title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: In 1934, Amphibious Warfare Doctrine, along with special amphibious landing crafts for World War II were developed here. These Amphibious Warfare techniques, developed in the years before World War II, made victory possible in the Pacific theater. Quantico trained over 15,000 USMC and other service officers in these techniques.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: In 1942, over were purchased by the federal government and added to Quantico, making up what is now the base west of Interstate 95. The expansion was needed for additional range and maneuver training areas during World War II.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: In 1987, the Marine Corps Development and Education Command here was changed to the Marine Corps Combat Development Command.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: On the night of 21 March 2013, a Marine opened fire killing two other Marines before killing himself.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The Corps' Combat Development Command, which develops strategies for Marine combat and makes up most of the community of over 12,000 military and civilian personnel (including families) is based here. It has a budget of around $300 million and is the home of the Marine Corps Officer Candidates School. The Marine Corps Research Center at Quantico pursues equipment research and development, especially telecommunications, for the Marine Corps. The Marine Corps Brig, a military prison, was formerly located at Quantico.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The base was designated as part of the Quantico Marine Corps Base Historic District by the National Register of Historic Places in 2001. This district includes 122 buildings, two landscapes, a sculpture, and a water tower located within the Mainside area of the base. The contributing properties with separate entries include Tennessee Camp, Camp French, Commanding General's Quarters, and Rising Hill Camp.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: It is the site of the Marine Corps Combat Development Command and Marine Helicopter 1 HMX-1. HMX-1 was the first helicopter squadron to provide rapid transportation of U.S. Presidents, a mission they have continued to carry out to the present day.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The base is the home of major training institutions for both the Marine Corps and federal law enforcement and intelligence agencies, including:


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: A replica of the United States Marine Corps War Memorial, depicting the 2nd U.S. flag-raising on Iwo Jima, stands at the entrance to the base. (The original memorial stands at the north end of Arlington National Cemetery.)


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: Marine Corps Base Quantico and the Potomac River surround the town of Quantico. Access to the town is possible only through the base, the Amtrak train station, or from the river.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: According to the United States Census Bureau, the CDP has a total area of 8.1 square miles (21.1 km), of which, 7.2 square miles (18.5 km) of it is land and 1.0 square miles (2.6 km) of it (12.27%) is water.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The name "Quantico Station" is most often used to designate the train station in Quantico, Virginia where commuters use the Virginia Railway Express.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 6,571 people, 1,389 households, and 1,351 families residing in the CDP. The population density was 918.9 people per square mile (354.8/km). There were 1,645 housing units at an average density of 230.0/sq mi (88.8/km). The racial makeup of the CDP was 73.25% White, 16.01% African American, 0.46% Native American, 2.15% Asian, 0.15% Pacific Islander, 3.91% from other races, and 4.08% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 9.37% of the population.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: There were 1,389 households, out of which 77.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 91.3% were married couples living together, 4.3% had a female householder with no husband present, and 2.7% were non-families. 2.1% of all households were made up of individuals, and none had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 3.57 and the average family size was 3.57.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: In the CDP, the population was spread out, with 32.3% under the age of 18, 29.9% from 18 to 24, 35.5% from 25 to 44, 2.2% from 45 to 64, and 0.1% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 22 years. For every 100 females there were 158.6 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 196.1 males.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The median income for a household in the CDP was $41,429, and the median income for a family was $41,288. Males had a median income of $24,478 versus $20,676 for females. The per capita income for the CDP was $14,563. About 5.5% of families and 5.7% of the population were below the poverty line, including 7.1% of those under age 18 and none of those age 65 or over.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The Department of Defense Education Activity (DoDEA), which serves as the school district for the installation, operates two schools on the base.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: The Crossroads Elementary School facility was scheduled to open in Spring 2016. It had a cost of $47 million. It has a two-story media center and a rooftop environmental science center, patio, and garden. The facility uses natural light and heating from geothermal sources. In 2015 the "Star-Tribune" described it as "state-of-the-art school design". It replaced Ashurst, Burrows, and Russell elementary schools.


title: Marine Corps Base Quantico

text: In 1919 a 1-8 school opened, though high school students had to attend school in the District of Columbia or in Fredericksburg and Occoquan in Virginia. In the 1930s the high school program opened, and enrollment was over 300 in 1940. The school was renamed Quantico Post School the following year, with groundbreaking and dedication of a new building on July 22 of that year and the subsequent year's January 6. Russell Elementary opened in 1953.


title: Connected space

text: In topology and related branches of mathematics, a connected space is a topological space that cannot be represented as the union of two or more disjoint non-empty open subsets. Connectedness is one of the principal topological properties that are used to distinguish topological spaces.


title: Connected space

text: A subset of a topological space formula_1 is a if it is a connected space when viewed as a subspace of formula_1.


title: Connected space

text: Some related but stronger conditions are path connected, simply connected, and formula_3-connected. Another related notion is "locally connected", which neither implies nor follows from connectedness.


title: Connected space

text: A topological space formula_1 is said to be if it is the union of two disjoint non-empty open sets. Otherwise, formula_1 is said to be connected. A subset of a topological space is said to be connected if it is connected under its subspace topology. Some authors exclude the empty set (with its unique topology) as a connected space, but this article does not follow that practice.


title: Connected space

text: Historically this modern formulation of the notion of connectedness (in terms of no partition of formula_1 into two separated sets) first appeared (independently) with N.J. Lennes, Frigyes Riesz, and Felix Hausdorff at the beginning of the 20th century. See for details.


title: Connected space

text: Given some point formula_17 in a topological space formula_18 the union of any collection of connected subsets such that each contains formula_17 will once again be a connected subset.


title: Connected space

text: The connected component of a point formula_17 in formula_1 is the union of all connected subsets of formula_1 that contain formula_23 it is the unique largest (with respect to formula_24) connected subset of formula_1 that contains formula_26


title: Connected space

text: The maximal connected subsets (ordered by inclusion formula_24) of a non-empty topological space are called the connected components of the space.


title: Connected space

text: The components of any topological space formula_1 form a partition of formula_1: they are disjoint, non-empty and their union is the whole space.


title: Connected space

text: Every component is a closed subset of the original space. It follows that, in the case where their number is finite, each component is also an open subset. However, if their number is infinite, this might not be the case; for instance, the connected components of the set of the rational numbers are the one-point sets (singletons), which are not open. Proof: Any two distinct rational numbers formula_30 are in different components. Take an irrational number formula_31 and then set formula_32 and formula_33 Then formula_34 is a separation of formula_35 and formula_36. Thus each component is a one-point set.


title: Connected space

text: Let formula_37 be the connected component of formula_17 in a topological space formula_18 and formula_40 be the intersection of all clopen sets containing formula_17 (called quasi-component of formula_26) Then formula_43 where the equality holds if formula_1 is compact Hausdorff or locally connected.


title: Connected space

text: A space in which all components are one-point sets is called '. Related to this property, a space formula_1 is called ' if, for any two distinct elements formula_17 and formula_47 of formula_1, there exist disjoint open sets formula_49 containing formula_17 and formula_51 containing formula_47 such that formula_1 is the union of formula_49 and formula_51. Clearly, any totally separated space is totally disconnected, but the converse does not hold. For example take two copies of the rational numbers formula_56, and identify them at every point except zero. The resulting space, with the quotient topology, is totally disconnected. However, by considering the two copies of zero, one sees that the space is not totally separated. In fact, it is not even Hausdorff, and the condition of being totally separated is strictly stronger than the condition of being Hausdorff.


title: Connected space

text: An example of a space that is not connected is a plane with an infinite line deleted from it. Other examples of disconnected spaces (that is, spaces which are not connected) include the plane with an annulus removed, as well as the union of two disjoint closed disks, where all examples of this paragraph bear the subspace topology induced by two-dimensional Euclidean space.


title: Connected space

text: A ' is a stronger notion of connectedness, requiring the structure of a path. A path from a point formula_17 to a point formula_47 in a topological space formula_1 is a continuous function formula_89 from the unit interval formula_90 to formula_1 with formula_92 and formula_93. A ' of formula_1 is an equivalence class of formula_1 under the equivalence relation which makes formula_17 equivalent to formula_47 if there is a path from formula_17 to formula_47. The space formula_1 is said to be path-connected (or pathwise connected or formula_101-connected) if there is exactly one path-component, i.e. if there is a path joining any two points in formula_1. Again, many authors exclude the empty space (by this definition, however, the empty space is not path-connected because it has zero path-components; there is a unique equivalence relation on the empty set which has zero equivalence classes).


title: Connected space

text: Every path-connected space is connected. The converse is not always true: examples of connected spaces that are not path-connected include the extended long line formula_103 and the topologist's sine curve.


title: Connected space

text: Subsets of the real line formula_67 are connected if and only if they are path-connected; these subsets are the intervals of formula_105.


title: Connected space

text: Also, open subsets of formula_65 or formula_107 are connected if and only if they are path-connected.


title: Connected space

text: A space formula_1 is said to be arc-connected or arcwise connected if any two topologically distinguishable points can be joined by an arc, which is an embedding formula_109. An arc-component of formula_1 is a maximal arc-connected subset of formula_1; or equivalently an equivalence class of the equivalence relation of whether two points can be joined by an arc or by a path whose points are topologically indistinguishable.


title: Connected space

text: Every Hausdorff space that is path-connected is also arc-connected; more generally this is true for a formula_112-Hausdorff space, which is a space where each image of a path is closed. An example of a space which is path-connected but not arc-connected is given by the line with two origins; its two copies of formula_113 can be connected by a path but not by an arc.


title: Connected space

text: Intuition for path-connected spaces does not readily transfer to arc-connected spaces. Let formula_1 be the line with two origins. The following are facts whose analogues hold for path-connected spaces, but do not hold for arc-connected spaces:


title: Connected space

text: A topological space is said to be locally connected at a point formula_17 if every neighbourhood of formula_17 contains a connected open neighbourhood. It is locally connected if it has a base of connected sets. It can be shown that a space formula_1 is locally connected if and only if every component of every open set of formula_1 is open.


title: Connected space

text: This generalizes the earlier statement about formula_65 and formula_107, each of which is locally path-connected. More generally, any topological manifold is locally path-connected.


