title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: "The Nation" claimed Roberts had an "unimaginative soldier's brain" and that Germany was "a friendly Power" who since 1870 "has remained the most peaceful and the most self-contained, though doubtless not the most sympathetic, member of the European family". The historian John Terraine, writing in 1993, said: "At this distance of time the verdict upon Lord Robert's Manchester speech must be that, in speaking out clearly on the probability of war, he was doing a patriotic service comparable to Churchill's during the Thirties".


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts became vice-president of the Public Schools Alpine Sports Club during 1903. Eight years later on 11 January 1911, the Roberts of Kandahar Challenge Cup (so named because Roberts donated the trophy cup) was organised at Crans-Montana (Crans-sur-Sierre) by winter sports pioneer Arnold Lunn. An important part of the history of skiing, the races was a forerunner of the downhill ski race. The Kandahar Ski Club, founded by Lunn, was named after the Cup and subsequently lent its name to the Arlberg-Kandahar ski race. The name Kandahar is still used for the premier races of the FIS Alpine Ski World Cup circuit.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: He took part in the funeral processions following the deaths of Queen Victoria in January 1901 and King Edward VII in May 1910.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts was approached for advice about the Ulster Volunteer Force, formed in January 1913 by Ulstermen who had no wish to be part of a Home Rule Ireland. Too old himself to take active command, Roberts recommended Lieutenant General Sir George Richardson, formerly of the Indian Army, as commander.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: On the morning of 20 March – the morning of Paget's speech which provoked the Curragh incident, in which Hubert Gough and other officers threatened to resign rather than coerce Ulster – Roberts, aided by Wilson, drafted a letter to the Prime Minister, urging him not to cause a split in the army.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts had asked the Chief of the Imperial General Staff (CIGS) John French to come and see him at Ascot on 19 March; French had been too busy but invited Roberts to visit him when next in London. On the morning of 21 March Roberts and French had an acrimonious telephone conversation in which Roberts told French that he would share the blame if he collaborated with the Cabinet's "dastardly" attempt to coerce Ulster, and then, after French told him that he would "do his duty as a soldier" and obey lawful orders, put the phone down on him. Soon after, Roberts received a telegram from Hubert Gough, purporting to ask for advice, although possibly designed to goad him into further action. Roberts requested an audience with King George V, who told him that Seely (Secretary of State for War), to whom the King had recently spoken, had complained that Roberts was "at the bottom" of the matter, had incited Gough, and had called the politicians "swine and robbers" in his phone conversation with French. Roberts indignantly denied this, claiming that he had not been in contact with Gough for "years" and that he had advised officers not to resign. Roberts's claim may not be the whole truth as Gough was on first name terms with Roberts's daughter and later gave her copies of key documents relating to the Incident.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts also had an interview with Seely (he was unable to locate French, who was in fact himself having an audience with the King at the time) but came away thinking him "drunk with power", although he learned that Paget had been acting without authority (in talking of "commencing active operations" against Ulster and in offering officers a chance to discuss hypothetical orders and to threaten to resign) and left a note for Hubert Gough to this effect. This note influenced the Gough brothers in being willing to remain in the Army, albeit with a written guarantee that the Army would not have to act against Ulster. After Roberts's lobbying, the King insisted that Asquith make no further troop movements in Ulster without consulting him.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts wrote to French (22 March) denying the "swine and robbers" comment, although French's reply stressed his hurt that Roberts had thought so ill of him.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts died of pneumonia at St Omer, France, on 14 November 1914 while visiting Indian troops fighting in the First World War. His body was taken to Ascot by special train for a funeral service on 18 November before being taken to London. After lying in state in Westminster Hall (one of only two people who were not members of the royal family to do so during the 20th century, the other being Sir Winston Churchill), he was given a state funeral and was then buried in St. Paul's Cathedral.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts had lived at Englemere House at Ascot in Berkshire. His estate was probated during 1915 at £77,304 (equivalent to £ today).


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: On 28 February 1908 he was awarded the Volunteer Officers' Decoration in recognition of his honorary service in the Volunteer Force.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: His long list of honorary military posts included: honorary colonel of the 2nd London Corps from 24 September 1887, honorary colonel of the 5th Battalion, the Sherwood Foresters (Derbyshire Regiment) from 29 December 1888, honorary colonel of the 1st Newcastle upon Tyne (Western Division), Royal Artillery from 18 April 1894, honorary colonel of the Waterford Artillery (Southern Division) from 4 March 1896, colonel-commandant of the Royal Artillery from 7 October 1896, honorary colonel of the 3rd Battalion, Loyal North Lancashire Regiment from 1 January 1898, honorary colonel of the City of London Imperial Volunteers from 10 March 1900, honorary colonel of the 3rd Volunteer Battalion, the Gloucestershire Regiment from 5 September 1900, colonel of the Irish Guards from 17 October 1900, honorary colonel of the 2nd Hampshire (Southern Division), Royal Garrison Artillery from 15 August 1901, honorary colonel of the 3rd (Dundee Highland) Volunteer Battalion, the Black Watch (Royal Highlanders) from 19 September 1903, honorary colonel of the North Somerset Yeomanry from 1 April 1908, honorary colonel of the 6th Battalion, the City of London (Rifles') Regiment from 1 April 1908, honorary colonel of the 1st Wessex Brigade from 1 April 1908, honorary colonel of 6th Battalion, The Gloucestershire Regiment from 1 April 1908, honorary colonel of The Waterford Royal Field Reserve Artillery from 2 August 1908 and honorary colonel of 1st (Hull) Battalion, The East Yorkshire Regiment from 11 November 1914 (three days before his death). Additionally he was Colonel of the National Reserve from 5 August 1911.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Lord Roberts received civic honours from a number of universities, cities and livery companies, including:


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts married Nora Henrietta Bews, the daughter of Captain John Bews on 17 May 1859. The couple had the following six children of whom three, a son and two daughters, survived infancy:


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts' son, The Hon. Frederick Roberts, VC, was killed in action on 17 December 1899 at the Battle of Colenso during the Boer War. Roberts and his son were one of only three pairs of fathers and sons to be awarded the VC. Today, their Victoria Crosses are in the National Army Museum. His barony became extinct, but, by the special remainder granted with them, he was succeeded in the earldom and viscountcy by his elder surviving daughter, Aileen. She was succeeded by her younger sister, Edwina.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: In March 1898, a statue of Lord Roberts, sculpted by Harry Bates, was unveiled on the Maidan in Calcutta. The statue of Roberts on horseback sits on a pedestal with reliefs on each side depicting Sikh, Highlander and Gurkha cavalry and infantry, and statues of Britannia/Victory and India/Fortitude in front and behind. After the statue was commissioned Roberts started sitting for the sculptor in 1894 and a bust was displayed at the Royal Academy of Arts in 1896. After Roberts death in 1914, money was raised to place a copy of the Calcutta statue as a memorial in Kelvingrove Park, Glasgow. Almost identical to the original statue, the memorial in Glasgow only includes minor changes like the inclusion of a quote from a speech Roberts gave in Glasgow in 1913 to promote national service. ""I seem to see the gleam in the near distance of the weapons and accoutrements of this Army of the future, this Citizen Army, the wonder of these islands, and the pledge of peace and of the continued greatness of this Empire."" The memorial was unveiled by his widow. A second copy of the statue was erected on Horse Guards Parade in London and unveiled in 1924. It is smaller and simpler than the other two, and sits on a simpler pedestal without the reliefs or extra figures. After Indian independence from the British Empire, the Roberts statue in Calcutta was moved with other statues to Barrackpore in the 1970s, and then by itself to the Artillery Centre, Nashik Road.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Roberts Barracks at Larkhill Garrison and the town of Robertsganj in Uttar Pradesh are named after him.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: Lord Roberts French Immersion Public School in London, Ontario, Lord Roberts Junior Public School in Scarborough, Ontario, and Lord Roberts Elementary Schools in Vancouver, British Columbia, and Winnipeg, Manitoba are named after him. Roberts is also a Senior Boys house at the Duke of York's Royal Military School.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: The Lord Roberts Centre – a facility at the National Shooting Centre built for the 2002 Commonwealth Games, and HQ of the National Smallbore Rifle Association (which Roberts was fundamental in founding) is named in his honour.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: On 29 May 1900 Pretoria surrendered to the British commander-in-chief, Lord Roberts. Due to the prevalence of malaria and because the area had become too small, he relocated his headquarters from the vicinity of the Normal College to a high-lying site 10 km south-west of the city – hence the name Roberts Heights. Roberts Heights, a busy military town, the largest in South Africa and resembling Aldershot, soon developed. On 15 December 1938 the name was changed to Voortrekkerhoogte and again to Thaba Tshwane on 19 May 1998.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: On a visit to the Victoria Falls, one of the larger islands just upstream of the Falls was named Kandahar Island in his honour.


title: Frederick Roberts, 1st Earl Roberts

text: The grave of Roberts' charger Vonolel (named after a Lushai King whose descendants Roberts had fought in 1871) is marked by a headstone in the gardens of The Royal Hospital Kilmainham, in Dublin.


title: Jon Finch

text: Jon Finch (2 March 1942 – 28 December 2012) was an English stage and film actor who became well known for his Shakespearean roles. Most notably, he starred in films for directors Roman Polanski ("Macbeth", 1971) and Alfred Hitchcock ("Frenzy", 1972).


title: Jon Finch

text: Between 1950 and 1960, Finch was educated at Caterham School, an independent school in Caterham. Upon leaving school he turned down the offer of a place at the London School of Economics.


title: Jon Finch

text: After performing in amateur theatre groups and singing in a folk group, Finch did his National Service in The Parachute Regiment and stayed on as a member of the SAS Reserve Regiment, training at weekends and several nights a week. He resigned from the military as his acting commitments became more demanding, and said he was relieved to not have to go to Borneo during the Indonesian Confrontation (1963–66).


title: Jon Finch

text: In the early phase of his career, Finch appeared in episodes of "Crossroads", "The Fellows", "ITV Playhouse", "City '68", "Tom Grattan's War", "ITV Sunday Night Theatre " and "Thirty-Minute Theatre". He was in a number of episodes of "Z-Cars" and played Sir John Mortimer in a BBC play about Mary, Queen of Scots in 1969.


