title: Long division

text: In Mexico, the English-speaking world notation is used, except that only the result of the subtraction is annotated and the calculation is done mentally, as shown below:


title: Long division

text: In Bolivia, Brazil, Paraguay, Venezuela, French-Speaking Canada, Colombia, and Peru, the European notation (see below) is used, except that the quotient is not separated by a vertical line, as shown below:


title: Long division

text: Same procedure applies in Mexico, Uruguay and Argentina, only the result of the subtraction is annotated and the calculation is done mentally.


title: Long division

text: In Spain, Italy, France, Portugal, Lithuania, Romania, Turkey, Greece, Belgium, Belarus, Ukraine, and Russia, the divisor is to the right of the dividend, and separated by a vertical bar. The division also occurs in the column, but the quotient (result) is written below the divider, and separated by the horizontal line. The same method is used in Iran, Vietnam, and Mongolia.


title: Long division

text: In Cyprus, as well as in France, a long vertical bar separates the dividend and subsequent subtractions from the quotient and divisor, as in the below of 6359 divided by 17, which is 374 with a remainder of 1.


title: Long division

text: Decimal numbers are not divided directly, the dividend and divisor are multiplied by a power of ten so that the division involves two whole numbers. Therefore, if one were dividing 12,7 by 0,4 (commas being used instead of decimal points), the dividend and divisor would first be changed to 127 and 4, and then the division would proceed as above.


title: Long division

text: In Austria, Germany and Switzerland, the notational form of a normal equation is used. <dividend> : <divisor> = <quotient>, with the colon ":" denoting a binary infix symbol for the division operator (analogous to "/" or "÷"). In these regions the decimal separator is written as a comma. (cf. first section of Latin American countries above, where it's done virtually the same way):


title: Long division

text: The same notation is adopted in Denmark, Norway, Bulgaria, North Macedonia, Poland, Croatia, Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Vietnam and in Serbia.


title: Long division

text: In Finland, the Italian method detailed above was replaced by the Anglo-American one in the 1970s. In the early 2000s, however, some textbooks have adopted the German method as it retains the order between the divisor and the dividend.


title: Long division

text: Every natural number formula_1 can be uniquely represented in an arbitrary number base formula_2 as a sequence of digits formula_3 where formula_4, where formula_5 is the number of digits in formula_1. The value of formula_1 in terms of its digits and the base is


title: Long division

text: Let formula_1 be the dividend and formula_10 be the divisor, where formula_11 is the number of digits in formula_10. If formula_13, then quotient formula_14 and remainder formula_15. Otherwise, we iterate from formula_16, before stopping.


title: Long division

text: For each iteration formula_17, let formula_18 be the quotient extracted so far, formula_19 be the intermediate dividend, formula_20 be the intermediate remainder, formula_21 be the next digit of the original dividend, and formula_22 be the next digit of the quotient. By definition of digits in base formula_23, formula_24. All values are natural numbers. We initiate


title: Long division

text: In base 10, using the example above with formula_36 and formula_37, the initial values formula_38 and formula_39.


title: Long division

text: If one doesn't have the addition, subtraction, or multiplication tables for base memorised, then this algorithm still works if the numbers are converted to decimal and at the end are converted back to base . For example, with the above example,


title: Long division

text: This algorithm can be done using the same kind of pencil-and-paper notations as shown in above sections.


title: Long division

text: If the quotient is not constrained to be an integer, then the algorithm does not terminate for formula_55. Instead, if formula_55 then formula_57 by definition. If the remainder formula_20 is equal to zero at any iteration, then the quotient is a formula_23-adic fraction, and is represented as a finite decimal expansion in base formula_23 positional notation. Otherwise, it is still a rational number but not a formula_23-adic rational, and is instead represented as an infinite repeating decimal expansion in base formula_23 positional notation.


title: Long division

text: Calculation within the binary number system is simpler, because each digit in the course can only be 1 or 0 - no multiplication is needed as multiplication by either results in the same number or zero.


title: Long division

text: If this were on a computer, multiplication by 10 can be represented by a bit shift of 1 to the left, and finding formula_22 reduces down to the logical operation formula_64, where true = 1 and false = 0. With every iteration formula_16, the following operations are done:


title: Long division

text: On each iteration, the most time-consuming task is to select formula_22. We know that there are formula_23 possible values, so we can find formula_22 using formula_76 comparisons. Each comparison will require evaluating formula_77. Let formula_5 be the number of digits in the dividend formula_1 and formula_11 be the number of digits in the divisor formula_10. The number of digits in formula_82. The multiplication of formula_83 is therefore formula_84, and likewise the subtraction of formula_77. Thus it takes formula_86 to select formula_22. The remainder of the algorithm are addition and the digit-shifting of formula_18 and formula_20 to the left one digit, and so takes time formula_90 and formula_84 in base formula_23, so each iteration takes formula_93, or just formula_94. For all formula_95 digits, the algorithm takes time formula_96, or formula_97 in base formula_23.


title: Long division

text: Long division of integers can easily be extended to include non-integer dividends, as long as they are rational. This is because every rational number has a recurring decimal expansion. The procedure can also be extended to include divisors which have a finite or terminating decimal expansion (i.e. decimal fractions). In this case the procedure involves multiplying the divisor and dividend by the appropriate power of ten so that the new divisor is an integer – taking advantage of the fact that "a" ÷ "b" = ("ca") ÷ ("cb") – and then proceeding as above.


title: Long division

text: A generalised version of this method called polynomial long division is also used for dividing polynomials (sometimes using a shorthand version called synthetic division).


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: Frankfurt (Oder), also known as Frankfurt an der Oder (), is a city in the German state of Brandenburg. It has around 57,000 inhabitants, is one of the easternmost cities in Germany, the fourth-largest city in Brandenburg, and the largest German city on the river Oder. Frankfurt sits on the western bank of the river, opposite the Polish town of Słubice, which was a part of Frankfurt until 1945, and called "Dammvorstadt" until then. The city is located about east of Berlin, in the south of the historical region Lubusz Land. The large lake Helenesee lies within Frankfurt's city limits.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The name of the city makes reference to the Franks, and means "Ford of the Franks", and there appears a Gallic rooster in the coat of arms of the city. The official name "Frankfurt (Oder)" and the older "Frankfurt an der Oder" are used to distinguish it from the larger city of Frankfurt am Main.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The city's recorded history began in the 13th century as a West Slavic settlement. During its history, it was successively part of the Kingdom of Poland, the Margraviate of Brandenburg, the Bohemian Crown, Prussia and Germany. After World War II, the eastern part of Frankfurt became part of Poland under the terms of the Potsdam Agreement and was renamed to Słubice, while the western part of Frankfurt became a border city of the German Democratic Republic in 1949.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: During the communist era, Frankfurt reached a population peak with more than 87,000 inhabitants at the end of the 1980s. Following German reunification, the population decreased significantly, but has stabilized in recent years at about 58,000 inhabitants. As of 2020, the city plays an important role in German–Polish relations and European integration. Frankfurt is home to the European University Viadrina, which has a campus in Słubice, the Collegium Polonicum.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: "Frankfurt an der Oder" literally means 'Frankfurt on the Oder'. It is abbreviated as "". In Central Margravian (Brandenburgisch dialect), the city's name is "Frankfort an de Oder".


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: Prior to 1249, a West Slavic settlement named "Zliwitz" along with the Lubusz Land was part of the Kingdom of Poland. The Piast duke Henry the Bearded granted Zliwitz staple rights in 1225. In 1226, construction of the St. Nicholas Church (today's "Friedenskirche") began. In 1249, the settlement became part of the Margraviate of Brandenburg.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The town of Frankfurt received its charter in 1253 at the Brandendamm. The early settlers lived on the western banks of the Oder; later the town was extended to the eastern bank. After a war broke out over control of the region in 1319, the town came under the control of the Duchy of Pomerania. In 1319, Wartislaw IV, Duke of Pomerania, granted new privileges to the town. The town fell again to Brandenburg in 1324. In the Late Middle Ages, the town dominated the river trade between Wrocław and Szczecin. From 1373 to 1415, along with Brandenburg, it was part of the Lands of the Bohemian Crown. In 1430, Frankfurt joined the Hanseatic League.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: In April 1631, during the Thirty Years' War, Frankfurt was the site of the Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder between the Swedish Empire and the Holy Roman Empire. After a two-day siege, Swedish forces, supported by Scottish auxiliaries, stormed the town and destroyed many buildings, e.g. the Georgen Hospital. The result was a Swedish victory. By the end of the Thirty Years' War, the town's population had decreased from 12,000 inhabitants to 2,366 inhabitants.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: In the 16th century the oldest church of the town (today's "Friedenskirche") was secularized and was even used as a granary, and from the 17th century it served as the church of the French Huguenots.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The city was briefly occupied by the Russian Imperial Army during the Seven Years' War, in August 1759, in the prelude to the battle of Kunersdorf.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: With the dissolution of the Margraviate of Brandenburg during the Napoleonic Wars, Frankfurt became part of the Province of Brandenburg in 1815. In the 19th century, Frankfurt played an important role in trade. Centrally positioned in the Kingdom of Prussia between Berlin and Posen (Poznań), on the river Oder with its heavy traffic, the town housed the second-largest annual trade fair ("Messe") of the German Reich, surpassed only by that in Leipzig. In 1842, the Berlin–Frankfurt (Oder) railway was opened.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The "Einsatzgruppe VI" was formed in the town before it entered several Polish cities, including Poznań, Kalisz and Leszno, to commit various crimes against Poles during the German invasion of Poland, which started World War II. During World War II the Germans brought numerous forced laborers, both men and women, from Poland and the Soviet Union to the town. There was no fighting for the town in 1945 during World War II even though the town was declared a fortress ("Festung") in an attempt to block the Red Army's route to Berlin. The nearly empty town was burned down by the Red Army. The postwar German–Polish border ran along the Oder, separating the "Dammvorstadt" on the eastern bank – which became the Polish town of Słubice – from the rest of Frankfurt. While part of communist East Germany, Frankfurt was administered within Bezirk Frankfurt (Oder). It became part of the reconstituted state of Brandenburg with German reunification in 1990.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: In the post-communist era, following the collapse of its main employer VEB Halbleiterwerk, Frankfurt has suffered from high unemployment and low economic growth. Its population has fallen significantly from around 87,000 at the time of German reunification in 1990.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: Today, the towns of Frankfurt and Słubice have friendly relations and run several common projects and facilities. Poland joined the European Union on 1 May 2004, and implemented the Schengen Agreement on 21 December 2007 leading to the removal of permanent border controls.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: In March 2008, the Jewish community of Frankfurt celebrated its first Torah dedication since the Holocaust. The procession of the new Torah scroll began from the spot where the town's Frankfurter Synagogue stood prior to World War II, 500 meters from Germany's current border with Poland. Celebrants marched with the scroll into the town's Chabad-Lubavitch centre, where they danced with the Torah, which had been donated by members of the Chabad-Lubavitch community in Berlin.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The Margraviate of Brandenburg's first university was Frankfurt's Alma Mater Viadrina, founded in 1506 by Joachim I Nestor, Elector of Brandenburg. An early chancellor, Bishop Georg von Blumenthal (1490–1550), was a notable opponent of the Protestant Reformation, as he remained a Catholic. Frankfurt also trained the noted archbishop Albert of Brandenburg around 1510, who also became a vocal opponent of the Reformation. The university was closed in 1811, and its assets divided between two new universities founded under King Frederick William III: Frederick William University of Berlin, presently Humboldt University; and the Silesian Frederick William University in Breslau, presently the University of Wrocław.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The university was refounded in 1991 with a European emphasis as the Viadrina European University, in close cooperation with the Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań; they jointly run the Collegium Polonicum in Słubice.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: The Frankfurt (Oder) Bahnhof is a station served by the Berlin-Warszawa-Express and has regular regional connections to Magdeburg and Cottbus. Within the city, there is a network of five tram lines.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: Frankfurt (Oder), being located on the border to Poland, plays a special role in connection with German–Polish relations and European integration. The European University Viadrina has one of its buildings in Poland, in the neighbouring town of Słubice. The university also has a number of projects and initiatives dedicated to bringing Poland and Germany together, and offers its students pro bono Polish courses.


