title: Euler's Disk

text: Moffatt showed that, as time formula_40 approaches a particular time formula_41 (which is mathematically a constant of integration), the viscous dissipation approaches infinity. The singularity that this implies is not realized in practice, because the magnitude of the vertical acceleration cannot exceed the acceleration due to gravity (the disk loses contact with its support surface). Moffatt goes on to show that the theory breaks down at a time formula_42 before the final settling time formula_41, given by:


title: Euler's Disk

text: where formula_10 is the radius of the disk, formula_15 is the acceleration due to Earth's gravity, formula_47 the dynamic viscosity of air, and formula_7 the mass of the disk. For the commercially available Euler's Disk toy (see link in "External links" below), formula_42 is about formula_50 seconds, at which time the angle between the coin and the surface, formula_25, is approximately 0.005 radians and the rolling angular velocity, formula_22, is about 500 Hz.


title: Euler's Disk

text: where formula_54 is the initial inclination of the disk, measured in radians. Moffatt also showed that, if formula_55, the finite-time singularity in formula_22 is given by


title: Euler's Disk

text: Moffatt's theoretical work inspired several other workers to experimentally investigate the dissipative mechanism of a spinning/rolling disk, with results that partially contradicted his explanation. These experiments used spinning objects and surfaces of various geometries (disks and rings), with varying coefficients of friction, both in air and in a vacuum, and used instrumentation such as high speed photography to quantify the phenomenon.


title: Euler's Disk

text: In the 30 November 2000 issue of "Nature", physicists Van den Engh, Nelson and Roach discuss experiments in which disks were spun in a vacuum. Van den Engh used a rijksdaalder, a Dutch coin, whose magnetic properties allowed it to be spun at a precisely determined rate. They found that slippage between the disk and the surface could account for observations, and the presence or absence of air only slightly affected the disk's behavior. They pointed out that Moffatt's theoretical analysis would predict a very long spin time for a disk in a vacuum, which was not observed.


title: Euler's Disk

text: Moffatt responded with a generalized theory that should allow experimental determination of which dissipation mechanism is dominant, and pointed out that the dominant dissipation mechanism would always be viscous dissipation in the limit of small formula_25 (i.e., just before the disk settles).


title: Euler's Disk

text: Later work at the University of Guelph by Petrie, Hunt and Gray showed that carrying out the experiments in a vacuum (pressure 0.1 pascal) did not significantly affect the energy dissipation rate. Petrie "et al." also showed that the rates were largely unaffected by replacing the disk with a ring shape, and that the no-slip condition was satisfied for angles greater than 10°. Another work by Caps, Dorbolo, Ponte, Croisier, and Vandewalle has concluded that the air is a minor source of energy dissipation. The major energy dissipation process is the rolling and slipping of the disk on the supporting surface. It was experimentally shown that the inclination angle, the precession rate, and the angular velocity follow the power law behavior.


title: Euler's Disk

text: On several occasions during the 2007–2008 Writers Guild of America strike, talk show host Conan O'Brien would spin his wedding ring on his desk, trying to spin the ring for as long as possible. The quest to achieve longer and longer spin times led him to invite MIT professor Peter Fisher onto the show to experiment with the problem. Spinning the ring in a vacuum had no identifiable effect, while a Teflon spinning support surface gave a record time of 51 seconds, corroborating the claim that rolling friction is the primary mechanism for kinetic energy dissipation.


title: Euler's Disk

text: Various kinds of rolling friction as primary mechanism for energy dissipation have been studied by Leine who confirmed experimentally that the frictional resistance of the movement of the contact point over the rim of the disk is most likely the primary dissipation mechanism on a time-scale of seconds.


title: Euler's Disk

text: Euler's Disks appear in the 2006 film "Snow Cake" and in the TV show "The Big Bang Theory", season 10, episode 16, which aired February 16, 2017.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The sound team for the 2001 film "Pearl Harbor" used a spinning Euler's Disk as a sound effect for torpedoes. A short clip of the sound team playing with Euler's Disk was played during the Academy Awards presentations.


title: Euler's Disk

text: The principles of the Euler Disk were used with specially made rings on a table as a futuristic recording medium in the 1960 movie The Time Machine.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: Donetsk Sergei Prokofiev International Airport () is a former airport located northwest of Donetsk, Ukraine, that was destroyed in 2014 during the war in Donbas. It was built in the 1940s and 1950s and rebuilt in 1973 and again from 2011 to 2012. The airport is named after twentieth-century composer Sergei Prokofiev, who was a native of Donetsk Oblast. The former airport has been controlled by pro-Russian separatist forces since 2015 and has been a frequent battleground.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: In accordance with the program of Donetsk for Euro 2012 in 2011, the Ukrainian construction company "Altcom" constructed a new airport terminal, which had been developed by experts from Croatia. The airline Donbassaero had its head office located at the airport, but ceased operations in January 2013.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: On May 26, 2014, fighters from the Donetsk People's Republic, with technical assistance from Russian mercenaries, seized the airport soon after Petro Poroshenko won the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election. In response, Ukrainian forces launched air attacks to regain control of it from the belligerents. Two civilians and 38 combatants were reported dead, and the Ukrainian military regained control of the airport. Service at the airport has not resumed since the battle.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: On October 1, 2014, the belligerents attempted to retake the airport. A spokesman for what the Ukrainian government calls its anti-terrorist operation said Ukrainian forces repelled four attacks on the airport that evening. A T-64 tank was destroyed and seven Donetsk fighters were killed, Vladyslav Seleznyov told Kanal 5 TV. A reporter for Associated Press in Donetsk said on October 1 that there were indications that the government had lost control of the airport. DNR leader Alexander Zakharchenko said it was "95%" under his forces’ control. Ukrainian officials insisted the airport was still under government control as of October 2014.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: Zakharchenko claimed that the rebels had taken complete control of the airport on January 17, 2015, after a series of battles with pro-government forces over the complex. One day later, it was reported that government forces claimed to have retaken almost all parts of the airport lost to the belligerents in recent weeks, after a mass operation during the night. On January 21, Ukrainian forces admitted losing control of the airport to the Donetsk People's Republic rebels.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: Over the course of battles for the airport, the airport complex suffered extensive damage from constant bombardments and change of hand between pro-government and proxy forces. The main terminal buildings, with their sturdy concrete construction, served as garrisons and shelters for soldiers defending the airport grounds, and as a result the buildings were subjected to attacks and suffered extensive structural failures, most notably the collapse of the massive roof over the new terminal building's mezzanine. Similarly, the control tower was contested by opposing forces as a strategic lookout point, but eventually collapsed in January 2015 during the final leg of the Second Battle of Donetsk Airport.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: Since the fighting, the ruins of the airport have been cleared of rubble, leaving behind the concrete shells of the new terminal building and adjoining parking garage.


title: Donetsk International Airport

text: All civilian airline operations including Lufthansa, LOT Polish Airlines, Air Berlin, Aeroflot and flydubai were suspended due to armed conflict in May 2014, and the airport's facilities were subsequently completely destroyed.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: The Kheda Satyagraha of 1918 was a satyagraha movement in the Kheda district of Gujarat in India organised by Mahatma Gandhi during the period of the British Raj. It was a major revolt in the Indian independence movement. It was the third Satyagraha movement, which was launched 4 days after the Ahmedabad mill strike. After the successful Satyagraha conducted at Champaran in Bihar, Gandhi organised the movement to support peasants who were unable to pay the revenue because of famine and plague epidemic.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: In Gujarat, Mahatma Gandhi was chiefly the spiritual head of the struggle. He was assisted by the newly joined Satyagrahi Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel and other local lawyers and advocates namely Indulal Yagnik, Shankarlal Banker, Mahadev Desai, Narhari Parikh, Mohanlal Pandya and Ravi Shankar Vyas. They toured the countryside, organised the villagers and gave them political leadership and direction. Many aroused Gujaratis from the cities of Ahmedabad and Vadodara joined the organizers of the revolt, but Gandhi and Patel resisted the involvement of Indians from other provinces, seeking to keep it a purely Gujarati struggle.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: In 1918, the British authorities had increased the taxes of Kheda region by 23% while it was hit by Chappania famine and others leading to cholera and plague. Nadiad collector refused any aid from 'Anavari' system of taxes in spite of Sardar Patel and Mahatma's meetings. Patel and his colleagues organised a major tax revolt, and all the different ethnic and caste communities of (Kheda) rallied around it. The peasants of Kheda signed a petition calling for the tax for this year to be scrapped in wake of the famine. The government in Bombay rejected the charter. They warned that if the peasants did not pay, the lands and property would be confiscated and many arrested.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: The tax withheld, the government's collectors and inspectors sent in thugs to seize property and cattle, while the police confiscated the lands and all agrarian property. The farmers did not resist arrest, nor retaliate to the force employed with violence. Instead, they used their cash and valuables to donate to the "Gujarat Sabha" which was officially organising the protest.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: The revolt was astounding in terms of discipline and unity. Even when all their personal property, land and livelihood were seized, a vast majority of Kheda's farmers remained firmly united in the support of Patel. Gujaratis sympathetic to the revolt in other parts resisted the government machinery, and helped to shelter the relatives and property of the protesting peasants. Those Indians who sought to buy the confiscated lands were excluded from society. Although nationalists like Sardul Singh Caveeshar called for sympathetic revolts in other parts, Gandhi and Patel firmly rejected the idea.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: The Government finally sought to foster an honourable agreement for both parties. The tax for the year in question, and the next would be suspended, and the increase in rate reduced, while all confiscated property would be returned.


title: Kheda Satyagraha of 1918

text: People also worked in cohesion to return the confiscated lands to their rightful owners. The ones who had bought the lands seized were influenced to return them, even though the British had officially said it would stand by the buyers.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Kelvin Benjamin (born February 5, 1991) is an American football wide receiver who is a free agent. He played college football at Florida State and was drafted by the Carolina Panthers in the first round of the 2014 NFL Draft. He also played for the Buffalo Bills and Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: After totaling over 1,000 receiving yards in his rookie season, Benjamin missed his sophomore year with a torn ACL. He returned in 2016 and caught 941 yards and seven touchdowns. Midway through 2017, Benjamin was traded to the Bills and appeared in six games with the team. With his play continuing to decline and his effort being called into question, the team released Benjamin during the 2018 season. He subsequently signed with the Chiefs, but made just two catches in three regular season games. He did not appear in the team's playoff run and was eventually cut.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Born and raised in Belle Glade, Florida, Benjamin was born to an American mother and a Jamaican father who was deported to Jamaica when he was two. As a middle schooler he spent half of his years in a juvenile detention center. After he got out of the juvenile detention center, Benjamin shifted his focus on football. He had to repeat both 3rd and 7th grades, however, which caused him to finish high school at the age of 20, the age at which he would be considered ineligible. Benjamin attended Glades Central High School in Belle Glade, Florida, where he played football, basketball and ran track. In football, he played as a wide receiver. He was named First-team All-Palm Beach County by Sun-Sentinel and was selected to the Palm Beach Post All-Area First-team. As a senior, he hauled in 30 catches for 551 yards with six touchdowns, although he just played in eight games. In track & field, Benjamin competed in the jumping events. He got a personal-best jump of 1.84 meters in the high jump at the 2009 FHSAA 2A District 13, where he tied for third place. At the 2010 Glades Central Invitational, he took gold in the long jump event, recording a career-best leap of 6.48 meters (21'3").