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch played the lead character, Simon King, in the BBC science fiction series "Counterstrike" (1969), one of the last BBC drama series made in black and white. One of the ten episodes made was never screened, owing to the broadcast in its place of a documentary about the Kray Twins when they were jailed.


title: Jon Finch

text: He also appeared in two Hammer Films productions, "The Vampire Lovers" (1970) and "The Horror of Frankenstein" (1970). He had a small role in the ground-breaking 1971 drama "Sunday Bloody Sunday", which starred the unrelated Peter Finch. He said his career at this stage "wasn't spectacular but it was interesting."


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch met Roman Polanski on a plane flight. That led to the actor being cast in the lead in Polanski's 1971 version of Shakespeare's "Macbeth". His casting was announced in October 1970, and was controversial, because Finch was so young and had not performed any Shakespeare previously.


title: Jon Finch

text: Alfred Hitchcock was looking for a lesser-known leading man for "Frenzy" (1972). He was impressed with the rushes for "Macbeth" and cast Finch. That in turn led to him being cast in "Lady Caroline Lamb" (1972), as William Lamb. Finch said at that stage of his career he wanted to make "one good film" a year and do theatre. He had two more films to do for Caliban, the company which made "Macbeth", and was going to write screenplays. Projects announced for him included an adaptation of Dostoevsky's "The Possessed" and a thriller "The Reporter".


title: Jon Finch

text: In "The Final Programme" (1973) he played Michael Moorcock's secret agent Jerry Cornelius. In April 1973, he was called "Europe's hottest young property of the moment", announced for "Gargantua" from Ken Russell and "Pantagruei" in Italy.


title: Jon Finch

text: However, while "Frenzy" was a hit, "Macbeth", "Lady Caroline Lamb" and "Final Programme" were commercial disappointments. Finch starred in "" (1974). In 1975, he played the title role in a BBC/ABC joint production series about Australia's first outlawed bushranger, Ben Hall.


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch was offered the role of James Bond in "Live and Let Die" (1973), but he declined the part and it went to Roger Moore. (citation?) He also declined a role in Richard Lester's "The Three Musketeers" (1973).


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch went to Europe to star in "Game of Seduction" (1976), directed by Roger Vadim, as well as "The Second Power" (1976) and "The Standard" (1977). He was credited as guest star in "The New Avengers" "Medium Rare" (1977)


title: Jon Finch

text: In 1977, he was the original choice for the role of Doyle, taken by Martin Shaw, in the British television series "The Professionals" (Shaw previously had played Banquo to Finch's Macbeth in Polanski's film). Finch withdrew at the last minute, claiming that he "couldn't possibly play a policeman".


title: Jon Finch

text: During 1978 and 1979, Finch played the role of Henry Bolingbroke in the BBC Television Shakespeare productions of "Richard II", "Henry IV, Part I" and "Henry IV, Part II", which also featured Derek Jacobi, John Gielgud, David Gwillim and Anthony Quayle in principal roles.


title: Jon Finch

text: At the end of the decade, Finch's roles in films included "Death on the Nile" (1978) and "La Sabina" (1979).


title: Jon Finch

text: He was cast as Kane in Ridley Scott's "Alien" (1979), but had to drop out after he fell ill on the first day of filming, and John Hurt was cast in his place.


title: Jon Finch

text: In 1980, Finch appeared in "Breaking Glass" and, in 1981, he played Luke the Evangelist in the television film "Peter and Paul", which featured Robert Foxworth and Anthony Hopkins in the title roles. He was in "Giro City" (1982) with Glenda Jackson and "Power Game" (1983), and played an SAS man in the TV series "The Odd Job Man" (1984). In 1984, he played Don Pedro in the BBC's "Much Ado About Nothing".


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch became increasingly associated with support roles like "Plaza Real" (1988) and "Streets of Yesterday", and guest starred on TV shows. On stage, he was the man inside the bandages in Ken Hill’s 1991 production of "The Invisible Man" at the Theatre Royal Stratford East.


title: Jon Finch

text: Occasional film roles include an appearance in "Darklands" (1997) and a small role as the Catholic Patriarch of Jerusalem in the Ridley Scott film "Kingdom of Heaven" (2005).


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch's body was discovered in his flat in Hastings, East Sussex, on 28 December 2012, after friends and family had become concerned for his welfare. He was 70 years old.


title: Jon Finch

text: While filming "Diagnosis: Murder" in 1974, Finch was more than 40 lbs underweight, passed out a couple times on set, and was then diagnosed with diabetes after being hospitalised for two weeks. In the early 1970s, until his diagnosis, he was also a racing car driver (single-seaters), but the condition prevented him from getting a racing driver licence.


title: Jon Finch

text: Finch was married once, to the actress Catriona MacColl. They wed in 1982 and divorced in 1987. He later had a daughter.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: "The Waters of Mars" is the third episode of the 2008–2010 specials of the British science fiction television series "Doctor Who", which was first broadcast on BBC One on 15 November 2009. It aired on BBC America on 19 December 2009 and was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the UK on 11 January 2010 and in the US on 2 February 2010.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: The story is set on Mars in the year 2059 where the Doctor encounters the first human colony, Bowie Base One. This is commanded by Captain Adelaide Brooke, who turns out to be a pivotal character in the history of humanity. The Doctor must decide whether to use his knowledge of her fate to change history. According to "Doctor Who" writer and producer Russell T Davies, the special is closely linked to the next two episodes but is not the first part of a three-part story.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: The special was dedicated to Barry Letts, the former writer and producer of "Doctor Who" who died in October 2009. The episode won the 2010 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: The Tenth Doctor arrives on Mars in 2059, near humanity's first Martian colony, Bowie Base One. He dons a spacesuit to walk to the base, where inside he is detained by its crew led by Captain Adelaide Brooke. As they interrogate him, he discovers that today is a "fixed point" in time; the base will explode, killing the entire crew, but Adelaide's death will inspire her granddaughter to explore the stars. He tries to stay uninvolved, but Adelaide forces him to assist her in responding to an alert from the remote biodome.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: Two crewmen, Andrew Stone and Tarak Ital, appear to be in a zombie-like state, generating copious amounts of water. A third crewmate, Margaret Caine gets infected and they quarantine her while sealing off the biodome. From observation, they discover that the infection is by an intelligent virus, the Flood, and now seeks to get to Earth. The Doctor suspects the Flood were sealed in the glacier the base was using for water by the Ice Warriors aeons ago, and a bad filter allowed the virus to infect the crew. Adelaide realises the remaining crew have not yet touched that source of water and are uninfected, and orders the crew to evacuate to their rocket back to Earth while setting the base to self-destruct. Before departing, the Doctor is forced to explain to Adelaide what he knows happens and why he cannot get involved.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: The Doctor starts walking back when he hears cries for help: the infected crew have broken the biodome seal and are now attacking the central hub with massive amounts of water, infecting several others. The rocket's pilot is infected, but he sacrifices himself by causing the rocket to self-destruct to strand the Flood, at the cost of stranding the remaining crew as well. The Doctor races back and rescues Adelaide and the last surviving crew, Yuri and Mia, via the TARDIS moments before the base destructs, killing all the infected beings and the Flood itself. He returns them to Earth, arriving outside Adelaide's home. The Doctor insists that he now has the power to change the future of the human race and no-one can stop him, declaring himself the 'Time Lord Victorious'. Understanding the wrongness of his actions and recognizing that the future cannot change, Adelaide steps into her home and kills herself. The Doctor is shocked; he realises that history has not changed save for knowledge of the base's fate from Yuri and Mia. Ood Sigma appears in the street. The Doctor sees this as a message and asks if it is time for him to die. Unresponsive, Sigma vanishes. Back in the TARDIS, the Doctor refuses to face his death and departs in the TARDIS.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: "The Waters of Mars" was originally conceived as a Christmas special with the title "Red Christmas". In this story's accompanying episode of "Doctor Who Confidential", it was confirmed that Bowie Base One is named after David Bowie, the writer and singer of "Life on Mars?". Filming for the special began on 23 February 2009. In late February, David Tennant, Duncan and other actors were seen filming in Victoria Place, Newport. The filming took place on a city street, which the production team covered with artificial snow. The glasshouse scenes were filmed in the National Botanic Garden of Wales, Carmarthenshire. Also present during filming were a small robot inscribed with the word "GADGET" and Ood Sigma from the 2008 episode "Planet of the Ood". The robot was included in a promotional image released on the official "Doctor Who" website.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: Producer Nikki Wilson described Captain Adelaide Brooke, played by actress Lindsay Duncan, as "the Doctor's cleverest and most strong-minded companion yet." David Tennant said, "Well, she's not really a companion like the others have been... She's very wary of the Doctor; she's not the sort of person you could imagine hooking up with him and riding off into the sunset... she's kind of the alpha male in the room, really. So, the Doctor has to learn to assume a slightly different role when he's around her."


title: The Waters of Mars

text: A 30-second teaser trailer for this episode aired after the broadcast of "Planet of the Dead". On 9 July 2009, a short clip of the episode was made available online. On 28 July 2009, a longer trailer was shown at the 2009 San Diego Comic Con, which was posted on the BBC website soon afterwards. On 8 November 2009, a short trailer was played on BBC One.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: According to overnight viewing figures, "The Waters of Mars" was watched by 9.1 million people. The episode also received an Appreciation Index score of 88 (considered Excellent). More accurate, consolidated statistics from the BARB state that official ratings ended up at 10.32 million viewers for the UK premiere and that "The Waters of Mars" was the fifth most watched programme of the week.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: "The Waters of Mars" achieved relatively high ratings in the United States, drawing over 1.1 million viewers: at the time the highest ever primetime rating for BBC America (later beaten by the Series 5 opener followed by the Series 6 opener).