title: Frankfurt (Oder)

text: Another project that contributes to German–Polish integration in Frankfurt (Oder) is the Fforst House, a German-Polish student project, which has been granted support by the town's administration and by the Viadrina, having been described by the former president of the university, Gesine Schwan, as the place where "Europe begins".


title: Iman Benson

text: Iman Benson (born June 25, 2000) is an American actress from Atlanta, Georgia best known for her roles in "Uncle Buck", "Alexa & Katie", and "BlackAF".


title: Sokoban

text: The game is played on a board of squares, where each square is a floor or a wall. Some floor squares contain boxes, and some floor squares are marked as storage locations.


title: Sokoban

text: The player is confined to the board and may move horizontally or vertically onto empty squares (never through walls or boxes). The player can move a box by walking up to it and push it to the square beyond. Boxes cannot be pulled, and they cannot be pushed to squares with walls or other boxes. The number of boxes equals the number of storage locations. The puzzle is solved when all boxes are placed at storage locations.


title: Sokoban

text: "Sokoban" was created in 1981 by Hiroyuki Imabayashi. The first commercial game was published in December 1982 by Thinking Rabbit, a software house based in Takarazuka, Japan.


title: Sokoban

text: In 1988 "Sokoban" was published in US by Spectrum HoloByte for the Commodore 64, IBM-PC, Unix, Commodore Amiga and Apple II series as "Soko-Ban". "Sokoban" was a hit in Japan where it had sold more than 400,000 copies by the time Spectrum HoloByte imported it to the United States.


title: Sokoban

text: Implementations of "Sokoban" have been written for numerous computer platforms, including almost all home computer and personal computer systems. Different versions also exist for video game consoles, mobile phones, graphic calculators, digital cameras and electronic organizers.


title: Sokoban

text: "Sokoban" can be studied using the theory of computational complexity. The problem of solving "Sokoban" puzzles was first proved to be NP-hard. Further work showed that it was significantly more difficult than NP problems; it is PSPACE-complete. This is of interest for artificial intelligence (AI) research because solving "Sokoban" can be compared to the automated planning required by some autonomous robots.


title: Sokoban

text: "Sokoban" is difficult not only because of its large branching factor, but also because of its large search tree depth. Some level types can even be extended indefinitely, with each iteration requiring an exponentially growing number of moves and pushes. Skilled human players rely mostly on heuristics and are usually able to quickly discard a great many futile or redundant lines of play by recognizing patterns and subgoals, thereby drastically reducing the search effort.


title: Sokoban

text: Some "Sokoban" puzzles can be solved automatically by using a single-agent search algorithm, such as IDA*; enhanced by several techniques that make use of domain-specific knowledge. This is the method used by "Rolling Stone", a "Sokoban" solver developed by the University of Alberta GAMES Group. "Festival" was the first automatic solver to solve all 90 levels in the standard benchmark test suite. However, the more complex "Sokoban" levels are out of reach even for the best automated solvers.


title: Sokoban

text: Several puzzles can be considered variants of the original "Sokoban" game in the sense that they all make use of a controllable character pushing boxes around in a maze.


title: Gonzo (company)

text: The studio had a financial problem in their closing account in the 2008–2009 term and stated its deficit was estimated over US$30 million. The Tokyo Stock Exchange announced that on July 30, 2009 Gonzo would be delisted from the exchange. This delisting is the conclusion of a notification made to investors in March 2008 that the studio's financial liabilities exceeded its total financial assets. Since Gonzo was unable to reverse this, paperwork for delisting was filed at the end of June.


title: Gonzo (company)

text: The studio is still able to operate, and its parent company GDH has absorbed it in an effort to consolidate management. The combined company now simply refers to itself as Gonzo. By April 2009, the merger was complete.


title: Gonzo (company)

text: As part of the restructuring, GDH also sold the Gonzo Rosso game development subsidiary, GDH Capital financing subsidiary, and remaining shares of Tablier Communications initially acquired in March 2006. Gonzo Rosso K.K. was sold to Chushou service kikou kabushikigaisha (division of Incubator Bank of Japan, Limited) on 31 March 2009.


title: Gonzo (company)

text: Since this deficit, Gonzo has started to post better earnings due to the release of titles such as "Rosario + Vampire" to western online streaming services such as Netflix. The marketing of these products to western audiences has returned Gonzo to financial stability, and Gonzo posted higher than expected profit margins in the April–September 2012 period.


title: Gonzo (company)

text: Many of Gonzo's titles were licensed for North American distribution by Geneon, ADV Films, and Funimation Entertainment. ADV Films UK branch was the UK distributor for Gonzo titles licensed by ADV, with the exception of "Gantz", as it was licensed by MVM Films. "Gad Guard", "Hellsing", and "Last Exile", which were titles originally licensed by Geneon, were also licensed by ADV Films UK, although they're no longer licensed since the company's closure. MVM Films was the UK licensee for the majority of Gonzo titles licensed by Funimation in the US, with the exception of "Afro Samurai", which was initially distributed directly in the UK by GDH and later by Manga Entertainment UK who also licensed "Strike Witches" (season 1), "", and recently "Last Exile" and "Hellsing". "Welcome to the N.H.K.", "Pumpkin Scissors", and "Red Garden", which were originally licensed by ADV Films UK, were re-licensed by MVM Films.


title: Gonzo (company)

text: In June 2006, it signed a long-term output deal with the anime television network, Animax, which saw Animax broadcasting all of Gonzo's anime titles across all of its networks around the world, including Japan, Asia, the Indian subcontinent, and Latin America and from November 2007 on Southern Africa's DSTV satellite network. As of 2008 they decided to stream some of their airing anime on video sites such as: YouTube, Crunchyroll, and BOST.


title: Shinar

text: Shinar (; Hebrew , Septuagint ) is the name for the southern region of Mesopotamia used by the Hebrew Bible.


title: Shinar

text: Hebrew שנער "Šinʿar" is equivalent to the Egyptian "Sngr" and Hittite "Šanḫar(a)", all referring to southern Mesopotamia. Some Assyriologists considered "Šinʿar" a western variant or cognate of "Šumer" (Sumer), with their original being the Sumerians' own name for their country, "ki-en-gi(-r)", but this is "beset with philological difficulties".


title: Shinar

text: Sayce (1895) identified "Shinar" as cognate with the following names: "Sangara"/"Sangar" mentioned in the context of the Asiatic conquests of Thutmose III (15th century BCE); "Sanhar"/"Sankhar" of the Amarna letters (14th century BCE); the Greeks' "Singara"; and modern "Sinjar", in Upper Mesopotamia, near the Khabur River. Accordingly, he proposed that Shinar was in Upper Mesopotamia, but acknowledged that the Bible gives important evidence that it was in the south.


title: Shinar

text: The name "Šinʿar" occurs eight times in the Hebrew Bible, in which it refers to Babylonia. This location of Shinar is evident from its description as encompassing both Babel/Babylon (in northern Babylonia) and Erech/Uruk (in southern Babylonia). In the Book of Genesis 10:10, the beginning of Nimrod's kingdom is said to have been "Babel [Babylon], and Erech <nowiki>[</nowiki>Uruk<nowiki>]</nowiki>, and Akkad, and Calneh, in the land of Shinar." Verse 11:2 states that Shinar enclosed the plain that became the site of the Tower of Babel after the Great Flood. After the Flood, the sons of Shem, Ham, and Japheth stayed first in the highlands of Armenia and then migrated to Shinar.


title: Shinar

text: In Genesis 14:1,9, King Amraphel rules Shinar. Shinar is further mentioned in Joshua 7:21; Isaiah 11:11; Daniel 1:2; and Zechariah 5:11, as a general synonym for Babylonia.