title: Connected space

text: Locally connected does not imply connected, nor does locally path-connected imply path connected. A simple example of a locally connected (and locally path-connected) space that is not connected (or path-connected) is the union of two separated intervals in formula_67, such as formula_128.


title: Connected space

text: A classical example of a connected space that is not locally connected is the so called topologist's sine curve, defined as formula_129, with the Euclidean topology induced by inclusion in formula_130.


title: Connected space

text: Each ellipse is a connected set, but the union is not connected, since it can be partitioned to two disjoint open sets formula_49 and formula_51.


title: Connected space

text: This means that, if the union formula_1 is disconnected, then the collection formula_135 can be partitioned to two sub-collections, such that the unions of the sub-collections are disjoint and open in formula_1 (see picture). This implies that in several cases, a union of connected sets necessarily connected. In particular:


title: Connected space

text: The set difference of connected sets is not necessarily connected. However, if formula_144 and their difference formula_145 is disconnected (and thus can be written as a union of two open sets formula_146 and formula_147), then the union of formula_148 with each such component is connected (i.e. formula_149 is connected for all formula_150).


title: Connected space

text: Graphs have path connected subsets, namely those subsets for which every pair of points has a path of edges joining them.


title: Connected space

text: But it is not always possible to find a topology on the set of points which induces the same connected sets. The 5-cycle graph (and any formula_3-cycle with formula_157 odd) is one such example.


title: Connected space

text: As a consequence, a notion of connectedness can be formulated independently of the topology on a space. To wit, there is a category of connective spaces consisting of sets with collections of connected subsets satisfying connectivity axioms; their morphisms are those functions which map connected sets to connected sets . Topological spaces and graphs are special cases of connective spaces; indeed, the finite connective spaces are precisely the finite graphs.


title: Connected space

text: However, every graph can be canonically made into a topological space, by treating vertices as points and edges as copies of the unit interval (see topological graph theory#Graphs as topological spaces). Then one can show that the graph is connected (in the graph theoretical sense) if and only if it is connected as a topological space.


title: Connected space

text: In general, any path connected space must be connected but there exist connected spaces that are not path connected. The deleted comb space furnishes such an example, as does the above-mentioned topologist's sine curve.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: An Overseas Service Ribbon is a service military award of the United States military which recognizes those service members who have performed military tours outside the borders of the United States of America. There are different versions of the Overseas Service Ribbons for the U.S. Army, U.S. Navy, U.S. Air Force, U.S. Space Force, and the U.S. Coast Guard. Both the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Marines receive the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Army Overseas Service Ribbon was first issued in August 1981. It is presented to any member of the United States Army who completes a standard overseas tour of duty.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The length of a standard tour is dependent upon the duty location and whether the Soldier is accompanied or unaccompanied with a spouse/family member(s). The tour in question may be cut 1 month short due to manning requirements (not due to Soldier misconduct) and still receive full credit for the tour length. There are 2 types of tour designations, long tours (24+ months) and short tours (6–23 months). Anything shorter than 6 months is considered TDY (Temporary Duty Assignment). The standard unaccompanied Korean tour is 12 months, and accompanied is 24 months. The German tour is 36 months for unaccompanied and accompanied. Combat tours are typically 6–12 months and can extend beyond during critical periods. The Iraqi Surge campaign tour was 15 months.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: In the 11 December 2006 revision of AR 600-8-22 (Military Awards), the Army eliminated the policy which had restricted the awarding of the Overseas Service Ribbon when another campaign or service medal is awarded.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: Additional awards of the Army Overseas Service Ribbon are denoted by award numerals. For those Army service members performing overseas duty prior to 1981, the Army Overseas Service Ribbon may be awarded retroactively, provided that a service member was on active duty subsequent to 1981.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon was first proposed in 1968, but not authorized until 17 September 1986. The ribbon is awarded to any member of the Navy or Marine Corps who completes one year of consecutive or cumulative duty at a permanent overseas duty station.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: For inactive members of the reserve components, the first award is authorized upon completion of either 30 consecutive or 45 cumulative days of overseas duty, regardless of the type of orders. For subsequent awards, the criteria of award for reservists are the same as the active duty members criteria.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: In 1999, a directive of the Chief of Naval Operations permitted those personnel stationed on overseas homeported naval vessels to receive the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon. Prior to this time, such personnel were only eligible to receive the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon. Current regulations now permit the receipt of both ribbons for the same tour of duty.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Sea Service Deployment Ribbon (SSDR) and Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon (OSR) will be awarded to IAs deploying to Afghanistan (OEF) and Iraq (OIF) in accordance with SECNAVINST 1650.1H. However, the OEF and OIF AOEs may be qualifying areas for either ribbon, depending upon the circumstances of the individual. The following amplifying guidance is provided.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon (ASOR) was approved in 1980 by order of General Lew Allen, Air Force Chief of Staff. The award is issued in two grades, being that of "short tour" and "long tour." On 16 November 2020, the Air Force Overseas Service Ribbon was renamed to the Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon by the Secretary of the Air Force.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Air and Space Overseas Short Tour Service Ribbon is awarded for less than two years of duty or as directed by Department of the Air Force policies. Normally, the Short Tour Service Ribbon is awarded for a permanent duty assignment of at least 300 days within an 18-month time span; such assignments are generally served unaccompanied by family members, though a short tour assignment need not be unaccompanied. Historically, most Short Tour Service Ribbons were awarded for service in South Korea, by far the most common short tour assignment in the USAF. From June 2003 until April 2011, Airmen serving in hostile environments for 181 days or more qualified for the Short Tour Service Ribbon under a temporary exception to rules outlined in AFI 36–2110. However, this exemption was rescinded by General Norton A. Schwartz in April 2011 and Airmen will no longer qualify for the award if they arrive in a hostile environment on or after 1 July 2011.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Air and Space Overseas Long Tour Service Ribbon is issued for completion of a standard overseas service assignment of two years or more in length with additional awards denoted by oak leaf clusters. Long tour credit is awarded for completion of an overseas long tour (2 years) prescribed by Department of the Air Force Instructions, or to any member assigned to a United States or overseas location who is subsequently sent under temporary duty orders (to include combat tours) for 365 or more days within a 3-year time frame.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: Additional awards of the Air and Space Overseas Service Ribbon are denoted by oak leaf clusters and Department of the Air Force regulations permit the receipt and wear of both the short and long tour ribbons simultaneously, wherein the short tour ribbon takes a higher precedence by being worn to the wearer's right of the long tour ribbon. The "A" device is authorized only on the short tour ribbon to any service member who performs a tour of duty at an arctic based Air Force or Space Force facility; most commonly Thule Air Base in Greenland.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Coast Guard Overseas Service Ribbon was approved on 28 October 2009 with details announced on 29 April 2010. It is awarded to active duty members on a permanent assignment and who successfully complete a tour of duty of at least 12 months at an overseas shore-based duty station or on board a cutter permanently assigned to an overseas area. It is also awarded to reservists who are permanently assigned and have satisfactorily completed a minimum of 36 cumulative days of service at an overseas duty station during each 12-month period of the total tour of duty.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: Duty on board U.S.-based deploying ships or units does not qualify. Personnel who are eligible to receive the Coast Guard's Restricted Duty Ribbon are not eligible to receive the Overseas Service Ribbon for the same period. The ribbon may be awarded retroactively to qualifying individuals for initial award only. Subsequent awards are authorized, and are indicated by small bronze or silver service stars.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Army Reserve Components Overseas Training Ribbon (ARCOTR) was established by the United States Secretary of the Army (SECARMY) on 11 July 1984 as announced in DAGO 1990–15. It is awarded to members of the Reserve Component (RC) of the Army (ARNG and USAR), for successful completion of annual training or ADT for a period not less than 10 consecutive duty days on foreign soil. All ARNG and USAR Soldiers who accompany the RC unit (including unit cells) to which they are assigned or attached as active duty for operational support during overseas training are also eligible for the award. Effective 11 July 1984, all members of the ARNG and USAR are eligible for this award if they were active Reserve status members of the ARNG, USAR (not on active duty in the Active Army), or AGR Soldiers at the time their unit underwent annual training or ADT on foreign soil. Additional awards are denoted by numerals.


title: Overseas Service Ribbon

text: The Army Reserve and Army National Guard are the only reserve components which issue an overseas ribbon for training outside of the United States.


title: Sprat

text: Sprat is the common name applied to a group of forage fish belonging to the genus "Sprattus" in the family Clupeidae. The term also is applied to a number of other small sprat-like forage fish ("Clupeoides", "Clupeonella", "Corica", "Ehirava", "Hyperlophus", "Microthrissa", "Nannothrissa", "Platanichthys", "Ramnogaster", "Rhinosardinia", and "Stolothrissa"). Like most forage fishes, sprats are highly active, small, oily fish. They travel in large schools with other fish and swim continuously throughout the day.


title: Sprat

text: They are recognized for their nutritional value, as they contain high levels of polyunsaturated fats, considered beneficial to the human diet. They are eaten in many places around the world. Sprats are sometimes passed off as other fish; products sold as having been prepared from anchovies (since the 19th century) and others sold as sardines sometimes are prepared from sprats, as the authentic ones once were less accessible. They are known for their smooth flavour and are easy to mistake for baby sardines.


title: Sprat

text: The term also is commonly applied to a number of other small sprat-like forage fish that share characteristics of the true sprat. Apart from the true sprats, FishBase lists another 48 species whose common names ends with "sprat". Some examples are:


title: Sprat

text: The average length of time from fertilization to hatching is about 15 days, with environmental factors playing a major role in the size and overall success of the sprat. The development of young larval sprat and reproductive success of the sprat have been largely influenced by environmental factors. Some of these factors affecting the sprat can be seen in the Baltic Sea, where specific gravity, water temperature, depth, and other such factors play a role in their success.


title: Sprat

text: Over the last two decades, the number of sprat has fluctuated, due primarily to availability of zooplankton, a common food source, and also from overall changes in Clupeidae total abundance. Although the overall survival rates of the sprat decreased in the late 1980s and early 1990s, an increase has occurred in the last two decades. Recent studies suggesting a progression in the reproductive success of the sprat acknowledge that a significant increase in spawning stock biomass occurred. One of the main concerns for reproductive success for the sprat include exceedingly cold winters, as cold temperatures, especially in the Baltic Sea, have been known to affect the development of sprat eggs and larvae.