title: The Waters of Mars

text: Critical reception was generally positive. Sam Wollaston of "The Guardian" complimented the episode for showing "a side to the Doctor ... that we haven't really seen before – indecisive, confused, at times simply plain wrong" and Tennant's tenure of the part overall as bringing "humanity and humour to the part", with his only criticism being of "the irritating little robot, Gadget". Though Robert Colvile of "The Daily Telegraph" criticised "the glaring inconsistencies" between this episode and the Doctor's previous frequent historical interventions, he complimented the scenario for "allow[ing] us to watch Tennant wrestle with his conscience and curiosity ... [in what] was a logical progression for the character".


title: The Waters of Mars

text: Like Wollaston, Colvile was "not sure what the children will have made of it, but it set things up intriguingly for Tennant’s final two-part adventure". Zap2it's Sam McPherson named it the fifth best Tenth Doctor episode, describing it as "fun" and "dark" and noting the character development of the Doctor.


title: The Waters of Mars

text: "The Waters of Mars" won the 2010 Hugo Award for Best Dramatic Presentation, Short Form, over the two previous "Doctor Who" specials, "The Next Doctor" and "Planet of the Dead".


title: The Waters of Mars

text: Selected pieces of score from this special, as composed by Murray Gold, were included in the specials soundtrack on 4 October 2010, released by Silva Screen Records.


title: Visu

text: Meenakshisundaram Ramasamy Viswanathan (1 July 1945 – 22 March 2020), best known by his stage name Visu, was an Indian writer, director, stage, film and television actor and talk-show host. Visu initially worked as an assistant to director K. Balachander until becoming a director himself. He later began acting, with his first film being "Kudumbam Oru Kadambam" (1981), directed by S. P. Muthuraman.


title: Visu

text: He started his career as a theatre artist, working with Y. G. Parthasarathy's drama troupe. He was writing scripts for stage dramas before getting into the film industry as an assistant to legendary director K. Balachander. During his time with Balachander, he wrote screenplays for numerous films including "Pattina Pravesam" (1977), "Avan Aval Adhu" (1980), "Thillu Mullu" (1981) and "Netrikkan" (1981). "Thillu Mullu" and "Netrikkan", which were both released in 1981, became box office hits for actor Rajinikanth.The script and the flawless screenplay gave Rajinikanth a platform to prove that he can do comedy and not just action movies. Visu made his debut as an actor in the film "Kudumbam Oru Kadambam" (1981), for which he also wrote the screenplay. The film was directed by S. P. Muthuraman. Though Visu acted as a protagonist in a few of his own films, he was largely known as a character artist.


title: Visu

text: His first film as a director was "Kanmani Poonga" (1982). Most of his films including "Manal Kayiru" (1982), "Dowry Kalyanam" (1983), "Samsaram Adhu Minsaram" (1986), "Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi" (1987), "Penmani Aval Kanmani" (1988), "Vedikkai En Vadikkai" (1990) and "Pattukottai Periyappa" (1994) spoke about the issues of urban middle-class families. These films, which were released in the mid-80s, turned out to be crowd pullers, particularly with regard to the female audience. His other super hit was "Chidambara Rahasiyam" (1985), which is considered a cult-classic.


title: Visu

text: "Samsaram Adhu Minsaram" (1986) was the first Tamil film to win the National Film Award for Best Popular Film Providing Wholesome Entertainment.


title: Visu

text: While he has directed a rage of actors on screen, he and his brother Kishmu used to star in his films as well in memorable roles. His film "Neenga Nalla Irukkanum" won the National Film Award for Best Film on Other Social Issues in 1992. Based on prohibition, the film was the last onscreen appearance of then chief minister, J. Jayalalithaa.


title: Visu

text: He has also shared the screen with Rajinikanth in "Nallavanukku Nallavan" (1984), "Mr. Bharath" (1986), "Mannan" (1992), "Uzhaippali" (1993) and "Arunachalam" (1997).


title: Visu

text: During the ending phase of his career, he made movies which did not leave a lasting mark on the audience as "Vaa Magale Vaa" (1994), "Meendum Savithri" (1996) and "Sigamani Ramamani" (2001).


title: Visu

text: Actor and stage artiste S. Ve. Shekher, who has worked in over 20 films with Visu, said that he was an extremely disciplined and committed.


title: Visu

text: As an actor, he was last seen in "Manal Kayiru 2" (2016), the sequel to one of his earliest directorial successes, "Manal Kayiru".


title: Visu

text: In Visu's films, all the characters were given equal importance. Often, there was huge house wherein a joint family would reside and the character of Visu would solve their problems. Many of Visu's film titles contain rhyming words, such as "Kudumbam Oru Kadambam", "Samsaram Adhu Minsaram", "Thirumathi Oru Vegumathi", "Kavalan Avan Kovalan", "Penmani Aval Kanmani", "Varavu Nalla Uravu" and "Vedikkai En Vadikkai". His films focused on many family issues like dowry, need of remarriage for women, mother in law-daughter in law disputes and so on which were occurring that time. In most of the films he directed there is a character named Uma, named after one of his school teachers.


title: Visu

text: A philanthropist, Visu had been supporting the needy through his own foundation. He became known for hosting live debates on television, namely "Arattai Arangam" on Sun TV and "Visuvin Makkal Arangam" on Jaya TV. He joined and campaigned for BJP.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Janusz Korczak, the pen name of Henryk Goldszmit (22 July 1878 or 1879 – 7 August 1942), was a Polish Jewish educator, children's author and pedagogue known as "Pan Doktor" ("Mr. Doctor") or "Stary Doktor" ("Old Doctor"). After spending many years working as a principal of an orphanage in Warsaw, he refused sanctuary repeatedly and stayed with his orphans when the entire population of the institution was sent from the Ghetto to the Treblinka extermination camp during the Grossaktion Warschau of 1942.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak was born in Warsaw in 1878. He was unsure of his birth date, which he attributed to his father's failure to promptly acquire a birth certificate for him. His parents were Józef Goldszmit, a respected lawyer from a family of proponents of the haskalah, and Cecylia "née" Gębicka, daughter of a prominent Kalisz family. Born to a Jewish family, he was an agnostic in his later life who did not believe in forcing religion on children. His father fell ill around 1890 and was admitted to a mental hospital, where he died six years later on 25 April 1896. Spacious apartments were given up on Miodowa street, then Świętojerska. As his family's financial situation worsened, Henryk, while still attending the gymnasium (the current ), began to work as a tutor for other pupils. In 1896 he debuted on the literary scene with a satirical text on raising children, "Węzeł gordyjski" ("The Gordian Knot").


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In 1898, he used "Janusz Korczak" as a pen name in the Ignacy Jan Paderewski Literary Contest. The name originated from the book "O Janaszu Korczaku i pięknej Miecznikównie" by Józef Ignacy Kraszewski. In the 1890s he studied in the Flying University. During the years 1898–1904 Korczak studied medicine at the University of Warsaw and also wrote for several Polish language newspapers. After graduation, he became a pediatrician. In 1905−1912 Korczak worked at Bersohns and Baumans Children's Hospital in Warsaw. During the Russo-Japanese War, in 1905–06 he served as a military doctor. Meanwhile, his book "Child of the Drawing Room" ("Dziecko salonu") gained him some literary recognition.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In 1907–08, Korczak went to study in Berlin. While working for the Orphans' Society in 1909, he met Stefania Wilczyńska, his future closest associate. In 1911–1912, he became a director of "Dom Sierot" in Warsaw, an orphanage of his own design for Jewish children. He hired Wilczyńska as his assistant. There he formed a kind-of-a-republic for children with its own small parliament, court, and a newspaper. He reduced his other duties as a doctor. Some of his descriptions of the summer camp for Jewish children in this period and subsequently were later published in his "Fragmenty Utworów" and have been translated into English.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: During World War I, in 1914 Korczak became a military doctor with the rank of lieutenant. He served again as a military doctor in the Polish Army with the rank of major during the Polish-Soviet War, but after a brief stint in Łódź was assigned to Warsaw. After the wars, he continued his practice in Warsaw. Korczak was a lifelong bachelor and had no biological children of his own.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In 1926, Korczak arranged for the children of the "Dom Sierot" (Orphan House) to begin their own newspaper, the "Mały Przegląd" ("Little Review"), as a weekly attachment to the daily Polish-Jewish newspaper "Nasz Przegląd" ("Our Review"). In these years, his secretary was the noted Polish novelist Igor Newerly. His orphanage was supported by the CENTOS Polish-Jewish charity.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: During the 1930s, he had his own radio program where he promoted and popularized the rights of children. In 1933, he was awarded the Silver Cross of the Polonia Restituta. Between 1934–36, Korczak travelled every year to Mandate Palestine and visited its kibbutzim. Additionally, it spurred his estrangement with the non-Jewish orphanage for which he had also been working. A letter he wrote indicates that he had some intentions to move to Palestine, but in the end, he felt he couldn’t leave his children behind. He stayed in Poland, even when Wilczyńska went to live in Palestine in 1938 and continued his role as headmaster.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In 1939, when World War II erupted, Korczak volunteered for duty in the Polish Army but was refused due to his age. He witnessed the "Wehrmacht" takeover of Warsaw. When the Germans created the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940, his orphanage was forced to move from its building, "Dom Sierot" at Krochmalna 92, to the Ghetto (first to Chłodna 33 and later to Sienna 16 / Śliska 9). Korczak moved in with them. In July, Janusz Korczak decided that the children in the orphanage should put on Rabindranath Tagore's play "The Post Office".


title: Janusz Korczak

text: On 5 or 6 August 1942, German soldiers came to collect the 192 orphans (there is some debate about the actual number: it may have been 196) and about one dozen staff members to transport them to the Treblinka extermination camp. Korczak had been offered sanctuary on the "Aryan side" by the Polish underground organization Żegota, but turned it down repeatedly, saying that he could not abandon his children. On 5 August, he again refused offers of sanctuary, insisting that he would go with the children, asserting his belief: "You do not leave a sick child in the night, and you do not leave children at a time like this".