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Regarded as a four-star recruit by "Rivals.com", Benjamin was ranked as the No. 7 wide receiver and the No. 60 overall player nationally in his class. "Scout.com" ranked him as the No. 12 receiver in the nation, while "ESPN.com" had him as the No. 23. According to "247Sports.com", he was the No. 13 wide receiver and the No. 89 player nationally. He chose Florida State University over scholarship offers from Auburn, Florida, Miami (FL), and Virginia Tech, among others.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: After being redshirted in 2011, Benjamin played in all 14 games in 2012, recording 30 receptions for 495 yards and four touchdowns. As a sophomore in 2013, he had 54 receptions for 1,011 yards and 15 touchdowns, including the game-winning touchdown against Auburn in the BCS title game with 13 seconds remaining. "Sports Illustrated" named Benjamin to their All-American first-team and he was also selected to the All-ACC Second-team by the coaches and All-ACC Third-team by media. After the season, Benjamin decided to forgo his final two years of eligibility to enter the 2014 NFL Draft.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Despite forgoing two years of eligibility, Benjamin was still given a first-round grade by the NFL Draft Advisory Board, which is typically conservative with underclassmen draft entrants, and was widely considered one of the top wide receivers in the 2014 NFL Draft. Benjamin's size, physicality, and high-pointing ability drew parallels to players including Alshon Jeffery and Plaxico Burress. While many scouts were concerned about his hands and a current lack of precise route running at this point, many projected him as a first-round pick due to his potential. Benjamin was selected by the Carolina Panthers with the 28th pick of the first round. NFL Media analyst Mike Mayock praised the Panthers selection of Benjamin after it occurred. "He's 6-foot-5, 240 pounds with 35-inch arms, and you're talking about a catching radius." Mayock then went on to compare Benjamin to other college wide receivers that only had one year of college production. "However, there's one thing about wide receivers with only one year of college production (like Benjamin at FSU) and it's a little sobering when you look at the names on that list: Stephen Hill, Greg Little, Devin Thomas, Anthony Gonzalez," Mayock said.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: After losing Steve Smith, Brandon LaFell, Ted Ginn Jr., and Domenik Hixon in the offseason, the Panthers chose Benjamin high in the draft. Panthers general manager Dave Gettleman said to reporters Benjamin's tape reminded him of a young Plaxico Burress. During training camp and the preseason, Benjamin was in a competition for the Panthers No. 1 receiver spot with former Pittsburgh Steelers wide receiver Jerricho Cotchery. On June 4, 2014, Benjamin signed a four-year $7.66 million deal.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: During his debut performance on September 7, 2014 against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers, Benjamin recorded 6 receptions for 92 yards and one touchdown; quarterback Derek Anderson had a 152.1 quarterback rating when throwing towards Benjamin. With his touchdown reception, Benjamin joined Randy Moss, Calvin Johnson, A. J. Green, Demaryius Thomas, Percy Harvin, Brandin Cooks, and Mike Williams as the only rookie first-round wide receivers to catch a touchdown reception during their debut performance. Additionally, Benjamin's 92 yards were the seventh-most for a wide receiver in the first game of his rookie season behind Anquan Boldin, Randy Moss, Eddie Royal, DeSean Jackson, Julian Edelman, Demaryius Thomas, and Allen Hurns. Benjamin was voted the Pepsi NFL Rookie of the Week for his Week 1 performance. In a Week 2 win over the Detroit Lions, Benjamin recorded 2 catches for 46 yards. In Week 3 against the Pittsburgh Steelers, Benjamin recorded his first 100-yard game, catching 8 passes for 115 yards and one touchdown.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Through the first three weeks of the season, Benjamin was targeted seven times in the deep passing game (20+ yards), tied for sixth in the league. Additionally, during this span, ProFootball Focus ranked Benjamin 22nd in the NFL in receiving efficiency. During Week 4 against the Baltimore Ravens, Benjamin recorded 5 receptions for 76 yards and a touchdown. With the touchdown reception, Benjamin became the only rookie wide receiver in the past 10 years to record a 25+ yard receiving touchdown in three of the team’s first four games, joining Randy Moss, who accomplished the feat in 1998. Furthermore, Benjamin and Marques Colston were the only rookies in 30 years to gain 300 receiving yards and catch three touchdown passes in their team's first four games. On October 2, 2014, it was announced that the NFL named Kelvin Benjamin the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Month for September.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: In the Panthers Week 8 matchup against the defending champion Seattle Seahawks, Benjamin racked up 94 yards against the All-Pro cornerback Richard Sherman, the highest yardage total Sherman allowed since Week 4 of 2012. Benjamin finished the season with 73 receptions, 1,008 yards receiving, and 9 touchdowns. He and teammate Greg Olsen became the first receiving duo to amass 1,000 receiving yards in the same year for the Panthers since Muhsin Muhammad and Patrick Jeffers in 1999. Benjamin became only the 11th rookie wide receiver in NFL history to record a 1,000-yard season. During the Panthers playoff loss to the Seattle Seahawks, Benjamin recorded 7 catches for 75 yards and 2 touchdowns.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Benjamin tore his ACL in a joint training camp practice with the Miami Dolphins, ending his 2015 season.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: After missing the whole 2015 season with a torn ACL, Benjamin returned in the season opener game against the defending Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos. Benjamin had six receptions for 91 yards and a touchdown in his return at Denver, and followed that with seven receptions for 108 yards and two touchdowns against the San Francisco 49ers. He had no receptions in Week 3, and though he caught a pass in every remaining game that season, his yardage totals were erratic and never again broke 100. Nevertheless, he ended the season leading the team with seven touchdown receptions, and second to tight end Greg Olsen with 63 receptions for 941 yards.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: On October 31, 2017, the Panthers traded Benjamin to the Buffalo Bills for a 2018 third round draft pick (later used to select Rashaan Gaulden) and the seventh round draft pick that was previously acquired from the Los Angeles Chargers (used on Andre Smith). Benjamin suffered a torn meniscus in the right knee against the Los Angeles Chargers. The injury sidelined Benjamin for two weeks. Upon returning against the Indianapolis Colts, Benjamin scored his first touchdown with the Bills, an 8-yard pass from Nathan Peterman. However, he tweaked his injured knee in the third quarter and left the game afterwards. Against the New England Patriots in Week 16, Benjamin had a touchdown catch overturned due to a controversial ruling. He finished the game with 5 receptions for 70 yards, but the Bills wound up losing 37-16.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: On December 4, 2018, Benjamin was released by the Bills. He finished the season playing in 12 games, starting 10, recording 23 receptions for 354 yards and just one touchdown. Prior to his release Benjamin had a catch rate of 35 percent, the worst in the league. It was also noted by fans and sports commentators that his effort had noticeably declined.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Two days after being released by the Bills, Benjamin signed a one-year deal with the Kansas City Chiefs. Benjamin made just two catches in three regular season games with the team, and did not appear in their two playoff games.


title: Kelvin Benjamin

text: Benjamin signed with the New York Giants on May 16, 2021. He worked out at the tight end spot during the team's minicamp. He was cut on July 28 before the team's first official practice. He blamed Giants coach Joe Judge following his release, feeling he was not given a proper chance and calling his tenure in New York a "hoax".


title: Dumping syndrome

text: Dumping syndrome occurs when food, especially sugar, moves too quickly from the stomach to the duodenum—the first part of the small intestine—in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This condition is also called rapid gastric emptying. It is mostly associated with conditions following gastric or esophageal surgery, though it can also arise secondary to diabetes or to the use of certain medications; it is caused by an absent or insufficiently functioning pyloric sphincter, the valve between the stomach and the duodenum.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: Dumping syndrome has two forms, based on when symptoms occur. Early dumping syndrome occurs 10 to 30 minutes after a meal. It results from rapid movement of fluid into the intestine following a sudden addition of a large amount of food from the stomach. The small intestine expands rapidly due to the presence of hypertonic/hyperosmolar contents from the stomach, especially sweet foods. This causes symptoms due to the shift of fluid into the intestinal lumen, with plasma volume contraction and acute intestinal distention. Osmotic diarrhea, distension of the small bowel leading to crampy abdominal pain, and reduced blood volume can result.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: Late dumping syndrome occurs 2 to 3 hours after a meal. It results from excessive movement of sugar into the intestine, which raises the body's blood glucose level and causes the pancreas to increase its release of the hormone insulin. The increased release of insulin causes a rapid drop in blood glucose levels, a condition known as alimentary hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: The symptoms of early and late dumping syndrome are different and vary from person to person. Early dumping syndrome symptoms may include:


title: Dumping syndrome

text: About 75 percent of people with dumping syndrome report symptoms of early dumping syndrome and about 25 percent report symptoms of late dumping syndrome. Some people have symptoms of both types of dumping syndrome.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: A health care provider will diagnose dumping syndrome primarily on the basis of symptoms. The following tests may also help confirm dumping syndrome and exclude other conditions with similar symptoms:


title: Dumping syndrome

text: The health care provider may also examine the structure of the esophagus, stomach, and upper small intestine with the following tests:


title: Dumping syndrome

text: Treatment for dumping syndrome includes changes in eating, diet, and nutrition; medication; and, in some cases, surgery. Many people with dumping syndrome have mild symptoms that improve over time with simple dietary changes.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: The first step to minimizing symptoms of dumping syndrome involves changes in eating, diet, and nutrition, and may include


title: Dumping syndrome

text: Some people find that lying down for 30 minutes after meals also helps reduce symptoms, though evidence regarding the benefits of doing so is lacking.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: A health care provider may prescribe octreotide acetate injections to treat dumping syndrome symptoms. The medication works by slowing gastric emptying and inhibiting the release of insulin and other GI hormones.


