title: Omega Point

text: Pierre Teilhard de Chardin's life (1881–1955) falls directly in between the First Vatican Council (1869) and the Second Vatican Council (1965). His time came shortly after Charles Darwin's 1859 book, "On the Origin of Species", a time when the intersection between the claims of scientific theories and the claims of traditional theological teachings became an enormous focus of the Vatican's agenda.


title: Omega Point

text: Teilhard's theory was a personal attempt in creating a new Christianity in which science and theology coexist. The outcome was that his theory of the Omega Point was not perfectly scientific as examined by physicists, and not perfectly Christian either. By 1962, The Society of Jesus had strayed from Spanish Jesuit Priest Francisco Suarez's philosophies on Man in favor of "Teilhardian evolutionary cosmogenesis". Teilhard's Christ is the "Cosmic Christ" or the "Omega" of revelation. He is an emanation of God which is made of matter and experienced the nature of evolution by being born into this world and dying. His resurrection from the dead was not to heaven, but to the noosphere, the area of convergence of all spirituality and spiritual beings, where Christ will be waiting at the end of time. When the earth reaches its Omega Point, everything that exists will become one with divinity.


title: Omega Point

text: Teilhard reaffirms the role of the Church in the following letter to Auguste Valensin. It is important to note that he defines evolution as a scientific phenomenon set in motion by God – that science and the divine are interconnected and acting through one another:


title: Omega Point

text: In 1998, a value measured from observations of Type Ia supernovae seemed to indicate that what was once assumed to be temporary cosmological expansion was actually accelerating. The apparent acceleration has caused many to dismiss Tipler's Omega Point out of hand since the necessity of a final big crunch singularity is key to the Omega Point's workability. However, Tipler himself believes that the Omega Point is still workable and has explained on multiple occasions why a big crunch/ final singularity is still required under many current universal models.


title: Omega Point

text: The technological singularity is the hypothetical advent of artificial general intelligence theoretically capable of recursive self-improvement, resulting in a runaway effect to an intelligence explosion. Eric Steinhart, a proponent of "Christian transhumanism", argues there is a significant overlap of ideas between the secular singularity and Teilhard's religious Omega Point. Steinhart quotes Ray Kurzweil, one of the most prominent singularitarians, who stated that "evolution moves inexorably toward our conception of God, albeit never reaching this ideal." Like Kurzweil, Teilhard predicts a period of rapid technological change that results in a merger of humanity and technology. He believes that this marks the birth of the noosphere and the emergence of the "spirit of the Earth", but the Teilhardian Singularity comes later. Unlike Kurzweil, Teilhard's singularity is marked by the evolution of human intelligence reaching a critical point in which humans ascend from "transhuman" to "posthuman". He identifies this with the Christian "parousia".


title: Omega Point

text: The Spanish painter Salvador Dalí was fascinated by Teilhard de Chardin and the Omega Point theory. His 1959 painting "The Ecumenical Council" is said to represent the "interconnectedness" of the Omega Point. "Point Omega" by Don DeLillo takes its name from the theory and involves a character who is studying Teilhard de Chardin. Flannery O'Connor's acclaimed collection of short stories taps the Omega Point theory in its title, "Everything That Rises Must Converge", and science fiction writer Frederik Pohl references Frank Tipler and the Omega Point in his 1998 short story "The Siege of Eternity". Scottish writer / counterculture figure Grant Morrison has used the Omega Point as a plot line in several of his Justice League of America and Batman stories.


title: Omega Point

text: Arthur C. Clarke and Stephen Baxter's "The Light of Other Days" references Teilhard de Chardin and includes a brief explanation of the Omega Point. Italian writer Valerio Evangelisti has used the Omega Point as main theme of his "Il Fantasma di Eymerich" novel. In William Peter Blatty's novel "The Exorcist," the character of Father Merrin references Omega Point. In 2021, Dutch symphonic metal band Epica released their eighth studio album, Omega, which features concepts related to the Omega Point theory. Epica's guitarist and vocalist, Mark Jansen specifically referenced Teilhard's theory when describing the album's concept.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The Bangladesh Bank robbery, also known colloquially as the Bangladesh Bank cyber heist, was a theft that took place in February 2016. Thirty-five fraudulent instructions were issued by security hackers via the SWIFT network to illegally transfer close to US$1 billion from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York account belonging to Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh. Five of the thirty-five fraudulent instructions were successful in transferring US$101 million, with US$20 million traced to Sri Lanka and US$81 million to the Philippines. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York blocked the remaining thirty transactions, amounting to US$850 million, due to suspicions raised by a misspelled instruction. All the money transferred to Sri Lanka has since been recovered. However, as of 2018 only around US$18 million of the US$81 million transferred to the Philippines has been recovered. Most of the money transferred to the Philippines went to four personal accounts, held by single individuals, and not to companies or corporations.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Like many other national banks, Bangladesh Bank, the central bank of Bangladesh, maintains an account with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York to deposit, maintain, and transfer foreign currency reserve of Bangladesh. The foreign currency reserve of Bangladesh, a growing economy, often reaches multiple billions of US dollars. As of September 2020, Bangladesh has a foreign currency reserve of US$39 billion. The Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial Telecommunication (SWIFT) network is used to communicate with the bank holding the foreign exchange account in order to withdraw, transfer, or deposit the currency.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The 2016 cyber-attack on the Bangladesh Bank was not the first attack of its kind. In 2013, the Sonali Bank of Bangladesh was also successfully targeted by hackers who were able to remove US$250,000.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: In both cases, the perpetrators were suspected to have been aided by insiders within the targeted banks, who assisted in taking advantage of weaknesses in the banks' access to the SWIFT global payment network.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Capitalizing on weaknesses in the security of the Bangladesh central bank, including the possible involvement of some of its employees, perpetrators attempted to steal US$951 million from the Bangladesh Bank's account with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. The theft happened sometime between 4–5 February 2016, when Bangladesh Bank's offices were closed for the weekend. The perpetrators managed to compromise Bangladesh Bank's computer network, observe how transfers are done, and gain access to the bank's credentials for payment transfers. They used these credentials to authorise about three dozen requests to the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. These requests were made to transfer funds to accounts in Sri Lanka and the Philippines.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Thirty transactions worth US$851 million were flagged by the banking system for staff review, but five requests were granted; US$20 million to Sri Lanka (later recovered), and US$81 million lost to the Philippines, entering the Southeast Asian country's banking system on 5 February 2016. This money was laundered through casinos and some later transferred to Hong Kong.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: According to a report published in "The Straits Times", investigators suspected that the criminals used the Dridex malware for the attack.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The US$20 million transfer to Sri Lanka was intended by hackers to be sent to the Shalika Foundation, a Sri Lanka-based private limited company. The hackers misspelled "Foundation" in their request to transfer the funds, spelling the word as "Fundation". This spelling error gained suspicion from Deutsche Bank, a routing bank which put a halt to the transaction in question after seeking clarifications from Bangladesh Bank.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Sri Lanka-based Pan Asia Bank initially took notice of the transaction, with one official noting the transaction as too big for a country like Sri Lanka. Pan Asia Bank was the one which referred the anomalous transaction to Deutsche Bank. The Sri Lankan funds have been recovered by Bangladesh Bank.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The money transferred to the Philippines was deposited in five separate accounts with the Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC); the accounts were later found to be under fictitious identities. The funds were then transferred to a foreign exchange broker to be converted to Philippine pesos, returned to the RCBC and consolidated in an account of a Chinese-Filipino businessman; the conversion was made from 5 to 13 February 2016. It was also found that the four U.S. dollar accounts involved were opened at the RCBC as early as 15 May 2015, remaining untouched until 4 February 2016, the date the transfer from the Federal Reserve Bank of New York was made.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: On 8 February 2016, during the Chinese New Year, Bangladesh Bank informed RCBC through SWIFT to stop the payment, refund the funds, and to "freeze and put the funds on hold" if the funds had already been transferred. Chinese New Year is a non-working holiday in the Philippines and a SWIFT message from Bangladesh Bank containing similar information was received by RCBC only a day later. By this time, a withdrawal amounting to about US$58.15 million had already been processed by RCBC's Jupiter Street (in Makati City) branch.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: On 16 February, the Governor of Bangladesh Bank requested Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas' assistance in the recovery of its US$81 million funds, saying that the SWIFT payment instructions issued in favor of RCBC on 4 February 2016, were fraudulent.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Initially, Bangladesh Bank was uncertain if its system had been compromised. The governor of the central bank engaged World Informatix Cyber Security, a US-based firm, to lead the security incident response, vulnerability assessment and remediation. World Informatix Cyber Security brought in the forensic investigation company Mandiant, for the investigation. These investigators found "footprints" and malware of hackers, which suggested that the system had been breached. The investigators also said that the hackers were based outside Bangladesh. An internal investigation has been launched by Bangladesh Bank regarding the case.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The Bangladesh Bank's forensic investigation found out that malware was installed within the bank's system sometime in January 2016, and gathered information on the bank's operational procedures for international payments and fund transfers.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The investigation also looked into an unsolved 2013 hacking incident at the Sonali Bank, wherein US$250,000 was stolen by still unidentified hackers. According to reports, just as in the 2016 central bank hack, the theft also used fraudulent fund transfers using the SWIFT global payment network. The incident was treated by Bangladeshi police authorities as a cold-case until the suspiciously similar 2016 Bangladesh central bank robbery.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The Philippines' National Bureau of Investigation (NBI) launched a probe and looked into a Chinese-Filipino who allegedly played a key role in the money laundering of the illicit funds. The NBI is coordinating with relevant government agencies including the country's Anti-Money Laundering Council (AMLC). The AMLC started its investigation on 19 February 2016, of bank accounts linked to a junket operator. AMLC has filed a money laundering complaint before the Department of Justice against a RCBC branch manager and five unknown persons with fictitious names in connection with the case.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: A Philippine Senate hearing was held on 15 March 2016, led by Senator Teofisto Guingona III, head of the Blue Ribbon Committee and Congressional Oversight Committee on the Anti-Money Laundering Act. A closed-door hearing was later held on 17 March. Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corporation (PAGCOR) has also launched its own investigation. On 12 August 2016, RCBC was reported to have paid half of the Ph₱ 1 billion penalty imposed by the Central Bank of the Philippines. Prior to that, the bank reorganized its board of directors by increasing the number of independent directors to 7 from the previous 4.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: On 10 January 2019, Maia Santos Deguito, a former manager at RCBC was convicted and sentenced to 4 to 7 years imprisonment at a Philippine court for money laundering. On 12 March 2019, RCBC sued Bangladesh Bank for embarking "on a massive ploy and scheme to extort money from plaintiff RCBC by resorting to public defamation, harassment and threats geared towards destroying RCBC's good name, reputation, and image."