title: Janusz Korczak

text: The children were dressed in their best clothes, and each carried a blue knapsack and a favorite book or toy. Joshua Perle, an eyewitness whose wartime writings were saved in the Ringelblum Archive, described the procession of Korczak and the children through the Ghetto to the "Umschlagplatz" (deportation point to the death camps):


title: Janusz Korczak

text: According to eyewitnesses, when the group of orphans finally reached the "Umschlagplatz", an SS officer recognized Korczak as the author of one of his favorite children's books and offered to help him escape. In another version, the officer was acting officially, as the Nazi authorities had in mind some kind of "special treatment" for Korczak (some prominent Jews with international reputations were sent to Theresienstadt). Whatever the offer, Korczak once again refused. He boarded the trains with the children and was never heard from again. Korczak's evacuation from the Ghetto is also mentioned in Władysław Szpilman's book "The Pianist":


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Sometime after, there were rumours that the trains had been diverted and that Korczak and the children had survived. There was, however, no basis to these stories. Most likely, Korczak, along with Wilczyńska and most of the children, was murdered in a gas chamber after arriving at Treblinka. A separate account of Korczak's departure is given in Mary Berg's Warsaw Ghetto diary:


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak's best known writing is his fiction and pedagogy, and his most popular works have been widely translated. His main pedagogical texts have been translated into English, but of his fiction, , only two of his novels have been translated into English: "King Matt the First" and "Kaytek the Wizard."


title: Janusz Korczak

text: As the date of Korczak's death was not officially established, his date of death for legal purposes was established in 1954 by a Polish court as 9 May 1946, a standard ruling for people whose death date was not documented but in all likelihood occurred during World War II. The copyright to all works by Korczak was subsequently acquired by The Polish Book Institute (Instytut Książki), a cultural institution and publishing house affiliated with the Polish government. In 2012 the Institute's rights were challenged by the Modern Poland Foundation, whose goal was to establish by court trial that Korczak died in 1942 so that Korczak's works would be available in the public domain as of 1 January 2013. The Foundation won the case in 2015 and subsequently started to digitise Korczak's works and release them as public domain e-books.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak's overall literary oeuvre covers the period 1896 to 8 August 1942. It comprises works for both children and adults and includes literary pieces, social journalism, articles and pedagogical essays, together with some scraps of unpublished work, totalling over twenty books, over 1,400 texts published in around 100 publications, and around 300 texts in manuscript or typescript form. A complete edition of his works is planned for 2012.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak often employed the form of a fairy tale in order to prepare his young readers for the dilemmas and difficulties of real adult life, and the need to make responsible decisions.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In the 1923 "King Matt the First" ("Król Maciuś Pierwszy") and its sequel "King Matt on the Desert Island" ("Król Maciuś na wyspie bezludnej") Korczak depicted a child prince who is catapulted to the throne by the sudden death of his father, and who must learn from various mistakes:


title: Janusz Korczak

text: He tries to read and answer all his mail by himself and finds that the volume is too much and he needs to rely on secretaries; he is exasperated with his ministers and has them arrested, but soon realises that he does not know enough to govern by himself, and is forced to release the ministers and institute constitutional monarchy; when a war breaks out he does not accept being shut up in his palace, but slips away and joins up, pretending to be a peasant boy - and narrowly avoids becoming a POW; he takes the offer of a friendly journalist to publish for him a "royal paper" -and finds much later that he gets carefully edited news and that the journalist is covering up the gross corruption of the young king's best friend; he tries to organise the children of all the world to hold processions and demand their rights – and ends up antagonising other kings; he falls in love with a black African princess and outrages racist opinion (by modern standards, however, Korczak's depiction of blacks is itself not completely free of stereotypes which were current at the time of writing); finally, he is overthrown by the invasion of three foreign armies and exiled to a desert island, where he must come to terms with reality – and finally does.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In 2012, another book by Korczak was translated into English. "Kajtuś the Wizard" ("Kajtuś czarodziej") (1933) anticipated Harry Potter in depicting a schoolboy who gains magic powers, and it was very popular during the 1930s, both in Polish and in translation to several other languages. Kajtuś has, however, a far more difficult path than Harry Potter: he has no Hogwarts-type School of Magic where he could be taught by expert mages, but must learn to use and control his powers all by himself - and most importantly, to learn his limitations.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak's "The Persistent Boy" was a biography of the French scientist Louis Pasteur, adapted for children - as stated in the preface - from a 685-page French biography that Korczak read. The book clearly aims to portray Pasteur as a role model for the child reader. A considerable part of the book is devoted to Pasteur's childhood and boyhood, and his relations with parents, teachers and schoolmates. It is emphasised that Pasteur, destined for world-wide fame, started from inauspicious beginnings - born to poor working-class parents in an obscure French provincial town and attending a far from high-quality school. There, he was far from a star pupil, his marks often falling below average. As repeatedly emphasised by Korczak, Pasteur's achievements, both in childhood and in later academic and scientific career, were mainly due to persistence (as hinted in the title), a relentless and eventually successful effort to overcome his limitations and early failures.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In his pedagogical works, Korczak shares much of his experience of dealing with difficult children. Korczak's ideas were further developed by many other pedagogues such as Simon Soloveychik and Erich Dauzenroth.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak spoke against corporal punishment of children at a time when such treatment was considered a parental entitlement or even duty. In "The Child's Right to Respect" (1929), he wrote,


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Korczak is commemorated in a number of monuments and plaques in Poland, mainly in Warsaw. The best known of them is the cenotaph located at the Okopowa Street Jewish Cemetery, which serves as his symbolic grave. It is a monumental sculpture of Korczak leading his children to the trains. Created originally by Mieczysław Smorczewski in 1982, the monument was recast in bronze in 2002. The original was re-erected at the boarding school for children with special needs in Borzęciczki, which is named after Janusz Korczak.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: However, the monument set up in the Świętokrzyski Park in 2006 is not only the largest but also, due to its very convenient location, the most frequently visited by school trips and tourists monument commemorating Korczak. Every year, around June 1, on Children's Day, trips from Warsaw schools go to the monument.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: Due to decommunization policies, the Nikolay Bauman street in Kyiv, Ukraine was renamed after Korczak in 2016.


title: Janusz Korczak

text: In addition to theater, opera, TV, and film adaptations of his works, such as "King Matt the First" and "Kaytek the Wizard," there have been a number of works about Korczak, inspired by him, or featuring him as a character.


title: Madonna filmography

text: Madonna has worked in twenty-seven feature films (twenty-two as an actress), ten short films, three theatrical plays, ten television episodes, and appeared in sixteen commercials. Madonna's acting career has attracted a largely negative reception from critics. Stephanie Zacharek from "Salon" stated: "[Madonna] seems wooden and unnatural as an actress, and it's tough to watch, because she's clearly trying her damnedest."


title: Madonna filmography

text: Her first foray documented into screen acting, is a one-minute student film called "The Egg" (filmed around 1974 or 1976). In 1979, before her breakthrough, she made her acting debut in the low-budget feature "A Certain Sacrifice"; its release was delayed for several years until 1985 to capitalize on the popularity of her second studio album, "Like a Virgin". That same year, she made a cameo appearance as a club singer in the film "Vision Quest"; and garnered commercial and critical success for the title role in Susan Seidelman's "Desperately Seeking Susan", which was her first first major screen role. The following year, she made her theatrical debut in David Rabe's "Goose and Tom-Tom" and her first commercial for Mitsubishi in Japan. She also starred opposite her then-husband actor Sean Penn in the adventure drama "Shanghai Surprise" (1986), which was panned by critics and earned Madonna her first Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress. Her follow-up films "Who's That Girl" (1987) and "Bloodhounds of Broadway" (1989) were also critical and commercial failures. She teamed with Pepsi-Cola in 1989 for a commercial to launch the single "Like a Prayer", but the commercial was revoked and her contract with Pepsi cancelled due to controversy surrounding the song's music video.


title: Madonna filmography

text: In 1990, Madonna starred as Breathless Mahoney in Warren Beatty's "Dick Tracy", an adaption of Chester Gould's comic strip starring the character of the same name. Starring opposite Beatty and Al Pacino, Madonna received a Saturn Award nomination for Best Actress. The following year, the documentary "" showcased Madonna behind the scenes of her 1990 Blond Ambition World Tour and became the highest-grossing documentary of all time at that point. She also received positive reviews for her role in the ensemble sports comedy-drama "A League of Their Own" (1992), which centered on a women's baseball team during World War II. However, her performance in the erotic thriller "Body of Evidence" was widely panned, and the film was a commercial failure. She cameoed in several films over the next few years, such as "Blue in the Face" (1995) and Spike Lee's "Girl 6" (1996), until starring in the 1996 film adaptation of Andrew Lloyd Webber's musical "Evita". Her performance as Eva Perón was acclaimed by critics and won her a Golden Globe Award for Best Actress – Motion Picture Musical or Comedy.


title: Madonna filmography

text: Following a musical comeback in the late 1990s, Madonna again returned to acting with the romantic comedies "The Next Best Thing" (2000) and "Swept Away" (2002), the latter of which was a remake of Lina Wertmüller's Italian film of the same name directed by her then-husband director Guy Ritchie. Both films were critical and commercial failures, with "Swept Away" earning Madonna another Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Actress. She also had a cameo appearance in and performed the theme song of the James Bond film "Die Another Day" (2002) and guest starred on the NBC sitcom "Will & Grace" in April 2003. In 2006, she made her final major acting appearance to date with a voice role in "Arthur and the Invisibles".


title: Madonna filmography

text: In the 2000s, Madonna has largely moved away from acting to focus on roles behind the camera. She served as executive producer of the teen comedy action film "Agent Cody Banks" (2003), as well as "" the following year. She made her directorial debut with the comedy-drama "Filth and Wisdom" (2008), and followed up with the biographical film "W.E." (2011). Madonna has also focused on projects focusing on artistic freedom and human rights, producing and writing the documentary "I Am Because We Are" and co-directing the short film "secretprojectrevolution" (2013) with Steven Klein.