title: Dumping syndrome

text: A person may need surgery if dumping syndrome is caused by previous gastric surgery or if the condition is not responsive to other treatments. For most people, the type of surgery depends on the type of gastric surgery performed previously. However, surgery to correct dumping syndrome often has unsuccessful results.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: "Up" is a song by American rapper Cardi B. It was released on February 5, 2021, through Atlantic Records as the second single from her upcoming second studio album. "Up" is a hip hop song with drill influences, written by Cardi B alongside Joshua Baker and Jordan Thorpe and produced by Yung Dza, DJ SwanQo, Sean Island and DJ Prince.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: "Up" reached number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, making Cardi B the only female rapper to top the chart with multiple solo singles, following her first "Bodak Yellow". It previously debuted at number two on the chart, which at the time marked the highest debut for a solo female rap song since Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" in 1998, and became her second number-one debut on the "Rolling Stone" Top 100. It also reached the top ten in Canada, Greece, and Ireland, and became her second top five debut on the "Billboard" Global 200.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: "Up" received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Rap Performance at the 2022 Grammys, extending Cardi B's record as the female rapper with the most nominations in that category. It won the American Music Award for Favorite Rap/Hip Hop Song, making Cardi B the first artist to win the category three times. The music video received nominations for the BET Award for Video of the Year and the American Music Award for Video of the Year. She performed the song at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards on March 14, 2021.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: On August 7, 2020, Cardi B released the single "WAP", featuring American rapper Megan Thee Stallion. The song achieved worldwide success, reaching number one in multiple countries, including Australia, Canada and the UK. The single also spent a total of four weeks atop the "Billboard" Hot 100. On October 1, 2020, it was revealed that she was already "plotting her next move". However, she also clarified that she does not desire to put out music too frequently in order not to succumb to the label's pressure, saying "I feel like I'm not gonna let that shit get to me to the point that I'm gonna put out a song that I'm not really in love with just 'cause". On January 31, 2021, the rapper teased towards an announcement she was going to make the day after. She revealed the song title alongside the cover art the following day, February 1. The song was released on February 5. In an interview with Apple Music's Zane Lowe, the rapper stated that "Up" is inspired by Chicago drill music, which also influenced her first mixtape "Gangsta Bitch Music, Vol. 1". "If it's up then it's stuck" is colloquialism for "street beef." In 2022, Cardi B confirmed that "Up" would appear on her upcoming second studio album. When asked about the meaning of the song on Late Night with Jimmy Fallon, she responded, "Um, so, have you ever taken a poop right? And it don't come out? It's just up and it's stuck".


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: In "Pitchfork", Cat Zhang stated that "Up" has "Cardi's characteristic self-assurance and instantly quotable one-liners", praising it as "a solid showing." Zhang also added that Cardi B "is skilled at these types of brusque taunts" as "her taut delivery drives the song." Lindsay Zoladz of "The New York Times" declared that Cardi B's "preferred method of annihilating the haters is oxygen deprivation" considering that "her flow is so relentless that for nearly three minutes she doesn't offer listeners a single moment to catch their breath." Zoladz also wrote that Cardi B "raps with rapturous alliteration, before running that tongue twister back again, in case you didn't catch it all the first time," and commented that her tone is a bit more cheerful "than the drill influence would suggest", featuring "some classically comedic Cardi punch lines, but the ravenous way she digs into this beat is serious business." Kyann-Sian Williams of "NME" opined that "Cardi's lyricism stands up many of her peers" while "proving that she still has plenty of fresh bars," further adding that the rapper "created a new power anthem with this one." Ben Beaumont-Thomas of "The Guardian" wrote that "Cardi B deserves the crown", and called the song "a blast of pure entertainment" that "flaires out her favoured consonant in a spittle-drenching, supremely satisfying tongue twister", while speaking on the Grammy nomination.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: In the United States, "Up" debuted at number two on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, marking the highest debut for a solo female rap song since Lauryn Hill's "Doo Wop (That Thing)" in 1998, record later surpassed by Nicki Minaj's Super Freaky Girl. It became Cardi B's ninth top-ten single on the Hot 100, and opened atop both Digital Song Sales and Streaming Songs charts, where it marked Cardi B's fifth and fourth leader, respectively. The single also started at number one on both the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and Hot Rap Songs charts, which use the same methodology as the Hot 100, with Cardi B achieving her sixth and fifth leader, respectively. Cardi B has achieved at least one top 10 in each of the last five years, dating to her first number one single "Bodak Yellow" in 2017. Before reaching the summit, it spent four weeks in the top five, including three at number two. The week after her Grammy Awards performance, "Up" reached number one on the Hot 100 rising six spots to number one, causing Cardi B to become the sole female rapper to top the chart several times with solo songs, after "Bodak Yellow", and furthered her record as the female rap artist with the most number-one hits on the Hot 100 as her fifth song to top the chart. "Up" received 22.7 million U.S. streams and 18,000 digital song sales in the week ending March 18, according to MRC Data. It also attracted 34.9 million radio airplay audience impressions (up 7%) in that week. Dating to her first week atop the Hot 100 with "Bodak Yellow" in 2017, Cardi B ties for the second most number-one hits among all acts with Ariana Grande, Drake leads with six.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: Cardi B also tied Taylor Swift for the most number ones on the US Streaming Songs chart among women, with four each. She joined a three-way tie for the third most number-ones among all artists, Justin Bieber is second with five and Drake leading with ten. "Up" debuted at number one on the "Rolling Stone" Top 100, becoming both Cardi B's second number-one single and second number-one debut on that chart, as well as the first time a female rapper debuts atop the chart with a solo song. "Up" has spent two weeks at number one on that chart. The single opened at number four on the "Billboard" Global 200, becoming her second top-five debut on the chart. It was "Billboard"s top female rap song and top female R&B/hip-hop song of 2021.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: The official music video directed by Tanu Muino was released to YouTube alongside the song on February 5, 2021. The official lyric video and the first part of the behind-the-scenes video series were released on February 9. The rapper mainly worked with independent fashion designers and custom-made brands for statement pieces depicted in the music video.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: The music video opens with the rapper wearing a black ensemble as she stands on top of a coffin with a headstone that reads, "RIP 2020." Considered by "Harper's Bazaar" a reference to Patrick Magaud's book "Exhibition in Paris", the graveyard look features Louboutin shoes with back seam stockings, a crystal corset, and a custom black roses hat. Her "fishtail braid" is decorated with cross appliques and black roses. The next scene sees the rapper in an "angelic" white ball gown with nail gloves and a crystal neckpiece while posing on the hood of a supersized car portraying "The Spirit of Ecstasy". For the dance routine, Cardi wears a custom powder blue velour outfit and spray-painted sneakers, combining elements of Jean Paul Gaultier's 1984 design and vintage sportswear clothing.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: Attached to her hair, a number of doll heads speak the line "I know that's right". For the scene where she appears inside a giant clam, the rapper's mermaid-esque bodysuit features a baroque porcelain-finish corset, hip piece, leg pieces, matching handpieces and stripper heels in the same porcelain. The clear look in the champagne scene is a custom transparent plastic aquatic piece, while she sits on a see-through chair held up by a naked guy. For the closing scene, she leads a troupe of dancers and sports a black leather bondage bodysuit and fringe-trimmed arm warmers. In this scene, she wears a "sculptural hairstyle" inspired by Left Eye. In the music video Cardi B has a kiss with two women.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: The video was acclaimed by critics. In "Harper's Bazaar", Bianca Betancourt stated that the rapper "raises the bar again" with the "bold" music video, "showing off a number of showstopping, high-fashion looks." Kalleigh Fasanella of "Allure" wrote about Cardi B's "willingness to experiment with boundary-pushing beauty looks." Mario Abad of "Paper" commented that the fashion "captured Cardi's provocative style approach and penchant for statement pieces." Eric Torres of "Pitchfork" stated that "if there's one thing Cardi B will absolutely do, it's turn a music video into a playground for orgiastic visuals dripping in high fashion" adding that "Cardi keeps the high-femme, playful imagery at an all-time high." Torres considered the rapper in a transparent bodysuit sitting in a chair held up by a naked man the best visual, deeming it "a consummate snapshot of Cardi: so confidently in control that it looks like an honor just to be her furniture."


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: The dance routine in the music video, choreographed by Sean Bankhead, inspired a dance challenge on the video-sharing app TikTok, with users performing the moves. Posts by other celebrities and courier employees received media coverage. The dance routine was performed by Leslie Jones during a sketch for the 2021 MTV Movie & TV Awards.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: Cardi B performed "Up" and "WAP" for the first time at the 63rd Annual Grammy Awards, airing on CBS on March 14, 2021. She appeared in a metallic armor ensemble while sporting a light purple pixie hairstyle. For the number, vibrant graphics appeared about the stage.


title: Up (Cardi B song)

text: "Up" was played in the TV series "Abbott Elementary" during the episode "Step Class", where characters danced to the song. The song was also played and referenced in the 2022 film "A Madea Homecoming". The song also served as the theme song of "SummerSlam (2021)".


title: James the Less

text: James the Less ( ) is a figure of early Christianity, one of the Twelve chosen by Jesus. He is also called "the Minor", "the Little", "the Lesser", or "the Younger", according to translation. He is not to be confused with James the Great (also called "James the Elder"). He is identified by some as James, son of Alphaeus and as James, brother of Jesus, thought of by Jerome and others as really the cousin of Jesus. James the Less has traditionally been commemorated along with St. Philip in the Western Christian calendars. Their feast day was observed on May 1 until 1955, when it was moved to May 11 to accommodate the Feast of St Joseph the Worker on May 1. A later revision of the calendar moved the feast back to May 3.