title: Shinar

text: The Book of Jubilees 9:3 allots Shinar (or, in the Ethiopic text, "Sadna Sena`or") to Ashur, son of Shem. Jubilees 10:20 states that the Tower of Babel was built with bitumen from the sea of Shinar. David Rohl theorized that the Tower was actually located in Eridu, which was once located on the coast of the Persian Gulf, where there are ruins of a massive, ancient ziggurat worked from bitumen.


title: Erotes

text: In Ancient Greek religion and mythology, the Erotes () are a collective of winged gods associated with love and sexual intercourse. They are part of Aphrodite's retinue. "Erotes" (Greek ) is the plural of "Eros" ("Love, Desire"), who as a singular deity has a more complex mythology.


title: Erotes

text: Other named Erotes are Anteros ("Love Returned"), Hedylogos ("Sweet-talk"), Hermaphroditus ("Hermaphrodite" or "Effeminate"), Himeros ("Impetuous Love" or "Pressing Desire"), Hymenaios ("Bridal-Hymn"), and Pothos ("Desire, Longing," especially for one who is absent).


title: Erotes

text: The Erotes became a motif of Hellenistic art, and may appear in Roman art in the alternate form of multiple Cupids or Cupids and Psyches. In the later tradition of Western art, Erotes become indistinguishable from figures also known as Cupids, amorini, or amoretti.


title: Erotes

text: The Erotes are a group of winged gods in Classical mythology. They are associated with love and sexual desire, and form part of Aphrodite's retinue. The individual Erotes are sometimes linked to particular aspects of love, and are often associated with same-sex desire. Sometimes the Erotes are regarded as manifestations of a singular god, Eros.


title: Erotes

text: Stories of the Erotes' mischief or pranks were a popular theme in Hellenistic culture, particularly in the 2nd century BCE. Spells to attract or repel Erotes were used, in order to induce love or the opposite. Different Erotes represented various facets of love or desire, such as unrequited love (Himeros), mutual love (Anteros) or longing (Pothos).


title: Erotes

text: The Erotes were usually portrayed as nude, handsome, winged youths. The earliest known sculptured friezes depicting a group of Erotes and winged maidens driving chariots pulled by goats, were created to decorate theatres in ancient Greece in the 2nd century BCE. The representation of Erotes in such friezes became common, including Erotes in hunting scenes. Due to their role in the classical mythological pantheon, the Erotes' representation is sometimes purely symbolic (indicating some form of love) or they may be portrayed as individual characters. The presence of Erotes in otherwise non-sexual images, such as of two women, has been interpreted to indicate a homoerotic subtext. In the cult of Aphrodite in Anatolia, iconographic images of the goddess with three Erotes symbolized the three realms over which she had dominion: the Earth, sky, and water.


title: Erotes

text: Groups of numerous Erotes are portrayed in ancient Greek and Roman art. In addition, a number of named gods have been regarded as Erotes, sometimes being assigned particular associations with aspects of love.


title: Erotes

text: Anteros (Greek: Ἀντέρως, "Antérōs") was the god of requited love, literally "love returned" or "counterpart love". He punished those who scorned love and the advances of others, and was the avenger of unrequited love. Anteros was the son of Ares and Aphrodite in Greek mythology, and given to his brother Eros as a playmate because Eros was lonely. In another version, Anteros arose from mutual feelings between Poseidon and Nerites. Physically, Anteros was depicted as similar to Eros in every way, though sometimes with longer hair and butterfly wings. He has been described as armed with either a golden club or arrows of lead.


title: Erotes

text: Eros was the original, primordial god of love and intercourse; he was also worshiped as a fertility deity. His Roman counterpart was Cupid (desire).


title: Erotes

text: In later myths, he was the son of the deities Aphrodite and Ares: It is the Eros of these later myths who is one of the erotes. Eros was associated with athleticism, with statues erected in "gymnasia", and "was often regarded as the protector of homosexual love between men." Eros was depicted as often carrying a lyre or bow and arrow. He was also depicted accompanied by dolphins, flutes, roosters, roses, and torches.


title: Erotes

text: Hedylogos or Hedylogus () was the god of sweet-talk and flattery. He is not mentioned in any existing literature, but he is depicted on ancient Greek vase paintings.


title: Erotes

text: Hermaphroditus was the god of hermaphrodites, effeminacy and androgyny. He was the son of Hermes and Aphrodite. Born a remarkably handsome boy but after the water nymph Salmacis fell in love with him and she prayed to be united forever, their two forms merged into one.


title: Erotes

text: Himeros (Greek: "uncontrollable desire", Latin: "Himerus") represented desire and unrequited love. Himeros was identified by his carrying a "taenia", a colourful headband worn by athletes. He is described in Hesiod's Theogony as being born alongside Aphrodite.


title: Erotes

text: Pothos (Greek: , "yearning", "desire") was one of Aphrodite's erotes and brother to Himeros and Eros. In some versions of myth, Pothos is the son of Eros, or is portrayed as an independent aspect of him. Yet others called him son of Zephyrus and Iris. He was part of Aphrodite's retinue, and carried a vine, indicating a connection to wine or the god Dionysus. Pothos represents longing or yearning.


title: Erotes

text: Sometime counted among the Erotes or at least among Aphrodite's retinue, Phthonus was the personification of jealousy and envy, most prominently in matters of romance.


title: SiM (band)

text: SiM ("Silence iz Mine") are a Japanese alternative metal band from the Kanagawa Prefecture formed in 2004. The band currently consists of MAH (vocals), SHOW-HATE (guitar), SiN (bass), and GODRi (drums). Their musical style mixes heavy metal, alternative, hip hop, ska, reggae, dub and punk with rebellious lyrics and songs with attitude.


title: SiM (band)

text: The band signed with Pony Canyon in 2022 and released their single "The Rumbling", used as the opening theme for the anime "Attack on Titan: The Final Season Part 2". The single managed to enter US "Billboard" charts. It charted at 1 on the Hot Hard Rock Songs, 5 on the Bubbling Under Hot 100 Singles, 2 on the Hard Rock Digital Song Sales, and 13 on the Hot Rock & Alternative Songs.


title: SiM (band)

text: SiM was founded by MAH in November 2004 in Shonan, Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan. The band consisted of MAH on vocals and guitar, KAH on bass guitar, and WAY on drums. At the beginning of the formation, they called the three piece band "Silence iz Mine" (the current band's name is an abbreviation of it).


title: SiM (band)

text: In 2006, SHOW-HATE joined and picked up guitar. KAH left the band, then BUN joined on bass until 2008.


title: SiM (band)

text: In 2008, the band released their first full album entitled "Silence iz Mine". In the same year, they performed for the first time in Kyoto.


title: SiM (band)

text: In 2009, WAY left the band then SiN and GODRi joined the band. SiN played bass, while GODRi took WAY's place on drums.


title: SiM (band)

text: In 2010, the band released their single "Anthem" under Tower Records label and did their tour. During the tour, SHOW-HATE collapsed with cerebral infarction that caused the sudden tour cancellation. While waiting for recovery, ONO-SHiT followed as a support member on guitar. On October 6, 2010, the band's first mini album "LIVING IN PAiN" released.


title: SiM (band)

text: On May 2, 2012, the band released their second mini album "LiFE and DEATH". In this year, they performed for the first time at Summer Sonic Festival 2012.


title: SiM (band)

text: In 2013, they joined "Monster Energy Outburn Tour 2013" with Coldrain. The band moved to Universal Music Japan and made a major debut with single "Evils" on April 3, 2013. On October 23, they released the first album "Pandora" since their major debut, and peaked at fifth in the Oricon weekly chart.


title: SiM (band)

text: In 2014, the band held a one-man performance at Shinkiba Studio Coast. Their third mini album "i Against i" was released.


title: SiM (band)

text: On October 6, 2014, their single "Existence" was used as the opening theme for the anime "Shingeki no Bahamut: Genesis", and peaked at 20 on "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 while "Crows" reached No. 18 on "Billboard" Japan Hot 100 and stayed for 2 weeks.


title: SiM (band)

text: On November 4, 2015, SiM performed at Nippon Budokan which was their "THE TOUR 2015 FiNAL -ONE MAN SHOW at BUDOKAN". Tickets were sold out.


title: SiM (band)

text: On April 6, 2016, the band's fourth album "The Beautiful People" was released. On May 6, 2016, they appeared on Fuji TV series "HEY! HEY! NEO!" with "MAKE ME DEAD!". On May 11, 2016, SiM released the live DVD "WHO SAYS WE CAN NOT" of their performance at "The Tour 2015 FiNAL -One Man Show at Budokan, ranking fourth on the Oricon weekly DVD chart and fifth on the Blu-ray chart.


title: SiM (band)

text: On September 25, SiM performed for the first time in the USA as a part of Ozzfest meets Knotfest. On October 16, the final performance of the tour "SiM THE BEAUTiFUL PEOPLE Tour 2016 Grand FiNAL "Dead Man Walking"" was held at the Yokohama Arena.


title: SiM (band)

text: On February 22, 2017, SiM performed as the opening act on "2017 One Ok Rock "Ambitions" Japan Tour" at Wakayama Big Whale. On April 7, 2017, the song "Let It End" was used as the opening theme for the anime "Shingeki no Bahamut: Virgin Soul". On December 6, 2017, SiM released their seventh single "A / The Sound Of Breath", which was used as in the soundtrack for the video game "Yakuza Kiwami 2".


title: SiM (band)

text: On November 20, 2018, the band released the single "Diamond". On December 12, 2018, the band released the single "Lion's Dens", which was used as the opening song for Japan's Wrestle Kingdom 13.


title: SiM (band)

text: On January 30, 2020, the band announced their new album "Thank God, There Are Hundreds Of Ways To Kill Enemies" would be released on April 15, 2020. On February 11, 2020, the band released the single "BULLY". On March 17, the band released the single "Devil in Your Heart". On March 31, the single "BASEBALL BAT" was released. In April 2020, the band announced that the album's release date had been postponed to June 17, 2020. On May 11, the band released the single "CAPTAiN HOOK".