title: Dia (film)

text: Dia is a 2020 Indian Kannada-language romantic drama film written and directed by K S Ashoka, and produced by D Krishna Chaitanya under Sri Swarnalatha Productions. The film stars Kushee Ravi, Prithvi Ambar and Dheekshith Shetty, with a music score by B. Ajaneesh Loknath. It was released in India on 7 February 2020. The film was remade in Telugu as "Dear Megha" (2021). The director remade the movie in Hindi as "Dear Dia" with Prithvi reprising his role. The director also remade the movie in Marathi with Prithvi again reprising his role.


title: Dia (film)

text: Dia Swaroop, a biotechnology student is an introvert girl living in Bengaluru. She develops a crush on her senior Rohit, but due to her introversion fails to express her feelings before Rohit moves out of the country. Dismayed, she goes about her routine life. After three years, Dia encounters Rohit again in Mumbai where she has moved and is working. Unable to overcome her introversion again she fails to talk to him. However, Rohit talks to her and they both gradually develop a bond. Rohit reveals that she was his crush and proposes his love for her. She confesses and accepts him. One night as they were returning from a movie, they are met with an accident. As Dia wakes up in the hospital and asks for Rohit, she's told by her uncle that Rohit died. Unable to accept Rohit's death, Dia goes into severe depression and decides to kill herself at the railway crossings. As she stands waiting for the oncoming train she's interrupted by a phone call from a good samaritan, Adi, who had retrieved Dia's bag from a thief, which she wasn't even aware of. Miffed at the interruption she tells him to keep it and not to call her again. Coincidentally Adi and Dia keep bumping into each other and Dia reveals her past to him. With his happy-go-lucky nature and charm Adi manages to bring Dia out of her turmoil and develops a friendship with her. Soon they realize how much they like being with each other and confess their love. Dia returns happily to Mumbai, where she's shocked to find Rohit waiting for her. It is revealed that Rohit was declared brain dead with no certainty of him returning hence her father lied to Dia so that she will move on. Miserable, she calls Adi and tells him. Adi, although heartbroken, tells Dia to live happily with Rohit. Adi gets to know of Dia's reception and goes to see her for one last time despite his mother forbidding him. He meets a disheartened Dia and happy Rohit and wishes them well and returns home. There he finds that his mother died due to massive cardiac arrest and that she could have been saved if someone was around her. Meanwhile, Dia confesses everything to Rohit, and distressed Rohit tells her to go back to Adi so that she will be happy. Elated, Dia goes to Adi's home and finds him missing. She searches for him everywhere until an auto driver reveals that Adi has gone to the same place she went to commit suicide. Adi, feeling immense guilt over his mother's death and feeling unable to live without his mother and Dia, has decided to commit suicide at the railway crossings. He prays to God one last time for the happiness of Dia and waits for the train. Dia frantically reaches him on time and calls him out. Adi turns to her surprised and awestruck that he forgets to move and gets hit by the train as a startled Dia watches on.


title: Dia (film)

text: "Dia" is KS Ashoka's second feature film which comes seven years after his successful debut with the horror film "6-5=2". The story is centered on the external and internal experiences and dialogues of the female protagonist. Ashoka decided to use an instrumental score with no songs in similarity to European romance films. The film has been shot in Bangalore, Karwar, Kudremukh and Mumbai.


title: Dia (film)

text: B. Ajaneesh Loknath composed the music score which has no songs in the film but had one promotional song, "Soul of Dia".


title: Dia (film)

text: The film was made available to stream on OTT platform Amazon Prime on 8 March 2020, while its satellite rights were acquired by Zee Kannada.


title: Dia (film)

text: Reviewing "Dia" for The Times of India, Sunayana Suresh gave four stars from five, praising the realism of the story, the three main performances, the cinematography, and the music score. Suresh concluded: " ... the film is for those who want to experience cinema in a brave new style sans the commercial staples ... ". In his review for The Hindu, S.Shiva Kumar praised the direction, acting, writing and music score while criticizing the conclusion as too abrupt. Kumar commented: " ... The acting is first-rate particularly Kushee and Pruvthvi. Pavithra Lokesh is all grace and poise in a beautifully written role ...". In the Deccan Herald, Vivek MV praised the direction, music score, and the performances of Shetty and Ambar while criticizing both the plot as largely predictable and the performance of Kushee. Asianet News praised the performance of Kushee and the screenplay apart from the slow beginning. For the New Indian Express, A.Sharadhaa gave four stars from five with praise for the screenplay, direction, performances, music and cinematography. Sharadhaa commented: " ... With a skillfully told love story - one that is not generic - the director creates a unique kind of euphoria with heartbreaks ...".


title: Kirloskar Group

text: Kirloskar Group is an Indian conglomerate, headquartered in Pune. The group exports to over 70 countries over most of Africa, Southeast Asia and Europe. The flagship and holding company, Kirloskar Brothers Ltd, established in 1888, is India's largest maker of pumps and valves. It was the manufacturer of India's first modern iron plough. One of the group companies is a major component supplier for the indigenous Arihant Nuclear Submarine program.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: The Kirloskar group of companies was one of the earliest industrial groups in the engineering industry in India. The group produces centrifugal pumps, engines, compressors, screw & centrifugal chillers, lathes and electrical equipments like electric motors, transformers and generators. While Laxmanrao Kirloskar, established the group in 1888, his son Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar played a role in the leadership of the company. The company under Shantanurao Laxmanrao Kirloskar achieved one of the highest growth rates in Indian history, with 32,401% growth of assets from 1950 to 1991.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: In 1988, Rajiv Gandhi, the then Prime Minister of India released a commemorative stamp marking the Kirloskar Group's 100th anniversary.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: In 1974, in cooperation with Deutz-Fahr of Germany, Kirloskar began manufacturing tractors. They have since ceased tractor production.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: The Kirloskar Group also set up India's second oldest township Kirloskarwadi in Maharashtra, which celebrated its centennial in 2010.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: Kirloskar Brothers Limited Kirloskarvadi, Palus , SPP Pumps (UK), Kirloskar Ebara Pumps Kirloskarvadi Palus ., Braybar Pumps Ltd., (South Africa) and Kolhapur Steels Ltd. Kirloskar Brothers produces Centrifugal pumps from 0.1 kW to 26 mega-watts single pumps, pumping liquids in excess of 35,000 liters/sec thus producing some of the largest pumps by size and horsepower. Kirloskar Brothers Limited was established in 1888.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: KOEL manufactures air-cooled and liquid-cooled diesel engines and power generating sets ranging from a power output of 2.1 kVA to 1010 kVA and solutions ranging up to 5200 kVA. KOEL manufacturing facilities are located in Kagal, Nashik and Rajkot. They also offer engines operating on alternative fuels such as biodiesel, and natural gas. Their generating sets are branded as KOEL Green Gensets in India and Kirloskar Green for exports. KOEL also has significant presence outside India, with local offices set up in Dubai, South Africa, Kenya and Texas.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: KPCL has four strategic business units, namely, Air Compressor Division (ACD), Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Division (ACR), Process Gas Systems Division (PGS) and Transmission Division (TRM).


title: Kirloskar Group

text: ACD offers Air and Gas Compressors from 30 to 10,000 CFM rated capacities; Open-Type Refrigeration Compressors (50 to 500 TR), Vapor Absorption Chillers (90 to 500 TR) and Refrigeration Systems (up to 800 TR).


title: Kirloskar Group

text: KPCL offers CNG packages with suction pressure of 0.5 to 65 bar and gas flow of 300 to 3,500 SCMH, American Petroleum Institute (API) gas compression packages range from 50 CFM to 6000 CFM. The company also offers wind turbine gearbox ranging from a rated capacity of up to 2.5 MW and industrial gearboxes rated up to 16 MW.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: Produces centrifugal chillers from 250 TR to 2400 TR and air-cooled and water-cooled screw chillers from 40 TR to 550 TR for air conditioning and process cooling applications. It also offers products for hot water generation including chillers with desuperheaters & heat pumps.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: Established in 1995, Kirloskar Chillers is the largest chiller manufacturer in India, and the first to have its products certified under the AHRI 550/590 certification program. The factory at Saswad, near Pune, also has the first AHRI-certified chiller test facility in India. It is also the only Indian company to manufacture centrifugal & screw chillers under one roof.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: Kirloskar Brothers Ltd created the world's largest irrigation project, which was commissioned in March 2007, the Sardar Sarovar Dam project for the Gujarat Government. This was done for Sardar Sarovar Narmada Nigam, and on 14 March 2008, commissioned the world's second largest water supply system, with the world's highest head in Andhra Pradesh. Kirloskar Brothers is associated with India's nuclear program and has made canned motor pumps for pumping heavy water which are deployed at Indian Nuclear Power Plants. Kirloskar Brothers Limited is also a supplier of FM UL certified pumps along with its subsidiary SPP Pumps (UK). It was the first Indian company to get FM certification for its valves. Kirloskar Brothers has a presence in numerous countries including Egypt.