title: James the Less

text: In the New Testament, the name "James" identifies multiple men. James the Less is named only in connection with his mother "Mary", who is also the mother of Joseph, who is called Joses by Mark (Joseph and Joses are variants of the same name). There are four mentions:


title: James the Less

text: This "Mary" may have been Mary of Clopas, mentioned only in . It is unlikely to be Mary the mother of Jesus since she is not identified as Jesus' mother but only called the mother of James the Less and Joseph/Joses. In Matthew 27:56 she is clearly distinguished from the mother of James, son of Zebedee.


title: James the Less

text: According to Jerome, James the Less is identified with James the brother of Jesus and with James, the son of Alphaeus.


title: James the Less

text: After that, James the Less being the same as James, the son of Alphaeus, Jerome describes in his work called "De Viris Illustribus" that James "the brother of the Lord" is the same as James, son of Alphaeus:


title: James the Less

text: According to the Golden Legend, which is a collection of hagiographies, compiled by Jacobus de Voragine in the thirteenth century:


title: James the Less

text: The same work adds "Simon Cananean and Judas Thaddeus were brethren of James the Less and sons of Mary Cleophas, which was married to Alpheus."


title: James the Less

text: The title, "the Less", is used to differentiate James from other people named James. Since it means that he is either the younger or shorter of two, he seems to be compared to one other James. In the lists of the twelve apostles in the synoptic Gospels, there are two apostles called James, who are differentiated there by their fathers: James, son of Zebedee, and James, son of Alphaeus. Long-standing tradition identifies James, the son of Alphaeus, as James the Less. James, son of Zebedee, is then called "James the Great" (although that designation does not appear in the New Testament). Some propose that Alphaeus was the same man as Cleophas or at least the husband of Mary Clopas.


title: James the Less

text: In this regard, Jerome identified James the Less with James, son of Alpheus writing in his work called "The Perpetual Virginity of Blessed Mary" the following:


title: James the Less

text: Papias of Hierapolis, who lived circa 70–163 AD, in the surviving fragments of his work "Exposition of the Sayings of the Lord" relates that Mary, wife of Alphaeus is mother of James the Less:


title: James the Less

text: In Catholic tradition, James's mother is none other than Mary of Clopas who was among the women at the foot of the Cross of Jesus, weeping. For that reason, and given the fact that the Semitic word for brother is also used for other close relatives, James son of Alpheus is often held as a cousin to Jesus. He is also thought by some to be the brother of Matthew the Apostle, since the father of both was named Alphaeus (compare Mark 2:14 and 3:18).


title: James the Less

text: Modern Biblical scholars are divided on whether this identification is correct. Catholic priest and biblical scholar John Paul Meier finds it unlikely. Amongst evangelicals, the "New Bible Dictionary" supports the traditional identification, while Don Carson and Darrell L. Bock both regard the identification as possible, but not certain.


title: Body worship

text: Body worship is the practice of physically revering a part of another person's body, and is usually done as a submissive act in the context of BDSM. Typical kinds of body worship include worship of the vulva, the penis, the breasts, the buttocks, or muscles.


title: Pyrethrin

text: The pyrethrins are a class of organic compounds normally derived from "Chrysanthemum cinerariifolium" that have potent insecticidal activity by targeting the nervous systems of insects. Pyrethrin naturally occurs in chrysanthemum flowers and is often considered an organic insecticide when it is not combined with piperonyl butoxide or other synthetic adjuvants. Their insecticidal and insect-repellent properties have been known and used for thousands of years.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Pyrethrins are gradually replacing organophosphates and organochlorides as the pesticides of choice as the latter compounds have been shown to have significant and persistent toxic effects to humans.They first appeared on markets in the 1900's and have been continually used since then in products such as bug bombs, building insect sprays, and even to spray animals so that they do not get infectious diseases


title: Pyrethrin

text: The pyrethrins occur in the seed cases of the perennial plant pyrethrum ("Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium"), which has long been grown commercially to supply the insecticide. Pyrethrins have been used as an insecticide for thousands of years. It is believed that the Chinese crushed chrysanthemum plants and used the powder as an insecticide as early as 1000 BC. It was widely known that the Chou Dynasty in China widely used pyrethrin for its insecticide properties. For centuries, crushed Chrysanthemum flowers have been used in Iran to produce Persian Powder, an insecticide for household use. Pyrethrins were identified as the potent chemical in the Chrysanthemum plants responsible for the insecticidal properties in the crushed flowers around 1800 in Asia. In the Napoleonic Wars, French soldiers used the flowers to keep away fleas and body lice.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Well after their use as insecticides began, their chemical structures were determined by Hermann Staudinger and Lavoslav Ružička in 1924. Pyrethrin I (CHO) and pyrethrin II (CHO) are structurally related esters with a cyclopropane core. Pyrethrin I is a derivative of (+)-"trans"-chrysanthemic acid. Pyrethrin II is closely related, but one methyl group is oxidized to a carboxymethyl group, the resulting core being called pyrethric acid. Knowledge of their structures opened the way for the production of synthetic analogues, which are called pyrethroids. Pyrethrins are classified as terpenoids. The key step in the biosynthesis of the naturally occurring pyrethrins involves two molecules of dimethylallyl pyrophosphate, which join to form a cyclopropane ring by the action of the enzyme chrysanthemyl diphosphate synthase.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Commercial pyrethrin production mainly takes place in mountainous equatorial zones. The commercial cultivation of the Dalmatian chrysanthemum ("C. cinerariifolium") takes place at an altitude of 1600 to 3000 meters above sea level. This is done because pyrethrin concentration has been shown to increase as elevation increases to this level. Growing these plants does not require much water because semiarid conditions and a cool winter deliver optimal pyrethrin production. The Persian chrysanthemum "C. coccineum" also produces pyrethrins but at a much lower level. Both may be planted in low-altitude zones in dry soil, but the pyrethrin level is lower.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Most of the world's supply of pyrethrin and "C. cinerariaefolium" comes from Kenya, which produces the most potent flowers. Other countries include Croatia (in Dalmatia) and Japan. The flower was first introduced into Kenya and the highlands of Eastern Africa during the late 1920s. Since the 2000s, Kenya has produced about 70% of the world's supply of pyrethrum. A substantial amount of the flowers is cultivated by small-scale farmers who depend on it as a source of income. It is a major source of export income for Kenya and source of over 3,500 additional jobs. About 23,000 tons were harvested in 1975. The active ingredients are extracted with organic solvents to give a concentrate containing the six types of pyrethrins: pyrethrin I, pyrethrin II, cinerin I, cinerin II, jasmolin I, and jasmolin II.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Processing the flowers to cultivate the pyrethrin is often a lengthy process, and one that varies from area to area. For instance, in Japan, the flowers are hung upside down to dry which increases pyrethrin concentration slightly. To process pyrethrin, the flowers must be crushed. The degree to which the flower is crushed has an effect on both the longevity of the pyrethrin usage and the quality. The finer powder produced is better suited for use as an insecticide than the more coarsely crushed flowers. However, the more coarsely crushed flowers have a longer shelf life and deteriorate less.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Pyrethrin is most commonly used as an insecticide and has been used for this purpose since the 1900s. In the 1800s, it was known as "Persian powder", "Persian pellitory", and "zacherlin". Pyrethrins delay the closure of voltage-gated sodium channels in the nerve cells of insects, resulting in repeated and extended nerve firings. This hyperexcitation causes the death of the insect due to loss of motor coordination and paralysis. Resistance to pyrethrin has been bypassed by pairing the insecticide with synthetic synergists such as piperonyl butoxide. Together, these two compounds prevent detoxification in the insect, ensuring insect death. Synergists make pyrethrin more effective, allowing lower doses to be effective. Pyrethrins are effective insecticides because they selectively target insects rather than mammals due to higher insect nerve sensitivity, smaller insect body size, lower mammalian skin absorption, and more efficient mammalian hepatic metabolism.Also, mammals are able to process pyrethrin quickly and have higher body temperatures which prevent pyrethrin from working effectively


title: Pyrethrin

text: Although pyrethrin is a potent insecticide, it also functions as an insect repellent at lower concentrations. Observations in food establishments demonstrate that flies are not immediately killed, but are found more often on windowsills or near doorways. This suggests, due to the low dosage applied, that insects are driven to leave the area before dying. Because of their insecticide and insect repellent effect, pyrethrins have been very successful in reducing insect pest populations that affect humans, crops, livestock, and pets, such as ants, spiders, and lice, as well as potentially disease-carrying mosquitoes, fleas, and ticks.


title: Pyrethrin

text: As pyrethrins and pyrethroids are increasingly being used as insecticides, the number of illnesses and injuries associated with exposure to these chemicals is also increasing. However, few cases leading to serious health effects or mortality in humans have occurred, which is why pyrethroids are labeled "low-toxicity" chemicals and are ubiquitous in home-care products. Pyrethrins are widely regarded as better for the environment, and can be harmless if used only in the field with localized sprays, as UV exposure breaks them down into harmless compounds. Additionally, they have little lasting effect on plants, degrading naturally or being degraded by the cooking process.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Specific pest species that have been successfully controlled by pyrethrum include: potato, beet, grape, and six-spotted leafhopper, cabbage looper, celery leaf tier, Say's stink bug, twelve-spotted cucumber beetle, lygus bugs on peaches, grape and flower thrips, and cranberry fruitworm.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Pyrethrins are among the safest insecticides on the market due to their rapid degradation in the environment.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Similarities between the chemistry of pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids include a similar mode of action and almost identical toxicity to insects (i.e., both pyrethrins and pyrethroids induce a toxic effect within the insect by acting on sodium channels).


title: Pyrethrin

text: Some differences in the chemistry between pyrethrins and synthetic pyrethroids have the result that synthetic pyrethroids have relatively longer environmental persistence than do pyrethrins. Pyrethrins have shorter environmental persistence than synthetic pyrethroids because their chemical structure is more susceptible to the presence of UV light and changes in pH.


title: Pyrethrin

text: The use of pyrethrin in products such as natural insecticides and pet shampoo, for its ability to kill fleas, increases the likelihood of toxicity in mammals that are exposed. Medical cases have emerged showing fatalities from the use of pyrethrin, prompting many organic farmers to cease use. One fatal case of an 11-year-old girl with a known asthmatic condition and who used shampoo containing only a small amount (0.2% pyrethrin) to wash her dog was documented.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Chronic toxicity in humans occurs most quickly through respiration into the lungs, or more slowly through absorption through the skin. Allergic reactions may occur after exposure, leading to itching and irritated skin as well as burning sensations. These types of reactions are rare because the allergenic component of pyrethrin in semi-synthetic pyrethroids has been removed. The metabolite compounds of pyrethrin are less toxic to mammals than their originators, and compounds are either broken down in the liver or gastrointestinal tract, or excreted through feces; no evidence of storage in tissues has been found .