title: Sprat

text: The metabolic rate of the sprat is highly influenced by environmental factors such as water temperature. Several related fish, such as the Atlantic herring ("C. harengus"), have much lower metabolic rates than that of the sprat. Some of the difference may be due to size differences among the related species, but the most important reason for high levels of metabolism for the sprat is their exceedingly high level of activity throughout the day.


title: Sprat

text: Fish of the different species of sprat are found in various parts of the world including New Zealand, Australia, and parts of Europe. By far, the most highly studied location where sprat, most commonly "Sprattus sprattus", reside is the Baltic Sea in Northern Europe. The Baltic Sea provides the sprat with a highly diverse environment, with spatial and temporal potential allowing for successful reproduction.


title: Sprat

text: One of the most well-known locations in the Baltic Sea where they forage for their food is the Bornholm Basin, in the southern portion of the Baltic Sea. Although the Baltic Sea has undergone several ecological changes during the last two decades, the sprat has dramatically increased in population. One of the environmental changes that has occurred in the Baltic Sea since the 1980s includes a decrease in water salinity, due to a lack of inflow from the North Sea that contains high saline and oxygen content.


title: Sprat

text: In the Baltic Sea, cod, herring, and sprat are considered the most important species. Cod is the top predator, while the herring and sprat primarily are recognized as prey. This has been proven by many studies that analyze the stomach contents of such fish, often finding contents that immediately signify predation among the species. Although cod primarily feed on adult sprat, sprat tend to feed on cod before the cod have been fully developed. The sprat tends to prey on the cod eggs and larvae. Furthermore, sprat and herring are considered highly competitive for the same resources that are available to them. This is most present in the vertical migration of the two species in the Baltic Sea, where they compete for the limited zooplankton that is available and necessary for their survival.


title: Sprat

text: Sprats are highly selective in their diet and are strict zooplanktivores that do not change their diet as their size increases, like some herring, but include only zooplankton in their diet. They eat various species of zooplankton in accordance to changes in the environment, as temperature and other such factors affect the availability of their food.


title: Sprat

text: During autumn, sprats tend to have a diet high in "Temora longicornis" and "Bosmina maritime". During the winter, their diet includes "Pesudocalanus elongates". "Pseudocalanus" is genus of the order Calanoida and subclass Copepoda that is important to the predation and diet of fish in the Baltic Sea.


title: Sprat

text: In both autumn and winter, a tendency exists for sprats to avoid eating "Acartia" spp., because they tend to be very small in size and have a high escape response to predators such as the herring and sprat. Although "Acartia" spp. may be present in large numbers, they also tend to dwell more toward the surface of the water, whereas the sprats, especially during the day, tend to dwell in deeper waters.


title: Sprat

text: In Northern Europe, European sprats are commonly smoked and preserved in oil, which retains a strong, smoky flavor.


title: Sprat

text: Sprat, if smoked, is considered to be one of the foods highest in purine content. People who suffer from gout or high uric acid in the blood should avoid eating such foods.


title: Sprat

text: Most importantly, sprats contain long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA). They are present in amounts comparable to Atlantic salmon, and up to seven times higher in EPA and DHA than common fresh fillets of gilt-head bream. The sprats contain about 1.43 g/100 g of these polyunsaturated fatty acids that have been found to help prevent mental, neural, and cardiovascular diseases.


title: Toadies

text: Toadies are an American rock band formed in 1989 in Fort Worth, Texas, best known for the song "Possum Kingdom". The band's classic lineup consisted of Vaden Todd Lewis (lead vocals, rhythm guitar), Lisa Umbarger (bass guitar), Darrel Herbert (lead guitar), and Mark Reznicek (drums). It formed in 1989 and disbanded in 2001 after Umbarger left the group. The band reformed and released the album "No Deliverance" in 2008. In 2010, they re-released the album "Feeler" with Kirtland Records (the album's original release had been denied by Interscope in 1997). The band's most recent album, "The Lower Side of Uptown", was released in September 2017.


title: Toadies

text: Toadies began in 1989 in Fort Worth, Texas. It recorded a few cassette self-releases and an E.P. titled "Pleather" before signing to Interscope Records. Its first full-length album "Rubberneck" was released in the summer of 1994. Featuring a sound described as "distinctly grunge" and "distinctly Texan", "Rubberneck" included six singles, "Possum Kingdom", "Mister Love", "Away", "Tyler", "Backslider" and "I Come From the Water". "Backslider" can be heard in the film "Black Sheep". "Possum Kingdom" would later become a playable track in the Xbox 360 version of "Guitar Hero II". Interscope did not properly promote the album for its first year on release, calling it a "marketing strategy", until "Possum Kingdom" became a successful single in late 1995, reaching number nine on the Mainstream Rock Chart.


title: Toadies

text: Toadies toured extensively throughout the 1990s supporting "Rubberneck", opening for artists such as Red Hot Chili Peppers, White Zombie, Bush, and The Butthole Surfers. The band also headlined and co-headlined tours with acts such as Supersuckers, and The Reverend Horton Heat. Toadies were a regular act at the festivals Edgefest in Dallas, and Buzzfest in Houston during these years.


title: Toadies

text: The band entered the studio in 1997 to record new tracks for a second album, "Feeler". Interscope Records did not approve the finished product, and rejected its 1998 release. In 2000, they went back to the studio, salvaged some of the songs from the "Feeler" sessions, and released their second full-length album "Hell Below/Stars Above" in the spring of 2001. Portland-based musician Elliott Smith performed piano backup for the title track.


title: Toadies

text: "Hell Below/Stars Above" was not promoted by Interscope, and saw poor sales. The band toured in the spring and summer of 2001 in support of the new album, until bassist Lisa Umbarger unexpectedly resigned from the band on July 14, 2001. Umbarger told the Dallas Observer that she resigned after realizing that Interscope Records was not going to promote the band. Vaden Todd Lewis decided to break up the band rather than continue without her, a decision which "stunned" Umbarger. The band played a few farewell shows later that summer, with Mark Hughes filling in for Umbarger, before parting ways after their final show on October 1, 2001.


title: Toadies

text: Shortly after the break-up, a live album, "", was released. It was recorded earlier in 2001 at the Paradise Rock Club in Boston, MA. The album was released through Aezra Records, but Kirtland Records later picked up the band's back catalogue.


title: Toadies

text: Toadies reformed for a reunion show on March 11, 2006, headlining the Greenville Avenue St. Patrick's Day parade concert, drawing in an estimated 100,000 people. In March 2007, they embarked on a mini-tour, playing dates in Austin, Houston, and Dallas. The final show of the mini-tour was recorded and released as the live album "Rock Show".


title: Toadies

text: The band released its third studio album, "No Deliverance", on August 19, 2008, via Kirtland Records. The lead single for the album was the title track.


title: Toadies

text: Toadies performed at Lollapalooza on August 2, 2008, Wildflower! Arts and Music Festival on May 16, 2009, and May 18, 2013, and Austin City Limits Music Festival on October 4, 2009. In addition, on August 31, 2008, the Toadies headlined the inaugural Dia De Los Toadies, an annual Texas music festival organized by and featuring the band.


title: Toadies

text: In June 2010 it was announced that "Feeler", the follow-up album to "Rubberneck" that was shelved by Interscope, would finally be seeing a release. Vaden Todd Lewis was quoted as saying: "Since there are unfinished versions floating around on the Internet, it is important to us that people hear it as we meant it to be." The band was unable to obtain the original 1997 "Feeler" masters from Interscope, and re-recorded the album in 2010. The album was released on July 20, 2010.


title: Toadies

text: The band's fifth album, "Play.Rock.Music", was released July 31, 2012 on Kirtland Records. A promotional video for the track, "Summer of the Strange," can be viewed on Clark Vogeler's YouTube channel.


title: Toadies

text: On January 7, 2014, the Toadies announced via its Facebook page that its "Rubberneck" album would be reissued by Kirtland Records with five previously unreleased bonus tracks. The announcement also revealed plans for a nationwide "Rubberneck" 20-year anniversary tour, featuring the Toadies playing the entire "Rubberneck" album "front to back", with supporting acts Supersuckers and Battleme. The tour ended in September 2014 with a final "Rubberneck" start to finish performance, followed by performances of the band's more recent songs, at the seventh annual Dia De Los Toadies festival in Fort Worth.


title: Toadies

text: In January 2015, Everclear announced its fourth annual multi-city Summerland Tour via Twitter. The 2015 Summerland Tour featured Everclear and Toadies, as well as alt-rock bands American Hi-Fi and Fuel.


title: Toadies

text: In June 2015, Toadies announced that its eighth album, "Heretics", would be released September 18. The album "re-imagines and reinterprets" several Toadies songs such as "Possum Kingdom" and "Backslider," and featured two new songs and a cover of Blondie's 1979 single "Heart of Glass". The Toadies also launched a new tour to promote "Heretics" in the fall of 2015, with the tour starting at the eighth annual Dia De Los Toadies music festival in September 2015.


title: Toadies

text: The Toadies released its ninth album, "The Lower Side of Uptown" on September 8, 2017, via Kirtland Records.


title: Toadies

text: Toadies released the EP "Damn You All to Hell" on September 13, 2022, as they began touring North America to celebrate the 25th anniversary of the album "Rubberneck". The EP is four previously unreleased tracks, including a cover of David Bowie's 'Sound and Vision.' Three of the songs were recorded during sessions for the band's last studio album T"he Lower Side Of Uptown", while 'Forgiven' was recorded during the "No Deliverance" session.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: Robert Graham (August 19, 1938 – December 27, 2008) was a Mexican-born American sculptor based in the state of California in the United States. His monumental bronzes commemorate the human figure, and are featured in public places across America.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: Graham was born in Mexico City, Mexico on August 19, 1938, to Roberto Pena and Adelina Graham. Roberto Pena died when his son was six years old, and the boy, his mother Adelina, his grandmother Ana, and his aunt Mercedes left Mexico and moved to San Jose, California.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: Robert Graham received his formal art training at San José State University and the San Francisco Art Institute. He continued his studies at the San Francisco Art Institute in California, finishing in 1964.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: By the late 1960s, Graham had one-man exhibitions of his sculpture at important contemporary art galleries in Palo Alto, Los Angeles, New York City, London, Cologne, and Essen, Germany. He, along with family members Joey and Steven, lived in London for a period before settling in Los Angeles in the early 1970s. His first solo exhibition in a museum was at the Dallas Museum of Art in 1972. Since then he has had dozens of one-man shows, including several at the Los Angeles County Museum of Art.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: Graham used a range of materials and scales in his work. In the 1970s he created very small wax sculptures (circa ) in miniature dioramas, depicting people interacting in various contemporary environments, such as a living room or a beach scene. Some of these interactions included sexual congress. Graham's 1986 monument to the boxer Joe Louis is a bronze fist and forearm. He has created hundreds of nude figures and groupings in intermediate scales.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: Graham's first major monumental commission was the ceremonial gateway for the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum, for the occasion of the 1984 Olympics. He also designed the commemorative silver dollar for the event. The gateway featured two bronze torsos, male and female, modeled on contestants in the games. The gateway was a major design element of an Olympiad noted for its lack of new construction. To the surprise of many, the nudity of the torsos became an issue in the media.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: After 1984, Graham received many other commissions for monumental works, such as "The Great Bronze Doors" of the Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels in Los Angeles (2002).