title: Kirloskar Group

text: Kirloskar Brothers Ltd is also one of the first pump companies to have an all women operated and managed manufacturing plant at Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The company was one of the country's top ten wealth creators in 2007.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape architecture is the design of outdoor areas, landmarks, and structures to achieve environmental, social-behavioural, or aesthetic outcomes. It involves the systematic design and general engineering of various structures for construction and human use, investigation of existing social, ecological, and soil conditions and processes in the landscape, and the design of other interventions that will produce desired outcomes. The scope of the profession is broad and can be subdivided into several sub-categories including professional or licensed landscape architects who are regulated by governmental agencies and possess the expertise to design a wide range of structures and landforms for human use; landscape design which is not a licensed profession; site planning; stormwater management; erosion control; environmental restoration; parks, recreation and urban planning; visual resource management; green infrastructure planning and provision; and private estate and residence landscape master planning and design; all at varying scales of design, planning and management. A practitioner in the profession of landscape architecture may be called a landscape architect, however in jurisdictions where professional licenses are required it is often only those who possess a landscape architect license who can be called a landscape architect.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape architecture is a multi-disciplinary field, incorporating aspects of urban design, architecture, geography, ecology, civil engineering, structural engineering, horticulture, environmental psychology, industrial design, soil sciences, botany, and fine arts. The activities of a landscape architect can range from the creation of public parks and parkways to site planning for campuses and corporate office parks; from the design of residential estates to the design of civil infrastructure; and from the management of large wilderness areas to reclamation of degraded landscapes such as mines or landfills. Landscape architects work on structures and external spaces in the landscape aspect of the design – large or small, urban, suburban and rural, and with "hard" (built) and "soft" (planted) materials, while integrating ecological sustainability. The most valuable contribution can be made at the first stage of a project to generate ideas with technical understanding and creative flair for the design, organization, and use of spaces. The landscape architect can conceive the overall concept and prepare the master plan, from which detailed design drawings and technical specifications are prepared. They can also review proposals to authorize and supervise contracts for the construction work. Other skills include preparing design impact assessments, conducting environmental assessments and audits, and serving as an expert witness at inquiries on land use issues. The majority of their time will most likely be spent inside an office building designing and preparing models for clients.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape Architects are generally required to have university or graduate education from an accredited landscape architecture degree program, which can vary in length and degree title. They learn how to create projects from scratch, such as residential or commercial planting and designing outdoor living spaces they are willing to work with others to get a better outcome for the customers when doing a project; they will have to learn the basics of how to create a project on a manner of time and will require to get your license in a certain state to be allowed to work; students of Landscape Architects will learn how to interact with clients and will learn how to explain a design from scratch when giving the final project.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape architecture has been taught in the University of Manchester since the 1950s. The course in the Manchester School of Architecture enables students to gain various bachelor's and master's degrees, including MLPM(Hons) which is accredited by the Landscape Institute and by the Royal Town Planning Institute. "


title: Landscape architecture

text: For the period before 1800, the history of landscape gardening (later called landscape architecture) is largely that of master planning and garden design for manor houses, palaces and royal properties, religious complexes, and centers of government. An example is the extensive work by André Le Nôtre for King Louis XIV of France at the Palace of Versailles. The first person to write of "making" a landscape was Joseph Addison in 1712. The term landscape architecture was invented by Gilbert Laing Meason in 1828, and John Claudius Loudon (1783–1843) was instrumental in the adoption of the term landscape architecture by the modern profession. He took up the term from Meason and gave it publicity in his Encyclopedias and in his 1840 book on the "Landscape Gardening and Landscape Architecture of the Late Humphry Repton".


title: Landscape architecture

text: The practice of landscape architecture spread from the Old to the New World. The term "landscape architect" was used as a professional title by Frederick Law Olmsted in the United States in 1863 and


title: Landscape architecture

text: Andrew Jackson Downing, another early American landscape designer, was editor of "The Horticulturist" magazine (1846–52). In 1841 his first book, "A Treatise on the Theory and Practice of Landscape Gardening, Adapted to North America", was published to a great success; it was the first book of its kind published in the United States. During the latter 19th century, the term landscape architect began to be used by professional landscapes designers, and was firmly established after Frederick Law Olmsted, Jr. and Beatrix Jones (later Farrand) with others founded the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA) in 1899. IFLA was founded at Cambridge, England, in 1948 with Sir Geoffrey Jellicoe as its first president, representing 15 countries from Europe and North America. Later, in 1978, IFLA's Headquarters were established in Versailles.


title: Landscape architecture

text: The variety of the professional tasks that landscape architects collaborate on is very broad, but some examples of project types include:


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape managers use their knowledge of landscape processes to advise on the long-term care and development of the landscape. They often work in forestry, nature conservation and agriculture.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape scientists have specialist skills such as soil science, hydrology, geomorphology or botany that they relate to the practical problems of landscape work. Their projects can range from site surveys to the ecological assessment of broad areas for planning or management purposes. They may also report on the impact of development or the importance of particular species in a given area.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape planners are concerned with landscape planning for the location, scenic, ecological and recreational aspects of urban, rural, and coastal land use. Their work is embodied in written statements of policy and strategy, and their remit includes master planning for new developments, landscape evaluations and assessments, and preparing countryside management or policy plans. Some may also apply an additional specialism such as landscape archaeology or law to the process of landscape planning.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Green roof (or more specifically, vegetative roof) designers design extensive and intensive roof gardens for stormwater management, evapo-transpirative cooling, sustainable architecture, aesthetics, and habitat creation.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Through the 19th century, urban planning became a focal point and central issue in cities. The combination of the tradition of landscape gardening and the emerging field of urban planning offered landscape architecture an opportunity to serve these needs. In the second half of the century, Frederick Law Olmsted completed a series of parks that continue to have a significant influence on the practices of landscape architecture today. Among these were Central Park in New York City, Prospect Park in Brooklyn, New York and Boston's Emerald Necklace park system. Jens Jensen designed sophisticated and naturalistic urban and regional parks for Chicago, Illinois, and private estates for the Ford family including Fair Lane and Gaukler Point. One of the original eleven founding members of the American Society of Landscape Architects (ASLA), and the only woman, was Beatrix Farrand. She was design consultant for over a dozen universities including: Princeton in Princeton, New Jersey; Yale in New Haven, Connecticut; and the Arnold Arboretum for Harvard in Boston, Massachusetts. Her numerous private estate projects include the landmark Dumbarton Oaks in the Georgetown neighborhood of Washington, D.C. Since that time, other architects – most notably Ruth Havey and Alden Hopkins – changed certain elements of the Farrand design.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Since this period urban planning has developed into a separate independent profession that has incorporated important contributions from other fields such as civil engineering, architecture and public administration. Urban Planners are qualified to perform tasks independent of landscape architects, and in general, the curriculum of landscape architecture programs do not prepare students to become urban planners.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape architecture continues to develop as a design discipline and to respond to the various movements in architecture and design throughout the 20th and 21st centuries. Thomas Church was a mid-century landscape architect significant in the profession. Roberto Burle Marx in Brazil combined the International style and native Brazilian plants and culture for a new aesthetic. Innovation continues today solving challenging problems with contemporary design solutions for master planning, landscapes, and gardens.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Ian McHarg was known for introducing environmental concerns in landscape architecture. He popularized a system of analyzing the layers of a site in order to compile a complete understanding of the qualitative attributes of a place. This system became the foundation of today's Geographic Information Systems (GIS). McHarg would give every qualitative aspect of the site a layer, such as the history, hydrology, topography, vegetation, etc. GIS software is ubiquitously used in the landscape architecture profession today to analyze materials in and on the Earth's surface and is similarly used by urban planners, geographers, forestry and natural resources professionals, etc.


title: Landscape architecture

text: In many countries, a professional institute, comprising members of the professional community, exists in order to protect the standing of the profession and promote its interests, and sometimes also regulate the practice of landscape architecture. The standard and strength of legal regulations governing landscape architecture practice varies from nation to nation, with some requiring licensure in order to practice; and some having little or no regulation. In Europe, North America, parts of South America, Australia, India, and New Zealand, landscape architecture is a regulated profession.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Since 1889, with the arrival of the French architect and urbanist landscaper Carlos Thays, recommended to recreate the National Capital's parks and public gardens, it was consolidated an apprentice and training program in landscaping that eventually became a regulated profession, currently the leading academic institution is the UBA University of Buenos Aires""UBA Facultad de Arquitectura, Diseño y Urbanismo"" (Faculty of Architecture, Design and Urbanism) offering a Bacherlor's degree in Urban Landscaping Design and Planning, the profession itself is regulated by the National Ministry of Urban Planning of Argentina and the Institute of the Buenos Aires Botanical Garden.


title: Landscape architecture

text: The Australian Institute of Landscape Architects (AILA) provides accreditation of university degrees and non-statutory professional registration for landscape architects. Once recognized by AILA, landscape architects use the title 'Registered Landscape Architect' across the six states and territories within Australia.


title: Landscape architecture

text: AILA's system of professional recognition is a national system overseen by the AILA National Office in Canberra. To apply for AILA Registration, an applicant usually needs to satisfy a number of pre-requisites, including university qualification, a minimum number years of practice and a record of professional experience.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape Architecture within Australia covers a broad spectrum of planning, design, management, and research. From specialist design services for government and private sector developments through to specialist professional advice as an expert witness.


title: Landscape architecture

text: In Canada, landscape architecture, like law and medicine, is a self-regulating profession pursuant to provincial statute. For example, Ontario's profession is governed by the Ontario Association of Landscape Architects pursuant to the "Ontario Association of Landscape Architects Act". Landscape architects in Ontario, British Columbia, and Alberta must complete the specified components of L.A.R.E (Landscape Architecture Registration Examination) as a prerequisite to full professional standing.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Provincial regulatory bodies are members of a national organization, the Canadian Society of Landscape Architects / L'Association des Architectes Paysagistes du Canada (CSLA-AAPC), and individual membership in the CSLA-AAPC is obtained through joining one of the provincial or territorial components.


title: Landscape architecture

text: ISLA (Indonesia Society of Landscape Architects) is the Indonesian society for professional landscape architects formed on 4 February 1978 and is a member of IFLA APR and IFLA World. The main aim is to increase the dignity of the professional members of landscape architects by increasing their activity role in community service, national and international development. The management of IALI consists of National Administrators who are supported by 20 Regional Administrators (Provincial level) and 3 Branch Managers at city level throughout Indonesia.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape architecture education in Indonesia was held in 18 universities, which graduated D3, Bachelor and Magister graduates. The landscape architecture education incorporate in Association of Indonesian Landscape Architecture Education.


title: Landscape architecture

text: AIAPP (Associazione Italiana Architettura del Paesaggio) is the Italian association of professional landscape architects formed in 1950 and is a member of IFLA and IFLA Europe (formerly known as EFLA). AIAPP is in the process of contesting this new law which has given the Architects' Association the new title of Architects, Landscape Architects, Planners and Conservationists whether or not they have had any training or experience in any of these fields other than Architecture.