title: Pyrethrin

text: Exposure to pyrethrum, the crude form of pyrethrin, causes harmful health effects for mammals. Pyrethrum also has an allergenic effect that commercial pyrethroids don't have.


title: Pyrethrin

text: In mammals, toxic exposure to pyrethrum can lead to tongue and lip numbness, drooling, lethargy, muscle tremors, respiratory failure, vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, paralysis, and death.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Exposure to pyrethrum in high levels in humans may cause symptoms such as asthmatic breathing, sneezing, nasal stuffiness, headache, nausea, loss of coordination, tremors, convulsions, facial flushing, and swelling. A possibility of damage to the immune system exists that leads to a worsening of allergies following toxicity. Infants are unable to resourcefully break down pyrethrum due to the ease of skin penetration, causing similar symptoms as adults, but with an increased risk of death.


title: Pyrethrin

text: In aquatic settings, toxicity of pyrethrin fluctuates, increasing with rising temperatures, water, and acidity. Run-off after application has become a concern for sediment-dwelling aquatic organisms because pyrethroids can accumulate in these areas. Aquatic life is extremely susceptible to pyrethrin toxicity, and has been documented in species such as the lake trout. Although pyrethrins are quickly metabolized by birds and most mammals, fish and aquatic invertebrates lack the ability to metabolize these compounds, leading to a toxic accumulation of byproducts. To combat the accumulation of pyrethroids in bodies of water, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has introduced two labeling initiatives. The Environmental Hazard and General Labeling for Pyrethroid and Synergized Pyrethrins Non-Agricultural Outdoor Products was revised in 2013 to reduce runoff into bodies of water after use in residential, commercial, institutional, and industrial areas. The Pyrethroid Spray Drift Initiative updated language for labeling all pyrethroid products to be used on agricultural crops. Because of its high toxicity to fish and aquatic invertebrates even at low doses, the EPA recommends alternatives such as pesticide-free methods or alternative chemicals that are less harmful to the surrounding aquatic environment.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Pyrethrin is mainly used on land and can also have impacts in the places that it is used. For instance pyrethrin has the ability to be persistent in the fields that it is sprayed on because it is a organic halide. This persistence in crops can lead to negative effects for meat production.


title: Pyrethrin

text: Pyrethrins are applied broadly as nonspecific insecticides. Bees have been shown to be particularly sensitive to pyrethrin, with fatal doses as small as 0.02 micrograms. Due to this sensitivity and pollinator decline, pyrethrins are recommended to be applied at night to avoid typical pollinating hours, and in liquid rather than dust form.


title: George Eacker

text: George I. Eacker ( 1774 – January 4, 1804) was a New York lawyer. He is best known for having fatally shot Philip Hamilton, the eldest son of Alexander Hamilton and Elizabeth Schuyler Hamilton, in a duel on November 23, 1801, in Weehawken, New Jersey.


title: George Eacker

text: Eacker was born in Palatine, New York. He was the son of Jacob Eacker, who fought in the American Revolution and served as a county judge and a member of the New York State Assembly, and Anna Margaret Finck, daughter of Andreas Finck. He had one younger brother, Jacob I., and four sisters.


title: George Eacker

text: He attended a preparatory school in Schenectady, New York, and graduated from Columbia College in 1793. He then studied law under Henry Brockholst Livingston, a future Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States.


title: George Eacker

text: Eacker was admitted to the New York bar at 21. He soon built his practice in Manhattan into a lucrative business, which allowed him to take a house on Wall Street and to employ a married couple as his valet and housekeeper. He gained popularity in New York City's well-to-do social circles as a lawyer, Freemason, cavalry captain, and fire brigade inspector.


title: George Eacker

text: For an unknown offense in 1798, which the historian Eric Henry Monkkonen interprets as an earlier duel or conflict, Eacker appeared in court and paid a recognizance, likely as a bond for good behavior.


title: George Eacker

text: In 1801, Eacker was appointed as a master in the New York Court of Chancery, which was the highest court in the state.


title: George Eacker

text: Eacker was selected in 1801 to deliver the Fourth of July oration at an Independence Day celebration held in New York City by a brigade of the New York State Militia, the Tammany Society, and two of the city's labor organizations: the Mechanics' Society and Coopers' Society. The Tammany Society, better known as Tammany Hall, was a Democratic-Republican Party political organization that Aaron Burr had built into a political machine. In politics, Eacker was known to be aligned with Burr.


title: George Eacker

text: According to a supporter, the speech that Eacker delivered was commended by "nearly everybody" except for partisans who were "blinded... to every virtue" by "party spirit, which at that time was very bitter." Some accounts questioned whether the speech was critical of Alexander Hamilton, as was later characterized. According to a 19th-century historian who relied on Eacker's younger brother as a source, the speech was entirely patriotic and did not name or allude to Hamilton.


title: George Eacker

text: On November 20, 1801, a Friday night, Eacker attended a play at the Park Theatre with his fiancée Harriet Livingston, a daughter of Walter Livingston and Cornelia Schuyler. Philip Hamilton, the eldest son of Alexander Hamilton, and Stephen Price approached or entered Eacker's box together and loudly ridiculed him. Eacker called them "damned rascals." In response to that insult, as was then common, both challenged Eacker to a duel.


title: George Eacker

text: Price faced the 27-year-old Eacker in a duel in Weehawken, New Jersey, on November 22. Four shots were exchanged, but neither party was injured.


title: George Eacker

text: At the same location on the following day, Eacker fatally shot the 19-year-old Hamilton in a second duel. Hamilton refused to raise his pistol to fire after he and Eacker had counted ten paces and faced each other. Hamilton followed his father's instructions to reserve his fire. Eacker, determined to fire second, did not shoot. After a minute, Eacker finally raised his pistol, and Hamilton did the same. Eacker shot and struck Philip above his right hip. The bullet went through his body and lodged in his left arm. In what may have been an involuntary spasm, Hamilton fired his pistol in the air.


title: George Eacker

text: In a letter to Rufus King, Robert Troup wrote of Alexander Hamilton, "Never did I see a man so completely overwhelmed with grief as Hamilton had been." Nevertheless, he was said to be civil and professional in his later relationship with Eacker. Hamilton would die in a duel with Aaron Burr only a few years later, on July 11, 1804, on the same dueling ground in Weehawken.


title: George Eacker

text: Eacker died on January 4, 1804. His death was attributed to consumption, or tuberculosis. According to Eacker's brother, the prolonged illness began in January 1802 on a bitterly cold night when Eacker fought a raging fire with his brigade and contracted a severe cold that "settled upon his lungs" until his death.


title: George Eacker

text: His remains were interred at St. Paul's Chapel with military honors, and his funeral procession included members of the military, fire brigade, and the Howard Lodge of Freemasons.


title: George Eacker

text: Eacker and his fiancée never married. In January 1808, Harriet Livingston married the steamboat inventor Robert Fulton with whom she had four children.


title: George Eacker

text: Eacker appears as a minor character in the 2015 Broadway musical "Hamilton" in which the musical number "Blow Us All Away" dramatizes his duel with Philip Hamilton. The role of Eacker originated on Broadway by a member of the show's ensemble, Ephraim M. Sykes, who also appears as Eacker on the original cast recording.


title: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets (video game)

text: Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets is an action-adventure video game. It is based on the 2002 film of the same name.


text: The game's core gameplay is straightforward. Taking control of Harry, the player explores Hogwarts castle and grounds. Throughout the course of the game, the player will encounter events that tie into the storyline of the second book. Filling the gaps between these events are various classes, where the player will learn how to fly a broomstick and learn new spells for combating bosses, among other things. Each new spell is accompanied by a challenge, which the player must get through in a certain amount of time to complete that class period. During the later parts of the game, the player will face challenges which are not time-limited and are not related to learning spells. These challenges are all based on events from the book, for example, travelling into the Forbidden Forest and gathering ingredients for a potion Hermione is making.


text: The PlayStation version of the game is a sequel to the "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone" game and was also developed by Argonaut Games. It retains many elements and graphics from its predecessor but with some places in Hogwarts being expanded or moved as well as new mini-games that are played as the storyline progresses. Unlike other versions, most of the new spells learned from attending classes are upgrades from the previous game.


text: There are also slight differences between the three other console versions of the game. The GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox versions of the game allow the player to access a broom and enter free-flight mode. While the PlayStation 2 version allows the player to land anywhere they want, in the Xbox and GameCube version the landing zones are limited. In the GameCube version, there is an exclusive feature involving GC–GBA connectivity that allows a secret room to be opened in the GC version when connected with the GBA version of the game.


text: The PC/Mac version of the game, which was created by a different developer than the console versions, features completely different levels and gameplay from the console cousins. The game features the same graphics and character design as the "Philosopher's Stone" (PC). It also retains some of the spells learned in the previous game and involves the player learning new spells by attending more classes at Hogwarts.


text: The Game Boy Color version is a typical role-playing game. However, Harry Potter, Ron Weasley, Hermione Granger and Gilderoy Lockhart are all playable characters at various points in the game.


text: The Game Boy Advance version has the fewest spells. It is based on the PS2/Xbox/GC and Mac versions. It is mostly made up of mini-quests (unlike other versions).


text: The game received mostly positive reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. "Entertainment Weekly" gave it a B+.


text: The Xbox version received a platinum family hits edition for selling over 100,000 copies. The musical score for the game, created by Jeremy Soule, was awarded a BAFTA Games Award for Best Score, Game Music Category.


text: In the United States, "The Chamber of Secrets" Game Boy Advance version sold 970,000 copies and earned $25 million by August 2006. During the period between January 2000 and August 2006, it was the 18th highest-selling game launched for the Game Boy Advance, Nintendo DS or PlayStation Portable in that country.