title: SiM (band)

text: On January 10, 2022, the song "The Rumbling" was used as the opening theme for the anime "Attack on Titan: The Final Season Part 2". The band also announced that they had moved to the Pony Canyon record label. On January 24, 2022, it was announced that the full version of "The Rumbling" was released on February 7, 2022. SiM performed in the US at Crunchyroll Expo on August 6 and their sold-out headlining show on August 9, 2022. The band announced a new EP "Beware," set to be released on September 21, 2022, containing four tracks including "The Rumbling". In 2023, SiM will perform at Download Festival in UK and hold a headline show "The Rumbling in LDN".


title: Impact Digital Media Championship

text: The Impact Digital Media Championship is a professional wrestling championship created and promoted by Impact Wrestling. It is an open championship, available to both male and female wrestlers. The current champion is Joe Hendry in his first reign.


title: Impact Digital Media Championship

text: On the September 30 episode of "Impact!", the Impact Digital Media Championship was introduced and it was announced that an intergender tournament will be held with the inaugural champion being crowned in the final at Bound for Glory. The first round matches aired on Tuesdays and Wednesdays on Impact Plus and on YouTube for Impact Ultimate Insider members, before being distributed to the public across all social media platforms 24 hours later.


title: Impact Digital Media Championship

text: As of 28, 2022, there have been five reigns between five champions. Jordynne Grace was the inaugural champion. Grace is also the youngest champion at the age of 25, while Brian Myers is the oldest, winning the title at 37.


title: Impact Digital Media Championship

text: Joe Hendry is the current champion in his first reign. He defeated Brian Myers on October 22, 2022 in Sunrise Manor, Nevada during the "Impact" tapings to win the title (aired on tape delay on November 10, 2022.).


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: The Mission Accomplished speech (named for a banner displayed above the speaker) was a televised by United States President George W. Bush on the aircraft carrier USS "Abraham Lincoln" on May 1, 2003.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: Although Bush stated at the time "Our mission continues" and "We have difficult work to do in Iraq," he also stated it was the end to major combat operations in Iraq. While Bush never uttered the phrase "Mission Accomplished"; a banner stating "Mission Accomplished" was used as a backdrop to the speech, and he did state that the United States and its allies have prevailed, implying that the war was over and America had won, when in fact it had not. Bush's assertion—and the sign itself—became controversial after guerrilla warfare in Iraq increased during the Iraqi insurgency. The vast majority of casualties, both military and civilian, occurred after the speech.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: On May 1, 2003, Bush became the first sitting president to arrive in an arrested landing in a fixed-wing aircraft on an aircraft carrier when he arrived at the USS "Abraham Lincoln" in a Lockheed S-3 Viking, dubbed "Navy One", as the carrier lay just off the San Diego coast, having returned from combat operations in the Persian Gulf. He posed for photographs with pilots and members of the ship's crew while wearing a flight suit. A few hours later, he gave a speech announcing the end of major combat operations in the Iraq War. Behind and above him hung a banner that said "Mission Accomplished."


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: Bush was criticized for the historic jet landing on the carrier as an overly theatrical and expensive stunt. For instance, it was pointed out that the carrier was well within range of Bush's helicopter, and that a jet landing was not needed. Originally the White House had stated that the carrier was too far off the California coast for a helicopter landing and a jet would be needed to reach it. On the day of the speech, the "Lincoln" was only from shore but the administration still decided to go ahead with the jet landing. White House spokesman Ari Fleischer admitted that Bush "could have helicoptered, but the plan was already in place. Plus, he wanted to see a landing the way aviators see a landing." The "Lincoln" made a scheduled stop in Pearl Harbor shortly before the speech, docked in San Diego after the speech, and returned to her home port in Everett, Washington, on May 6, 2003.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: The S-3 that served as "Navy One" was retired from service and placed on display at the National Museum of Naval Aviation in Pensacola, Florida, on July 17, 2003. The museum makes it clear that Bush was a passenger – not the pilot – of the plane. While Bush trained and served as a jet pilot in the Air National Guard flying F-102 fighter-interceptors, he was never trained to land on a carrier.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: The "Mission Accomplished" banner was a focal point of controversy and criticism. Navy Commander and Pentagon spokesman Conrad Chun said the banner referred specifically to the aircraft carrier's 10-month deployment (which was the longest deployment of a carrier since the Vietnam War) and not the war itself, saying, "It truly did signify a mission accomplished for the crew."


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: The White House claimed that the banner was requested by the crew of the ship, who did not have the facilities for producing such a banner. Afterward, the administration and naval sources stated that the banner was the Navy's idea, White House staff members made the banner, and it was hung by the U.S. Navy personnel. White House spokesman Scott McClellan told CNN, "We took care of the production of it. We have people to do those things. But the Navy actually put it up." According to John Dickerson of "Time magazine", the White House later conceded that they hung the banner but still insisted it had been done at the request of the crew members.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: Whether meant for the crew or not, the general impression created by the image of Bush under the banner has been criticized as premature, especially later as the guerrilla war began. Subsequently, the White House released a statement saying that the sign and Bush's visit referred to the initial invasion of Iraq. Bush's speech noted:


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: When he received an advance copy of the speech, U.S. Defense Secretary Donald Rumsfeld took care to remove any use of the phrase "Mission Accomplished" in the speech itself. Later, when journalist Bob Woodward asked him about his changes to the speech, Rumsfeld responded: "I was in Baghdad, and I was given a draft of that thing to look at. And I just died, and I said my God, it's too conclusive. And I fixed it and sent it back... they fixed the speech, but not the sign."


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: Bush did offer a "Mission Accomplished" message to the troops in Afghanistan at Camp As Sayliyah on June 5, 2003 – about a month after the aircraft carrier speech: "America sent you on a mission to remove a grave threat and to liberate an oppressed people, and that mission has been accomplished."


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: For critics of the war, the photo-op became a symbol of the Bush administration's unrealistic goals and perceptions of the conflict. Anti-war activists questioned the integrity and realism of Bush's "major combat" statement. The banner came to symbolize the irony of Bush giving a victory speech only a few weeks after the beginning of the fifth longest war in American history.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: In a less publicized incident, Rumsfeld also declared an end to major combat operations in Afghanistan on May 1, a few hours before Bush's announcement.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: In November 2008, soon after the presidential election in which Democrat Barack Obama was chosen to succeed him, Bush indicated that he regretted the use of the banner, stating in a CNN interview, "To some, it said, well, 'Bush thinks the war in Iraq is over,' when I didn't think that. It conveyed the wrong message."


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: In January 2009, Bush said that "Clearly, putting 'Mission Accomplished' on an aircraft carrier was a mistake."


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: In 2010, the "Mission Accomplished" banner was transferred from the National Archives to the collection of the George W. Bush Presidential Center. The banner is not on display.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: Iraq War opponents have used the phrase "mission accomplished" in an ironic sense, while others have non-politically cited it as an example of a general public relations failure. In addition, some mainstream outlets questioned the state of the war with derivatives of this statement. For example, the October 6, 2003 cover of "Time" featured the headline "Mission Not Accomplished." On April 30, 2008, White House Press Secretary Dana Perino said "President Bush is well aware that the banner should have been much more specific and said 'mission accomplished for these sailors who are on this ship on their mission.' And we have certainly paid a price for not being more specific on that banner." On May 5, 2008, "The Daily Show" mocked her statement by producing a graphic of what such a sign might have looked like.


title: Mission Accomplished speech

text: American deaths in the Iraq War totaled 104 when President Bush gave his Mission Accomplished speech. After that speech another 3,424 Americans were killed in the Iraq War (as of February 2011, when American combat operations there halted).


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: On the Beach is the 5th studio album by Canadian-American musician Neil Young, released by Reprise Records in July 1974. The album is the second of the so-called "Ditch Trilogy" of albums that Young recorded following the major success of 1972's "Harvest", whereupon the scope of his success and acclaim became apparent; Young subsequently experienced alienation, and "On the Beach" was inspired by his feelings of retreat and melancholy stemming from it.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: "On the Beach" is a folk rock album exploring themes of anger, alienation, nihilism and cautious optimism. Looking back on the album for the liner notes to the "Decade" box set, Young wrote that the experience of releasing "Harvest", which inspired the despaired themes of "On the Beach", "put me in the middle of the road. Traveling there soon became a bore, so I headed for the ditch. A rougher ride but I saw more interesting people there."


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: As well as its release on vinyl, "On the Beach" was also released on cassette and 8-track cartridge, though the track listing for the latter formats was the reverse of that on the vinyl album. It remained unavailable on CD until 2003, when a remastered version was finally released. It has since been re-released as Disc 2 of the 4-CD box set "Neil Young Original Release Series Discs 5-8". The album is also available in high-resolution audio on the Neil Young Archives website, where four additional album outtakes were added in February 2021.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Recorded after (but released before) "Tonight's the Night", "On the Beach" shares some of that album's bleakness and crude production—which came as a shock to fans and critics alike, as this was the long-awaited studio follow-up to the commercially and critically successful "Harvest"—but also included hints pointing towards a more subtle outlook, particularly on the opening track, "Walk On".


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: While the original "Rolling Stone" review described it as "one of the most despairing albums of the decade", later critics such as Allmusic's William Ruhlmann used the benefit of hindsight to conclude that Young "[w]as saying goodbye to despair, not being overwhelmed by it". The despair of "Tonight's the Night", communicated through intentional underproduction and lyrical pessimism, gives way to a more polished album that is still pessimistic but to a lesser degree.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Much like "Tonight's the Night", "On the Beach" was not a commercial success at the time of its release, but over time has attained a high regard from fans and critics alike. The album was recorded in a haphazard manner, with Young utilizing a variety of session musicians, and often changing their instruments while offering only barebones arrangements for them to follow (in a similar style to "Tonight's the Night"). He also would opt for rough, monitor mixes of songs rather than a more polished sound, alienating his sound engineers in the process.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Throughout the recording of the album, Young and his colleagues consumed a homemade concoction dubbed "Honey Slides", a goop of sauteed marijuana and honey that "felt like heroin", at the behest of session musician and "de facto" producer Rusty Kershaw. This may account for the mellow mood of the album, particularly the second half of the LP. Young has said of it "Good album. One side of it particularly—the side with 'Ambulance Blues', 'Motion Pictures' and 'On the Beach'—it's out there. It's a great take."