title: Landscape architecture

text: The New Zealand Institute of Landscape Architects (NZILA) is the professional body for Landscape Architects in NZ.


title: Landscape architecture

text: In April 2013, NZILA jointly with AILA, hosted the 50th International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA) World Congress in Auckland, New Zealand. The World Congress is an international conference where Landscape Architects from all around the globe meet to share ideas around a particular topic.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Within NZ, Members of NZILA when they achieve their professional standing, can use the title Registered Landscape Architect NZILA.


title: Landscape architecture

text: NZILA provides an education policy and an accreditation process to review education programme providers; currently there are three accredited undergraduate Landscape Architecture programmes in New Zealand. Lincoln University also has an accredited masters programme in landscape architecture.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Landscape architecture in Norway was established in 1919 at the Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU) at Ås. The Norwegian School of Landscape Architecture at the Faculty of Landscape and Society is responsible for Europe's oldest landscape architecture education on an academic level. The departments areas include design and design of cities and places, garden art history, landscape engineering, greenery, zone planning, site development, place making and place keeping.


title: Landscape architecture

text: In May 1962, Joane Pim, Ann Sutton, Peter Leutscher and Roelf Botha (considered the forefathers of the profession in South Africa) established the Institute for Landscape Architects, now known as the Institute for Landscape Architecture in South Africa (ILASA). ILASA is a voluntary organisation registered with the South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession (SACLAP). It consists of three regional bodies, namely, Gauteng, KwaZula-Natal and the Western Cape. ILASA's mission is to advance the profession of landscape architecture and uphold high standards of professional service to its members, and to represent the profession of landscape architecture in any matter which may affect the interests of the members of the institute. ILASA holds the country's membership with The International Federation of Landscape Architects (IFLA).


title: Landscape architecture

text: In South Africa, the profession is regulated by SACLAP, established as a statutory council in terms of Section 2 of the South African Council for the Landscape Architectural Profession Act – Act 45 of 2000. The Council evolved out of the Board of Control for Landscape Architects (BOCLASA), which functioned under the Council of Architects in terms of The Architectural Act, Act 73 of 1970. SACLAP's mission is to establish, direct, sustain and ensure a high level of professional responsibilities and ethical conduct within the art and science of landscape architecture with honesty, dignity and integrity in the broad interest of public health, safety and welfare of the community.


title: Landscape architecture

text: After completion of an accredited under-graduate and/or post-graduate qualification in landscape architecture at either the University of Cape Town or the University of Pretoria, or landscape technology at the Cape Peninsula University of Technology, professional registration is attained via a mandatory mentored candidacy period (minimum of two years) and sitting of the professional registration exam. After successfully completing the exam, the individual is entitled to the status of Professional Landscape Architect or Professional Landscape Technologist.


title: Landscape architecture

text: Architects Sweden, Sveriges Arkitekter, is the collective trade union and professional organisation for all architects, including landscape architects, in Sweden. The professional body is a member of IFLA (International Federation of Landscape Architects) as well as IFLA Europe.


title: Landscape architecture

text: As a landscape architect, anyone can become a member of Architects Sweden if they have a national or international university degree that is approved by the association. If the degree is from within the European Union, Architects Sweden approves Landscape architect educations listed by IFLA Europe. For educations outside the EU, the association makes an assessment on a statement from the Swedish Council for Higher Education (UHR).


title: Landscape architecture

text: The UK's professional body is the Landscape Institute (LI). It is a chartered body that accredits landscape professionals and university courses. At present there are fifteen accredited programmes in the UK. Membership of the LI is available to students, academics and professionals, and there are over 3,000 professionally qualified members.


title: Landscape architecture

text: The Institute provides services to assist members including support and promotion of the work of landscape architects; information and guidance to the public and industry about the specific expertise offered by those in the profession; and training and educational advice to students and professionals looking to build upon their experience.


title: Landscape architecture

text: In 2008, the LI launched a major recruitment drive entitled "I want to be a Landscape Architect" to encourage the study of Landscape Architecture. The campaign aimed to raise the profile of landscape architecture and highlight its valuable role in building sustainable communities and fighting climate change.


title: Landscape architecture

text: As of July 2018, the "I want to be a Landscape Architect" initiative was replaced by a brand new careers campaign entitled "#ChooseLandscape", which aims to raise awareness of landscape as a profession; improve and increase access to landscape education; and inspire young people to choose landscape as a career. This new campaign includes other landscape-related professions such as landscape management, landscape planning, landscape science and urban design.


title: Landscape architecture

text: In the United States, Landscape Architecture is regulated by individual state governments. For a landscape architect, obtaining licensure requires advanced education and work experience, plus passage of the national examination called The Landscape Architect Registration Examination (L.A.R.E.). Several states require passage of a state exam as well. In the United States licensing is overseen both at the state level, and nationally by the Council of Landscape Architectural Registration Boards (CLARB). Landscape architecture has been identified as an above-average growth profession by the US Bureau of Labor Statistics and was listed in "U.S. News & World Report"'s list of Best Jobs to Have in 2006, 2007, 2008, 2009 and 2010. The national trade association for United States landscape architects is the American Society of Landscape Architects. Frederic Law Olmsted, who designed Central Park in New York City, is known as the "father of American Landscape Architecture".


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Ram Lakhan is a 1989 Indian Hindi-language masala film directed by Subhash Ghai and written by Anwar Khan with screenplay by Ram Kelkar. "Ram Lakhan" stars an ensemble cast of Raakhee, Jackie Shroff, Anil Kapoor, Dimple Kapadia, Madhuri Dixit and Amrish Puri in lead roles. The supporting cast includes Paresh Rawal, Anupam Kher, Gulshan Grover, Saeed Jaffrey and Satish Kaushik. Music of the film was initially supposed to be composed by R. D. Burman, but later after recording 2 songs, he was replaced by Laxmikant–Pyarelal, while Anand Bakshi penned the lyrics. Ghai also did a special appearance in the song "Tera Naam Liya Tujhe Yaad Kiya".


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Made on a budget of including production and marketing costs, "Ram Lakhan" was released theatrically on 27 January 1989 on the Republic Day weekend. The film emerged as a major critical and commercial success and earned worldwide, becoming the second highest grossing Bollywood film of 1989. Considered as Ghai's best work till date, "Ram Lakhan" has attained a cult classic status over the years and is still remembered for its cast, direction and soundtrack. Kapoor's performance as Lakhan was much loved and is regarded as one of his best roles; the song "My Name Is Lakhan" filmed on him has become his trademark and signature song.


title: Ram Lakhan

text: At the 35th Filmfare Awards, "Ram Lakhan" received 9 nominations, including Best Film, Best Director (Ghai) and Best Music Director (Laxmikant–Pyarelal), and won 2 awards – Best Supporting Actress (Raakhee) and Best Comedian (for both Kher and Kaushik).


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Sharda is happily married in a rich household to Thakur Pratap Singh and they have two young sons, Ram and Lakhan. Pratap's father Veer shows mercy to his nephews Bhishambar and Bhanu after they serve jail time for siphoning the family wealth. Veer is tricked into signing a will that deprives Pratap, Sharda, Ram, and Lakhan of the ok wealth and right to even live in the manor's premises.


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Veer is then killed in a car bomb. Pratap refuses to bow down to cruel Bhishambar after finding out their master plan; he is later severely beaten up, stabbed brutally, and left on a nearby railway track to be cut to pieces by the next passing train, leaving behind Sharda, Ram, and Lakhan. Sharda vows to avenge Pratap’s death and hopes will get it by visiting the temple every day, praying for justice. She talks about when her sons grow up and ultimately destroy Pratap’s assailants, and it is then and then only that she will disperse Pratap's ashes.


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Ram is now the police inspector, being the major obstacle in Bhishambar's illegal activities. He is also in love with Geeta, the daughter of commissioner Arun Kashyap. Lakhan is the fun-loving millionaire, precocious young man, still living in Ram's shadow and Sharda's love. When Lakhan finds out there is a big reward for the arrest of notorious gangster Kesariya Vilayti, he single-handedly captures him and claims the reward.


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Thinking police work is quite easy, Lakhan applies for the job, begins training, and eventually becomes an inspector also. He too seeks to use this to woo his childhood sweetheart Radha and deal with her stingy, eccentric but easily fooled father, Deodhar Shastri. Sharda heads on a religious pilgrimage. When she returns, she finds that Ram and Lakhan have quarreled and no longer speak with each other based on their ideological differences.


title: Ram Lakhan

text: Lakhan uses his power to make extra money in an attempt to raise his clout so he can take revenge against Bhishambar and Bhanu. While Ram creates obstacles for Bhishambar, Lakhan joins his gang and is on their payroll. However, after he is tricked by Bhishamber and the ruthless, womanizing, and dastardly Sir John, Ram has to come to terms and save him and finish what was once started.


title: Ram Lakhan

text: The soundtrack was composed by Laxmikant–Pyarelal and the lyrics written by Anand Bakshi. The songs were extremely popular and remain popular even today. The cathy numbers like "My Name Is Lakhan" and "tera naam liya, tujhe yaad kiya" were playing almost in every street in Northern India, the album also includes melodious and soulful tracks like "O Ram ji! bada dukh deena" with mythological cannotations and the title track "mere do Anmol Ratan" .