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: FireEye's Mandiant forensics division and World Informatix Cyber Security, both US-based companies, investigated the hacking case. According to investigators, the perpetrators' familiarity with the internal procedures of Bangladesh Bank was probably gained by spying on its workers. The US Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) reported that agents have found evidence pointing to at least one bank employee acting as an accomplice. The FBI also alleged that there is evidence that points to several more people as possibly assisting hackers in navigating the Bangladesh Bank's computer system. The government of Bangladesh has considered suing the Federal Reserve Bank of New York in order to recover the stolen funds.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Federal prosecutors in the United States have revealed possible links between the government of North Korea and the theft. According to this report, U.S. prosecutors suspected that the theft was perpetrated by criminals backed by the government of North Korea. The report also said that to be included in the charges are "alleged Chinese middlemen", who facilitated the transfer of the funds after it had been diverted to the Philippines.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Some security companies, including Symantec Corp and BAE Systems, claimed that the North Korea-based Lazarus Group, one of the world's most active state-sponsored hacking collectives, were probably behind the attack. They cite similarities between the methods used in the Bangladesh heist and those in other cases, such as the hack of Sony Pictures Entertainment in 2014, which U.S. officials also attributed to North Korea. Cybersecurity experts say Lazarus Group was also behind the WannaCry ransomware attack in May 2017 that infected hundreds of thousands of computers around the world.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The Cybersecurity and Infrastructure Security Agency published an alert "FASTCash 2.0: North Korea's BeagleBoyz Robbing Banks", which attributed the Bank of Bangladesh hack in 2016 to BeagleBoyz. The agency claimed that BeagleBoyz is a threat actor group under the North Korean government's Reconnaissance General Bureau, and have been active since 2014.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: US National Security Agency Deputy Director Richard Ledgett was also quoted as saying that, "If that linkage from the Sony actors to the Bangladeshi bank actors is accurate—that means that a nation state is robbing banks."


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The U.S. has charged a North Korean computer programmer with hacking the Bangladesh Bank, alleging this was carried out on behalf of the regime in Pyongyang. The same programmer has also been charged in connection with the WannaCry 2.0 virus and the 2014 Sony Pictures attack.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Computer security researchers have linked the theft to as many as eleven other attacks, and alleged that North Korea had a role in the attacks, which, if true, would be the first known incident of a state actor using cyberattacks to steal funds.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The Rizal Commercial Banking Corporation (RCBC) said it did not tolerate the illicit activity in the RCBC branch involved in the case. Lorenzo V. Tan, RCBC's president, said that the bank cooperated with the Anti-Money Laundering Council and the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas regarding the matter. Tan's legal counsel has asked the RCBC Jupiter Street branch manager to explain the alleged fake bank account that was used in the money laundering scam.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The RCBC's board committee also launched a separate probe into the bank's involvement in the money laundering scam. RCBC president Lorenzo V. Tan filed an indefinite leave of absence to give way to the investigation by the authorities on the case. On 6 May 2016, despite being cleared of any wrongdoing by the bank's internal investigation, Tan resigned as President of RCBC to "take full moral responsibility" for the incident. Helen Yuchengco-Dee, daughter of RCBC founder Alfonso Yuchengco, will take over the bank's operations. The bank also apologised to the public for its involvement in the robbery.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: Bangladesh Bank chief, governor Atiur Rahman, resigned from his post amid the investigation of the central bank robbery and subsequent laundering of the money by the RCBC staff in the Philippines. He submitted his resignation letter to Prime Minister Sheikh Hasina on 15 March 2016. Before the resignation was made public, Rahman stated that he would resign for the sake of his country. After his resignation, Rahman defended himself by claiming that he had foreseen cyber security vulnerabilities one year ago and had hired an American cyber security firm to bolster the firewall, network and overall cyber security of the bank. However, he blamed bureaucratic hurdles for preventing the security firm from starting its operations in Bangladesh until after the cyber heist.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: On 5 August 2016, the Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas approved a (US$52.92 million) fine against RCBC for its non-compliance with banking laws and regulations in connection with the bank robbery. This is the largest monetary fine ever approved by BSP against any institution. RCBC stated that the bank would comply with the BSP's decision and pay the imposed fine.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The Bangladesh Bank continued its efforts to retrieve the stolen money and had only recovered about US$15 million, mostly from a gaming junket operator based in Metro Manila. In February 2019, the Federal Reserve pledged it would help Bangladesh Bank recover the money and SWIFT has also decided to help the central bank rebuild its infrastructure. The Bangladeshi central bank also believed that RCBC was complicit with the robbery filing a legal case in U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York regarding the case in early 2019 accusing the Philippine bank of "massive conspiracy". In response, RCBC filed a lawsuit accusing Bangladesh Bank of defamation believing that Bangladesh Bank's claims are baseless.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The case threatened to reinstate the Philippines to the Financial Action Task Force on Money Laundering blacklist of countries that made insufficient efforts against money laundering. Attention was given to a potential weakness of Philippine authorities' efforts against money laundering after lawmakers in 2012 managed to exclude casinos from the roster of organizations required to report to the Anti-Money Laundering Council regarding suspicious transactions.


title: Bangladesh Bank robbery

text: The case also highlighted the threat of cyber attacks to both government and private institutions by cyber criminals using real bank authorisation codes to make orders look genuine. SWIFT has advised banks using the SWIFT Alliance Access system to strengthen their cyber security posture and ensure they are following SWIFT security guidelines. Bangladesh is reportedly the 20th most cyber-attacked country, according to a cyber threat map developed by Kaspersky Lab, which runs in real time.


title: Wagamama

text: Wagamama (stylised as "wagamama") is a British restaurant chain, serving Asian food based on Japanese cuisine.


title: Wagamama

text: The first Wagamama was opened in 1992 in Bloomsbury, London, founded by Alan Yau, who subsequently created the Chinese restaurants Hakkasan and Yauatcha, and Thai restaurant Busaba Eathai. In June 2005, the restaurant's owner Graphite Capital sold the majority stake of 77.5% to Lion Capital LLP for £103million. In April 2011, the chain was sold to Duke Street Capital, for an estimated sum of £215million.


title: Wagamama

text: As of January 2014, the chain included over 190 restaurants, with 130 being in the United Kingdom. The chain was acquired for £559m by The Restaurant Group, owner of Frankie & Benny's & Chiquito in October 2018.


title: Wagamama

text: Other restaurants are located in Austria, Bahrain, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Denmark, Gibraltar, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Malta, the Netherlands, Oman, Qatar, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Turkey, the UAE, and the United States. A new restaurant has opened at the beginning of 2019 in France.


title: Wagamama

text: Previous countries served by the Wagamama brand include Australia from 2002 to 2014, and New Zealand until 2019.


title: Wagamama

text: The word is Japanese for "self-indulgent", "self-centred", "disobedient", or "wilful" and is most often translated by the brand as "naughty child". Wagamama brands itself as following the process of kaizen.


title: Wagamama

text: In November 2015, the chain was named by the Marine Conservation Society as one of seven restaurants surveyed that failed to meet a basic level of sustainability in its seafood. However, this was later retracted, as Wagamama revealed more information about the origin of its seafood.


title: Wagamama

text: In December 2017, Wagamama apologised after it was revealed some workers in Finchley were warned they would face disciplinary action if calling in sick over Christmas. The manager of the North Finchley branch asserted it was the responsibility of staff members, according to their contracts and handbook, to find somebody to cover their shifts. Wagamama said this was an isolated incident, not part of its employment policy.


title: Wagamama

text: During the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent quarantine, Wagamama parent company The Restaurant Group closed 250 restaurants, with a loss of nearly 4,500 jobs.


title: Document-oriented database

text: A document-oriented database, or document store, is a computer program and data storage system designed for storing, retrieving and managing document-oriented information, also known as semi-structured data.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Document-oriented databases are one of the main categories of NoSQL databases, and the popularity of the term "document-oriented database" has grown with the use of the term NoSQL itself. XML databases are a subclass of document-oriented databases that are optimized to work with XML documents. Graph databases are similar, but add another layer, the "relationship", which allows them to link documents for rapid traversal.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Document-oriented databases are inherently a subclass of the key-value store, another NoSQL database concept. The difference lies in the way the data is processed; in a key-value store, the data is considered to be inherently opaque to the database, whereas a document-oriented system relies on internal structure in the "document" in order to extract metadata that the database engine uses for further optimization. Although the difference is often negligible due to tools in the systems, conceptually the document-store is designed to offer a richer experience with modern programming techniques.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Document databases contrast strongly with the traditional relational database (RDB). Relational databases generally store data in separate "tables" that are defined by the programmer, and a single object may be spread across several tables. Document databases store all information for a given object in a single instance in the database, and every stored object can be different from every other. This eliminates the need for object-relational mapping while loading data into the database.