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: For about two decades, rarity made a cult out of "On the Beach". The title was deleted from vinyl in the early 1980s and was only briefly available on cassette and 8-track cartridge tape, or European imports or bootlegs. Along with three other mid-period Young albums, it was withheld from re-release until 2003. The reasons for this remain murky, but there is some evidence that Young himself did not want the album out on CD, variously citing "fidelity problems" and legal issues. Beginning in 2000, over 5,000 fans signed an online petition calling for the release of the album on CD. It was finally released on CD on Reprise Records in August 2003.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: "Walk On", the album's opener, has Young combining his cynical outlook with a touch of closure and a wish to move on and keep living. Young throws in a remake of his "Harvest"-era "See the Sky About to Rain", which had been covered by the Byrds a year earlier on their eponymous reunion album. "Revolution Blues" was inspired by Charles Manson, whom Young had met in his Topanga Canyon days. "For the Turnstiles" is a country-folk hybrid featuring Young's banjo guitar and a harmony vocal from Ben Keith, who also plays dobro on the track. The side closes with "Vampire Blues," a cynical attack on the oil industry.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Side two of the LP version opens with "On the Beach", a bluesy meditation on the downsides of fame which has been covered by many artists including Radiohead and Golden Smog, and is followed by "Motion Pictures", an elegy for Young's relationship with actress Carrie Snodgress.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: "Ambulance Blues" closes the album. In a 1992 interview for the French "Guitare & Claviers" magazine, Young discussed Bert Jansch's influence on the song: "As for acoustic guitar, Bert Jansch is on the same level as Jimi [Hendrix]. That first record of his is epic. It came from England, and I was especially taken by 'Needle of Death', such a beautiful and angry song. That guy was so good. And years later, on "On the Beach", I wrote the melody of 'Ambulance Blues' by styling the guitar part completely on 'Needle of Death'. I wasn't even aware of it, and someone else drew my attention to it." The song explores Young's feelings about his critics, Richard Nixon, and the state of CSNY. The line "You're all just pissing in the wind" was a direct quote from Young's manager regarding the inactivity of the quartet. The song also references the Riverboat, a small coffeehouse in Toronto's Yorkville neighbourhood which was an early venue for folk-inspired artists like Gordon Lightfoot, Bruce Cockburn, Joni Mitchell, Simon & Garfunkel, and Arlo Guthrie. Yorkville had been the centre of the Canadian counterculture scene in the 1960s when the coffeehouse opened in the basement of a Victorian rowhouse, but by the 1970s Yorkville was changing, and the Riverboat remained as the last of the cafes from this era. It outlived the hippie scene but closed in 1978. In 2009, Young also released "Live at the Riverboat 1969", a live album recorded at The Riverboat in 1969. The line "Oh, Isabella, proud Isabella, They tore you down and plowed you under" references 88 Isabella Street, an old rooming house in Toronto where Neil and Rick James stayed for a period. It was demolished in the early 1970s and an apartment now stands on its location.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Originally Young had intended for the A and B sides of the LP to be in reverse order but was convinced by David Briggs to swap them at the last moment. Young has said that he later came to regret caving in, although both the cassette and 8-track versions were released with the sides swapped.


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Reviewing in "" (1981), Robert Christgau wrote: "Something in [Young's] obsessive self-examination is easy to dislike and something in his whiny thinness hard to enjoy. But even 'Ambulance Blues,' an eight-minute throwaway, is studded with great lines, one of which is 'It's hard to know the meaning of this song.' And I can hum it for you if you'd like."


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: "Pitchfork" listed it #65 on their list of the Top 100 Albums of the 1970s. "On the Beach" was certified gold in the United States, selling 500,000 copies. In 2007, "On the Beach" was placed at #40 in Bob Mersereau's book "The Top 100 Canadian Albums." It was voted number 195 in Colin Larkin's "All Time Top 1000 Albums" in 2000. In 2020, "Rolling Stone" included the album at number 311 on their list of The 500 Greatest Albums of All Time, writing: "Reeling from the losses that sparked "Tonight's the Night" the previous year, Neil Young shelved that album for a while and made this one instead: a wild fireball of anger (“Revolution Blues”), nihilism (“For the Turnstiles”), and tentative optimism (“Walk On”). The album peaks on Side Two, a stoned symphony of grieving whose three songs (“On the Beach,” “Motion Pictures,” “Ambulance Blues”) are among the most emotionally real in Young's catalogue."


title: On the Beach (Neil Young album)

text: Brent Lott of the Winnipeg Contemporary dancers developed a dance piece called "For the Turnstiles" in 2015. The music was scored by fellow Winnipeg singer-songwriter John K. Samson, who later released several of the songs on his 2016 solo album, "Winter Wheat". In particular, "Postdoc Blues" and "Vampire Alberta Blues" were inspired by "On the Beach".


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Mathematical beauty is the aesthetic pleasure derived from the abstractness, purity, simplicity, depth or orderliness of mathematics. Mathematicians may express this pleasure by describing mathematics (or, at least, some aspect of mathematics) as beautiful or describe mathematics as an art form, e.g., a position taken by G. H. Hardy) or, at a minimum, as a creative activity. Comparisons are made with music and poetry.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Mathematicians describe an especially pleasing method of proof as "elegant". Depending on context, this may mean:


title: Mathematical beauty

text: In the search for an elegant proof, mathematicians often look for different independent ways to prove a result—as the first proof that is found can often be improved. The theorem for which the greatest number of different proofs have been discovered is possibly the Pythagorean theorem, with hundreds of proofs being published up to date. Another theorem that has been proved in many different ways is the theorem of quadratic reciprocity. In fact, Carl Friedrich Gauss alone had eight different proofs of this theorem, six of which he published.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Conversely, results that are logically correct but involve laborious calculations, over-elaborate methods, highly conventional approaches or a large number of powerful axioms or previous results are usually not considered to be elegant, and may be even referred to as "ugly" or "clumsy".


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Some mathematicians see beauty in mathematical results that establish connections between two areas of mathematics that at first sight appear to be unrelated. These results are often described as "deep". While it is difficult to find universal agreement on whether a result is deep, some examples are more commonly cited than others. One such example is Euler's identity:


title: Mathematical beauty

text: This elegant expression ties together arguably the five most important mathematical constants ("e", "i", π, 1, and 0) with the two most common mathematical symbols (+, =). Euler's identity is a special case of Euler's formula, which the physicist Richard Feynman called "our jewel" and "the most remarkable formula in mathematics". Modern examples include the modularity theorem, which establishes an important connection between elliptic curves and modular forms (work on which led to the awarding of the Wolf Prize to Andrew Wiles and Robert Langlands), and "monstrous moonshine", which connects the Monster group to modular functions via string theory (for which Richard Borcherds was awarded the Fields Medal).


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Other examples of deep results include unexpected insights into mathematical structures. For example, Gauss's Theorema Egregium is a deep theorem which relates a local phenomenon (curvature) to a global phenomenon (area) in a surprising way. In particular, the area of a triangle on a curved surface is proportional to the excess of the triangle and the proportionality is curvature. Another example is the fundamental theorem of calculus (and its vector versions including Green's theorem and Stokes' theorem).


title: Mathematical beauty

text: The opposite of "deep" is trivial. A trivial theorem may be a result that can be derived in an obvious and straightforward way from other known results, or which applies only to a specific set of particular objects such as the empty set. In some occasions, however, a statement of a theorem can be original enough to be considered deep—even though its proof is fairly obvious.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: In his 1940 essay "A Mathematician's Apology", G. H. Hardy suggested that a beautiful proof or result possesses "inevitability", "unexpectedness", and "economy".


title: Mathematical beauty

text: In 1997, Gian-Carlo Rota, disagreed with unexpectedness as a necessary condition for beauty and proposed a counterexample:


title: Mathematical beauty

text: This disagreement illustrates both the subjective nature of mathematical beauty and its connection with mathematical results: in this case, not only the existence of exotic spheres, but also a particular realization of them.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Interest in pure mathematics that is separate from empirical study has been part of the experience of various civilizations, including that of the ancient Greeks, who "did mathematics for the beauty of it". The aesthetic pleasure that mathematical physicists tend to experience in Einstein's theory of general relativity has been attributed (by Paul Dirac, among others) to its "great mathematical beauty". The beauty of mathematics is experienced when the physical reality of objects are represented by mathematical models. Group theory, developed in the early 1800s for the sole purpose of solving polynomial equations, became a fruitful way of categorizing elementary particles—the building blocks of matter. Similarly, the study of knots provides important insights into string theory and loop quantum gravity.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: For example, Math Circle is an after-school enrichment program where students do mathematics through games and activities; there are also some teachers that encourage student engagement by teaching mathematics in kinesthetic learning. In a general Math Circle lesson, students use pattern finding, observation, and exploration to make their own mathematical discoveries. For example, mathematical beauty arises in a Math Circle activity on symmetry designed for 2nd and 3rd graders, where students create their own snowflakes by folding a square piece of paper and cutting out designs of their choice along the edges of the folded paper. When the paper is unfolded, a symmetrical design reveals itself. In a day to day elementary school mathematics class, symmetry can be presented as such in an artistic manner where students see aesthetically pleasing results in mathematics.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Some teachers prefer to use mathematical manipulatives to present mathematics in an aesthetically pleasing way. Examples of a manipulative include algebra tiles, cuisenaire rods, and pattern blocks. For example, one can teach the method of completing the square by using algebra tiles. Cuisenaire rods can be used to teach fractions, and pattern blocks can be used to teach geometry. Using mathematical manipulatives helps students gain a conceptual understanding that might not be seen immediately in written mathematical formulas.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Another example of beauty in experience involves the use of origami. Origami, the art of paper folding, has aesthetic qualities and many mathematical connections. One can study the mathematics of paper folding by observing the crease pattern on unfolded origami pieces.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Combinatorics, the study of counting, has artistic representations which some find mathematically beautiful. There are many visual examples which illustrate combinatorial concepts. Some of the topics and objects seen in combinatorics courses with visual representations include, among others Four color theorem, Young tableau, Permutohedron, Graph theory, Partition of a set.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Some mathematicians are of the opinion that the doing of mathematics is closer to discovery than invention, for example:


title: Mathematical beauty

text: These mathematicians believe that the detailed and precise results of mathematics may be reasonably taken to be true without any dependence on the universe in which we live. For example, they would argue that the theory of the natural numbers is fundamentally valid, in a way that does not require any specific context. Some mathematicians have extrapolated this viewpoint that mathematical beauty is truth further, in some cases becoming mysticism.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: In Plato's philosophy there were two worlds, the physical one in which we live and another abstract world which contained unchanging truth, including mathematics. He believed that the physical world was a mere reflection of the more perfect abstract world.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Hungarian mathematician Paul Erdős spoke of an imaginary book, in which God has written down all the most beautiful mathematical proofs. When Erdős wanted to express particular appreciation of a proof, he would exclaim "This one's from The Book!"