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: He married actress Anjelica Huston in 1992, and they resided in an unusual dwelling in Venice, Los Angeles. Huston refused to move to the bohemian area, where he'd been living for years, unless Graham designed them a custom home that balanced security with beauty. The result was a remarkable home behind a long, solid cement wall to separate them from the well-traveled sidewalks: it was nicknamed the fortress.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: Graham made a cameo appearance in Huston's movie, "The Life Aquatic with Steve Zissou", as the Venezuelan general near the beginning of the film standing on the deck of the ship. Wes Anderson mentions in the movie's commentary that Graham has some aspects in common with Steve Zissou.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: In 1983, Graham was elected into the National Academy of Design as an Associate member, and became a full Academician in 1994.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: California Governor Arnold Schwarzenegger and First Lady Maria Shriver announced on May 28, 2008, that Graham would be inducted into the California Hall of Fame, located at The California Museum for History, Women and the Arts. The induction ceremony took place on December 15, 2008, but he was too ill to attend. His son Steven accepted the award on his behalf as he was inducted alongside 11 other legendary Californians.


title: Robert Graham (sculptor)

text: After an illness of about six months, Graham died on December 27, 2008, at Santa Monica – UCLA Medical Center, in Los Angeles. His funeral was held at Cathedral of Our Lady of the Angels, which has bronze doors that Graham created for the cathedral. His remains are interred at Woodlawn Cemetery, Mortuary & Mausoleum.


title: Mk 13 rifle

text: The MK 13 rifle is made using the Accuracy International Chassis System (AICS) version 2.0 mated to a long action Remington 700 receiver. The AICS 2.0 folding stock reduces the rifle's overall length by when folded and adds to the rifle's total weight. The rifle has a cheekpiece design that adjusts sideways and for height for optimal cheek position when using night vision equipment or telescopic sights with large objective lenses. There is also a quick-adjust cheek-piece option that has a spring-loaded cheek-piece in conjunction with a quick-adjust butt plate. The side panels are made from a high-strength polymer and are available in the colors olive drab, dark earth or black. Sling attachment points are mounted on each side of the rifle, so it can be carried flat against the back and used comfortably by left- and right-handed users. A front attachment point is situated below the fore-end and can be used to anchor a target-style sling or replaced by an adapter for a Harris bipod.


title: Mk 13 rifle

text: The Mk 13 MOD 0 was formerly used by the US Navy SEALs. Little is known of its usage or technical data, and pictures are seldom available. The pictures that have been released show a Remington 700 Long-Action receiver mated to a McMillan A2 stock. The rifle was chambered in .300 Winchester Magnum. The rifle was the most prolific sniper weapon in the Navy until the advent of the Mk 13 Mod 5. The weapon is known to be used by Chris Kyle, Robert J. O'Neill, and Howard E. Wasdin.


title: Mk 13 rifle

text: The United States Special Operations Command uses the MK 13 MOD 5 rifle chambered in. The Mk 13 MOD 5 utilizes the "long-action" bolt of the Remington 700/M24 receiver and has a precision barrel that can be fitted with the suppressor of the Mk 11. It has a 3-sided Modular Accessory Rail System (MARS) for mounting optics on top and Picatinny rail accessories on each side, and a folding bipod. The Mk 13 was to be gradually replaced by the Mk 21 Precision Sniper Rifle in US Army use. However, it was decided that the MK21 did not conform to SOCOM requirements in 2018, and the program was re-competed with the Barrett MRAD selected in 2019 as the Mk 22 Advanced Sniper Rifle.


title: Mk 13 rifle

text: In April 2018, the U.S. Marine Corps announced they would be replacing the M40 sniper rifle with the Mk 13 MOD 7; the M40 had been in service with the Marines since 1966, with the latest M40A6 being upgraded in 2014. The Mk 13 chambered in .300 Winchester Magnum increases range from 1,000 meters with the M40 to 1,300 meters, giving Marine snipers similar capabilities to the U.S. Army M2010 Enhanced Sniper Rifle.


title: Mk 13 rifle

text: The Marine Corps plans to field the Barrett Firearms Manufacturing Mk22 MRAD in 2021 for its Advanced Sniper Rifle (ASR) program to eventually replace the Mk13 MOD 7; the Marines plan to buy 250 rifles. Able to be chambered in .300 Norma Magnum and .338 Norma Magnum, the Mk22 can shoot out to 1,500 meters, several hundred meters farther than the .300 Winchester Magnum-chambered Mk13 MOD 7.


title: Goodfellas (soundtrack)

text: Goodfellas Music from the Motion Picture is the soundtrack for the 1990 film "Goodfellas", directed by Martin Scorsese, notable for its use of popular music from the various periods it portrayed. In a similar manner to "American Graffiti" and Scorsese's earlier "Mean Streets", the songs served roughly the same purpose as a composed musical score. While an official soundtrack was released at the same time as the film, it only featured a small fraction of the songs used.


title: Goodfellas (soundtrack)

text: Scorsese chose the songs for "Goodfellas" only if they commented on the scene or the characters "in an oblique way". The only rule he adhered to with the soundtrack was to only use music which could have been heard at that time, deciding that he could use any song released before the scene in which it played took place.


title: Goodfellas (soundtrack)

text: According to Scorsese, a lot of non-dialogue scenes were shot to playback. For example, he had "Layla" playing on the set while shooting the scene where the dead bodies are discovered in the car and the meat-truck. Sometimes, the lyrics of songs were put between lines of dialogue to comment on the action.


title: Goodfellas (soundtrack)

text: Some of the music Scorsese had written into the script while other songs he discovered during the editing phase. There is no music once Henry is arrested in his driveway by the DEA, until the end credits.


title: Tide (brand)

text: Tide is an American brand of laundry detergent manufactured and marketed by Procter & Gamble. Introduced in 1946, it is the highest-selling detergent brand in the world, with an estimated 14.3 percent of the global market.


title: Tide (brand)

text: The household chore of doing the laundry began to change with the introduction of washing powders in the 1880s. These new laundry products were pulverized soap. New cleaning-product marketing successes, such as the 1890s introduction of the N. K. Fairbank Company's Gold Dust Washing Powder (which used a breakthrough hydrogenation process in its formulation), and Hudson's heavily advertised product, Rinso, proved that there was a ready market for better cleaning agents. Henkel & Cie's "self-activating" (or self bleaching) cleaner, Persil; (introduced in 1907); the early synthetic detergent, BASF's Fewa (introduced in 1932); and Procter & Gamble's 1933 totally synthetic creation, Dreft (marketed for use on infant-wear) —all indicated significant advances in the laundry cleaning product market.


title: Tide (brand)

text: The detergent business was further revolutionized with the discovery of the alkylbenzene sulfonates, which, when combined with the use of chemical "builders", made machine washing with hard water possible. This presented Procter and Gamble with the opportunity to create a product such as Tide.


title: Tide (brand)

text: The original Tide laundry detergent was a synthetic designed specifically for heavy-duty, machine cleaning (an advance over the milder cleaning capabilities of Fewa and Dreft detergent brands). Tide was first introduced in U.S. test markets in 1946 as the world's first heavy-duty detergent, with nationwide distribution accomplished in 1949. Tide claimed it was "America's Washday Favorite". Authority was quickly gained in the U.S. detergent market, dwarfing the sales of Ivory Snow; and accelerating the demise of two of its main competing products, Rinso and Gold Dust Washing Powder, both then Lever Brothers brands. These other brands came in the more familiar soap-powder and soap-flake forms. Tide, however, came shaped like a white powdered bead. The line was expanded to include an orange-tinted clear liquid form in 1984. Today, most formulations of liquid Tide, both concentrated and regular, are dark blue, with the exception of "Tide Free", which is clear. Each year, Tide researchers duplicate the mineral content of water from all parts of the United States and wash 50,000 loads of laundry to test Tide detergent's consistency and performance.


title: Tide (brand)

text: In 2006, the development of Tide was designated an ACS National Historic Chemical Landmark in recognition of its significance as the first heavy-duty synthetic detergent.


title: Tide (brand)

text: , Tide has more than 30% of the liquid-detergent market, with more than twice as much in sales as the second-most-popular brand Gain, although it costs about 50% more than the average liquid detergent.


title: Tide (brand)

text: For the company's national and international experience in sustainable development, and eco-friendly products, the Environment Possibility Award conferred the "Environmental Heroes of the Year" to Tide in 2020.


title: Tide (brand)

text: In some areas, Tide has become such a hot commodity item, that criminals steal it from stores to resell. Police call the detergent "liquid gold" on the black market and it has been known to be traded or sold for illegal drugs.