title: Document-oriented database

text: The central concept of a document-oriented database is the notion of a "document". While each document-oriented database implementation differs on the details of this definition, in general, they all assume documents encapsulate and encode data (or information) in some standard format or encoding. Encodings in use include XML, YAML, JSON, as well as binary forms like BSON.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Documents in a document store are roughly equivalent to the programming concept of an object. They are not required to adhere to a standard schema, nor will they have all the same sections, slots, parts or keys. Generally, programs using objects have many different types of objects, and those objects often have many optional fields. Every object, even those of the same class, can look very different. Document stores are similar in that they allow different types of documents in a single store, allow the fields within them to be optional, and often allow them to be encoded using different encoding systems. For example, the following is a document, encoded in JSON:


title: Document-oriented database

text: These two documents share some structural elements with one another, but each also has unique elements. The structure and text and other data inside the document are usually referred to as the document's "content" and may be referenced via retrieval or editing methods, (see below). Unlike a relational database where every record contains the same fields, leaving unused fields empty; there are no empty 'fields' in either document (record) in the above example. This approach allows new information to be added to some records without requiring that every other record in the database share the same structure.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Document databases typically provide for additional metadata to be associated with and stored along with the document content. That metadata may be related to facilities the datastore provides for organizing documents, providing security, or other implementation specific features.


title: Document-oriented database

text: The core operations that a document-oriented database supports for documents are similar to other databases, and while the terminology is not perfectly standardized, most practitioners will recognize them as CRUD:


title: Document-oriented database

text: Documents are addressed in the database via a unique "key" that represents that document. This key is a simple identifier (or ID), typically a string, a URI, or a path. The key can be used to retrieve the document from the database. Typically the database retains an index on the key to speed up document retrieval, and in some cases the key is required to create or insert the document into the database.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Another defining characteristic of a document-oriented database is that, beyond the simple key-to-document lookup that can be used to retrieve a document, the database offers an API or query language that allows the user to retrieve documents based on content (or metadata). For example, you may want a query that retrieves all the documents with a certain field set to a certain value. The set of query APIs or query language features available, as well as the expected performance of the queries, varies significantly from one implementation to another. Likewise, the specific set of indexing options and configuration that are available vary greatly by implementation.


title: Document-oriented database

text: It is here that the document store varies most from the key-value store. In theory, the values in a key-value store are opaque to the store, they are essentially black boxes. They may offer search systems similar to those of a document store, but may have less understanding about the organization of the content. Document stores use the metadata in the document to classify the content, allowing them, for instance, to understand that one series of digits is a phone number, and another is a postal code. This allows them to search on those types of data, for instance, all phone numbers containing 555, which would ignore the zip code 55555.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Document databases typically provide some mechanism for updating or editing the content (or metadata) of a document, either by allowing for replacement of the entire document, or individual structural pieces of the document.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Document database implementations offer a variety of ways of organizing documents, including notions of


title: Document-oriented database

text: Sometimes these organizational notions vary in how much they are logical vs physical, (e.g. on disk or in memory), representations.


title: Document-oriented database

text: A document-oriented database is a specialized key-value store, which itself is another NoSQL database category. In a simple key-value store, the document content is opaque. A document-oriented database provides APIs or a query/update language that exposes the ability to query or update based on the internal structure in the "document". This difference may be minor for users that do not need richer query, retrieval, or editing APIs that are typically provided by document databases. Modern key-value stores often include features for working with metadata, blurring the lines between document stores.


title: Document-oriented database

text: Some search engine (aka information retrieval) systems like Elasticsearch provide enough of the core operations on documents to fit the definition of a document-oriented database.


title: Document-oriented database

text: In a relational database, data is first categorized into a number of predefined types, and "tables" are created to hold individual entries, or "records", of each type. The tables define the data within each record's "fields", meaning that every record in the table has the same overall form. The administrator also defines the "relationships" between the tables, and selects certain fields that they believe will be most commonly used for searching and defines "indexes" on them. A key concept in the relational design is that any data that may be repeated is normally placed in its own table, and if these instances are related to each other, a column is selected to group them together, the "foreign key". This design is known as "database normalization".


title: Document-oriented database

text: For example, an address book application will generally need to store the contact name, an optional image, one or more phone numbers, one or more mailing addresses, and one or more email addresses. In a canonical relational database, tables would be created for each of these rows with predefined fields for each bit of data: the CONTACT table might include FIRST_NAME, LAST_NAME and IMAGE columns, while the PHONE_NUMBER table might include COUNTRY_CODE, AREA_CODE, PHONE_NUMBER and TYPE (home, work, etc.). The PHONE_NUMBER table also contains a foreign key column, "CONTACT_ID", which holds the unique ID number assigned to the contact when it was created. In order to recreate the original contact, the database engine uses the foreign keys to look for the related items across the group of tables and reconstruct the original data.


title: Document-oriented database

text: In contrast, in a document-oriented database there may be no internal structure that maps directly onto the concept of a table, and the fields and relationships generally don't exist as predefined concepts. Instead, all of the data for an object is placed in a single document, and stored in the database as a single entry. In the address book example, the document would contain the contact's name, image, and any contact info, all in a single record. That entry is accessed through its key, which allows the database to retrieve and return the document to the application. No additional work is needed to retrieve the related data; all of this is returned in a single object.


title: Document-oriented database

text: A key difference between the document-oriented and relational models is that the data formats are not predefined in the document case. In most cases, any sort of document can be stored in any database, and those documents can change in type and form at any time. If one wishes to add a COUNTRY_FLAG to a CONTACT, this field can be added to new documents as they are inserted, this will have no effect on the database or the existing documents already stored. To aid retrieval of information from the database, document-oriented systems generally allow the administrator to provide "hints" to the database to look for certain types of information. These work in a similar fashion to indexes in the relational case. Most also offer the ability to add additional metadata outside of the content of the document itself, for instance, tagging entries as being part of an address book, which allows the programmer to retrieve related types of information, like "all the address book entries". This provides functionality similar to a table, but separates the concept (categories of data) from its physical implementation (tables).


title: Document-oriented database

text: In the classic normalized relational model, objects in the database are represented as separate rows of data with no inherent structure beyond that given to them as they are retrieved. This leads to problems when trying to translate programming objects to and from their associated database rows, a problem known as object-relational impedance mismatch. Document stores more closely, or in some cases directly, map programming objects into the store. These are often marketed using the term NoSQL.


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: The 2023–24 UEFA Europa League will be the 53rd season of Europe's secondary club football tournament organised by UEFA, and the 15th season since it was renamed from the UEFA Cup to the UEFA Europa League.


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: The final will be played at the Aviva Stadium in Dublin, Republic of Ireland. The winners of the tournament will automatically qualify for the 2024–25 UEFA Champions League group stage, and also earn the right to play against the winners of the 2023–24 UEFA Champions League in the 2024 UEFA Super Cup.


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: This edition will be the final season with the current format of 32 teams participating at the group stage, after UEFA announced that a brand new format would be introduced for the following edition.


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: A total of 58 teams from between 31 and 36 of the 55 UEFA member associations are expected to participate in the 2023–24 UEFA Europa League. Among them, 15 associations have teams directly qualifying for the Europa League, while for the other 40 associations that do not have any teams directly qualifying, between 15 and 20 of them may have teams playing after being transferred from the Champions League (the only member association which cannot have a participant is Liechtenstein, which does not organise a domestic league, and can only enter their cup winner into the Europa Conference League given their association ranking). The association ranking based on the UEFA country coefficients is used to determine the number of participating teams for each association:


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: For the 2023–24 UEFA Europa League, the associations are allocated places according to their 2022 UEFA country coefficients, which takes into account their performance in European competitions from 2017–18 to 2021–22.


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: If the suspension of Russian clubs from European competitions is upheld for the 2023–24 European season, and if the Europa Conference League title holders already qualify for the Europa League, or the Champions League through their league position, the following changes to the access list will be made:


title: 2023–24 UEFA Europa League

text: The schedule of the competition is as follows. Matches are scheduled for Thursdays apart from the final, which takes place on a Wednesday, though exceptionally can take place on Tuesdays or Wednesdays due to scheduling conflicts.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: Le Coq Sportif (, "the athletic rooster") is a French manufacturing company of sports equipment. Founded in 1882 by Émile Camuset and located in Entzheim, the company first issued items branded with its now-famous rooster trademark in 1948. The company's name and trademark are derived from the Gallic rooster, a national symbol of France.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: Nowadays, Le Coq Sportif is a subsidiary of Airesis S.A., a Swiss-based investment company that holds a 69%-stake of LCS. The current range of products by Le Coq Sportif includes sportswear, casual clothing and footwear.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: The company was established by Émile Camuset in 1882, initially within the woolen industry and then entering into the sportswear business, with some sources stating that it was his son who encouraged him to do it.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: The Camuset family started manufacturing sports clothing in its factory in Romilly-sur-Seine in north central France, releasing its first catalogue (which mostly included cycling jerseys) in 1929. Ten years later, the company launched the first tracksuit ever, the "chándal" (also known as "the Sunday clothing").