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Twentieth-century French philosopher Alain Badiou claimed that ontology is mathematics. Badiou also believes in deep connections between mathematics, poetry and philosophy.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: In many cases, however, natural philosophers and other scientists who have made extensive use of mathematics have made leaps of inference between beauty and physical truth in ways that turned out to be erroneous. For example, at one stage in his life, Johannes Kepler believed that the proportions of the orbits of the then-known planets in the Solar System have been arranged by God to correspond to a concentric arrangement of the five Platonic solids, each orbit lying on the circumsphere of one polyhedron and the insphere of another. As there are exactly five Platonic solids, Kepler's hypothesis could only accommodate six planetary orbits and was disproved by the subsequent discovery of Uranus.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: In the 1970s, Abraham Moles and Frieder Nake analyzed links between beauty, information processing, and information theory. In the 1990s, Jürgen Schmidhuber formulated a mathematical theory of observer-dependent subjective beauty based on algorithmic information theory: the most beautiful objects among subjectively comparable objects have short algorithmic descriptions (i.e., Kolmogorov complexity) relative to what the observer already knows. Schmidhuber explicitly distinguishes between beautiful and interesting. The latter corresponds to the first derivative of subjectively perceived beauty:


title: Mathematical beauty

text: the observer continually tries to improve the predictability and compressibility of the observations by discovering regularities such as repetitions and symmetries and fractal self-similarity. Whenever the observer's learning process (possibly a predictive artificial neural network) leads to improved data compression such that the observation sequence can be described by fewer bits than before, the temporary interesting-ness of the data corresponds to the compression progress, and is proportional to the observer's internal curiosity reward.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Examples of the use of mathematics in music include the stochastic music of Iannis Xenakis, the Fibonacci sequence in Tool's Lateralus, counterpoint of Johann Sebastian Bach, polyrhythmic structures (as in Igor Stravinsky's "The Rite of Spring"), the Metric modulation of Elliott Carter, permutation theory in serialism beginning with Arnold Schoenberg, and application of Shepard tones in Karlheinz Stockhausen's "Hymnen". They also include the application of Group theory to transformations in music in the theoretical writings of David Lewin.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Examples of the use of mathematics in the visual arts include applications of chaos theory and fractal geometry to computer-generated art, symmetry studies of Leonardo da Vinci, projective geometries in development of the perspective theory of Renaissance art, grids in Op art, optical geometry in the camera obscura of Giambattista della Porta, and multiple perspective in analytic cubism and futurism.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: The Dutch graphic designer M. C. Escher created mathematically inspired woodcuts, lithographs, and mezzotints. These feature impossible constructions, explorations of infinity, architecture, visual paradoxes and tessellations.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Some painters and sculptors create work distorted with the mathematical principles of anamorphosis, including South African sculptor Jonty Hurwitz.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: British constructionist artist John Ernest created reliefs and paintings inspired by group theory. A number of other British artists of the constructionist and systems schools of thought also draw on mathematics models and structures as a source of inspiration, including Anthony Hill and Peter Lowe. Computer-generated art is based on mathematical algorithms.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Mathematics, rightly viewed, possesses not only truth, but supreme beauty—a beauty cold and austere, like that of sculpture, without appeal to any part of our weaker nature, without the gorgeous trappings of painting or music, yet sublimely pure, and capable of a stern perfection such as only the greatest art can show. The true spirit of delight, the exaltation, the sense of being more than Man, which is the touchstone of the highest excellence, is to be found in mathematics as surely as poetry.