title: Tide (brand)

text: In a 2009 survey, consumers ranked Tide among the three brands they would be least likely to give up during the Great Recession. The Tide trademark is an easily recognized, distinctive orange-and-yellow bulls-eye. This original logo was designed by Donald Deskey, an architect and famous industrial designer. The logo was slightly modified for the product's fiftieth anniversary in 1996, and remains in use today.


title: Tide (brand)

text: Tide was the first product to be nationally packaged using Day-Glo colors—strikingly eye-catching when first introduced in 1959.


title: Tide (brand)

text: Tide is marketed under various sub-brands, such as 2x Ultra Tide. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, it was branded as Tide XK (the XK standing for Xtra Kleaning), but it was rebranded simply as Tide later.


title: Tide (brand)

text: An addition to the Tide family, Tide Coldwater was formulated to remove stains while saving energy because it does not require hot or even warm water. Tide Free is marketed as being free from dyes or perfumes. Tide-To-Go is a product packaged in a pen-like format and intended to remove small stains on the spot, without further laundering.


title: Tide (brand)

text: In Puerto Rico and elsewhere in Latin America, the Tide formula is marketed under the name Ace (except in Ecuador and Panama, where it is sold under the Tide brand name) In Turkey, Tide is branded as Alo. In Poland, it is sold as Vizir. In Hong Kong, Malaysia, and Singapore, it is sold as Fab, a brand acquired in 2006 from Colgate-Palmolive.


title: Tide (brand)

text: Tide is sold in the UK as Daz, Vizir in Poland and France and Tide in Russia they have the marking "Daz/Vizir/Tide" on the back of the pods and bear the same distinctive blue pod design. This is not the same Tide pods as sold in North America given the difference in color of the pods.


title: Tide (brand)

text: Since 2012, Tide has sold Tide Pods, a line of laundry detergent pod, making an estimated 15% of sales. In late 2017, an Internet meme was popularized around the concept of eating Tide Pods and, as a result, people attempted the extremely dangerous "Tide Pods Challenge".


title: Tide (brand)

text: Tide has sponsored several NASCAR stock cars, notably the Chevrolet "Tide Ride" driven by Darrell Waltrip as #17 for Hendrick Motorsports. The relationship lasted from 1987 to 1990 and won the 1989 Daytona 500. Waltrip left the team to form his own team. Tide then sponsored Ricky Rudd in the #5 car after Levi Garrett left Hendrick. Rudd drove for Hendrick until 1993, when he left the racing team, also to form his own team and taking the Tide sponsorship. Rudd Performance Motorsports ran from 1994 to 1999 and won the 4th Brickyard 400 in 1997. After Rudd became winless in his first time in 17 seasons, Tide left Rudd after being lured by Calvin Well's new team PPI Motorsports. The new team's number was 32, which the sum of 17, 5, and 10. Scott Pruett was the first driver but after DNQing 6 times and no Top 10s, Ricky Craven took over in 2001 and responded with a win at Martinsville Speedway. He went winless in 2002, but one year later, he won the closest race in NASCAR history at Darlington in the Carolina Dodge Dealers 400, rubbing with Kurt Busch for laps and with a margin-of-victory of 0.002 seconds. After no Top 10s halfway through the 2004 season, Craven left PPI and was replaced by Bobby Hamilton Jr. for 2004 and 2005. Travis Kvapil ran for PPI in 2006 but with four DNQs. Tide left the sport before it was going to sponsor one of Well's proposed Toyota teams in 2007. Tide was on Kevin Harvick's truck a few times, but Kroger was also promoting the car. Tide made its Cup series return in September 2016, when it sponsored Matt Kenseth's No. 20 car for a Darlington tribute scheme. Tide extended their sponsorship to Joe Gibbs Racing to three races in 2017.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Andrew John Hurley (born May 31, 1980) is an American musician. He is the drummer for the rock band Fall Out Boy. Prior to Fall Out Boy, Hurley played in several hardcore punk bands. He joined Fall Out Boy as the full-time drummer in 2003 and was in the band's lineup until its hiatus in 2009. Following that, he formed the heavy metal supergroup The Damned Things with Fall Out Boy guitarist Joe Trohman; the group went on hiatus after its debut album, "Ironiclast" (2010), due to band members focusing on their original bands' new album cycles. Hurley moved on to hardcore punk band Enabler which released a debut album and toured in 2012.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Fall Out Boy regrouped and announced a new album and tour on February 4, 2013. The band's fifth studio album, "Save Rock and Roll", was released April 16, 2013, with the punk EP "PAX AM Days" announced on September 30 and was released on October 15 the same year. The band's sixth studio album "American Beauty/American Psycho" was released on January 16, 2015 and debuted at No. 1 on the US "Billboard" 200.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Hurley was born in Menomonee Falls, Wisconsin. He was brought up by his mother, who worked as a nurse; his father died when he was five. In middle school, his first instrument was the saxophone but in high school he switched to drums after his sister bought him the albums "Ride the Lightning" and "Van Halen". Hurley attended Menomonee Falls High School and played percussion in bands, citing Dave Lombardo as his biggest influence when growing up and Metallica as his favourite band. Eventually, he simultaneously became interested in death metal and crossover thrash, and shortly afterward hardcore punk and metalcore bands such as Earth Crisis. After high school, he attended University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee, double-majoring in anthropology and history, while he played with three bands.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Hurley is the only member of Fall Out Boy to remain straight edge. He has been vegan since he was 16. Hurley identifies himself as an anarcho-primitivist, explaining that this means he believes that humans are supposed to live the way they lived prior to 10,000 years ago. When asked about this in the February 2007 issue of "Alternative Press", he said that his career contradicted his beliefs, but at the same time, he had to make a living. Hurley is a CrossFit athlete.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Hurley played in heavy metal and hardcore punk bands including Racetraitor, Killtheslavemaster, Project Rocket, , The Kill Pill, and Arma Angelus. In 1999, he was a guest drummer on Vegan Reich's "Jihad" EP.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Hurley joined Fall Out Boy in 2003 after the band's debut mini-LP "Fall Out Boy's Evening Out With Your Girlfriend" and recorded "Take This to Your Grave" (2003). Hurley had been friends with bassist Pete Wentz since he was 16, and he first filled in on a touring position as drummer for Fall Out Boy before joining the band as full-time drummer. Fall Out Boy is the fourth band Hurley has been in with Wentz. With Fall Out Boy, Hurley has achieved major commercial success and toured the world.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Hurley has a record label, Fuck City, which has released music by Misery Signals, Peregrine (led by anarcho-primitivist writer Kevin Tucker), and Auryn.


title: Andy Hurley

text: During Fall Out Boy's hiatus from 2009–2013, Hurley was the drummer for the heavy metal band The Damned Things, which featured members of Anthrax, Fall Out Boy and Every Time I Die and released debut album "Ironiclast". He has also played in the Milwaukee hardcore band Enabler, which released a full album entitled "All Hail The Void" in 2012.


title: Andy Hurley

text: In late 2012, Hurley began playing drums in Milwaukee-based straight edge hardcore band, FocusedXMinds. It was rumored that the return of Fall Out Boy would end his time with the band, but Hurley confirmed on Twitter on March 12 that "I am in it for life."


title: Andy Hurley

text: On February 4, 2013, Fall Out Boy unexpectedly announced their return, along with an album and single with which all four members, including Hurley, contributed. April 12 of the same year, the band released a new album entitled, "Save Rock and Roll," featuring the lead single "My Songs Know What You Did in the Dark (Light Em Up)," and dates for a new tour. The band played their first show in over three years on February 4 in Chicago. 'Save Rock and Roll' peaked at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 154,000 copies in its first week, becoming the band's 4th consecutive top 10 album. With Fall Out Boy, Hurley toured heavily throughout 2013 and 2014 on the album, selling out arenas worldwide with bands Paramore on the Monumentour. In October 2013, they released a new EP, "PAX AM Days" which they recorded in a two-day session with producer Ryan Adams.


title: Andy Hurley

text: Sixth studio album "American Beauty/American Psycho" was released to become the band's third "Billboard" 200 No. 1 album, debuting with 192,000 first week sales and 218,000 equivalent album units. The album was preceded by the triple Platinum top 10 single "Centuries". "Uma Thurman" was released to mainstream radio on April 14, 2014 and peaked at 22 on the 'Billboard' Top 100, and were certified as Platinum in August 2015.


title: Andy Hurley

text: In 2016 Hurley started a vegan straight edge hardcore band called SECT composed of Chris Colohan (Cursed, Burning Love, Left for Dead and The Swarm) on vocals, James Chang (Catharsis, Undying) and Scott Crouse (Earth Crisis, Path of Resistance) on guitar, and Steve Hart (Day Of Suffering) on bass.


title: Andy Hurley

text: In April 2017, Fall Out Boy released Young and Menace, the lead single for the seventh studio album. The band's seventh album "Mania" was officially released January 19, 2018 and debuted at number one on the Billboard 200, making it the band's third consecutive and fourth chart-topping debut overall.


title: Andy Hurley

text: In 2017, Hurley guest starred, with his bandmates, in Cartoon Network's "Teen Titans Go!" playing himself in the first, third and fourth parts of "The Night Begins to Shine". Their cover of the title song from the special was commercially released.


title: Andy Hurley

text: In 2018, Fall Out Boy headlined Wrigley Field in the band's hometown of Chicago, marking a milestone in their career as their first headline show at a stadium.


title: Madras Talkies

text: Madras Talkies is an Indian entertainment company, which was established by director Mani Ratnam and his brother G. Srinivasan as partners in 1995. Madras Talkies has actively involved in production of films and television serials, which are distributed all over the world. The company has produced fifteen feature films and six television serials.