text: By July 2006, the PlayStation 2 version of "Chamber of Secrets" had sold 700,000 copies and earned $28 million in the United States. "Next Generation" ranked it as the 89th highest-selling game launched for the PlayStation 2, Xbox or GameCube between January 2000 and July 2006 in that country. Combined console sales of the "Harry Potter" line reached 3 million units in the United States by July 2006. The PlayStation 2 version also received a "Platinum" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 300,000 copies in the United Kingdom. The game sold 9 million copies by 2003 and generated $500 million in revenue.


title: Lately I Feel Everything

text: Lately I Feel Everything (stylized as lately I feel EVERYTHING) is the fourth solo studio album by American singer Willow. It was released through MSFTSMusic, Roc Nation and Polydor Records on July 16, 2021. A departure from the experimental alt-R&B sound of her early works and instead her pop-punk and indie rock debut, it features guest appearances from Travis Barker, Avril Lavigne, Tierra Whack, Cherry Glazerr, and Ayla Tesler-Mabe.


title: Lately I Feel Everything

text: The album has spawned three singles, "Transparent Soul", "Lipstick", and "Gaslight", the first of which entered the top 40 in the United Kingdom, Ireland, and New Zealand, as well as becoming Willow's first entry on the "Billboard" Hot 100 in a decade, where it peaked at number 76.


title: Lately I Feel Everything

text: "Lately I Feel Everything", the fourth album by singer Willow, poses another wide musical leap for the musician. Where 2019's self-titled record leapt into psychedelic soul, "Lately" dives head on into alternative rock and especially pop-punk sounds. It has been described as having songs that are indie rock, emo, grunge, nu metal, pop rock, and power pop.


title: Lately I Feel Everything

text: In a mixed review, rating the album 6.6/10 Pitchfork wrote " lately I feel EVERYTHING ends up stuck between its intent and its effect." In a more positive review for The Line of Best Fit, Kate Crudgington wrote, "lately I feel EVERYTHING is a straight up lively hit of jaded emo bangers that will have a new generation of listeners whipping their hair back and forth."


title: Lately I Feel Everything

text: "Lately I Feel Everything" debuted at number 46 on the US "Billboard" 200. The album entered the UK Album Sales chart at number 85.


title: Waziristan

text: Waziristan (Pashto and , "land of the Wazir") is a mountainous region covering the former FATA agencies of North Waziristan and South Waziristan which are now districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Waziristan covers some . The area is populated by ethnic Pashtuns. It is named after the Wazir tribe. The language spoken in the valley is Pashto, predominantly the Waziri dialect. The region forms the southern part of Pakistan's Federally Administered Tribal Areas, which is now part of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province.


title: Waziristan

text: The 16th-century Pashtun revolutionary leader and warrior-poet Bayazid Pir Roshan, who wrote the oldest known book in Pashto, was based in Kaniguram, Waziristan.


title: Waziristan

text: Waziristan is Derived from the word Wazir which is the Pashtun tribe "("Land of the Wazir")" that is situated in North Waziristan. Despite this other tribes such as Mehsud, Kakar, Sherani, Dawar, Burki and Syeds are also situated in Waziristan


title: Waziristan

text: Waziristan lies between the Kurram river to the north and the Gomal River to the south. It is bordered by Bannu and Tank Districts, FR DI Khan, and Kurram Agency to the east and northeast, Sherani and Musakhel Districts of Baluchistan to the south in Pakistan and Khost, Paktia, and Paktika Provinces of Afghanistan to the west and north.


title: Waziristan

text: Waziristan is divided into two agencies now districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan, North Waziristan and South Waziristan. According to 2017 census of Pakistan, the population of North Waziristan is 543,254 while that of South Waziristan is 674,065. The two parts have quite distinct characteristics, though both are inhabited by the Wazir and Mahsud (or Maseed) tribes. They have a reputation as formidable warriors.


title: Waziristan

text: The British entered Waziristan in 1894, when the boundary with Afghanistan, Durand Line was determined. They divided Waziristan into two agencies, North Waziristan and South Waziristan; they also introduced a regular system of land record and revenue administration for the most fertile part of the Tochi valley. After the British military operations, a Political Agent for South Waziristan was permanently appointed with its headquarters at Wanna; another was appointed for North Waziristan with headquarters at Miranshah.


title: Waziristan

text: In the rugged and remote region of Waziristan on British India's northwest border with Afghanistan, mountain tribes of Muslim fighters rebelled against the British Indian Army in numerous operations. The Waziristan Revolt of 1919–1920 was sparked by the Afghan invasion of British India in 1919. Though the British made peace with the Afghans, the Waziri and Mahsud tribesmen gave the imperial (almost entirely Indian) forces a very difficult fight. Some of the tribesmen were veterans of the British-organised local militias that were irregular elements of the British Indian Army, and used some modern Lee–Enfield rifles against the British Indian forces sent into Waziristan. One aspect of this conflict was the effective use of air power against the Waziris and Mahsuds. This is similar to Royal Air Force tactics in suppressing the Arab Revolt in Iraq in 1920 and 1921.


title: Waziristan

text: In 1935–36, a Hindu-Muslim clash occurred over a Hindu girl of Bannu, who was abducted and forced to convert to Islam. The tribesmen rallied around Mirzali Khan, a Tori Khel Wazir, who was later given the title of "the Faqir of Ipi" by the British. Jihad was declared against the British. Mirzali Khan, with his huge "lashkar" (force), started a guerrilla warfare against the British forces in Waziristan.


title: Waziristan

text: In 1938, Mirzali Khan shifted from Ipi to Gurwek, a remote village on the Durand Line, where he declared an independent state and continued the raids against the British forces. In June 1947, Mirzali Khan, along with his allies, including the Khudai Khidmatgars and members of the Provincial Assembly, declared the Bannu Resolution. The resolution demanded that the Pashtuns be given a choice to have an independent state of Pashtunistan, composing all Pashtun majority territories of British India, instead of being made to join Pakistan. However, the British Raj refused to comply with the demand of this resolution. After the creation of Pakistan in August 1947, Mirzali Khan and his followers refused to recognise Pakistan, and launched a campaign against Pakistan. They continued their guerilla warfare against the new nation's government. He didn't surrender to the government of Pakistan throughout his life. However, his popularity among the people of Waziristan declined over the years, with many jirgas in Waziristan deciding to support Pakistan. He died a natural death in 1960 in Gurwek.


title: Waziristan

text: In the early stage of the U.S. invasion of Afghanistan, when the Taliban started fleeing into Pakistan, the local leaders, or Maliks, began a campaign among their locals to host the foreigners. Since then, around 200 Maliks have been assassinated by local Taliban through targeted killings.


title: Waziristan

text: To end the Waziristan war, Pakistan signed the Waziristan Accord with chieftains from the self-styled Islamic Emirate of Waziristan on 5 September 2006. The Islamic militants in Waziristan are said to have close affiliations with the Taliban. Waziristan is often mentioned as a haven for al-Qaeda fighters. There is speculation that some al-Qaeda leaders have found refuge in the area controlled by the Emirate, which is a staging ground for militant operations in Afghanistan.


title: Waziristan

text: On 4 June 2007, the National Security Council of Pakistan met to decide the fate of Waziristan and take up a number of political and administrative issues in order to control the "Talibanization" of the area. The meeting was chaired by President Pervez Musharraf and attended by the Chief Ministers and Governors of all four provinces. They discussed the deteriorating law and order situation and the threat posed to state security. The government decided to take a number of actions to stop the "Talibanization" and to crush the armed militancy in the Tribal regions and the NWFP.


title: Waziristan

text: Due to the ongoing military operations against the Taliban, nearly 100,000 people have already fled to Afghanistan's Khost province to seek shelter. The UN and other aid agencies are helping more than 470,000 people who have been displaced from Pakistan's North Waziristan region due to the ongoing military operations.


title: Waziristan

text: The Ministry of the Interior has played a large part in the information gathering for the operations against the militants and their institutions. The Ministry of the Interior has prepared a list of militant commanders operating in the region and they have also prepared a list of seminaries for monitoring. (Waziristan is a tribal area, and in any tribal area of Pakistan, no body can deploy police. There are other options like frontier corps (militia) and khasadar (local tribesmen force).) The government is also trying to strengthen law enforcement in the area by providing the NWFP Police with weapons, bullet-proof jackets, and night-vision devices. The paramilitary Frontier Corps is to be provided with artillery and APCs. The state agencies are also studying ways to jam illegal FM radio channels.


title: Waziristan

text: The US drone strikes programme has been responsible for numerous bombings in Waziristan, carried out with the approval of the Pakistani government.


title: Waziristan

text: The Wazir tribes are divided into clans governed by male village elders who meet in a tribal jirga. Socially and religiously, Waziristan is an extremely conservative area. Women are carefully guarded, and every household must be headed by a male figure. Tribal cohesiveness is also kept strong by means of the so-called Collective Responsibility Acts in the Frontier Crimes Regulations, which has since been repealed following the merger of FATA to Khyber Pakhunkhwa in May, 2018.


title: Waziristan

text: Taliban presence in the area has been an issue of international concern in the War on Terrorism particularly since the 2001 invasion of Afghanistan. In 2014, about 929,859 people were reported to be internally displaced from Waziristan as a result of Operation Zarb-e-Azb, a military offensive conducted by the Pakistan Armed Forces along the Pakistan - Afghanistan border.


title: Waziristan

text: North Waziristan's capital is Miranshah. The area is mostly inhabited by the Dawar Tribe and the Utmanzai branch of the Darwesh Khel Waziris, who are related to Ahmedzai Waziris of South Waziristan, who live in fortified mountain villages, including Razmak, Datta Khel, Spin wam, Dosali, Shawa and Shawal. The Dawars (also known as Daurr or Daur), who live in the main Tochi Valley, farm in the valleys below in villages including Miranshah, Hamzoni, Darpakhel, Muhammadkhel, Boya, Degan, Banda, Ngharkali, Palangzai, Mirali, Edak, Hurmaz, Mussaki, Hassukhel, Ziraki, Tapi, Issori, Haiderkhel and Khaddi irrigated by the river Tochi.