title: Mathematical beauty

text: Paul Erdős expressed his views on the ineffability of mathematics when he said, "Why are numbers beautiful? It's like asking why is Beethoven's Ninth Symphony beautiful. If you don't see why, someone can't tell you. I "know" numbers are beautiful. If they aren't beautiful, nothing is".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On the morning of January 31, 2007, the Boston Police Department and the Boston Fire Department mistakenly identified battery-powered LED placards depicting the Mooninites, characters from the Adult Swim animated television series "Aqua Teen Hunger Force", as improvised explosive devices (IEDs), leading to a massive panic. Placed throughout Boston, Massachusetts, and the surrounding cities of Cambridge and Somerville by Peter "Zebbler" Berdovsky and Sean Stevens, these devices were part of a nationwide guerrilla marketing advertising campaign for "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: The massive panic led to controversy and criticism from U.S. media sources, including "The Boston Globe", "Los Angeles Times", Fox News, "The San Francisco Chronicle", "The New York Times", CNN, and "The Boston Herald". Some ridiculed the city's response to the devicesincluding the arrests of the two men hired to place the placards around the areaas disproportionate and indicative of a generation gap between city officials and the younger residents of Boston, at whom the ads were targeted. Several sources noted that the hundreds of officers in the Boston police department or city emergency planning office on scene were unable to identify the figure depicted for several hours until a young staffer at Mayor Thomas Menino's office saw the media coverage and recognized the figures.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: After the devices were removed, the Boston Police Department stated in its defense that the ad devices shared some similarities with improvised explosive devices, with them also discovering an identifiable power source, a circuit board with exposed wiring, and electrical tape. Investigators were not mollified by the discovery that the devices were not explosive in nature, stating they still intended to determine "if this event was a hoax or something else entirely". Although city prosecutors eventually concluded there was no ill intent involved in the placing of the ads, the city continues to refer to the event as a "bomb hoax" (implying intent) rather than a "bomb scare".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Reflecting years later, various academics and media sources have characterized the phenomenon as a form of social panic. Gregory Bergman wrote in his 2008 book "BizzWords" that the devices were basically a self-made form of the children's toy Lite-Brite. Bruce Schneier wrote in his 2009 book "Schneier on Security" that Boston officials were "ridiculed" for their overreaction to the incident. In his 2009 book "Secret Agents", historian and communication professor Jeremy Packer discussed a cultural phenomenon called the "panic discourse" and described the incident as a "spectacular instance of this panic". In a 2012 article, "The Boston Phoenix" called the incident the "Great Mooninite Panic of 2007". A 2013 publication by WGBH News wrote that the majority of Boston youth thought that the arrests of two men who placed devices were not justified.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: In November 2006, Boston area artist Peter "Zebbler" Berdovsky met a man named John, who worked for a marketing organization named Interference, Inc., in New York City. John then asked Berdovsky if he would be interested in working on a promotional project, with Berdovsky agreeing and enlisting Sean Stevens. Interference shipped Berdovsky 40 electronic signs, and Adrienne Yee of Interference emailed him a list of suggested locations and a list of things not to do. According to police, the suggested locations for the devices included train stations, overpasses, hip/trendy areas, and high traffic/high visibility areas. The signs were to be put up discreetly overnight, with Berdovsky and Stevens being paid $300 each for their assistance.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Berdovsky, Stevens, and Dana Seaver put up 20 magnetic lights in mid January, dubbing the activity "Boston Mission 1". While Stevens and Berdovsky put up the lights, Seaver recorded the activity on video and sent a copy to Interference. On the night of January 29, 2007, in what was called "Boston Mission 2", 18 more magnetic lights were placed. This included one under Interstate 93 at Sullivan Square, in Charlestown.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: The devices used were promotional electronic placards for the forthcoming "Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters". Each device, measuring about 1 by 1.5 feet, consisted of a strap of D-batteries and electrical tape following installation.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: The LED lights were arranged to represent the Mooninite characters Ignignokt and Err displaying the middle finger. Massachusetts Attorney General Martha Coakley said that the device "had a very sinister appearance. It had a battery behind it, and wires". Others compared the displays to the Lite-Brite electric toy.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On January 31, 2007, at 8:05 a.m., a civilian spotted one of the devices on a stanchion that supports an elevated section of Interstate 93 (I-93), above Sullivan Station and told a policeman from the Massachusetts Bay Transportation Authority (MBTA) of its presence. At 9 a.m., the Boston Police Department bomb squad received a phone call from the MBTA requesting assistance in identifying the device. Authorities responded with what the "Boston Globe" described as "[an] army of emergency vehicles" at the scene, including police cruisers, fire trucks, ambulances, and the Boston Police Department bomb squad. Also present were live TV crews, a large crowd of onlookers, and helicopters circling overhead. Peter Berdovsky arrived at the scene and video recorded the situation. He recognized the device under police investigation, but made no attempt to inform them. He returned to his apartment and contacted Interference. Interference told him that they would handle informing the police and that he should personally say nothing about the situation.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: During the preliminary investigation at the site, police found that the devices resembled improvised explosive devices. Similarities included a noticeable power source, circuit board with exposed wiring, and electrical tape. After the initial assessment, Boston police shut down the northbound side of I-93 and parts of the public transportation system. Just after 10 a.m., the bomb squad used a small explosive filled with water to destroy the device as a precaution. MBTA Transit police Lieutenant Salvatore Venturelli told the media at the scene, "This is a perfect example of our passengers taking part in homeland security." He refused to describe the object in detail because of the ongoing investigation, responding only that "It's not consistent with equipment that would be there normally." Investigators were trying to determine "if it was a hoax or something else entirely", according to Venturelli. Northbound I-93 reopened to traffic about 10:05 a.m. By 10:21 a.m., the police timeline reported it as "some sort of hoax device".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: At 12:54 p.m., Boston police received a call identifying another device located at the intersection of Stuart and Charles Street. At 1:11 p.m., the Massachusetts State Police requested assistance from the bomb squad with devices found under the Longfellow and Boston University bridges. Both bridges were closed as a precaution, and the Coast Guard closed the river to boat traffic.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: At 1:26 p.m., friends of Peter Berdovsky received an email from him, which alleged that five hours into the scare, an Interference Inc. executive requested Berdovsky to "keep everything on the dl". Later, Travis Vautour, a friend of Berdovsky, confirmed that he would be staying quiet while the situation was being reported. Two hours later, Interference notified their client, Cartoon Network. Between 2 and 3 p.m., a police analyst identified the image on the devices as an "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" cartoon character, and police concluded the incident was a publicity stunt. Turner Broadcasting System issued a statement concerning the event around 4:30 p.m. Portions of the Turner statement stated that they regretted the devices being mistaken for danger, and ensured that they were not. They further clarified that they were part of an outdoor marketing campaign in 10 cities to promote Adult Swim's animated television show "Aqua Teen Hunger Force". They also said that they had been in place for two to three weeks in Boston, New York City, Los Angeles, Chicago, Atlanta, Seattle, Portland, Austin, San Francisco, and Philadelphia. Parent company Turner Broadcasting was in contact with local and federal law enforcement on the exact locations of the billboards.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Some devices had been up for two weeks in the cities listed before the Boston incident occurred, although no installation permits were ever secured. Berdovsky and Stevens were arrested by Boston police during the evening of January 31, and charged with violating Chapter 266: Section 102A of the General Laws of Massachusetts, which states that it is illegal to display a "hoax device" with the motive to cause citizens to feel threatened, unsafe, and concerned.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: News about the situation quickly spread around residents and the news. "The Boston Globe" stated that the "marketing gambit exposes a wide generation gap", quoting one 29-year-old blogger, writing, "Repeat after me, authorities. L-E-D. Not I-E-D. Get it?" The "Brainiac" blog earned praise from other media outlets for its timely coverage of events, even as the paper continued to report on simply "suspicious objects".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: "Los Angeles Times" editorials derided the reaction of Boston's officials, remarking, "Emergency personnel and anti-terrorism squads shut down more than a dozen highways, transit stations, and other locations across the city Wednesday after receiving reports about multiple suspicious devices." They also went on to describe the devices, stating that they "had dozens of colored lights, exposed wires, and circuitry, and were powered by a row of D batteries wrapped in black tape." They also compared the devices to a bigger version of Hasbro's Lite-Brite, referring to the Lite-Brites as "a toy for artistic grade schoolers." Bruce Schneier summed up the incident as a "non-terrorist embarrassment in Boston".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: "The Boston Herald" stated that part of the reaction in the response could be blamed on two packages that did not blink. According to Boston Police Commissioner Ed Davis, phony pipe bombs were also discovered that day, one inside Tufts-New England Medical Center at 1 p.m. A security guard described "an agitated white male" fleeing saying, "God is warning you that today is going to be a sad day." The "Herald" went on to characterize the placement of the devices as a "coordinated hoax". Davis also mentioned other incidents of the day that may have influenced the reaction, including a Washington, D.C. metro stop being shut down due to a suspected package, and fumes emanating from a package at a post office in New York City, resulting in four people being treated there. "It was almost like we had a kind of perfect storm of circumstances falling into place", Davis said.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: The advertising magazine "Brandweek" said that the incident, which they labeled a fiasco, would cause marketers to "steer clear of guerrilla tactics until the controversy around the "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" stunt-turned-bomb-scare in Boston dies down". It further said that the incident "will no doubt be followed by a reassessment of the potential price of what used to be known as a low-cost method to generate buzz".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: According to Fox News, fans of "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" mocked Boston officials during the press conference of Berdovsky and Stevens, calling the arrests an overreaction, while holding signs supporting the actions of the two. These signs had slogans such as "Free Peter" and "1-31-07 Never Forget", satirizing Mayor Tom Menino's mentions of 9/11. Newspapers quoted local residents, including "We all thought it was pretty funny", "The majority of us recognize the difference between a bomb and a Lite-Brite", and that the police's response was "silly and insane ... we're the laughingstock". "Something Positive", a webcomic written and drawn by Waltham resident R. K. Milholland, also weighed in on the issue.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Karl Carter of Atlanta-based Guerrilla Tactics Media said only fans of "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" would recognize the characters or think it was funny. He said, "This is probably better set up for nightclubs and other sorts of scenarios where the people that are receiving the message, one, would know what it's about, but also two, wouldn't be frightened. You know, if you put these in certain environments, like public spaces in this post-9/11 sensitivity, then of course you're going to wind up in trouble." "Make" magazine editor Phillip Torrone said that the advertisers should have used better judgment, but called it a "neat electronic project". "Boing Boing" reported that the media and the State of Massachusetts insisted on using the words "bomb hoax", despite firm contentions by Turner Broadcasting Systems that the devices were not intended to resemble bombs and the company had no intent to arouse suspicion or panic in approving the advertising campaign.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On February 27, 2007, a month after the incident, the Boston police bomb squad detonated another suspected bomb, which turned out to be a city-owned traffic counter. On March 18, 2007, at the annual St. Patrick's Day Breakfast in South Boston, Massachusetts, politicians joked about the panic over the Mooninite devices. Tom Menino said that it was a good way to obtain a local aid package for the city, referring to the $1 million in "good faith money for homeland security" that Cartoon Network paid the city of Boston to avoid a lawsuit. Congressman Stephen Lynch joked that the Mooninites were part of a sleeper cell including SpongeBob SquarePants and Scrappy-Doo. State Treasurer Timothy P. Cahill held up a picture of a Mooninite with Mitt Romney's face on it, saying "We had to blur out his real feelings about Massachusetts."


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On February 5, 2007, state and local agencies came to an agreement with both Turner Broadcasting and Interference, Inc., to pay for costs incurred in the incident. As part of the settlement, which resolves any potential civil or criminal claims against the companies, Turner and Interference agreed to pay $2 million: $1 million to go to the Boston Police Department and $1 million to the Department of Homeland Security. This was in addition to the companies' apologies, which local authorities deemed too little as announced by Dan Conley, district attorney for Suffolk County, Massachusetts, in a speech on NECN, saying the people who are responsible for this "reckless stunt" are liable for the havoc it caused to both the city and the region.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On February 9, 2007, the week after the panic, Cartoon Network's general manager and executive vice president, Jim Samples, resigned "in recognition of the gravity of the situation that occurred under my watch", and with the "hope that my decision allows us to put this chapter behind us and get back to our mission of delivering unrivaled original animated entertainment for consumers of all ages". Stuart Snyder was named his successor.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: In total, ten cities were involved in the marketing campaign, which began two to three weeks before the incident. The NYPD contacted Interference, Inc., to request a list of 41 locations where the devices were installed. Officers were able to locate and remove only two devices, both located near 33rd Street and West Side Highway at the High Line overpass. The NYPD did not receive any complaints about the devices, according to police spokesman Paul Brown. At 9:30 p.m., on the evening of January 31, the Chicago Police Department received a list of installation locations from Interference, Inc. Police recovered and disposed of 20 of the 35 devices. Police Superintendent Philip Cline admonished those responsible for the campaign, stating, "one of the devices could have easily been mistaken for a bomb and set off enough panic to alarm the entire city". Cline went on to say that, on February 1, he asked Turner Broadcasting to reimburse the city for funds spent on locating and disposing of the devices.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: The King County Sheriff's spokesman John Urquhart stated, "In this day and age, whenever anything remotely suspicious shows up, people get concerned—and that's good. However, people don't need to be concerned about this. These are cartoon characters giving the finger."


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Interference, Inc., hired two people to distribute twenty devices throughout Philadelphia on January 11. One of these was Ryan, a 24-year-old from Fishtown, who claimed that he was promised $300 for installing the devices, only 18 of which were actually functional. Following the scare in Boston, the Philadelphia Police Department recovered three of the 18 devices. Joe Grace, spokesman for Philadelphia Mayor John F. Street, said, "We think it was a stupid, regrettable, irresponsible stunt by Turner. We do not take kindly to it." A cease-and-desist letter was sent to Turner, threatening fines for violating zoning codes.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: No devices were retrieved in Los Angeles and Lieutenant Paul Vernon of the Los Angeles Police Department stated that "no one perceived them as a threat". The many Los Angeles signs were up without incident for more than two weeks prior to the Boston scare. Police Sergeant Brian Schmautz stated that officers in Portland had not been dispatched to remove the devices, and did not plan to unless they were found on municipal property. He added, "At this point, we wouldn't even begin an investigation, because there's no reason to believe a crime has occurred." A device was placed inside 11th Ave. Liquor on Hawthorne Boulevard in Portland, where it remains. San Francisco Police Sergeant Neville Gittens said that Interference, Inc., was removing them, except for one found by art gallery owner Jamie Alexander, who reportedly "thought it was cool" and had it taken down after it ceased to function.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Berdovsky and Stevens were arrested on the day of the incident and charged with placing a hoax device to incite panic, a felony charge that carries a five-year maximum sentence, and one count of disorderly conduct, a misdemeanor. Both pleaded not guilty to the two charges and were later released on a $2,500 cash bond. At their arraignment, Assistant Attorney General John Grossman claimed that the two were trying to "get attention by causing fear and unrest that there was a bomb in that location". Michael Rich, the lawyer representing both men, disputed Grossman's claim, asserting that even a VCR could be found to fit the description of a bomb-like device. Judge Leary said that it would be necessary for the prosecution to demonstrate an intent on the part of the suspects to cause a panic. The judge continued, "It appears the suspects had no such intent ... but the question should be discussed in a later hearing."