title: Madras Talkies

text: Prior to Madras Talkies, Ratnam previously served as a film producer on several projects with Aalayam Productions, alongside S. Sriram. Through his own directorial venture, "Iruvar" (1997), Madras Talkies made its debut as Ratnam's official production studio.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Zohra Mumtaz Sehgal (born Sahibzadi Zohra Mumtazullah Khan Begum; 27 April 1912 – 10 July 2014) was an Indian actress, dancer, and choreographer. Having begun her career as a member of a contemporary dance troupe, she transitioned into acting roles beginning in the 1940s. Sehgal appeared in several British films, television shows, and Bollywood productions in a career that spanned over six decades.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal's most notable films include "Neecha Nagar", "Afsar" (1946), "Bhaji on the Beach" (1992), "The Mystic Masseur" (2001), "Bend It Like Beckham" (2002), "Dil Se.." (1998), "Saaya" (2003), Veer-Zara (2004) "Saawariya" and "Cheeni Kum" (2007); and the TV serials "The Jewel in the Crown" (1984), "Tandoori Nights" (1985–87) and "Amma and Family" (1996). At the age of 90, she played the central character in the 2002 film "Chalo Ishq Ladaaye". Considered the doyenne of Indian theatre, she acted with the Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA) and Prithviraj Kapoor's Prithvi Theatre for 14 years.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal was awarded the Padma Shri in 1998, Kalidas Samman in 2001, and in 2004 the Sangeet Natak Akademi (India's National Academy for Music, Dance and Drama) presented her with its highest award, the Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship for lifetime achievement. She received the Padma Vibhushan, India's second-highest civilian honour, in 2010. She died in a New Delhi hospital on 10 July 2014 due to cardiac arrest.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Zohra Begum Mumtazullah Khan was born on 27 April 1912 in Saharanpur, United Provinces, British India, to Mumtazullah Khan and Natiqua Begum. She was raised in a traditional Muslim household in Chakrata (present-day Uttarakhand) and was the third of seven childrenZakullah, Hajrah, Ikramullah, Uzra (Uzra Butt), Amina and Sabra. Sehgal described herself as a tomboy, who enjoyed climbing trees and playing outdoor games. She lost vision in her left eye when she contracted glaucoma at the age of one. She was referred to a hospital in Birmingham where she was treated at a cost of £300.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Following the death of her mother at an early age, Sehgal and her sisters were enrolled at the Queen Mary College, Lahore. Strict purdah was observed at the institute, and men invited to give lectures and seminars were only allowed to do so from behind a screen. Having witnessed her sister's failed marriage, Sehgal decided against getting married herself. Upon graduating, her maternal uncle, Sahebzada Saeeduzzafar Khan, who was based in Edinburgh, arranged for her to apprentice under a British actor. They started from Lahore by car and, en route, crossed Iran and Palestine, before reaching Damascus, Syria, where she met her cousin. Then they travelled into Egypt and caught a boat to Europe in Alexandria.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: In Europe, Sehgal's aunt encouraged her to enrol in Mary Wigman's ballet school in Dresden, Germany. Sehgal passed the entrance test without much prior experience in the dance form, and became the first Indian to study at the institution. She stayed in Dresden for the next three years studying modern dance, while living in the house of Countess Liebenstein. A significant turning point came in her life when she met Uday Shankar at a performance of the "Shiv-Parvati" ballet, which he had choreographed. Shankar promised her a job on her return to India at the completion of her course.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Shankar contacted Sehgal through a telegram, saying, "Leaving for Japan tour. Can you join immediately?" Following that, Sehgal joined his troupe in August 1935. The group toured Japan, Egypt, and several parts of Europe and the United States. Sehgal soon established herself as the lead dancer of the troupe, along with Simkin, a French national. On their return to India in 1940, Sehgal became a teacher at the Uday Shankar India Cultural Centre at Almora. It was here that she met her future husband Kameshwar Sehgal, a young scientist, painter and dancer from Indore, eight years her junior, belonging to the Radha Soami sect.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: The two continued to work at the Cultural Centre and established themselves as leading choreographers. During their time in Almora, Kameshwar Sehgal composed a noted ballet for human puppets and choreographed the ballet "Lotus Dance". The duo later migrated to Lahore, where they set up their own dance academy, the Zohresh Dance Institute. Following the communal tension preceding the Partition of India, they moved to Bombay, with their one-year-old daughter, Kiran. Sehgal joined the Prithvi Theatre (where her sister, Uzra Butt also worked) in 1945, as an actress with a monthly salary of Rs 400, and toured across India with the group.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Also in 1945, Sehgal joined the theatre group, Indian People's Theatre Association (IPTA), acted in several plays, and made her film debut in IPTA's first film production, directed by Khwaja Ahmad Abbas, "Dharti Ke Lal" in 1946; she followed it up with another IPTA-supported film, "Neecha Nagar". Directed by Chetan Anand and starring Rafiq Ahmed and Uma Anand, "Neecha Nagar" was one of the first projects of the parallel cinema movement in the subcontinent. Upon release, the film became a critical success and was screened as such international film festivals as Cannes Film Festival, where it won the Palme d'Or.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: During her stay in Bombay, Sehgal became friends with several theatre and film personalities. She continued her association with theatre, appearing in successful productions including Ebrahim Alkazi's "Din Ke Andhere" (portraying Begum Qudsia) and K.A. Abbas's stage productions for IPTA. She lived in a rented house owned by Chetan and Uma Anand. She also worked as a choreographer for Hindi films, including Guru Dutt's "Baazi" and Raj Kapoor's "Awaara" (both 1951).


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: After her husband's death in 1959, Sehgal moved to Delhi and was appointed as the director of the newly founded Natya Academy. She worked in the same position for about three years. Later in 1962, Sehgal was awarded a drama scholarship, which required her to move to London, United Kingdom. She briefly worked as a dance instructor at a Chelsea-based school run by Bharatanatyam dancer Ram Gopal. Following that, Sehgal made her television debut with a BBC adaptation of a Kipling story "The Rescue of Pluffles", in 1964. She went on to appear in one episode of science fiction fantasy series "Doctor Who" during 1965; the episode that Sehgal worked in, however, is currently lost. She also anchored 26 episodes of BBC TV series, "Padosi" (Neighbours; 1976–77).


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal's first film role came in 1982, when she was signed by Merchant Ivory Productions. She appeared in the James Ivory-directed "The Courtesans of Bombay", which released later that year. This paved the way for an important role as Lady Chatterjee in the television adaptation of "The Jewel in the Crown" (ITV, 1984). She continued to make sporadic appearances in British films for the next few years, most notably in such productions as "The Raj Quartet", "The Jewel in the Crown", "Tandoori Nights", and "My Beautiful Laundrette".


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal returned to India in the mid-1990s and lived for a few months in Burdwan. At that time she acted in several films, plays and TV series. She first performed poetry at a memorial to Uday Shankar organised by his brother, Ravi Shankar in 1983, and soon took to it in big way; she started getting invited to perform poetry at various occasions. She even travelled to Pakistan to recite verses for "An Evening With Zohra Sehgal". Her impromptu performances of Punjabi and Urdu became a norm. After stage performances she was often requested by the audience to recite Hafeez Jullundhri's famous nazm, "Abhi To Main Jawan Hoon".


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: In 1993, the critically acclaimed play "Ek Thi Nani" was staged in Lahore for the first time, featuring Zohra and her sister Uzra Butt (who was now staying in Pakistan). A performance of its English version "A Granny for All Seasons" was held at UCLA in 2001. She became very active in Hindi films in grandmotherly roles from 1996, with frequent appearances in high budget movies such as "Dil Se", "Hum Dil De Chuke Sanam", "Veer Zara", "Saawariya" and "Cheeni Kum". She was 90 when she did the film "Chalo Ishq Ladaye" in 2002, where she was the central character of the film and Govinda played her grandson. The film "Ishq Ladaye" had her riding a bike and fighting the villains as well. In 2008, at the United Nations Population Fund (UNPF)-Laadli Media Awards in New Delhi, she was named "Laadli of the Century", and the award ceremony was presided by the then Chief Minister of Delhi, Sheila Dikshit.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: In her career she has acted with heroes across generations - Prithviraj Kapoor, Ashok Kumar, Dev Anand, Govinda, Shahrukh Khan, Salman Khan, Amitabh Bachchan and Ranbir Kapoor.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: In 2012, she became the first actor to have appeared on "Doctor Who" to celebrate their 100th birthday, and was also the oldest living actor to have appeared on "Doctor Who" until 2019, when she was surpassed by Earl Cameron.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal married Kameshwar Sehgal, a Hindu, despite some initial reluctance from her father. The ceremony was held on 14 August 1942; Jawaharlal Nehru was to attend the wedding reception, but he was arrested a couple of days earlier for supporting Gandhi's Quit India Movement.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal had two children; Kiran Segal, who is an Odissi dancer and Pavan Sehgal, who works for the WHO. Kiran Segal, wrote her mother's biography titled "Zohra Sehgal: Fatty", which was released in 2012.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: On 9 July 2014 she was admitted to the Max Hospital in South Delhi after being diagnosed with pneumonia. She died on 10 July 2014, aged 102, after suffering cardiac arrest. Prime Minister Narendra Modi paid tribute to Sehgal on Twitter, describing her as "prolific & full of life," and adding that she "made a mark through her acting which is admired across generations." Also paying tribute, Amitabh Bachchan tweeted that Sehgal was "immensely lovable".


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: Sehgal was cremated on 11 July at Lodhi Road crematorium, Delhi. She had dictated that upon her death she wanted to be cremated and buried without fuss or problems, and told her family to flush her ashes down the toilet if the crematorium refused to keep them.


title: Zohra Sehgal

text: On 29 September 2020, Google commemorated the anniversary of the release of her 1946 film, "Neecha Nagar", (on this day, the film released at the Cannes International Film Festival), with a Doodle. The accompanying write-up says, "Among Sehgal’s notable early work was a role in the film “Neecha Nagar“ ("Lowly City"), which was released on this day in 1946 at the Cannes Film Festival. Widely considered Indian cinema's first international critical success, "Neecha Nagar" won the festival's highest honour: the Palme d’Or prize."