title: Waziristan

text: The South Waziristan has its district headquarters at Wanna. South Waziristan, comprising about , previously was the most volatile agency of Pakistan. Up until 2021 its was not under the direct administration of the government of Pakistan, South Waziristan was previously and indirectly governed by a political agent, who has been either an outsider or a Waziri—a system inherited from the British Raj. Since, January 2021, South Waziristan has been incorporated as a district of the adjacent KPK province. In south Waziristan Agency, there are three tribes, Wazir, Maseed and Burki. Burki and Urmarh is the same tribe.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Adolph Schayes (May 19, 1928 – December 10, 2015) was an American professional basketball player and coach in the National Basketball Association (NBA). A top scorer and rebounder, he was a 12-time NBA All-Star and a 12-time All-NBA selection. Schayes won an NBA championship with the Syracuse Nationals in 1955. He was named one of the 50 Greatest Players in NBA History and one of the 76 players named to the NBA 75th Anniversary Team in 2021. He was inducted into the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame in 1973.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes played his entire career with the Nationals and their successor, the Philadelphia 76ers, from 1948 to 1964. In his 16-year career, he led his team into the playoffs 15 times. After the Nationals moved to Philadelphia, Schayes became player-coach of the newly minted 76ers. He retired after the 1963–64 season and stayed on as coach for two more seasons, earning NBA Coach of the Year honors in 1966. He briefly coached with the Buffalo Braves.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes was born in the Bronx, New York, the son of Tina ("née" Michel), a homemaker, and Carl Schayes, a truck driver for Consolidated Laundries. His parents were Romanian-Jewish immigrants. He grew up on Davidson Avenue and 183rd Street, near Jerome Avenue in University Heights, Bronx.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes attended Creston Junior High School 79 and DeWitt Clinton High School in the Bronx, New York, where he played for the basketball team and led it to a borough championship. He played his college basketball at New York University (NYU) in 1944–48. In 1945, as a 16-year-old freshman, Schayes helped NYU reach the NCAA final. Schayes earned an aeronautical engineering degree, was an All-American in basketball and won the Haggerty Award in his final year. His NYU coach, Howard Cann, said of him: "He was in the gym practicing every spare minute. We had to chase him out."


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes was drafted by both the New York Knicks in the 1948 BAA draft (1st round; 4th pick overall), and by the Tri-Cities Blackhawks in the NBL draft. The Blackhawks traded his rights to the Syracuse Nationals, who then offered him a contract worth $7,500 (worth $ today), 50% more than the Knicks, influencing his decision to go to Syracuse. Schayes played one season in the NBL and was named the league's Rookie of the Year. The following season (1949–50), the Nationals moved to the newly formed National Basketball Association as part of the merger between the BAA and NBL.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Although tall for his era at 6' 7" (201 cm), Schayes was especially known for his deadly, high-arcing, outside set-shot. It arced so high that his teammates came to call it the "Sputnik". Defenders who attempted to deny him the outside shot were confronted by his powerful drive to the basket. These two offensive weapons served him well, even as the NBA was transitioning from basketball's traditional set shot into a league of jump-shooters.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Early in Schayes' career, he broke his right arm and played almost an entire season in a cast. Oddly, this injury became a seminal point in his development: he learned to shoot with his off-hand, making him especially difficult to guard. He was one of the best—and the last—to use a two-handed set-shot with feet planted on the floor, before the game changed to one-handed jump shots.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: In the 1949–50 season, he was 6th in the league in assists, with 259. He led the NBA in rebounding in 1950–51 (in which he also had 10 of the top 14 individual rebounding games), with 1,080 and a 16.4-per-game average. He was third in the league in rebounding in 1952–53, with 920. In 1953–54, his 12.3 rebounds per game were fourth-best in the NBA.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: In 1954–55, he led his team to the NBA championship. In 1956–57, he led the league in minutes-per-game (39.6) and free throws (625), while grabbing 1,008 rebounds (3rd in the league) and averaging 22.6 points per game (4th in the league). In 1957, he set an NBA consecutive free throw record in a single game with 18. In 1957–58 he again led the league in minutes-per-game (40.5), and averaged a career-high 24.9 points per game, second in the league, while averaging 14.2 rebounds per game (fourth in the NBA).


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes led the NBA in free throw percentage three times: in 1958 (.904), 1960 (.892) and 1962 (.896). In 1959, he scored a career-high 50 points in a game against the Celtics. In the NBA, he didn't miss a single game from February 17, 1952, to December 26, 1961, an NBA-record streak of 706 games. In 1960–61, he again led the league in free throws (with 680). In 1961, he became the first player in NBA history to amass 30,000 career total PRA (Points + Rebounds + Assists).


title: Dolph Schayes

text: A 12-time NBA All-Star, Schayes was a six-time All-NBA First Team honoree, and was also selected to the All-NBA Second Team six times. He came in second in MVP voting in 1958, and 5th in both 1956 and 1957. When he retired in 1964, he held the NBA records for games played (996), foul shots made (6,712), attempted (7,904), personal fouls (3,432) and was second to Bob Pettit in scoring (18,438) and third in rebounds (11,256).


title: Dolph Schayes

text: When the Nationals moved to Philadelphia in 1963 as the Philadelphia 76ers, Schayes became player-coach. However, his playing career had all but ended; he only played in 24 games, the only time in his career in which he played in fewer than 50 games. He didn't play at all during the playoffs.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: He retired as a player after the season but stayed on as coach for three more seasons. He was named NBA Coach of the Year in 1966. That season, he led the Sixers to the Eastern Division regular-season title, ending a nine-year reign by the Boston Celtics. However, the Celtics ousted the Sixers in a five-game Eastern final, and Schayes was fired. He was succeeded by his predecessor with the Nats, Alex Hannum, who led the team to the best record in league history at the time and an NBA title.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: From 1966 to 1970, he was the supervisor of NBA referees. He was named the first coach of the Buffalo Braves in 1970, but was fired one game into his second season.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes coached the US Maccabiah Games basketball team to an upset win to take the gold medal in the 1977 Maccabiah Games. He also coached the U.S. Masters basketball team at the 1993 Maccabiah Games. He also played an active role raising money for the Maccabiah Games.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes settled in Syracuse, New York in 1948, where he first played in the NBA, and where he was a real estate developer after his playing days.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes' son is retired NBA center Danny Schayes, who played for Jamesville-DeWitt High School, in DeWitt, New York; Syracuse University; and in the NBA for 18 seasons. His granddaughters Abi, Carla, and Rachel Goettsch won silver medals for the United States volleyball team at the 2001 Maccabiah Games, and his grandson Mickey Ferri won a gold medal in the 4 × 100 metres relay at the 2005 Maccabiah Games.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: Schayes died of cancer on December 10, 2015, at the age of 87. He was buried at Woodlawn Cemetery (Syracuse, NY), Section 30, Plot 475


title: Dolph Schayes

text: In 1972, he was elected to the Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame. He is also a member of the International Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, the US National Jewish Sports Hall of Fame, and the National Jewish American Sports Hall of Fame.


title: Dolph Schayes

text: In May 2015, Schayes was inducted into the Bronx Walk of Fame, where he received a street named in his honor, called "Dolph Schayes Street".


title: Dolph Schayes

text: The 76ers retired his jersey on March 12, 2016, while the Syracuse Crunch retired it on March 26, 2016.


title: Straight-three engine

text: A straight-three engine (also called an inline-triple or inline-three) is a three-cylinder piston engine where cylinders are arranged in a line along a common crankshaft.


title: Straight-three engine

text: Less common than straight-four engines, straight-three engines have nonetheless been used in various motorcycles, cars and agricultural machinery.


title: Straight-three engine

text: A crankshaft angle of 120 degrees is typically used by straight-three engines, since this results in an evenly spaced firing interval. Another benefit of this configuration is perfect primary balance and secondary balance, however an end-to-end rocking couple is induced because there is no symmetry in the piston velocities about the middle piston. A balance shaft is sometimes used to reduce the vibrations caused by the rocking couple.


title: Straight-three engine

text: Other crankshaft angles have been used occasionally. The 1976-1981 Laverda Jota motorcycle used a 180 degree crankshaft, where the outer pistons rise and fall together and inner cylinder is offset from them by 180 degrees. This results in three power strokes evenly-spaced at 180 degrees each, and then no power strokes during the final 180 degrees of crankshaft rotation. The 2020 Triumph Tiger 900 motorcycle uses a "T-Plane" crankshaft where the crankshaft throws are at 90 intervals, such that the throws for cylinders 1 and 3 are separated by 180 degrees (therefore the three throws together forming a "T" shape when viewed from the end).


title: Straight-three engine

text: Among the first cars to use a straight-three engine is the 1953-1955 DKW F91, powered by a two-stroke engine. The 1956-1960 Saab 93 saw the introduction of Saab's two-stroke engine, which was also used in the Saab 95, Saab 96 and Saab Sonett until 1968 after which it was replace by the Ford Taunus V4 engine.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The Wartburg cars (manufactured in East Germany) and FSO Syrena (manufactured in Poland) also used straight-three engines.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The 1967 Suzuki Fronte 360 uses a two-stroke engine. In 1980, Suzuki began production of a four-stroke engine, which was introduced in the Alto and Fronte models.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The Subaru EF engine is a 4-stroke petrol engine which was introduced in 1984 and used in the Justy and the Sumo (the export version of the Sambar).


title: Straight-three engine

text: The straight-three versions of the Ford EcoBoost engine - a turbocharged 1.0-litre petrol engine - was introduced in the 2012 Ford Focus. It uses an unbalanced flywheel to shift the inherent three-cylinder imbalance to the horizontal plane where it is more easily managed by engine mounts, and so remove the need to use balance shafts. In 2016, cylinder deactivation was added, claimed to be a world first for three-cylinder engines.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The advantages of a straight-three engine for motorcycles are that it has a shorter length than an inline-four engine and produces less vibration than a straight-twin engine.


title: Straight-three engine

text: Four-stroke straight-three engines have been used in road bikes and racing bikes by several companies.


title: Straight-three engine

text: From 1985-1995, the BMW K75 was produced with a straight-three engine (based on the straight-four engine from the BMW K100). The British company Triumph has produced several models with transversely-mounted straight-three engines, such as the 1994-present Triumph Speed Triple and the 2004-present Triumph Rocket III.


title: Straight-three engine

text: In 2019, the Moto2 class in the MotoGP World Championship switched to using Triumph 765 cc (46.7 cu in) triple engines.