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: Le Coq Sportif reached its peak in the 1950s, with its first huge success in 1951 when the brand signed a deal to make the yellow jersey for the Tour de France. That jersey had been introduced in 1919 but rejected by riders who didn't want to be so visible to rivals. The company was Louison Bobet's jersey supplier when he won three consecutive Tours from 1953–1955. During those years, LCS also signed agreements to be the official kit provider for the France national football team (from 1955) and rugby teams. The company also signed an agreement with the French Olympic Committee so athletes wore LCS sportswear at the 1960 Summer Olympics at Rome.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: The company redesigned its logo (the triangular shape with a rooster inside) and put it onto the yellow jersey for the first time in 1966; it was one of the first sports manufacturers to make its logo visible. By 1966 Le Coq Sportif was the biggest sports brand in France and that same year the company signed a deal with Adidas to produce the "three stripes" clothing products in France. Terms of the contract ruled that Adidas focused on footwear while LCS took over of textile products.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: In the early 1970s, Adidas, dissociated with its share in the market, began to sell textile products, realising that the Camuset family had registered the three stripes symbol in France. That led to a legal battle between the two companies that almost caused the demise of LCS. As Adidas lost the lawsuit, it struck back against the French company with the objective to push it out of the business. Adidas signed a sponsorship agreement with Eddy Merckx, the raising star of cycling. That quick move and some bad decisions by the Camuset family made LCS lose a substantial piece of the market and Adidas offered to buy the company, which would have regained ownership of the three stripes in France as part of the deal. The offer was declined by Mirielle Camuset –Emile's daughter– more based on her political thoughts (as she had been a member of the French resistance against Germany during the World War II) than a commercial point of view. The French government became aware of LCS' critical situation, and appointed entrepreneur André Guelfi to take over the company and save it.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: Guelfi meet Horst Dassler (who was in charge of Adidas by then) and they secretly agreed to Adidas would buy a controlling stake in LCS. In return, Dassler would give help and assistance to make LCS a big company again. In the 1980s, Adidas's support allowed LCS reaching new audiences when tennis player Yannick Noah won the French Open in 1983, wearing Le Coq Sportif apparel. The rooster logo also appeared on the jerseys of Peugeot and Renault teams, and cyclist Bernard Hinault. During Hinault's win at the World Championship, he wore an LCS jersey and Adidas shoes.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: The passing of Dassler in 1987 put both companies in a critical situation. After being taken over by French entrepreneur Bernard Tapie (then involved in a match-fixing scandal in French football), Le Coq Sportif was sold to US company Brown Shoe, with Japanese firm Descente also taking rights over LCS to develop a golf line. By 1999 the company didn't have a single cyclist in its range of sponsored athletes. The company was taken over by another entrepreneur, Oliver Jacques, who would be then imprisoned after charges involving counterfeit Adidas and Nike products.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: After a long time of financial troubles and scandals, the company was relaunched in 2005 by Robert Louis-Dreyfus (coincidentally the former CEO of Adidas), through a Swiss investment company, Airesis. It was relocated on its original home in 2010, refurbishing the original factory in Romilly-sur-Seine, with production now centralised in France. LCS returned to sponsor cycling teams. In 2012, the company restarted its partnership with the Tour de France.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: The company sponsors the Quick Step-Innergetic and Team Milram cycling teams. Le Coq Sportif also supplied kits to the Tottenham Hotspur team that won the FA Cup in 1981 and 1982, Aston Villa 1982 team that won the European Cup, Chelsea (1981-1986), Sunderland (1981-1983), Sheffield United (1997-2000 and 2002-2009) and Everton (1983-1986 and 2009-2012) and AFC Ajax of Amsterdam (1/1973-6/1977 and 7/1980-12/1984); the FIFA World Cup winning teams of Italy in 1982 and Argentina in 1986. The company also sponsored Brazilian club Sport Club Internacional in 1982. The club won the traditional Joan Gamper Trophy at the Camp Nou in Barcelona while using Le Coq uniforms. Internacional also won the 1982 Gaúcho Championship wearing Le Coq. Fluminense Football Club is another Brazilian powerhouse that dressed Le Coq Sportif's kits in the 80s and won the National League title in 1984 as well as a Campeonato Carioca threepeat in 1983, 1984 and 1985.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: In other sports, tennis player Arthur Ashe wore Le Coq Sportif when winning the 1975 Wimbledon Championship. The company then launched a sneakers line, the "Arthur Ashe" shoe. Belgian Justine Henin also wore LCS when she played the 2001 Wimbledon final. South Korean golfer Yang Yong-eun wore a Le Coq Sportif shirt on the last day of the PGA Championship in 2009, which he won.


title: Le Coq Sportif

text: Le Coq Sportif hired local designers in Japan and Korea to complete and adapt the global collection for local market. They also signed some partnerships to release special models. Le Coq Sportif in Japan associated with Sou to create handmade shoes and "tabi". They also released a line of shoes with designer Kamishima Chinami. For Le Coq Sportif Korea, the partnership was made with the car manufacturer Peugeot to create a shoe named the "Peugeot 207cc." The shoes were recalled in 2009 for a product fault, when the fabric was exposed to water the shoe's stitching would come apart. This in turn lost Le Coq Sportif millions in revenue. In 2012, Le Coq Sportif returned to professional cycling, and manufactured the jerseys for the Tour de France under a new five-year contract with Amaury Sport Organisation.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: Chironex fleckeri, commonly known as the Australian box jelly, and nicknamed the sea wasp, is a species of extremely venomous box jellyfish found in coastal waters from northern Australia and New Guinea to Malaysia, the Philippines and Vietnam. It has been described as "the most lethal jellyfish in the world", with at least 64 known deaths in Australia from 1884 to 2021.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: Notorious for its sting, "C. fleckeri" has tentacles up to long covered with millions of cnidocytes which, on contact, release microscopic darts delivering an extremely powerful venom. Being stung commonly results in excruciating pain, and if the sting area is significant, an untreated victim may die in two to five minutes. The amount of venom in one animal is said to be enough to kill 60 adult humans.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: "Chironex fleckeri" was named after North Queensland toxicologist and radiologist Doctor Hugo Flecker. "On January 20, 1955, when a 5-year-old boy died after being stung in shallow water at Cardwell, North Queensland, Flecker found three types of jellyfish. One was an unidentified box-shaped jellyfish with groups of tentacles arising from each corner. Flecker sent it to Dr. Ronald Southcott in Adelaide, and on December 29, 1955, Southcott published his article introducing it as a new genus and species of lethal box jellyfish. He named it "Chironex fleckeri", the name being derived from the centaur Chiron in Greek mythology, the Latin "nex" meaning "murder", and "fleckeri" in honour of its discoverer.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: "Chironex fleckeri" is the largest of the cubozoans (collectively called box jellyfish), many of which may carry similarly toxic venom. Its bell usually reaches about 16 cm in diameter but can grow up to 35 cm. From each of the four corners of the bell trails a cluster of 15 tentacles. The pale blue bell has faint markings; viewed from certain angles, it bears a somewhat eerie resemblance to a human head or skull. Since it is virtually transparent, the creature is nearly impossible to see in its habitat, posing significant danger to swimmers.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: When the jellyfish are swimming, the tentacles contract so they are about long and about in diameter; when they are hunting, the tentacles are thinner and extend to about long. The tentacles are covered with a high concentration of stinging cells called cnidocytes, which are activated by pressure and a chemical trigger; they react to proteinous chemicals. Box jellyfish are day hunters; at night they are seen resting on the ocean floor.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: In common with other box jellyfish, "C. fleckeri" has four eye-clusters with 24 eyes. Some of these eyes seem capable of forming images, but whether they exhibit any object recognition or object tracking is debated; it is also unknown how they process information from their sense of touch and eye-like light-detecting structures due to their lack of a central nervous system. They are attracted to light of different colors (white, red, orange, yellow, green and blue), but blue light seems to elicit a feeding behavior, as it slows down their pulsation rate and makes them stream out their tentacles. Black objects, on the other hand, cause them to move away.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: "Chironex fleckeri" lives on a diet of prawns and small fish and are prey to turtles, whose thick skin is impenetrable to the cnidocytes of the jellyfish.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: The medusa is pelagic and has been documented from coastal waters of Australia and New Guinea north to the Philippines and Vietnam. In Australia, it is known from the northern coasts from Exmouth to Agnes Water, but its full distribution outside Australia has not been properly identified. To further confuse, the closely related and also dangerously venomous "Chironex yamaguchii" was first described from Japan in 2009. This species has also been documented from the Philippines, meaning the non-Australian records of "C. fleckeri" need to be rechecked. Breeding occurs in lower levels of rivers and mangrove channels.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: "Chironex fleckeri" is best known for its extremely powerful and occasionally fatal "sting". The sting can produce an excruciating pain accompanied by an intense burning sensation, like being branded with a red hot iron. In Australia, fatalities are most often caused by the larger specimens of "C. fleckeri".


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: In Australia, "C. fleckeri" has caused at least 64 deaths since the first report in 1883, but most encounters appear to result only in mild envenomation. Among 225 analyzed "C. fleckeri" stings in Australia's Top End from 1991 to 2004, only 8% required hospital admission, 5% received antivenom and there was a single fatality (a 3-year-old child). 26% experienced severe pain, while it was moderate to none in the remaining. Most deaths in recent decades have been children, as their smaller body mass puts them at a higher risk of fatal envenomation. When people do die, it is usually caused by a cardiac arrest occurring within minutes of the sting. It takes approximately 3 m (10 ft) of tentacle to deliver the fatal dose.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: The venom causes cells to become porous enough to allow potassium leakage, causing hyperkalemia, which can lead to cardiovascular collapse and death as quickly as within two to five minutes with an LD50 of 0.04 mg/kg. It was postulated that a zinc compound may be developed as an antidote. Occasionally, swimmers who get stung will undergo cardiac arrest or drown before they can even get back to the shore or boat.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: "Chironex fleckeri" and other jellyfish, including the Irukandji ("Carukia barnesi"), are abundant in the waters of northern Australia during the warmer months of the year. They are believed to drift into estuaries to breed. Signs like the one pictured are erected along the coast of North Queensland to warn people of such, and few people swim during this period. Some people still do, however, putting themselves at great risk. At popular swimming spots, net enclosures are placed out in the water wherein people can swim but jellyfish cannot get in, keeping swimmers safe.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: Until 2005, treatment involved using pressure immobilisation bandages, with the aim of preventing distribution of the venom through the lymph and blood circulatory systems. This treatment is no longer recommended by health authorities, due to research which showed that using bandages to achieve tissue compression provoked nematocyst discharge.