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Lysogeny, or the lysogenic cycle, is one of two cycles of viral reproduction (the lytic cycle being the other). Lysogeny is characterized by integration of the bacteriophage nucleic acid into the host bacterium's genome or formation of a circular replicon in the bacterial cytoplasm. In this condition the bacterium continues to live and reproduce normally, while the bacteriophage lies in a dormant state in the host cell. The genetic material of the bacteriophage, called a prophage, can be transmitted to daughter cells at each subsequent cell division, and later events (such as UV radiation or the presence of certain chemicals) can release it, causing proliferation of new phages via the lytic cycle. Lysogenic cycles can also occur in eukaryotes, although the method of DNA incorporation is not fully understood. For instance the AIDS viruses can either infect humans (or some other primates) lytically, or lay dormant (lysogenic) as part of the infected cells' genome, keeping the ability to return to lysis at a later time. The rest of this article is about lysogeny in bacterial hosts.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: The difference between lysogenic and lytic cycles is that, in lysogenic cycles, the spread of the viral DNA occurs through the usual prokaryotic reproduction, whereas a lytic cycle is more immediate in that it results in many copies of the virus being created very quickly and the cell is destroyed. One key difference between the lytic cycle and the lysogenic cycle is that the latter does not lyse the host cell straight away. Phages that replicate only via the lytic cycle are known as virulent phages while phages that replicate using both lytic and lysogenic cycles are known as temperate phages.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: In the lysogenic cycle, the phage DNA first integrates into the bacterial chromosome to produce the prophage. When the bacterium reproduces, the prophage is also copied and is present in each of the daughter cells. The daughter cells can continue to replicate with the prophage present or the prophage can exit the bacterial chromosome to initiate the lytic cycle. In the lysogenic cycle the host DNA is not hydrolyzed but in the lytic cycle the host DNA is hydrolyzed in the lytic phase.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Bacteriophages are viruses that infect and replicate within a bacterium. Temperate phages (such as lambda phage) can reproduce using both the lytic and the lysogenic cycle.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: How a phage decides which cycle to enter depends on a variety of factors. For instance, if there are several other infecting phages (or if there is a high multiplicity), it is likely that the phage will use the lysogenic cycle. This may be useful in helping reduce the overall phage-to-host ratio and therefore preventing the phages from killing their hosts, also thereby increasing the phage’s potential for survival, making this a form of natural selection. A phage may decide to exit the chromosome and enter the lytic cycle if it is exposed to DNA-damaging agents, such as UV radiation and chemicals. Other factors with the potential to induce temperate phage release include temperature, pH, osmotic pressure, and low nutrient concentration. However, phages may also re-enter the lytic cycle spontaneously. In 80-90% of single-cell infections, phages enter the lysogenic cycle. In the other 10-20%, phages enter the lytic cycle.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: It is sometimes possible to detect which cycle a phage enters by looking at the plaque morphology in bacterial plate culture. Since phages that enter the lytic cycle kill the host bacterial cells, plaques will appear clear (photo A). The plaques may also appear to have a halo-like ring around the edge, indicating that these cells were not fully lysed. In contrast, infecting phages that enter the lysogenic cycle will produce cloudy or turbid plaques, as the cells containing the lysogenic phage are not lysed and can continue growing (photo B). However, exceptions to this rule are also known to exist, where non-temperate phages still exhibit cloudy plaques, and temperate phage mutants can generate clear plaques as a result of loss of lysogen formation ability.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: See a comparison of clear and turbid plaques, formed by lytic and lysogenic phages, respectively, in the Phage Discovery Guide.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Detection methods of phages released from the lysogenic cycle include electron microscopy, DNA extraction, or propagation on sensitive strains.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Via the lysogenic cycle, the bacteriophage's genome is not expressed and is instead integrated into the bacteria's genome to form the prophage. In its inactive form, a prophage gets passed on each time the host cell divides. If prophages become active, they can exit the bacterial chromosome and enter the lytic cycle, where they undergo DNA copying, protein synthesis, phage assembly, and lysis.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Since the bacteriophage's genetic information is incorporated into the bacteria's genetic information as a prophage, the bacteriophage replicates passively as the bacterium divides to form daughter bacteria cells. In this scenario, the daughter bacteria cells contain prophage and are known as lysogens. Lysogens can remain in the lysogenic cycle for many generations but can switch to the lytic cycle at any time via a process known as induction. During induction, prophage DNA is excised from the bacterial genome and is transcribed and translated to make coat proteins for the virus and regulate lytic growth.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: An example of a virus that uses the lysogenic cycle to its advantage is the Herpes Simplex Virus. After first entering the lytic cycle and infecting a human host, it enters the lysogenic cycle. This allows it to travel to the nervous system’s sensory neurons and remain undetected for long periods of time. In the case of genital herpes, latency is established in lumbosacral dorsal root ganglia, spinal nerve neurons. The herpes virus can then exit this dormant stage and re-enter the lytic cycle, causing disease symptoms. Thus, while herpes viruses can enter both the lytic and lysogenic cycles, latency allows the virus to survive and evade detection by the immune system due to low viral gene expression.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: The model organism for studying lysogeny is the lambda phage. Prophage integration (also known as homologous recombination), maintenance of lysogeny, induction, and control of phage genome excision in induction is described in detail in the lambda phage article.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Bacteriophages are parasitic because they infect their hosts, use bacterial machinery to replicate, and ultimately lyse the bacteria. Temperate phages can lead to both advantages and disadvantages for their hosts via the lysogenic cycle. During the lysogenic cycle, the virus genome is incorporated as prophage and a repressor prevents viral replication. Nonetheless, a temperate phage can escape repression to replicate, produce viral particles, and lyse the bacteria. The temperate phage escaping repression would be a disadvantage for the bacteria. On the other hand, the prophage may transfer genes that enhance host virulence and resistance to the immune system. Also, the repressor produced by the prophage that prevents prophage genes from being expressed confers immunity for the host bacteria from lytic infection by related viruses.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Another system, arbitrium, has recently been described for bacteriophages infecting several "Bacillus" species, in which the decision between lysis and lysogeny is transmitted between bacteria by a peptide factor.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: In some interactions between lysogenic phages and bacteria, the lysogenic conversion may occur, which can also be called phage conversion. It is when a temperate phage induces a change in the phenotype of the infected bacteria that is not part of a usual phage cycle. Changes can often involve the external membrane of the cell by making it impervious to other phages or even by increasing the pathogenic capability of the bacteria for a host. In this way, temperate bacteriophages also play a role in the spread of virulence factors, such as exotoxins and exoenzymes, amongst bacteria. This change then stays in the genome of the infected bacteria and is copied and passed down to daughter cells.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Lysogenic conversion has shown to enable biofilm formation in "Bacillus anthracis" Strains of "B. anthracis" cured of all phage were unable to form biofilms, which are surface-adhered bacterial communities that enable bacteria to better access nutrients and survive environmental stresses. In addition to biofilm formation in "B. anthracis", lysogenic conversion of "Bacillus subtilis", "Bacillus thuringiensis", and "Bacillus cereus" has shown an enhanced rate or extent of sporulation. Sporulation produces endospores, which are metabolically dormant forms of the bacteria that are highly resistant to temperature, ionizing radiation, desiccation, antibiotics, and disinfectants.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Non-virulent bacteria have also been shown to transform into highly virulent pathogens through lysogenic conversion with the virulence factors carried on the lysogenic prophage. Virulence genes carried within prophages as discrete autonomous genetic elements, known as morons, confer an advantage to the bacteria that indirectly benefits the virus through enhanced lysogen survival.


title: Lysogenic cycle

text: Strategies to combat certain bacterial infections by blocking prophage induction (the transition from the lytic cycle to the lysogenic cycle) by eliminating "in vivo" induction agents have been proposed. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), such as hydrogen peroxide, are strong oxidizing agents that can decompose into free radicals and cause DNA damage to bacteria, which lead to prophage induction. One potential strategy to combat prophage induction is through the use of glutathione, a strong antioxidant that can remove free radical intermediates. Another approach could be to cause overexpression of CI repressor since prophage induction only occurs when the concentration of CI repressor is too low.


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: Edmund Gwenn (born Edmund John Kellaway; 26 September 1877 – 6 September 1959) was an English actor. On film, he is best remembered for his role as Kris Kringle in the Christmas film "Miracle on 34th Street" (1947), for which he won the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor and the corresponding Golden Globe Award. He received a second Golden Globe and another Academy Award nomination for the comedy film "Mister 880" (1950). He is also remembered for his appearances in four films directed by Alfred Hitchcock.


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: As a stage actor in the West End and on Broadway, he was associated with a wide range of works by modern playwrights, including Bernard Shaw, John Galsworthy and J. B. Priestley. After the Second World War, he lived in the United States, where he had a successful career in Hollywood and Broadway.


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: Gwenn was born in Wandsworth, London to John and Catherine ( Oliver) Kellaway. His brother was the actor Arthur Chesney, and his cousin was the actor Cecil Kellaway. Gwenn was educated at St. Olave's School and later at King's College London. He began his acting career in the theatre in 1895, and learned his craft as a member of Willie Edouin's company, playing brash comic roles. In 1901 he married Minnie Terry, niece of Dame Ellen Terry. In the same year, he went to Australia and acted there for three years with the J. C. Williamson company. His wife accompanied him, and when Gwenn was in a production of "Ben Hur" that was a disastrous failure, she restored the couple's fortunes by accepting an engagement from Williamson. Later, the couple appeared on stage together in London in a farce called "What the Butler Saw" in 1905 and, in 1911, when Irene Vanbrugh made her debut in variety, she chose Terry and Gwenn to join her in a short play specially written by J. M. Barrie.


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: When he returned to London, Gwenn appeared not in low comedy but in what "The Times" called "a notably intellectual and even sophisticated setting" at the Court Theatre under the management of J. E. Vedrenne and Harley Granville-Barker. There, in 1905 to 1907, in the words of "The Times", "he was invaluable in smaller parts [giving] every part he played its full worth", including Straker, the proletarian chauffeur to John Tanner in Bernard Shaw's "Man and Superman", and Drinkwater, the cockney gangster in "Captain Brassbound's Conversion". He also appeared in plays by Granville-Barker and John Galsworthy, in Elizabeth Robins's suffragette drama "Votes for Women" and in works by other contemporaries. In Barrie's "What Every Woman Knows" (1908) in the role of the over-enthusiastic James Wylie he impressed the producer Charles Frohman, who engaged him for his repertory company at the Duke of York's Theatre. In 1912, Gwenn went into management in partnership with Hilda Trevelyan. His career was interrupted by his military service during the First World War, serving as an officer in the British Army. During the war, Gwenn's marriage broke up and was dissolved. His ex-wife remarried but remained on affectionate terms with him.