title: Straight-three engine

text: Two-stroke designs are less common in straight-three engines than four-stroke designs, however several were produced by Japanese manufacturers in the late 1960s through to 1980s.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The Kawasaki triple engine was produced from 1968 to 1980 and was used in various road bikes and racing bikes. Most versions were air-cooled, however several were water-cooled. Similarly, the 1972-1980 Suzuki GT series engines were used for both road bike and racing bikes, and were available in both air-cooled and water-cooled versions.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The straight-three layout is common for diesel tractor engines, such as the "Perkins AD3.152". This engine was used in the Massey Ferguson 35 and Fordson Dextra tractors, as well as for marine and stationary applications.


title: Straight-three engine

text: The Hewland AE75 is a 750 cc two-stroke aircraft engine that was produced in the mid-1980s. It was an inverted three-cylinder design with liquid-cooling that produced .


title: Justin II

text: Justin II (; ; died 5 October 578) or Justin the Younger () was Eastern Roman Emperor from 565 until 578. He was the nephew of Justinian I and the husband of Sophia, the niece of the Empress Theodora, and was therefore a member of the Justinian dynasty.


title: Justin II

text: Justin II inherited a greatly enlarged but overextended empire, with far less resources at his disposal compared to Justinian I. Despite this, he strived to match his formidable uncle's reputation by abandoning the payment of tributes to the Empire's neighbors. This miscalculated move resulted in rekindling of war with the Sassanid Empire, and in a Lombard invasion which cost the Romans much of their territory in Italy.


title: Justin II

text: He was a son of Vigilantia and Dulcidio (sometimes rendered as Dulcissimus), respectively the sister and brother-in-law of Justinian. His siblings included Marcellus and Praejecta. With Sophia he had a daughter Arabia and possibly a son, Justus, who died young. He also had a niece named Helena.


title: Justin II

text: Justinian I died childless on 14 November 565. , the "praepositus sacri cubiculi", seems to have been the only witness to his dying moments, and later claimed that Justinian had designated "Justin, Vigilantia's son" as his heir in a deathbed decision. The clarification was needed because there was another nephew and candidate for the throne, Justin, son of Germanus. Modern historians suspect Callinicus may have fabricated the last words of Justinian to secure the succession for his political ally. As historian Robert Browning observed: "Did Justinian really bring himself in the end to make a choice, or did Callinicus make it for him? Only Callinicus knew."


title: Justin II

text: In any case, Callinicus started alerting those most interested in the succession, originally various members of the Byzantine Senate. Then they jointly informed Justin and Vigilantia, offering the throne. Justin accepted after the traditional token show of reluctance, and with his wife Sophia, he was escorted to the Great Palace of Constantinople. The Excubitors blocked the palace entrances during the night, and early in the morning, John Scholasticus, Patriarch of Constantinople, crowned the new "Augustus". Only then was the death of Justinian and the succession of Justin publicly announced in the Hippodrome of Constantinople.


title: Justin II

text: Both the Patriarch and Tiberius, commander of the Excubitors, had been recently appointed, with Justin having played a part in their respective appointments, in his role as Justinian's "curopalates". Their willingness to elevate their patron and ally to the throne was hardly surprising.


title: Justin II

text: In the first few days of his reign Justin paid his uncle's debts, administered justice in person, and proclaimed universal religious toleration. On 1 January 566, he became a consul, thereby reviving a post Justinian had discontinued since 541. Justin and Sophia initially promised to make peace with Justin's cousin and rival to the throne, Justin (son of Germanus), but had him assassinated in Alexandria not long after. According to a hostile source, the imperial couple kicked his severed head.


title: Justin II

text: In 566 he reformed Justinian's divorce law for going too far, revoking the possibility of divorce by mutual consent. Under the pretext of not understanding the fragile human nature:


title: Justin II

text: Faced with an empty treasury, he discontinued Justinian's practice of buying off potential enemies. Immediately after his accession, Justin halted the payment of subsidies to the Avars, ending a truce that had existed since 558. This move upset the delicate balance of power in the Pannonian Basin, since the Avar elite were forced to seek new sources of wealth to maintain their position and client networks. After the Avars and the neighbouring tribe of the Lombards had combined to destroy the Gepids, from whom Justin had obtained the Danube fortress of Sirmium, Avar pressure caused the Lombards to migrate West, and in 568 they invaded Italy under their king Alboin. They quickly overran the Po valley, and within a few years they had made themselves masters of nearly the entire country. The Avars themselves crossed the Danube in 573 or 574, when the Empire's attention was distracted by troubles on the Persian frontier. They were only placated by the payment of a subsidy of 60,000 silver pieces by Justin's successor Tiberius.


title: Justin II

text: The North and East frontiers were the main focus of Justin's attention. In 572 his refusal to pay tribute to the Persians in combination with overtures to the Turks led to a war with the Sassanid Empire. After two disastrous campaigns, in which the Persians under Khosrow I overran Syria and captured the strategically important fortress of Dara, Justin lost his mind.


title: Justin II

text: Shortly after the smuggling of silkworm eggs into the Byzantine Empire from China by Nestorian Christian monks, the 6th-century Byzantine historian Menander Protector writes of how the Sogdians attempted to establish a direct trade of Chinese silk with the Byzantine Empire. After forming an alliance with the Sassanid ruler Khosrow I to defeat the Hephthalite Empire, Istämi, the Göktürk ruler of the Western Turkic Khaganate, was approached by Sogdian merchants requesting permission to seek an audience with the Sassanid king of kings for the privilege of traveling through Persian territories in order to trade with the Byzantines. Istämi refused the first request, but when he sanctioned the second one and had the Sogdian embassy sent to the Sassanid king, the latter had the members of the embassy poisoned to death. Maniah, a Sogdian diplomat, convinced Istämi to send an embassy directly to Constantinople, which arrived in 568 and offered not only silk as a gift to Justin, but also proposed an alliance against Sassanid Persia. Justin agreed and sent an embassy to the Turkic Khaganate, ensuring the direct silk trade desired by the Sogdians.


title: Justin II

text: In 1937, the historian Previte-Orton described Justin as "a rigid man, dazzled by his predecessor's glories, to whom fell the task of guiding an exhausted, ill-defended Empire through a crisis of the first magnitude and a new movement of peoples". Previte-Orton continues,


title: Justin II

text: After 572, Justin was reported to have fits of insanity. John of Ephesus, whose Monophysite sect suffered persecutions under Justin, offered a vivid description of Justin's madness, in which he behaved like a wild animal, was wheeled about on a mobile throne and required organ music to be played day and night. In 574, at Sophia's suggestion, he adopted the general Tiberius as his son and heir, and then retired in his favor. On 7 December, according to Theophylact Simocatta, Justin remained sufficiently clear-minded to make an eloquent speech as he passed the crown:


title: Justin II

text: Four years later, on 26 September 578, he elevated Tiberius as "Augustus". Justin died only nine days later, on 5 October 578.


The Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal () or The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal was a commemorative medal created in 2012 to mark the 60th anniversary of Queen Elizabeth II's accession in 1952. There are four versions of the medal: one issued by the United Kingdom, another by Canada, the third for the Caribbean realms of Antigua and Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, and the fourth issued by Papua New Guinea. The ribbons used with the Canadian and British versions of the medal are the same, while the ribbon of the Caribbean and the Papua New Guinean medal differ slightly. The different iterations of the medal were presented to tens of thousands of recipients throughout the Commonwealth realms in the jubilee year.


title: Queen Elizabeth II Diamond Jubilee Medal

text: Named by Order in Council as the "Queen Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee Medal", the Canadian medal was designed by Cathy Bursey-Sabourin, Fraser Herald of the Canadian Heraldic Authority, and manufactured by the Royal Canadian Mint. It takes the form of a disc with, on the obverse, a crowned effigy of the Queen circumscribed by the words "ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA • CANADA" (Latin for "Elizabeth II, by the Grace of God, Queen • Canada"). The reverse features Elizabeth's royal cypher crowned and superimposed upon a diamond shield, behind which is a bed of four maple leaves and a ribbon with the dates 1952 and 2012 to the left and right of the shield and "VIVAT REGINA" (long live the Queen) below, all on a field of diamonds.


text: In the United Kingdom, the medal, more properly known as "The Queen's Diamond Jubilee Medal", was designed by Timothy Noad, a calligrapher and illuminator. It depicts on the obverse the Ian Rank-Broadley effigy of the Queen crowned with a tiara and is circumscribed by the inscription "ELIZABETH II DEI GRATIA REGINA FID DEF" (Latin for "Elizabeth II by the Grace of God, Queen, Defender of the Faith"). The reverse shows a faceted hexagon with a crowned royal cipher, inscribed with the years 1952 and 2012.


text: Eight Commonwealth realms in the Caribbean—Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Grenada, Jamaica, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, and Saint Vincent and the Grenadines—each issued a Diamond Jubilee medal. The obverse bears the same effigy of the Queen as does the British medal circumscribed by the words "DIAMOND JUBILEE HM QUEEN ELIZABETH II". The reverse shows the royal cypher of Elizabeth II with "CARIBBEAN REALMS" above and the years "1952–2012" below. The medal itself is rhodium plated.


text: Papua New Guinea has also created its own version of the Diamond Jubilee Medal. The obverse and reverse are exactly the same as the version issued to the Commonwealth Realms of the Caribbean, however with the name PAPUA NEW GUINEA above the royal cypher (instead of "CARIBBEAN REALMS").


text: Both the Canadian and British versions of the medal are worn suspended from a broad red ribbon with blue outer stripes and, at the centre, double white stripes with a red stripe between. The ribbon of the Caribbean medal is similar to the aforementioned, with a black stripe between the middle two white stripes. The ribbon of the medal version issued in Papua New Guinea is the most different. It keeps the same black stripe in the centre like the Caribbean ribbon, the shade of red is lighter than the other three versions and the blue is replaced by the colour yellow. Therefore, this version of the Diamond Jubilee Medal uses the colours of the flag of Papua New Guinea.


text: In the United Kingdom and its overseas territories, 450,000 medals were awarded only to members of HM Armed Forces (regular and reserves) who had served longer than five years, operational members of HM Prison Service, and emergency services personnel (including Police Community Support Officers) who have been in paid service, retained or in a voluntary capacity, and who had completed five full calendar years of service on 6 February 2012. Holders of the Victoria Cross and George Cross and members of the Royal Household were also eligible. The medals cost the Department for Culture, Media and Sport £8m to produce.