title: Chironex fleckeri

text: The application of vinegar is recommended treatment because vinegar (4–6% acetic acid) permanently deactivates undischarged nematocysts, preventing them from opening and releasing venom. A 2014 study demonstrated in vitro that while vinegar deactivates unfired nematocysts, there was also an increase in venom concentration in the solution, possibly by causing already-fired nematocysts (which still contain some venom) to release what remained. However, this study has been criticized on several methodological grounds, including that the experiment was done using a model membrane that is much different from (and more simple than) human skin. Also, the researchers did not determine whether the increase in venom concentration was caused by already-discharged nematocysts releasing more venom, or if the venom that was released initially had simply leaked back out through the membrane, thus confounding the concentration measurement. Despite these concerns, diluted acetic acid is still the recommended treatment.


title: Sanjuro

text: Originally an adaptation of the Shūgorō Yamamoto novel "Hibi Heian", the script was altered following the success of the previous year's "Yojimbo" to incorporate the lead character of that film.


title: Sanjuro

text: Nine young samurai believe that the lord chamberlain, Mutsuta, is corrupt after he tore up their petition against fraud at court. One of them tells the superintendent Kikui of this and he agrees to intervene. As the nine meet secretly to discuss this at a shrine, a rōnin overhears and cautions them against trusting the superintendent. While at first they do not believe him, he saves them from an ambush. But as their rescuer is about to leave, he realises that Mutsuta and his family must now be in danger and decides to stay and help.


title: Sanjuro

text: By the time the samurai get to Mutsuta's house, the chamberlain has been abducted and his wife and daughter are held prisoner there. Following the rōnin's suggestion, a servant from the house gets the guards drunk, allowing the samurai to free the women. Then the group hide in a house next door to the superintendent's compound. When Mutsuta's wife asks the rōnin his name, he looks out of the window at the surrounding camellia trees and says it is , literally "thirty-year-old camellia". The lady then criticises 'Sanjuro' for killing too frequently and insists that "the best sword is kept in its sheath."


title: Sanjuro

text: Sanjuro decides to get closer to the corrupt officials and joins their henchman Hanbei, who had previously offered him a job after the ambush at the shrine. Although the samurai distrustfully decide to keep watch on him, Sanjuro realises he is being followed as he walks along with Hanbei, and their shadows are easily captured and bound. Made to believe that a much larger group may be involved, Hanbei leaves to request reinforcements. Sanjuro then frees the four captured samurai, although having to kill all their guards. He tells the four to leave him tied up, then explains to Hanbei on his return that he did not wish to die in a cause in which he had no stake.


title: Sanjuro

text: The chamberlain's whereabouts are not discovered until next day, when Mutsuta's wife and daughter find a piece of the torn petition in the small stream that flows from the superintendent's compound past their hideout. Since an attack on the officials is impossible with the compound full of armed men, Sanjuro hatches a plan to get the army away by reporting to Hanbei that he saw the rebels at a temple where he was sleeping. Meanwhile he has told his group of samurai that he will send the signal to attack by floating large numbers of camellias down the stream.


title: Sanjuro

text: The first part of the plan works, with the superintendent's forces rushing off to the temple; however, Hanbei becomes suspicious after catching Sanjuro trying to drop the camellias into the stream and ties him up. Just as Hanbei is preparing to kill him, the remaining corrupt officials realise that Sanjuro has tricked them—his description of the temple was incorrect. They convince Hanbei not to waste any further time and instead catch up with the superintendent's forces and have them return as soon as possible. However, Sanjuro tricks the officials into giving the signal for the samurai to come to the rescue. Hanbei returns to find he has been made a fool of once again.


title: Sanjuro

text: Mutsuta is restored to his position and the superintendent commits hara-kiri, much to the chamberlain's regret, as he wished to avoid a public scandal. As his family and the loyal samurai are celebrating, they discover that Sanjuro has slipped away. The samurai race off and find Sanjuro and Hanbei about to duel.


title: Sanjuro

text: Sanjuro is reluctant to fight and tries to dissuade Hanbei, but Hanbei is furious at his loss of dignity and declares he can only find ease by killing Sanjuro. Hanbei draws his sword, but the faster Sanjuro kills him. When the young samurai cheer his victory, Sanjuro becomes angry and says he will kill them if they follow him. His admirers can only kneel and bow as he walks away.


title: Sanjuro

text: The story is primarily based on Shūgorō Yamamoto's short story . Originally "Sanjuro" was to be a straight adaptation of the story. After the success of "Yojimbo" the studio decided to resurrect its popular antihero, and Kurosawa reimagined the script accordingly. But despite a certain element of continuity, the eventual film turned out to be more than just a sequel to "Yojimbo" for the hero goes on to develop in character from the swashbuckling original.


title: Sanjuro

text: He is, as before a masterless samurai who preserves his anonymity by the same means. When asked his name in "Yojimbo" he looks outside and names himself mulberry ("Kuwabatake"); in "Sanjuro" he chooses a camellia ("Tsubaki"). In both cases he gives "Sanjūrō" (thirty-year-old) as his given name, although in both films he admits to being closer to forty. Having the "ronin" take the name of local agricultural products rather than a great house or clan reflects a populist turn in contemporary samurai movies. A crucial difference between "Yojimbo" and "Sanjuro", however, is that there is little connection to the Western genre in the sequel. The original was set in an out-of-the-way border town where the hero deals ruthlessly with local thugs, while in "Sanjuro" the action centres on a Japanese feudal power struggle in a clan fortress town. There the hero realises that Hanbei, his main opponent, is a man much like himself: a social outsider (an "unsheathed sword" in the words of the chamberlain’s wife) free to pick his own side in a conflict. The difference between them is only in the motives behind their choice.


title: Sanjuro

text: There is also a greater element of social comedy, with the seasoned fighter constantly hampered by the failure to grasp the true situation by the young men he chooses to help. But while he is their superior in tactics, the lady he has just rescued confounds him by insisting that he restrain himself, since killing people is a bad habit. Although there has to be some killing, largely as result of the inept actions of his young allies, the only truly violent moment comes at the very end in the duel between Sanjuro and Hanbei. From this he walks away in a fury, because his young admirers are still unable to read human nature and understand the significance of what has just happened.


title: Sanjuro

text: "Sanjuro" was released on January 1, 1962 in Japan where it was distributed by Toho. The film was also released in the same year in the United States.


title: Sanjuro

text: "Sanjuro" was Toho's highest-grossing film in 1962, coming second place for the highest grossing Japanese productions in 1962. It earned in distributor rentals at the Japanese box office in 1962, exceeding "King Kong vs. Godzilla", which had sold tickets in Japan that year.


title: Sanjuro

text: Mifune's sword fighting in the film was used in an extensive illustrated example of "samurai virtuosity with his sword" in "This Is Kendo", a 1989 kendo manual published in English.


title: Sanjuro

text: The film has been positively received by critics. It holds a 100% rating on the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes based on 23 reviews, with a weighted average of 8.38/10. The site's consensus reads: "Technically impressive and superbly acted, "Sanjuro" is a funny, action-packed samurai adventure featuring outstanding cinematography and a charismatic performance from Toshiro Mifune". In 2009 the film was voted at No. 59 on the list of "The Greatest Japanese Films of All Time" by Japanese film magazine Kinema Junpo.


title: Sanjuro

text: The film was remade as "Tsubaki Sanjuro" in 2007 by Yoshimitsu Morita and starring Yūji Oda in the title role.


title: PalmPilot

text: The PalmPilot Personal and PalmPilot Professional are the second generation of Palm PDA devices produced by Palm Inc (then a subsidiary of U.S. Robotics, later 3Com). These devices were launched on March 10, 1997.


title: PalmPilot

text: Palm also sold the 10201U modem at 14.4 kbit/s, introduced at a price of $129 (this modem is also compatible with the Palm III and Palm IIIx devices). An upgrade kit was also available, which allowed users of the earlier Pilot 1000/5000 devices to upgrade the OS, ROM, and RAM to match the PalmPilot Professional. Initially suggested retail prices upon launch were $399 for the PalmPilot Professional (1MB), $299 for the PalmPilot Personal (512KB), and $199 for the Upgrade Kit. Upgrade kits were also available to existing registered Pilot users for $99 for a limited time after the launch. These kits included IR capability, a new plastic memory door to accommodate the IR diodes, a memory card with 1 MB, the new ROM for Palm OS 2.0, and a CD-ROM with updated desktop software.


title: PalmPilot

text: The PalmPilot became a large success and helped Palm further establish itself as the leader in the growing PDA/handheld PC market. PalmPilot had reportedly sold over 1 million units by 1998.


title: Der Stürmer

text: Der Stürmer (, literally "The Stormer / Attacker / Striker") was a weekly German tabloid-format newspaper published from 1923 to the end of the Second World War by Julius Streicher, the "Gauleiter" of Franconia, with brief suspensions in publication due to legal difficulties. It was a significant part of Nazi propaganda, and was virulently antisemitic. The paper was not an official publication of the Nazi Party, but was published privately by Streicher. For this reason, the paper did not display the Nazi Party swastika in its logo.


title: Der Stürmer

text: The paper was a very lucrative business for Streicher, and made him a multi-millionaire. The newspaper originated at Nuremberg during Adolf Hitler's attempt to establish power and control. The first copy of "Der Stürmer" was published on 20 April 1923. "Der Stürmer"s circulation grew over time, eventually distributing to a large percentage of the German population, as well as Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and the United States. The newspaper reached a peak circulation of 486,000 in 1937.


title: Der Stürmer

text: Unlike the "Völkischer Beobachter" ("The Völkisch Observer"), the official Nazi Party paper, which gave itself an outwardly serious appearance, "Der Stürmer" often ran obscene material such as the blood libel and graphic caricatures of Jews, as well as sexually explicit, anti-communist, and anti-monarchist propaganda. As early as 1933, Streicher was calling for the extermination of the Jews in "Der Stürmer". During the war, Streicher regularly authorized articles demanding the annihilation and extermination of the Jewish race. After the war, Streicher was convicted of being an accessory for crimes against humanity, and was executed by hanging.


