Cowan as an assistant publicist, later promoted to director of entertainment, and eventually to vice president of entertainment in 1997. During her time there, she helped in the publicizing and branding of Victoria's Secret, The Limited Inc., and Elite Model Management. She also worked on U2's PopMart Tour and Miramax Films. In 1995, she produced the inaugural Victoria's Secret Fashion Show and has since produced the annual events for over 20 years.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: In 1999, she left Rogers & Cowan to establish her own production company, Full Picture. In the beginning, her works included Victoria's Secret supermodel Heidi Klum and designer Roberto Cavalli. She developed a reality television series "Project Runway" along with Klum and Full Picture's executive Jane Cha. She had also done some advising to supermodel Naomi Campbell.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: In 2016, she joined Nir Liberboim to co-found DGNL Ventures, an early-stage venture capital fund that has invested in brands including Living Proof, Songza, and Fashion GPS (Launchmetrics).


title: Desiree Gruber

text: In 2016, Gruber worked with the former First Lady of the United States Michelle Obama on her "Let Girls Learn" campaign.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: Gruber currently serves on the New York regional board for the U.S. Fund for UNICEF. She is also a board member of "God's Love We Deliver", which provides meals for people living with life-threatening illnesses.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: Gruber met and began a relationship with actor Kyle MacLachlan in 1999. They married on April 20, 2002. Their son, Callum Lyon MacLachlan, was born in Los Angeles in 2008. The family has residences in Los Angeles and New York. They have two dogs, Mookie and Sam.


title: Desiree Gruber

text: Gruber was one of "Fortune" magazine's Most Powerful Women Entrepreneurs of 2010. As an executive producer, Gruber was part of "Project Runway", which was nominated for 14 Emmy Awards in Outstanding Reality Television Program, received a Peabody Award in 2007, a GLAAD Media Award, and "has also been honored with over twenty media industry awards."