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Karl Johann Kautsky (; ; 16 October 1854 – 17 October 1938) was a Czech-Austrian philosopher, journalist, and Marxist theorist. Kautsky was one of the most authoritative promulgators of orthodox Marxism after the death of Friedrich Engels in 1895 until the outbreak of World War I in 1914.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: He was the most important socialist theorist during the years of the Second International. He founded the socialist journal "Neue Zeit". Following the war, Kautsky was an outspoken critic of the Bolshevik Revolution, engaging in polemics with Vladimir Lenin, Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin on the nature of the Soviet state.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Karl Kautsky was born in Prague of an artistic and middle class family of Slavic descent – his parents were Johann Kautsky (a Czech scenic designer) and Minna, née Jaich (an Austrian actress and writer). The family moved to Vienna when Kautsky was the age of seven. He studied history, philosophy and economics at the University of Vienna from 1874, and became a member of the Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ) in 1875. In 1880 he joined a group of German socialists in Zürich who were supported financially by Karl Höchberg, and who smuggled socialist material into Germany at the time of the Anti-Socialist Laws (1878–1890).


title: Karl Kautsky

text: In 1883, Kautsky founded the monthly "Die Neue Zeit" ("The New Times") in Stuttgart, which became a weekly in 1890. He edited the magazine until September 1917: this gave him a steady income and allowed him to propagate Marxism.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: From 1885 to 1890 he spent time in London, where he became a close friend of Friedrich Engels. His position as a prominent Marxist theorist was assured in 1888, when Engels put him to the task of editing Marx's three-volume work "Theories of Surplus Value". In 1891 he co-authored the Erfurt Program of the Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD) together with August Bebel and Eduard Bernstein.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Following the death of Engels in 1895, Kautsky became one of the most important and influential theoreticians of Marxism, representing the mainstream of the party together with August Bebel, and outlining a Marxist theory of imperialism. When Bernstein attacked the traditional Marxist position of the necessity for revolution in the late 1890s, Kautsky denounced him, arguing that Bernstein's emphasis on the ethical foundations of Socialism opened the road to a call for an alliance with the "progressive" bourgeoisie and a non-class approach.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: In 1914, when the German Social-Democrat deputies in the Reichstag voted for war credits, Kautsky (who was not a deputy but attended their meetings) suggested abstaining. Kautsky claimed that Germany was waging a defensive war against the threat of Czarist Russia. However, in June 1915, about ten months after the war had begun and when it had become obvious that this was going to be a sustained, appallingly brutal and costly struggle, he issued an appeal with Eduard Bernstein and Hugo Haase against the pro-war leaders of the SPD and denounced the German government's annexationist aims. In 1917 he left the SPD for the Independent Social Democratic Party of Germany (USPD) with united socialists who opposed the war.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: After the November Revolution in Germany, Kautsky served as under-secretary of State in the Foreign Office in the short-lived SPD-USPD revolutionary government and worked at finding documents which proved the war guilt of Imperial Germany.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: In 1920, when the USPD split, he went with a minority of that party back into the SPD. He visited Georgia in 1920 and wrote a book on the Democratic Republic of Georgia that at that moment was still independent of Bolshevist Russia. By the time it was published in 1921, Georgia had been thoroughly influenced by the Russian Civil War, the Red Army had invaded Georgia, and the Bolsheviks had imposed the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic. By that point, Kautsky considered the Soviet Union to have become an imperialist state, due to the destructiveness of the invasion of Georgia, and the minimal political role that the actual proletariat had in Soviet Russia.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Kautsky assisted in the creation of the party program adopted in Heidelberg (1925) by the German Social Democratic Party. In 1924, at the age of 70, he moved back to Vienna with his family, and remained there until 1938. At the time of Hitler's Anschluss, he fled to Czechoslovakia and thence by plane to Amsterdam, where he died in the same year.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Karl Kautsky lived in Berlin-Friedenau for many years; his wife, Luise Kautsky, became a close friend of Rosa Luxemburg, who also lived in Friedenau. A commemorative plaque marks where Kautsky lived at Saarstraße 14.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Vladimir Lenin described Kautsky as a "renegade" in his pamphlet "The Proletarian Revolution and the Renegade Kautsky"; Kautsky in turn castigated Lenin in his 1934 work "Marxism and Bolshevism: Democracy and Dictatorship":


title: Karl Kautsky

text: A collection of excerpts of Kautsky's writings, "Social Democracy vs. Communism," discussed Bolshevist rule in Russia. He saw the Bolsheviks (or Communists) as a conspiratorial organization that had gained power by a coup and initiated revolutionary changes for which there was no economic rationale in Russia. Instead, a bureaucracy-dominated society developed, the miseries of which outweighed the problems of Western capitalism, he argued. He stated:


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Kautsky died on 17 October 1938, in Amsterdam. His son, , spent seven years in concentration camps; his wife, Luise Kautsky, was murdered in Auschwitz.


title: Karl Kautsky

text: Kautsky is notable for, in addition to his anti-Bolshevik polemics, his editing and publication of Marx's "Capital, Volume IV" (usually published as "Theories of Surplus Value").


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: The International Standard Atmosphere (ISA) is a static atmospheric model of how the pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity of the Earth's atmosphere change over a wide range of altitudes or elevations. It has been established to provide a common reference for temperature and pressure and consists of tables of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. The International Organization for Standardization (ISO) publishes the ISA as an international standard, ISO 2533:1975. Other standards organizations, such as the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) and the United States Government, publish extensions or subsets of the same atmospheric model under their own standards-making authority.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: The ISA mathematical model divides the atmosphere into layers with an assumed linear distribution of absolute temperature "T" against geopotential altitude "h". The other two values (pressure "P" and density "ρ") are computed by simultaneously solving the equations resulting from:


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: at each geopotential altitude, where "g" is the standard acceleration of gravity, and "R" is the specific gas constant for dry air (287.0528J⋅kg⋅K). The solution is given by the barometric formula.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: Air density must be calculated in order to solve for the pressure, and is used in calculating dynamic pressure for moving vehicles. Dynamic viscosity is an empirical function of temperature, and kinematic viscosity is calculated by dividing dynamic viscosity by the density.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: Thus the standard consists of a tabulation of values at various altitudes, plus some formulas by which those values were derived. To accommodate the lowest points on Earth, the model starts at a base geopotential altitude of "below sea level", with standard temperature set at 19 °C. With a temperature lapse rate of −6.5 °C (-11.7 °F) per km (roughly −2 °C (-3.6 °F) per 1,000 ft), the table interpolates to the standard mean sea level values of temperature, (1 atm) pressure, and a density of . The tropospheric tabulation continues to , where the temperature has fallen to , the pressure to , and the density to . Between 11 km and 20 km, the temperature remains constant.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: In the above table, "geopotential altitude" is calculated from a mathematical model that adjusts the altitude to include the variation of gravity with height, while "geometric altitude" is the standard direct vertical distance above mean sea level (MSL). Note that the Lapse Rates cited in the table are given as °C per kilometer of geopotential altitude, not geometric altitude.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: The ISA model is based on average conditions at mid latitudes, as determined by the ISO's TC 20/SC 6 technical committee. It has been revised from time to time since the middle of the 20th century.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: The ISA models a hypothetical standard day to allow a reproducible engineering reference for calculation and testing of engine and vehicle performance at various altitudes. It "does not" provide a rigorous meteorological model of actual atmospheric conditions (for example, changes in barometric pressure due to wind conditions). Neither does it account for humidity effects; air is assumed to be dry and clean and of constant composition. Humidity effects are accounted for in vehicle or engine analysis by adding water vapor to the thermodynamic state of the air after obtaining the pressure and density from the standard atmosphere model.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: Non-standard (hot or cold) days are modeled by adding a specified temperature delta to the standard temperature at altitude, but pressure is taken as the standard day value. Density and viscosity are recalculated at the resultant temperature and pressure using the ideal gas equation of state. Hot day, Cold day, Tropical, and Polar temperature profiles with altitude have been defined for use as performance references, such as United States Department of Defense MIL-STD-210C, and its successor MIL-HDBK-310.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) published their "ICAO Standard Atmosphere" as Doc 7488-CD in 1993. It has the same model as the ISA, but extends the altitude coverage to 80 kilometers (262,500 feet).


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: Aviation standards and flying rules are based on the International Standard Atmosphere. Airspeed indicators are calibrated on the assumption that they are operating at sea level in the International Standard Atmosphere where the air density is 1.225 kg/m.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: The U.S. Standard Atmosphere is a set of models that define values for atmospheric temperature, density, pressure and other properties over a wide range of altitudes. The first model, based on an existing international standard, was published in 1958 by the U.S. Committee on Extension to the Standard Atmosphere, and was updated in 1962, 1966, and 1976. The U.S. Standard Atmosphere, International Standard Atmosphere and WMO (World Meteorological Organization) standard atmospheres are the same as the ISO International Standard Atmosphere for altitudes up to 32 km.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: NRLMSISE-00 is a newer model of the Earth's atmosphere from ground to space, developed by the US Naval Research Laboratory taking actual satellite drag data into account. A primary use of this model is to aid predictions of satellite orbital decay due to atmospheric drag. The COSPAR International Reference Atmosphere (CIRA) 2012 and the ISO 14222 Earth Atmosphere Density standard both recommend NRLMSISE-00 for composition uses.


title: International Standard Atmosphere

text: JB2008 is a newer model of the Earth’s atmosphere from 120 km to 2000 km, developed by the US Air Force Space Command and Space Environment Technologies taking into account realistic solar irradiances and time evolution of geomagnetic storms. It is most useful for calculating satellite orbital decay due to atmospheric drag. Both CIRA 2012 and ISO 14222 recommend JB2008 for mass density in drag uses.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Stephanie Jayne Darby (, , born 23 April 1988) is an English professional footballer who plays for Women's Super League club Manchester City and the England women's national team. At club level, Houghton started at Sunderland in her native North East England before moving on to Leeds United in 2007 then Arsenal Ladies in 2010. She broke into the Sunderland team as a striker before moving back into midfield and later into defence.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Since her debut in 2007, Houghton has played over 100 times for the England national team. She suffered serious injuries immediately before the 2007 World Cup and Euro 2009, but recovered to play in the 2011 World Cup and Euro 2013. She was made England captain in January 2014. At the 2012 London Olympics, Houghton scored three goals in Great Britain's four games, including winners against New Zealand and Brazil.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Houghton was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2016 New Year Honours for services to football.


title: Steph Houghton

text: Houghton began her career playing for five years at Sunderland. She helped Sunderland to win promotion from the Northern Division in 2005–06 and then won the FA Young Player of the Year Award in 2006–07. After Sunderland were relegated that season, Houghton became a target for Arsenal and Everton. She eventually joined Leeds United Ladies. After helping Leeds win the 2010 FA Women's Premier League Cup, Houghton signed for Arsenal in August of that year.