title: Der Stürmer

text: Most of the paper's readers were young people and people from the lowest strata of German society. Copies of "Der Stürmer" were displayed in prominent red "" (display boxes) throughout the Reich. As well as advertising the publication, the cases also allowed its articles to reach those readers who either did not have time to buy and read a newspaper in depth, or could not afford the expense. In 1927, "Der Stürmer" sold about 27,000 copies every week. By 1935, its circulation had increased to around 480,000.


title: Der Stürmer

text: From the late 1920s, Julius Streicher's vulgar style of propagandism increasingly became a cause of embarrassment for the Nazi Party. In 1936, the sale of "Der Stürmer" was restricted in Berlin during the Summer Olympics in an attempt to preserve the Nazi regime's international reputation and prestige. Propaganda Minister Joseph Goebbels tried to completely ban the newspaper in 1938, "Reichsmarschall" Hermann Göring forbade "Der Stürmer" in all of his departments, and Baldur von Schirach prohibited Hitler Youth members from reading it in Hitler Youth-sponsored hostels and other education facilities by a ""Reichsbefehl"" ("Reich command"). Göring harboured a particularly intense hatred of the paper, especially after it published a libelous article alleging that his daughter Edda had been conceived through artificial insemination. It was only through Hitler's intervention that Streicher was spared from severe punishment.


title: Der Stürmer

text: However, other senior Nazi officials, including "Reichsführer-SS" Heinrich Himmler, chairman of the German Labour Front Robert Ley, and proprietor of the "Zentral Verlag" (Central Press) Max Amann, whose organization comprised 80% of the German press, endorsed the publication, and their statements were often published in the paper. Albert Forster, the "Gauleiter" of Danzig (now Gdańsk), wrote in 1937:


title: Der Stürmer

text: With pleasure, I say that the "Stürmer", more than any other daily or weekly newspaper, has made clear to the people in simple ways the danger of Jewry. Without Julius Streicher and his "Stürmer", the importance of a solution to the Jewish question would not be seen to be as critical as it actually is by many citizens. It is therefore to be hoped that those who want to learn the unvarnished truth about the Jewish question will read the "Stürmer".


title: Der Stürmer

text: Hitler considered Streicher's primitive methods to be effective in influencing "the man in the street". Although Streicher and his paper were increasingly isolated in the Nazi party, Hitler continued to support Streicher, and was an avid reader of "Der Stürmer". In December 1941, he stated: "Streicher is reproached for his "Stürmer". The truth is the opposite of what people say: He idealized the Jew. The Jew is baser, fiercer, more diabolical than Streicher depicted him." In February 1942, he praised the newspaper by stating: "One must never forget the services rendered by the "Stürmer". Now that the Jews are known for what they are, nobody any longer thinks that Streicher libeled them."


title: Der Stürmer

text: Antisemitism was beyond question the most important weapon in Hitler's propagandist arsenal, and almost everywhere, it was of deadly efficiency. That was why he had allowed Streicher, for example, a free hand. The man's stuff, too, was amusing, and very cleverly done. Wherever, he wondered, did Streicher get his constant supply of new material? He, Hitler, was simply on thorns to see each new issue of the "Stürmer". It was the one periodical that he always read with pleasure, from the first page to the last.


title: Der Stürmer

text: During the war, the paper's circulation suffered because of paper shortages, as well as Streicher's exile from Nuremberg for corruption. More ominously, because of the Holocaust, the people it targeted had begun to disappear from everyday life, which diminished the paper's relevance. Hitler, however, insisted that Streicher receive sufficient support to continue publishing "Der Stürmer". The final edition of the newspaper was published in February 1945. The chief editor, Julius Streicher, was tried at Nuremberg after the end of the war, and after being found guilty of being an accessory to crimes against humanity, he was hanged in 1946.


title: Der Stürmer

text: According to the American writer Dennis Showalter, "a major challenge of political antisemitism involves overcoming the images of the 'Jew next door' – the living, breathing acquaintance or associate whose simple existence appears to deny the validity of that negative stereotype". The newspaper's lurid content appealed to a large spectrum of readers who were lower class and less-sophisticated. "Der Stürmer" was known for its use of simple themes that required little thought. The newspaper often gave descriptions of how to identify Jewish people, and included racist political cartoons, including antisemitic caricatures. Besides the graphic depictions, articles often focused on imaginary fears, exaggerations, and perceived behavioral differences between Jews and other German citizens.


title: Der Stürmer

text: After the war, Streicher was tried at the Nuremberg trials. His publishing and speaking activities were a major part of the evidence presented against him. In essence, the prosecutors took the line that Streicher's role in inciting Germans to exterminate Jews made him an accessory to murder, and thus as culpable as those who actually carried out the killing. Prosecutors also introduced decisive and irrefutable evidence that Streicher continued his incendiary articles and speeches when he was well aware that Jews were being slaughtered. Streicher was found guilty of being an accessory for crimes against humanity, and was executed by hanging shortly afterwards.


title: Der Stürmer

text: "Der Stürmer" was known for its virulently antisemitic caricatures, which depicted Jews as ugly characters with exaggerated facial features and misshapen bodies. In his propaganda work, Streicher furthered medieval stereotypes accusing Jews of killing children, sacrificing their bodies, and drinking their blood. The large majority of these drawings were the work of Philipp Rupprecht, known as "Fips", who was one of the best-known antisemitic cartoonists of Nazi Germany. Through the adaptation and amalgamation of almost every existing antisemitic stereotype, myth, and tradition, Rupprecht's virulent attacks aimed predominantly at the dehumanization and demonization of Jews. At the bottom of the title page there was always the motto ""Die Juden sind unser Unglück!"" ("The Jews are our misfortune!"), coined by Heinrich von Treitschke in the 1880s. In the nameplate was the motto ""Deutsches Wochenblatt zum Kampfe um die Wahrheit"" ("German Weekly Newspaper in the Fight for Truth").


title: Der Stürmer

text: Stories of "Rassenschande", which denoted alleged scandals of Jewish men and German women having sex, were staples of "Der Stürmer". Streicher described Jews as sex offenders who were "violators of the innocent, perpetrators of bizarre sex crimes, and ritual murderers", who allegedly performed in religious ceremonies using blood of other humans, usually Christians. Streicher also frequently reported attempts of child molestation by Jews. "Der Stürmer" never lacked details about sexual intercourse, names, and crimes in order to keep readers aroused and entertained. These accusations, articles, and crimes printed in "Der Stürmer" were often inaccurate, and rarely investigated by staff members. In the newspaper's opinion, if a German girl became pregnant by a Jew, the Jew would deny paternity, offer to pay for an abortion, fail to pay child support, or simply leave for the U.S. Within "Der Stürmer", it was not uncommon to read reports of German women aborting their children because they did not want to bring a "Jewish bastard into the world".


title: Der Stürmer

text: Streicher believed in the antisemitic telegony hypotheses of Artur Dinter, whose 1917 bestseller book "Die Sünde wider das Blut" ("The Sin Against the Blood") claimed that the ejaculation of semen of a Jewish man into the vagina of a "German-blooded" woman was sufficient to change the woman so effectively that all of her future descendants would have Jewish blood. This hypothesis was rejected by the Nazis in the 1935 Nuremberg racial laws, and was called a "heresy" by the Racial Office of the NSDAP. The official Nazi position stated that: "The racial characteristics of a person are determined by heredity".


title: Der Stürmer

text: Showalter said, "For Julius Streicher, the Jews' hatred for Christianity was concealed only for one reason: Business." Jewish businessmen were often portrayed as doing almost anything to obtain financial wealth, which included, in his words, "become a usurer, a traitor, a murderer". In the summer of 1931, Streicher focused much of the paper's attention on a Jewish-owned butchery. As an example, when a philanthropic merchant started operating a soup kitchen, "Der Stürmer" ran articles accusing the business of poisoning the food being served. "Der Stürmer" criticized and cherrypicked every single price increase and decrease in Jewish shops, as well as their charitable donations, denouncing it as a further form of financial greed. This attack on Jewish benevolence, generosity and philanthropism received the most public criticism out of all of "Der Stürmer"'s antisemitic propaganda. Its "Letter Box" encouraged the reporting of Jewish illegal acts, while its unofficial style helped prevent suspicion of propaganda, and lent it an air of authenticity.


title: Vikas (rocket engine)

text: The Vikas (a portmanteau from initials of VIKram Ambalal Sarabhai ) is a family of liquid fuelled rocket engines conceptualized and designed by the Liquid Propulsion Systems Centre in the 1970s. The design was based on the licensed version of the Viking engine with the chemical pressurisation system. The early production Vikas engines used some imported French components which were later replaced by domestically produced equivalents. It is used in the Polar Satellite Launch Vehicle (PSLV) and the Geosynchronous Satellite Launch Vehicle (GSLV) series of expendable launch vehicles for space launch use.


title: Vikas (rocket engine)

text: Vikas engine is used to power the second stage of PSLV, boosters and second stage of GSLV Mark I and II and also the core stage of GSLV Mark III. The propellant loading for Vikas engine in PSLV, GSLV Mark I and II is 40 tons, while in GSLV Mark III is 55 tons.


title: Vikas (rocket engine)

text: In 1974, Societe Europeenne de Propulsion agreed to transfer Viking engine technology in return for 100 man-years of engineering work from ISRO. The first engine built from the acquired technology was tested successfully in 1985 by Nambi Narayanan and his team at ISRO and named it Vikas.


title: Vikas (rocket engine)

text: The engine uses up about 40 metric tons of UDMH as fuel and Nitrogen tetroxide (NO) as oxidizer with a maximum thrust of 725 kN. An upgraded version of the engine has a chamber pressure of 58.5 bar as compared to 52.5 bar in the older version and produces a thrust of 800 kN. The engine is capable of gimballing.


title: Vikas (rocket engine)

text: For launches from 2018 a 6% increased thrust version of the Vikas engine was developed. It was demonstrated on 29 March 2018 in the GSAT 6A launch second stage. It will be used for the four Vikas engines first stage boosters on future missions.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Toyota Kijang is a series of pickup trucks, multi purpose vehicles and light commercial vehicles sold mainly in Southeast Asia, Taiwan and India by Toyota. It was first introduced in Indonesia in 1977 and had become the most popular car in the country of its time. The same vehicle was introduced earlier in the Philippines as the Toyota Tamaraw, where it was launched in December 1976. Fourth-generation models in the Philippines were sold under the Toyota Revo nameplate. The Kijang was also sold in other countries, and is known as the Toyota Qualis in India and Nepal (third generation), Toyota Zace in Vietnam and Taiwan (third and fourth generation), Toyota Unser in Malaysia (fourth generation) and Toyota Stallion in Africa for the basic models (third and fourth generation), with higher specifications labelled Toyota Venture (third generation) and Toyota Condor in South Africa (fourth generation). Due to the varying names used in different countries, the vehicle is internally known as the "TUV", short for "Toyota Utility Vehicle".