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On March 1, 2007, Senator Edward Kennedy, D-MA, introduced S.735, "The Terrorist Hoax Improvements Act of 2007". Its amendments include these:


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On May 11, 2007, prosecutors decided not to pursue criminal charges against Berdovsky and Stevens, in exchange for community service and a public apology. Attorney General Martha Coakley cited the difficulty in proving intent to incite panic on the part of the two men and called the deal "an appropriate and fair resolution". Berdovsky and Stevens completed 80 and 60 hours of community service at the Spaulding Rehabilitation Center in Boston, respectively. The incident prompted opportunists to acquire the promotional devices from other cities and auction them on eBay, with prices ranging from $500 to more than $5,000.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: An "Aqua Teen Hunger Force" episode from season five titled "Boston" was produced as the series creators' response to the bomb scare, but Adult Swim canceled it to avoid further controversy. The unfinished episode was later leaked online in January 2015.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Gregory Bergman wrote in his 2008 book "BizzWords" that the devices were "essentially homemade Lite-Brites". Bergman concluded: "That this occurred in Boston, home to Harvard, MIT, and other famous schools of learning, is embarrassing." Bruce Schneier wrote in his 2009 book "Schneier on Security" that Boston officials were "ridiculed" for their overreaction to the incident. Schneier wrote, "Almost no one looked beyond the finger pointing and jeering to discuss exactly why the Boston authorities overreacted so badly. They overreacted because the signs were weird." Schneier characterized this as a form of "Cover Your Ass" security.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: In his 2009 book "Secret Agents", historian and communication professor Jeremy Packer discussed a phenomenon in culture called the "panic discourse" and described the incident as a "spectacular instance of this panic". Packer stated that the discovery of the lightboards prompted "a city government and media panic".


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: "The Boston Phoenix" published a 2012 retrospective and interviewed Zebbler for his thoughts on its place in history. "The Boston Phoenix" called the incident the "Great Mooninite Panic of 2007". The publication concluded that the city of Boston was impacted due to its government being "oblivious" to the Mooninite character from popular culture. Zebbler thought that history would not be likely to repeat itself with a similar event and surmised that marketing agencies would instead be more apt to first contact law enforcement to get permission for such an event.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: Six years after the incident, "WGBH News" published an article reflecting on law enforcement reaction. WGBH was critical of the government's response, observing: "What was the fallout from the scare? Both local and national media outlets derided Boston Law enforcement for failing to recognize a PR stunt gone wrong. Many young Bostonians felt the arrest of Zebbler and Stevens was an overreaction." The article quoted a student who pointed out the vast proportion of individuals were successfully able to determine the difference between a Lite-Brite children's toy and a bomb.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: WGBH requested a reflective comment in 2013 from Zebbler, and he stated that he thought the government's overreaction was a greater symptom of the American culture during that time period. Zebbler said that he would take part in a subsequent guerilla marketing event if there was a benevolent motivation behind it.


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: The City of Boston hired Zebbler for its 2014 New Year's celebrations to create a light show, paying him $50,000 for his services. Zebbler said that it was an honor to be selected and help bring unity to the city. Zebbler's light show production was the centerpiece of the 2014 Boston First Night event held in Copley Square. When interviewed by the "Boston Herald" about the choice of Zebbler for the 2014 First Night, Boston Mayor Thomas M. Menino said, "We're a forgiving city." Attorney General Martha Coakley also said that paying Zebbler for the light production in 2014 was a good choice. She defended the actions of law enforcement from 2007 years later, stating: "This was several years ago now. Those two young men had been hired by a company to do some guerrilla advertising. At the time, particularly in its proximity to 9/11, I think the City and Boston Police were very concerned. I think we responded appropriately at the time, but I think we also saw the company immediately make compensation to the City of Boston and to the Boston Police for the efforts involved."


title: 2007 Boston Mooninite panic

text: On January 31, 2022, fifteen years after the incident, the official Adult Swim account on Twitter poked fun at the event and included an image of Ignignokt giving the middle finger with text that reads "1-31-2007 NEVER FORGET".


title: Chely Wright

text: Chely Wright (born Richell Rene Wright; October 25, 1970) is an American activist, author and country music artist. She initially rose to fame as a commercial country recording artist with several charting singles, including the number one hit, "Single White Female." She later became known for her role in LGBT activism after publicly coming out. She has since sold over 1,500,000 copies and 10,000,000 digital impressions to date in the United States.


title: Chely Wright

text: Raised in Kansas, Wright developed aspirations to become a country singer and songwriter. Yet, as a young child, she discovered her homosexuality and realized it conflicted with her Christian faith and her hopes of becoming a performer. Determined to become successful, she vowed to hide her sexuality and continued performing. Wright moved to Nashville, Tennessee, following high school graduation and was cast in stage productions at the now-defunct Opryland USA amusement park. She eventually signed her first recording contract in 1993 with PolyGram/Mercury Records and released two albums. With limited success, Wright switched record labels and had her first hit with 1997's "Shut Up and Drive." It was followed in 1999 with "Single White Female," and a gold-certified album of the same name.


title: Chely Wright

text: At her commercial zenith, Wright continued living a closeted life and became increasingly unhappy. She engaged in a long-term relationship with a woman but ultimately separated at the risk of being outed by members of the Nashville community. In 2006, Wright began suffering an emotional collapse and nearly took her own life. She then realized she needed to come out publicly and started working on projects that would help her come to terms with her sexuality. In 2010, Wright released the memoir, "," and the album, "Lifted Off the Ground." Both projects centered around her coming out process and the acceptance of herself.


title: Chely Wright

text: Wright became involved in LGBT activism following her 2010 decision. During that time she moved to New York City and released a documentary which chronicled her coming out titled, "Wish Me Away." She would later establish a charity "Like Me," which helped provide assistance to LGBT youth. She has since been a spokesperson for programs such as GLSEN and other activism-related programs. Wright would also marry and have two children. Wright also continued her music career, but transitioned more towards Americana and folk. She has since released 2016's "I Am the Rain" and 2019's "Revival."


title: Chely Wright

text: Wright was born in Kansas City, Missouri, in 1970, and was raised in the nearby community of Wellsville, Kansas. Wright was the youngest of three children born to Cheri and Stan Wright. Her parents' marriage was unhappy, partly due to her father's drinking. This caused the family to temporarily separate while Wright was a small child. She lived with her mother and two siblings in Ottawa, Kansas, before her mother and father reunited. Wright had a strained relationship with her mother throughout her life. "I wouldn't say we were friends or buddies, but I liked my Mom," she wrote in her 2010 memoir.


title: Chely Wright

text: Wright became interested in her Christian faith and convinced her mother to become baptized when she was six years old. She also discovered her homosexuality after noticing she had a crush on her third grade teacher. However, church teachings taught her that homosexuality was considered sinful behavior. "I heard the words 'whore,' 'criminial,' 'drunk,' 'homosexual,' 'pervert,' 'liar' and 'non-believer' all strung together so many times that I understood that those were the building blocks of sin and evildoing," she wrote in 2010. Every day as a child she prayed for her homosexual thoughts to be taken away. She attempted to find other examples of people in her hometown who were also homosexual, but had no luck. In her childhood, Wright often blamed negative events on her homosexual thoughts. This included when her brother broke a bone and the death of her cousin, David. "It was God's punishment for my being gay," she recalled.


title: Chely Wright

text: Wright developed a passion for music at a young age. Both her parents enjoyed country music and encouraged her to also appreciate it. Her father played acoustic guitar, while she often sang along. Her mother kept handwritten lyrics to her favorite songs in a binder. The family often entertained guests on Saturday evenings and would throw "pickin' parties." Wright often sang along with guests as they listened and played along to music. At age four, she began taking piano lessons. In her elementary years, she played trumpet in her school band. As a preteen, she started performing in singing groups. Wright also began performing in a local venues during this period, such as VFW halls, picnics, bars and churches.


title: Chely Wright

text: At age 14, she started her own country music band called County Line, which included her father as their bass player. The summer of her final year in high school, she worked as a performing musician at the "Ozark Jubilee", a long-running country music show in Branson, Missouri. In Branson, she rented a small trailer and bought her first car for $600. She also began dating a college-aged man whom she met sitting in the audience of her shows. Yet, Wright also realized she could not form the ideal romantic relationship with him: "But soon I was wresting with my old fears again. Nothing could save me from being gay."


title: Chely Wright

text: In 1989, she landed a position in a musical production at Opryland USA, a now-defunct theme park in Nashville, Tennessee. Making numerous costume changes in tight quarters led Wright to become good friends with several cast members. She also learned to sing as part of a vocal chorus and learned dance routines. Her contract only lasted one season and she later moved into the basement of a friend's home closer to Nashville. She found employment at a local sporting goods store. It was at the store that she met a woman whom she would have her first brief intimate relationship with. During the summer of 1990, she was re-hired as part of the Opryland cast for a second season and started taking classes at Middle Tennessee State University.


title: Chely Wright

text: Wright was signed to a publishing deal as a songwriter, which helped secure a recording contract as a recording artist with PolyGram/Mercury Records in 1993. Wright chose to keep her sexuality hidden from her record label and buying public, a theme which continued throughout her commercial career. She collaborated on her first album with Nashville producer, Harold Shedd. In a mutual agreement, Shedd agreed that Wright's persona would not be centered around being "a [music] video babe," but instead regarded for her artistic work as a country music artist. In 1994, Wright's debut studio album was released through the label titled "Woman in the Moon." The album would receive critical acclaim, despite limited success. The project spawned three singles ("He's a Good Ole Boy," "Till I Was Loved by You" and "Sea of Cowboy Hats") that all peaked outside the top 40 of the "Billboard" country chart. The album helped Wright win Top New Female Vocalist at the 1995 Academy of Country Music Awards. Wright recalled in her memoir that she had low expectations of winning and was shocked to receive the accolade. "I had not prepared a speech for that night, but I'd been rehearsing one since I was a little girl," she commented.