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: After peace returned, Gwenn's leading roles in the West End during the 1920s included Old Bill in Bruce Bairnsfather's "Old Bill, M.P." (1922); Christian Veit in "Lilac Time" (1922–23); the title role in A. A. Milne's "The Great Broxoff" (1923); Leo Swinburne in "Good Luck" by Seymour Hicks and Ian Hay (1923); and Hippolyte Gallipot in Lehár's "Frasquita" (1925). Looking back at Gwenn's career, "The Times" considered, "Out of scores of other parts which he played in England and in America, the best remembered are probably Hornblower in Galsworthy's "The Skin Game", the Viennese paterfamilias in "Lilac Time" and Samuel Pepys in Fagan's "And So to Bed" in 1926."


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: Gwenn began his film career in 1916, playing Macbeth in "The Real Thing at Last", a satire of the American film industry written by "Peter Pan" playwright J. M. Barrie. A notable early role was a recreation of his stage character Hornblower in the 1921 Anglo-Dutch silent film of "The Skin Game", which he reprised ten years later in Alfred Hitchcock's early sound version of "The Skin Game". His debut in a talking picture was in an adaptation of Shaw's "How He Lied to Her Husband", made at Elstree in 1931. Of Gwenn's many British film roles, "The Times" considered his best known to be Jess Oakroyd in "The Good Companions" with John Gielgud and Jessie Matthews (1933) and Radfern in Carol Reed's "Laburnum Grove" with Cedric Hardwicke (1936). His final British film role, as a capitalist trying to take over a family brewery in "Cheer Boys Cheer" (1939) is credited with being the first authentic Ealing comedy.


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: Gwenn appeared in more than eighty films, including "Pride and Prejudice" (1940), "Cheers for Miss Bishop", "Of Human Bondage" and "The Keys of the Kingdom". George Cukor's "Sylvia Scarlett" (1935) was his first appearance in a Hollywood film, as Katharine Hepburn's father. He settled in Hollywood in 1940 and became part of its British colony. He had a small role as a Cockney assassin in a Hitchcock film, "Foreign Correspondent" in 1940. For his Santa Claus role in "Miracle on 34th Street" he won an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. He received a second Oscar nomination for his role in "Mister 880" (1950). Near the end of his career, he played one of the main roles in "Them!" (1954) and in Hitchcock's "The Trouble with Harry" (1955).


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: On Broadway Gwenn starred in the acclaimed 1942 production of Chekhov's "Three Sisters", starring Katharine Cornell (who was also the producer), Judith Anderson, and Ruth Gordon. "Time" proclaimed it, "a dream production by anybody's reckoning – the most glittering cast the theatre has seen, commercially, in this generation."


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: Gwenn remained a British subject all his life. When he first moved to Hollywood, he lived at the Beverly Wilshire Hotel in Beverly Hills. His home in London had been reduced to rubble during the bombings by the German Luftwaffe in the Second World War. Only the fireplace survived. What Gwenn regretted most was the loss of the memorabilia he had collected of the actor Henry Irving. Eventually, Gwenn bought a house at 617 North Bedford Drive in Beverly Hills, which he later shared with the former Olympic athlete Rodney Soher. At the age of 78 he travelled from his home in California for a reunion with his ex-wife in London. He told a reporter, "I never married again because I was very happy with my wife. I simply stayed faithful to the memory of that happiness."


title: Edmund Gwenn

text: Gwenn died from pneumonia after suffering a stroke, in Woodland Hills, California, twenty days before his 82nd birthday. He was cremated, and his ashes were placed in the vault at the Chapel of the Pines Crematory in Los Angeles. Gwenn has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 1751 Vine Street for his contribution to motion pictures.


title: Euler's Disk

text: Euler's Disk, invented between 1987 and 1990 by Joseph Bendik, is a trademark for a scientific educational toy. It is used to illustrate and study the dynamic system of a spinning and rolling disk on a flat or curved surface. It has been the subject of several scientific papers.


title: Euler's Disk

text: Joseph Bendik first noted the interesting motion of the spinning disk while working at Hughes Aircraft (Carlsbad Research Center) after spinning a heavy polishing chuck on his desk at lunch one day.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The apparatus is a dramatic visualization of energy exchanges in three different, tightly coupled processes. As the disk gradually decreases its azimuthal rotation, there is also a decrease in amplitude and increase in the frequency of the disk's axial precession.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The evolution of the disk's axial precession is easily visualized in a slow motion video by looking at the side of the disk following a single point marked on the disk. The evolution of the rotation of the disk is easily visualized in slow motion by looking at the top of the disk following an arrow drawn on the disk representing its radius.


title: Euler's Disk

text: As the disk releases the initial energy given by the user and approaches a halt, its rotation about the vertical axis slows, while its contact point oscillation increases. Lit from above, its contact point and nearby lower edge in shadow, the disk appears to levitate before halting.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The commercial toy consists of a heavy, thick chrome-plated steel disk and a rigid, slightly concave, mirrored base. Included holographic magnetic stickers can be attached to the disk, to enhance the visual effect of wobbling. These attachments may make it harder to see and understand the processes at work, however.


title: Euler's Disk

text: When spun on a flat surface, the disk exhibits a spinning/rolling motion, slowly progressing through varying rates and types of motion before coming to rest. Most notably, the precession rate of the disk's axis of symmetry increases as the disk spins down. The mirror base provides a low-friction surface; its slight concavity keeps the disk from "wandering" off the surface.


title: Euler's Disk

text: Any disk, spun on a reasonably flat surface (such as a coin spun on a table), will exhibit essentially the same type of motion as an Euler Disk, but for a much shorter time. Commercial disks provide a more effective demonstration of the phenomenon, having an optimized aspect ratio and a precision polished, slightly rounded edge to maximize the spinning/rolling time.


title: Euler's Disk

text: A spinning/rolling disk ultimately comes to rest quite abruptly, the final stage of motion being accompanied by a whirring sound of rapidly increasing frequency. As the disk rolls, the point of rolling contact describes a circle that oscillates with a constant angular velocity formula_1. If the motion is non-dissipative (frictionless), formula_1 is constant, and the motion persists forever; this is contrary to observation, since formula_1 is not constant in real life situations. In fact, the precession rate of the axis of symmetry approaches a finite-time singularity modeled by a power law with exponent approximately −1/3 (depending on specific conditions).


title: Euler's Disk

text: There are two conspicuous dissipative effects: rolling friction when the disk slips along the surface, and air drag from the resistance of air. Experiments show that rolling friction is mainly responsible for the dissipation and behavior—experiments in a vacuum show that the absence of air affects behavior only slightly, while the behavior (precession rate) depends systematically on coefficient of friction. In the limit of small angle (i.e. immediately before the disk stops spinning), air drag (specifically, viscous dissipation) is the dominant factor, but prior to this end stage, rolling friction is the dominant effect.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The behavior of a spinning disk whose center is at rest can be described as follows. Let the line from the center of the disk to the point of contact with the plane be called axis formula_4. Since the center of the disk and the point of contact are instantaneously at rest (assuming there is no slipping) axis formula_4 is the instantaneous axis of


title: Euler's Disk

text: rotation. The angular momentum is formula_6 which holds for any thin, circularly symmetric disk with mass formula_7; formula_8 for a disk with mass concentrated at the rim, formula_9 for a uniform disk (like Euler disk), formula_10 is the radius of the disk, and formula_1 is the angular velocity along formula_4.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The contact force formula_13 is formula_14 where formula_15 is the gravitational acceleration and formula_16 is the vertical axis pointing upwards. The torque about the center of mass is formula_17 which we can rewrite as formula_18 where formula_19. We can conclude that both the angular momentum formula_20, and the disk are precessing about the vertical axis formula_16 at rate At the same time formula_22 is the angular velocity of the point of contact with the plane. Let's define axis formula_23 to lie along the symmetry axis of the disk and pointing downwards. Then it holds that formula_24, where formula_25 is the inclination angle of the disc with respect to the horizontal plane. The angular velocity can be thought of as composed of two parts formula_26, where formula_27 is the angular velocity of the disk along its symmetry axis. From the geometry we easily conclude that:


title: Euler's Disk

text: As formula_25 adiabatically approaches zero, the angular velocity of the point of contact formula_22 becomes very large, and one hears a high-frequency sound associated with the spinning disk. However, the rotation of the figure on the face of the coin, whose angular velocity is formula_32 approaches zero. The total angular velocity formula_33 also vanishes as well as the total energy


title: Euler's Disk

text: As formula_25 approaches zero the disk finally loses contact with the table and the disk then quickly settles on to the horizontal surface. One hears sound at a frequency formula_37, which becomes dramatically higher, formula_38, as the figure rotation rate slows, formula_39, until the sound abruptly ceases.


title: Euler's Disk

text: on the supporting surface and the moving disk above oscillates at increasing frequency, in sync with the rotation axis angle off vertical.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The levitation illusion results when the disk edge reflects light when tilted slightly up above the supporting surface, and in shadow when tilted slightly down in contact. The shadow is not perceived, and the rapidly flashing reflections from the edge above supporting surface are perceived as steady elevation. See persistence_of_vision.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The levitation illusion can be enhanced by optimizing the curve of the lower edge so the shadow line remains high as the disk settles. A mirror can further enhance the effect by hiding the support surface and showing separation between


title: Euler's Disk

text: Disk imperfections, seen in shadow, that could hamper the illusion, can be hidden in a skin pattern that blurs under motion.


title: Euler's Disk

text: A clean US Quarter (minted 1970-2022), rotating on a flat hand mirror, viewed from the side near the mirror surface, demonstrates the phenomenon for a few seconds.


title: Euler's Disk

text: and in shadow when the rotation axis is toward the viewer. Vibration blurs the ridges and heads or tails is too foreshortened to show rotation.


title: Euler's Disk

text: In the early 2000s, research was sparked by an article in the April 20, 2000 edition of "Nature", where Keith Moffatt showed that viscous dissipation in the thin layer of air between the disk and the table would be sufficient to account for the observed abruptness of the settling process. He also showed that the motion concluded in a finite-time singularity. His first theoretical hypothesis was contradicted by subsequent research, which showed that rolling friction is actually the dominant factor.