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang was relatively affordable in the markets where it was sold when compared to the four-wheel drive vehicles (the Kijang is predominantly rear-wheel drive) and had high seating capacity, high ground clearance and rugged suspension, popular features in an area with generally poor road conditions and large extended families.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang was designed with ease of manufacture in mind; in 1986, the assembly of the Kijang only cost 42 percent of the cost of assembling the smaller EE80 Corolla. It was manufactured as a CKD (complete knock-down) unit in almost every country it was sold in and many of the parts come from each of the markets in which it was sold.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang prototype was first displayed at the 1975 Jakarta Fair and then entered production in 1977. Its development was led by Osamu Ohta with Ohyama as the chief engineer in 1972. The first-generation Kijang is a compact, light pickup truck powered by a carburetted 1.2-litre "3K" four-cylinder OHV petrol engine matched to a 4-speed manual transmission. A pickup variant with rear body and roof was also produced. The Kijang Minibus (van/wagon version) was built by a local company.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang first entered the Indonesian market on 9 June 1977, although it had been on sale in the Philippines since 2 December 1976. It has a boxy design with externally hinged half doors and plastic/canvas windows. Designated KF10, it shared the "3K" engine with the 1972 Corolla, coupled to a 4-speed manual transmission. It was colloquially nicknamed 'Kijang Buaya' (meaning "Crocodile Kijang") as the engine bonnet resembled a crocodile's mouth once opened. The KF10 Kijang sold 26,806 units in its 4 years of production when it would be replaced by the second-generation model.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: In the Philippines, the Kijang was sold as the Tamaraw (named for one of the country's national animals, the Tamaraw), produced in the 1970s up to early 1980s. Introduced in December 1976, it started as a small ton high-side pick-up (HSPU) with a 1.2-litre "3K" engine producing , and was produced by the now-defunct Delta Motors, which assembled Toyota vehicles in the Philippines. It was considered as a "BUV", or "Basic Utility Vehicle". It had a 4-speed manual transmission, and some models had no driver- or front passenger-side doors. Because of its ruggedness and ease of maintenance, even its upgradability (some swap the "3K" engine with a more powerful engine, usually a diesel engine or any in Toyota's K series of engines), some of these vehicles survive today, and its designs are sometimes copied or modified by local assemblers to this day. It was proven success that General Motors (through Francisco Motors), Ford and Chrysler (with Mitsubishi) created their own versions of the BUV, including the two versions of the Pinoy and the Ford Fiera and Chrysler-Mitsubishi Cimarron.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The KF10 Tamaraw was also imported and distributed in Papua New Guinea in 1980 by Ela Motors, a division of the Burns Philip Group. The vehicle was renamed to Toyota Traka and was described as "using the same engine as the popular Toyota Corolla, the Traka is a basic utility vehicle capable of carrying a payload of and developing more than 60 hp".


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The second-generation Kijang (designated KF20), launched in June 1981, retained its boxy style although the body panels were different. It is colloquially called the 'Kijang Doyok' in Indonesia. Under its slimmer bonnet was a 1.3-litre "4K" engine, which was replaced in December 1985 by a 1.5-litre "5K" engine. The only transmission option was a 4-speed manual. With the "5K" engine, the power increased from to , both at 5,600 rpm. The 1986 model can be seen from the outside by rectangular headlamps and a redesigned grille. The Kijang started selling very strongly in 1983 and 1984, catching up to erstwhile market leaders such as the Suzuki Super Carry and the Daihatsu Hijet. The more powerful Kijang offered more carrying capacity, while the engine placement made it safer than its cheaper, kei truck-based competitors. In February 1985, the 100,000th Kijang left the production line.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: In the Philippines, the Tamaraw was also sold as the long-wheelbase F30 series, which was also promoted as an alternative to the jeepney. A local Philippine auto brand, Dragon, later took the designs of the long-wheelbase Tamaraw and marketed it. Pilipinas Nissan bought the designs from Ford (after their exit in 1984) for what would have been the Fiera IV and marketed it as the "Bida" ("protagonist" in Tagalog), which resembles the long-wheelbase Tamaraw.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: Introduced in November 1986, the third-generation Kijang was offered in short-wheelbase (F40 series) and long-wheelbase (F50 series) versions. The Kijang was redesigned to be larger and heavier, and no longer prioritised as a pickup truck-based model. The Standard trim level had a 4-speed manual transmission, while the Super variant had a 5-speed manual transmission and a better-equipped interior. Introduced in this generation was "Full Pressed Body" wagon built by companies appointed by Toyota. This technique were applied to reduce usage of putties up to for each car.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang received its first facelift in August 1992. The steering mechanism was changed from recirculating ball to rack and pinion. The wagon model received a right-side rear door and adopted a new name, "Toyota Original Body", instead of "Full Pressed Body". In its creation process, it was fully pressed and used pointed welding. Up to this time, this model can be said as the one and only putty-free Kijang. The trim levels for the wagon model were:


title: Toyota Kijang

text: In April 1995, the Kijang received a second facelift, including a redesigned grille with vertical bars, usage of Enkei 14-inch alloy wheels on the G-series Kijang and the Supra A70/A80-styled five spoke, 14-inch alloy wheels on the Grand Extra Kijang, redesigned steering wheel, addition of tachometers, central door lock and power windows for Deluxe trim, and larger 1.8-litre "7K" engine. With the introduction of the "7K" engine, the production of the "5K" engine was completely stopped. On 17 August 1995, 4-speed automatic transmission was introduced as an optional modification for the SGX and LGX models for the first time in the Kijang. This 1995–1996 version was a special model to commemorate the 50th anniversary of Indonesian independence.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: In the Philippines, versions of the Kijang were sold as the Tamaraw FX when it was introduced in 1991 as a high side pickup and in 1993 as a wagon. The Tamaraw FX was available either with a 1.8-litre "7K" petrol engine or a 2.0-litre "2C" diesel engine, all coupled with a 5-speed manual transmission. Power was and respectively, allowing for top speeds of . The Tamaraw FX was offered in 5 door long wheelbase wagon in either Standard, Deluxe and GL trim levels. The GL trim included power steering, cloth interior, cloth seats, a digital clock, door pocket, a 4 speaker cassette radio, body cladding and 14 inch alloy wheels. Deluxe and standard models had steel wheels, 2 speaker cassette decks, and vinyl interiors, however deluxe models received full width side steps and bucket front seats. Dual AC was standard on all wagon models. The pickup variant was available in 11-seater high side pickup form and later in chassis cab configuration. In 2000, Deluxe, GL, and diesel wagon variants were discontinued leaving only the 1.8 standard wagon and pickup variants to be sold alongside the Revo until 2002 when the Tamaraw is finally discontinued.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Tamaraw FX was meant for use as a passenger wagon. It still retained the ruggedness of the old Tamaraw and is ideal for rough roads and carrying heavy loads. It was assembled by Toyota Motor Philippines in its Parañaque plant that was formerly operated by Delta Motors with the pickup version rolled-out off the assembly line in October 1991 and the wagon version in December 1993. Also around that time, after Ford left the Philippines in 1984, Pilipinas Nissan bought the rights to produce the Fiera IV under the name Nissan Bida; and local car assembler Carter Motors came up with their own version, the Masa (Tagalog for "masses", implying that the car is within reach of the masses).


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang was sold in Vietnam and Taiwan under the Zace name. Introduced in Taiwan in 1988 the station wagon model was offered in either low roof long-wheelbase wagon with regular side-opening rear door and a high roof version lift gate variant while a pickup variant was also offered with a choice of either a 1.5L (5K) or 1.8 (7K)engine. The Taiwanese market Zace wagons was offered in either 5/8 seater configurations. The Vietnamese market Zace only had an 8-seater configuration.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Kijang was built and sold in South Africa in three body styles as the High roof station wagon Venture, or as a commercial vehicle under the Stallion nameplate available either as a panel van or pickup truck. The advertising campaign for the Stallion had local Afrikaans comedian Tolla Van Der Merwe, and because of his popularity it is commonly called the "Tolla bakkie".


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Venture was available with three engine choices: a 1.8(2Y) petrol, 2.2(4Y) petrol, and a 2.4(2L) diesel. Standard equipment includes Gear lock, Rear wiper and Washer, Power steering (unavailable on 1.8 Engined Ventures), Air conditioning (available for 2.2 Engined models only), and a ten-seat configuration.2.2 Engine models also include an immobiliser alarm as standard(optional on 1.8 and 2.4D models) while the range-topping 2.2 GLE adds a 9-seater configuration, central locking, and makes a cassette radio standard equipment (optional on other variants). A Rear Differential Lock is an available option for 2.4D and 2.2GLE models.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Stallion was available in either Panel van or as a Single Cab Truck with a 1.8(2Y) petrol engine mated to a 4-Speed Manual while the 2.4(2L) diesel was available for the pickup body style with a 5-speed Manual Transmission as an option. An immobiliser alarm was offered as an option as well as a bush bar, tow bar, and extra driving lights.The Pickup Variants van also be optioned to be delivered as a chassis cab while the 1.8 pickup is also offered with optional 14" alloy wheels.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The third-generation Kijang was launched in India in January 2000 as Toyota's first entry into India's automobile market following a joint venture with the Kirloskar Group in 1997. The Kijang was sold in India under the Qualis name. The Qualis was based on the third-generation global model, but updated with front and rear styling, an updated interior making use of the switch gear, instrument cluster and rear air conditioning blower unit from the fourth-generation Kijang. Critics said the vehicle was outdated that came with an outdated design and did not expect it to sell well. However, Qualis was a hit as the vehicle was welcomed by taxi, fleet operators and large Indian families over others like Tata's Sumo and Mahindra's Bolero.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Qualis was initially sold only with a 2.4-litre "2L-II" SOHC diesel upon its introduction in 2000 in FS/GS/GST trims while the fuel-injected 2.0-litre "1RZ-E" SOHC petrol engine was later made available in the range topping GST Super. The FS model (10-seater) is the base trim with a vinyl interior, power steering and front air conditioning (later included in refreshed models as standard) as options. The middle grade GS trim (10 seater/8 seater) gets better cloth interior with better sound deadening, power steering, front air conditioning (rear AC available as an option), and body cladding as standard with power windows and central locking offered as options. The top-end 8 seater GST and the petrol GST Super included front fog lamps, rear wiper and washer, wood trim, rear spoiler, alloy wheels, and all GS options as standard. The model range would get revamped in 2002 that brought roll down windows to the second-row doors with power windows for all four doors and central locking being standard to the now 8 seater only GS variant with rear AC and rear wiper and washer offered as options while the range topping GST/GST Super was replaced by a new 7-seater RS variant with captain seats.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: On 15 January 1997, the fourth-generation Kijang was launched with a more rounded, aerodynamic shape. It was originally planned to be introduced in 2000, but since rival Mitsubishi wanted to introduce the Freeca/Kuda in 1998, it was instead launched three years in advance. It was more powerful and more refined than its predecessors. The wagon model, often colloquially known as "Kijang Kapsul" (meaning "Capsule Kijang"), was designated either the F70 series (short wheelbase) or the F80 series (long wheelbase), and features a rear liftgate rather than a side-opening rear door, with some coachbuild versions still retain the latter. The pickup model was designated as the F60 series. For the first time, the "2L" diesel-powered Kijang was offered. Either the carburetted "7K" or the fuel-injected "7K-E"-powered Kijang was the most popular model due to its low maintenance cost, despite being underpowered compared to the 2.0-litre "1RZ-E" unit. It was built on the same platform as the sixth-generation Hilux. The Kijang received facelifts on 28 November 1999 and 23 August 2002, respectively.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The fourth-generation wagon model Kijangs were generally released in four different trim levels, depending on wheelbase options:


title: Toyota Kijang

text: Some versions called "Grand Rover Ace" and "Jantan Raider", which were made by local coachbuilders, was also sold only in a few units. The Grand Rover Ace is based on the LSX trim and has an SUV-like body, resembling the J80 series Land Cruiser in a similar fashion to the facelifted EP81 Starlet which resembles the Japanese market Starlet GT Turbo.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The short wheelbase wagon has a 7-seat capacity using jumpseats in the rear while the 8-seater long wheelbase wagon uses a bench-type front facing third row seats albeit without seatbelts.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The production of fourth-generation Kijang wagon ended on 19 June 2004 with a total production of 452,017 units. The pickup truck variant continued to sold until February 2007.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The fourth-generation Kijang was sold in Malaysia as the Unser between mid-1998 to May 2005. The Unser name was derived from the German word "unser". It is only offered in an 8 seater configuration with seatbelts for all three rows available as standard. Initially offered with either a 2.4 2L diesel engine or a 1.8 7K-E petrol engine and a 5-speed manual transmission, beginning in July 2000, an automatic variant was available with the 1.8 7K-E engine. In April 2001, a facelift was introduced. Changes included new multi-reflector headlamps, integrated spotlights into the front bumper, clear lenses with coloured bulbs for the taillights and a new steering wheel design available in either petrol (GLi) or diesel trims (GLD). For 2003, the Unser was updated again and now only available with the 1.8 7K-E engine in two trim levels: GLi and LGX incorporating new exterior design, suede interior trim, 50/50 front facing third row seats (instead of a removable bench in previous models) with the new LGX trim adding power mirrors, chrome trim and body cladding.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The fourth-generation Kijang was sold in the Philippines under the Tamaraw FX Revo nameplate. The model was introduced in 1998 to replace the Tamaraw FX (though it was sold alongside it for a while). The platform and diesel engine were based from the similar era Hilux. Engine choices include a 1.8-litre EFI for the petrol engine and 2.4-litre diesel engine. Trim levels available are the DLX (entry level), GL, GLX, SR (Sport Runner), the high-end LXV, VX200 and the limited edition SR-J and VX200-J (part of Toyota's series of J, or Japan-spec, vehicles, which extended to the Hilux, the HiAce, and the RAV4). The LXV trim was discontinued in the 2000 model year in favor of the VX200, while the GSX is a whole new variant. Facelifted versions were introduced in 2002; two J-spec trim lines (SR-J and VX200-J) were retired from the line, and higher-end trim versions received upgraded leather seating, entertainment systems and appointments.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: For 2000, Toyota revised the Revo, with badge changes and trim line revamp. Engine choices include the newly introduced 2.0-litre SOHC EFI and 1.8-litre EFI petrol engines as well as a 2.4-litre OHC direct-injection diesel engine. The 2.4-litre diesel engine has been revised to address smoke-belching complaints.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: DLX, GL were the bottom trims to choose from while GLX, GSX and SR variants were considered the mid-range players. The VX240D (2L 2.4diesel) was introduced to the new lineup in mid-2004. The Revo received its third and last refreshing. The J series of Toyota vehicles were discontinued, hence the discontinuation of its two J-spec trim lines (SR-J and VX200-J). It received a badge revision, availability of new colours and exterior and interior details, including a 3 spoke steering wheel with a chrome Toyota logo, larger headlamps and fog lamps, J100 Land Cruiser style tail lamps (which are present in the fourth-generation Kijang), upgraded audio systems and other additional features. The top trim (VX200 and VX240D) received upgraded and reengineered adjustable leather seats, 2-tone leather door sidings, upgraded entertainment systems (motorised 2-DIN head unit with AVG input for the middle row seat's armrest - also in wood accent), wood panel appointments, side-steps (together with the SR trim) and upgraded dual DVD headrest monitors. Only VX200 variants were given a 12-volt auxiliary power outlet with cover in the left side of last row. The VX200 and SR variants were offered in fabric or leather options for the interior. For the SR, chrome appointments on the dashboard, a new livery was introduced, as well as the words "SPORT RUNNER" executed in plain text, discontinuing the use of the font used for the Supra. GLX and GSX trims received new wheels and different livery for the GSX.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Zace Surf, Condor and Stallion are high-roof station wagon based on the long-wheelbase Kijang wagon. For the right hand drive South African market Condor and was initially offered with a choice of the 1.8-litre "2Y" engine in the base Estate and Estate TE (later replaced by the 2.0-litre "1RZ-E" in the second refresh), 2.4-litre "2RZ-E" petrol engine and a 3.0-litre "5L" diesel engine in either Estate TE and 4x4 RV trims. Unique to the Condor is the 7-seat configuration with second row individual seating, locks integrated to the inner door handles, Corolla-style outer door handles, and a lack of a rear cooler option. Available options are air conditioning for the base estate, leather seats for the RV (and later TX) or PVC seats (all trims). An 8-seat configuration later replaced the 7-seater with the second row seats being exchanged for a split 60/40 unit in the first refresh with the 4x4 RV trim being replaced by the new TX and TX 4x4 trims. The third row bench would get replaced by a 50/50 side folding unit in the second and final refresh model which also included the front end design as well as the rear taillights from the second facelift Kijang while still retaining cloth interior from the first Kijang facelift and the use of rubber seals in the rear window. The 2.4-litre petrol engine was also now made available to the base Estate trim alongside the new 2.0-litre engine while a driver airbag was added to the TX trim. The Condor was sold as well in Left hand drive Ghana and Nigerian markets with 1.8-litre "2Y" and 3.0-litre "5L" engines with a 10-seat configuration with a 4x4 option being available to the diesel models.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Stallion Panel Van was introduced initially with a 1.8-litre "2Y" engine sharing the F60 designation with the Kijang/Zace pickup (later replaced by a 2.0-litre "1RZ-E" unit as a base engine in 2003 for both the South African market Condor and Stallion models) in a 3-seat configuration with no second row seats. Immobilisers were standard equipment throughout the entire South African Condor/Stallion (non 2Y SA models use a transponder key immobiliser) range while included as part of the 4x4 model in Ghana markets.


title: Toyota Kijang

text: The Team Castrol Toyota Condor 2.4 RV 4x4 was prepared by Toyota South Africa's Research and Development Team in Prospecton, Durban for the South Africa National Off-Road Championship. Introduced in the 2001 season it was driven by Kassie Coetzee and co-driver Ockie Fourie until the 2003 season where it was replaced by a Hilux 3.0TD 4x4. Competing in the 4-cylinder production class category (Class E) modifications include an uprated engine (initially to , later increased to ), Addition of a rear limited slip differential, a 260-litre fuel tank, strengthened suspension, as well a roll cage and associated safety equipment. A heavy-duty clutch and high-temperature brake compound were fitted to aid endurance and a limiting valve was fitted to adjust brake bias however the rest of the brakes, gearbox, and transfer case remains standard. The vehicle was competitive even in its debut season, but found limited success throughout its racing career with only a single class win (7th overall) from the opening race of the 2002 season (Barberspan 500) before suffering multiple mishaps in the 2002 season that included a rock-throwing incident.